record_id,title,abstract,keywords,authors,year,date,doi,label_included,label_abstract_screening,duplicate_record_id
1,Manual for ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles,,,"Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A.",2001.0,2001,,0,0,
2,Queensland Trauma Registry: A summary of paediatric injuries trea- ted in Queensland 2005,,,"Dallow, N., Lang, J., Bellamy, N.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
3,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Scientific and Professional Dimensions: Second Edition,"This comprehensive overview of research and clinical practice in PTSD includes new insights into assessment with regard to DSM-5 and ICD-11, discussion of ongoing controversies in the field as to what constitutes safe and effective care, and new research as to assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PTSD. The second edition includes new coverage of the neurobiology of PTSD, PTSD in special populations, and forensic issues relating to PTSD. Synthesizes research and clinical developments on PTSD. Highlights key controversies, issues, and developments in the field. Provides case studies for better understanding of clinical care. Encompasses DSM-5 and ICD-11 major revisions to PTSD symptoms. Includes new coverage of neurobiology and genetics of PTSD. Includes advances in prevention and treatment of PTSD. Includes new coverage of forensic issues related to PTSD. All rights reserved.",,"Ford, J. D., Grasso, D. J., Elhai, J. D., Courtois, C. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4,SOCIAL CLASS AND MENTAL ILLNESS,,,"Hollingshead, A. B., Redlich, F. C.",1958.0,,,0,0,
5,Computerised test generation for cross-national military recruitment: A handbook,"“‘Computerised Test Generation for Cross-National Military Recruitment’ by Prof. Sidney H. Irvine is a handbook for use in occupational psychology, test construction and psychometrics. The book describes the development of the British Army Recruitment Battery (BARB) by Prof. Irvine and his colleagues at the University of Plymouth. BARB is a computer-administered selection battery that is still in use to this day and is capable of developing new parallel tests for every candidate in the recruitment process. In telling the story, Sidney Irvine describes not only the development of the battery itself, funded by the UK Ministry of Defence, but all the work that went on before and afterwards, in the United Kingdom, with European allies and in the United States. Prof. Irvine argues that judicious application of the current state-of-the art in psychometric selection tests can be used to maximise retention and minimise attrition. As such, this long-awaited book will be of great interest to psychologists, psychometricians, test developers, those involved in personnel selection and all with an interest in military history, in particular the history of military science. With a foreword and chapter introductions from a worldwide array of subject matter experts, the book also has a full subject index and an extensive bibliography. I commend it heartily.” — Professor Jamie Hacker Hughes CPsychol CSci FBPsS, Former Defence Consultant Advisor in Clinical Psychology, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom. © 2014 The author and IOS Press. All rights reserved.",,"Irvine, S. H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6,Disaster resiliency: Interdisciplinary perspectives,"Natural disasters in recent years have brought the study of disaster resiliency to the forefront. The importance of community preparedness and sustainability has been underscored by such calamities as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Japanese tsunami in 2011. Natural disasters will inevitably continue to occur, but by understanding the concept of resiliency as well as the factors that lead to it, communities can minimize their vulnerabilities and increase their resilience. In this volume, editors Naim Kapucu, Christopher V. Hawkins, and Fernando I. Rivera gather an impressive array of scholars to provide a much needed re-think to the topic disaster resiliency. Previous research on the subject has mainly focused on case studies, but this book offers a more systematic and empirical assessment of resiliency, while at the same time delving into new areas of exploration, including vulnerabilities of mobile home parks, the importance of asset mapping, and the differences between rural and urban locations. Employing a variety of statistical techniques and applying these to disasters in the United States and worldwide, this book examines resiliency through comparative methods which examine public management and policy, community planning and development, and, on the individual level, the ways in which culture, socio-economic status, and social networks contribute to resiliency. The analyses drawn will lead to the development of strategies for community preparation, response, and recovery to natural disasters. Combining the concept of resiliency, the factors that most account for the resiliency of communities, and the various policies and government operations that can be developed to increase the sustainability of communities in face of disasters, the editors and contributors have assembled an essential resource to scholars in emergency planning, management, and policy, as well as upper-level students studying disaster management and policy. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.",,"Kapucu, N., Hawkins, C. V., Rivera, F. I.",2013.0,,10.4324/9780203102459,0,0,
7,Protecting children from violence: Evidence-based interventions,"Providing an evidence-based understanding of the causes and consequences of violence against children, experts in the field examine the best practices used to help protect children from violence. Various types of violence are reviewed including physical and sexual abuse, (cyber-)bullying, human trafficking, online predators, abductions, and war. In addition, it reviews the various perpetrators of such violence including parents and relatives, strangers, other children, and societal institutions. The possible outcomes of such violence including physical injuries, death, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, and damage to the social fabric of the local community are also explored. To enhance accessibility, each contributor addresses common themes: • Opening case studies dramatically illustrate the human cost of abuse and neglect • Empirically driven estimates of the scope of problem to better understand who is at risk and why • Empirically driven testing of interventions to maximize effectiveness of programs • How current research compares to public perception and the impact on public policy • The worldwide problem of violence against children • Evidence-based recommendations for reducing violence against children. The book opens with a review of the history of the problem, the methodological approaches used to study it, and current –best practice— prevention strategies. The methods used to identify peer victims are then explored. Next child eyewitness memory is examined including the most effective techniques for maximizing the retrieval of information. This is followed by the research on missing and abducted children including the effectiveness of recovery programs such as supermarket campaigns and forensic age profiles. Next how the Internet is used in the victimization of children is explored including tips to help protect children online. Public attitudes toward sex offender registration laws are then reviewed followed by vulnerabilities that include genetic, neuropsychological, temperamental, cognitive, perceptual and social factors. International perspectives on protecting children from violence and global health inequities are then addressed. The book concludes with recommendations for future research. Contributors are noted scholars from a broad range of disciplines. As such, the book appeals to researchers and advanced students in developmental, counseling, clinical, cognitive, evolutionary, and social psychology, as well as sociology, social work, criminal justice, education, and law enforcement. © 2010 by Psychology Press. All rights reserved.",,"Lampinen, J. M., Sexton-Radek, K.",2011.0,,10.4324/9780203852927,0,0,
8,Emotional and behavioural difficulties in children referred to an early intervention program following child sexual abuse,,,"Lilley, P.",2003.0,2003,,0,0,
9,Evidence-based practice with women: Toward effective social work practice with low-income women,"This one-of-a-kind book presents evidence-based coverage of the assessment and treatment of the most common mental health disorders among women, particularly low-income women. For each disorder-depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma (including sexual abuse), generalized anxiety disorder, substance use disorder, and borderline personality disorder-the authors include assessment instruments and detailed case examples that illustrate the assessment and treatment recommendations. © 2011 by SAGE Publications, Inc.",,"Markward, M., Yegidis, B.",2011.0,,10.4135/9781452230559,0,0,
10,9/11: Mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks,"Does terrorism have a unique and significant emotional and behavioral impact among adults and children? In what way does the impact of terrorism exceed the individual level and affect communities and specific professional groups as well as test different leadership styles? How were professional communities of mental health clinicians, policy makers and researchers mobilized to respond to the emerging needs post-disaster? What are the lessons learned from the work conducted after 9/11 and the implications for future disaster mental health work and preparedness efforts? Yuval Neria and his team are uniquely placed to answer these questions having been involved in modifying ongoing trials and setting up new ones in New York to address these issues straight after the attacks. No psychiatrist, mental health professional or policy maker should be without this book. © Cambridge University Press 2006 and 2009.",,"Neria, Y., Gross, R., Marshall, R. D., Susser, E.",2006.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511544132,0,0,
11,"Beginnings: The art and science of planning psychotherapy, Second edition","Utilizing a decade’s worth of clinical experience gained since its original publication, Mary Jo Peebles builds and expands upon exquisitely demonstrated therapeutic approaches and strategies in this second edition of Beginnings. The essential question remains the same, however: How does a therapist begin psychotherapy? To address this delicate issue, she takes a thoughtful, step-by-step approach to the substance of those crucial first sessions, delineating both processes and potential pitfalls in such topics as establishing a therapeutic alliance, issues of trust, and history taking. Each chapter is revised and expanded to include the latest treatment research and modalities, liberally illustrated with rich case material, and espouse a commitment to the value of multiple theoretical perspectives. Frank and sophisticated, yet eminently accessible, this second edition will be an invaluable resource for educators, students, and seasoned practitioners of any therapeutic persuasion. © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Peebles, M. J.",2012.0,,10.4324/9780203846155,0,0,
12,Alleviating stress of the soldier and civilian,"Initially, the author intended to write a book entitled ""Alleviating Stress of the Soldier"". However, after going through the extensive literature and recalling his childhood memories of war times, he decided to write ""Alleviating Stress of the Soldier and Civilian"". Sufficient historical evidence indicates that both soldiers as well as civilians have faced the war and tolerated its deleterious consequences simultaneously. However, a soldier and his/her family face unexpected and unpredictable stresses requiring: physical and mental fitness, character, dedication, commitment, communication, mutual understanding, adjustment, discipline, tolerance, patience, isolation, resilience, hyper-vigilance, minimum vulnerability, sanitation, nutritional stress, sleep deprivation, patriotism, and sacrifice. This book(i) confers basic knowledge of diversified stresses; (ii) prepares readers to face stresses with patience, endurance, and resilience; (iii) and presents novel strategies of alleviating physical, psychological, and physiological stresses of war-wounded soldiers, prisoners of war (POWs), and veterans. The book guides the soldiers of the Army, Navy, Air Force, SEALS (sea, air, and land), POWs, and civilians to handle their professional and family stresses without having to suffer from Combat Stress Reaction (CSR) or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) before, during, and/or after the war or conflict. It also guides those who experienced early childhood neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse, and other stresses of diversified origin. It is envisaged that this timely released book will be particularly of great interest to the soldier's family members, their spouses, children, parents, relatives, and friends because of its motivational messages, immediate demand, and versatility. The author hopes that this unique manuscript will encourage, motivate, excite, and guide young soldiers, civilians, and their families to tackle stresses with courage, patience, and resilience to successfully accomplish their trainings, adventurous professional career, and married life. © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Sharma, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
13,Neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common and severe psychiatric disorder precipitated by exposure to a psychologically distressing event. PTSD is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is characterized by the presence of three distinct, but co-occurring, symptom clusters. Research evidence suggests that PTSD has a neurobiological basis. Current research on the neurobiology of PTSD include the utilization of functional brain imaging molecular genetic research; the incorporation of cross-system research including neuroendocrine, neurochemical, and neuroimmunological systems. This book examines the neurobiological basis of PTSD and the future research goals in regards to these findings. © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Sher, L., Vilens, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
14,Neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common and severe psychiatric disorder precipitated by exposure to a psychologically distressing event. PTSD is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is characterized by the presence of three distinct, but co-occurring, symptom clusters. Research evidence suggests that PTSD has a neurobiological basis. Current research on the neurobiology of PTSD include the utilization of functional brain imaging; molecular genetic research; the incorporation of cross-system research including neuroendocrine, neurochemical, and neuroimmunological systems. This book examines the neurobiological basis of PTSD and the future research goals in regards to these findings. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Sher, L., Vilens, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,13
15,Stata Statistical Software: Release 13,,,StataCorp,2013.0,2013,,0,0,
16,"Sexual violence on campus: Overview, issues and actions","In recent years, a number of high-profile incidents of sexual violence at institutions of higher education (IHEs) have heightened congressional and administration scrutiny of the policies and procedures that IHEs currently have in place to address campus sexual violence and how these policies and procedures can be improved. Campus sexual violence is widely acknowledged to be a problem. However, reported data on the extent of sexual violence at IHEs varies considerably across studies for a variety of methodological and other reasons. Victims of sexual violence may suffer from a range of physical and mental health conditions including injuries, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicidality, and substance abuse. College students who are the victims of sexual violence may experience a decline in academic performance, and they may drop out, leave school, or transfer. This book provides an overview of issues and actions of sexual violence on campuses. © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Watts, M. P.",2015.0,,,0,0,
17,"Trauma, survival and resilience in war zones: The psychological impact of war in sierra leone and beyond","This book, based upon a series of psychological research studies, examines Sierra Leone as a case study of a constructivist and narrative perspective on psychological responses to warfare, telling the stories of a range of survivors of the civil war. The authors explore previous research on psychological responses to warfare while providing background information on the Sierra Leone civil war and its context. Chapters consider particular groups of survivors, including former child soldiers, as well as amputee footballers, mental health service users and providers, and refugees. Implications of the themes emerging from this research are considered with respect to how new understandings can inform current models of trauma and work with its survivors. Amongst the issues concerned will be post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth; resilience; mental health service provision; perpetration of atrocities; and forgiveness. The book also provides a critical consideration of the appropriateness of the use of Western concepts and methods in an African context. Drawing upon psychological theory and rich narrative research, Trauma, Survival and Resilience in War Zones will appeal to researchers and academics in the field of clinical psychology, as well as those studying post-war conflict zones. © 2016 David A. Winter, Rachel Brown, Stephanie Goins and Clare Mason.",,"Winter, D., Brown, R., Goins, S., Mason, C.",2016.0,,10.4324/9781315755922,0,0,
18,"Community disaster vulnerability: Theory, research, and practice","Disaster vulnerability is rapidly increasing on a global scale, particularly for those populations which are the historical clients of the social work profession. These populations include the very young and very old, the poor, ethnic and racial minorities, and those with physical or mental disabilities. Social workers are increasingly providing services in disasters during response and recovery periods, and are using community interventions to reduce disaster vulnerability. There is a need for a cogent theory of vulnerability and research that addresses improved community disaster practice and community resilience. Community Disaster Vulnerability and Resilience provides a unifying theoretical framework backed by research which can be translated into knowledge for effective practice in disasters. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013. All rights are reserved.",,"Zakour, M. J., Gillespie, D. F.",2013.0,,10.1007/978-1-4614-5737-4,0,0,
19,"Stress, resilience and responding to civil defence emergencies and natural disasters: An ecological approach",,,"Adamson, C.",2013.0,,10.4324/9780203112816,0,0,
20,Best practice in responding to critical incidents and potentially traumatic experience within an organisational setting,"This chapter addresses best practice for organisational support after critical incidents and traumatic events within social work. Critical incidents are situations and incidents within workplace settings or roles, which, whilst able to be anticipated and planned for, have the potential to create a sense of emergency, crisis, and extreme stress, or have a traumatic impact on those directly or indirectly affected. Alongside the notion of critical incidents are concepts of debriefing, psychological debriefing, critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), and critical incident stress management (CISM). Debate about debriefing models has concerned their effectiveness and safety; the terms being loaded with meaning and tensions between scientific and holistic paradigms and between academic and practitioner perspectives. The chapter suggests areas of research and exploration for agency managers and senior practitioners wishing to make sense of the debates and enables the reader to consider best practice for critical incident response within organisational settings. © 2015, IGI Global.",,"Adamson, C.",2014.0,,10.4018/978-1-4666-6563-7.ch015,0,0,
21,Interpersonal Processes in the Anxiety Disorders,"We examine the role of interpersonal processes in the anxiety disorders, a group of conditions characterized by excessive and incapacitating anxiety. The chapter begins with an empirical review that summarizes what is known about the interpersonal factors associated with social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. We then examine similarities and differences among the disorders as a first step toward establishing their unique interpersonal profiles. Despite limitations in extant studies, the literature as a whole supports the notion that interpersonal processes play a key role in these conditions. We end with suggestions for the way in which interpersonal theory might provide leads for future research. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.","Anxiety Disorders, Empirical review, Interpersonal comparison","Alden, L. E., Regambal, M. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
22,PTSD and chronic pain: Cognitive-behavioral perspectives and practical implications,"GH, a 40-year-old software engineer, was referred to the second author by his primary care physician for treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) that developed subsequent to a road traffic collision 9 months earlier. A vehicle struck GH at moderate speed while he was cycling to work during rush-hour traffic and, as a result, he was flipped over the handlebars and thrown against a building wall. He hit his head, cracking the helmet he was wearing, and sustained multiple soft tissue injuries to his neck, upper back, and shoulders that were considered mild in nature. GH was deemed to be not at fault for the accident, and his insurance company replaced his bicycle and helmet and covered his hospital expenses and wage loss. He took 6 weeks off work and resumed fulltime employment after receiving a transfer 6 months after the accident. During his intake interview, GH reported having difficulty performing his job and being easily irritated by colleagues. On examination, he was found to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD, with scores on various assessment instruments indicating his symptoms to be severe. He was also moderately depressed and was experiencing daily pain in his neck and back, which, although fluctuating in severity from mild to moderate, had persisted over the past 9 months. There is a growing body of research that indicates clearly that Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain frequently co-occur. People with both PTSD and chronic pain tend to have greater distress and impairment compared to those with only one of these conditions and, as might be expected, assessment and treatment are more complicated. The cooccurrence of these conditions is, unfortunately, often overlooked in clinical practice and, as a result, treatment outcomes are often less encouraging than hoped. The present chapter has several goals. First, we briefly review the core characteristics of PTSD and chronic pain, and present data regarding the extent of their co-occurrence. Second, we summarize cognitive-behavioral models that have been offered to explain the co-occurrence of these conditions and briefly review the supporting evidence. Third, we explore specific areas of overlap between PTSD symptom clusters and the cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physiological aspects of chronic pain. Fourth, elaborating on the case of GH introduced earlier, we describe practical implications stemming from key aspects of the cognitive-behavioral models that might improve outcomes for people with co-occurring PTSD and chronic pain. We close that chapter by noting several issues that warrant future research attention.",,"Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
23,Neurobiological risk factors and predictors of vulnerability and resilience to PTSD,"The risk of developing PTSD following a traumatic experience depends on several vulnerability factors that may be classified into three distinct categories: Pre-traumatic, peri-traumatic, and posttraumatic vulnerability factors. Accordingly, while we attempted to create a profile of the high-risk PTSD patient, the following factors should be included, among others: Small hippocampus, previously altered HPA axis, vulnerable genetic profile, associated body injury, increased post-trauma noradrenergic activity. Some protective factors have been identified and included, but are not limited to coping, resources (e.g., social support, self-esteem, optimism), and finding meaning. Finally, human beings are resilient and in general are able to cope with adverse situations. Therefore, discovering possible resilience factors may assist in identifying the patients at risk and may contribute to developing the strategies to prevent the development of PTSD. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015.","Genetic factors, Neurobiological factors, Psychosocial factors, PTSD resilience, PTSD risk","Bar-Shai, M., Klein, E.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-1-4899-7522-5_2,0,0,
24,Vulnerability to PTSD: Psychosocial and demographic risk and resilience factors,"The risk of developing PTSD after a traumatic experience depends on several vulnerability factors that may be classified into three distinct categories—pre-traumatic, peri-traumatic, and posttraumatic. Accordingly, while attempting to draw the profile of the high-risk patient for PTSD, the following factors should be included, among others: The history of previous trauma, the history of previous psychiatric disorder, female gender, ethnic minority, high severity of initial posttraumatic symptoms (ASR), associated body injury, “high-risk” traumatic event (man-made trauma), and peri-traumatic dissociation. In contrast, various resilience factors may be protective and act to prevent the development of PTSD. Although resilience factors were generally not discussed in this chapter, future research should be designed to uncover resilience factors, in order to differentiate between high-risk and low-risk patients in order to identifying the patients at risk and to attempt to develop the strategies to prevent the development of PTSD. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015.","Genetic factors, Neurobiological factors, Psychosocial factors, PTSD resilience, PTSD risk","Bar-Shai, M., Klein, E.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-1-4899-7522-5_1,0,0,
25,Training Resilience for High-risk Environments: Towards a Strength-based Approach within the Military,,"Battlemind debriefing, Combining internal capacities, MOOTW, and new stressors, strains, Recovery, sustainability, Resilience XL Program, Resilience, for military peacekeepers, State-of-the-art interventions, Strength-based intervention, Strengthening internal capacities, Training resilience for high-risk environments","Boermans, S., Delahaij, R., Korteling, H., Euwema, M.",2012.0,,10.1002/9781119943242.ch20,0,0,
26,Toward a lifespan approach to resilience and potential trauma,"As much as we might wish it otherwise, bad things happen: war, natural disaster, the death of close friends and relatives, serious accidents, senseless abuse or violence at the hand of others, and so on. Any of these things can and all too often do happen, and at every stage of life. Epidemiological data indicate that most adults experience at least one and usually several potentially traumatic events (PTE) during the course of their lives (Norris, 1992; Kessler et al., 1995; Breslau et al., 2000), and that most children are also exposed to such experiences (Copeland et al., 2007). It is important to note, however, that life event research typically relies on retrospective accounts, which more than likely underestimate the frequency of PTEs. Indeed, a recent study that measured life events among college students over a four-year period using a weekly internet survey reported an average of six PTEs per student (Lalande & Bonanno, 2011). Perhaps because acutely aversive events are so dreaded, both clinicians and the lay public tend to assume that they will almost always result in lasting emotional damage. The available evidence, however, suggests a more complex and far more encouraging picture. To emphasize the pronounced individual differences in the way people react to adversity, we emphasize that such events are only “potentially traumatic” (Norris, 1992; Bonanno, 2004), for the simple reason that not everyone experiences them as traumatic. Most people in fact cope with PTEs remarkably well (Bonanno, 2004, 2005; Bonanno & Mancini, 2008). Although some do, in fact, endure lasting emotional difficulties, the vast majority of people exposed to extreme adversity recover a semblance of their normal level of functioning within several months to several years after the event, and many if not most show little evidence of more than transient disruptions in functioning. © Cambridge University Press 2011.",,"Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D.",2011.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511994791.010,0,0,
27,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Integration of biological and psychosocial aspects,"Trauma is a widespread experience, inherent to nature, and has been experienced and expressed by humans in many different ways in space and time. The post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consists of a cluster of signs and symptoms developed in response to an extreme traumatic stressor. The general population prevalence of PTSD is estimated to range between 2-15%, whereas the prevalence in risk groups is reported to vary from 3-58%. These variations may be due to several factors: the prevalence of trauma exposure, the magnitude and quality of the stressor/s, differences in individual vulnerability, discordances in psychosocial narratives, and their consideration of resilience and distress, and the methodology that is being used in each study. The response to trauma depends on pre-trauma, peri-trauma, and post-trauma variables. Trauma may lead to a persistent failure of the inhibitory processes ruled mainly by the frontal cortex over a fear-motivated hyperresponsive limbic system. From an evolutionary perspective, the main psychobiological circuits involved in emotions related to fear and anger are primitive, and they have their basis in ancient sub-cortical regions, whereas well-developed cortical regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, play a modulatory role. Abnormalities in the balance between inhibitory and excitatory neurocircuits could also be involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. However, a comprehensive multi-level approach to trauma should not only focus on the basic psychobiological mechanisms but also on the specific psychosocial context within which the response to trauma developes. © 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Braquehais Conesa, M. C., Sher, L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
28,Commentaries,,"Additional PTSD symptoms to diagnosis - clinicians alert, to self-blame and risk-taking behaviour, Friedman noting, tension between - formulating Criterion A, benefiting from trauma-focused treatment, Gatekeeper to PTSD, DSM-IV - avoidance criterion, symptoms with lowest rates of endorsement, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM-III), Proposed avoidance criterion - false-negative rates for PTSD, in emergency service, PTSD, covering trauma-related disorders - in forensic setting, Redefining PTSD in DSM-5 - conundrums, potentially unintended risks, Risk factors, automatically not thought of - as explaining emergence of any disorder, Trauma-related disorders - in clinical and legal settings, Walking the line, defining PTSD - comprehensiveness versus core features","Brewin, C. R., Karam, E. G., McFarlane, A. C.",2011.0,,10.1002/9781119998471.ch1a,0,0,
29,Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging of Anxiety Disorders,"Neuroimaging methods can be used to examine functional brain differences between healthy individuals and those with anxiety disorders. After the brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders (e.g., amygdalo-cortical circuitry) are reviewed, neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), specific phobia (SP), and panic disorder (PD) that report activations in these regions are discussed. Studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) implicate a distinct neurocircuitry profile (i.e., corticostriatal- thalamic circuit) compared to the other anxiety disorders. Few neuroimaging studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have been conducted. In addition, results from functional connectivity analyses and the effects of treatment on neuroimaging findings are summarized. © 2009 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.","Amygdala, Cingulate, FMRI, Hippocampus, Insula, Medial prefrontal cortex, Neuroanatomy, Neurocircuitry, Neuroimaging","Britton, J. C., Rauch, S. L.",2008.0,,10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195307030.013.0009,0,0,
30,Systems of care for traumatized children: The example of a school-based intervention model,"In this chapter we will describe the development of a system of care for children through educational systems. Providing a continuum of trauma services for Israeli school children during long periods of exposure to trauma focuses on an array of services ranging from prevention to intervention. The school-based intervention model incorporates principles of both community and clinical psychology. Traditionally, services have focused on those who have been identified as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorders or other clinical diagnoses. The continuum of trauma services model recognizes the importance of treating those who are suffering, while not overlooking the large, silent majority of the population who cope reasonably well through other trajectories. The provision of a range of services, from community interventions to clinical interventions within one system of care, forms one of the touchstones of this model. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015.","Community intervention, Resilience, School-based, Screening for PTSD, Teacher training, Traumatized children","Brom, D., Baum, N. L., Pat-Horenczyk, R.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-1-4899-7522-5_7,0,0,
31,Mental health treatments in the wake of disaster,"INTRODUCTION There is overwhelming evidence that disasters can lead to a range of posttraumatic mental health problems. The aim of this chapter is to review the evidence for psychological and pharmacological approaches to treating people with adverse psychological reactions after disaster; specifically, we focus on interventions that can be provided in the short and intermediate phases after disaster. First we review common postdisaster psychiatric disorders. We then turn to describing and outlining the evidence for psychological approaches to treatment. Next we review pharmacological treatments for posttraumatic conditions. Finally, we comment on factors that influence the management of psychological approaches in the acute postdisaster environment. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DISASTERS There is convergent evidence that an array of psychiatric disorders arise after disasters. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most commonly identified, and the disorder is characterized by three clusters of symptoms, including reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal. Symptoms need to be present for at least 1 month and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning to fulfill criteria for PTSD. Rates of PTSD were reported in 34% of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing (North et al., 1999) and 53% after Australian bushfires (McFarlane, 1986). Across studies, the prevalence of PTSD is higher among direct victims (30%–40%) than rescue personnel (10%–20%; Neria, Nandi, & Galea, 2007). © Cambridge University Press 2009.",,"Bryant, R. A., Litz, B.",2009.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511730030.019,0,0,
32,Longitudinal Ethnography: Uncovering Domestic Abuse in Low-Income Women's Lives,,,"Burton, L. M., Purvin, D., Garrett-Peters, R.",2015.0,,10.4324/9780203714928,0,0,
33,Twenty-first century public health practice: Preventing mental illness and promoting mental health,,,"Cohen, N., Galea, S.",2011.0,,10.4324/9780203818619,0,0,
34,Crisis intervention,,,"Cournoyer, B. R.",2012.0,,10.4135/9781446247648.n17,0,0,
35,Posttraumatic stress disorder following a spinal cord injury,"A spinal cord injury (SCI) involves severe deficits which affect a large spectrum of the individual's life, including physical limitations, as well as changes in social habits, professional life, leisure, sports, family and marital status. Adjustment to disability, both physical and psychological, may require some time, especially since the lesion's final diagnosis may not be absolutely definite until up to two years post-injury. Under such conditions, one would expect individuals with SCI to be highly vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a condition defined by the experience of a traumatic event, along with clusters of symptoms that are associated with this traumatic experience. Surprisingly, the literature reveals that individuals with SCI do not necessarily develop PTSD, and that the most severely handicapped individuals are not necessarily the most vulnerable to PTSD development. This chapter covers the definition of PTSD, along with its prevalence across studies, and explores the factors that are associated with its development. Risk factors for PTSD associated with SCI cover the individual's characteristics, including psychological variables such as locus of control and intolerance to uncertainty, along with the individual's reactions at the time of injury, including emotions, dissociations, and perceived threats to life, which appear to be most significant in predicting PTSD following an SCI. Physical consequences of the lesion, in contrast, do not seem to bear the most significant risks, except for the presence of pain (neurogenic, surgical or postural) and for that of social support, especially from friends, which appears to rather protect against PTSD development. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Courtois, F., Otis, C., Charvier, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
36,Posttraumatic stress disorder in women,"The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been the focus of considerable attention since it first appeared in the diagnostic nomenclature in 1980. Since that time, the diagnostic criteria have been refined, with both the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and international classification of diseases (ICD-10) (World Health Organization, 1993) recognizing the condition. In recent years, a major focus of interest has been the impact of gender on the risk of developing PTSD and related conditions following traumatic exposure. Indeed, the fact that a whole book has recently been devoted to a comprehensive review of issues concerning PTSD and gender (Kimerling et al., 2002) is an indication of the importance placed on this relationship. While interested readers are referred to that volume for a more in-depth analysis of the area, the purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the key issues concerning women and PTSD The nature of PTSD The first criterion to be met for a diagnosis of PTSD is the experience of a traumatic event (Criterion A1), usually defined as involving actual or threatened physical threat to the self or others. The person's response to the event must have involved a powerful emotional reaction, such as fear, helplessness, or horror (Criterion A2). Three broad clusters of symptoms characterize the disorder and are required in some form for a diagnosis. First, evidence of re-experiencing the trauma is required (known as the “B criteria”). © Cambridge University Press 2006 and Cambridge University Press, 2009.",,"Creamer, M., Carty, J.",2006.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511543647.007,0,0,
37,Psycho-oncology in Underserved and Minority Populations,,"Access to preventive and screening services, Applying psychological science to the cancer spectrum, Ashkenazi Jewish, gene carriers and increased risk of cancer, Improved consultation and care options, Information needs, ameliorating uncertainty-related anxiety, Life-threatening traumatic nature of cancer, as a cause of PTSD, Psycho-oncology across cancer trajectories, Psycho-oncology in underserved and minority populations, Selective approach, identifying patients for support services, Survival, patients with lower socioeconomic, poorer quality of life","Fielding, R., Lam, W. W. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
38,Prevention and treatment interventions for traumatized children: Restoring children's capacities for self-regulation,,,"Ford, J. D., Albert, D. B., Hawke, J.",2008.0,,10.4324/9780203893104,0,0,
39,In search of regional resilience,"Athought experiment: Imagine you are walking down the street one fine spring afternoon. Another stroller happens by and you nod pleasantly, whereupon the stroller hauls off and punches you in the gut. As you lay sprawled on the ground getting your bearings, you wonder, ""How resilient am I?"". © 2012 The Brookings Institution. All rights reserved.",,"Foster, K. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
40,Phenomenology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder,"This chapter reviews how fear-conditioning models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been bolstered by our growing understanding of neurocircuitry involving the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. It describes the reexperiencing, avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters as well as other PTSD diagnostic criteria with specific reference to DSM-IV's changes in the A (A1 and A2) stressor criterion. Associated symptoms (e.g., danger to self or others, intolerance of ongoing stressors, capacity to acquire social support, and risk of reactivation and relapse) are briefly discussed. Longitudinal course, comorbidity, epidemiology, risk factors, and cross-cultural issues are also addressed. Other posttraumatic syndromes described include acute stress disorder, partial/subsyndromal PTSD, and complex PTSD. Finally, clinical issues in assessment are considered. © 2009 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.","A criterion, Acute stress disorder, Altered neurocircuitry, Avoidant symptoms, Clinical issues, Epidemiology, Flashback, Hyperarousal symptoms, Numbing symptoms, Posttraumatic syndromes, Psychological models, PTSD diagnostic criteria, Risk factors, Trauma","Friedman, M. J.",2008.0,,10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195307030.013.0006,0,0,
41,Homeless families. United states,"Families comprise almost 40% of those experiencing homelessness in the United States. Homelessness results from structural factors, such as the lack of affordable housing, and extreme poverty. Those families at greatest risk for becoming homeless are often extremely stressed, but have limited social supports and sustaining relationships. Many have been exposed to high rates of both random and interpersonal violence and as a result often suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance-use disorders. The children in homeless families often have limited opportunities and frequently have health, behavioural, and educational needs. Despite this profile, the American policy response to family homelessness has been limited. © 2012 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved..","Child homelessness, Child welfare, Education, Family, Family homelessness, Family separation, Homeless children, Homeless family, Mental health, Poverty, Trauma, United states","Fusaro, V. A., Bassuk, E. L., Grandin, M., Guilderson, L., Hayes, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
42,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is characterized by intrusive memories, marked avoidance of trauma reminders, affective numbing, and hyperarousal following a traumatic experience was introduced into the diagnostic nomenclature in 1980 with the publication by the American Psychiatric Association of DSM-III. Since then, a large body of research on the presentation and treatment of PTSD has been assembled. A number of efficacious cognitive–behavioral therapies (CBTs) are now offered, such as prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy (CPT; [3]), and the rates of successful treatment in a variety of populations are improving. Symptoms and diagnostic criteria In the DSM-IV-TR, there are six diagnostic criteria (Criterion A-F) that must be present for a diagnosis of PTSD. First, the individual must have experienced a traumatic event (Criterion A) during which: (1) the person experienced or witnessed an event or events that involved actual threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others; and (2) the person's reaction involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror (in children this may present as agitated or disorganized behavior). Examples of traumatic events include serious threats to life or physical integrity such as military combat, sexual assault, motor vehicle accidents, physical assault, natural or human-made disasters, or witnessing violence or severe human suffering. The symptoms of PTSD are categorized into three clusters in DSM-IV (Criterion B, C, and D): intrusive recollection, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms. © Cambridge University Press 2010.",,"Fuse, T., Salters-Pedneault, K.",2010.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511781919.010,0,0,
43,Methodological challenges in studying the mental health consequences of disasters,,,"Galea, S., Maxwell, A. R.",2009.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511730030.034,0,0,
44,Posttraumatic stress disorder among outpatients with visible and invisible electrical injury,"Introduction: Electrical injury (EI) is the most common form of occupational burn injury. While rates of psychological distress have been found to be high among all burn-injured patients, EI patients have additional unique and complex features. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently seen in burn-injured patients include elevated anxiety, re-experiencing the trauma through repeated disturbing memories, flashbacks and nightmares, avoidance, hyper-vigilance, concentration and memory problems, as well as sleeping difficulties. Among EI patients, additional features can include complaints of high levels of pain in the absence of a visible physical injury, and/or cognitive difficulties, which can further complicate PTSD symptomatology and the course of rehabilitation. Understanding the importance of screening and specialty assessment of PTSD among this population is critical to improving their functioning and quality of life. Nevertheless, PTSD has been shown to be underdiagnosed in medical settings.Objective: This chapter presents an investigation of the psychological profile of a group of EI patients in rehabilitation, with a focus on PTSD severity (clinical PTSD, subclinical PTSD and no PTSD) and comorbidity, the role of visibility of the EI injury, and predictors for their PTSD diagnosis.Assessment measures: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory - II (BDI-II).Conclusion: The high levels of psychiatric distress among EI patients in rehabilitation reported in this chapter demonstrate their need for psychological attention. The finding that no differences were noted between visibility injury groups reveals that those with invisible EI injuries can present with complex psychiatric needs, comparable to those with visible injuries. Comorbid PTSD and depression were the highest diagnostic condition found amongst the visible EI group, a fact that invites further inquiry as to whether the invisible nature of the patients' injury plays a role in their psychiatric care, from either the patient's or the referring clinicians' perspective. In spite of overall high levels of psychiatric distress, outpatients with invisible injuries were referred much later for a psychological assessment, a fact that warrants further exploration. Early screening to identify EI patients with PTSD symptomatology throughout the process of recovery, and particularly during rehabilitation, is necessary. The current finding that the PCL-C predicted PTSD in this population confirms the usefulness of this tool with EI patients, regardless of the visibility of their injury. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Gardner, P. J., Knittel-Keren, D., Hong, Y. I., Gomez, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
45,"Traumatic stress in overview: Definition, context, scope, and long-term outcomes",,,"Gerhart, J. I., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-319-18866-9_1,0,0,
46,"The Roles of Love, Attachment, and Altruism in the Adjustment to Military Trauma","This chapter summarizes research on the associations among love in the form of a secure adult attachment, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and altruism. The chapter is organized into five sections. The first section briefly reviews PTSD and its symptom clusters. The second section provides an overview of attachment theory and explores evidence that early childhood attachment patterns endure as adult attachment styles. The third section efforts to link attachment theory to the concept of adult love. The fourth section explores the relationship between attachment styles and the development of PTSD in those exposed to trauma, suggesting that love and secure attachment may protect against PTSD or ameliorate its course. The final section introduces altruistic intent into the adult attachment equation and examines the relationships among altruism, loving attachments, and PTSD.","Adult attachment, Adult love, Altruism, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological trauma","Ghafoori, B., Hierholzer, R.",2007.0,,,0,0,
47,Sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Sleep disturbances are common complaints among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as intrusive recollection, avoidance of disturbing stimuli, difficulty in concentration, and depressive symptoms. Patients with PTSD frequently report difficulty falling or staying asleep and recurrent nightmares related to the traumatic events. These sleep disturbances are part of the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and are included in both the re-experiencing (Criterion B) and increased arousal (Criterion D) symptom cluster in the DSM-IV-TR. Despite these sleep complaints, polysomnographic studies have not provided consistent evidence of sleep disturbances, especially regarding non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the characteristic sleep disturbances, in particular the repetitive, stereotypical nightmares may be relatively specific to PTSD. The presence of nightmares in PTSD has been hypothesized as a dysfunction of REM sleep mechanisms and investigators have reported various types of REM sleep abnormalities. Treatment studies also have shown that antidepressants, such as nefazodone, trazodone, fluvoxamine, and image rehearsal therapy are beneficial in the treatment of PTSD-related sleep disturbances as well as core symptoms of this anxiety disorder; however, these sleep disturbances may persist and impair the quality of life in PTSD patients for several decades. It is important, therefore, to understand the characteristics of sleep disturbances in PTSD and these treatments. In this review, we discuss the clinical features and objective findings of sleep disturbances in PTSD and these treatments based on the published literature, including our findings. © 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Habukawa, M., Maeda, M., Uchimura, N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
48,Sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Sleep disturbances are common complaints among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as intrusive recollection, avoidance of disturbing stimuli, difficulty in concentration, and depressive symptoms. Patients with PTSD frequently report difficulty falling or staying asleep and recurrent nightmares related to the traumatic events. These sleep disturbances are part of the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and are included in both the re-experiencing (Criterion B) and increased arousal (Criterion D) symptom cluster in the DSM-IV-TR. Despite these sleep complaints, polysomnographic studies have not provided consistent evidence of sleep disturbances, especially regarding non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the characteristic sleep disturbances, in particular the repetitive, stereotypical nightmares may be relatively specific to PTSD. The presence of nightmares in PTSD has been hypothesized as a dysfunction of REM sleep mechanisms and investigators have reported various types of REM sleep abnormalities. Treatment studies also have shown that antidepressants, such as nefazodone, trazodone, fluvoxamine, and image rehearsal therapy are beneficial in the treatment of PTSD-related sleep disturbances as well as core symptoms of this anxiety disorder; however, these sleep disturbances may persist and impair the quality of life in PTSD patients for several decades. It is important, therefore, to understand the characteristics of sleep disturbances in PTSD and these treatments. In this review, we discuss the clinical features and objective findings of sleep disturbances in PTSD and these treatments based on the published literature, including our findings. © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",,"Habukawa, M., Maeda, M., Uchimura, N.",2011.0,,,0,0,47
49,Acculturation and psychological characteristics of Bosnian internally displaced and refugee adolescents from Srebrenica region after the war 1992-1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina,"Aim To estimate the frequency, type and severity of psychological trauma among Bosnian refugee and internally displaced adolescents after the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods The sample of 225 pupils (112 females and 113 males) aged of 15.1±2.1 years were evaluated for assessment of war traumatic events, acculturation, neuroticism, school behavioral problems; and presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The sample was divided into group of participants from eastern Bosnian region (Srebrenica and Podrinje) (n=143) who had been exposed to the war catastrophes in their original region, and survived Srebrenica catastrophe 1995 and a group of participants from north-east Bosnian region (Semberija and Posavina), who were exposed to the war catastrophes in the first beginning of war, in April 1992 and became refugees during the whole war and after it (n=82). Results In both groups, refugee and internally displaced adolescents had been exposed to severe war trauma and had reported high level of trauma more than three years after the war. Among participants from Srebrenica region we found 52 of 143 (36.4%) participants lost father what is significantly more than participants from Semberija region 7 of 82 (8.5%) (Chi-square=20.860, df=1, P<0.001), significantly more children from Srebrenica 94 of 143 (65.7%), stayed in homeland and survived additional trauma exposure to war catastrophes as refugees in so called -free territory?, after survived war experiences in 1992, while from Semberija region only 22 of 82 (26.8%) experienced whole war period out of original places (Chi-square=31.583, df=1, P<0.001). The level of trauma severity (mean±standard deviation = 4.3±0.9 on a scale from 0-5), and stress level 2.0±1.2 were higher among adolescents and internally displaced from Srebrenica than among those from Semberija (4.1±1.1 and 1.7±1.1, respectively) but not significantly (p=0.150; P=0.072, respectively, t-test). The level severity of re-experience cluster symptoms, (mean±standard deviation = 2.5±1.4 on a scale from 0-5) were significantly higher among adolescents from Srebrenica than among those from Semberija region (1.9±1.2, t-test=3.255, P=0.001). The prevalence of PTSD statistically significantly differed between Srebrenica group (67.8%) and Semberija group of respondents (52.4%) (Chi-square=5.253, df=1, P=0.022). Participants from Srebrenica had significantly more acculturation problems for: Missed friends during exile/displacement, Wanted to return to native place/homeland, Listened to news from native place/homeland and Had alimentary problems after being exiled/displaced (p<0.05), and there were no statistically significant differences for the rest of listed acculturation problems between groups. According the T-score of Achenbach check list, (mean±standard deviation on the scale from 0-100), from Srebrenica reported significantly more severe anxious depressed behavior (58.8±10.7) than their peers from Semberija (54.9±8.9) (t-test=7.782, P=0.006); they reported significantly more severe withdrawn depressed behavior too (57.6±11.2; 53.4±9.5 respectively) (t-test=8.226, P=0.005), also they reported significantly more severe internalizing problems (57.3±9.0; 54.1±7.5 respectively) (t-test=7.309, P=0.007). Participants from Srebrenica had more severe thought problems (54.5±8.0; 51.6±6.0 respectively) (t-test=8.082, P=0.005), as well as significantly more expressed attention problems (53.0±4.5; 51.8±3.5 respectively) (t-test=4.583, P=0.033). The prevalence of anxious-depressed behavior in clinical range among Srebrenica participants 24 of 143 (16.8%) were significantly higher than among their peers from Semberija 8 of 82 (9.8%) (Chi square=9.611, P=0.008), also the prevalence of thought problems were significantly more expressed among Srebrenica adolescents 13 of 143 (9.1%) related to 5 of 82 (6.1%) (Chi-square=7.143, P=0.028). Adolescents from Srebrenica reported significantly lower activeness, 66 of 143 (46.2%) which is under average activeness, related to 21 of 82 (25.6%) am ng children from Semberija (Chi-square=10.408, P=0.005). Sociability among children from Srebrenica with over average sociability 80 of 143 (55.4%) were significantly less than among children from Semberija 59 of 82 (72.0%) (Chi-square=6.836, P=0.033). Adolescents from Srebrenica were significantly more introverted 31 of 143 (21.7%) than their peers 11 of 82 (13.4%), but less extroverted 25 of 243 (17.5%) related to 29 of 82 (35.4%) (Chi-square=9.692, P=0.008). The severity of trauma experiences and stress level highly correlated with severity of neuroticism (Pearson r=0.394, P<0.001; r=0.551, P<0.001 respectively), but negatively highly correlated with sociability (r=-0.170, P=0.011; r=-0.3, P<0.001). Stress level severity highly correlated with level of activeness (r=0.145, P=0.030). Conclusions Bosnia-Herzegovina refugee and internally displaced adolescents, 3.5 years after war, suffer from PTSD very frequently. Adolescents from Srebrenica region suffered significantly more from PTSD, acculturation problems, anxious/depressed behavior problems, and thought problems. Also they were significantly less active, less sociable, and less extroverted, in other words they were significantly more introverted. Professionals and institutions involved in education and mental health care of adolescents should develop programs to address this after war outcomes among young population. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.","Acculturation, Adolescents, Bosnia and herzegovina, Exile, Introversion, Neuroticism, PTSD., Refugees, Srebrenica","Hasanović, M., Sinanović, O., Pavlović, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
50,Distinct and common issues in the psychosocial adaptation to cancer across cultures,"As the People's Republic of China (PRC) modernizes, colorectal cancer (CRC) demonstrates the sharpest increases in incidence and mortality, becoming one of the most common cancers in major cities including Shanghai and Hong Kong. Despite the need to understand correlates of adjustment so as to optimize clinical and psychosocial services among Chinese people with CRC, very little is known about these people. Distinct sociocultural backgrounds warrant cautions in transferring the findings in the West to Asian populations. This chapter presents a series of psychosocial studies, ranging from qualitative interviews to validation of psychometric instruments and multi-wave prospective studies, in samples of Chinese CRC patients in Hong Kong. A qualitative study identifies the dynamics of the adaptation process and specific issues faced by Chinese CRC patients throughout the illness trajectory. Based on the qualitative findings, psychometric self-report instruments are developed to validly and reliably capture the socioculturally-specific issues of adjustment in Asian cancer patients. Longitudinal studies then seek to explore the psychological mechanisms that might inform the development of psychological services for Asian patients as well as those in the West. Implications for developing cross-cultural psycho-oncological research and practice are discussed. © 2011 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Hou, W. K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
51,Child mental health in the aftermath of disaster: A review of PTSD studies,"INTRODUCTION Epidemiological investigations provide strong evidence that experiencing disaster-related traumatic events in childhood can have significant adverse psychopathological consequences (Hoven et al., 2005; La Greca, Silverman, Vernberg, & Prinstein, 1996; Lonigan, Shannon, Finch, Jr., Daugherty, & Taylor, 1991). Clearly, understanding how such exposure to disaster affects children's mental health and psychosocial development is important, both for elucidating vulnerabilities specific to children, and for informing and guiding appropriate responses, including treatment, which fosters resilience and speeds recovery. The greatest promise for advancing knowledge on this topic depends upon systematic assessment, using diagnostic-based measures in well-designed, longitudinal investigations of representative samples of children (in sufficient numbers) to allow for meaningful analyses. Unfortunately, to date, no study with children that includes all of these elements could be identified. As a nascent field of inquiry, disaster mental health research in children is now ideally poised to review its own recent research, including emphasis and approach, so as to determine a future trajectory. In an effort to stimulate and facilitate this process and to identify critical knowledge gaps, this chapter systematically examines the extant literature, focusing on methodological issues. In an effort to identify lacunae in our collective research agenda, we offer a conceptual typology, or classification schema, for reviewing the kinds of disasters that have been studied and the research methods employed. © Cambridge University Press 2009.",,"Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Blake Turner, J., Mandell, D. J.",2009.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511730030.013,0,0,
52,Women's cardiovascular health risks associated with posttraumatic stress,"Research on psychological trauma and women's health reveals a relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although most of the research associating PTSD symptoms with physical health has been conducted with male veterans, the present chapter summarizes recent research that addresses these relationships among women. We review the literature on the prevalence of CVD and risk factors for CVD (e.g., overweight, high blood pressure, smoking, and unhealthy lipid levels) among women with PTSD, and report data from our own ongoing research that suggests obesity/overweight and unhealthy lipid profiles are particular problems among women with PTSD. We will also address the implications of increased cardiovascular risk in PTSD on health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and discuss potential approaches to intervention that may decrease CVD risk factors and enhance quality of life (QOL) in this population. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Kibler, J. L., Malcolm, L. R., Lerner, R. S., Findon, K. R., Ma, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
53,Risk and Protective Factors for Traumatic Stress Disorders,"This chapter provides an overview of risk and protective factors that may account for posttraumatic responses. In addition to risk and protective factors specifically for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the outcomes of resilience and posttraumatic growth are considered. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a longitudinal and especially a lifespan developmental framework to understand both the short- and long-term implications of trauma exposure and the factors that influence its consequences. A brief introduction to methodological approaches for documenting longitudinal change is presented, followed by suggestions for future research. © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Lifespan perspective, Longitudinal methods, Posttraumatic growth, Protective factor, PTSD, Resilience, Risk factor","King, L. A., Pless, A. P., Schuster, J. L., Potter, C. M., Park, C. L., Spiro, A., III, King, D. W.",2012.0,,10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0022,0,0,
54,Family relationships embedded in United States military culture,"United States military personnel and their families have made substantial sacrifices to protect and defend their country in the service of the post-9/11 global war on terrorism (MacDermid Wadsworth, 2010; Willerton, MacDermid Wadsworth, and Riggs, 2011). Service members, their romantic partners, and their children have handled the increased operational tempo of deployments resulting from both Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) with impressive resilience (Bonanno et al., 2012; Cozza, Chun, and Polo, 2005; Lester et al., 2010), although the challenges of war can take a substantial toll on people’s physical health (Badr, Barker, and Milbury, 2011; Gorman, Eide, and Hilse-Gorman, 2010), mental health (Mansfield et al., 2010; Milliken, Auchterlonie, and Hoge, 2007; Pfefferbaum et al., 2011), and relationship health (Adams, Durand, and Castro, 2006; Allen et al., 2010; Nelson Goff et al., 2007). One foundation of this resilience is undoubtedly the strong military identity that many families embrace. US military culture espouses the ideals of courage, fortitude, strength, fairness, discipline, loyalty, respect for authority, determination, and valor (Coll, Weiss, and Yarvis, 2011; Greene et al., 2010b; Ulmer, Collins, and Jacobs, 2000), and these qualities are the signature values of many active duty and reserve component military families (Hall, 2008). To be a US military family is to be proud, to be strong, and to be brave (Hall 2011a; 2011b; Park, 2011). Although military culture provides a pervasive backdrop for how service members and their families navigate domestic life (Hall 2008; 2011a; Sherman and Bowling, 2011), scholarship on the interpersonal functioning of military couples and families has not always been sensitive to the unique parameters at play. With some notable exceptions (Palmer, 2008; Pincus et al., 2001; Riggs and Riggs, 2011), scholars have tended to apply established theories of relationship functioning to the military context without fully taking into account the social circumstances that envelop military personnel, their romantic partners, and their children. The result is a body of work (including some of our own research) that underemphasizes the distinctive trademarks of military life. As Wiens and Boss (2006) noted, ""To understand how best to support today’s military families, it is essential to understand their contexts. What are the contextual sources of their stress and resiliency?"" (p. 25). This chapter takes up that question. © Cambridge University Press 2014.","Developmental psychology, Social psychology","Knobloch, L. K., Wehrman, E. C.",2014.0,,10.1017/CBO9781139333610.005,0,0,
55,Communication in military families across the deployment cycle,,,"Knobloch, L. K., Wilson, S. R.",2014.0,,10.4135/9781483375366.n24,0,0,
56,The consequences of violence on the mental health of the elderly,"This chapter reviews the prevalence and risk factors associated with violence during the life course of the elderly, including its short and long-term consequences. As violence is highly prevalent in many societies individuals who have been exposed to violence have also grown old. There is limited knowledge about the long-term implications of early exposure into late life. Elder abuse has become a major issue in public health; however, the elderly are also victims to crime, war, atrocities in society, and trauma from disasters. The mental health implications of exposure to violence are reviewed, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder. Controlled studies on treatment of older individuals exposed to violence are rare. The findings suggest that exposure to violence in childhood, as a young adult or as an elder all have adverse effects on mental health in old age. The trajectory of these mental health outcomes suggests that the elderly may have a path of resilience. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015",,"Kohn, R., Stanton, L., Surti, G. M., Verhoek-Oftedahl, W.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-94-017-8999-8_8,0,0,
57,Trauma and Adolescent Addiction,"Comorbidity of trauma and PTSD with addictive disorders is common in adolescents. The interrelationship between the two conditions is complex with addictive behaviors following the trauma, as well as preceding it. While there are established treatments for each of the conditions separately, few treatments addressing the comorbidity have been developed and tested. Little is known about the impact of the comorbid addictive disorders and trauma-related disorders on the adolescent developmental trajectory, the ability of the adolescents to acquire crucial psychosocial skills in the face of these twin disorders. In view of the adolescent tendency not to self-disclose, pro-active screening for trauma in the population of addicted adolescents, as well as screening for substance abuse in those who had experienced trauma, is highly indicated. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Addiction, Addictive disorders, Adolescent, Alcohol, PTSD, Substance abuse, Trauma","Kunz, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
58,Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents,"Many children and adolescents who experience potentially traumatic events, such as natural disasters, acts of violence, physical injuries, child abuse, and life-threatening medical illnesses, display significant stress symptoms. In fact, these potentially traumatic events can lead to the development of acute stress disorder (ASD) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cause significant psychological impairment. In this chapter, we discuss the types of potentially traumatic events that lead to ASD or PTSD in youth, as well as various aspects of trauma exposure. We next review available evidence on the definition, prevalence, and course of ASD and PTSD in youth, and the risk factors associated with their development. To date, relatively few studies have examined ASD and existing evidence calls into question the validity of dissociative symptoms as part of the existing ASD diagnostic criteria for youth. In contrast, many studies have evaluated PTSD and its symptoms in youth exposed to trauma, although PTSD prevalence rates vary substantially depending on a host of factors, including the type of traumatic event experienced, the degree of exposure to the event, and the informant for PTSD symptoms, among other factors. We also discuss developmental considerations for the ASD and PTSD diagnoses and directions for future research. The chapter closes with a brief summary of proposed changes to the diagnostic criteria for ASD and PTSD in youth that are being considered for the DSM-5. © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Acute stress disorder, Adolescents, Children, Exposure, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Youth","La Greca, A. M., Taylor, C. J., Herge, W. M.",2012.0,,10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0008,0,0,
59,"Promoting ‘‘resilient’’ posttraumatic adjustment in childhood and beyond: ‘‘Unpacking’’ life events, adjustment trajectories, resources and interventions",,,"Layne, C., Beck, C., Rimmasch, H., Southwick, J., Morena, M., Hobfoll, S.",2009.0,,,0,0,
60,"Enhancing community resilience: A matter of multi-level framework, mixed methods, and multi-sectoral tools",,,"Lemyre, L., ""OSullivan, T.""",2013.0,,10.4324/9780203102459,0,0,
61,Functional neuroimaging research in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Neuroimaging research in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is only two decadesold, but is rapidly expanding and evolving in methodological sophistication (Pitmanet al. 2001; Hull 2002; Liberzon and Phan 2003). Earlier structural and symptom-provocation studies are giving way to hypothesis-driven cognitive activationstudies, longitudinal and treatment studies, and translationally driven integrativestudies. The focused review of functional neuroimaging research in PTSD that followsdiscusses findings to better understand the functional neuroanatomy underlyingPTSD symptoms and pathophysiology. We begin with a selective review of theresearch on functional neuroanatomy of emotions that is specifically relevant toPTSD. The ensuing discussion links the two bodies of literature in order to providea better understanding of the processing of threat-related emotions and how this informsour understanding of the brain mechanisms that subserve PTSD.PTSD is characterized by exposure to life-threatening event/s associated withintense emotional reactions. Symptom clusters consist of reexperiencing the trauma(such as nightmares and intrusive memories), avoidance and numbing (avoidingtrauma-related cues, feeling emotionally distant from loved ones), and hyperarousal(hypervigilance, sleep disturbances) (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Becausethese criteria are descriptive, atheoretical, and not confined to a specific diagnosis,it is possible that patients with different neurobiological subtypes will sharethe same diagnosis or that patients with similar neurobiological abnormalities maycross descriptive categorical boundaries. Neurobiological evidence does offer thepotential to identify findings specific to trauma exposure and/or to PTSD's symptomsand pathophysiology, thereby helping to differentiate, define, and treat thesedisorders in a more meaningful way.One powerful, noninvasive means of investigating brain function in PTSD is theuse of relatively new neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). MRI methodology relies on spinproperties of protons in human brain tissue to outline brain structures and estimate their volume. Functional MRI (fMRI) uses the paramagnetic properties of oxy- anddeoxyhemoglobin in conjunction with rapid acquisition sequences to create maps ofblood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal activity, i.e., blood flow reflective ofneuronal firing, thereby allowing the study of neural processing of specific tasks.Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and PET use radio-emittingisotopes of biologically relevant molecules to estimate blood flow, metabolicrate, receptor binding, and quantification and the assessment of pharmacologicalactivity in vivo.",,"Liberzon, I., Martis, B.",2006.0,,,0,0,
62,Posttraumatic stress in the aftermath of mass shootings,,,"Lowe, S. R., Galea, S.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-319-18866-9_6,0,0,
63,When multiple disasters strike: Louisiana fishers in the aftermath of hurricanes and the british petroleum deepwater horizon oil spill,,,"Lyon, B. A., Nezat, P. F., Cherry, K. E., Marks, L. D.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-319-18866-9_4,0,0,
64,Dissociative Disorders,"The dissociative disorders consist of a cluster of disorders that involve incomplete ability to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, preception, and consciousness. Conceptually, these disorders represent abnormal responses to traumatic experiences, and are the result of undue stress on the brain's capacity to integrate components of traumatic events. The disorders reviewed include classically designated DSM dissociative disorders, such as dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder; as well as other disorders in which dissociative defenses represent the major operating principle, such as acute stress disorder and dissociative trance disorder. We will review the various types of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches that serve as the basis for treatment. © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Acute stress, Amnesia, Depersonalization, Derealization, Dissociation, Dissociative, Fugue, Trauma","Maldonado, J. R., Spiegel, D., First, M. B.",2008.0,,,0,0,
65,Loss and grief: The role of individual differences,"It is an unfortunate but inevitable fact of life that virtually all of us must face: people we are close to die. Despite this universality, researchers and theorists have long assumed that bereavement almost always results in significant, and sometimes incapacitating, distress. Curiously, the absence of distress after loss has itself been considered pathological and a likely harbinger of future difficulties (Middleton et al., 1993). When bereaved persons fail to display the expected distress reaction, some have maintained that they are suppressing their grief (Middleton et al., 1993) or lack an attachment to their spouse (Fraley & Shaver, 1999). Indeed, emotional expression following loss – particularly negative emotions – has long been considered cathartic, a necessary ingredient of healthy adjustment (Freud, 1957). Perhaps for this reason, bereaved people who appear outwardly resilient and who resume their lives with minimal disruptions have often been thought to possess extraordinary coping abilities. However, this idea has increasingly come under fire (Bonanno, 2004). In fact, most bereaved people experience relatively transient disruptions in their ability to function effectively. Furthermore, research increasingly shows that there is a marked diversity in how people respond to loss. Indeed, it appears that three primary patterns or trajectories adequately describe most people’s response to interpersonal loss. The largest category, usually from 50% to 60%, is characterized by stable, healthy levels of psychological and physical functioning relatively soon after a loss, or “resilience” (Bonanno, 2004; Mancini & Bonanno, 2006). A second category of bereaved persons (20–25%) displays more acute and persistent levels of distress but gradually they too recover their bearings and return to their former level of functioning. The most problematic reaction is found among those with a persistent syndrome of a sometimes incapacitating distress that may take years to resolve. This pattern, often described as “complicated grief” (Bonanno et al., 2007), is relatively rare, typically occurring in 10–15% of grievers (Bonanno & Kaltman, 2001). Two other types of bereavement response have also emerged recently, although they typically characterize only a small proportion of grievers. These include a chronic form of distress that predated the loss and is exacerbated in its aftermath (Bonanno et al., 2002; Mancini et al., 2011) and dramatic improvement following loss (A.D. Mancini, I. Galatzer-Levy, & G.A. Bonanno, unpublished data). Although each is quite uncommon (5–10%), these patterns have been confirmed using different methods and samples, suggesting that they are veridical. © Cambridge University Press 2011.",,"Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A.",2011.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511994791.015,0,0,
66,Impact of psychological distress in infertile Japanese women,"Infertile women in Japan as well as in the Western World have high levels of emotional distress, which include anxiety and depression. By cross-sectional questionnaire study, both scores of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and the profile of mood states (POMS) for infertile Japanese women were high, indicating psychologically disturbed. In Japan, women are frequently greeted with traditional questions such as, 'Are you married? Do you have a child?' Elderly Japanese may project guilt on women without children, because they believe women should fulfill a role by producing an heir and/or heiress to continue the family name. This can cast shame and/or guilt on the infertility patients, and thus produce undo stress on women labeled as infertile. Therefore, infertile Japanese women should be supported by psychiatric intervention. In view of Immunology, natural-killer (NK) cell activity of the infertile Japanese women was significantly higher than that of the control. Elevated NK-cell activity is observed temporarily during stressful events. Persistent low NK-cell activity is associated with depression or stressful events caused by natural disasters. To the contrary, persistent high NK-cell activity is uncommon, however, increased NK-cell activity is observed in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss or Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A long-term chronic stress may underpin the basis for persistently high NK-cell activities. In consideration with high NK-cell activity for pregnancy, an embryo might be rejected from the uterus, because of its killing activity. Therefore, a randomized study was performed to clarify the effects of psychiatric group intervention on the emotions, NK-cell activity and pregnancy rate in infertile Japanese women. Thirty-seven women completed a 5-session intervention program and were compared with 37 controls. Psychological discomfort and NK-cell activity significantly decreased after the intervention, whereas no significant changes were observed in controls. The pregnancy rate in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of controls. Psychological group intervention was effective in infertile Japanese women. Finally, an interesting case was observed to achieve pregnant in a 50-year old Japanese woman with psychological relief. After failure of conception with 6 IVF attempts, the couple decided to discontinue further IVF treatment at age 48 years. One and one-half years later, she became pregnant naturally, resulting in getting healthy baby. During the time spanning her treatment for infertility, anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue and grief were revealed to coexist with her high hopes of having a child. After termination of infertility treatments these adverse psychological findings were markedly lessened and her vigor was restored. Stopping infertility treatment might be a viable alternative for achieving pregnancy in similarly psychologically-challenged infertile women. We believe that reproductive psychology will be one of the main topics in the field of fertility and sterility in the 21st century. © 2012 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Counselling, Depression, Infertility, NK cell activity","Matsubayashi, H., Hosaka, T., Makino, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
67,Anxiety disorders and PTSD,"INTRODUCTION This chapter reviews the literature on the prevalence and etiology of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), following disasters. We highlight that there is relatively little information about anxiety disorders other than PTSD; the paucity of data is due to the challenge of the shared phenomenology of these disorders and the difficulty of defining their boundaries. A further challenge is explored, namely, how disasters interact with background morbidity in a community. In considering the etiology of anxiety disorders, the differential role of threat is hypothesized to be differentiated from the more enduring effect of the losses sustained in disasters. Anxiety disorders have an enduring effect in the aftermath of disasters, and many issues remain to be examined in future research, especially in expanding beyond PTSD. To begin, however, it is important to understand the settings in which disasters occur and the anticipations that abound following these events, as these have the potential to bias a rational appraisal of the challenges that will impact the affected community. Managing the psychological impact of disasters is a critical public-health challenge in the aftermath of these events. Informed prevalence and incidence estimates are critical to effective service planning. Unfortunately, there is often dramatization of disaster impact immediately afterward, with fears expressed about the capacity of the population to function and manage effectively (de Ville de Goyet, 2007). © Cambridge University Press 2009.",,"Mc Farlane, A. C., Van Hooff, M., Goodhew, F.",2009.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511730030.004,0,0,
68,Bridging the gap: A comparison of Black American and white families in mental health-related viewpoints and service use,"Black American families embrace racial, cultural, and environmental factors that differ greatly from White families and influence their views of mental health care. African American populations have been shown to distrust professional and formal care services, have lower acceptance of mental health treatment and are less informed concerning treatment decisions compared to their white counterparts. These differences affect several mental health-related decisions, such as taking medications, accessing medical interventions and overall acceptance of formal mental health care. As African Americans are less likely to use mental health services, the individual and family remain at a higher risk for dysfunctional family interactions, emotional and physical distress, and various negative health consequences. To address this concern, this chapter will review scholarly literature on differences in African American views of mental health care in comparison to Whites. In addition, the literature will be reviewed concerning how these differing views and lifestyle factors influence use of mental health care. This literature review will specifically address the following: 1) a brief description of posttraumatic stress disorder, 2) issues related to the racial, cultural, and economic factors related to Black Americans' use of formal mental health services, 3) examine the consequences of posttraumatic stress and underutilization of mental health care for Black Americans and ) describe recommendations for professionals in bridging the gap between Black Americans' perspectives and mental health treatment. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Mikle, K. S., Thompson, S. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
69,Genetics of anxiety disorders,"There is considerable evidence that genetic determinants could play a role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Linkage studies, association studies and genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic profiles associated with anxiety disorders such as panic disorder (PD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD). There is not one specific gene that causes anxiety, but combinations of genes seem to be at play. Furthermore, environmental factors, like stressful life events, may trigger an anxiety disorder more easily in people who have a genetic predisposition to the illness. However, the mechanisms are far from a complete understanding. To date, the most studied genetic variant is the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), which has been indicated as a risk factor for anxiety disorders, also affecting relative treatments. Other studies regarding the genetic susceptibility to anxiety disorders have focused on studying variants in neurotrophic genes (e.g., BDNF) and in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) related genes (e.g., FKBP5, CRHR1, NR3C1). In particular, candidate gene approach studies have investigated variants in genes related to HPA and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) pathways because of their central role in the adaptation of the organism to stress. Finally, investigations of susceptibility genes for anxiety disorders can be helped from the study of the genetic factors underlying personality traits, such as neuroticism and harm avoidance, that constitute risk factors for anxiety disorders. The identification of genetic variants involved in anxiety may have implications for the optimization of therapeutic interventions because they have been largely shown to represent predictors of poorer response. © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Minelli, A., Maffioletti, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
70,Optimization and characterization of an antagonist for vasopressin 1a (V1a) receptor,"Evidence from preclinical and human studies demonstrate that arginine vasopressin and vasopressin receptor 1a (V1a-R) play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The lack of selective, brain-penetrant and orally active V1a receptor antagonists has hampered the progress in our understanding of the precise/complete pharmacological role of V1a-R in central nervous system disorders and the development of novel treatments for these disorders. The optimization of promising V1a-R antagonist lead compounds and testing in known and relevant in vivo animal models will be a significant step forward in our understanding of the role of V1a-R in CNS disorders and in the development of novel treatments of anxiety, depression and PTSD. The lack of published data regarding brain-penetration and off-target selectivity, along with intellectual property barriers of the known V1a-R antagonists precludes their potential usefulness as CNS agents. As a result, there is a substantial need to discover centrally active V1a-R antagonists that are useful as in vivo tools to better understand the pharmacological role of V1a-R in CNS disorders with the potential as clinically therapeutic agents. The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center (SRIMSC), part of the Molecular Libraries Probe Production Centers Network (MLPCN), reports ML389 as a highly potent V1a-R antagonist with an IC50 of 40 nM, and high selectivity (selectivities vs. vasopressin 1b receptor, vasopressin 2 receptor, and the oxytocin receptor of >1250 fold). ML389 was identified by medicinal chemistry optimization of lead compounds. A set of pharmacokinetic analyses show that ML389 has good brain penetration, no significant activity at four human cytochrome P450 subtypes, high binding for human and rodent plasma protein, and an encouraging in vivo pharmacokinetic profile in mice. Broad selectivity screening data against a panel of receptors, transporters, and ion channels suggest that ML389 is generally inactive against a broad array of off targets and does not likely exert unwanted effects. ML389 serves as a novel V1a-R antagonist that can be developed as a therapeutic for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and PTSD.",,"Mittapalli, G., Argaryan, L., Brown, S. J., Saldanha, S. A., Volmar, C. H., Ferguson, J., Roberts, E., Hodder, P., Rosen, H.",2010.0,,,0,0,
71,Combat/operational stress adaptations and injuries,,,"Nash, W. P.",2006.0,,10.4324/9780203943694,0,0,
72,"Community resilience: Concepts, assessment, and implications for intervention","Although stress research has emphasized individual well-being, many types of stress are experienced collectively: the events bring harm, pain, and loss to large numbers of people simultaneously. Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, war, political oppression, epidemics, and economic recessions happen to whole communities and, sometimes, whole societies. This is not to say that all exposed individuals experience the event identically; in a disaster, one person may lose a loved one, while another loses a home, and another only a few possessions. Nor is this to say that all exposed individuals respond identically; a person’s psychological, social, and material resources powerfully shape his or her capacity to cope and function effectively. When stress pervades the community, however, these factors tell only part of the story. To have an ecologically valid understanding of mass trauma, we must recognize that survivors are connected and dependent upon one another’s coping strategies. Their attributions and actions reflect a host of social influences, social comparisons, and emergent norms. They help each other but also compete for scarce resources. Household preparedness is vital, but one household can no more prepare for disaster than it could, on its own, protect itself from crime or disease, educate its children, or keep the roads safe. Consequently, an individual’s resilience is inextricably linked to the community’s ability to prepare for, respond to, and adapt to adverse conditions. Simply put, when problems are shared, so must be solutions. In recognition of such interdependencies, “community resilience” has emerged as a key concept for disaster readiness, although by no means limited to this one goal (Norris et al., 2008). This chapter will explore the concept of community resilience in some depth. Broadly, the chapter is organized into four sections. The first section provides our perspective on the meaning of resilience, including definitions that work across levels of analysis (individual, family, organization, community, society). The second section describes the adaptive capacities theorized to yield community resilience. This is followed by an outline of measurement strategies and challenges in assessing capacities, including some of our own pilot work. The concluding section makes recommendations for intervention and raises issues that need to be addressed in future research. © Cambridge University Press 2011.",,"Norris, F. H., Sherrieb, K., Pfefferbaum, B.",2011.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511994791.013,0,0,
73,"The experience of disaster: Trauma, loss, adversities, and community effects",,,"Norris, F. H., Wind, L. H.",2009.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511730030.003,0,0,
74,Posttraumatic disorders following injury: Assessment and other methodological considerations,"Physical injury in civilian populations is a frequent event. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population (approximately 30 million people) were treated in emergency departments following nonfatal injuries (National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control-Electronic Database, 2000). Not only does injury occur frequently, but it often occurs at a severity to be classified as a traumatic event. Breslau et al. (1991) found that a lifetime prevalence of serious injury or serious motor vehicle crash was 41.9%, rating second in frequency of traumatic events. The conditional risk for developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following serious accidents and injury is relatively low (Kessler et al., 1995); that is, the risk of developing PTSD in all those who are exposed to traumatic injury is low relative to other traumatic events such as interpersonal violence (Breslau et al., 1998). Nevertheless, serious injury is a leading cause of PTSD because of the frequency with which injury occurs. For example, Breslau et al. (1998) found that serious injury accounted for nearly one-quarter of the PTSD cases in their community sample. This was also the case in both the National Comorbidity Survey (Kessler et al., 1995) and the equivalent Australian study (Creamer et al., 2001). Taken together, although the conditional risk of developing PTSD following serious injury is low, the substantial frequency with which injury occurs makes injury one of the most frequent causes of PTSD. This chapter aims to orient both practitioner and researcher to the current status of research regarding PTSD following injury. However, when evaluating this literature and when conducting assessments with injury survivors, researchers and practitioners alike must be cognizant of a number of key issues that may impact on the diagnosis of PTSD. These factors include the following: differentiating among the physical, psychological, and environmental origin of symptoms; head injury and how it complicates assessment; the impact of secondary stressors; the influence of medications on symptom presentation; and the role of litigation. Appropriate attention to these factors will help to optimize the reliability and consistency of mental health assessments following injury.",,"""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Shalev, A.",2006.0,,10.1007/0-387-25610-5_4,0,0,
75,PTSD and Associated Mental Health Consequences of Motor Vehicle Collisions,"The frequency with which motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) occur makes them one of the greatest causes of posttraumatic psychopathology. While the physical injury associated with severe MVC is the focus of highly sophisticated hospital care services, the psychological injury that often accompanies surviving severe MVC is mostly overlooked. This chapter establishes the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other forms of psychopathology that occur following MVCs, outlining the course of MVC-related traumatic stress symptoms, and describing the impact of traumatic stress symptoms on the quality of life and functional status of traumatized individuals. For an MVC to be considered potentially traumatic, it must involve actual or threatened injury. This point is important in interpreting the literature because the majority of studies that have examined the prevalence of psychopathology following MVC have used injury survivors. The pretrauma, peritrauma, and posttrauma factors that are considered most predictive of posttrauma psychopathology are also reviewed. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.",,"""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., Ludwig, G.",2008.0,,10.1016/B978-0-08-045048-3.00013-0,0,0,
76,Antidepressant treatments in PTSD,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a clinical syndrome with a high degree of morbidity that may follow a traumatic event. PTSD is characterized by three symptom clusters: (1) reexperiencing of the traumatic event; (2) avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event and emotional numbing; and (3) hyperarousal symptoms (1). PTSD results in significant distress and morbidity. For example, following an assault a person may experience intrusive thoughts of the assault, suffer from nightmares of threat or assault, or experience flashbacks of all or some portions of the assault. Avoidance of reminders is common and may include, for example, avoidance of the site of the assault or similar places, avoidance of people who are similar to the perpetrator, or avoidance of conversations about community or domestic violence. Following a traumatic event, emotional numbing such as a sense of being unable to have loving feelings, feeling detached from others, or having decreased interest may occur. Difficulty falling asleep, being easily startled, irritability, and hypervigilance are common hyperarousal symptoms (see DSM-IV for criteria) (1). © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.",,"Osterman, J. E., Erdos, B. Z., Oldham, M., Ivkovic, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
77,Personality Factors in the Anxiety Disorders,"This chapter describes a theoretical framework based on hierarchical models of personality and the anxiety disorders that is able to reflect both the DSM-IV organization of anxiety disorders as a distinct internalizing cluster (separate from mood disorders) as well as the diagnostic specificity within the category of anxiety disorders. The literature examining relationships between higher-order personality dimensions, such as Neuroticism and Extraversion, as well as lower-order facets of personality, such as self-criticism, perfectionism, and anxiety sensitivity, and the anxiety disorders is reviewed. Several mechanisms of interaction between personality factors and anxiety disorders are considered, specifically, vulnerability, scar, and pathoplasty models. Based on this literature, specific personality profiles associated with each anxiety disorder are proposed. © 2009 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Anxiety sensitivity, Extraversion, General anxiety disorder, Neuroticism, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic, Perfectionism, Phobia, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Self-criticism","Pagura, J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W.",2008.0,,10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195307030.013.0015,0,0,
78,Post traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior,"Much evidence has shown that PTSD is significantly associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Suicide is an important cause of death in veterans, and the risk for intentional death continues to be high many years after service. Specific PTSD symptoms and specific psychological conditions associated with chronic stress reactions may contribute or mediate the association between PTSD and suicidal behavior. Furthermore, patients with PTSD often have comorbid disorders that may lead to a further increase of risk of suicide in these patients. Research has demonstrated that the magnitude of guilt, cluster B symptoms and comorbid depression were associated with increased suicide risk in PTSD Veterans. For the first time since the Vietnam War, the suicide rate in the military is higher than that in the general population, and so preventive strategies are extremely important to reduce suicide risk in deployed troops. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Pompili, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
79,Post traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior,"Much evidence has shown that PTSD is significantly associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Suicide is an important cause of death in veterans, and the risk for intentional death continues to be high many years after service. Specific PTSD symptoms and specific psychological conditions associated with chronic stress reactions may contribute or mediate the association between PTSD and suicidal behavior. Furthermore, patients with PTSD often have comorbid disorders that may lead to a further increase of risk of suicide in these patients. Research has demonstrated that the magnitude of guilt, cluster B symptoms and comorbid depression were associated with increased suicide risk in PTSD Veterans. For the first time since the Vietnam War, the suicide rate in the military is higher than that in the general population, and so preventive strategies are extremely important to reduce suicide risk in deployed troops. © 2009 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Pompili, M., Forte, A., De Simoni, E., Telesforo, L., Lester, D., Tatarelli, R., Ferracuti, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,78
80,Psychological Models in Rehabilitation Psychology,"Rehabilitation psychology depends upon a broad theoretical base incorporating frameworks, theories, models, and methodologies from many different areas of psychology, as well as from other professions invested in the health and rehabilitation of persons living with disabilities and chronic health conditions. This chapter considers some illustrative models that have been influential in rehabilitation psychology-both historically and in the present-including the biopsychosocial model, and psychological models derived from learning theory and behavior modification, psychoanalytic theory, social psychology, neuropsychology, and cognitive-behavioral theory. The current status of these models, their impact on current clinical practice, and future directions-including the role of dynamic models sensitive to differential trajectories of growth, adjustment, and development over time-will be discussed. © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Assessment, Chronic illness, Disability, Health care, Intervention, Psychological models, Rehabilitation psychology","Rath, J. F., Elliott, T. R.",2012.0,,10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733989.013.0003,0,0,
81,The early adolescent or “juvenile stress” translational animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder,"The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires exposure to a major traumatic event. This criterion has influenced the thinking about causes of the disorder, approaches to treatment, and also how to establish an effective animal model of the disorder. Accordingly, the focus in animal models of PTSD is on what would establish an effective traumatic exposure that would lead to PTSD-related symptoms in the studied animal. However, the prevalence of PTSD among individuals exposed to a traumatic event suggests that the exposure to the trauma is not sufficient to induce PTSD, since most exposed individuals will not develop the disorder. The emphasis in translational animal models of PTSD should thus be on inclusion of relevant risk factors, that together with the exposure to a traumatic event will lead to the development of PTSD. Epidemiological studies indicate that childhood trauma predisposes individuals to develop stress-related disorders later in life. As a result of this finding, we developed an animal model in which exposing rats to early adolescence (postweaning, prepubertal, juvenile) stress was also found to induce a predisposition to develop PTSD following an exposure to an additional stress in adulthood. Within these pre-exposed animals, dissociation could be caused among individuals that exhibited more anxious or more depressive symptoms. This dissociation, which has been recognized also in human patients, required the development of a behavioral profiling approach that enabled grouping animals according to their clusters of symptoms. Interestingly, this approach also enabled the identification of new data on the influence of sex on long-term consequences of “Juvenile Stress.” These data reveal that whilst both male and female rats showed behavioral changes following exposure to a stressor at juvenility, the profile of effects differed between the sexes. Collectively, these findings indicate that the model presented here is an effective translational model for understanding of the etiology of trauma-related disorders and of relevant predisposing factors. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015.","Animal model, Behavioral profiling, Peri-adolescent stress, Risk factors, Sex differences","Richter-Levin, G., Horovitz, O., Tsoory, M. M.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-1-4899-7522-5_3,0,0,
82,Sociological insights on the role of social capital in disaster resilience,,,"Rivera, F. I., Settembrino, M. R.",2013.0,,10.4324/9780203102459,0,0,
83,Post traumatic relationship syndrome-from torment to triumph,"The original impetus for the development of PTRS was clinical experience with clients whose symptomatic profiles were different from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) when it was found that the traditional approaches for treatment of PTSD were inappropriate in several ways. Post Traumatic Relationship Syndrome is an anxiety disorder that occurs following physical, sexual or severe emotional abuse in the context of an emotionally intimate relationship. It is a state of psychological crisis that exceeds the ability of an individual's psychic structure to handle it. The focus of approaches to treating PTSD was on getting in touch with the repressed traumatic memories, but was found inappropriate for addressing PTRS. The treatment model, presented in the following pages, aims to help the victim emerge victorious, resilient, and thriving. It includes four stages, namely (1) Understanding, normalization and desensitization; (2) Reflection and acceptance; (3) Integration of the trauma into the self-concept; and (4) Empowerment and growth. © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Rokach, A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
84,Posttraumatic stress disorders and addiction,"Disorders related to stress or trauma are common among patients with substance use disorders (SUD). In clinical samples of patients with SUD, the prevalence of lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) ranges from 26 % to 52 %, and from 15 % to 41 % for current PTSD. A substantial number of these patients suffer from the consequences of severe and prolonged interpersonal trauma usually referred to as “Complex PTSD”. Another common consequence of repeated interpersonal trauma in childhood are dissociative symptoms that may or may not co-occur with PTSD in SUD patients. While several hypotheses can explain the relationships between SUD and PTSD, the self-medication hypothesis has the strongest empirical support. Patients with both disorder have a more severe clinical profile than SUD patients without PTSD, poorer adherence to treatment, a shorter duration of abstinence, and worse outcomes across a variety of measures. Their clinical needs often make a treatment approach necessary that integrates SUD specific and trauma specific interventions. Several trauma treatments focusing on the present (i.e. providing skills training and psycho-education) and, more recently, also past-focused (i.e. exposure-based) treatments have been evaluated in SUD patients with co-occurring PTSD. Some of them outperformed SUD treatment-as-usual on PTSD and/or substance use outcomes. Findings on the effects of medication in patients with SUD and co-occurring PTSD are scarce and remain inconclusive. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015.",,"Schäfer, I., Langeland, W.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-642-45375-5_12,0,0,
85,Pathological modes of remembering: The PTSD experience,,,"Schönenberg, M.",2013.0,,10.1016/B978-0-12-398393-0.00006-7,0,0,
86,Disaster aid distribution and social conflicts,"Mainstream psychological coping theories that are predominantly individualistic and apolitical tend to neglect diverging interests and social conflicts. Sociological approaches to social conflicts and their resolution and social capital approaches are able to capture these universal features of post-disaster contexts. However, socioculturally distinctive features, specific imbalances of power, and diverging personal and shared ways of dealing with disasters and related aid probably contribute to a locally specific way of coping with disaster aid goods and associated social conflicts. For instance, does the social standard for maintaining harmony (rukun) counter the development of social bitterness? In what way may it hinder resolutions of social conflicts? This chapter explores contributing elements of conflict dynamics and subsequently demonstrates the variety of ways of coping with conflicts. Identified coping styles ranged on a continuum with confrontational, clarifying, and direct (assimilative) strategies on one pole, subversive strategies in the middle, and indirect, accommodative, accepting strategies on the other pole. Several situational elements, such as sense of entitlement, social standing within the community as well as timing issues, that is, the probability of whether justice may still be achieved or not in the short or long term, seemed to moderate which strategy is enacted. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights are reserved.","Conflict resolution, Disaster aid, Power-critical, Social bitterness, Social conflict, Social harmony, Social justice, Social support","Schwarz, S.",2014.0,,10.1007/978-1-4614-9354-9_14,0,0,
87,Methodological basis of a culture-specific coping approach,"In mainstream psychology, rather specific (and therefore restrictive) research perspectives on coping with disaster dominate. Research uses quantitative methods to build knowledge about the mechanisms and conditions by which disasters affect mental health. The focus of analysis is on measures of individual differences with regard to experiences, coping strategies, and mental health outcomes. Developing generalizable and, potentially, universally applicable models is a major research interest. We argue that methodologies used in mainstream psychologies are not compatible with the purposes of our approach-that is, to describe sociocultural-specific personal and communal long-term coping dynamics after a disaster. We argue that a cultural-psychological approach implies specific propositions about human subjectivity, human agency, and research methods. Previously prominent, restrictive epistemological approaches to coping with disasters need to be broadened by rethinking research units, allowing for complex interrelations instead of assuming a linear causal process, being process-oriented, and including power-critical investigations. This chapter ends with a presentation of the methodological approach used in our case study, which we believe exemplifies alternatives to mainstream psychological research in disaster contexts. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights are reserved.","Cultural-psychological approach, Materialist sociocultural constructionism, Mixed methods, Participatory research, Performative approach, Power-critical approach","Schwarz, S., Tyas, T. H., Prawitasari-Hadiyono, J. E.",2014.0,,10.1007/978-1-4614-9354-9_5,0,0,
88,Ontogenetic perspectives on the neurobiological basis of psychopathology following abuse and neglect,"Introduction The US Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines child abuse and neglect as the recent act or failure of parents and caretakers resulting in physical or emotional injury, sexual exploitation, and/or death. According to national statistics on the prevalence of childhood abuse and neglect in the United States, 905,000 people under 18 years of age were victimized during 2006. Of these, 64.1% were neglected; 16.0% were physically abused; and 15.1% suffered abandonment, threats of harm, congenital drug addiction, or other forms of maltreatment. Furthermore, 8.8% were sexually abused; 6.6% were either emotionally or psychologically maltreated; and 2.2% were medically neglected. Childhood maltreatment is a major risk factor for the development of depression, drug and alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder (BPD), personality disorders, and aggression. Depending on an individual's sex, genetic makeup, and age at insult, chronic childhood traumatic stress (CTS) alters the endocrine profile and gene-expression pattern, as well as the functional activity, hemispheric integration, and morphology of the brain. In this chapter, we offer a holistic portrayal of the pathways between maltreatment and adverse psychiatric outcomes, arguing that the impact of abuse and neglect is best understood in the context of normal ontogenetic processes relating to trajectories of brain development. Neuropsychiatric Effects Of Trauma Several studies have documented the consequences of exposure to CTS. One of the most compelling is the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Study, led by Vincent Felitti and Robert Anda (Felitti et al., 1998). © Cambridge University Press 2010.",,"Seraphin, S. B., Teicher, M. H., Rabi, K., Sheu, Y. S., Andersen, S. L., Andersen, C. M., Choi, J., Tomoda, A.",2010.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511711879.028,0,0,
89,"Adaptation, ecosocial safety signals, and the trajectory of PTSD","Childhood trauma, including abuse and neglect, is probably the single most important public health challenge in the United States - a challenge that has the potential to be largely resolved by appropriate prevention and intervention. Each year over 3 million children are reported for abuse and/or neglect in the United States (Wang & Daro, 1997). The effects of abuse and neglect are well documented to persist over time. Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has received much attention in the research and clinical literature, it is not the most common psychiatric diagnosis in children with histories of abuse and neglect (Putnam, 2003).Separation anxiety disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and phobic disorders may all be more frequent diagnoses than PTSD in abused children, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common as well (Ackerman, Newton, McPherson, Jones, & Dykman, 1998). Because there is only one trauma-related diagnosis in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the effects of trauma on children are generally described under the rubric of PTSD, with numerous additional comorbid diagnoses to describe the many other psychological and biological functions that are disturbed by life experiences that may overwhelm the coping mechanisms of the growing human organism. When the DSM-IV was under development, extensive research was conducted to support the introduction of complex PTSD or disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specificed (DESNOS) as an extended diagnosis for children and adults who were victims of prolonged interpersonal abuse (Herman, 1992; van der Kolk, Roth, Pelcovitz, Sunday, & Spinazzola, 2005). © Cambridge University Press 2007.",,"Silove, D.",2007.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511500008.015,0,0,
90,Hallucinations and intrusive thoughts,"Hallucinations have traditionally been conceptualized as a perceptual disorder. However, several lines of research have recently highlighted the similarity between hallucinations and intrusive thoughts. For example, Morrison and Baker (2000) have shown that patients who experience hallucinations also have more intrusive thoughts than patients who do not hallucinate. Similarly, Moritz and Laroi (2008) examined the cognitive and sensory characteristics of thoughts, intrusions and hallucinations, and they did not find a specific profile for hallucinations, compared to intrusions and normal thoughts. From this view, perceptual abnormalities would not be central to the experience of hearing voices, but an interpretation of cognitive intrusions. Recently, we have found (Soriano, Román, Jiménez & Bajo, 2009) that schizophrenic patients with hallucinations showed impairments in intentional inhibition in memory, compared to schizophrenics without hallucinations, and healthy controls. We have hypothesized that both hallucinations and intrusive thoughts could be partly due to difficulties to inhibit mental events, so that unwanted or repetitive thoughts or images intrude into consciousness. Consistent with this idea, Verwoerd, Wessel and de Jong (2009) have found a relationship between individual differences in inhibitory control and the frequency of experiencing intrusive memories. Interestingly, intrusive thoughts and images were only related to cognitive inhibition (measured as resistance to proactive interference), but not to response inhibition. Therefore, we suggest that inhibitory difficulties may underlie the frequency of intrusions, whereas the interpretation of these intrusions might lead to the experience of them as voices, intrusions-obsessions, or normal thoughts. As Morrison (2001) has proposed, in hallucinating patients, metacognitive beliefs would induce the erroneous attribution of intrusions to external sources, producing the hallucinatory experience. This view has important consequences in the conceptualization of mental disorders. Hallucinations have been considered a cardinal symptom in schizophrenia, while intrusions are a common symptom of various mental disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder. The parallelism between hallucinations and intrusions may support the idea that differences between schizophrenia and other anxiety disorders are more quantitative than qualitative, and that certain common basic cognitive dysfunctions underlie mental disorders in general. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Soriano, M. F., Bajo, T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
91,Children and young people: The neglected victims of road traffic accidents,,,"Stallard, P.",1999.0,,,0,0,
92,Pharmacotherapy of PTSD,,"Advances, in pharmacotherapy - post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Epidemiological data, exposure to traumatic stress - a minority, developing PTSD, Evidence base for pharmacotherapy of PTSD - recommendation, SSRIs as first-line pharmacotherapy for PTSD, Optimal SSRI (or SNRI) - for pharmacotherapy of PTSD, Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy - pharmacotherapy versus psychotherapy, treatment of PTSD, Pharmacotherapy of PTSD, PTSD prophylaxis, interest - pharmacotherapy effectiveness in PTSD prophylaxis, Rigorous empirical trials, risks and benefits - pharmacotherapeutic intervention examined, Selected SSRI trials in PTSD, SSRIs advancing, good safety profile - potential, to moving the risk","Stein, D. J., Ipser, J. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
93,Glutamatergic systems and anxiety,"Anxiety is a normal emotion experienced by humans and other mammalian species. However, anxiety also exists in pathological forms, and anxiety disorders are the most prevalent of psychiatric disorders. Prevalence rates vary with the diagnostic tools used to estimate them, and with study design, but the most extensive studies suggest that within the United States, 15.7 million people are affected yearly and 30 million at some point in their lives (1). In a US study, 6% of men and 13% of women had suffered from an anxiety disorder in the previous 6 mo (2). According to current classi-cation in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) (3) major anxiety disorders include phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety. Although the speci-c symptomatology and etiology of these disorders varies, as does the recommended psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment, all of these disorders are characterized by at least three core clusters of symptoms: autonomic arousal, avoidance, and cognitive disturbance. Arousal of the autonomic nervous system involves sympathetic activation with associated tachycardia, sweating, shortness of breath, dry mouth, and other concomitants of preparation for a ""-ght-or-ight"" response to a real or perceived threat. Avoidance involves physical or psychological distancing from threatening environments or events. Anxietyrelated cognitive disturbance focuses on thoughts and feelings about the perceived threat and includes such symptoms as intrusive thoughts (as in OCD and PTSD), dif-culty concentrating, vigilance, and excessive worry. Although there are similarities in core symptomatology across anxiety disorders, and with normal anxiety, there are also differences in the symptoms of each individual disorder. Accompanying the core symptoms of arousal, avoidance, and cognitive disturbance present in generalized anxiety and fear are alterations in the neurochemical environment within the brain, and many workers in the eld would argue that what distinguishes ""normal"" anxiety from the anxiety disorders is that the latter reect a neurobiological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). © 2005 Humana Press.",,"Stephens, D. N.",2005.0,,,0,0,
94,Intimate relationship distress and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) has a significant deleterious effect on interpersonal relationships. Intimate partner relationships can play a crucial role in the mediation, amelioration, maintenance, or aggravation of combat-related ptsd. This chapter presents a case of relationship distress in a 28-year-old female spouse of an Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) combat veteran with ptsd. The spouse presents with impaired functioning in behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains specifically reactive to the unique symptom clusters of her husband s ptsd. She also reports associated psychosocial problems to include divorce, occupational difficulty, financial problems, caregiver burden, and mental health stigma. Treatment includes a thorough safety assessment, psychiatric evaluation, individual and couple-based cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, and referral to supportive services. Developing a greater understanding of the impact and complex interplay of combat-related ptsd on intimate relationships can be of great benefit to the mental health providers, the veterans, their intimate partners, and the family system. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.","Intimate partners of ptsd veterans, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Ptsd, Spouses, Veterans","Tamoria, N. A.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-319-22985-0_25,0,0,
95,Post-traumatic stress disorders,"When … you Think of Things, you find sometimes that a Thing which seemed very Thingish inside you is quite different when it gets out into the open and has other people looking at it. ([Winnie the Pooh] Milne, 2004; p. 99) Introduction Adjusting to a significant life event can be difficult for children and adults alike. A sudden bereavement, or bearing witness to violence or a tragic accident are experiences likely to be accompanied by complex, even debilitating feelings of fear or sadness. For the young child, making sense of traumatic events is complicated by limited life experiences, naïve understandings of the world and reliance on those around them. Their interpretation of events may be hindered by child-like language and reasoning. This chapter seeks to describe the impact of such events on children and portray the application of a model that can be used both to understand such reactions and guide interventions intended to help children by enabling them to confront their experiences, formulate a narrative and develop a helpful meaning of the event. Diagnosis Traumatic events can lead to a variety of psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, behavioural problems, substance abuse, self-harm and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Perrin et al., 2000). In clinical practice, children’s reactions to traumatic events may be complex; those with symptoms of PTSD, who fail to meet the strict criteria for a diagnosis according to the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), may still be suffering from substantial distress and impairment (Carrion et al., 2002), which may respond to intervention. At the time of writing, the fifth edition of the DSM is in preparation and new criteria are likely to be introduced. © Cambridge University Press 1998, 2005, 2013.",,"Trickey, D.",2013.0,,10.1017/CBO9781139344456.022,0,0,
96,Interventions to reduce college women's risk for sexual assault,"United States federal law mandates all colleges and universities that receive federal funding to implement some type of violence prevention program. Despite this initiative, women on college campuses continue to experience sexual victimization at alarmingly high rates. The high rates of sexual victimization and the range of psychological aftereffects associated with sexual violence underscore the importance of developing effective programs to reduce women's risk for sexual violence. As such, this chapter reviews the rationale, content, structure, theoretical underpinnings, and efficacy of sexual assault risk reduction programs for women in college. Recommendations for developing and administrating risk reduction programs are also delineated. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Untied, A. S., Orchowski, L. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
97,Substance use and misuse after disaster prevalences and correlates,"Introduction Exposure to various traumatic events, as well as resulting disturbances such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is associated with increased substance use (Breslau, Davis, & Schultz, 2003; Feldner, Babson, & Zvolensky, 2007; McFarlane, 1998; Morissette, Tull, Gulliver, Kamholz, & Zimering, 2007; Stewart, 1996). In particular, studies have shown that alcohol and tobacco consumption increase through both initiation of and increasing use of these substances. It is, however, unclear whether this is also true in the aftermath of large-scale catastrophes or disasters. The distinction between individual traumatic experiences and collective experiences (e.g., disasters) may be sometimes unclear (Galea, Nandi, & Vlahov, 2005). Moreover, comorbidity profiles of PTSD and substance use and misuse, as well as the population under study, may differ between types of trauma (Deering, Glover, Ready, Eddleman, & Alarcon, 1996). Insight into substance use and misuse after disaster is important for several reasons. First, similar to PTSD and other mental health disturbances, understanding the prevalence of substance use and misuse after disasters is necessary in estimating the need for mental health services (see Cao, McFarlane, & Klimidis, 2003) and in organizing programs to prevent prolonged and increased use to minimize adverse affects on health and functioning. Second, information on comorbidity (e.g., PTSD, depression), correlates, and predictors of substance use may help to identify victims who are at risk for substance disorders and increased substance use in the short, medium and/or long term. © Cambridge University Press 2009.",,"Van der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J.",2009.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511730030.006,0,0,
98,Trauma and stressor-related disorders,"This chapter focuses on gender differences in trauma exposure and the development of posttraumatic sequelae over the life course. First, we review the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic sequelae with particular attention to comorbidity and disability or impairment. Second, we review psychobiological processes that explain risk for various types of posttraumatic sequelae with a focus on gender and comorbidity. Third, we review the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for various disorders associated with trauma exposure. Fourth, we review the best available instruments designed to assess these disorders. Fifth, we review the current best practices for treatment of these conditions including psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, and combined approaches designed to treat comorbid conditions. We conclude that despite a large body of research documenting gender differences in trauma exposure and trauma-related disorders much work remains to be done in this area. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.",,"Walsh, K., Wells, J. B., Lurie, B., Koenen, K. C.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-319-13060-6_6,0,0,
99,Defining victims: A proposed typology for victims of war crimes and their need for reparation,"Born in the ashes of the Second World War, the field of victimology has grown tremendously in recent years, where we have seen much excellent empirical research done on victims. Much of the research deals with specific types of victimization (e.g., domestic violence, rape), empirical aspects of victimization in general (e.g., victimization surveys) and the consequences of victimization (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). However, despite the many empirical studies, relatively little attention has been paid to theoretical aspects of victimology. As Landau and Freeman-Longo point out, the dearth of theoretical work in victimology is surprising given that in a relatively new field problems of definition and boundary-setting would be an important starting point for further studies therein. Victimologists have not always shied away from theoretical work. Early victimologists, such as Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, Marvin Wolfgang and Ezzat Fattah, were very active in developing theoretical victimology. Each developed their own typology of victims in order to better understand, explain and hence prevent victimization. By the early 1980s, under the influence of the victims’ movement, these typologies lost much of their original popularity, as victimology moved away from criminology and stopped trying to explain crime. As Ezzat Fattah observes, there was a shift ‘from victimology of the act to victimology of action’ as victimology became increasingly associated with victim support. © Cambridge University Press 2014.",,"Wemmers, J. A., Manirabona, A.",2014.0,,10.1007/CBO9781107446700.014,0,0,
100,"Exploring the relationships between untreated adverse childhood events and substance abuse, and their impact on ptsd relapse rates among Canadian military veterans","Chart data for 108 cf veterans were reviewed in an exploratory study of the relationships between adverse childhood events (ace), substance use disorders (sud), and post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) relapse rates. Data were compared for two veteran groups: one group treated previously for ptsd (n = 57) and a second group of untreated veterans undergoing initial ptsd assessment (n = 51). Interview data, and responses to the Detailed Assessment of ptsd Scale (daps) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (pai) were submitted to formal statistical analysis. The results indicated that a history of developmental abuse, cluster B personality traits, and adolescent and military substance abuse were associated with ptsd relapse among veterans treated previously within exposure-based, cognitive-behavioural therapy (cbt-pe). The implications of veteran accounts of unreported physical and sexual abuse, and ongoing use of substances during prior treatment (i.e., cbt-pe) are discussed. The findings support recommendations that clinicians conduct developmentally-focused assessments for personnel presenting with military-related trauma. Results also provide support for a formal study aimed at validating screening protocols to identify clients at risk for relapse after treatment, and to tailor treatment regimes with particular assessment profiles. The chapter ends with a discussion of a conceptual model to guide future research. © McGill-Queen's University Press 2013.",,"Whelan, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
101,Psychosocial risk factors in women: Special reference to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Women have a higher susceptibility than men to a set of psychosocial factors that have been linked to increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), such as depression, early life adversities, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this chapter we discuss the notion that these psychosocial risk factors, particularly if they are present at young age, may set a trajectory of increased IHD risk in women, even though clinical events may occur years later. Emerging data suggest that young women are uniquely susceptible to the adverse cardiovascular effects psychosocial stress, which can result in earlier onset of IHD or more adverse prognosis if the disease is already manifest. Women’s vulnerability to psychosocial stress could also play a role in sex differences in the pathophysiology of IHD; for example it could help explain their higher propensity to abnormal coronary vasomotion and micro-vascular disease, which has been described in women compared with men. Young women are severely under-represented in studies of cardiovascular disease. In future research, it will be crucial to study women earlier in their life to better understand the risk pathways linking psychosocial stress to IHD risk, in order to devise successful preventive and treatment strategies to ameliorate such risk. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.","Depression, Gender factors, Ischemic heart disease (ihd), Post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd), Psychosocial stress, Sex, Women’s health","Yaccarino, V.",2015.0,,10.1007/978-3-319-09241-6_6,0,0,
102,Systems Biology,"This chapter provides an overview of modelling techniques for biological systems, including mechanistic and phenomenological approaches. The basic steps for building an ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based mechanistic model (i.e., structure characterization, model simulation, parameter estimation, and sensitivity analysis) are reviewed paying special attention to the case of oscillating systems. Moreover, novel statistical models for inferring differentially expressed genes, signaling pathways, functional clusters, and genetic networks are presented. Statistical tools, such as COMBINER (Core Module Biomarker Identification with Network Exploration), provide a comprehensive interaction map within and between pathways that can be translated to ODE models. Combining statistical and ODE modelling techniques can greatly enhance predictive capacity. The power of these approaches to identify biomarkers and drug target mechanisms is illustrated with application to the core mammalian feedback circuit and posttraumatic stress disorder. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Biomarkers, Complex biological systems, Differentially expressed genes, Drug targets, Genetic networks, Mechanistic models, Oscillating systems, Statistical models, Systems biology","Yang, R., Rodriguez-Fernandez, M., St. John, P. C., Doyle, F. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
103,Understandings of coping: A critical review of coping theories for disaster contexts,"This chapter addresses the behavior, thoughts, experiences, and feelings of individuals who have been exposed to strain and stress. First, we introduce the many different approaches associated with both psychological and broader social science-based understandings of coping. We then analyze the extent to which these approaches can be applied in a disaster-related context. In the first part of this chapter, we examine the person-centered coping models that dominate stress research in mainstream psychological approaches. These models are similar to the goal-based models of human nature in which the basic motivation of human beings is to move toward goals while avoiding threats. Depending on the model in question, the main focus lies either in the cognitive processes of appraisal and emotion regulation, attribution of meaning, and religious forms of coping or on the conceptualization as a mental health problem. In contrast, resource-oriented coping theories emphasize the social and material contexts of stress processes. Social contexts and interactions are also more central to the field of community psychology and in the research on social support. Sociology and related social sciences have even broader models in which community coping and resilience of communities are studied as a social or collective process. When considering community resilience, or the application of social capital or local knowledge, the coping resources of larger social units are of primary importance, as collective meanings, emotions, and agency come to the fore. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights are reserved.","Communal coping, Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, Posttraumatic growth (PTG), Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Proactive coping, Religious coping, Social capital, Social conflict, Social support, Solidarity, Transactional coping model","Zaumseil, M., Schwarz, S.",2014.0,,10.1007/978-1-4614-9354-9_2,0,0,
104,Cytokine dysregulation and its epigenetic control in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Dysregulation in cytokines produced by T helper cells of the immune system may play a critical role in stress-related illnesses. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder induced following exposure to extremely stressful life events such as war, rape and abuse. PTSD is often a chronic disorder in veterans. It has been documented that PTSD is associated with modulation in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in changes in hormones, such as cortisol and catecholamines, that affect cellular and humoral immunity. Furthermore, there is evidence for altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and functions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in PTSD patients, leading to immunomodulatory changes. Dysregulation in both HPA axis and GR may induce a cytokine storm that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of PTSD. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α, have been detected in such patients. Thus, induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine response may offer a novel strategy for the prevention or treatment of PTSD. Multiple signaling pathways involved in immune cell regulation may play a crucial role in the development of PTSD. It is likely that the traumatic events experienced by PTSD patients may trigger epigenetic modulation of the immune system leading to an altered profile of the immune responses. Thus, identifying such epigenetic pathways may offer novel biomarkers as well as new approaches in understanding the molecular basis of immune dysfunction in PTSD patients. The possible functions and mechanisms involved in individual dysregulated cytokines in PTSD have also been discussed in this chapter. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Zhou, J., Zhong, Y., Nagarkatti, P., Nagarkatti, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
105,Reward deficiency syndrome (RDS): Neurogenetic aspects of aging and related behavioral disorders specific to dopaminergic pathways,"While there are many neurotransmitters involved in reward behavior the major neurotransmitter pathways include serotonergic, opioidergic, gabaergic, catecholaminergic and cholinergic. The interaction of these brain neurotransmitters provide for net dopamine release at the reward center of the brain. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces ""reward"" when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. ""The reward cascade"" involves the release of serotonin, which, in turn, at the hypothalamus stimulates enkephalin, which, in turn, inhibits GABA at the substania nigra, which, in turn, fine-tunes the amount of DA released at the nucleus accumbens or ""reward site"". It is well known that under normal conditions in the reward site DA works to maintain our normal drives. In fact, DA has become to be known as the ""pleasure molecule"" and/or the anti-stress molecule"". When DA is released into the synapse, it stimulates a number of DA receptors (D1-D5) which results in increase feelings of well-being and stress reduction. A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the brain reward cascade, which could be caused by multiple genetic variants (polygenic), especially in the DA system causing a hypodopaminergic trait, the brain of that person requires a DA fix to feel good. This trait leads to multiple drug-seeking behaviors. This is so because alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, nicotine, and glucose, all cause activation and neuronal of brain DA, which could heal the abnormal cravings. One important aspect involves compromised D2 receptors in carriers of the DRD2 A1 allele, which, we believe, along with other variant genes lead to multiple addictive behaviors, for example: ADHD, Tourettes Syndrome, Autism, chronic violence, pathological gambling, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizoid/avoidant cluster, conduct disorder, and even antisocial behavior. In order to explain the breakdown of the reward cascade due to multiple genes and environmental stimuli (pleiotropism) and resultant behaviors we have united this hypodopaminergic trait under the rubric of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). One important area of brain function involves early-onset dementia. There is evidence from the literature that dopaminergic pathways interact with brain substructures and provide a physiological basis for memory. There is growing evidence that dopamine receptors decrease from decade to decade, which, we believe, has important negative ramifications to the individual in terms of brain functionality including neurocognition. Aging may alter the expression of dopaminergic genes as well as other neurotransmitter gene candidates interactive in the reward circuitry of the brain. Understanding of the interactions there of could ultimately lead to natural targets affecting gene expression. Thus, as scientists involved in the biogenetic aspects of aging we should begin by attempting to understand our genetic nature, and while accepting our mortality, we should work toward longevity and health while we are alive.",,"Blum, K., Chen, T. J. K., Blum, S. H., Comings, D. E., Mengucci, J. F., Meshkin, B., Downs, B. W., Braverman, E. R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
106,"Temperature, stress, disorder and crystallization effects in laser diodes: Measurements and impacts",,,"Epperlein, P. W.",,1997,,0,0,
107,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ontology and use case,"Ontologies play an increasingly important role in annotation, integration, and analysis of biomedical data. In this paper, we describe the design and development of a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Ontology and how we can use this ontology as a controlled vocabulary for supporting automatic annotation of clinical text. The automated annotation is performed using a natural language processing (NLP) tool called YTEX. In addition, we demonstrate how we can use the concepts and relationships defined in the PTSD Ontology to perform data summarization and categorization.","Clinical note analysis, Data categorization, Mental disorder, Natural language processing, PTSD","Gamble, B. T., Brush, M., Zirkle, M., Finch, D., Reeves, R., Hickham, D., Luther, S. L., Rindflesch, T., Fodeh, S. J., Bates, J., Brandt, C., Cheung, K. H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
108,Response of post-mortem human head under primary blast loading conditions- effect of blast overpressures,"Blast induced neurotrauma (BINT), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are identified as the ""signature injuries"" of recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The occurrence of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in blasts is controversial in the medical and scientific communities because the manifesting symptoms occur without visible injuries. Whether the primary blast waves alone can cause TBI is still an open question, and this work is aimed to address this issue. We hypothesize that if a significant level of intracranial pressure (ICP) pulse occurs within the brain parenchyma when the head is subjected to pure primary blast, then blast induced TBI is likely to occur. In order to test this hypothesis, three post mortem human heads are subjected to simulated primary blast loading conditions of varying intensities (70 kPa, 140 kPa and 200 kPa) at the Trauma Mechanics Research Facility (TMRF), University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The specimens are placed inside the 711 mm x 711 mm square shock tube at a section where known profiles of incident primary blast (Friedlander waveform in this case) are obtained. These profiles correspond to specific field conditions (explosive strength and stand-off distance). The specimen is filled with a brain simulant prior to experiments. ICPs, surface pressures, and surface strains are measured at 11 different locations on each post mortem human head. A total of 27 experiments are included in the analysis. Experimental results show that significant levels of ICP occur throughout the brain simulant. The maximum peak ICP is measured at the coup site (nearest to the blast) and gradually decreases towards the countercoup site. When the incident blast intensity is increased, there is a statistically significant increasein the peak ICP and total impulse (p<0.05). Even after five decades of research, the brain injury threshold values for blunt impact cases are based on limited experiments and extensive numerical simulations; these are still evolving for sports-related concussion injuries. Ward in 1980 suggested that no brain injury will occur when the ICP<173 kPa, moderate to severe injury will occur when 173 kPa<ICP<235 kPa and severe injury will occur when ICP>235 kPa for blunt impacts. Based on these criteria, no injury will occur at incident blast overpressure level of 70 kPa, moderate to severe injuries will occur at 140 kPa and severe head injury will occur at the incident blast overpressure intensity of 200 kPa. However, more work is needed to confirm this finding since peak ICP alone may not be sufficient to predict the injury outcome. Copyright © 2013 by ASME.",,"Ganpule, S., Salzar, R., Chandra, N.",2013.0,,,0,0,
109,Stress detection for PTSD via the startlemart game,"Computer games have recently shown promise as a diagnostic and treatment tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. This paper examines the positive impact of affect detection and advanced game technology on the treatment of mental diagnoses such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). For that purpose, we couple game design and game technology with stress detection for the automatic profiling and the personalized treatment of PTSD via game-based exposure therapy and stress inoculation training. The PTSD treatment game we designed forces the player to go through various stressful experiences while a stress detection mechanism profiles the severity and type of PTSD via skin conductance responses to those in-game stress elicitors. The initial study and analysis of 14 PTSD-diagnosed veteran soldiers presented in this paper reveals clear correspondence between diagnostic standard measures of PTSD severity and skin conductance responses. Significant correlations between physiological responses and subjective evaluations of the stressfulness of experiences, represented as pair wise preferences, are also found. We conclude that this supports the use of the simulation as a relevant treatment tool for stress inoculation training. This points to future avenues of research toward discerning between degrees and types of PTSD using game-based diagnostic and treatment tools. © 2013 IEEE.","Games for health, Post traumatic stress disorder, Stress detection, User profiling","Holmgård, C., Yannakakis, G. N., Karstoft, K. I., Andersen, H. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
110,Heart rate variability (HRV): An indicator of stress,"Heart rate variability (HRV) can be an important indicator of several conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder and peripheral neuropathy [3], [4], [10] & [11]. Recent work has shown that some of the HRV features can potentially be used for distinguishing a subject's normal mental state from a stressed one [4], [13] & [14]. In all of these past works, although processing is done in both frequency and time domains, few classification algorithms have been explored for classifying normal from stressed RRintervals. In this paper we used 30 s intervals from the Electrocardiogram (ECG) time series collected during normal and stressed conditions, produced by means of a modified version of the Trier social stress test, to compute HRV-driven features and subsequently applied a set of classification algorithms to distinguish stressed from normal conditions. To classify RR-intervals, we explored classification algorithms that are commonly used for medical applications, namely 1) logistic regression (LR) [16] and 2) linear discriminant analysis (LDA) [6]. Classification performance for various levels of stress over the entire test was quantified using precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity measures. Results from both classifiers were then compared to find an optimal classifier and HRV features for stress detection. This work, performed under an IRB-approved protocol, not only provides a method for developing models and classifiers based on human data, but also provides a foundation for a stress indicator tool based on HRV. Further, these classification tools will not only benefit many civilian applications for detecting stress, but also security and military applications for screening such as: border patrol, stress detection for deception [3],[17], and wounded-warrior triage [12]. ©2014 SPIE.","electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate variability (HRV), human heart beat, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression","Kaur, B., Durek, J. J., ""OKane, B. L."", Tran, N., Moses, S., Luthra, M., Ikonomidou, V. N.",2014.0,,,0,0,
111,Remote stress detection using a visible spectrum camera,"Heart rate variability (HRV) can be an important indicator of several conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder and peripheral neuropathy. Recent work has shown that some of the HRV features can potentially be used for distinguishing a subject's normal mental state from a stressed one. In all of these past works, HRV analysis is performed on the cardiac activity data acquired by conventional electrocardiography electrodes, which may introduce additional stress and complexity to the acquired data. In this paper we use remotely acquired time-series data extracted from the human facial skin reflectivity signal during rest and mental stress conditions to compute HRV driven features. We further apply a set of classification algorithms to distinguishing between these two states. To determine heart beat signal from the facial skin reflectivity, we apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for denoising and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for source selection. To determine the signal peaks to extract the RR-interval time-series, we apply a threshold-based detection technique and additional peak conditioning algorithms. To classify RR-intervals, we explored classification algorithms that are commonly used for medical applications such as logistic regression and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Goodness of each classifier is measured in terms of sensitivity/specificity. Results from each classifier are then compared to find the optimal classifier for stress detection. This work, performed under an IRB approved protocol, provides initial proof that remotely-acquired heart rate signal can be used for stress detection. This result shows promise for further development of a remote-sensing stress detection technique both for medical and deception-detection applications. © 2015 COPYRIGHT SPIE.","Denoising, Heart rate variability (HRV), Human heart pulse, Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Source Selection, Visible Spectrum","Kaur, B., Moses, S., Luthra, M., Ikonomidou, V. N.",2015.0,,10.1117/12.2177159,0,0,
112,Red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for traumatic brain injury,"This invited paper reviews our research with scalp application of red/near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LED) to improve cognition in chronic, traumatic brain injury 1. Application of red/NIR light improves mitochondrial function (especially hypoxic/compromised cells) promoting increased ATP, important for cellular metabolism. Nitric oxide is released locally, increasing regional cerebral blood flow. Eleven chronic, mTBI participants with closed-head injury and cognitive dysfunction received 18 outpatient treatments (MWF, 6 Wks) starting at 10 Mo. to 8 Yr. post-mTBI (MVA, sports-related, IED blast injury). LED therapy is non-invasive, painless, non-thermal (FDA-cleared, non-significant risk device). Each LED cluster head (2.1"" diameter, 500mW, 22.2mW/cm2) was applied 10 min (13J/cm2) to 11 scalp placements: midline, from front-to-back hairline; and bilaterally on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporal, and parietal areas. Testing performed pre- And post-LED (+1 Wk, 1 and 2 Mo post- 18th treatment) showed significant linear trend for LED effect over time, on improved executive function and verbal memory. Fewer PTSD symptoms were reported. New studies at VA Boston include TBI patients treated with transcranial LED (26J/cm2); or treated with only intranasal red, 633nm and NIR, 810nm diodes placed into the nostrils (25 min, 6.5mW, 11.4J/cm2). Intranasal LEDs are hypothesized to deliver photons to hippocampus. Results are similar to Naeser et al. (2014). Actigraphy sleep data show increased sleep time (average, +1 Hr/night) post- 18th transcranial or intranasal LED treatment. LED treatments may be self-administered at home (Naeser et al., 2011). A shamcontrolled study with Gulf War Illness Veterans is underway. © 2015 SPIE.","Cognitive dysfunction, Light emitting diodes LED, LLLT, Photobiomodulation therapy, Post-concussion syndrome, PTSD, Sports head injury, TBI, TBI treatment, Traumatic brain injury","Naeser, M. A., Martin, P. I., Ho, M. D., Krengel, M. H., Bogdanova, Y., Knight, J. A., Yee, M. K., Zafonte, R., Frazier, J., Hamblin, M. R., Koo, B. B.",2015.0,,10.1117/12.2176345,0,0,
113,"Transcranial LED therapy for cognitive dysfunction in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury: Two case reports","Two chronic, traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases are presented, where cognitive function improved following treatment with transcranial light emitting diodes (LEDs). At age 59, P1 had closed-head injury from a motor vehicle accident (MVA) without loss of consciousness and normal MRI, but unable to return to work as development specialist in internet marketing, due to cognitive dysfunction. At 7 years post-MVA, she began transcranial LED treatments with cluster heads (2.1"" diameter with 61 diodes each - 9x633nm, 52x870nm; 12-15mW per diode; total power, 500mW; 22.2 mW/cm2) on bilateral frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital and midline sagittal areas (13.3 J/cm2 at scalp, estimated 0.4 J/cm2 to brain cortex per area). Prior to transcranial LED, focused time on computer was 20 minutes. After 2 months of weekly, transcranial LED treatments, increased to 3 hours on computer. Performs nightly home treatments (now, 5 years, age 72); if stops treating &gt;2 weeks, regresses. P2 (age 52F) had history of closed-head injuries related to sports/military training and recent fall. MRI shows fronto-parietal cortical atrophy. Pre-LED, was not able to work for 6 months and scored below average on attention, memory and executive function. Performed nightly transcranial LED treatments at home (9 months) with similar LED device, on frontal and parietal areas. After 4 months of LED treatments, returned to work as executive consultant, international technology consulting firm. Neuropsychological testing (post- 9 months of transcranial LED) showed significant improvement in memory and executive functioning (range, +1 to +2 SD improvement). Case 2 reported reduction in PTSD symptoms. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.","Cognitive dysfunction, Light emitting diodes, LLLT, Post-concussion syndrome, PTSD, Sports head injury, Traumatic brain injury, Treatment","Naeser, M. A., Saltmarche, A., Krengel, M. H., Hamblin, M. R., Knight, J. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
114,Research and Development of Technologies for Geothermal Energy by NEDO - A Review,"The technologies for geothermal energy in Japan are being developed by universities, AIST, private companies and NEDO. Among these organizations, NEDO has the largest budget, and is recognized as the leader of the geothermal technology development in Japan. The research and development for geothermal energy is, however, being terminated at the end of the current fiscal year (March 2003). In 2000, six projects were carried out by the geothermal research center of NEDO, including the development of technologies for exploration, drilling, and production. The technology to utilize unconventional geothermal energy such as HDR/HWR and hot water with low-medium temperature was also advanced. The R&D in NEDO aims to increase the output of electric generation. There is, however, no mission to develop the direct use of geothermal energy. Two projects were launched to investigate deep geothermal resources with depths greater than 2,000m, and to overcome the high pressure and temperature environment through the development of new drilling and production technologies. These projects were successful in showing the existence of the deep-seated geothermal fluid, and developing heat-resistant drilling and production tools. Two prototype tools, the MWD sonde and the downhole pump, have been developed. The MWD sonde is used to control the geothermal drilling trajectory. It is commercially available for service in petroleum wells but not for high temperature geothermal wells. The downhole pump is a key technology for promoting binary power plants in Japan. The fundamental designs for the two tools have been completed, but additional development is necessary to reduce the cost. There are two on-going projects, i.e., projects for (1) characterizing and forecasting the mass and heat flows in the geothermal reservoir and (2) the HDR. The long-term circulation test at the Hijiori-test site of the HDR project is ongoing with a l00kW binary generator. The report on the circulation test, about two years in duration, is expected soon.","Deep-seated geothermal resources, DHP, Japanese R and D, MWD, NEDO, PTSD","Tosha, T., Kikuchi, T., Horikoshi, T.",2002.0,,,0,0,
115,Wearable sensors can assist in PTSD diagnosis,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently is diagnosed via subjective reports of experiences related to the traumatic event. More objective measures are needed to assist clinicians in diagnosis. Physiological activity was recorded from 58 participants. Participants in the No Trauma/No PTSD group had no trauma exposure and no PTSD diagnosis. Trauma Exposed/No PTSD participants had experienced a traumatic event but did not have PTSD. PTSD participants had experienced a traumatic event and had PTSD. Baseline and emotionally evocative stimulus-related sensor data were collected. Features were extracted from each sensor stream and submitted to statistical analysis. Significant group differences were present during the viewing of two virtual reality videos. Features were submitted to discriminant function analysis to assess classification accuracy. Classification accuracy was between 89 and 92%. The results from this study suggest the utility of objective physiological measures obtained from wearable sensors in assisting with PTSD diagnosis. © 2013 IEEE.,"classification accuracy, feature extraction, physiological sensors, PTSD","Webb, A. K., Vincent, A. L., Jin, A., Pollack, M. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
116,A voice-based automated system for PTSD screening and monitoring,"Comprehensive evaluation of PTSD includes diagnostic interviews, self-report testing, and physiological reactivity measures. It is often difficult and costly to diagnose PTSD due to patient access and the variability in symptoms presented. Additionally, potential patients are often reluctant to seek help due to the stigma associated with the disorder. A voice-based automated system that is able to remotely screen individuals at high risk for PTSD and monitor their symptoms during treatment has the potential to make great strides in alleviating the barriers to cost effective PTSD assessment and progress monitoring. In this paper we present a voice-based automated Tele-PTSD Monitor (TPM) system currently in development, designed to remotely screen, and provide assistance to clinicians in diagnosing PTSD. The TPM system can be accessed via a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or the Internet. The acquired voice data is then sent to a secure server to invoke the PTSD Scoring Engine (PTSD-SE) where a PTSD mental health score is computed. If the score exceeds a predefined threshold, the system will notify clinicians (via email or short message service) for confirmation and/or an appropriate follow-up assessment and intervention. The TPM system requires only voice input and performs computer-based automated PTSD scoring, resulting in low cost and easy field-deployment. The concept of the TPM system was supported using a limited dataset with an average detection accuracy of up to 95.88%.© 2012 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.","Committee-machine, Gaussian mixture model, PTSD","Xu, R., Mei, G., Zhang, G., Gao, P., Judkins, T., Cannizzaro, M., Li, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
117,A clinical approach to the pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents,"Overt aggression in its various forms is the most prevalent symptom presenting to pediatric mental health providers, regardless of setting. It is a behavior with a heterogeneous etiology and requires a comprehensive approach to evaluation and treatment. Evaluation of the aggressive child must assess medical, neurologic, psychiatric, psychosocial, familial, and/or educational contributions to behavioral dyscontrol. Multimodal treatment is generally required. At present, there is no single medication to recommend for the treatment of aggressive behavior. Multiple medications have clinically been used in a nonspecific fashion to target excessive childhood aggression. Although successful for some, this approach increases risk for ineffective interventions accompanied by side effects. Until a scientific understanding of the developmental neurobiology of aggression leads to more specific treatment, this review suggests the use of a diagnostic-based approach to the pharmacology of aggression. Descriptive diagnostic techniques should be used to define the presence of any primary or comorbid psychiatric disorder that presents with aggression as an associated symptom. Treating aggression in the context of these psychiatric syndromes appears to be the most direct approach. Aggression occurring in the context of a medication-responsive psychiatric diagnosis appears most sensitive to pharmacologic intervention. Presently, evidence for efficacy is strongest for aggression in the context of ADHD, psychotic disorder, adolescent-onset bipolar disorder, and ictal aggression. It remains less clear that medication can help aggression when it occurs independently of a pharmacologically treatable comorbid psychiatric disorder. Aggression may respond to a target symptom approach where discrete behavioral symptoms that contribute to aggression, such as irritability, explosiveness, fear, or impulsivity, may be modified by medication intervention. When treatment is approached in this fashion, it is standard practice to use the least toxic and safest intervention first. Behavioral treatment based on contingency management principles could be initially recommended. Medication trials should first use medications that have demonstrated empiric efficacy in reducing aggression and that have a favorable safety profile. Neuroleptics to treat aggression in nonpsychotic psychiatrically referred youth should be kept to a minimum, secondary to their significant adverse risk profile. Alternative medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake-inhibiting antidepressants, buspirone, lithium, anticonvulsants, opiate blocking agents, propranolol, nadolol, and clonidine, deserve more clinical research in pediatric aggression. These medications may offer effective and less toxic alternatives in the pharmacologic treatment of inappropriate excessive childhood aggression.","amfebutamone, antidepressant agent, central stimulant agent, clonidine, clozapine, guanfacine, lithium, neuroleptic agent, propranolol, tricyclic antidepressant agent, adolescent, aggression, autism, behavior disorder, brain injury, child, clinical trial, conference paper, depression, female, human, male, bipolar disorder, mental deficiency, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia, seizure","Connor, D. F., Steingard, R. J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
118,Chemistry and pharmacology of GABAB receptor ligands,"This chapter presents new clinical applications of the prototypic GABAB receptor agonist baclofen for the treatment of addiction by drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, morphine, and heroin, a novel baclofen prodrug Arbaclofen placarbil, the GABAB receptor agonist AZD3355 (Lesogabaran) currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and four positive allosteric modulators of GABAB receptors (CGP7930, GS39783, NVP-BHF177, and BHFF), which have less propensity for the development of tolerance due to receptor desensitization than classical GABAB receptor agonists. All four compounds showed anxiolytic affects. In the presence of positive allosteric modulators the ""classical"" GABAB receptor antagonists CGP35348 and 2-hydroxy-saclofen showed properties of partial GABAB receptor agonists. Seven micromolar affinity GABAB receptor antagonists, phaclofen; 2-hydroxy-saclofen; CGP's 35348, 36742, 46381, 51176; and SCH50911, are discussed. CGP36742 (SGS742) showed statistically significant improvements of working memory and attention in a Phase 2 clinical trial in mild, but not in moderate Alzheimer patients. Eight nanomolar affinity GABAB receptor antagonists are presented (CGP's 52432, 54626, 55845, 56433, 56999, 61334, 62349, and 63360) that were used by pharmacologists for numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations. CGP's 36742, 51176, 55845, and 56433 showed antidepressant effects. Several compounds are also available as radioligands, such as [3H]CGP27492, [3H]CGP54626, [3H]CGP5699, and [3H]CGP62349. Three novel fluorescent and three GABAB receptor antagonists with very high specific radioactivity (>2,000Ci/mmol) are presented. [125I]CGP64213 and the photoaffinity ligand [125I]CGP71872 allowed the identification of GABAB1a and GABAB1b receptors in the expression cloning work. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Inc.","2 hydroxy saclofen, 2,6 di tert butyl 4 (3 hydroxy 2,2 dimethylpropyl)phenol, 3 1 3 (cyclohexylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl 2 hydroxypropylaminoethylbenzoic acid, 3 1 2 hydroxy 3 hydroxy(4 methoxybenzyl)phosphinylpropylaminoethylbenzoic acid, 3 aminopropanephosphinic acid, 3 aminopropyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid, 3 aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid, 3 aminopropylbutylphosphinic acid, 4 amino 3 phenylbutyric acid, 4 aminobutyric acid B receptor, 4 aminobutyric acid B receptor blocking agent, 4 aminobutyric acid B receptor stimulating agent, 5,5 dimethyl 2 morpholineacetic acid, 3 (3,4 dichlorobenzylamino)propyl(diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid, anxiolytic agent, arbaclofen placarbil, lesogaberan, baclofen, benzyl3 1 (3,4 dichlorophenyl)ethylamino 2 hydroxypropylphosphinic acid, cgp 44532, cgp 46381, cgp 51176, cgp 54626, cgp 55176, cgp 63360, gabapentin, lesogabaran, ""n,n dicyclopentyl 2 methylthio 5 nitro 4,6 pyrimidinediamine"", nvp bhf 177, oxybate sodium, phaclofen, unclassified drug, unindexed drug, absence, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, analgesia, anticonvulsant activity, article, cataplexy, central nervous system disease, cerebral palsy, clinical trial, cluster headache, cocaine dependence, daytime somnolence, drug absorption, drug bioavailability, drug blood level, drug cerebrospinal fluid level, drug mechanism, drug megadose, drug metabolism, drug penetration, drug potentiation, drug structure, drug synthesis, gastroesophageal reflux, gastrointestinal symptom, generalized epilepsy, hemiplegia, heroin dependence, hiccup, human, hyperalgesia, migraine, morphine addiction, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, quadriplegia, racemic mixture, receptor down regulation, stiff man syndrome, tetanus, tobacco dependence, tranquilizing activity, trigeminus neuralgia, visceral pain, withdrawal syndrome, working memory, azd 3355, cgp 35024, cgp 35348, cgp 36742, cgp 52432, cgp 55845, cgp 56433, cgp 62349, cgp 7930, gs 39783, lioresal, neurontin, sch 50911, xp 19986, xyrem","Froestl, W.",2010.0,,,0,0,
119,Longitudinal assessment of dissociation in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD and nonexposed aged Jewish adults,"The trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-related symptoms in relation to aging is not well understood. We previously observed higher levels of dissociation as measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) among older Holocaust survivors with, compared to those without, PTSD, though scores on the DES in Holocaust survivors were markedly lower than those that had been reported for younger cohorts. We undertook a longitudinal evaluation of dissociation in Holocaust survivors. Twenty-six Holocaust survivors with current PTSD, 30 Holocaust survivors without current PTSD, and 19 nonexposed were evaluated at the initial evaluation and subsequently 8.11 years later. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the DES scores from these times demonstrated a significant main effect for time and a significant group by time interaction, reflecting a marked decline in Holocaust survivors, particularly those with PTSD. Controlling for age obliterated the effect of time, but not the group by time interaction. A similar pattern was shown with The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores. Different symptoms related to PTSD show different trajectories of change with age, with dissociation appearing to be less prominent with age. (copyright) 2006 New York Academy of Sciences.","age distribution, aged, analysis of variance, clinical article, clinical assessment tool, clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale, conference paper, controlled study, crime, dissociative disorder, Dissociative Experiences Scale, human, Jew, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychometry, questionnaire, rating scale, scoring system, statistical significance","Labinsky, E., Blair, W., Yehuda, R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
120,Effects of psychological and biomechanical trauma on brain and behavior,"The current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in a large cohort of military personnel exposed to combat-related psychological trauma as well as biomechanical trauma, including proximity to blast events. Historically, the long-term effects of both types of trauma have been viewed as having different neural substrates, with some controversy over the proper attribution of such symptoms evident after each of the major conflicts of the last century. Recently, great effort has been directed toward distinguishing which neuropsychiatric sequelae are due to which type of trauma. Of interest, however, is that the chronic effects of exposure to either process are associated with a significant overlap in clinical symptoms. Furthermore, similar brain regions are vulnerable to the effects of either psychological or biomechanical trauma, raising the possibility that shared mechanisms may underlie the clinically observed overlap in symptom profile. This paper reviews the literature on the neural substrate of biomechanical and psychological injury and discusses the implications for evaluation and treatment of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of these processes. (copyright) 2010 Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.","arousal, article, behavior, brain, brain function, clinical evaluation, cognition, evaluation study, human, neuropsychiatry, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, sleep, traumatic brain injury, treatment response","McAllister, T. W., Stein, M. B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
121,Differential effects of subtypes of trauma symptoms on couples' Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity and recovery in response to interpersonal stress,"This article examined the relation of five subtypes of trauma symptoms to hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) functioning as assessed with salivary cortisol before, during, and after an experimentally induced interpersonal conflict task in 194 heterosexual young adult couples. Trauma history and symptoms were assessed through structured clinical interviews and standardized self-report measures. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the effects of trauma symptoms on trajectories of cortisol reactivity to and recovery from the interpersonal stress. Trauma-related anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and dissociation significantly predicted cortisol reactivity and recovery. Trauma-related anxiety, sleep disturbances, and sexual problems significantly predicted partners' cortisol reactivity to interpersonal stress. (copyright) 2006 New York Academy of Sciences.","hydrocortisone, adult, anxiety, brain function, conference paper, conflict, controlled study, depression, dissociative disorder, emotional stress, heterosexuality, human, human experiment, human relation, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, interview, neuroendocrine system, normal human, psychotrauma, saliva analysis, self report, sleep disorder, statistical model, symptom","Powers, S. I., Gunlicks, M., Laurent, H., Balaban, S., Bent, E., Sayer, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
122,"Acute post-rape plasma cortisol, alcohol use, and PTSD symptom profile among recent rape victims",,"hydrocortisone, alcohol consumption, clinical article, conference paper, female, human, hydrocortisone blood level, posttraumatic stress disorder, rape, stress, symptom","Resnick, H. S., Yehuda, R., Acierno, R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
123,Traumatic brain injury and its neuropsychiatric sequelae in war veterans,"The postSeptember 11, 2001 wars in and around Afghanistan and Iraq have increased awareness of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly blast-induced mild TBI. This article provides an overview of TBI and its neuropsychiatric sequelae in U.S. war veterans who participated in the current operations in and around Afghanistan and Iraq, with particular emphasis on blast-related mild TBI. Psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder, pain, and sensory impairments are prevalent in war veterans with TBI. Research is needed to more definitively characterize the epidemiology of TBI-related functional difficulties, the effects of blasts compared with other mechanisms of injury, recovery trajectories, and treatment outcomes in this population. (copyright) 2012 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Afghanistan, amnesia, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, chronic pain, comorbidity, concentration loss, consciousness, depression, disease association, disease severity, dizziness, fatigue, Glasgow coma scale, government, headache, human, International Classification of Diseases, Iraq, irritability, medical record, memory disorder, mental disease, multiple trauma, neuropsychiatry, pain, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, prognosis, review, risk factor, screening, sensitivity and specificity, sensory dysfunction, sleep disorder, soldier, traumatic brain injury, treatment outcome, veteran, war","Sayer, N. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
124,Amygdala modulation of memory-related processes in the hippocampus: potential relevance to PTSD,"A key assumption in the study of stress-induced cognitive and neurobiological modifications is that alterations in hippocampal functioning after stress are due to an excessive activity exerted by the amygdala on the hippocampus. Research so far focused on stress-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and memory but an exposure to stress may simultaneously also result in strong emotional memories. In fact, under normal conditions emotionally charged events are better remembered compared with neutral ones. Results indicate that under these conditions there is an increase in activity within the amygdala that may lead to memory of a different quality. Studying the way emotionality activates the amygdala and the functional impact of this activation we found that the amygdala modulates memory-related processes in other brain areas, such as the hippocampus. However, this modulation is complex, involving both enhancing and suppressing effects, depending on the way the amygdala is activated and the hippocampal subregion examined. The current review summarizes our findings and attempts to put them in context with the impact of an exposure to a traumatic experience, in which there is a mixture of a strong memory of some aspects of the experience but impaired memory of other aspects of that experience. Toward that end, we have recently developed an animal model for the induction of predisposition to stress-related disorders, focusing on the consequences of exposure to stressors during juvenility on the ability to cope with stress in adulthood. Exposing juvenile-stressed rats to an additional stressful challenge in adulthood revealed their impairment to cope with stress and resulted in significant elevation of the amygdala. Interestingly, and similar to our electrophysiological findings, differential effects were observed between the impact of the emotional challenge on CA1 and dentate gyrus subregions of the hippocampus. Taken together, the results indicate that long-term alterations within the amygdala contribute to stress-related mnemonic symptoms and suggest that elucidating further these intra-amygdala alterations and their effects on modulating other brain regions is likely to be beneficial for the development of novel approaches to treat stress-related disorders. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","nerve cell adhesion molecule, amygdaloid nucleus, anxiety, brain region, cell activation, coping behavior, dentate gyrus, disease association, disease predisposition, electrophysiology, hippocampus, human, long term potentiation, memory, memory disorder, nerve cell, nerve cell plasticity, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, provocation test, review, stress, symptom","Tsoory, M. M., Vouimba, R. M., Akirav, I., Kavushansky, A., Avital, A., Richter-Levin, G.",2007.0,,,0,0,
125,Association for the advancement of automotive medicine,,,,1990.0,,,0,0,
126,The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research,,,,1992.0,,,0,0,
127,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,,,,1994.0,,,0,0,
128,Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed TR.),,,,2000.0,,,0,0,
129,Sertraline: The first SSRI to be approved for the specific treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Sertraline is the first selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) to be approved for the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sertraline 50 to 200mg once daily for 12 weeks has shown efficacy in 2 of 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials conducted in US civilians. Overall response rates were 53 and 60% for patients receiving sertraline compared with 32 and 39% for patients receiving placebo in the 2 positive studies. A post hoc analysis of these studies indicated that sertraline was effective at alleviating PTSD symptoms in women but efficacy in men was not clearly established. Sertraline also failed to show significant effects compared with placebo in 2 clinical trials conducted in patients with predominantly combat-induced PTSD. Sertraline is generally well tolerated showing an adverse event profile similar to other SSRIs. Adverse events occuring with greater frequency than placebo in controlled trials were insomnia, nausea and diarrhoea.","fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, aged, article, clinical trial, controlled study, diarrhea, double blind procedure, drug approval, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug metabolism, drug response, drug tolerability, female, human, insomnia, male, nausea, posttraumatic stress disorder, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, symptom, United States",,2001.0,,,0,0,
130,"Physical health status of World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers and volunteers - New York City, July 2002-August 2004",,,,2004.0,,,0,0,
131,"Erratum: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles identify emergent post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors (Molecular Psychiatry (February 1, 2005) 10 (500-513) doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001636)",,,,2005.0,,,0,0,
132,"Erratum: Posttraumatic stress after a motor vehicle accident: A six-month follow-up study utilizing latent growth modeling (Journal of Traumatic Streaa (2006) 19, (923-936))",,"erratum, error",,2007.0,,,0,0,
133,13th Hungarian Congress of Neuropsychopharmacology,The proceedings contain 47 papers. The topics discussed include: neurological manifestations during the treatment of psychiatric patients; psychiatric side effects of psychotropic medications; polypharmacy - a causal factor in the background of adverse drug effects; adherence and quality of life - how psychopharmacons influence therapeutic compliance; difficulties of treating depression in the elderly; depression profile: psychometric mapping of the hypothetical dysfunction of brain neuronal circuits; the importance of AAP on the quality of life of schizophrenic patients; the importance of AAP on the quality of life of schizophrenic patients; elevated level of endocannabinoids prevent the development of PTSD sleep syndromes; antagonism of the MCH-1 receptor reduces cataplexy and REM sleep in narcoleptic mice; investigation of polymorphisms influencing stress reactivity in depressed patients; and examination of ATP releasing and changing in platelet aggregation under the treatment of depression episode.,"melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1, endocannabinoid, adenosine triphosphate, psychopharmacology, human, patient, quality of life, schizophrenia, side effect, examination, mouse, thrombocyte aggregation, drug therapy, mental patient, brain, REM sleep, cataplexy, aged, sleep, polypharmacy, adverse drug reaction, posttraumatic stress disorder",,2010.0,,,0,0,
134,Society of General Internal Medicine - 33rd Annual Meeting,The proceedings contain 827 papers. The topics discussed include: a brief intervention for sleep disturbance in PTSD: pilot study findings; a case-control study of medical factors associated with home foreclosure; a cluster-randomized trial of a web-based physician intervention to improve diabetes care; a community based health needs assessment of Bangladeshi immigrants in the bronx; a community-based intervention for promoting informed decision making among African Americans; a community-based intervention to promote IDM for prostate cancer screening among hispanic American men changed knowledge and role preferences: a cluster RCT; a comparison of HIV and hepatitis C health beliefs in an inner-city community: the need for more effective hepatitis C education; a cost-effective telehealth intervention for smoking cessation; and a genetic clue to disparities in outcome of acute lung injury.,"society, internal medicine, community, hepatitis C, Hispanic, health belief, city, telehealth, smoking cessation, acute lung injury, sleep disorder, pilot study, case control study, physician, diabetes mellitus, health, needs assessment, immigrant, education, posttraumatic stress disorder, African American, decision making, prostate cancer, cancer screening, Human immunodeficiency virus",,2010.0,,,0,0,
135,Preface,"Humans are remarkably resilient in the face of crises, traumas, disabilities, attachment losses, and ongoing adversities. In fact, resilience to stress and trauma may be the norm rather than the exception. However, to date, most research in the field of traumatic stress has focused on neurobiological, psychological, and social factors associated with trauma-related psychopathology and deficits in psychosocial functioning. While much has been learned in these areas of research, particularly about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), far less is known about resilience to stress and healthy adaptation to stress and trauma. The study of resilience is enormously challenging. The first hurdle involves definition. Currently, there is no single agreed-upon definition of resilience in the clinical or scientific literature. In a review of the published literature on risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience, Layne and colleagues (2007) described the lack of precision and numerous terminological inconsistencies in the meanings of these concepts, and identified at least eight distinct meanings for the term “resilience.” For example, definitions of resilience have ranged from symptom-free functioning following trauma exposure (Bonanno et al., 2006) to positive adaptation despite adversity (Garmezy, 1993), and even to enhanced psychobiological regulation of stress/fear-related brain circuitry, neurotransmitters, and hormones (Charney, 2004). The American Psychological Association (2010) has defined resilience as “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant sources of threat.” © Cambridge University Press 2011.",,,2011.0,,10.1017/CBO9780511994791.001,0,0,
136,"14th International Conference on Emergency Medicine, ICEM 2012","The proceedings contain 147 papers. The topics discussed include: prospective randomised trial comparing nasogastric with intravenous hydration in children with bronchiolitis; a multicenter prospective randomized study comparing the efficacy of low energy biphasic versus escalating higher energy biphasic defibrillations in patients presenting with cardiac arrest in the in-hospital environment (HILOBED); predictors of severe H1N1 infection in children: a pediatric emergency research networks (PERN) study; implementing wait-time reductions under Ontario government benchmarks (pay-for results): a cluster randomized trial of the effect of a physician-nurse supplementary triage assistance team (MDRN-STAT) on emergency department patient wait times; trauma scores: validation of MGAP and GAP in 79,000 patients from the trauma audit and research network (TARN); and medical support and acute stress disorder in medical staff after providing medical support for people affected by the great east Japan earthquake.","emergency medicine, human, patient, child, injury, bronchiolitis, defibrillation, emergency health service, medical audit, heart arrest, hospital, physician, government, Japan, Canada, nurse, emergency, emergency ward, medical staff, acute stress disorder, infection, earthquake, hydration",,2012.0,,,0,0,
137,5th International Congress on Psychopharmacology & International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology,"The proceedings contain 307 papers. The special focus in this conference is on child and adolescent psychopharmacology. The topics include: Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in the perinatal context; complementary medicine in antidepressant treatment; type of traumatic experience and depression in adolescents; neuroprotective properties of the sigma-1 ligand afobazole; novel antiparkinsonian and neuroprotective drug hemantane; smoking and beyond in schizophrenia patients; coping with adherence problems in longterm psychiatric treatments; code of ethics, obligations and specific points in the perinatal psychiatry; impact of maternal treatments on the infant during the perinatal period symposium of the Marce society; correction of astenoadinamic option of post abstinence disorders; psychiatry and psychopharmacotherapy in post-soviet space; irrational use of antipsychotic drugs as one of the problems of emotional burnout syndrome; pharmacogenomics of treatment response in depression; neuroimaging as a tool to observe impact of CYP2D6 on neural activation in humans; therapeutic interventions and oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder; synaptic and intracellular signaling pathway dysfunctions in depression; hospital-based community psychiatric services in Malaysia; anxiety disorders in pregnancy; the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring in child and adolescent psychiatry; pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic approach in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry in Turkey and the world; different approaches for treatment of social anxiety in adolescents; emergency situations in child and adolescent psychiatry and its management; current treatment modalities for tic disorders in children and adolescents; importance of pharmagenetics in the psychiatry of child and adolescent; psychiatric evaluation and follow-up of bariatric surgery patients; classification and epidemiology of eating disorders in the DSM-5; psychopharmacological treatments in eating disorders & comorbid conditions; role of hypothalamic neuropeptides and atypical antipsychotics effects on the regulation of eating behavior; possible mechanisms of atypical antipsychotic induced weight gain and preventive treatment options; properties of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia in care centers; rational drug use in schizophrenia; psychosocial rehabilitation for schizophrenia; adherence to treatment in patients with schizophrenia; management of the antidepressants usage risks in children and adolescents; challenges in medical imaging and medical image analysis; from perspective of impulse-eating disorders; impulsivity and psychiatric disorders; obsessive compulsive disorder from the perspective of impulse control disorders; current issues in addiction psychiatry; current issues in inpatient services; current difficulties in forensic psychiatry; personalized medicine in psychiatry; the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in psychiatry; psychopharmacological approach to sleep problems with chronic physical diseases; maintenance ECT; treatment update in elimination disorders based on new scientific findings; psychotherapy of sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder; the role of psychopharmacological drugs in the prevention of suicidal behaviors; frontiers between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder; management of substance use disorders; voluntary versus involuntary admissions; resistance and resolutions in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; psychotropic drug use in oncology patients; psychotropic drug use in pregnancy and lactation; pharmacotherapy principles in consultation-liaison psychiatry; drug interactions and psychotropic drug use in organ failures; the future and new horizons of psychopharmacology; factors associated with time to pharmacotherapy in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in central Europe and East Asia; the effect of dissociation on academic performance and attention processes; the frequency of metabolic syndrome in psy hiatric patients taking antidepressant medication; MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for major depressive disorder; refraction and anterior segment parameters in patients with schizophrenia; exposure to violence in staff members of Sivas Numune hospital; distribution of applications to the patientsnull rights council of Sivas Numune Hospital and Sivas state Hospital for the last one year; depression, sexual dysfunction and childhood trauma in patients with post traumatic stress disorder; ghrelin-lipid levels in panic disorder before and after treatment and their relationship with agoraphobia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at schools in Sfax, Tunisia; investigation of iron deficiency, thyroid function abnormalities and deficiency of folate and vitamin B12 in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; assessment of the effects of antihistaminic drugs on mood, sleep quality, sleepiness, and dream anxiety; effects of electroconvulsive therapy on serum brain-derived neural factor and nerve growth factor in treatment resistant major depression; Efficacy of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia; relationship of plasma microRNAs with nicotine use and disease status among depressed patients; evaluation of the interrelationships between complaints, diagnoses, and drug usage in an outpatient clinic of pediatric, and adolescent psychiatry; P50 sensory gating in patients with primary vaginismus; association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and severity of depression in patients with depressive disorders; the relationship between weight change and obsessive thoughts in patients with anorexia nervosa; tardive dyskinesia in long term hospitalized patients with schizophrenia; the relationship between antioxidant capacity and attack properties in bipolar disorder patients; factors related with unintentional injuries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; lithium enhances alpha and beta oscillations in cognitive networks; the relationship between serum levels of haptoglobin and neopterin and the number of episodes in patients with major depression; distinguishing bipolar disorders from psychotic disorders in adolescents and subtleties of indistinguishable cases; the concept of development of mental health services in the republic of Kazakhstan; psychotherapy of sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder; fluoxetine and aripiprazole treatment for OCD in a child with wolfram syndrome; safety of electroconvulsive therapy in pregnancy; evaluation of criminal responsibility for children between 2005-2009 in Corum; delusional disorder probably induced by bupropion; depression, anxiety and sociodemographic features in first degree female psychiatric outpatient relatives of alcohol abusers; antipsychotic treatment of patients who are recorded in Corum Community Mental Health Center with the diagnosis of psychotic disorders; efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole on pervasive development disorders; tramadol induced status epilepticus in an old woman with polydrug abuse; evaluation of the nulltherapeutic windownull of GK-2 in intracerebral posttraumatic hematoma model in rats; Autistic spectrum symptoms in subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; the psychiatric profile of chronic pruritus patients; night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder in depression; the effect of polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes on quality of life, depression and anxiety levels; impaired glucose tolerance metabolism after the use of antidepressants; epileptic story and coping attitudes; the relationship between the levels of anxiety and coping attitudes of nurses working at a training hospital; lesion localization and depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis; frequency of head trauma history in patients with narcolepsy; serum neopterin levels in patients with narcolepsy; physical injury and cortical excitability in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder; clinical severity and neural excitability in posttraumatic stress disorder; aggression and cortical excitability Iin patients ith posttraumatic stress disorder; the ratio of the second to fourth fingers (2D:4D) in schizophrenia; relationship between symptom distribution and severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with gender and marital status; sociodemographic characteristics of patients who admitted to smoking cessation clinic of a university hospital; the role of trauma and dissociation in treatment resistant obsessive compulsive disorder; the relationship between soluble intercellular adhesion molecules and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; clonidine treatment in a tuberous sclerosis case with behavioral problems associated with mental retardation; complicated grief and depressive disorder among elderly patients who applied to psychiatrists and family physicians; the practice of pharmacological treatment in a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic; the relationship between mitochondrial complex I-III gene mRNA levels and clinical features of the patients with schizophrenia; hirsutism due to mirtazapine treatment; a probable case of very early onset schizophrenia managed with risperidone; a case of adolescent bipolar disorder presented with catatonic picture; drug induced behavioral disinhibition in children treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; depression and assessment of the life quality among patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; a case report of sexual dysfunction due to hyperprolactinemia associated with increased dose of paliperidone palmitate injection; restless legs syndrome prevalence and depression-anxiety disorder association in anemic patients; the relationship between sleep quality and nitric oxide in healthy volunteers; factors affecting the quality of sleep in healthy population; aripiprazole treatment combined with methylphenidate in a 46,XY, YQ+ case with borderline mental capacity and multiple psychiatric disorders; perspectives of residents on psychiatric drugs; evaluation of antipsychotic treatment in pediatric OCD cases; a retrospective review assessing the safety of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a method of non-invasive brain stimulation in psychiatry; the relationship between Cathecol-O-Methyltransferaseenzyme Val158Met polymorphism and premorbid cannabis use in male patients with schizophrenia; the side effect profiles and efficacy of aripiprazole in patients with autism spectrum disorder; influence of valproate on propofol dose in manic episode patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy; atomoxetine induced hypomania-like symptoms in a pre-adolescent patient; a case report of valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy; relationship between temperamental and character features and suicide attempts with drugs; a case report of attempted suicide with subcutaneous cyanide injection; ECT treatment during the manic episode a treatment-resistant patient with bipolar disorder and comorbid epilepsy; changes in the preference of the psychotropic drugs in child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient practice in five years; priapism caused by amisulpiride; suicide attempt with clozapine in a schizophrenia patient; the relationship between traumatic orthopedic injuries and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children; a case report of sexual side effect with sustained release methylphenidate; Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with Parkinsonnulls disease and comorbid bipolar disorder; treatment resistance in a child with autism spectrum disorder who has a late phenylketonuria diagnosis; EMDR therapy in an adolescent with posttraumatic stress disorder; severe extrapyramidal symptoms associated with the use of aripiprazole; efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole in a daily practice outpatient population of child and adolescent; investigation of the relationship between hopelessness and reasons for living with suicidal ideation in the elderly; effectiveness of methylphenidate in the treatment of encopresis in a non-attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder subject; effects of verbal/performance IQ discrepancies and langua e-based skills on reading performance in dyslexia; comparison of clinical features between manic patients treated with/without electroconvulsive therapy; alexithymia, depression, anxiety levels and quality of life in patients with ankylosing spondylitis; the correlations of negative symptoms with serum folic acid and cobalamin levels in patients with schizophrenia; montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) scale for the assessment of cognition in schizophrenia and comparison with mini mental state examination (MMSE); the association of TNF-(alpha) and NOS3 gene expressions in autism; electroconvulsive treatment of conversion disorder in a patient with Dandy Walker syndrome; evaluation of the effects of treatment of ADHD on impairment of functioning; treatment of early-onset schizophrenia in child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient clinic of Bakirkoy Mental Hospital; the assessment of the neuropsychological functions of siblings of patients with bipolar disorder; the effectiveness of methylphenidate in the treatment of encopresis independent from attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms; pramipexole use in treatment-resistant bipolar depression; follow-up of a treatment resistant adolescent suffering from early-onset bipolar disorder responding to lithium; a schizophrenic case developing physical deformities; comparison of neurocognitive functions of offspring of schizophrenic, bipolar and controls; clozapine use during chemotherapy; a case of levetiracetam induced psychosis presented with prominent disorganized behavior; the characteristics of child and adolescent inpatients in a mental health hospital; tardive dyskinesia in long term hospitalized patients with mental retardation; the axis i disorders and family functioning in mothers of children admitting to the child psychiatry clinic with temper tantrum; the characteristics of child and adolescent inpatient psychiatry services in Turkey; comparison of social anxiety levels in dermatological disorders with facial involvement; priapism associated with trazodone therapy; a case report of sleep related eating disorder that responded to trazodone; psychiatry cases alleged as malpractice that were evaluated by the 3rd Speciality Board of Council of Turkish Forensic Medicine; an archival research between the years 2005-2010 and the use of therapeutic alliance portal to increase the compliance of schizophrenic patients.","aripiprazole, psychotropic agent, methylphenidate, antidepressant agent, clozapine, neopterin, lithium, valproic acid, trazodone, atypical antipsychotic agent, microRNA, fluoxetine, haptoglobin, antioxidant, nicotine, marker, nerve growth factor, propofol, atomoxetine, cyanide, pramipexole, etiracetam, antihistaminic agent, cyanocobalamin, vitamin, folic acid, clonidine, antiparkinson agent, lipid, ghrelin, neuropeptide, cell adhesion molecule, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), messenger RNA, mirtazapine, risperidone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, paliperidone, nitric oxide, biological marker, amisulpride, tramadol, neuroleptic agent, alcohol, cobalamin, amfebutamone, ligand, psychopharmacology, human, adolescent, child, female, patient, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, hospital, psychiatry, child psychiatry, attention deficit disorder, electroconvulsive therapy, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, diseases, hospital patient, drug use, case report, injury, Turkey (republic), drug therapy, eating disorder, compliance (physical), depression, autism, major depression, coping behavior, excitability, suicide attempt, diagnosis, sleep, outpatient, psychotherapy, quality of life, pregnancy, psychosis, drug monitoring, tardive dyskinesia, therapy, priapism, clinical feature, sexual dysfunction, serum, population, sleep quality, dissociation, binge eating disorder, narcolepsy, side effect, mental deficiency, epilepsy, aged, injection, mania, outpatient department, feces incontinence, obsessive compulsive disorder, mental disease, mental health service, sleep disorder, safety, anxiety disorder, liaison psychiatry, Wolfram syndrome, consultation, lactation, oncology, abstinence, adult, Kazakhstan, drug interaction, substance abuse, suicidal behavior, prevention, oscillation, incontinence, Malaysia, society, perinatal period, anorexia nervosa, physical disease, weight change, personalized medicine, forensic psychiatry, lymphocyte, neutrophil, community, infant, addiction, intracellular signaling, vaginism, sensory gating, impulse control disorder, maternal treatment, phenylketonuria, impulsiveness, image analysis, smoking, diagnostic imaging, oxidative stress, risk, patient compliance, brain, mental capacity, brain depth stimulation, plasma, extrapyramidal symptom, intelligence quotient, alexithymia, ankylosing spondylitis, Mini Mental State Examination, gene expression, Dandy Walker syndrome, mental hospital, sibling, bipolar depression, follow up, deformity, blood level, mental health, anger, normal human, malpractice, forensic medicine, dream, restless legs syndrome, somnolence, psychosocial rehabilitation, neuroimaging, hyperprolactinemia, sleep disordered breathing, mood, prophylaxis, treatment response, ethics, weight gain, thyroid function, pharmacogenomics, iron deficiency, Tunisia, school, agoraphobia, psychiatric treatment, panic, feeding behavior, smoking cessation, marriage, generalized anxiety disorder, aggression, childhood, head injury, epidemiology, gender, multiple sclerosis, nurse, university hospital, cell adhesion, violence, tuberous sclerosis, grief, classification, psychiatrist, general practitioner, gene, metabolism, hirsutism, impaired glucose tolerance, exposure, surgical patient, burnout, prevalence, phenotype, ovary polycystic disease, parameters, bariatric surgery, transcranial direct current stimulation, pruritus, cannabis use, rat, evaluation and follow up, model, hematoma, mental patient, intracerebral drug administration, abuse, hypomania, brain disease, metabolic syndrome X, tic, epileptic state, sustained drug release, developmental disorder, community mental health center, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, emergency, language, skill, reading, dyslexia, negative syndrome, folic acid blood level, cognition, conversion disorder, academic achievement, delusional disorder, responsibility, offender, progeny, chemotherapy, family functioning, mother, Asia, Europe, pharmacokinetics, psychopharmacotherapy, male, DSM-5, alternative medicine",,2013.0,,,0,0,
138,Wagner's migraine and other stories,,,,2014.0,,,0,0,
139,"Management of adults with PTSD Part I: Background, diagnosis and psychological therapies","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comprises four core symptom clusters following a traumatic event: (1) re-experiencing, (2) avoidance, (3) negative cognitions/mood, and (4) hyperarousal, lasting &gt;1 month.1,2 It causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important functions.1 Acute stress disorder (ASD) occurs within 4 weeks of the event and comprises similar symptoms to PTSD, lasting 2 days to 4 weeks.3,4 Recognition and treatment of PTSD may be complicated by symptom overlap or comorbidity with disorders such as anxiety and depression.5 Here we discuss recognition of PTSD and evidence for trauma-focused psychological treatment (generally considered to be first-line therapy). Part II of this article will discuss drugs, self-help and complementary therapy options. © 2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.",,,2014.0,,,0,0,
140,Correction to peter-hagene and ullman (2014),"Reports an error in ""Sexual Assault-Characteristics Effects on PTSD and Psychosocial Mediators: A Cluster-Analysis Approach to Sexual Assault Types"" by Liana C. Peter-Hagene and Sarah E. Ullman (Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, Advanced Online Publication, Aug 18, 2014, np). In the article, there was an error in the abstract. The second to last sentence should have read, ""The effect of assault-characteristics clusters on Time 2 PTSD was mediated by Time 1 self-blame and turning against social reactions."" (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2014-33772-001.) Using cluster analysis, we investigated the effects of assault characteristics (i.e., level of violence, subjective distress, alcohol consumption, perpetrator identity) on PTSD symptoms, and whether these effects are mediated by postassault social and psychological reactions. A large community sample of women sexual assault survivors completed 2 mail surveys at a 1-year interval. In line with prior research, cluster analyses revealed the existence of 3 general categories of sexual assault, which we described as ""high violence,"" ""alcohol-related,"" and ""moderate sexual severity."" Alcohol-related assaults resulted in fewer PTSD symptoms than high-violence assaults at Time 1, but not at Time 2. Alcohol-related and violent assaults resulted in more PTSD symptoms than moderate-severity assaults at both times. The effect of assault-characteristics clusters on Time 2 PTSD was mediated by Time 1 self-blame and turning against social reactions. The importance of considering effects of violence and alcohol consumption during the assault to better understand postassault PTSD, including implications for theory and practice, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record",,,2015.0,Mar,10.1037/tra0000020,0,0,
141,International Marce Society for Perinatal Mental Health Biennial Scientific Conference,The proceedings contain 369 papers. The topics discussed include: perinatal suicide in ontario: preliminary results; depression and anxiety during pregnancy independently predict mode of delivery: first data from the happy study (holistic approach to pregnancy and first postpartum year); risk factors for maternal depressive symptom trajectories from pregnancy to five years later: outcomes from the Eden mother-child cohort in France; risk factors for post-traumatic stress following birth: a meta-analysis; maternal depression from pregnancy to 4 years postpartum: the perinatal anxiety screening scale; depression and anxiety as developmental precursors to adolescent mothers' attributions of infant agency; and postpartum depression in the orthodox jewish community: patterns of help utilization and predictors of longitudinal depressive symptoms.,"mental health, society, pregnancy, human, anxiety, meta analysis (topic), puerperal depression, female, risk factor, depression, screening, meta analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, France, child, Canada, community, infant, adolescent mother, precursor, mother, suicide",,2015.0,,,0,0,
142,Posttraumatic stress in children following acute physical injury,"Objective: To prospectively assess the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children hospitalized following acute physical injury. The focus was identification of the incidence of PTSD, PTSD symptoms, and exploration of factors associated with development of PTSD symptoms and disorder. Method: Forty children ages 8-17 were interviewed approximately 1 month following a serious injury and assessed for PTSD, pretrauma behavior problems, levels of peritraumatic fear, and posttraumatic thought suppression. Results: Twenty-two and a half percent of participants met DSM- IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD; 47.5% met criteria for at least two of the three PTSD symptom clusters. Greater thought suppression was associated with increased symptoms of PTSD, as were the child's peritraumatic fear response and pretrauma internalizing behaviors. Conclusions: Results suggest that many children who have been hospitalized for physical trauma may be experiencing clinically significant PTSD symptomatology and may benefit from psychological as well as medical intervention.","Child, Pediatric psychology, Physical injury, PTSD","Aaron, J., Zaglul, H., Emery, R. E.",1999.0,,,0,0,
143,Trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder caused by myocardial infarction: A two-year follow-up study,"Objective: A substantial proportion of patients develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following myocardial infarction (MI). Previous research on the trajectory over time of PTSD in post-MI patients is scant and refers to self-rated posttraumatic symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal course of an interviewer-rated diagnosis of PTSD and PTSD symptom severity following MI. Methods: Study participants were 40 patients (78% men, mean age 54 ± 8 years) who were diagnosed with PTSD using the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) after an average of 5 ± 4 months (range 2-16 months) following an index MI. After a mean follow-up of 26 ± 6 months (range 12-36 months), 24 patients underwent a second diagnostic interview. Results: Two-thirds of patients (n = 16) still qualified for a diagnosis of PTSD at follow-up. In all 24 patients, total PTSD symptoms (p = 0.001), re-experiencing symptoms (p < 0.001), avoidance symptoms (p = 0.015), and, with borderline significance, hyperarousal symptoms (p < 0.06) had all decreased over time. However, in the subgroup of the 16 patients who had retained PTSD diagnostic status at follow-up, symptoms of avoidance (p = 0.23) and of hyperarousal (p = 0.48) showed no longitudinal decline. Longer duration of follow-up was associated with a greater decrease in avoidance symptoms (p = 0.029) and, with borderline significance, in re-experiencing symptoms (p < 0.07) across all patients. Conclusion: Although PTSD symptomatology waned over time and in relation to longer follow-up, two-thirds of patients still qualified for a diagnosis of PTSD 2 years after the initial diagnosis. In post-MI patients, clinical PTSD is a considerably persistent condition. © 2009, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.","Cardiovascular disease, Longitudinal, Psychiatry, Psychological stress","Abbas, C. C., Schmid, J. P., Guler, E., Wiedemar, L., Begré, S., Saner, H., Schnyder, U., Von Känel, R.",2009.0,,,0,1,
144,A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"OBJECTIVE: Systematic reviews highlight a broad range of cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) prevalence estimates in cancer survivors. This meta-analysis was conducted to provide a prevalence estimate of significant CR-PTSD symptoms and full diagnoses to facilitate the psychological aftercare of cancer survivors. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted for studies using samples of cancer survivors by using validated clinical interviews and questionnaires to assess the prevalence of CR-PTSD (k = 25, n = 4189). Prevalence estimates were calculated for each assessment method using random-effects meta-analysis. Mixed-effects meta-regression and categorical analyses were used to investigate study-level moderator effects. RESULTS: Studies using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version yielded lower event rates using cut-off [7.3%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 4.5-11.7, k = 10] than symptom cluster (11.2%, 95% CI = 8.7-14.4, k = 9). Studies using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (SCID), yielded low rates for lifetime (15.3%, 95% CI = 9.1-25, k = 5) and current CR-PTSD (5.1%, 95% CI = 2.8-8.9, k = 9). Between-study heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 54-87%). Studies with advanced-stage samples yielded significantly higher rates with PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version cluster scoring (p = 0.05), and when assessing current CR-PTSD on the SCID (p = 0.05). The effect of mean age on current PTSD prevalence met significance on the SCID (p = 0.05). SCID lifetime prevalence rates decreased with time post-treatment (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The cancer experience is sufficiently traumatic to induce PTSD in a minority of cancer survivors. Post-hoc analyses suggest that those who are younger, are diagnosed with more advanced disease and recently completed treatment may be at greater risk of PTSD. More research is needed to investigate vulnerability factors for PTSD in cancer survivors. (c) 2014 The Authors. Psycho-Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Dsm-5, Ptsd, cancer, meta-analysis, oncology, prevalence","Abbey, G., Thompson, S. B., Hickish, T., Heathcote, D.",2014.0,Aug 22,10.1002/pon.3654,0,0,
145,A meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Systematic reviews highlight a broad range of cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) prevalence estimates in cancer survivors. This meta-analysis was conducted to provide a prevalence estimate of significant CR-PTSD symptoms and full diagnoses to facilitate the psychological aftercare of cancer survivors. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted for studies using samples of cancer survivors by using validated clinical interviews and questionnaires to assess the prevalence of CR-PTSD (k=25, n=4189). Prevalence estimates were calculated for each assessment method using random-effects meta-analysis. Mixed-effects meta-regression and categorical analyses were used to investigate study-level moderator effects. Results: Studies using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version yielded lower event rates using cut-off [7.3%, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=4.5-11.7, k=10] than symptom cluster (11.2%, 95% CI=8.7-14.4, k=9). Studies using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (SCID), yielded low rates for lifetime (15.3%, 95% CI=9.1-25, k=5) and current CR-PTSD (5.1%, 95% CI=2.8-8.9, k=9). Between-study heterogeneity was substantial (I2=54-87%). Studies with advanced-stage samples yielded significantly higher rates with PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version cluster scoring (p=0.05), and when assessing current CR-PTSD on the SCID (p=0.05). The effect of mean age on current PTSD prevalence met significance on the SCID (p=0.05). SCID lifetime prevalence rates decreased with time post-treatment (R2=0.56, p&lt;0.05). Discussion: The cancer experience is sufficiently traumatic to induce PTSD in a minority of cancer survivors. Post-hoc analyses suggest that those who are younger, are diagnosed with more advanced disease and recently completed treatment may be at greater risk of PTSD. More research is needed to investigate vulnerability factors for PTSD in cancer survivors. © 2014 The Authors.","Cancer, DSM-5, Meta-analysis, Oncology, Prevalence, PTSD","Abbey, G., Thompson, S. B. N., Hickish, T., Heathcote, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,144
146,"Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents in rural north-eastern Uganda","Background: Child and adolescent anxiety disorders are the most prevalent form of childhood psychopathology. Research on child and adolescent anxiety disorders has predominantly been done in westernized societies. There is a paucity of data on the prevalence, comorbidity, and predictors of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents in non-western societies including those in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper investigates the prevalence, comorbidity, and predictors of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents in north-eastern Uganda.Objective: To determine the prevalence of DSM-IV anxiety disorders, as well as comorbidity patterns and predictors in children and adolescents aged 3 to 19 years in north-eastern Uganda.Methods: Four districts (Lira, Tororo, Kaberamaido and Gulu) in rural north-eastern Uganda participated in this study. Using a multi-stage sampling procedure, a sample of 420 households with children aged 3-19 years from each district was enrolled into the study. The MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children and adolescents (MINI KID) was used to assess for psychiatric disorders in 1587 of 1680 respondents.Results: The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 26.6%, with rates higher in females (29.7%) than in males (23.1%). The most common disorders in both males and females were specific phobia (15.8%), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.6%) and separation anxiety disorder (5.8%). Children below 5 years of age were significantly more likely to have separation anxiety disorder and specific phobias, while those aged between 14-19 were significantly more likely to have PTSD. Anxiety disorders were more prevalent among respondents with other psychiatric disorders; in respondents with two or more co-morbid psychiatric disorders the prevalence of anxiety disorders was 62.1%. Predictors of anxiety disorders were experience of war trauma (OR = 1.93, p < 0.001) and a higher score on the emotional symptom scale of the SDQ (OR = 2.58, p < 0.001). Significant socio-demograghic associations of anxiety disorders were found for female gender, guardian unemployment, living in permanent housing, living without parents, and having parents without education.Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents in rural north-eastern Uganda is high, but consistent in terms of gender ratio and progression over time with a range of prior work in other contexts. Patterns of comorbidity and predictors of anxiety disorders in this setting are also broadly consistent with previous findings from western community studies. Both psychosocial stressors and exposure to war trauma are significant predictors of anxiety disorders.Prevention and treatment strategies need to be put in place to address the high prevalence rates of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents in Uganda. © 2013 Abbo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Adolescents, Anxiety disorders, Children, Comorbidity, Predictors, Uganda","Abbo, C., Kinyanda, E., Kizza, R. B., Levin, J., Ndyanabangi, S., Stein, D. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
147,PTSD severity is associated with anterior hippocampal dysconnectivity: A graph-based whole-brain data-driven analysis,"Background: Global brain connectivity (GBC) is a recently developed graph-based measure of nodal strength in functional connectivity networks. Using fully data-driven approaches, GBC has been shown to identify major intrinsic brain networks (e.g. default mode network), to correlate with normal brain functions (e.g. intelligence), and to be disrupted in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In treatment-resistant MDD, our group has demonstrated prefrontal GBC abnormalities, which rapidly normalized 24 hours post ketamine treatment. These prior data highlight the potential utility of GBC as a replicable measure for data-driven identification of brain functional connectivity biomarkers. Here we investigated whether GBC is altered in US veterans with severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Sixty-eight combat-exposed US veterans (age mean±SEM = 34.5±1.6, 8 females) completed the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and restingstate functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) scans. Whole brain GBC analyses were conducted. The GBC value of each voxel is the average of its time series correlation with all other voxels, providing a measure of nodal strength in a graph-based network. Voxelwise correlations between GBC values and CAPS scores were performed, along with cluster-level type I error correction (p o 0.05). Results: We found negative correlations between CAPS scores and GBC in the left superior temporal cortex (Brodmann's Area [BA]22; an area involved in complex sounds processing) and bilateral medial temporal regions, including primarily the anterior bilateral hippocampi and the right amygdala such that participants with severe PTSD symptomatology showed reduced amygdala and anterior hippocampal GBC. Two small clusters of positive correlations between CAPS scores and GBC were found in left visual cortex (BA 17 and 18) and left precuneus (BA 7; a hub in the default mode network). Conclusions: In contrast to findings by our group, and others, showing that GBC abnormalities in depression are predominantly in the prefrontal cortex, GBC alterations in PTSD were primarily found in mediotemporal structures, highlighting the potential disease specificity of the derived GBC measure. GBC dysconnectivity in the anterior hippocampus and amygdala may contribute to previously reported alterations in limbic system functioning in PTSD. In addition, it is believed that the posterior hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation and memory, while the anterior hippocampus mediates fear, reward, and motivation. Thus, the localization of the dysconnectivity to the anterior, but not posterior, hippocampus may have essential theoretical, clinical and therapeutic implications.","biological marker, ketamine, functional magnetic resonance imaging, ventral hippocampus, brain, American, college, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus, human, veteran, default mode network, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, female, time series analysis, major depression, visual cortex, spatial orientation, memory, fear, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, intelligence, brain function, temporal lobe, processing, symptomatology, sound, precuneus, prefrontal cortex, limbic system, temporal cortex, obsessive compulsive disorder, reward, motivation","Abdallah, C., Wrocklage, K., Schweinsburg, B., Averill, C., Trejo, M., Roy, A., Martini, B., Southwick, S., Krystal, J., Scott, J. C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
148,Binary partitioning for continuous longitudinal data: Categorizing a prognostic variable,,,"Abdolell, M., LeBlanc, M., Stephens, D., Harrison, R. V.",2002.0,,10.1002/sim.1266,0,0,
149,Addictive profile in juvenile delinquents admitted to correctional institutions in relation to personality characteristics,"Introduction A strong correlation and connection has been observed between drug use and delinquency, as most youths in juvenile commitment programs are involved with drugs compared with nondelinquent youths. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between substance use among delinquent adolescents and personality characteristics and its impact on mental health. Methods Fifty juvenile delinquent adolescents from among juveniles admitted to two correctional institutes as well as 50 control juveniles were selected. Informed consent was taken. Psychometric analyses were conducted using the Addiction Severity Index, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and The Adolescent and Adult Psychological State Inventory. Results Of the juvenile delinquents, 28% were found to be using nicotine, 22% were using cannabis, and 24% were using polysubstances. They expressed more symptoms of adjustment disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficiency hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder, and the difference was statistically significant between cases and controls. There were statistically significant differences between cases and controls as regards all the personality dimensions, including extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. In all, 25% of juvenile delinquents suffered from moderate to severe problems with regard to employment, legal, psychiatric, and social problems, as assessed by the Addiction Severity Index. There were statistically significant differences between male and female delinquents as regards employment, psychiatric, and social problems as assessed by the Addiction Severity Index. Conclusion Community and correctional systems must be established to provide psychiatric services to the youth, as juvenile delinquents with psychiatric disorders pose a challenge for the juvenile justice system and, after their release, for the larger mental health system. © 2012 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University.","Addiction, Juvenile delinquent, Personality","Abdou, A. A., Abdou, M. N. S., Amer, D., Fathy, H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
150,Differential responses to trauma: Migration-related discriminants of post-traumatic stress disorder among Southeast Asian refugees,"Examined possible differentiating experiences between 154 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 154 non-PTSD refugees (aged 19-76 yrs) after matching them on certain demographic characteristics and exposure to trauma. By examining individuals who have had similar traumatic histories, factors implicated in the development of PTSD among Southeast Asians are more clearly identified. Ss with PTSD appeared to experience and express much more anger and were more dependent on public assistance. They were also less engaged in maintaining their cultural traditions and ties. However, more life changes and a trend toward more separations and reunifications with family members were evidenced for Ss without PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Asians, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Southeast Asian Cultural Groups","Abe, Jennifer, Zane, Nolan, Chun, Kevin",1994.0,,,0,0,
151,Voxel-based diffusion tensor analysis reveals aberrant anterior cingulum integrity in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism,"Recent functional neuroimaging work has suggested that interregional functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), other limbic, and prefrontal regions may be involved in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, less attention has been paid to the white matter network. Voxel-based analysis enables an exploration of morphological or functional changes throughout the entire brain. Here we undertook the first application of this technology to diffusion tensor data in patients with PTSD. Participants were 9 victims of the Tokyo subway sarin attack with PTSD and 16 matched victims of the same traumatic event without PTSD. The voxel-based analysis showed a significant fractional anisotropy increase in the left anterior cingulum, subjacent to the left ACC gray matter where we previously found a volume decrement, in PTSD subjects. Moreover, the severity was positively, but not significantly associated with the fractional anisotropy of the left anterior cingulum in the victims with PTSD, using the region of interest defined in the native space with the inverse normalization technique. The present study demonstrated further evidence of abnormalities of both the ACC, a structure that is pivotally involved in attention, emotional regulation, and fear conditioning, and of subjacent white matter in the pathology of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Terrorism, *Cingulate Cortex","Abe, Osamu, Yamasue, Hidenori, Kasai, Kiyoto, Yamada, Haruyasu, Aoki, Shigeki, Iwanami, Akira, Ohtani, Toshiyuki, Masutani, Yoshitaka, Kato, Nobumasa, Ohtomo, Kuni",2006.0,,,0,0,
152,Premature birth and mother-child relationshipat two years of age: Child attachment and maternal post-traumatic stress disorder,"Recent many studies have shown that premature birth is frequently associated with particular psychological consequences for both children and parents necessitating early intervention. The objective of the present study is to examine maternal post-traumatic stress symptoms and maternal representation of child attachment in a population of two years old children born prematurely. Subjects include 38 mothers of premature children who were matched with an equivalent group of mothers of children born at term. All mothers filled the Waters and Deane, 1985 Attachment Q-set, brief version of Strayer, examining children's attachment behavior as well as the perinatal Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire identifying symptoms of maternal post-traumatic stress. Results confirm the link between the experience of premature birth and maternal post-traumatic stress symptoms when children were two years old. All mothers presenting symptoms of post-traumatic stress were mothers of premature children. Examining the typology of mothers' repre-sentation of attachment as a function of child's birth status reveals that mothers of prematurely born children describe their offspring as less exploring, as being more socially sensitive and less autonomous than children born at term. Results also indicate a link between post-traumatic stress symptoms and children's attachment. Increases in reported maternal post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with mothers considering their child as significantly more sensitive.","Attachment, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Premature birth","Abergel, M., Blicharski, T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
153,Parenting Stress Index,,,"Abidin, R. R.",1990.0,,,0,0,
154,Antidepressants: Update on new agents and indications,"A number of antidepressants have emerged in the U.S. market in the past two decades. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become the drugs of choice in the treatment of depression, and they are also effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. New indications for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Extended-release venlafaxine has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Mirtazapine, which is unrelated to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, is unique in its action - stimulating the release of norepinephrine and serotonin. The choice of antidepressant drug depends on the agent's pharmacologic profile, secondary actions, and tolerability. Sexual dysfunction related to the use of antidepressants may be addressed by reducing the dosage, switching to another agent, or adding another drug to overcome the sexual side effects. Augmentation with lithium or triiodothyronine may be useful in patients who are partially or totally resistant to antidepressant treatment. Finally, tapering antidepressant medication may help to avoid discontinuation syndrome or antidepressant withdrawal. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians.",,"Ables, A. Z., Baughman Iii, O. L.",2003.0,,,0,0,
155,Antidepressants: Update on new agents and indications,"A number of antidepressants have emerged in the U.S. market in the past two decades. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become the drugs of choice in the treatment of depression, and they are also effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. New indications for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Extended-release venlafaxine has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Mirtazapine, which is unrelated to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, is unique in its action - stimulating the release of norepinephrine and serotonin. The choice of antidepressant drug depends on the agent's pharmacologic profile, secondary actions, and tolerability. Sexual dysfunction related to the use of antidepressants may be addressed by reducing the dosage, switching to another agent, or adding another drug to overcome the sexual side effects. Augmentation with lithium or triiodothyronine may be useful in patients who are partially or totally resistant to antidepressant treatment. Finally, tapering antidepressant medication may help to avoid discontinuation syndrome or antidepressant withdrawal. Copyright(copyright) 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians.","amfebutamone, antidepressant agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, buspirone, carbamazepine, citalopram, clonidine, cyproheptadine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, fluvoxamine maleate, Ginkgo biloba extract, Hypericum perforatum extract, lithium, methylphenidate, mirtazapine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, paroxetine, pethidine, phenytoin, pindolol, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, sibutramine, sildenafil, sumatriptan, sumatriptan succinate, theophylline, tramadol, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, venlafaxine, warfarin, agitated depression, agitation, akathisia, anorexia, anticholinergic effect, article, body weight disorder, clinical trial, constipation, depression, diarrhea, dose response, drug choice, drug cross reactivity, drug indication, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, electroconvulsive therapy, fatigue, food and drug administration, gastrointestinal disease, headache, human, insomnia, jaundice, kidney disease, libido disorder, liver failure, malaise, market, nausea, neuromuscular disease, obsession, orgasm disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, restlessness, sexual dysfunction, social phobia, somnolence, sustained release preparation, United States, vertigo, weight gain, xerostomia, buspar, catapres, celexa, coumadin, demerol, dilantin, effexor xr, effexor, imitrex, lexapro, luvox, meridia, paxil cr, paxil, periactin, prozac, remeron, ritalin, sarafem, serzone, tegretol, ultram, viagra, visken, wellbutrin, zoloft","Ables, A. Z., Baughman, Iii O. L.",2003.0,,,0,0,154
156,Antidepressants: update on new agents and indications,"A number of antidepressants have emerged in the U.S. market in the past two decades. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become the drugs of choice in the treatment of depression, and they are also effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. New indications for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Extended-release venlafaxine has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Mirtazapine, which is unrelated to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, is unique in its action--stimulating the release of norepinephrine and serotonin. The choice of antidepressant drug depends on the agent's pharmacologic profile, secondary actions, and tolerability. Sexual dysfunction related to the use of antidepressants may be addressed by reducing the dosage, switching to another agent, or adding another drug to overcome the sexual side effects. Augmentation with lithium or triiodothyronine may be useful in patients who are partially or totally resistant to antidepressant treatment. Finally, tapering antidepressant medication may help to avoid discontinuation syndrome or antidepressant withdrawal.","Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder/*drug therapy, Drug Resistance, Humans, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/chemically induced, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/etiology","Ables, A. Z., Baughman, O. L., 3rd",2003.0,Feb 1,,0,0,154
157,Medical use of cannabis products: Lessons to be learned from Israel and Canada,"Introduction: The German government intends to reduce the barriers for the medical use of cannabis products. A discussion on the indications and contraindications of the medical use of cannabis and on the changes of the regulatory framework has already begun in Germany. It is useful to draw from the experiences of other countries with a more liberal medical use of cannabis. Methods: The Israeli and Canadian experience is outlined by physicians who have been charged with expertise on the medical use of cannabis by their jurisdiction. Results: In Israel, only the plant-based cannabinoid nabiximol (mixture of tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol) can be prescribed for spasticity/chronic pain in multiple sclerosis and for cancer pain. The costs of nabiximole are reimbursed by some, but not by all health maintenance organizations. The medical use of marijuana is permitted; however, it is strictly regulated by the government. Selected companies are allowed to produce marijuana for medical use, and only certain physicians are licensed to prescribe marijuana as a therapeutic drug for specific indications such as chronic neuropathic, and cancer pain, inflammatory bowel diseases, or posttraumatic stress disorder if conventional treatments have failed. The costs of marijuana are not reimbursed by health insurance companies. In Canada, synthetic cannabinoids and the plant-based (nabiximol) are licensed for neuropathic and cancer pain, HIV-related anorexia and chemotherapy-associate nausea. The costs of these synthetic cannabinoids are covered by health insurance companies. The medical use of marijuana as a treatment option is allowed for individual patients suffering from any medical condition when authorized by a medical practitioner or nurse. Licensed producers are the only source for patients to newly access medical cannabis, although those with previous permission to grow may continue cultivation at the present time. The costs of marijuana are not reimbursed by health insurance companies. There are multiple contraindications for the medical use of cannabis products in both countries. Conclusions: The use of standardized, synthetic, and plant-based cannabis products should be allowed in Germany for defined medical conditions when high-level evidence of efficacy and safety exists. The costs should be reimbursed by the health insurance companies. Contraindications for the medical use of cannabis should be defined. Growing marijuana by patients for their medical use should not be allowed.","anorexia, Canada, cancer pain, chemotherapy, chronic pain, clinical trial, Germany, government, health insurance, health maintenance organization, human, Human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, Israel, multiple sclerosis, nausea, neuropathic pain, nurse, posttraumatic stress disorder, spasticity, cannabidiol, cannabis, medical cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol","Ablin, J., Ste-Marie, P. A., Schäfer, M., Häuser, W., Fitzcharles, M. A.",2016.0,,,0,0,
158,Comorbidity and continuity of psychiatric disorders in youth after detention: A prospective longitudinal study,"IMPORTANCE: Psychiatric disorders and comorbidity are prevalent among incarcerated juveniles. To date, no large-scale study has examined the comorbidity and continuity of psychiatric disorders after youth leave detention. OBJECTIVE: To determine the comorbidity and continuity of psychiatric disorders among youth 5 years after detention. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective longitudinal study of a stratified random sample of 1829 youth (1172 male and 657 female; 1005 African American, 296 non-Hispanic white, 524 Hispanic, and 4 other race/ethnicity) recruited from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, between November 20, 1995, and June 14, 1998, and who received their time 2 follow-up interview between May 22, 2000, and April 3, 2004. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: At baseline, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3. At follow-ups, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (child and young adult versions) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version IV (substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder). RESULTS: Five years after detention, when participants were 14 to 24 years old, almost 27% of males and 14% of females had comorbid psychiatric disorders. Although females had significantly higher rates of comorbidity when in detention (odds ratio, 1.3; 95%CI, 1.0-1.7), males had significantly higher rates than females at follow-up (odds ratio, 2.3; 95%CI, 1.6-3.3). Substance use plus behavioral disorders was the most common comorbid profile among males, affecting 1 in 6. Participants with more disorders at baseline were more likely to have a disorder approximately 5 years after detention, even after adjusting for demographic characteristics. We found substantial continuity of disorder. However, some baseline disorders predicted alcohol and drug use disorders at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although prevalence rates of comorbidity decreased in youth after detention, rates remained substantial and were higher than rates in the most comparable studies of the general population. Youth with multiple disorders at baseline are at highest risk for disorder 5 years later. Because many psychiatric disorders first appear in childhood and adolescence, primary and secondary prevention of psychiatric disorders offers the greatest opportunity to reduce costs to individuals, families, and society. Only a concerted effort to address the many needs of delinquent youth will help them thrive in adulthood.","adolescent, adult, African American, alcohol abuse, alcohol use disorder, antisocial behavior, article, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, child, comorbidity, conduct disorder, demography, detention, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, DSM-IV, dysthymia, early intervention, ethnicity, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, health care policy, human, hypomania, juvenile, major clinical study, major depression, male, mania, mental disease, mental health, oppositional defiant disorder, panic, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary prevention, prospective study, race, secondary prevention, structured interview, substance abuse","Abram, K. M., Zwecker, N. A., Welty, L. J., Hershfield, J. A., Dulcan, M. K., Teplin, L. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
159,On the evolution of a construct: Posttraumatic stress disorder comes of age,"Reviews the book, Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice edited by Matthew J. Friedman, Terence M. Keane, and Patricia A. Resick (see record 2007-14029-000). This book is an edited compendium on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This volume captures the evolution from a monomethod, monoconceptual focus of early PTSD research (documenting a given trauma's effect on a given sample with a particular set of symptom instruments) to relatively rich and complex models of resilience and risk. The point is made a number of times across chapters that we are now substantially beyond the important but simplistic idea of counting traumatic exposures (i.e., the dose-response relationship), collecting up a number of risk factors (i.e., vulnerabilities or predisposing factors) and calculating PTSD probabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)",*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Abueg, Francis",2008.0,,,0,0,
160,The effect of intranasal oxytocin treatment on conditioned fear extinction and recall in a healthy human sample,"Rationale: To improve outcomes for patients undergoing extinction-based therapies (e.g.; exposure therapy) for anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there has been interest in identifying pharmaceutical compounds that might facilitate fear extinction learning and recall. Oxytocin (OT) is a mammalian neuropeptide that modulates activation of fear extinction-based neural circuits and fear responses. Little is known, however, about the effects of OT treatment on conditioned fear responding and extinction in humans. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of OT in a fear-potentiated startle task of fear conditioning and extinction. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 44 healthy human participants was conducted. Participants underwent a conditioned fear acquisition procedure, after which they were randomized to treatment group and delivered OT (24 IU) or placebo via intranasal (IN) spray. Forty-five minutes after treatment, participants underwent extinction training. Twenty-four hours later, subjects were tested for extinction recall. Results: Relative to placebo, the OT group showed increased fear-potentiated startle responding during the earliest stage of extinction training relative to placebo; however, all treatment groups showed the same level of reduced responding by the end of extinction training. Twenty-four hours later, the OT group showed significantly higher recall of extinction relative to placebo. Conclusions: The current study provides preliminary evidence that OT may facilitate fear extinction recall in humans. These results support further study of OT as a potential adjunctive treatment for extinction-based therapies in fear-related disorders. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA).","Anxiety, Fear extinction, Oxytocin, Prolonged exposure, PTSD","Acheson, D., Feifel, D., De Wilde, S., McKinney, R., Lohr, J., Risbrough, V.",2013.0,,,0,0,
161,Psychological sequelae resulting from the 2004 Florida hurricanes: implications for postdisaster intervention,"OBJECTIVES: Data are limited regarding mental health effects of disasters such as hurricanes. We sought to determine the prevalence of and major risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and major depressive episode 6 to 9 months after the 2004 Florida hurricanes. METHODS: Random-digit dialing was used to recruit a representative population sample of 1452 hurricane-affected adults. RESULTS: Posthurricane prevalence for PTSD was 3.6%, for generalized anxiety disorder was 5.5%, and for major depressive episode was 6.1%. Risk factors varied somewhat across disorders, with the exception of previous exposure to traumatic events, which increased risk of all negative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Storm exposure variables and displacement were associated primarily with PTSD. Notably, high social support in the 6 months preceding the hurricanes protected against all types of disorders.",,"Acierno, R., Ruggiero, K. J., Galea, S., Resnick, H. S., Koenen, K., Roitzsch, J., de Arellano, M., Boyle, J., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2007.0,,10.2105/AJPH.2006.087007,0,0,
162,Risk and protective factors for psychopathology among older versus younger adults after the 2004 Florida hurricanes,"Objective: Previous research demonstrates increased resiliency to psychopathology after disasters among older adults. However, little is known about differences in age-based risk and protective factors for postdisaster mental illness. Method: The authors used random-digit dialing methodology to survey 1,130 older adults (60+ years) and 413 younger adults residing in Florida counties directly affected by the 2004 hurricanes. Assessed risk and protective factors included demographics, social support, displacement, incurred dollar losses, perceived positive outcomes, and self-rated health status. Outcome variables included symptom counts of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-defined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Results: Older adults reported fewer symptoms of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Explanatory risk variables accounted for large proportions of variance, but differed in meaningful ways across age groups. Conclusion: Although older adults are less symptomatic, their psychologic reactions appear more closely connected to economic consequences of disasters. © 2006 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.","Depression, Disaster, GAD, Older adult, PTSD, Risk","Acierno, R., Ruggiero, K. J., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Gale, S.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.JGP.0000221327.97904.b0,0,0,
163,PTSD in physically and sexually abused psychiatrically hospitalized children,"The history of sexual and physical abuse and the diagnosis of PTSD were examined in 98 psychiatrically hospitalized children. Relative to past studies, there was an increased incidence of abuse and of prevalence of PTSD. Specific instruments for assessing abuse and PTSD are suggested.","anamnesis, article, child, child abuse, discriminant analysis, female, hospital patient, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, sexual abuse","Adam, B. S., Everett, B. L., ""ONeal, E.""",1992.0,,,0,0,
164,Epigenetic findings for PTSD and lower respiratory symptoms in male WTC responders,"After the World Trade Center (WTC) attack on 9/11/2001, the CDC established a consortium of clinics (WTC-Health Programs) in the NY-metropolitan area to detect, monitor and treat WTC-related health problems occurring among responders to the disaster. More than 25% of these responders (∼30,000) have WTC-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lower respiratory symptoms. These two conditions are often co-morbid (OR = 2.5). Longitudinal findings indicate that WTC-PTSD is associated with an increased risk of new-onset respiratory disease (but not vice versa). One explanation for this finding is that PTSD can result in a chronic stress response, including immunologic dysregulation. Epigenetics is a promising approach to elucidating biological processes underlying the PTSD-lower respiratory symptoms link. To further our understanding of the association among responders, the current study investigated DNA methylation patterns in peripheral blood of WTC responders and examined associations between methylation, PTSD symptom severity (PTSD Checklist [PCL]), and lower respiratory symptoms. Participants were 224 male (mean/ SD age = 49.6/8.1), primarily Caucasian (78%) responders enrolled in the WTC Health Program. Methylation was assessed with HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. As expected, no CpG site reached genome-wide significance (lowest p-value: 10-6). However, a network-based approach revealed that PTSD symptoms are correlated with reduced methylation in CpG sites that belong to a cluster of highly interacting genes involved in regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity (fdr < 2 × 10-2). NF-κB is a protein complex that plays a significant role in regulating the immune response. The observed effect was driven primarily by sites within immunoregulatory genes TLR9, DAB2IP, TAOK3, and TRAF3, with the strongest effect on cg16302310 in the promoter region of TLR9. This site correlated significantly both with PTSD symptoms (r = -0.29, p = 3.91 × 10-5) and lower respiratory symptoms (r = -0.18, p = 0.01), indicating that demethylation of TLR9 is associated with greater symptom severity. The association between PTSD symptoms and lower respiratory symptoms was reduced when controlling for cg16302310 (p =0.04), which suggests that methylation mediates the PTSD-lower respiratory symptoms link. These results are a promising step in understanding the biologicalmechanisms underlying PTSD, lower respiratory symptoms, and their comorbidity. Specifically, our data build upon previous work that has implicated NF-κB and TLR9 in PTSD and highlights a potential pathway from PTSD to lower respiratory symptoms. Future work is needed to assess the observed relations longitudinally to evaluate directionality and to investigate the downstream effects of these epigenetic differences.","transcription factor, protein, DNA, male, mental disease, American, posttraumatic stress disorder, methylation, gene, health program, respiratory tract disease, DNA methylation, risk, genome, blood, checklist, epigenetics, stress, chronic stress, human, Caucasian, comorbidity, statistical significance, immune response, promoter region, demethylation, health, hospital","Adam, G., Guia, G., Andrew, R., Roman, K., Evelyn, B., Karestan, K., Sandro, G., Luft Benjamin, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
165,Falling forever: The price of chronic shock,"Manifestations of chronic shock and annihilation anxiety-including autistic defenses, chaotic relationships, disorganized attachment, split-off affective states, and vulnerability to disintegration-exist side by side with apparent ego strength and high functioning, even in nonabused patients. Chronic shock stemming from uncontained distress and failed dependency during childhood can persist throughout the lifespan, creating ripples of dysfunction that mask as character distortion and contribute to therapeutic impasse. Patients rely on omnipotent defenses to provide a sense of ""having skin"" in the face of the fear of breakdown, striving to avoid vulnerability, and trying to insulate themselves from shock experience. Although the relinquishment of autistic defenses and subsequent integration of disowned affect states are overwhelming and painful, patients can emerge from this process with significant shifts in intrapsychic, interpersonal, and existential/spiritual functioning. Clinical material from one psychodynamic psychotherapy group tracks the group process and growth trajectories of seven group members struggling with chronic shock. The ability to recognize subtle dissociative states is a valuable tool in the repertoire of the group psychotherapist.","affect, anxiety, autism, dissociative amnesia, dissociative disorder, doctor patient relation, emotion, group therapy, human, human relation, lifespan, medical practice, multiple personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychodynamics, psychotherapist, psychotherapy, review, shock, statistical significance","Adams, K. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
166,Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after disaster: The impact of exposure and psychosocial resources,"In the present study we sought to identify factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the World Trade Center Disaster (WTCD) and examine changes in PTSD status over time. Our data come from a two-wave, prospective cohort study of New York City adults who were living in the city on September 11, 2001. We conducted a baseline survey 1 year after the attacks (year 1), followed by a survey 1 year later (year 2). Overall, 2368 individuals completed the year 1 survey, and 1681 were interviewed at year 2. Analyses for year 1 indicated that being younger, being female, experiencing more WTCD events, reporting more traumatic events other than the WTCD, experiencing more negative life events, having low social support, and having low self-esteem increased the likelihood of PTSD. For year 2, being middle-aged, being Latino, experiencing more negative life events and traumas since the WTCD, and having low self-esteem increased the likelihood of PTSD. Exposure to WTCD events was not related to year 2 PTSD once other factors were controlled. Following previous research, we divided study respondents into four categories: resilient cases (no PTSD years 1 or 2), remitted cases (PTSD year 1 but not year 2), delayed cases (no PTSD year 1 but PTSD year 2), and acute cases (PTSD both years 1 and 2). Factors predicting changes in PTSD between year 1 and year 2 suggested that delayed PTSD cases were more likely to have been Latino, to have experienced more negative life events, and to have had a decline in self-esteem. In contrast, remitted cases experienced fewer negative life events and had an increase in self-esteem. We discuss these findings in light of the psychosocial context associated with community disasters and traumatic stress exposures. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Delayed PTSD, Disasters, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychosocial factors, Stress exposure","Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000228503.95503.e9,0,0,
167,"Comorbidity of PTSD, Major Depression, and Substance Use Disorder Among Adolescent Victims of the Spring 2011 Tornadoes in Alabama and Joplin, Missouri","OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to estimate the prevalence of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode (MDE), and substance use disorder (SUD); and (2) to identify risk factors for patterns of comorbidity among adolescents affected by disasters. METHOD: A population-based sample of 2,000 adolescents (51% female; 71% Caucasian, 26% African American) aged 12 to 17 years (M = 14.5, SD = 1.7) and their parents was recruited from communities affected by the spring 2011 tornadoes in Alabama and Joplin, Missouri. Participants completed structured telephone interviews assessing demographic characteristics, impact of disaster, prior trauma history, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE), and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Prevalence estimates were calculated for PTSD + MDE, PTSD + SUD, MDE + SUD, and PTSD + MDE + SUD. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for each comorbidity profile. RESULTS: Overall prevalence since the tornado was 3.7% for PTSD + MDE, 1.1% for PTSD + SUD, 1.0% for MDE + SUD, and 0.7% for PTSD + MDE + SUD. Girls were significantly more likely than boys to meet criteria for PTSD + MDE and MDE + SUD (ps < .05). Female gender, exposure to prior traumatic events, and persistent loss of services were significant risk factors for patterns of comorbidity. Parental injury was associated with elevated risk for PTSD + MDE. Adolescents should be evaluated for comorbid problems, including SUD, following disasters so that appropriate referrals to evidence-based treatments can be made. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that screening procedures to identify adolescents at risk for comorbid disorders should assess demographic characteristics (gender), impact of the disaster on the family, and adolescents' prior history of stressful events.",,"Adams, Z. W., Danielson, C. K., Sumner, J. A., McCauley, J. L., Cohen, J. R., Ruggiero, K. J.",2015.0,,10.1080/00332747.2015.1051448,0,0,
168,Polyvictimization: Latent profiles and mental health outcomes in a clinical sample of adolescents,"Objective: Exposure to multiple traumatic events (polyvictimization) is a reliable predictor of deleterious health outcomes and risk behaviors in adolescence. The current study extends the literature on the prevalence and consequences of adolescent trauma exposure by (a) empirically identifying and characterizing trauma exposure profiles in a large, ethnically diverse, multisite, clinical sample of adolescents, and (b) evaluating relations among identified profiles with demographic characteristics and clinical correlates. Method: Data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set were used to identify and characterize victimization profiles using latent class analysis in a sample of 3,485 adolescents (ages 13-18, 63% female, 35.7% White, 23.2% Black/African American, 35.0% Hispanic/Latino). Multiple measures of psychological distress and risk behaviors were evaluated as covariates of trauma exposure classes. Results: Five trauma exposure classes, or profiles, were identified. Four classes-representing approximately half the sample-were characterized by polyvictimization. Polyvictimization classes were differentiated on number of trauma types, whether emotional abuse occurred, and whether emotional abuse occurred over single or multiple developmental epochs. Unique relations with demographic characteristics and mental health outcomes were observed. Discussion: Results suggest polyvictimization is not a unidimensional phenomenon but a diverse set of trauma exposure experiences with unique correlates among youth. Further research on prevention of polyvictimization and mechanisms linking chronic trauma exposure, gender, and ethnicity to negative outcomes is warranted. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Adolescence, Complex trauma, Mental health, Polytraumatization, Polyvictimization","Adams, Z. W., Moreland, A., Cohen, J. R., Lee, R. C., Hanson, R. F., Danielson, C. K., Self-Brown, S., Briggs, E. C.",2016.0,,10.1037/a0039713,0,1,
169,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after stigma related events in HIV infected individuals in Nigeria,"Background One of the most distressing concerns of many people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is the stigma. Intense stigma may be traumatic. This study aimed to investigate the probability and correlates of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following intense stigmatizing events and situations in HIV infected individuals in Nigeria. Methods Adult sero-positive attendees of an HIV care centre (N = 190) completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographic and clinical details; the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale. The clients were then interviewed for the presence of stigma related PTSD with a modified version of the mini international neuropsychiatry interview (MINI). Results About 2/3 of the participants had experienced at least an intense HIV-related stigmatizing event or situation. The rate of HIV-stigma related PTSD was 27.4%. Independent predictors of HIV stigma-related PTSD included past history of traumatic events (Single event, OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.08-4.73; Multiple events, OR 9.47, 95% CI 2.97-32.20), low self esteem (OR 6.52, 95% CI 2.59-16.55), poor level of social support (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.24-9.79) and presence of general psychopathology (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.07-4.44). Conclusion PTSD may not be specific to traumatic events alone. There is a possibility of PTSD after an intense stigmatizing event or situation. While the validity of HIV-stigma related PTSD warrants further investigation, stigma needs to be considered when planning rehabilitation strategies for HIV infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. A closer attention to self esteem, level of social support and presence of psychopathology is needed in these individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*HIV, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stigma","Adewuya, Abiodun O., Afolabi, Mohammed O., Ola, Bola A., Ogundele, Olorunfemi A., Ajibare, Adeola O., Oladipo, Bamidele F., Fakande, Ibiyemi",2009.0,,,0,0,
170,Social and ecological resilience: Are they related?,"This article defines social resilience as the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change. This definition highlights social resilience in relation to the concept of ecological resilience which is a characteristic of ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance. There is a clear link between social and ecological resilience, particularly for social groups or communities that are dependent on ecological and environmental resources for their livelihoods. But it is not clear whether resilient ecosystems enable resilient communities in such situations. This article examines whether resilience is a useful characteristic for describing the social and economic situation of social groups and explores potential links between social resilience and ecological resilience. The origins of this interdisciplinary study in human ecology, ecological economics and rural sociology are reviewed, and a study of the impacts of ecological change on a resource-dependent community in contemporary coastal Vietnam in terms of the resilience of its institutions is outlined.","Cultural geography, Ecological resilience, Human ecology, Resource dependency, Sustainable development","Adger, W. N.",2000.0,,,0,0,
171,Clinical use of quetiapine in disease states other than schizophrenia,"Although quetiapine was introduced as an atypical antipsychotic drug with clinical efficacy in schizophrenia patients, it has been used in a variety of disease states over the last 5 years. The most common conditions have included mood and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggression, hostility, posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, delirium, and comorbid substance abuse. Considering its efficacy in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric conditions and its excellent tolerability profile, quetiapine could emerge as a broad-spectrum psychotropic medication that may be helpful in psychiatry across various diagnostic categories. Traditionally, studies on the predictive validity of psychiatric disorders help with nosologic issues and controversies. Assessing quetiapine's tolerability and its overall treatment response might help tease out the predictive validity of various psychiatric syndromes (based currently on an atheoretical descriptive approach) and may shape psychiatric nosology in the future. Quetiapine's low affinity and fast dissociation from postsynaptic dopamine-2 receptors give the least risk of producing acute extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. These factors suggest that the clinical utility of quetiapine in psychiatric conditions other than schizophrenia has not been fully exploited thus far.","atypical antipsychotic agent, clozapine, haloperidol, loxapine, quetiapine, thioridazine, tiotixene, trifluoperazine, aggression, anxiety disorder, article, borderline state, clinical trial, delirium, depression, drug efficacy, extrapyramidal symptom, hostility, human, mania, mood disorder, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, schizophrenia, substance abuse, tardive dyskinesia, treatment outcome","Adityanjee, Schulz, S. C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
172,Neuropsychiatric complications in victims of Boston's Coconut Grove disaster,,,"Adler, A.",1943.0,,,0,0,
173,U.S. soldier peacekeeping experiences and wellbeing after returning from deployment to Kosovo,,,"Adler, A. B., Dolan, C. A., Bienvenu, R., Castro, C. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
174,A group randomized trial of critical incident stress debriefing provided to U.S. peacekeepers,,,"Adler, A. B., Litz, B. T., Castro, C. A., Suvak, M., Thomas, J. L., Burrell, L., McGurk, D., Wright, K. M., Bliese, P. D.",2008.0,,10.1002/jts.20342,0,0,
175,Combat exposure and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among U.S. soldiers deployed to the Gulf War,,,"Adler, A. B., Vaitkus, M. A., Martin, J. A.",1996.0,,,0,1,
176,PTSD: The impact of events scale - Revised (IES-R) and its particular ability to powerfully convey the extent and nature of trauma-related symptoms,"PTSD is commonly raised as an issue in civil and criminal cases. Initially, the IES-R was used by the lead presenter to augment examinees' self-report at interview. Two novel approaches to the IES-R were developed: (a) using multiple administrations addressing different points in time, and (b) analyzing examinee ratings in the context of previously-studied (i.e., comparison) groups in the literature. These approaches make the data more vivid, the symptoms palpable, and the argument more persuasive. Attendees will be taught how the IES-R compares to other measures of PTSD, and learn how to administer and interpret the IES-R, using a relative scale. Attendees will also become more effective in using graphs and tables to present the IES-R and other data in reports and PowerPoint presentations. Several high-profile cases will be presented to demonstrate how the IES-R proved helpful, including a nationally-publicized juvenile justice disposition matter and a death penalty waiver.","Impact of Events Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, forensic psychiatry, college, injury, interview, justice, punishment, offender, self report","Adler, R. S., Rebholz, C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
177,A causal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: Disentangling predisposed from acquired neural abnormalities,"Discriminating neural abnormalities into the causes versus consequences of psychopathology would enhance the translation of neuroimaging findings into clinical practice. By regarding the traumatic encounter as a reference point for disease onset, neuroimaging studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can potentially allocate PTSD neural abnormalities to either predisposing (pre-exposure) or acquired (post-exposure) factors. Based on novel research strategies in PTSD neuroimaging, including genetic, environmental, twin, and prospective studies, we provide a causal model that accounts for neural abnormalities in PTSD, and outline its clinical implications. Current data suggest that abnormalities within the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex represent predisposing risk factors for developing PTSD, whereas dysfunctional hippocampal-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) interactions may become evident only after having developed the disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amygdala, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Cingulate Cortex, Models, Prefrontal Cortex","Admon, Roee, Milad, Mohammed R., Hendler, Talma",2013.0,,,0,0,
178,Responses to violence and trauma: The case of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) This chapter describes and evaluates the relatively recent mental health models of the impact of trauma. We will discuss the ways that traumatic events affect people, and the political and cultural effects of understanding these consequences as 'disorder', particularly as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We conclude by looking at the relevance of the concept of PTSD to forensic populations. It is only in the twentieth century that the psychological effects of trauma have been examined as distinct psychopathological phenomena, i.e. as something that is abnormal, diagnosable and requiring treatment, as opposed to understandable and normal responses to stress. The introduction of the railway provided us with the first systematic descriptions of emotional and behavioural responses to trauma, following railway accidents. Symptoms of loss of emotional control, lack of sleep, increased state of alertness and intensification of distress when exposed to reminders, were described, which are very reminiscent of what we would now recognize as PTSD. At the time, the cause of such symptoms was thought to be 'physical', owing to a form of spinal concussion, or 'railway spine', rather than psychological in origin (see Trimble 1981). The second major contributor to our understanding of psychological trauma was World War I, which created a wave of psychological casualties, irrespective of physical injuries, and the first descriptions of 'shellshock' (see Shephard 2000 for history of war trauma). The descriptions of terrified young men, unable to sleep or eat, haunted by images, smells and sounds of battle, incapable of talking or reflecting about the horrors they have witnessed, but appearing to be reliving them, are startlingly similar to modern descriptions of PTSD in both civilian and military causalities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Mental Health, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Violence","Adshead, Gwen, Bartlett, Annie, Mezey, Gillian",2010.0,,,0,0,
179,"Mental health profiles among married, never-married, and separated/ divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample","Background: Several studies have found that married mothers compared to single mothers had better mental health (Cairney et al. in Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38:442-449, 2003; Cairney et al. in Can J Public Health 90:320-324, 1999; Davies et al. in J Marriage Fam 59:294-308, 1997; Lipman et al. in Am J Psychiatry 158:73-77, 2001; Wang in Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39:26-32, 2004). Although a relationship between family structure (single vs married mothers) and psychiatric disorders is well established, several questions remain. The present study addressed the question ""Are there differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders between married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers?"" Methods: The present report examined the lifetime prevalence of anxious misery, fear, and externalizing disorders among mothers in relation to family structure (married, never-married, and separated/divorced) in the US National Comorbidity Survey (N=1,534). Results: Results indicated that never-married mothers appeared to be generally similar to married mothers in their mental health profiles. Separated/divorced mothers compared to married mothers had increased odds of having any anxious-misery disorder, depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder, any externalizing disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Differences were found between never-married and separated/divorced mothers, with separated/divorced mothers having increased odds ratios of having any anxious-misery disorder, depression, and GAD. Conclusions: Results are discussed in light of the unique life contexts of married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers and as further evidence for the case against combining the separated/divorced and never-married marital status into one ""single motherhood"" classification in mental health research. © Springer-Verlag 2006.","Divorce, Mental health, Psychiatric disorders, Single mothers","Afifi, T. O., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W.",2006.0,,,0,0,
180,Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada,"Background: Nationally representative Canadian data on the prevalence of child abuse and its relation with mental disorders are lacking. We used contemporary, nationally representative data to examine the prevalence of 3 types of child abuse (physical abuse, sexual abuse and exposure to intimate partner violence) and their association with 14 men tal conditions, including suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Methods: We obtained data from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health, collected from the 10 provinces. Respondents aged 18 years and older were asked about child abuse and were selected for the study sample (n = 23 395). The survey had a multistage stratified cluster design (household response rate 79.8%). Results: The prevalence of any child abuse was 32% (individual types ranged from 8% to 26%). All types of child abuse were associated with all mental conditions, including suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, after adjustment for sociodemographic variables (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.4 to 7.9). We found a dose-response relation, with increasing number of abuse types experienced corresponding with greater odds of mental conditions. Associations between child abuse and attention deficit disorder, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts showed stronger effects for women than men. Interpretation: We found robust associations between child abuse and mental conditions. Health care providers, especially those assessing patients with mental health problems, need to be aware of the relation between specific types of child abuse and certain mental conditions. Success in preventing child abuse could lead to reductions in the prevalence of mental disorders, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. © 2014 Canadian Medical Association or its licensors.",,"Afifi, T. O., MacMillan, H. L., Boyle, M., Taillieu, T., Cheung, K., Sareen, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
181,Post-traumatic stress disorder in parents of children hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): Medical and demographic risk factors,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among parents of neonates hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) stays an underestimated problem. We determined the incidence of PTSD in parents and pointed out medical and demographic risk factors for PTSD in neonates hospitalized in the NICU. Subject and methods: The study involved 39 mothers and 27 fathers of 42 infants aged 1 to 16 months who were hospitalized in the NICU of a Children's University Hospital during the neonatal period. As a measure of PTSD we used the Polish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (lES-R). The current level of stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). The author's questionnaire contained demographic and medical information on the infants hospitalized in the NICU and their parents. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: The incidence of PTSD and levels of stress did not differ in the group of mothers and fathers. There was a statistically significant difference in the severity of PTSD symptoms in general (p = 0.006) and the severity of symptoms of intrusion (p = 0.009) and arousal (p = 0.015), which were more pronounced in mothers of children hospitalized in the NICU than in their fathers. In the multivariate models perceived stress was the only predictor that significantly affected the rate of PTSD symptoms in parents. Conclusions: Since PTSD is a very common problem in parents of children hospitalized in the NICU and estimating the risk of its occurrence on the basis of collected data is not possible, the parents of all those children should be considered at high risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Demographic Characteristics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), *Neonatal Intensive Care, Parents, Risk Factors, Stress","Aftyka, Anna, Rybojad, Beata, Rozalska-Walaszek, Ilona, Rzonca, Patryk, Humeniuk, Ewa",2014.0,,,0,0,
182,"Community-building before, during, and after times of trauma: The application of the linc model of community resilience in kosovo","A family's heritage and values have profound bearing on the stressors they encounter and how they cope. Socioeconomic change, natural and man-made disasters, and international migration are major influences on the integrity of society. In these times of global financial crisis, communities around the world are in danger of losing their intrinsic structure and protective factors. Connectedness or attachment to family and culture of origin correlate with reduced risk-taking behaviors and a reduction in family and societal violence, posttraumatic stress, addiction, depression, suicidality, sexual risk taking, and other chronic and/or life-threatening health problems and illnesses. Facilitating these families' cultural and community ties and enhancing their access to extended-family and community resources can thus be protective against trauma. These relationships foster resilience and reduce the short- and long-term effects of stress on families and communities. Targets of interventions may be individuals, families, or communities. Assessment of vulnerabilities, protective factors, goals, and resources encourages and facilitates collaboration across natural and artificial support systems. Such collaboration is important in building resilience rather than perpetuating vulnerability and long-term problems for individuals, their families, and the communities in which they live. The recent Kosovar experience in implementing the LINC Model of Community Resilience illustrates these principles, as applied in the context of substance abuse services and community rebuilding in the period soon after armed conflict. © 2010 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Community resilience, Community-building, Ethnic cleansing, Family functioning, Family therapy, Kosovo, LINC, Natural helpers, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Substance abuse, Trauma","Agani, F., Landau, J., Agani, N.",2010.0,,10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01017.x,0,0,
183,"Hypnotizability, pain threshold, and dissociative experiences","Background: There may be an association between pain threshold, hypnotizability, and dissociative experiences. The purpose of the present study was to examine this association. Methods: Forty-one healthy subjects were included in the study. Pain thresholds were determined using a manual algometer. The Dissociative Experiences Scale was administered to all subjects. Hypnotizability of the subjects was assessed by the eye roll sign of the Hypnotic Induction Profile. There were 14, 15, and 12 subjects in the Grade 1, 2, and 3 groups, respectively. Results: Highly hypnotizable subjects had lower pain thresholds and were more likely to report dissociative experiences than the less hypnotizable subjects. Conclusions: There is an association between pain threshold, hypnotizability, and dissociative experiences. It may be suggested that dissociative and somatic symptoms may be integrally linked and related to hypnotic suggestibility.","adult, article, awareness, experience, female, human, human experiment, hypnosis, hysteria, male, mental stress, normal human, pain threshold, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, rating scale, somatization","Agargun, M. Y., Tekeoglu, I., Kara, H., Adak, B., Ercan, M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
184,"Hypnotizability, pain threshold, and dissociative experiences","Background: There may be an association between pain threshold, hypnotizability, and dissociative experiences. The purpose of the present study was to examine this association. Methods: Forty-one healthy subjects were included in the study. Pain thresholds were determined using a manual algometer. The Dissociative Experiences Scale was administered to all subjects. Hypnotizability of the subjects was assessed by the eye roll sign of the Hypnotic Induction Profile. There were 14, 15, and 12 subjects in the Grade 1, 2, and 3 groups, respectively. Results: Highly hypnotizable subjects had lower pain thresholds and were more likely to report dissociative experiences than the less hypnotizable subjects. Conclusions: There is an association between pain threshold, hypnotizability, and dissociative experiences. It may be suggested that dissociative and somatic symptoms may be integrally linked and related to hypnotic suggestibility.","Dissociative experiences, Hypnotizability, Pain threshold","Agargün, M. Y., Tekeoglu, I., Kara, H., Adak, B., Ercan, M.",1998.0,,,0,0,183
185,Mothers going to war: The role of nurse practitioners in the care of military mothers and families during deployment,"Purpose: Many military women are being called to separate from their children to go to war. Most previous research has focused upon paternal, rather than, maternal, separation. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of military mothers and their children during wartime deployments with clinical implications for nurse practitioners (NPs) in military or community settings. Data sources: Using grounded theory methods, 37 active duty and reserve component military women participated in a one-time interview. Included were women who deployed for at least 4 months to Iraq or Afghanistan and had at least one child under the age of 12 during the separation. Conclusions: Military families present unique challenges for NPs. Mother deployments offer opportunities for intervention and anticipatory guidance across the trajectory of the separation. Military women's emotional and physical health must be supported before, during, and following deployment. Implications for practice: NPs are ideally positioned to support military families. During deployment, the NP's focus may shift to care of the children and their caregiver. Before and at reintegration, NPs are in a key position to intervene early for posttraumatic stress and support family readjustment. ©2012 The Author(s) Journal compilation ©2012 American Association of Nurse Practitioners.","Children, Deployment, Grounded theory, Military, Qualitative research, Women","Agazio, J., Hillier, S. L., Throop, M., Goodman, P., Padden, D., Greiner, S., Turner, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
186,Abnormal functional architecture of amygdala-centered networks in adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating, and difficult to treat psychiatric disorder [1]. Very little is known of how PTSD affects neuroplasticity in the developing adolescent brain. Whereas multiple lines of research implicate amygdala-centered network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of adult PTSD [1,2], no study has yet examined the functional architecture of amygdalar networks in adolescent PTSD. Using intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) analysis, we investigated the inherent/spontaneous functional connectivity of the basolateral (BLA) and centromedial (CMA) amygdala in sexually abused adolescents with PTSD relative to matched controls. Additionally, we examined whether altered amygdala subregional connectivity coincides with abnormal grey matter volume of the amygdaloid complex. Methods: Seed-based correlation analysis was employed to examine the iFC of the BLA and CMA subnuclei in 19 adolescents with PTSD (age 16.2±1.8) relative to 23 age, sex and IQ matched controls (age 15.5±1.78). Subject-level iFC maps were generated by calculating temporal correlations between BLA and CMA signals and signal from all other brain voxels in a general linear model, while correcting for physiological and motion-related noise. Motion censoring (also known as scrubbing) was additionally applied to remove the effects of micro-motion on subject-level iFC maps [3]. Subject-level iFC maps were then fed into a grouplevel mixed-effects analysis with multiple comparisons correction (Z>2.3, p<0.05). Optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to examine grey matter volume of BLA and CMA subnuclei. Structural images were grey matter-segmented, a study-specific grey matter template was created, and all nativespace grey matter images were registered to this template. Next, voxelwise permutation-based non-parametric testing was restricted to the BLA and CMA subnuclei and corrected for multiple comparisons (p<0.05). Finally, partial correlation analysis in patients examined the association between connectivity strength within regions of significant group differences and PTSD symptoms of stress and anxiety. Age, sex, and IQ were included in all analyses as covariates. Results: Our analysis revealed abnormal amygdalar connectivity and morphology in adolescent PTSD patients. More specifically, PTSD patients showed diminished right BLA connectivity with a cluster including dorsal and ventral portions of the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices (p<0.05, corrected). In contrast, PTSD patients showed increased left CMA connectivity with a cluster including the orbitofrontal and subcallosal cortices (p<0.05, corrected). Critically, these connectivity changes coincided with diminished grey matter volume within BLA and CMA subnuclei (p<0.05, corrected), and were predictive of more severe PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: These findings provide unique insights into how perturbations in major amygdalar circuits could hamper fear regulation and drive excessive acquisition and expression of fear in PTSD. As such, they represent an important step towards characterizing the neurocircuitry of adolescent PTSD, thereby informing the development of reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. We speculate that abnormal stress and anxiety early in life may cause the reconfiguration of amygdalar networks reported here and exacerbate vulnerability for stress-related psychopathology.","biological marker, architecture, amygdaloid nucleus, adolescent, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, European, college, psychopharmacology, gray matter, patient, intelligence quotient, brain, anxiety, fear, correlation analysis, mental disease, adult, statistical model, noise, pathophysiology, nerve cell plasticity, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, morphology, voxel based morphometry, plant seed","Aghajani, M., Veer, I., Van Hoof, M., Rombouts, S., Van Der Wee, N., Vermeiren, R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
187,Abnormal functional architecture of amygdala-centered networks in adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, debilitating, and difficult to treat psychiatric disorder. Very little is known of how PTSD affects neuroplasticity in the developing adolescent brain. Whereas multiple lines of research implicate amygdala-centered network dysfunction in the pathophysiology of adult PTSD, no study has yet examined the functional architecture of amygdala subregional networks in adolescent PTSD. Using intrinsic functional connectivity analysis, we investigated functional connectivity of the basolateral (BLA) and centromedial (CMA) amygdala in 19 sexually abused adolescents with PTSD relative to 23 matched controls. Additionally, we examined whether altered amygdala subregional connectivity coincides with abnormal grey matter volume of the amygdaloid complex. Our analysis revealed abnormal amygdalar connectivity and morphology in adolescent PTSD patients. More specifically, PTSD patients showed diminished right BLA connectivity with a cluster including dorsal and ventral portions of the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). In contrast, PTSD patients showed increased left CMA connectivity with a cluster including the orbitofrontal and subcallosal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). Critically, these connectivity changes coincided with diminished grey matter volume within BLA and CMA subnuclei (p < 0.05, corrected), with CMA connectivity shifts additionally relating to more severe symptoms of PTSD. These findings provide unique insights into how perturbations in major amygdalar circuits could hamper fear regulation and drive excessive acquisition and expression of fear in PTSD. As such, they represent an important step toward characterizing the neurocircuitry of adolescent PTSD, thereby informing the development of reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1120-1135, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Ptsd, adolescents, amygdala, grey matter, intrinsic functional connectivity","Aghajani, M., Veer, I. M., van Hoof, M. J., Rombouts, S. A., van der Wee, N. J., Vermeiren, R. R.",2016.0,Mar,10.1002/hbm.23093,0,0,186
188,Comorbidities and psychotic illness. Part 1: Philosophy and clinical consequences,"This article aims at addressing the implications of defining 'comorbidity' within the field of psychiatry. We have looked at the standard definition of comorbidity and then discussed whether this definition can be applied to comorbidities in psychiatry. While comorbidities in physical illness are clearly the coexistence of two independent illnesses, Comorbidities in Mental illness are the result of the polygenic nature of mental illnesses, especially in psychotic illness whether schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. As a consequence, often the comorbidities of psychiatric illness are caused by two conditions which have in common the presence of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), which regulate the metabolism of neurotransmitters or the presence of neurotrophic factors . Thus inevitably, many such comorbidities are inextricably linked. We discuss the consequences of this form of comorbidity for the description, classification, and risk profile of mental illness.","Comorbidity, Neurotrophic factors, Psychiatric illness, Single nucleotide polimorphisms","Agius, M., Aquilina, F. F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
189,The Peritraumatic Behavior Questionnaire: Development and initial validation of a new measure for combat-related peritraumatic reactions,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most commonly observed stress-related conditions following combat exposure and its effective prevention is a high health-care priority. Reports of peritraumatic reactions have been shown to be highly associated with PTSD among combat exposed service members. However, existing instruments measuring peritraumatic symptoms were not specifically developed to assess combat-related peritraumatic stress and each demonstrates a different peritraumatic focus. We therefore developed the Peritraumatic Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ), a new military-specific rating scale focused upon the wide range of symptoms suggestive of combat-related peritraumatic distress in actively deployed Service Members. This study describes the development of the PBQ and reports on the psychometric properties of its self-rated version (PBQ-SR).Methods: 688 Marine infantry service members were retrospectively assessed by the PBQ-SR within the scope of the Marine Resiliency Study after their deployment to war zone. Participants have been additionally assessed by a variety of questionnaires, as well as clinical interviews both pre and post-deployment.Results: The PBQ-SR demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as high correlation with trait dissociation prior to deployment. Component analysis suggested a latent bi-dimensional structure separating a peritraumatic emotional distress and physical awareness factor. The PBQ-SR total score showed high correlation to general anxiety, depression, poorer general health and posttraumatic symptoms after deployment and remained a significant predictor of PTSD severity, after controlling for those measures. The suggested screening cut-off score of 12 points demonstrated satisfactory predictive power.Conclusions: This study confirms the ability of the PBQ-SR to unify the underlying peritraumatic symptom dimensions and reliably assess combat-related peritraumatic reaction as a general construct. The PBQ-SR demonstrated promise as a potential standard screening measure in military clinical practice, while It's predictive power should be established in prospective studies. © 2013 Agorastos et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Assessment, Peritraumatic behavior questionnaire, Peritraumatic dissociation, Peritraumatic reaction, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Psychometric properties, Reliability, Screening, Stress, Validity","Agorastos, A., Nash, W. P., Nunnink, S., Yurgil, K. A., Goldsmith, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, H., Lohr, J. B., Baker, D. G.",2013.0,,10.1186/1471-244X-13-9,0,0,
190,"The cumulative effect of different childhood trauma types on self-reported symptoms of adult male depression and PTSD, substance abuse and health-related quality of life in a large active-duty military cohort","History of childhood trauma (CT) is highly prevalent and may lead to long-term consequences on physical and mental health. This study investigated the independent association of CT with symptoms of adult depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as current tobacco consumption and alcohol abuse in a large homogenous cohort of 1254 never-deployed, young male Marines enrolled in the Marine Resiliency Study. Independent effects of CT history, number and type of CT on outcomes were analyzed using hierarchical multivariate logistic regression models. Our results suggested dose-dependent negative effect of an increasing number of trauma types of CT on depression, PTSD and HRQoL. Experience of single CT type demonstrated overall weak effects, while history of multiple CT types distinctively increased the likelihood of adult PTSD symptomology (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5-6.2), poor mental (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7-3.1) and physical HRQoL (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9). Risk for depression symptoms was similar for both single and multiple CT (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.3-3.8 and OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.5 respectively). CT history had no effects on current tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Our study thus provides evidence for substantial additive effect of different CT types on adult mental and physical health with increasing levels of exposure. © 2014.","Childhood trauma, Depression, Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), Mental health, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Substance abuse","Agorastos, A., Pittman, J. O. E., Angkaw, A. C., Nievergelt, C. M., Hansen, C. J., Aversa, L. H., Parisi, S. A., Barkauskas, D. A., Baker, D. G.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.014,0,0,
191,Short communication: Genetic trends of milk yield under heat stress for US Holsteins,"Data included 90,242,799 test-day milk records from 5,402,484 Holstein cows in the first 3 parities and 9,326,754 animals in the pedigree. Additionally, daily temperature-humidity indexes from 202 weather stations were available. Analyses were done by a random regression model in which each parity was treated as a separate trait and that accounted for heat stress. The fixed effects included herd test-day, age at calving, milking frequency, and days in milk classes. Random effects included additive genetic, permanent environment, and herd-year effects, all fit as random regressions. Five covariates in the random regressions included linear splines with 4 knots at 5, 50, 200, and 305 DIM and a function of a temperature-humidity index (THI). Mixed model equations were solved by using an iteration on data approach with a preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. Genetic trends for daily milk yield in absence of heat stress (intercept) were 0.140 kg/yr, 0.172 kg/yr, and 0.168 kg/yr for the first, second, and third parity, respectively. Genetic trends for decline of milk yield at temperature of 5°C THI over the threshold of sensitivity to heat stress were -0.002 kg/yr, -0.035 kg/yr, and -0.038 kg/yr, for first, second, and third parity, respectively. Genetic profiles were created by contrasting the 100 most and 100 least heat-tolerant bulls for the official proofs. The most heat-tolerant bulls transmitted lower production and dairy form but higher fertility, productive life, and type, especially udder and locomotion traits. In later parities, the type advantages were smaller. Test-day records capture only a fraction of information due to heat stress, and the real trends for heat stress may be stronger. Studies on heat stress for production should include records on later parities. © 2010 American Dairy Science Association.","Dairy cattle, Genetic trend, Heat stress","Aguilar, I., Misztal, I., Tsuruta, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
192,The prevalence of long-term post-traumatic stress symptoms among adolescents after the tsunami in Aceh,"The aim of this study was to identify long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in Aceh 4.5 years after the tsunami and to examine whether certain factors affected the severity of PTSD symptoms among adolescents. The PTSD symptoms of 482 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years were assessed according to the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI). The severity of the disaster was identified by the Traumatic Exposure Severity Scale (TESS). Of the adolescents who completed the questionnaire, 54 (11.2%), 124 (25.7%), 196 (40.7%), 103 (21.4%) and 5 (1%), respectively, reported none, mild, moderate, severe and very severe symptoms on CPTSD-RI. Gender, loss of parents, somatic response and support level were significantly associated with the total score on CPTSD-RI (P < 0.05). The TESS-Occurrence Scale and CPTSD-RI were significantly correlated (r = 0.33, P < 0.05). The TESS-Distress Scale was significantly correlated with CPTSD-RI (r = 0.48, P < 0.05). The study indicated that the symptoms of PTSD, ranging from very severe to moderate, could persist for a long time after the tsunami and be affected by gender, loss of parents, somatic response, support level and severity of the disaster. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Attitudes, *Natural Disasters, *Stress, *Symptoms, *Trauma, Epidemiology, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Agustini, E. N., Asniar, I., Matsuo, H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
193,Relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and diabetes among 105 180 asylum seekers in the Netherlands,"Background: Several reports have demonstrated a relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mainly in combat veterans. The relationship between PTSD and T2DM has not been evaluated among vulnerable migrant populations. The main objective of this study was therefore to assess the relationship between PTSD and T2DM among asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Methods: Analysis of a national electronic database of the Dutch Community Health Services for Asylum seekers aged >18 years (N = 105 180). Results: Asylum seekers with PTSD had a higher prevalence of T2DM compared with those without PTSD. The age-adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.12-1.76) in men and 1.22 (95% CI, 0.95-1.56) in women compared with individuals without PTSD, respectively. There was an interaction between PTSD and comorbid depression (P < 0.05) in men and women, indicating that the effect of PTSD and comorbid depression on T2DM differed. When the analyses were stratified by depression status, among non-depressed group, individuals with PTSD had a higher prevalence of T2DM compared with those without PTSD [APR = 1.47 (95% CI, 1.15-1.87) in men and APR = 1.27 (95% CI, 0.97-1.66) in women]. Among the depressed individuals, however, there was no association between PTSD and T2DM [APR = 0.87 (95% CI, 0.43-1.76) in men, and APR = 1.00, (95% CI, 0.54-1.83) in women]. Conclusion: The findings suggest that history of PTSD is related to high levels of T2DM among asylum seekers independent of comorbid depression. Clinicians and policy makers need to take PTSD into account when assessing and treating diabetes among vulnerable migrant populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Diabetes, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, Psychiatric Hospitals","Agyemang, Charles, Goosen, Simone, Anujuo, Kenneth, Ogedegbe, Gbenga",2012.0,,,0,0,
194,Pharmacologic Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Focus on Antipsychotic Use,"To review the literature on the pharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a focus on reports of antipsychotic use for this illness. A MEDLINE search (1966-Oct 2002) for English only articles about pharmacologic treatment of PTSD. Antipsychotic medications are being used with some frequency for PTSD. There are few studies and scant evidence to recommend the traditional antipsychotics. There are a number of reports (mostly case reports and open trials) in which atypical antipsychotics improved sleep and decreased the frequency of nightmares and flashbacks. Some studies showed global improvement across symptom clusters. The newer atypical antipsychotics show promise for the treatment of PTSD, mainly ameliorating intrusive symptoms. The paucity of double-blind studies prevents firm conclusions, however, this class of medications may be useful particularly for refractory symptoms.","Antipsychotic, Pharmacologic, Posttraumatic stress","Ahearn, E. P., Krohn, A., Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T.",2003.0,,,0,0,
195,Quetiapine as an adjunctive treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: An 8-week open-label study,"This study evaluated the effectiveness of quetiapine for subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who were already on a stable dose of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) but had significant PTSD symptoms. Fifteen subjects were enrolled in an 8-week open-label trial for PTSD in which quetiapine was added to an SSRI. Subjects were on a stable dose of the SSRI for at least 6 weeks before study entry and had a Clincian-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score of greater than or equal to 50 at study baseline. The mean age of subjects was 49 years (eight men and seven women). The average duration of PTSD was 29 years, one-third of subjects had combat-related PTSD, and two-thirds had noncombat PTSD. The mean dose prescribed in the study was 216 mg per day. The initial median CAPS score was 80, indicating severe PTSD. The addition of a modest dose of quetiapine provided significant relief from PTSD symptoms with a 42% overall improvement in PTSD symptoms based on the CAPS and significant improvement along each dimension of symptoms: re-experiencing (Z=-3.24, P=0.0012), hyperarousal (Z=-3.30, P=0.001) and avoidance (Z=-2.13, P=0.03). Subjects rated themselves as 45% improved on average on the Davidson Trauma Scale and reported a 44% decrease in their level of disability and impairment as reflected by the Sheehan Disability Scale. Subjects with PTSD who had significant PTSD symptoms when on an SSRI benefited from the addition of quetiapine. Patients improved significantly on all three clusters of PTSD symptoms: re-experiencing, hyperarousal and avoidance. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Post-traumatic stress disorder, Quetiapine","Ahearn, E. P., Mussey, M., Johnson, C., Krohn, A., Krahn, D.",2006.0,,,0,0,
196,Posttraumatic stress among children in Kurdistan,"Aim: To identify a posttraumatic stress disorder profile for the Child Behaviour Checklist. Method: Checklist item scores for 806 school-aged children in Iraqi Kurdistan (201 randomly selected from the general population, 241 orphans, 199 primary medical care visitors and 165 hospital in-patients) were analysed against the Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale for Children (PTSS-C) scores, estimating not only stress diagnoses, but also nonstress-related, child-specific posttraumatic symptoms. Results: Twenty checklist items, which revealed significant correlations with the stress diagnoses, formed the checklist-stress profile with acceptable reliability and validity, and significant correlation to the PTSS-C estimates. Conclusion: A child-specific stress profile for the checklist is recommended for use as a screening instrument. (copyright) 2008 The Author.","adolescent, article, child behavior, child care, controlled study, female, hospital patient, human, Iraq, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, priority journal, school child","Ahmad, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
197,Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder in Kurdistanian children and their parents in homeland and exile: An epidemiological approach,"The prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed in random samples of school-aged Kurdistanian children and their parents in homeland and exile. Of the 376 eligible children at the two sites, 312 children and their parents (293 mothers and 248 fathers) completed the Harvard-Uppsala Trauma Questionnaire and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom interviews for children, and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire for parents. Unlike their children, fathers showed significantly higher PTSD frequencies in exile than in the homeland. The fathers' PTSD negatively correlated with the living standard and fathers' education, while child PTSD mostly correlated with maternal education and living in exile. Living in exile seems to have a negative impact on fathers' post-traumatic reactions, despite its positive influence on children. High drop-outs in exile limit the conclusions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Psychopathology, *Epidemiology, *Offspring, *Parents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cross Cultural Differences","Ahmad, Abdulbaghi, von Knorring, Anne-Liis, Sundelin-Wahlsten, Viveka",2008.0,,,0,0,
198,Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with increased incidence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome,"Background: Insulin resistance (IR) increases atherogenesis and atherosclerotic plaque instability and further increases risk of myocardial infarction, but its potential association with Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) has not been evaluated. This study assessed the association of PTSD with incidence of IR and metabolic syndrome. Methods: This study included 207,954 Veterans at Southern California and Nevada(age:60(plus or minus)14,93% male,without known coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus) with and without PTSD who were followed for the median of 2-years. All data were obtained through VA electronic medical records.The incidence of IR(defined as triglyceride over HDL-c ratio(greater-than or equal to)3.8) and metabolic syndrome(defined based on NCEP ATP III guideline)were assessed. Results: There were no differences in age, gender, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar and conventional risk factors among those with and without PTSD at baseline(p>0.05). At follow-up, IR was significantly higher in PTSD as compared to non-PTSD(34.8% vs. 19.3%,p=0.00001). Similarly, metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in PTSD as compared to non-PTSD(52.5% vs. 37.3%,p=0.00001). Adjusted incidence rate of IR and metabolic syndrome was 14.2% and 12.07% in PTSD as compared to non-PTSD,respectively(p<0.05). The population risk of IR and metabolic syndrome attributable to PTSD was 49% and 41%,respectively. Conclusion: PTSD is independently associated with incidence of IR and metabolic syndrome. (Table Presented).","lipid, triacylglycerol, adenosine triphosphate, high density lipoprotein, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X, college, cardiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, United States, heart infarction, diabetes mellitus, risk, atherosclerotic plaque, male, atherogenesis, population risk, incidence, human, gender, diet restriction, follow up, veteran, risk factor, glucose blood level, coronary artery disease","Ahmadi, N., Arora, R., Vaidya, N., Yehuda, R., Ebrahimi, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
199,War-related trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult Kosovar refugees,,,"Ai, A. L., Peterson, C., Ubelhor, D.",2002.0,,10.1023/A:1014864225889,0,0,
200,The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder: A focus on refugee and immigrant populations,"(from the chapter) Despite of the great variability in study findings on rates and risks for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in general, PTSD has to be considered as a possible diagnosis in refugees and asylum seekers with suspected psychiatric symptoms, since these populations are particularly vulnerable groups which are more commonly and often repeatedly exposed to life's adversities preflight, while on flight and even after resettlement in another country, or when internally displaced in a stable part of the home country. The findings on prevalence rates of PTSD are quite heterogeneous and may also vary within the same population over time. Risk factors for PTSD may be more consistent over time and population group studied. Among the factors most frequently found to be associated with increased risk for PTSD is having a psychiatric history prior to the trauma. A meta-analysis by Brewin et al, (2000) also found childhood abuse and a family history of psychiatric disorders to be consistently associated with PTSD risk. The study further found low socioeconomic status, low level of education, low intelligence, life stress, lack of social support, trauma severity, adverse childhood and previous trauma to be consistently but to a differing degree related to an increased risk for PTSD. While protective effects of higher levels of intelligence have also been shown in a large prospective study in a cohort of adolescents independent of social and educational status, no explanatory model has yet been established. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Immigration, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Risk Factors, Trauma","Aichberger, Marion C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
201,Transcultural differences in somatoform pain disorder. A comparative study with patients from the former Yugoslavia and Austria,"Introduction: In order to reach a better understanding of the causes and symptoms of somatoform pain disorders, transcultural aspects have to be taken into account. The aim of this study was to identify psychiatric differences between somatoform pain patients from the former Yugoslavia and Austria. The study was conducted at the Behavioural Medicine Outpatient Pain Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna. Method: With a case-control design, this study compared 25 consecutive chronic pain patients of Austrian ethnic origin (8 women, age: 48.2 (plus or minus) 10.4 years) to 25 age- ((plus or minus) 2 years) and gender-matched chronic pain patients from the former Yugoslavia (8 women, age: 48.0 (plus or minus) 10.0 years). The assessment of patients was based on a comprehensive pain questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Whiteley Index (WI), the WHOQoL-Bref questionnaire, and the Structural Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV (SCID-I and SCID-II). Patients were assessed according to their background either in German or in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian language. Results: Depressive symptomatology, as measured on the BDI, showed a highly significant difference between the two groups (30.4 (plus or minus) 11.9 vs. 21.1 (plus or minus) 12.3; p = 0.009). In addition to that, also hypochondrical concerns were significantly more pronounced among patients from the former Yugoslavia. 100 % of the ex-Yugoslav patients fulfilled the criteria for an affective disorder, as compared to 80 % (p = 0.02) in the Austrian control group. The ex-Yugoslav patients also showed a significantly higher incidence of PTSD (48 %). However, no significant difference was observed between both groups as regards anxiety disorders or substance dependency (alcohol, nicotine, sedatives). The results of SCID-II testing revealed a significantly higher rate of cluster A personality disorders among patients from the former Yugoslavia. Both patient groups reported a reduced quality of life, with the psychological quality of life level significantly lower among patients from the former Yugoslavia. Discussion: High PTSD prevalence rates may be regarded as one of the potential causes for the high comorbidity with affective disorders among the ex-Yugoslav patients. This has to be put in context with the war in the Balkans during the 1990s. With regard to cluster A personality disorders, vulnerability factors are to be taken into account. Resolving this issue, however, still requires further research.","alcohol, nicotine, sedative agent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, Austria, Beck Depression Inventory, case control study, chronic pain, clinical article, comparative study, controlled study, depression, female, human, male, outpatient department, pain assessment, patient assessment, patient care, patient compliance, personality disorder, psychiatry, quality of life, questionnaire, somatoform disorder, symptomatology, transcultural care, world health organization, Yugoslavia","Aigner, M., Piralic-Spitzl, S., Freidl, M., Prause, W., Lenz, G., Friedmann, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
202,Transcultural differences in somatoform pain disorder. A comparative study with patients from the former Yugoslavia and Austria,"Introduction: In order to reach a better understanding of the causes and symptoms of somatoform pain disorders, transcultural aspects have to be taken into account. The aim of this study was to identify psychiatric differences between somatoform pain patients from the former Yugoslavia and Austria. The study was conducted at the Behavioural Medicine Outpatient Pain Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna. Method: With a case-control design, this study compared 25 consecutive chronic pain patients of Austrian ethnic origin (8 women, age: 48.2 ± 10.4 years) to 25 age- (± 2 years) and gender-matched chronic pain patients from the former Yugoslavia (8 women, age: 48.0 ± 10.0 years). The assessment of patients was based on a comprehensive pain questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Whiteley Index (WI), the WHOQoL-Bref questionnaire, and the Structural Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV (SCID-I and SCID-II). Patients were assessed according to their background either in German or in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian language. Results: Depressive symptomatology, as measured on the BDI, showed a highly significant difference between the two groups (30.4 ± 11.9 vs. 21.1 ± 12.3; p = 0.009). In addition to that, also hypochondrical concerns were significantly more pronounced among patients from the former Yugoslavia. 100 % of the ex-Yugoslav patients fulfilled the criteria for an affective disorder, as compared to 80 % (p = 0.02) in the Austrian control group. The ex-Yugoslav patients also showed a significantly higher incidence of PTSD (48 %). However, no significant difference was observed between both groups as regards anxiety disorders or substance dependency (alcohol, nicotine, sedatives). The results of SCID-II testing revealed a significantly higher rate of cluster A personality disorders among patients from the former Yugoslavia. Both patient groups reported a reduced quality of life, with the psychological quality of life level significantly lower among patients from the former Yugoslavia. Discussion: High PTSD prevalence rates may be regarded as one of the potential causes for the high comorbidity with affective disorders among the ex-Yugoslav patients. This has to be put in context with the war in the Balkans during the 1990s. With regard to cluster A personality disorders, vulnerability factors are to be taken into account. Resolving this issue, however, still requires further research.","Pain, Somatoform pain disorder, Transcultural","Aigner, M., Piralić-Spitzl, S., Freidl, M., Prause, W., Lenz, G., Friedmann, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,201
203,Readjustment of Urban Veterans: A Mental Health and Substance Use Profile of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans in Higher Education,"OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of substance use and mental health problems among veterans and student service members/veterans (SSM/V) returning from Iraq and Afghanistan to New York City's low-income neighborhoods. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 122 veterans attending college and 116 veterans not enrolled recruited using respondent-driven sampling. METHODS: Logistic regression analysis of variation in characteristics of those veterans attending college; linear regression examining effects of college attendance on life satisfaction. RESULTS: Having a traumatic brain injury or disability was positively associated with college attendance. Being married, employed, or in college was predictive of overall life satisfaction. SSM/V were significantly less likely to screen positive for depression or drug use disorder. African American veterans were significantly less likely to attend college than white or Hispanic veterans. CONCLUSION: Substance use and some mental health disorders do not preclude inner-city veterans from entering higher education. This study contributes to the sparse literature on African American veterans and SSM/V.","alcohol and other drugs (AOD) use, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), veterans","Aikins, R. D., Golub, A., Bennett, A. S.",2015.0,,10.1080/07448481.2015.1068173,0,0,
204,Chronic pain: Psychiatrist's rÔle,"Objectives: Chronic pain affects nineteen percent of the European adult population and its impact on morbidity is major. Considering psychosocial factors allows improving functional re-establishment. Psychiatric comorbidities are under-diagnosed and worsen the prognosis. The psychiatrist has an important role to play in the assessment and treatment of these subjects. Methods: We will detail the relationship between chronic pain and some psychiatric diseases as well as their psychological and biological correlation. Then, we will discuss the therapeutic implements available to the psychiatrist. Results: We have to distinguish the psychosomatic disorders, which is a somatic disorder closely intertwined with a psychic disorder, from the somatoform disorder which is a body complaint to indicate a psychosocial distress. These disorders induce huge medico-economic costs: high prevalence and wrong care pathways, rarely using the psychiatrist expertise. The subjects with post-traumatic disorder combined with chronic pain have more severe post-traumatic symptoms with greater functional impairment. Twenty to fifty percent of subjects suffering of chronic pain have a depressive syndrome and fifty percent of the depressed subjects complain about chronic pain. Their symptoms are more numerous, more intense and longer lasting. Regardless of the used assessment tools, there are more pathological personality traits in chronic pain subjects with heterogeneous profiles than in general population which is useful for offering more targeted therapeutic strategies. Neurobiological integration of painful experience is based on two components: A somatosensory component (S1 and S2 areas) and an affective component with a central role of the anterior cingulate cortex. Functional dysfunctions involved in chronic pain affects the affective component of the pain experience and this component can be modulated. The psychiatrist should definitely avoid psychological explanation for the pain. He should focus on a multidisciplinary approach with partnership and complementarity. Its assessment identifies involved psychosocial factors, not for disqualifying the complaint but for considering all its aspects. Among drug treatments, antidepressants have a specific analgesic action particularly for IRS and MAOIs. Among non-drug treatments, reconditioning through physical activity combined or not with behavioral experiments can be associated with psycho education. Mindfulness, therapy of acceptance and commitment are used to promote voluntary consciousness of the body, of the pain and of thoughts. In some situations, transcranial magnetic stimulation can provide a useful aid. Analytical inspired therapies allow the subjects who are questioning about the meaning of the pain, better understanding a broader suffering. Conclusion: Chronic pain is closely linked to some psychiatric disorders. We should propose specific therapeutic strategies to each patient and the psychiatrist should be involved in assessment and treatment of chronic pain. In particular, the fear related to pain should be always assessed and supported. There are drug and non-drug strategies available for the psychiatrist to help taking care of these patients. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Depression, Pain disorder, Pain management, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychological factors","Airagnes, G., Tripodi, D., ""Petit Le Manach, A.""",2014.0,,,0,0,
205,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after Cubuk Tornado: A one year follow up study,"Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the posttraumatic stress symptom severity and possible related factors after Cubuk Tornado in children after one, four and 12 months. Methods: A group of researchers who were psychiatrist and psychologist interviewed 62 children who were present in the village at the time of the tornado. Fifty-two children were eligible for the research. The demographic data and the possible risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been evaluated with Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI). The evaluation has been repeated after 4 and 12 months. Results: In the end of first month 25 children (48.1%) did not have posttraumatic stress symptoms according CPTS-RI (<12). Fourteen (26.9%) had mild, nine (17.3%) moderate and four (7.7%) severe posttraumatic stress symptoms. The posttraumatic stress symptoms decreased in 4th and even more in 12th months. The symptoms were found statistically significant more severe in girls, in direct trauma experiencing children, and in children living in economic problem experiencing families due to the tornado. Discussion: The decrease of the CPTS-RI scores during follow up and more severe symptoms in girls, in subjects directly experiencing the tornado and in subjects experiencing economic loss due to the trauma was compatible with similar follow up studies. Since children have limited cognitive and verbal skills it can interfere to express their thoughts and feelings. This makes more important to asses the degree of post-traumatic effects in children. Follow up studies give reliable data about factors effecting the severity and change with time of PTSD symptoms in children. Regarding preventive mental health follow up studies are important and should widespread. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Symptoms","Ak, Mehmet, Bozkurt, Ali, Karlidere, Tunay, Bozkurt, Ozlem Hekim, Erdem, Murat, Ozmenler, K. Nahit, Aydin, Hamdullah",2011.0,,,0,0,
206,Factor analysis and AIC,,,"Akaike, H.",1987.0,,10.1007/BF02294359,0,0,
207,Changes about “trauma” and “stress” in DSM-5,"DSM-5, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, was released at the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) meeting in May 2013 that is the fifth major revision. In DSM-5, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is no longer included in Anxiety Disorders and included in a new chapter as Trauma- and Stress-or-Related Disorders. The Trauma-and-Stressor Related Disorders include Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, PTSD and Adjustment Disorders. Trauma- and Stress-or-Related Disorders reşect the close relationship between anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and dissociative disorders. DSM-5 eliminates the distinction between acute and chronic phases of PTSD. The patient must have PTSD symptoms that persist for at least 1 month after the traumatic event. The DSM-5 aimed to expand the definition of PTSD beyond the fear construct. DSM-5 draws a clear line about the traumatic event. The definition of trauma in PTSD indicates “Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.” Sexual assault is specifically included. PTSD patients can be the actual victim or witness. Exposure to the trauma through electronic media, television, movies, and pictures is not considered as PTSD unless these traumatic events are work-related. There are four PTSD symptom clusters (There were three in DSM IV) a) Intrusion symptoms including dissociative reactions (dissociative reactions are şashbacks, derealization, and depersonalization.) b) avoidance symptoms c) Negative alterations in mood and cognitions (dysphoric type) d) alterations in arousal and reactivity. To satisfy the criteria for PTSD, there must be a minimum number of symptoms from each cluster: at least one of five re-experiencing symptoms, one of two avoidance symptoms, three of seven cognitions and mood symptoms, and three of six hyperarousal symptoms. The number of symptoms increased from 17 in DSM-IV to 20 in DSM-5. There are new symptoms, namely persistent negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world, persistent negative trauma-related emotions, and risky or reckless behaviors. Diagnostic criteria have been suitable for children and adolescents. Separate criteria have been added for children aged 6 years or younger. Thus, there is not a separate child section in DSM-5.","psychopharmacology, DSM-5, injury, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, diseases, child, cognition, anxiety disorder, mood, exposure, patient, television, witness, fear, sexual assault, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, sexual violence, dissociative disorder, victim, emotion, adjustment disorder, death, acute stress disorder, depersonalization, arousal, audiovisual equipment, diagnosis, adolescent, psychosocial disorder, American","Akarsu, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
208,"Comparison of mental health status among adult refugee and non-refugee populations in Oru-Ijebu, Southwestern Nigeria","This study aimed to assess and compare the mental health status of adult refugees and non-refugees in Oru-Ijebu, South-Western Nigeria. The prevalence of mental health problems among refugees is generally known to be relatively high. There is a dearth of studies on the mental health status of West African refugees. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study of refugees and non-refugees was done. Respondents were chosen by a random cluster sampling technique. Data was collected using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Predictors of poor mental health was determined using logistic regression. Level of statistical signifcance was set at 5%. A total of 444 refugees (45.7%) and 527 non-refugees (54.3%) were interviewed. The mean age of respondents was 34.8(plus or minus)12.8years among refugees and 33.3 (plus or minus)8.1years among non-refugees(p<0.05); about 60% were males in both groups. About 65% of the refugees were Liberians while 99% of the non-refugees were Nigerians (p<0.001). Poor mental health was reported by 61.9% of refugees and 34.7% of non refugees, p<0.001. Prevalent mental health problems among refugees and non-refugees included depression (45.3% vs. 19.4%, p<0.001), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (34% vs. 13.7%, p0.05), alcohol abuse (13.5% vs.19%, p<0.05) and suicide ideation (11% vs. 9.5%, p>0.05). The predictors of poor mental health were refugee status (OR: 4.3; 95%CI: 2.194 - 8.431), poor quality of life (OR: 2.068; 95%CI: 1.601 - 2.672), current medical problems (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 2.105 - 3.994) and poor housing (OR: 1.546; 95%CI: 1.178 - 2.209). The mental health of refugees was poorer and almost all the mental health problems identifed were more prevalent among the refugees. There is an urgent need to improve housing, medical care and employment opportunities in the Nigerian refugee camp. An integrated system of support for those with mental health problems will also go a long way to improving mental health at the community level.","refugee, health status, population, adult, hygiene, Nigeria, society, tropical medicine, mental health, human, housing, community, alcohol abuse, cross-sectional study, quality of life, male, logistic regression analysis, prevalence, questionnaire, interview, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, sampling, employment, medical care","Akinyemi, O. O., Owoaje, E. T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
209,"Evaluation of child and adolescent forensic cases within one year in Aydi{dotless}n city, in Turkey","Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the features related with the referral reasons, sociodemog- raphic features, diagnoses of mental disorders, treatment processes and criminal profiles of all the child and adolescent forensic cases who were referred to forensic medicine and child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) clinics by judicial authorities to get forensic report in Aydi{dotless}n city as well as was to inference the general profile of this city for this age bracket. Methods: All the data from child and adolescent forensic cases referred to forensic medicine and CAP clinics throughout the year in order to be examined for a forensic report have been retro spectively analyzed. Results: One hundred and fifty of total 272 cases were female (42.3%) and 157 were male (57.7%) and the average age was determined as 13.46(plus or minus)2.3. All the cases were analyzed according to the crime types or referral reasons; 147 of them due to drifting into crime while 85 cases were referred due to sexual abuse. In the cases referred to CAP clinics, sexual abuse was the most populated reason with the number of 85 (31.6%). The most common referral reasons of the cases drifting into crime were theft and malicious injury with the numbers of 77 (52.4%) and 26 (17.7%) respectively among 147 cases. The most common mental disorder was the post-traumatic stress disorder among sexual abuse cases. Fifty percent point six of those cases have been initiated treatment however only 37.2% of the cases were detected as maintaining the treatment. Conclusion: The first step in the fight against child and adolescent forensic cases being sexually abused and drifted into crime is consciousness of the individual and familial characteristics of those children and the differences of these among other regions. New efforts which will be carried out in collaboration with health care institutions and other related departments are required in order to maintain psychiatric treatment and follow-up during the process of bringing those children to healthy individuals in society.","adolescent, article, child, child psychiatry, demography, female, forensic science, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, patient referral, posttraumatic stress disorder, retrospective study, sexual abuse, theft, Turkey (republic)","Aksu, H., Karakoc Demgrkaya, S., Gurbuz Ozgur, B., Gun, B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
210,"Evaluation of child and adolescent forensic cases within one year in Aydi{dotless}n city, in Turkey","Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the features related with the referral reasons, sociodemog- raphic features, diagnoses of mental disorders, treatment processes and criminal profiles of all the child and adolescent forensic cases who were referred to forensic medicine and child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) clinics by judicial authorities to get forensic report in Aydi{dotless}n city as well as was to inference the general profile of this city for this age bracket. Methods: All the data from child and adolescent forensic cases referred to forensic medicine and CAP clinics throughout the year in order to be examined for a forensic report have been retro spectively analyzed. Results: One hundred and fifty of total 272 cases were female (42.3%) and 157 were male (57.7%) and the average age was determined as 13.46±2.3. All the cases were analyzed according to the crime types or referral reasons; 147 of them due to drifting into crime while 85 cases were referred due to sexual abuse. In the cases referred to CAP clinics, sexual abuse was the most populated reason with the number of 85 (31.6%). The most common referral reasons of the cases drifting into crime were theft and malicious injury with the numbers of 77 (52.4%) and 26 (17.7%) respectively among 147 cases. The most common mental disorder was the post-traumatic stress disorder among sexual abuse cases. Fifty percent point six of those cases have been initiated treatment however only 37.2% of the cases were detected as maintaining the treatment. Conclusion: The first step in the fight against child and adolescent forensic cases being sexually abused and drifted into crime is consciousness of the individual and familial characteristics of those children and the differences of these among other regions. New efforts which will be carried out in collaboration with health care institutions and other related departments are required in order to maintain psychiatric treatment and follow-up during the process of bringing those children to healthy individuals in society.","Adolescent, Child psychiatry, Crime, Forensic psychiatry, Sexual abuse","Aksu, H., Karakoç Demgrkaya, S., Gürbüz Özgür, B., Gün, B.",2013.0,,,0,0,209
211,Development of a scale for posttraumatic stress disorder in Kuwait society,"Investigated the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of the Gulf war on Kuwaiti students. A test was administered to 1,246 students (622 males and 624 females) to assess personality disorders. Principal component analysis reveals 4 factors: (1) fear of repetitive event, (2) emotional disturbances, (3) avoidance from thinking of the invasion, and (4) high vulnerability to excitement. Results show an important change after the war in Kuwaitis' behavior and personality. These changes were associated with Iraqi invasion and Gulf war. Results suggest that the elaboration of a Kuwaiti traumatic stress scale is increasingly important to mental health assessment. Anticipated future research trends for Kuwaiti Ss are described, and possible future research directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Personality Measures, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *War","Al-Khawaja, Jasem Mohamed",1996.0,,,0,0,
212,"Analysis of trauma exposure, symptomatology and functioning in Jewish Israeli and Palestinian adolescents","Background: There has been no reported research comparing Jewish Israeli and Palestinian adolescents regarding the effect of ongoing political violence on adolescent psychosocial, family, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and aggression problems. Aims: To compare Israeli and Palestinian responses regarding the relationship between exposure to traumatic events and psychosocial, behavioural, emotional and family problems. Method: A cluster sample of youths aged 14-18 years, including 442 Jewish Israeli adolescents in Ariel, Haifa and Tel-Aviv, and 450 Palestinian adolescents in Gaza cities, villages and refugee camps were surveyed in 2006 using our Traumatic Events Questionnaire (TEV), the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI), the PTSD Symptom Scale - Interview (PSS-I), the Index of Peer Relations scale (IPR), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) and the MacMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD). Results; Palestinian respondents had higher scores in the TEV, BSI, PSS-I and BPAQ questionnaires, and greater problems in functioning as revealed in the IPR and FAD. The social functioning of the adolescents with their peers predicted mental health symptoms and PTSD symptoms. Lower socioeconomic status predicted mental health symptoms, PTSD, pathology of participants' family functioning and the social functioning of the adolescents with their peers. Parents' education positively effected the FAD score and the avoidance item on the PSS-I, and religiosity improved the score on the FAD. Females reported more symptoms on the BSI and PSS-I than males, and males more symptoms on the FAD and IPR than females. Conclusions: Both respondent groups had significant emotional and behavioural problems. Individual and community treatment, and community and social development, are likely to be useful for both populations, particularly Palestinians.","adolescent, adult, Arab, article, behavior disorder, clinical feature, controlled study, emotional disorder, family functioning, female, human, injury, Israel, major clinical study, male, psychosocial disorder, race difference, rating scale, sex difference, social interaction, social status","Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Kanat-Maymon, Y.",2009.0,,,0,0,
213,"Adolescent Adjustment, Caregiver-Adolescent Relationships, and Outlook Towards the Future in the Long-Term Aftermath of the Bosnian War","Using a mixed-method design with Bosnian students (n = 63, ages 16–19) and their primary caregivers (n = 50), we explored the impact of post-war adversities on adolescent adjustment, adolescent-caregiver relationships, and future outlook 8 years after the 1992–1995 Bosnian civil war. Adolescents and caregivers identified themes linking the war and its aftermath to ongoing emotional adjustment difficulties, relationships challenges, and negative future outlook. Adolescents’ posttraumatic stress symptoms were positively correlated with self-report measures of interpersonal stressors, existential stressors, parental psychological control, and anxious/withdrawn symptoms. Parental psychological control partially mediated the association between interpersonal post-war adversities and posttraumatic stress symptoms. © 2015, Springer International Publishing.","Adolescence, Future outlook, Parenting, Post-war reconstruction, PTSD, War","Al-Sabah, R., Legerski, J. P., Layne, C. M., Isakson, B., Katalinski, R., Pasalic, H., Bosankic, N., Pynoos, R. S.",2015.0,,10.1007/s40653-014-0035-7,0,0,
214,Predictors of acute posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following civilian trauma: Highest incidence and severity of symptoms after assault,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with significant morbidity following injury. The incidence and risk factors for PTSD are not well described in the civilian trauma population. We proposed to screen all trauma patients in the outpatient trauma clinic for acute PTSD symptoms and identify risk factors for PTSD. METHODS: We prospectively screened 1,386 injured patients who presented for follow-up in trauma clinic (January 2009 to September 2010) using an established PTSD screening test (PTSD Checklist-Civilian, PCL-C). A PCL-C score of ≥35, with a known sensitivity of <85% for PTSD, was considered screen-positive (PCL-C-POS). Backward stepwise logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for PCL-C-POS. RESULTS: Over 25% of trauma clinic patients met the threshold for positive PTSD screen (PCL-C-POS). The highest incidence (43%) was in patients who sustained assault (blunt or penetrating). Regression analysis revealed that age <55 years, female gender, motor vehicle collision, and assaultive mechanism (blunt or penetrating, excluding self-inflicted or accidental injury) were independent predictors of PCL-C-POS status. As the severity of symptoms increased (higher PCL-C scores), the risk associated with assaultive mechanism significantly increased in a dose-response fashion (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high incidence of acute PTSD symptoms in trauma patients and supports the feasibility of PTSD screening in the outpatient trauma clinic. Among all mechanisms of injury, patients who sustain interpersonal violence are at the highest risk of developing acute PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that PTSD screening in outpatient trauma clinic may allow early detection and referral of patients with PTSD. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Posttraumatic stress disorder, Screening, Trauma","Alarcon, L. H., Germain, A., Clontz, A. S., Roach, E., Nicholas, D. H., Zenati, M. S., Peitzman, A. B., Sperry, J. L.",2012.0,,10.1097/TA.0b013e31824416aa,0,0,
215,Should there be a clinical typology of posttraumatic stress disorder?,"Objective: The current classification of posttraumatic stress disorder in acute, chronic and delayed-onset types is incomplete and of limited usefulness. The present paper explores the possibilities of a clinically-based typology that would reflect both the patients' syndromic presentation and modern research findings. Method: Review of current clinical and research literature, with a critical examination of proposed typologies, parameters utilised, applicability and relevance; elaboration of theoretical and practical bases of a clinical typology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Results: None of the existing posttraumatic stress disorder typologies presents a clinically comprehensive scope. A typology supported by literature findings and clinical observations is proposed. The six clinical types are depressive, dissociative, somatomorphic, psychotomorphic, organomorphic and 'neurotic-like'. Substance abuse and personality disorder-like variants remain as areas of investigation. Conclusions: The proposed typology, while accepting the nuclear manifestations of posttraumatic stress disorder, highlights prominent coexisting symptoms that define the clinical appearance of different patients. The typological approach in posttraumatic stress disorder does not carry the ambiguities of comorbidity, and facilitates a more specific and appropriate management of the cases.","clinical feature, disease classification, human, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, symptom","Alarcon, R. D., Deering, C. G., Glover, S. G., Ready, D. J., Eddleman, H. C.",1997.0,,,0,0,
216,Glycine reuptake inhibitor RG1678: a pharmacologic characterization of an investigational agent for the treatment of schizophrenia,"Dysfunctional N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. It is thought that this abnormal functioning can be corrected by increasing availability of the NMDA co-agonist glycine through inhibition of glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1). Herein is described the pharmacologic profile of RG1678, a potent and noncompetitive glycine reuptake inhibitor. In vitro, RG1678 noncompetitively inhibited glycine uptake at human GlyT1 with a concentration exhibiting half-maximal inhibition (IC(50)) of 25 nM and competitively blocked [(3)H]ORG24598 binding sites at human GlyT1b in membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells. In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, RG1678 enhanced NMDA-dependent long-term potentiation at 100 nM but not at 300 nM. In vivo, RG1678 dose-dependently increased cerebrospinal fluid and striatal levels of glycine measured by microdialysis in rats. Additionally RG1678 attenuated hyperlocomotion induced by the psychostimulant d-amphetamine or the NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist L-687,414 in mice. RG1678 also prevented the hyper-response to d-amphetamine challenge in rats treated chronically with phencyclidine, an NMDA receptor open-channel blocker. In the latter experiment, a decrease in ex vivo striatal [(3)H]raclopride binding was also measured. These data demonstrate that RG1678 is a potent, noncompetitive glycine reuptake inhibitor that can modulate both glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in animal experiments that model aspects of schizophrenia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.","Amphetamine/pharmacology, Animals, CA1 Region, Hippocampal/*drug effects, CHO Cells, Cell Line, Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology, Cricetinae, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Hallucinogens/pharmacology, Humans, Long-Term Potentiation/*drug effects, Mice, Motor Activity/drug effects, Phencyclidine/pharmacology, Piperazines/*pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Sulfones/*pharmacology, Synaptic Transmission/*drug effects","Alberati, D., Moreau, J. L., Lengyel, J., Hauser, N., Mory, R., Borroni, E., Pinard, E., Knoflach, F., Schlotterbeck, G., Hainzl, D., Wettstein, J. G.",2012.0,Feb,10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.008,0,0,
217,Prevalence and patterns of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among persons with severe mental illness,"This study investigated the prevalence and patterns of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in a multi-site stratified probability sample of 1,005 psychiatric aftercare patients in Chicago, Illinois. The results of this study confirm that PTSD disproportionately afflicts persons with severe mental disorders: the rate of 12-month PTSD in our sample was 21.12%. This study also confirms that PTSD is grossly underdiagnosed in clinical settings that serve persons with severe mental disorders: only 2.69% of our subjects had a chart diagnosis of PTSD. Rates of current PTSD were significantly associated with gender, race/ethnicity, and psychiatric diagnosis. Female subjects were significantly more likely than male subjects to have PTSD (26.89% vs. 15.42%). Hispanic subjects had the highest rate of PTSD (29.11%), followed by African-American subjects (20.15%), and non-Hispanic white subjects (12.60%). Rates of PTSD were highest among subjects with Bipolar Disorder (37.40%), followed by Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (36.13%), Psychotic Disorder (32.51%), and Major Depressive Disorder (29.96%). Overall, seven demographic and diagnostic factors emerged as significant risk factors for PTSD (and for underdiagnosis): (1) female gender; (2) African-American race/ethnicity; (3) Hispanic race/ethnicity; (4) a comorbid Bipolar Disorder; (5) comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; (6) a comorbid Psychotic Disorder; and (7) a comorbid Major Depressive Disorder. Three other notable findings emerged. First, the relationship between PTSD and Hispanic race/ethnicity could largely be accounted for by subjects who identified themselves as Puerto Rican, who had nearly twice the rate of current PTSD compared with non-Puerto Rican Hispanics. Second, the disproportionately high rate of PTSD among female subjects could be partially explained by higher reported rates of rape and sexual molestation relative to male subjects. Third, there was no significant relationship between Alcohol or Drug Abuse/Dependence and PTSD in our sample. The implications of these findings for treatment, public health policy, and further research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Albert, David Brian",2002.0,,,0,0,
218,Psychopharmacological treatment in PTSD: A critical review,"Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that is heterogeneous in its nature, and often presents with other psychiatric comorbidities. As a result, empirical research on effective pharmacotherapy for PTSD has produced complex findings. This article reviews the existing research literature on pharmacological treatments for PTSD, identifies the most effective treatments, and where possible examines their mechanism of action with respect to the neurobiology of PTSD. Methods: We examined reports of clinical trials of psychotropic agents carried out with PTSD patients and published in peer-reviewed journals, as well as reports from presentations at scientific meetings between 1966 and 2001. Results: Numerous medications are effective in treating PTSD. These include tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Considering reported overall efficacy and side effects profiles, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors emerge as the preferred first line treatment for PTSD. Mood stabilizers, atypical neuroleptics, adrenergic agents, and newer antidepressants also show promise, but require further controlled trials to clarify their place in the pharmacopoeia for PTSD. Discussion: There is clear evidence for effective pharmacotherapy of PTSD. Future improvements in the treatment of this disorder await further clinical trials and neurobiological research.","Pharmacotherapy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Review","Albucher, R. C., Liberzon, I.",2002.0,,,0,0,
219,The effects of direct versus witnessed threat on emergency department healthcare workers: Implications for PTSD Criterion A,"We compared post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and symptom cluster profiles in hospital emergency department (ED) medical staff (N = 100) who experienced an emotionally distressing work event that presented either a direct threat to themselves or a witnessed threat to patients. The two groups displayed similar levels of PTSD symptoms, however, they differed on symptom profiles and work consequences. The direct threat group experienced significantly greater fear during the event, more ongoing arousal symptoms, and more job dissatisfaction than the witnessed threat group. The witnessed threat group was more likely to appraise their PTSD symptoms as reflecting personal weakness. Overall, the results point to the need for further research to identify distinctive features of responses to different types of traumatic stressors. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, article, diagnostic test, emergency ward, emotional stress, fear, female, human, job satisfaction, job stress, male, medical staff, normal human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychoanalysis, threat","Alden, L. E., Regambal, M. J., Laposa, J. M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
220,Use of family management styles in family intervention research,Family management styles (FMSs) explain some of the complexities embedded in a family with a child who has chronic illness. The FMS typologies provide descriptions of family adjustment and management of care. These 5 distinct patterns may be valuable in tailoring and evaluating family interventions in research. (copyright) 2006 by Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses.,"adaptive behavior, child, chronic disease, clinical nursing research, clinical trial, conference paper, controlled clinical trial, family nursing, human, methodology, neoplasm, nuclear family, nursing, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological model, randomized controlled trial","Alderfer, M. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
221,Patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of childhood cancer survivors,"Posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms have been reported in mothers and fathers of childhood cancer survivors; however, little is known about patterns of PTS in these families. Cluster analysis was applied to the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Reaction Index scores of 98 couples parenting adolescent childhood cancer survivors to describe patterns of PTS in families, yielding the following 5 clusters: Minimal PTS, Mothers Elevated, Disengaged, Fathers Elevated, and Elevated PTS. The clusters were validated using data from a structured psychiatric interview, an additional self-report measure of PTS, and an index of family functioning. These clinically meaningful patterns reveal that a majority of families had at least one parent with moderate to severe PTS, which supports development of family-based interventions for this population. Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association.","adolescent, adult, child, cluster analysis, family, family relation, female, human, male, methodology, middle aged, neoplasm, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, psychological aspect, reproducibility, review, self disclosure, survivor","Alderfer, M. A., Cnaan, A., Annunziato, R. A., Kazak, A. E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
222,Family functioning and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer,,,"Alderfer, M. A., Navsaria, N., Kazak, A. E.",2009.0,2009,,0,0,
223,Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults,"About 80% of older adults have at least one chronic condition that makes them more vulnerable than healthy people during a disaster. These chronic conditions - combined with the physiological, sensory, and cognitive changes experienced as part of aging - result in frail older adults having special needs during emergencies. Planning and coordination among public health and emergency preparedness professionals and professionals who provide services for the aging are essential to meet these special needs. Several tools and strategies already exist to help prepare these professionals to protect and assist older adults during a disaster. These include having professionals from diverse fields work and train in coalitions, ensuring that advocates for older adults participate in community-wide emergency preparedness, and using community mapping data to identify areas where many older adults live.",,"Aldrich, N., Benson, W. F.",2008.0,,,0,0,
224,"Framing disaster resilience: The implications of the diverse conceptualisations of ""bouncing back""","Purpose: To confront the increasingly devastating impacts of disasters and the challenges that climate change is posing to disaster risk management (DRM) there is an imperative to further develop DRM. The resilience approach is emerging as one way to do this, and in the last decade has been strongly introduced into the policy arena, although it is not new for DRM practitioners and researchers. Nevertheless, resilience is a highly contested issue, and there is no agreed definition of it, which has resulted in confusion for stakeholders when applying it to practice. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how resilience is framed by researchers and DRM practitioners. Design/methodology/approach: The analytical framework used was Hajer's ""social-interactive discourse theory"", combined with analysis of government documents, in-depth interviews with practitioners and observation of field and practices within the context of the Natural Disaster Resilience Program in Queensland, Australia. Findings: One of the key findings is that the idea of ""bouncing back"" is central to the resilience discourse but different interpretations of this idea results in real-world implications. Three different ways (storylines) in which practitioners construct the meaning of disaster resilience emerge from this study. Importantly the divergences between these storylines reveal possibilities for reframing to occur and these could lead to different policy options and practices. Originality/value: The results presented in this paper offer empirical evidence on how resilience is understood on the ground, contributing to extending resilience theory and informing DRM and resilience practice. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","""Bounce back"", Climate change, Disaster risk management, Disasters, Framing, Resilience","Aldunce, P., Beilin, R., Handmer, J., Howden, M.",2014.0,,10.1108/DPM-07-2013-0130,0,0,
225,"Prevalence, risk, and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder across ethnic and racial minority groups in the United States","OBJECTIVES: We assess whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) varies in prevalence, diagnostic criteria endorsement, and type and frequency of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) among a nationally representative US sample of 5071 non-Latino whites, 3264 Latinos, 2178 Asians, 4249 African Americans, and 1476 Afro-Caribbeans. METHODS: PTSD and other psychiatric disorders were evaluated using the World Mental Health-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) in a national household sample that oversampled ethnic/racial minorities (n=16,238) but was weighted to produce results representative of the general population. RESULTS: Asians have lower prevalence rates of probable lifetime PTSD, whereas African Americans have higher rates as compared with non-Latino whites, even after adjusting for type and number of exposures to traumatic events, and for sociodemographic, clinical, and social support factors. Afro-Caribbeans and Latinos seem to demonstrate similar risk to non-Latino whites, adjusting for these same covariates. Higher rates of probable PTSD exhibited by African Americans and lower rates for Asians, as compared with non-Latino whites, do not appear related to differential symptom endorsement, differences in risk or protective factors, or differences in types and frequencies of PTEs across groups. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be marked differences in conditional risk of probable PTSD across ethnic/racial groups. Questions remain about what explains risk of probable PTSD. Several factors that might account for these differences are discussed, as well as the clinical implications of our findings. Uncertainty of the PTSD diagnostic assessment for Latinos and Asians requires further evaluation. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","African Americans, Asians, diagnosis, Latinos, posttraumatic stress disorders across racial and ethnic minority groups","Alegría, M., Fortuna, L. R., Lin, J. Y., Norris, F. H., Gao, S., Takeuchi, D. T., Jackson, J. S., Shrout, P. E., Valentine, A.",2013.0,,10.1097/MLR.0000000000000007,0,0,
226,Stress among police body handlers. A long-term follow-up,"Thirty-five police officers were followed up three years after they had been first assessed following their involvement in the retrieval and identification of human remains after a major disaster. Most of these officers were free from signs of psychiatric morbidity. Organisational and managerial practices appear to be powerful antidotes to adverse post-traumatic reactions. In this study the use of a longitudinal design, with a pre-disaster baseline and a control group, suggests that these are robust findings.",,"Alexander, D. A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
227,Reactions of police officers to body-handling after a major disaster. A before-and-after comparison,"This study reports the results of an unusual opportunity to follow up a group of police officers who were involved in body-handling duties following the Piper Alpha disaster, and for whom there were available data from pre-disaster assessments. In addition, after these duties, the officers were compared with a matched control group of officers who had not been involved in such work. The comparisons failed to demonstrate high levels of post-traumatic distress or psychiatric morbidity. The results are interpreted in terms of issues such as the officers' own coping strategies, and major organisational and managerial factors.",,"Alexander, D. A., Wells, A.",1991.0,,,0,0,
228,Workplace Violence: A Primer for Critical Care Nurses,"This review illustrates the various types of workplace violence nurses can encounter in critical care settings. Lack of a clear definition of workplace violence impedes research on the topic; however, the typology offered by the UIIPRC provides a framework to guide further studies of physical and nonphysical workplace violence. Further investigation of individual and organizational factors will assist nurses and agencies in identifying effective methods to manage, prevent, educate, and respond to each type of workplace violence. Fear, burnout, anxiety, depression, and acute and posttraumatic stress disorders are some of the sequelae that can occur after an incident of workplace violence. Debriefing strategies should be a fundamental component of workplace violence policies to prevent the development of long-term consequences. Additional research is needed on all types of workplace violence, as well as research addressing the needs of specialized settings, such as critical care units. Critical care nurses have valuable insights regarding the risks they face on their units, and should be part of a multidisciplinary team developing policies and workplace violence prevention and education programs. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Alexy, E. M., Hutchins, J. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
229,Post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"Recent research has suggested that the disruption of certain neurobiological systems in association with trauma-induced stress may provide putative mechanisms for changes in neurocognitive function in association with PTSD. In this study, neurocognitive variables were examined in relation to PTSD, mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and chronic pain (PAIN) following motor vehicle accident injury. Consistent with the well-known neurocognitive effects of mild traumatic brain injury, the TBI group performed significantly lower than the PAIN control group on measures tapping attention, verbal memory, and speeded information processing. In contrast, the idea that PTSD may be associated with neurocognitive impairment received little support. (C) 2000 Academic Press.","adult, anxiety, attention, brain injury, chronic pain, clinical article, cognition, cognitive defect, conference paper, controlled study, discriminant analysis, female, human, male, neuropsychological test, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, traffic accident, verbal memory","Alfano, D. P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Larsen, D. K., Allerdings, M. D.",2000.0,,,0,0,
230,Efficacy of stellate ganglion block in the treatment of anxiety symptoms from combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A case series,Objective: Report the efficacious use of stellate ganglion blocks (SGBs) in treating the anxiety symptoms of four patients diagnosed with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and discuss possible mechanisms of action to explain these findings. Background: Successful treatment of PTSD with SGB has been demonstrated and reported previously at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. An identical protocol was used at Tripler Army Medical Center to treat four service members diagnosed with combat-related PTSD. Methods: All patients reported received an SGB on the right side at the level of C6. The patient's PTSD symptoms were evaluated using the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL). This checklist was distributed one day before treatment and again the day following treatment. The patients were also given the PCL at subsequent follow-up visits to quantify sustained benefit. Results: SGB showed acute benefit for the symptoms of PTSD by markedly reduced PCL scores after the procedure. Benefits were also sustained during close outpatient follow-up. Conclusion: Selective blockade of the right stellate ganglion at C6 is a minimally invasive procedure with an excellent safety profile that may provide sustained relief of PTSD symptoms. The procedure may also provide benefit for those who are resistant to psychotropic intervention. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.,,"Alino, J., Kosatka, D., McLean, B., Hirsch, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
231,Social issues and post-disaster recovery: A qualitative study in an Iranian context,"The physical impacts of a disaster are usually the most obvious impacts, and they are easily measured. However, there is not sufficient in-depth understanding of social issues arising after disasters. This qualitative study explored three main concepts regarding social issues after an earthquake in an Iranian context: social vulnerability, social uncertainty and confusion, and ignorance of local social capital. Negligence of social issues after disasters leads to delays in returning back to normal life. Policymakers are encouraged to take a comprehensive plan into account which considers these issues and facilitates the process of returning to normal life after earthquakes. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","Disaster, recovery, social issues, social work","Alipour, F., Khankeh, H., Fekrazad, H., Kamali, M., Rafiey, H., Ahmadi, S.",2015.0,,10.1177/0020872815584426,0,0,
232,Psychosocial care for seriously injured children and their families: A qualitative study among Emergency Department nurses and physicians,"Background Approximately one in five children who sustain a serious injury develops persistent stress symptoms. Emergency Department nurses and physicians have a pivotal role in psychosocial care for seriously injured children. However, little is known about staff's views on this role. Objective Our aim was to investigate Emergency Department staff's views on psychosocial care for seriously injured children. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 nurses and physicians working in an Australian Paediatric Emergency Department. We used purposive sampling to obtain a variety of views. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and major themes were derived in line with the summative analysis method. We also mapped participants' strategies for child and family support on the eight principles of Psychological First Aid (PFA). Results Five overarching themes emerged: (1) staff find psychosocial issues important but focus on physical care; (2) staff are aware of individual differences but have contrasting views on vulnerability; (3) parents have a central role; (4) staff use a variety of psychosocial strategies to support children, based on instinct and experience but not training; and (5) staff have individually different wishes regarding staff- and self-care. Staff elaborated most on strategies related to the PFA elements 'contact and engagement', 'stabilization', 'connection with social supports' and least on 'informing about coping'. Conclusions The strong notion of individual differences in views suggests a need for training in psychosocial care for injured children and their families. In addition, further research on paediatric traumatic stress and psychosocial care in the ED will help to overcome the current paucity of the literature. Finally, a system of peer support may accommodate wishes regarding staff care. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Child, Debriefing, Emergency, Family, Nurses, Physicians, Professional practice, Psychological First Aid, Traumatic stress disorders, Wounds and injuries","Alisic, E., Conroy, R., Magyar, J., Babl, F. E., ""ODonnell, M. L.""",2014.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2014.02.015,0,0,
233,Parental intimate partner homicide and its consequences for children: Protocol for a population-based study,"Background: The loss of a parent due to intimate partner homicide has a major impact on children. Professionals involved have to make far-reaching decisions regarding placement, guardianship, mental health care and contact with the perpetrating parent, without an evidence base to guide these decisions. We introduce a study protocol to a) systematically describe the demographics, circumstances, mental health and wellbeing of children bereaved by intimate partner homicide and b) build a predictive model of factors associated with children's mental health and wellbeing after intimate partner homicide. Methods/Design: This study focuses on children bereaved by parental intimate partner homicide in the Netherlands over a period of 20 years (1993 - 2012). It involves an incidence study to identify all Dutch intimate partner homicide cases between 1993 and 2012 by which children have been bereaved; systematic case reviews to describe the demographics, circumstances and care trajectories of these children; and a mixed-methods study to assess mental health, wellbeing, and experiences regarding decisions made and care provided. Discussion: Clinical experience and initial research suggest that the children involved often need long-term intensive mental health and case management. The costs of these services are extensive and the stakes are high. This study lays the foundation for an international dataset and evidence-informed decision making.","adolescent, adult, article, behavior disorder, caregiver, child, Child Behavior Checklist, demography, DSM-IV, family functioning, grief, homicide, human, incidence, mental disease, mental health, Netherlands, parental intimate partner homicide, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, questionnaire, school child, wellbeing","Alisic, E., Groot, A., Snetselaar, H., Stroeken, T., van de Putte, E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
234,Building child trauma theory from longitudinal studies: A meta-analysis,"Many children are exposed to traumatic events, with potentially serious psychological and developmental consequences. Therefore, understanding development of long-term posttraumatic stress in children is essential. We aimed to contribute to child trauma theory by focusing on theory use and theory validation in longitudinal studies. Forty studies measuring short-term predictors and long-term posttraumatic stress symptoms were identified and coded for theoretical grounding, sample characteristics, and correlational effect sizes. Explicit theoretical frameworks were present in a minority of the studies. Important predictors of long-term posttraumatic stress were symptoms of acute and short-term posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and parental posttraumatic stress. Female gender, injury severity, duration of hospitalization, and elevated heart rate shortly after hospitalization yielded small effect sizes. Age, minority status, and socioeconomic status were not significantly related to long-term posttraumatic stress reactions. Since many other variables were not studied frequently enough to compute effect sizes, existing theoretical frameworks could only be partially confirmed or falsified. Child trauma theory-building can be facilitated by development of encouraging journal policies, the use of comparable methods, and more intense collaboration. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Children, Longitudinal studies, Meta-analysis, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Predictors, Theory","Alisic, E., Jongmans, M. J., van Wesel, F., Kleber, R. J.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.001,0,0,
235,"Looking beyond posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Posttraumatic stress reactions, posttraumatic growth, and quality of life in a general population sample","Objective: In order to broaden the view beyond posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children, we examined to what extent posttraumatic stress reactions, posttraumatic growth, and quality of life were related to each other and to traumatic exposure in the general population. Method: 1770 children of 36 randomly selected primary schools (mean age = 10.24 years, 50% boys) reported in October/November 2006 on their worst experience (traumatic exposure was considered present when the described event fulfilled the A l criterion for PTSD of the DSM-IV-TR) and filled out the Children's Responses to Trauma Inventory, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children, and the KIDSCREEN-27. Correlational and hierarchical linear regression analyses were carried out in a multiple imputation format. Results: Posttraumatic stress reactions were strongly related to posttraumatic growth (r = 0.41, p < .01) and quality of life (r = -0.47, p < .01). The latter 2 variables were weakly related; positively when controlling for posttraumatic stress reactions (r = 0.09, p < .01), negatively when not (r = -0.12, p < .01). Children who were exposed to trauma reported more posttraumatic stress reactions ( = .12, p < .01), more posttraumatic growth ( = .09, p < .01), and less quality of life ( = -.08, p < .01) than nonexposed children (effect sizes were small). Conclusions: Negative and positive psychological sequelae of trauma can coexist in children, and extend to broader areas of life than specific symptoms only. Clinicians should look further than PTSD alone and pay attention to the broad range of posttraumatic stress reactions that children show, their experience of posttraumatic growth, and their quality of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Stress Reactions, *Posttraumatic Growth","Alisic, Eva, van der Schoot, T. om A. W., van Ginkel, Joost R., Kleber, Rolf J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
236,Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis,"Background: It is unclear how many children and adolescents develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma. Aims: To determine the incidence of PTSD in trauma-exposed children and adolescents as assessed with well-established diagnostic interviews and to examine potential moderators of the estimate. Method: A systematic literature search identified 72 peer-reviewed articles on 43 independent samples (n = 3563). Samples consisting only of participants seeking or receiving mental health treatment were excluded. Main analyses involved pooled incidence estimates and meta-analyses of variance. Results: The overall rate of PTSD was 15.9% (95% CI 11.5-21.5), which varied according to the type of trauma and gender. Least at risk were boys exposed to non-interpersonal trauma (8.4%, 95% CI 4.7-14.5), whereas girls exposed to interpersonal trauma showed the highest rate (32.9%, 95% CI 19.8-49.3). No significant difference was found for the choice of assessment interview or the informant of the assessment. Conclusions: Research conducted with the best available assessment instruments shows that a significant minority of children and adolescents develop PTSD after trauma exposure, with those exposed to interpersonal trauma and girls at particular risk. The estimates provide a benchmark for DSM-5 and ICD-11. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Mental Health, Meta Analysis, Risk Factors","Alisic, Eva, Zalta, Alyson K., van Wesel, Floryt, Larsen, Sadie E., Hafstad, Gertrud S., Hassanpour, Katayun, Smid, Geert E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
237,Degrees of resilience: profiling psychological resilience and prospective academic achievement in university inductees,"University inductees may be increasingly vulnerable to stressors during transition into higher education (HE), requiring psychological resilience to achieve academic success. This study aimed to profile inductees' resilience and to investigate links to prospective end of year academic outcomes. Scores for resilience were based on a validated Connor Davison Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) drawn from 1534 inductees in a single UK university. A four-stage analysis revealed that incremental resilience was more facilitative of females' prospective academic attainment, but less functional and more convoluted for males. This large, distinctive study has implications for student support practices and highlights that the relationship between resilience and academic achievement requires further consideration in HE. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","higher education, inductees, prospective academic achievement, psychological resilience","Allan, J. F., McKenna, J., Dominey, S.",2014.0,,10.1080/03069885.2013.793784,0,0,
238,Identification of anxiety sensitivity classes and clinical cut-scores in a sample of adult smokers: Results from a factor mixture model,"Anxiety sensitivity (AS), a multidimensional construct, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of anxiety and related disorders. Recent evidence suggests that AS is a dimensional-categorical construct within individuals. Factor mixture modeling was conducted in a sample of 579 adult smokers (M age. = 36.87 years, SD= 13.47) to examine the underlying structure. Participants completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 and were also given a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. Three classes of individuals emerged, a high AS (5.2% of the sample), a moderate AS (19.0%), and a normative AS class (75.8%). A cut-score of 23 to identify high AS individuals, and a cut-score of 17 to identify moderate-to-high AS individuals were supported in this study. In addition, the odds of having a concurrent anxiety disorder (controlling for other Axis I disorders) were the highest in the high AS class and the lowest in the normative AS class. (copyright) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","adult, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, anxiety disorder, anxiety sensitivity, Anxiety Sensitivity Index 3, article, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia, controlled study, dysthymia, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major depression, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, receiver operating characteristic, self report, sensitivity and specificity, smoking, social phobia, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, substance abuse","Allan, N. P., Raines, A. M., Capron, D. W., Norr, A. M., Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
239,The indochinese psychiatry clinic: Trauma and refugee mental health treatment in the 1990s,"The Indochinese Psychiatry Clinic (IPC), located In Boston, was founded in 1981 to meet the special needs of traumatized Cambodian, Vietnamese, and Laotian refugees resettling in the Boston area. Over the past 16 years, IPC has pioneered the field of refugee mental health and the treatment of the psychological and social sequelae of mass violence and torture. IPC developed the bicultural model of psychiatric treatment of refugees suffering from trauma-related mental disorders, which utilizes a multidisciplinary, bicultural team approach that emphasizes understanding the patient's trauma history within the appropriate cultural, social, and political context. This article summarizes IPC's background, patient profile, clinical approach, service elements, and funding structure. Recent immigration and welfare reform legislation will have a harsh impact on the population of refugees who are disabled due to the psychosocial consequences of their traumatic experiences. This legislation and the restrictions on mental health care imposed by public managed care will also affect the providers of their mental health care.","Cambodia, disability, human, immigrant, Laos, mental disease, mental health care, posttraumatic stress disorder, refugee, review, social psychiatry, Viet Nam, violence","Allden, K.",1998.0,,,0,0,
240,Dissociation and vulnerability to psychotic experience. The dissociative experiences scale and the MMPI-2,"Prior research on the MMPI has cautioned against misdiagnosing schizophrenia in patients with dissociative identity disorder. The present study examined the full spectrum of the dissociative experience in relation to MMPI-2 profiles. Ninety-eight women in treatment for trauma-related disorders completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the MMPI-2 in routine inpatient diagnostic evaluations. Consistent with prior-research, severe dissociation was associated with high elevations on MMPI-2 scales typically associated with psychotic symptoms. Contrary to hypotheses, the ostensibly most benign form of dissociation, absorption and imaginative involvement, was somewhat more strongly related to MMPI-2 scores than the more pathognomonic forms of dissociation, depersonalization and amnesia. Although it should not be misdiagnosed, severe impairment on the MMPI in conjunction with dissociation should be taken seriously as suggesting vulnerability to psychotic experience. The dissociative retreat from the stressors of outer reality opens the door to the inner world of traumatic images and affects, along with compromised reality testing and disorganized thinking.",,"Allen, J. G., Coyne, L.",1995.0,,,0,0,
241,Trauma pervasively elevates brief symptom inventory profiles in inpatient women,"The Brief Symptom Inventory was administered to 228 women (M age: 37) consecutively admitted to specialized inpatient treatment for trauma-related disorders. Subsamples of patients were administered different posttraumatic stress disorder scales, the Impact of Events Scale-Revised, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, and the PTSD scale of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III, as well as a measure of child abuse and neglect, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. In this severely traumatized group, every scale of the Brief Symptom Inventory was significantly more elevated than the inpatient female norms, with the five most highly elevated scales being Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Psychoticism. Different indicators of trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD scales, and PTSD diagnosis) show different patterns of relationships with the individual scales of the Brief Symptom Inventory. There is no simple relationship between trauma and BSI symptoms, but clinicians should consider severe interpersonal trauma to be one pathway to pervasively elevated profiles of the Brief Symptom Inventory.",,"Allen, J. G., Coyne, L., Huntoon, J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
242,Complexities in complex posttraumatic stress disorder in inpatient women: Evidence from cluster analysis of MCMI-III personality disorder scales,"Herman's (1992a) clinical formulation of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) captures the extensive diagnostic comorbidity seen in patients with a history of repeated interpersonal trauma and severe psychiatric disorders. Yet the sheer breadth of symptoms and personality disturbance encompassed by complex PTSD limits its descriptive usefulness. This study employed cluster analysis of the MCMI-111 (Millon, 1994) personality disorder scales to determine whether there is meaningful heterogeneity within a group of 227 severely traumatized women who were treated in a specialized inpatient program. The analysis distinguishes 5 clinically meaningful clusters, which we label alienated, withdrawn, aggressive, suffering, and adaptive. The study examined differences among these 5 personality disorder clusters on the MCMI-III clinical syndrome scales, as well as on the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1993), Dissociative Experiences Scale (E. M. Bernstein and Putnam, 1986), Adult Attachment Scale (Collins and Read, 1990), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (D. P. Bernstein, 1995). We present a classification-tree method for determining the cluster membership of new cases and discuss the implications of the findings for diagnostic assessment, treatment, and research.","adult, algorithm, article, cluster analysis, female, hospital patient, human, major clinical study, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, questionnaire, syndrome delineation","Allen, J. G., Huntoon, J., Evans, R. B.",1999.0,,,0,0,
243,Intensive care nurses: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-like symptomatology,"Medical personnel are not only exposed to routine pressures of demanding roles, but research reveals that they can suffer from severe stress related to exposure to critical incidents. These events can overwhelm an individual's ability for emotional adjustment leading to negative symptoms including decreased ability to perform or function on the job and development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Contact with seriously injured patients or patients who have died has been shown to constitute just such a critical incident for pre-hospital care personnel, nurses, and physicians. Research indicates that differences exist among individuals in the severity of responses to similar stressful life events. Personality was found to be one of the factors contributing to these differences. This study is exploratory in nature and focuses on: (1) identification of potential PTSD symptoms in neonatal, pediatric, and adult intensive care unit nurses, and (2) identification of enduring personality characteristics that may be related to potential symptoms of PTSD. The results of this study using the Impact of Events Scale indicated that 90% of the participating intensive care unit nurses experience moderate to severe PTSD-like symptomatology. Scores on the 16 PF instrument indicated that the personality variable of emotional stability is negatively correlated with PTSD-like symptoms. These results suggest the need for the implementation of programs designed to prevent and/or provide early intervention for nurses who experience PTSD symptoms after critical incidents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Intensive Care, *Nurses, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","Allen, Juanita Joy",1999.0,,,0,0,
244,Regional cerebral metabolism in combat veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI),"Objectives To investigate the relationship of cerebral metabolism of combat veterans with PTSD in the absence or presence of mTBI. Methods Analyses included 91 subjects who underwent clinical evaluation and FDG-PET/CT for this prospective trial: 30 veterans with PTSD and mTBI, 26 veterans with PTSD and 35 veterans with no history of PTSD, mTBI or other psychiatric illness. Activity was quantified in 47 standardized volumes of interest (sVOI's) normalized to mean whole brain activity and by statistical parametric mapping (SPM). sVOI activities were assessed with two-tailed t test applying a Bonferroni-type correction for multiple comparisons. A Pearson coefficient (r) was calculated to characterize correlation between PTSD Severity scores and sVOI's. Results Right parietotemporal cortical metabolism was significantly higher in combat veterans with mTBI and PTSD (p<0.05) than with PTSD only, for whom it was positively correlated with PTSD severity (r = 0.64) and a similar correlation was observed for the left parietal cortex (r = 0.63). Analysis by SPM identified the right parietal cortex as having the most significant peak voxel (p<0.0005) and the largest cluster (462 contiguous voxels at p <0.01) for metabolism in PTSD and mTBI exceeding PTSD only. For the PTSD Severity range of 0-40 out of 80 possible points, right posterior cingulate metabolism was significantly lower in those with PTSD and mTBI than those with PTSD only (p<0.005) and a similar trend was seen in the contralateral cortex. SPM analysis identified the right posterior cingulate cortex peak voxel (P<0.005) as having 34 contiguous significant voxels (p<0.01) for this comparison after controlling for PTSD Severity. These differences diminish as PTSD Severity increases. Conclusions mTBI in veterans with PTSD is associated with higher metabolism of the parietotemporal cortex and lower metabolism of the posterior cingulate cortex, after controlling for PTSD Severity differences.","brain metabolism, veteran, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, society, nuclear medicine, molecular imaging, metabolism, posterior cingulate, parietal cortex, mental disease, clinical evaluation, electroencephalogram, Student t test","Allison, N., Silverman, D., Gaines, K., Diaz-Aguilar, D., Alas, R., Okonek, A., Berenji, G.",2015.0,,,0,0,
245,Correcting systematic inflation in genetic association tests that consider interaction effects: Application to a genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder,"IMPORTANCE: Genetic association studies of psychiatric outcomes often consider interactions with environmental exposures and, in particular, apply tests that jointly consider gene and gene-environment interaction effects for analysis. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we report that heteroscedasticity (defined as variability in outcome that differs by the value of the environmental exposure) can invalidate traditional joint tests of gene and gene-environment interaction. OBJECTIVES: To identify the cause of bias in traditional joint tests of gene and gene-environment interaction in a PTSD GWAS and determine whether proposed robust joint tests are insensitive to this problem. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The PTSD GWAS data set consisted of 3359 individuals (978 men and 2381 women) from the Grady Trauma Project (GTP), a cohort study from Atlanta, Georgia. The GTP performed genome-wide genotyping of participants and collected environmental exposures using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Trauma Experiences Inventory. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We performed joint interaction testing of the Beck Depression Inventory and modified PTSD Symptom Scale in the GTP GWAS. We assessed systematic bias in our interaction analyses using quantile-quantile plots and genome-wide inflation factors. RESULTS: Application of the traditional joint interaction test to the GTP GWAS yielded systematic inflation across different outcomes and environmental exposures (inflation-factor estimates ranging from 1.07 to 1.21), whereas application of the robust joint test to the same data set yielded no such inflation (inflation-factor estimates ranging from 1.01 to 1.02). Simulated data further revealed that the robust joint test is valid in different heteroscedasticity models, whereas the traditional joint test is invalid. The robust joint test also has power similar to the traditional joint test when heteroscedasticity is not an issue. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: We believe the robust joint test should be used in candidate-gene studies and GWASs of psychiatric outcomes that consider environmental interactions. To make the procedure useful for applied investigators, we created a software tool that can be called from the popular PLINK package for analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Environment, *Genes, *Genome, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Almli, Lynn M., Duncan, Richard, Feng, Hao, Ghosh, Debashis, Binder, Elisabeth B., Bradley, Bekh, Ressler, Kerry J., Conneely, Karen N., Epstein, Michael P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
246,Genetic approaches to understanding post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly recognized as both a disorder of enormous mental health and societal burden, but also as an anxiety disorder that may be particularly understandable from a scientific perspective. Specifically, PTSD can be conceptualized as a disorder of fear and stress dysregulation, and the neural circuitry underlying these pathways in both animals and humans are becoming increasingly well understood. Furthermore, PTSD is the only disorder in psychiatry in which the initiating factor, the trauma exposure, can be identified. Thus, the pathophysiology of the fear and stress response underlying PTSD can be examined and potentially interrupted. Twin studies have shown that the development of PTSD following a trauma is heritable, and that genetic risk factors may account for up to 30-40% of this heritability. A current goal is to understand the gene pathways that are associated with PTSD, and how those genes act on the fear/stress circuitry to mediate risk vs. resilience for PTSD. This review will examine gene pathways that have recently been analysed, primarily through candidate gene studies (including neuroimaging studies of candidate genes), in addition to genome-wide associations and the epigenetic regulation of PTSD. Future and on-going studies are utilizing larger and collaborative cohorts to identify novel gene candidates through genome-wide association and other powerful genomic approaches. Identification of PTSD biological pathways strengthens the hope of progress in the mechanistic understanding of a model psychiatric disorder and allows for the development of targeted treatments and interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Mental Health, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Epigenetics, Genes, Heritability, Pathophysiology","Almli, Lynn M., Fani, Negar, Smith, Alicia K., Ressler, Kerry J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
247,ADCYAP1R1 genotype associates with post-traumatic stress symptoms in highly traumatized African-American females,"Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor (PAC1) play a critical role in biological processes that mediate stress response and have been implicated in psychological outcome following trauma. Our previous work [Ressler et al. (2011); Nature 470:492-497] demonstrated that a variant, rs2267735, in the gene encoding PAC1 (ADCYAP1R1) is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a primarily African-American cohort of highly traumatized females. We sought to extend and replicate our previous finding in a similarly trauma-exposed, replicate sample of 1,160 African-American adult male and female patients. Self-reported psychiatric measures were collected, and DNA was obtained for genetic analysis. Using linear regression models to test for association with PTSD symptom severity under an additive (allelic) model, we found a genotype x trauma interaction in females (P < 0.001), but not males (P > 0.1); however, there was no main effect of genotype as in our previous study. The observed interaction suggests a genetic association that increases with the degree of trauma exposure in females only. This interaction remained significant in females, but not males, after controlling for age (P < 0.001), income (P < 0.01), past substance abuse (P < 0.001), depression severity (P = 0.02), or child abuse (P < 0.0005), and all five combined (P = 0.01). No significant effects of genotype (or interactions) were found when modeling depression severity when controlling for comorbid PTSD symptom severity (P > 0.1), demonstrating the relative specificity of this variant for PTSD symptoms. A meta-analysis with the previously reported African-American samples revealed a strong association between PTSD symptom severity and the interaction between trauma and genotype in females (N = 1424, P < 0.0001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Genes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Human Sex Differences","Almli, Lynn M., Mercer, Kristina B., Kerley, Kimberly, Feng, Hao, Bradley, Bekh, Conneely, Karen N., Ressler, Kerry J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
248,Refugee children in Sweden: Post-traumatic stress disorder in Iranian preschool children exposed to organized violence,"50 preschool children (4-8 yrs old) from 47 Iranian families living as refugees in Sweden were assessed individually, simultaneously with parental interviews focusing on exposure to organized violence and post-traumatic stress symptomatology in the children. Information given by the children increased the prevalence of a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from 2% to 21% in the 42 children with traumatic exposure through war and political persecution. The amount of traumatic exposure was strongly related to the prevalence of PTSD. The stability of prevalence was high in a follow-up 2 and 1/2 yrs later; 23% of the children with traumatic exposure still met the full criteria of PTSD according to DSM-III-R. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Persecution, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Violence, *War, Followup Studies, Political Issues","Almqvist, Kjerstin, Brandell-Forsberg, Margareta",1997.0,,,0,0,
249,The experience of chronic illness and post-traumatic stress disorder: The consequences of cumulative adversity,"In this paper the experiences of the chronically ill are examined to explore the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), accumulated burden of adversity and trauma spectrum disorder on subsequent illness and coping behaviors. Individuals experiencing chronic diseases have been studied with regard to depression, anxiety and a variety of coping maladaptions, but negligible attention has been given to the PTSD potential of chronic disease over the life course. Yet, growing evidence suggests that the traumatogenic potential of chronic diseases, some sudden and unexpected onsets, and the traumatogenic changes in life circumstance, may produce maladaptive illness coping over the life course. More importantly, attention needs to focus on the additive effect of co-morbid life events and the traumatic potential of invasive medical therapies. Consideration of PTSD and a continuum of cumulative adversity provide a more complex and fully drawn understanding of the circumstances surrounding chronic illness coping and reasons for maladaptive coping following invasive therapies and changes in the disease trajectory. The pathophysiology that produces a chronic diseases does not begin at symptom onset, and the psychosocial strategies to cope with a chronic illness, whether efficacious or maladaptive, also do not begin at symptom onset, but develops over the life course. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","Chronic illness, Coping behavior, Cumulative adversity, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Alonzo, A. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
250,Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A cross-sectional study,"Objective: Refugees have had major challenges to meet their health care needs throughout history especially in war zones and natural disaster times. The health care needs of Syrian refugees have been becoming an increasingly important issue. We aimed to examine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and explore its relation with various socioeconomic variables among Syrian refugees, who sought asylum in Turkey. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tent city. Sample size calculation yielded 352 and the participants of the study were determined randomly. Experienced and native Arabic speaking, psychiatrist evaluated the participants. Results: The frequency of PTSD was 33.5%. Through the binary logistic regression analysis, we calculated that the probability of having PTSD among Syrian refugees in our sample was 71%, if they had the following features: with female gender; being diagnosed with psychiatric disorder in the past; having a family history of psychiatric disorder; and experiencing 2 or more traumas. Conclusions: The findings of our study suggest that PTSD among Syrian refugees in Turkey might be an important mental health issue in refugee camps especially among female refugees, who were exposed to 2 or more traumatic events and had a personal or family history of psychiatric disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, Natural Disasters, Family History","Alpak, Gokay, Unal, Ahmet, Bulbul, Feridun, Sagaltici, Eser, Bez, Yasin, Altindag, Abdurrahman, Dalkilic, Alican, Savas, Haluk A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
251,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, social support and cognitive status in community-based older veterans","Objective: The present study investigated the relationships between structural and qualitative aspects of social support, combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cognitive status in a New Zealand veterans sample. Methods: A random sample of 232 New Zealand veterans completed a self-report questionnaire and participated in a face-to-face interview. Results: Regression analysis showed that when controlling for age, income, education, depression and general health, PTSD scores had a negative relationship with cognitive status. Those who reported having private, restricted social networks had poorer cognitive functioning. These relationships were independent of each other. Conclusions: The findings suggest that while social support might be a potential target for interventions in at-risk older adults, health professionals need to be aware of the concomitant possible influence of past trauma when dealing with this specific population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Ability, *Communities, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, Aging, Military Veterans","Alpass, Fiona, Long, Nigel, Blakey, Judy, Pachana, Nancy",2004.0,,,0,0,
252,Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs,"Introduction: Anxiety disorders are considered the most common mental disorders and they can increase the risk for comorbid mood and substance use disorders, significantly contributing to the global burden of disease. For this reason, anxiolytics are the most prescribed psychoactive drugs, particularly in the Western world. Areas covered: This review aims to analyze pharmacokinetic profile, plasma level variations so as the metabolism, interactions and possible relation to clinical effect of several drugs which are used primarily as anxiolytics. The drugs analyzed include benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants (pregabalin, gabapentin), buspirone, β-blockers and antihistamines (hydroxyzine). Regarding the most frequently used anxiolytic benzodiazepines, data on alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordesmethyldiazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clotiazepam, diazepam, etizolam, lorazepam, oxazepam, prazepam and clonazepam have been detailed. Expert opinion: There is a need for a more balanced assessment of the benefits and risks associated with benzodiazepine use, particularly considering pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs to ensure that patients, who would truly benefit from these agents, are not denied appropriate treatment. An optimal pharmacological approach involving an integrative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic optimization strategy would ensure better treatment and personalization of anxiety disorders. So it would be desirable for the development of new anxiolytic drug(s) that are more selective, fast acting and free from the unwanted effects associated with the traditional benzodiazepines as tolerance or dependence. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd.","Anticonvulsants, Anxiolytic drugs, Benzodiazepines, Pharmacokinetics","Altamura, A. C., Moliterno, D., Paletta, S., Maffini, M., Mauri, M. C., Bareggi, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
253,Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric illness,"Evidence for a role of neurohormones in psychiatric disease is greatest for illnesses in the affective disorder spectrum, which we argue includes melancholic and atypical depression, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, posttraumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder. These illnesses are associated with signs of hypothalamic dysfunction and have similar profiles of neuroendocrine dysregulation. In contrast, the data are much less clear for an intrinsic role of neuroendocrine dysregulation in schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or other anxiety disorders. This difference may reflect the fact that schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder represent more 'structural' abnormalities, or it may reflect greater diagnostic heterogeneity, which makes the elucidation of specific alterations in neurohormonal systems impossible.",,"Altemus, M., Gold, P. W.",1990.0,,,0,0,
254,Evidence for response set effects in structured research interviews,"The Addiction Severity Index and NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule data of 20 methadone-maintained subjects with 'fake bad' invalid profiles on the Personality Assessment Inventory, 15 methadone-maintained subjects with 'fake good' invalid profiles, and 158 methadone-maintained subjects with valid profiles were compared. The findings revealed a number of significant group differences on both measures with the highest scores for the fake bad subjects and lowest scores for the fake good subjects. These findings suggest that the response sets exhibited in response to the Personality Assessment Inventory questionnaire extended to performance during the two semi-structured interviews. There was no indication that interviewers were aware of misrepresentation. The limitations of the findings and alternative interpretations of the data are considered.",,"Alterman, A. I., Snider, E. C., Cacciola, J. S., Brown Jr, L. S., Zaballero, A., Siddiqui, N.",1996.0,,,0,0,
255,Assessment of Dysregulated Children Using the Child Behavior Checklist: A Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis,"Disorders of self-regulatory behavior are common reasons for referral to child and adolescent clinicians. Here, the authors sought to compare 2 methods of empirically based assessment of children with problems in self-regulatory behavior. Using parental reports on 2,028 children (53% boys) from a U.S. national probability sample of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; T. M. Achenbach & L. A. Rescorla, 2001), the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to compare scores on the Posttraumatic Stress Problems Scale (PTSP) of the CBCL with the CBCL Dysregulation Profile (DP), identified using latent class analysis of the Attention Problems, Aggressive Behavior, and Anxious/Depressed scales of the CBCL. The CBCL-PTSP score demonstrated an area under the curve of between .88 and .91 for predicting membership in the CBCL-DP profile for boys and for girls. These findings suggest that the CBCL-PTSP, which others have shown does not uniquely identify children who have been traumatized, does identify the same profile of behavior as the CBCL-DP. Therefore, the authors recommend renaming the CBCL-PTSP the Dysregulation Short Scale and provide some guidelines for the use of the CBCL-DP scale and the CBCL-PTSP in clinical practice. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adolescent, adult, aggression, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, child, child behavior, Child Behavior Checklist, clinical practice, controlled study, depression, Dysregulation Short Scale, female, human, intermethod comparison, male, patient assessment, Posttraumatic Stress Problem Scale, preschool child, psychological rating scale, race, receiver operating characteristic, school child, self control, sensitivity and specificity, sex difference, social status","Althoff, R. R., Ayer, L. A., Rettew, D. C., Hudziak, J. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
256,Risk and resilience in canine search and rescue handlers after 9/11,,,"Alvarez, J., Hunt, M.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
257,The Evolution of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder following Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury,"Increasing evidence indicates that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop following traumatic brain injury (TBI), despite most patients having no conscious memory of their accident. This prospective study examined the frequency, timing of onset, symptom profile, and trajectory of PTSD and its psychiatric comorbidities during the first 4 years following moderate-to-severe TBI. Participants were 85 individuals (78.8% male) with moderate or severe TBI recruited following admission to acute rehabilitation between 2005 and 2010. Using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Disorders (SCID-I), participants were evaluated for pre- and post-injury PTSD soon after injury and reassessed at 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years post-injury. Over the first 4 years post-injury, 17.6% developed injury-related PTSD, none of whom had PTSD prior to injury. PTSD onset peaked between 6 and 12 months post-injury. The majority of PTSD cases (66.7%) had a delayed-onset, which for a third was preceded by subsyndromal symptoms in the first 6 months post-injury. PTSD frequency increased over the first year post-injury, remained stable during the second year, and gradually declined thereafter. The majority of subjects with PTSD experienced a chronic symptom course and all developed one or more than one comorbid psychiatric disorder, with mood, other anxiety, and substance-use disorders being the most common. Despite event-related amnesia, post-traumatic stress symptoms, including vivid re-experiencing phenomena, may develop following moderate-to-severe TBI. Onset is typically delayed and symptoms may persist for several years post-injury.","anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychiatric disorder, traumatic brain injury","Alway, Y., Gould, K. R., McKay, A., Johnston, L., Ponsford, J.",2015.0,Sep 18,10.1089/neu.2015.3992,0,1,
258,Factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A prospective study,"Background This study prospectively examined the relationship between preinjury, injury-related, and postinjury factors and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method Two hundred and three participants were recruited during inpatient admission following moderate to severe TBI. Participants completed an initial assessment soon after injury and were reassessed at 3, 6, and 12 months, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years postinjury. The Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition was used to diagnose pre- and postinjury PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. The Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) and the Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) were used to evaluate functional and psychosocial outcome from 6 months postinjury. Results The frequency of PTSD ranged between 0.5 and 9.4% during the 5-year period, increasing throughout the first 12 months and declining thereafter. After controlling for other predictors, shorter posttraumatic amnesia duration (odds ratio = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.92-1.00), other concurrent psychiatric disorder (odds ratio = 14.22, 95% CI = 2.68-75.38), and lower GOSE (odds ratio = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20-0.72) and QOLI scores (odds ratio = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.97) were associated with greater odds of having injury-related PTSD. Discussion The results of this study indicate that while shorter posttraumatic amnesia duration is associated with PTSD, greater TBI severity does not prevent PTSD from evolving. Patients with PTSD experienced high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and poorer functional and quality of life outcomes after TBI. Conclusion There is a need to direct clinical attention to early identification and treatment of PTSD following TBI to improve outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Alway, Yvette, McKay, Adam, Gould, Kate Rachel, Johnston, Lisa, Ponsford, Jennie",2015.0,,,0,0,
259,Genetic determinants of the endo-cannabinoid system and threat processing in humans,"OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are unable to suppress fear responses and negative appraisals from threat memories. Family and twin studies support that a genetic susceptibility regarding the processing of threatening events could increase the risk for PTSD. Research in rodents demonstrates that pharmacological enhancement of the endo-cannabinoid (eCB) system results in a faster extinction of threat memories. In humans, differences in eCB activity can result from genetic variations of the receptor gene (CNR1) and the enzyme that breaks down the eCB ligands (FAAH). Our objective is to correlate cognitive appraisals and physiological responses to threat with genetic determinants of the human eCB system. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION In adult, human subjects with PTSD and healthy controls, we will measure physiological (skin conductance) responses during a classical fear conditioning and extinction protocol. We will evaluate cognitive appraisal by measuring their reaction time to a threat versus neutral words appearing on a computer monitor during the cognitive conflict task. We will also gather a psychological profile with clinical anxiety questionnaires. For analysis, subjects will be grouped and compared according to their CNR1 & FAAH genotypes. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS We hypothesize that the eCB system is associated with threat processing in humans, and that healthy participants, depending on their genotype, have significantly different threat processing measures. We also hypothesize that PTSD patients compared to healthy humans, carry differences in allelic frequencies of the genotypes studied from the eCB system. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT Our long term goal is to determine pharmacogenetic markers of human responses to threats, to identify at risk individuals, and therapeutic targets that enhance treatments in favor of PTSD patients.","cannabinoid, enzyme, ligand, marker, processing, human, patient, posttraumatic stress disorder, genotype, risk, fear, memory, reaction time, genetic susceptibility, conditioning, skin conductance, rodent, gene frequency, twins, computer, receptor gene, questionnaire, genetic variability, anxiety, normal human, adult","Amador, F. J., Cadilla, C. L., Martinez, K. G., Quirk, G. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
260,Synaptic correlates of fear extinction in the amygdala,"Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress are characterized by an impaired ability to learn that cues previously associated with danger no longer represent a threat. However, the mechanisms underlying fear extinction remain unclear. We found that fear extinction in rats was associated with increased levels of synaptic inhibition in fear output neurons of the central amygdala (CEA). This increased inhibition resulted from a potentiation of fear input synapses to GABAergic intercalated amygdala neurons that project to the CEA. Enhancement of inputs to intercalated cells required prefrontal activity during extinction training and involved an increased transmitter release probability coupled to an altered expression profile of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Overall, our results suggest that intercalated cells constitute a promising target for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders. (copyright) 2010 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.","4 aminobutyric acid receptor, ionotropic receptor, amygdaloid nucleus, animal experiment, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, excitatory postsynaptic potential, fear, inhibitory postsynaptic potential, neurotransmitter release, nonhuman, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, protein expression, rat, reinforcement, synapse, synaptic inhibition","Amano, T., Unal, C. T., Pare, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
261,Synaptic correlates of fear extinction in the amygdala,"Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress are characterized by an impaired ability to learn that cues previously associated with danger no longer represent a threat. However, the mechanisms underlying fear extinction remain unclear. We found that fear extinction in rats was associated with increased levels of synaptic inhibition in fear output neurons of the central amygdala (CEA). This increased inhibition resulted from a potentiation of fear input synapses to GABAergic intercalated amygdala neurons that project to the CEA. Enhancement of inputs to intercalated cells required prefrontal activity during extinction training and involved an increased transmitter release probability coupled to an altered expression profile of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Overall, our results suggest that intercalated cells constitute a promising target for pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders. © 2010 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Amano, T., Unal, C. T., Paré, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,260
262,Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and adaptive capacity in victims of intimate partner violence,"The goal of this article was to identify the existing relationship between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the adaptive capacity in a group of victims of intimate partner violence residing in Medellin (Colombia). The sample consisted of 26 people, both male and female selected from different health and social centers. The instruments used were the PTSD Symptom Severity Scale and the Maladjustment Scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were used for data analysis. The results reinforce the initiative of considering PTSD as a diagnostic category unmistakably associated to intimate partner violence; 84.2% of the sample reported Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptomatology, mainly avoidance and hyperarousal, as well as somatic manifestations. Maladjustment levels were highly elevated, 93.2% average, the areas with the lowest level of adaptive capacity were marital life and family life, while maladjustment levels exhibited significant associations with overall PTSD and hyperarousal (p < 0.01). In general, the participants exhibited emotional affliction in their responses, characterized by the presence of somatic anxiety, an intense fear of re-experiencing the abuse situations and a marked response of increased arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Intimate Partner Violence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Social Adjustment, Symptoms","Amar, Jose Juan Amar, Otalvaro, Luz Elena Ocampo",2012.0,,,0,0,
263,The predictive role of pain in PTSD symptoms,"AIM: This study investigated the role of pain in predicting the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms among adult patients with cancer. METHODS: A total of 285 adult patients with cancer who were recruited from VA medical centers completed the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C), the Brief Pain Inventory, and the bodily pain concept from the Functional Health Status measure (SF-36). RESULTS: All six domains of pain predicted significantly greater PTSD symptoms (b range = 0.070 to 1.83, P range = 0.002 to 0.06). Additionally, differences between patients who met criteria for full PTSD versus no PTSD were found in five of the six pain domains: pain interferes with work (P=0.002), worst pain in the past seven days (P=0.002), least pain in the past seven days (P=0.02), average pain in the past seven days (P=0.002), and pain right now (P=0.02). All three DSM-IV PTSD clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyper-arousal) were significantly related to five of the six pain domains. Similarly, according to DSM-V criteria for PTSD, there was a positive correlation between pain and three out of four PTSD clusters (intrusion, negative mood, and arousal). No correlation was found between the avoidance cluster and pain. CONCLUSIONS: Pain appears to be a strong predictor of PTSD symptoms among adult patients with cancer who are undergoing medical treatment. Pain measures may be utilized as an effective screener for PTSD among medically fragile populations.","pain, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, patient, human, neoplasm, adult, arousal, mood, DSM-5, Brief Pain Inventory, checklist, population, therapy, health status","Amariglio, N., Meyer, R. M. L., Gold, J. I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
264,The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in combat veterans: A confirmatory factor analysis of the impact of event scale,"There has been controversy over the most appropriate way to define symptom clusters for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We tested the factor structure of the Impact of Event Scale (IES) in a sample of 195 male combat veterans with chronic PTSD by using confirmatory factor analysis. The two-factor model including Intrusion (i.e., unwanted memories of the event) and Avoidance (i.e., attempts to avoid reminders and numbing of emotional responsiveness) deviated significantly from good fit. However, a four-factor model, including Intrusion and Effortful Avoidance subscales, as well as Sleep Disturbance and Emotional Numbing subscales, fit significantly better. Correlations with other PTSD measures are explored and implications for the conceptualization of PTSD are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.","Combat veterans, Construct validity, Impact of Event Scale, Measurement, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rating scales","Amdur, R. L., Liberzon, I.",2001.0,,,0,0,
265,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,,,"American Psychiatric, Association",1987.0,,,0,0,
266,Glutamate and anxiety disorders,"Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, but they represent a particular challenge for treatment. The standard first-line treatments, including antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and buspirone, result in significant response rates for a majority of patients; however, unfavorable side effect profiles or risk for dependency for particular agents might limit their use by anxious patients, who often have low thresholds for medication discontinuation. Novel pharmacologic agents that modulate particular receptors, ion channels, or transporters relevant to glutamatergic neurotransmission may represent a new approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders, with generally more favorable side effect profiles. Although the role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders is listill being elucidated, the use of these agents in treatment of anxiety disorders and commonly comorbid conditions such as substance abuse and mood disorders will continue to increase. Copyright © 2007 by Current Medicine Group LLC.",,"Amiel, J. M., Mathew, S. J.",2007.0,,,0,0,
267,Cross-validation of a posttraumatic stress disorder subscale and cluster-analysis of the MMPI profiles of a large sample of treatment-seeking combat veterans,,,"Amiot, Ronald J.",1992.0,,,0,0,
268,Time does not heal all wounds: Quality of life and psychological distress of people who survived the Holocaust as children 55 years later,"The present study assessed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, psychological distress, and subjective quality of life (QoL) in a group of 43 child Holocaust survivors and a community sample of 44 persons who had not personally experienced the Holocaust. The participants were administered the PTSD-Scale, the SCL-90, and the WHOQOL-Bref. Results showed that the child survivors had higher PTSD symptom scores, higher depression, anxiety, somatization, and anger-hostility scores; and lower physical, psychological, and social QoL than did the comparison group. The findings suggest that the psychological consequences of being a child during the Holocaust can be long lasting.","Holocaust child survivors, PTSD, Quality of life","Amir, M., Lev-Wiesel, R.",2003.0,,10.1023/A:1023756326443,0,0,
269,Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among parents of children with bipolar i disorder: Parental difference,"Background. Evaluation of family system is an important area in the context of child and adolescent mental health. This study aimed to estimate psychiatric disorders in parents of children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder (BID). Methods and Materials. In this cross-sectional study, during 2012-2013, all of the children and adolescents diagnosed with BID based on Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version were included. All of the parents (both mother and father) were evaluated by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. Statistical Analysis. Prevalence rates are reported and independent-sample t-test and chi-square test were used when appropriate. Results. A total of 108 families were interviewed. 25% of mothers and 33% of fathers met the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder, with major depressive disorder, BMD, and cluster B personality disorder being more prevalent. Fathers were more likely to receive a dual psychiatric diagnosis. Cluster B personality disorder and substance dependence were more prevalent among fathers while major depressive disorder was more prevalent among mothers. Conclusion. This study confirmed a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders in parents of children with BID and emphasizes parental evolution.","adjustment disorder, adolescent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, bipolar I disorder, child, cross-sectional study, DSM-IV-TR, dysthymia, father, female, human, intellectual impairment, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, mood disorder, mother, obsessive compulsive disorder, parent, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, puerperal depression, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis, schizophrenia, substance abuse","Amiri, S., Ghoreishizadeh, M. A., Alavizadeh, Y., Saedi, F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
270,Treatment-resistant anxiety disorders: A literature review of drug therapy strategies,"Anxiety disorders are widespread psychiatric conditions with significant social and professional disability, poor quality of life, an increased risk of suicide, and frequent attendance of medical services. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) have demonstrated a rather robust efficacy for the treatment of most of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless a substantial number of patients are resistant or still suffer from residual symptoms despite this first line treatment. The objective of our paper is to review relevant studies for the pharmacologic management of anxiety disorders resistant to the first line treatment. For this purpose, we conducted a pubmed/medline search for double-blind placebo-controlled trials of treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. An adequate trial for a SRI in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) should continue for at least 12 weeks. Special considerations of the comorbidities and symptom profile could help in the choice of an appropriate pharmacotherapy. Several trials have highlighted the efficacy of antipsychotics as an add-on to SRI in treatment-resistant OCD such as haloperidol more so when comorbid with a tic disorder, or risperidone that can reduce OCD as well as depressive symptoms. Aripiprazole has been shown efficacious in two placebo-controlled double-blind trials, while the efficacy of quetiapine and olanzapine remains controversial. Other trials showed some efficacy of anticonvulsants (lamotrigine, topiramate), pindolol, memantin and N-acetylcystein as an adjunctive treatment to SRI for resistant OCD. Few trials have investigated selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or SNRI resistant generalized anxiety disorder showing a failure of adjunctive therapy with olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone and risperidone. These studies were underpowered and very limited in number. Adjunctive risperidone for resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed benefit in some but not all trials. Olanzapine was beneficial for the reduction of the CAPS score in addition to the improvement of sleep disturbances. Furthermore, prazosin was efficacious by reducing PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbances, nightmares, and psychological distress. One double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate treatment-resistant social phobia showing no benefit of pindolol add-on paroxetine. Our results demonstrate that the pharmacological management of treatment-resistant anxiety disorders is not sufficiently investigated in double-blind placebo-controlled trials, despite a growing evidence in favor of antipsychotics and some other pharmacological agents in resistant OCD and, to a lesser extent, PTSD. Hence, there is a crucial need for larger double-blind placebo-controlled trials for resistant anxiety disorders. Finally, being out of the scope of our review, we omitted studies of non-pharmacologic therapies.","Antidepressants, Anxiety disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Pharmacotherapy, Refractory patients","Ammar, G., Naja, W. J., Pelissolo, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
271,Encephale,"Anxiety disorders are widespread psychiatric conditions with significant social and professional disability, poor quality of life, an increased risk of suicide, and frequent attendance of medical services. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) have demonstrated a rather robust efficacy for the treatment of most of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless a substantial number of patients are resistant or still suffer from residual symptoms despite this first line treatment. The objective of our paper is to review relevant studies for the pharmacologic management of anxiety disorders resistant to the first line treatment. For this purpose, we conducted a pubmed/medline search for double-blind placebo-controlled trials of treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. An adequate trial for a SRI in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) should continue for at least 12 weeks. Special considerations of the comorbidities and symptom profile could help in the choice of an appropriate pharmacotherapy. Several trials have highlighted the efficacy of antipsychotics as an add-on to SRI in treatment-resistant OCD such as haloperidol more so when comorbid with a tic disorder, or risperidone that can reduce OCD as well as depressive symptoms. Aripiprazole has been shown efficacious in two placebo-controlled double-blind trials, while the efficacy of quetiapine and olanzapine remains controversial. Other trials showed some efficacy of anticonvulsants (lamotrigine, topiramate), pindolol, memantin and N-acetylcystein as an adjunctive treatment to SRI for resistant OCD. Few trials have investigated selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or SNRI resistant generalized anxiety disorder showing a failure of adjunctive therapy with olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone and risperidone. These studies were underpowered and very limited in number. Adjunctive risperidone for resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed benefit in some but not all trials. Olanzapine was beneficial for the reduction of the CAPS score in addition to the improvement of sleep disturbances. Furthermore, prazosin was efficacious by reducing PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbances, nightmares, and psychological distress. One double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate treatment-resistant social phobia showing no benefit of pindolol add-on paroxetine. Our results demonstrate that the pharmacological management of treatment-resistant anxiety disorders is not sufficiently investigated in double-blind placebo-controlled trials, despite a growing evidence in favor of antipsychotics and some other pharmacological agents in resistant OCD and, to a lesser extent, PTSD. Hence, there is a crucial need for larger double-blind placebo-controlled trials for resistant anxiety disorders. Finally, being out of the scope of our review, we omitted studies of non-pharmacologic therapies.","anxiety disorder, drug therapy, human, obsessive compulsive disorder, patient, antidepressant agent","Ammar, G., Naja, W. J., Pelissolo, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
272,Cohort profile: Mental health following extreme trauma in a northern Ugandan cohort of War-Affected Youth Study (the WAYS study),"War experiences are associated with the risk of long-term mental health problems. The War-affected Youths (WAYS) Study comprises a cohort of 539 youths (61% female) aged between 18 to 25 (at baseline) randomly sampled from the population of war-affected youths in northern Uganda. The study aims to chart the trajectory of long-term mental health consequences of war and the roles of individual, family, and community contextual risk and protective factors in influencing the course of mental health using Social Ecology Model, thus, addressing both the individual and its social ecology. Knowledge of postwar contexts may inform policy and guide interventions on postwar psychosocial adjustment and reintegration in conflict-prone Great Lakes region of Africa (Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Uganda, Central African Republic, and South Sudan). Two waves of data collection have been conducted and more data collection is planned. At baseline, information on demographic characteristics, pre-war experiences, psychosocial outcomes, coping, stigma/discrimination, family and community acceptance and relationship, family functioning, and post-war experiences were obtained. At follow-up, information on general health, gender-based violence, PTSD, social skills, trauma memory quality, rumination, self-esteem, and psychosocial outcomes were collected. Approval to access the data can be obtained on application to the Principal Investigator upon submission of a research proposal with ethical approval from the applicant's institution. This research is funded by Wellcome Trust and Gulu University. © 2013 Amone-P'Olak et al.; licensee Springer.",,"""Amone-POlak, K."", Jones, P. B., Abbott, R., Meiser-Stedman, R., Ovuga, E., Croudace, T. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
273,"Posttyphoon prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in a Vietnamese sample","In 2006, typhoon Xangsane disrupted a multiagency health needs study of 4,982 individuals in Vietnam. Following this disaster, 798 of the original participants were reinterviewed to determine prevalence and risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), panic disorder (PD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Posttyphoon prevalences were PTSD 2.6%, MDD 5.9%, PD 9.3%, and GAD 2.2%. Of those meeting criteria for a disorder, 70% reported only one disorder, 15% had two, 14% had three, and 1% met criteria for all four disorders. Risk factors for posttyphoon psychopathology differed among disorders, but generally were related to high typhoon exposure, prior trauma exposure, and in contrast to Western populations, higher age, but not gender. © 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Amstadter, A. B., Acierno, R., Richardson, L. K., Kilpatrick, D. G., Gros, D. F., Gaboury, M. T., Tran, T. L., Trung, L. T., Tam, N. T., Tuan, T., Buoi, L. T., Ha, T. T., Thach, T. D., Galea, S.",2009.0,,10.1002/jts.20404,0,0,
274,A population-based study of familial and individual-specific environmental contributions to traumatic event exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a Norwegian twin sample,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the only disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders that requires an environmental exposure. The relationship between liability factors for trauma exposure and those for PTSD symptoms following exposure are unclear. Methods: Exposure to a trauma and resulting PTSD symptoms were assessed in a sample of 2,794 members of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. Results: In the full sample, 737 twins experienced a trauma. A modified causal, contingent, common pathway model was used to examine trauma exposure and liability for PTSD. Genetic and common environmental factors could not be distinguished, so a model that included only familial and individual specific components was fit. The best-fitting model suggested that familial factors played an important role in liability for trauma exposure and for resulting PTSD symptoms, and that there was a modest transmission between trauma exposure and subsequent PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: One third of the variance in liability of PTSD symptoms is due to familial factors, and of this, approximately one fifth overlaps with the familial liability for trauma exposure while the other four fifths of the variance is specific to the risk of PTSD symptoms following exposure. The hypothesis that PTSD is etiologically similar to exposures to a traumatic event is not supported, suggesting that the factors that confer risk for trauma do not overlap completely with those that confer risk for PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Environment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Trauma, *Twins, Epidemiology","Amstadter, Ananda B., Aggen, Steven H., Knudsen, Gun Peggy, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted, Kendler, Kenneth S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
275,"Potentially traumatic event exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and Axis i and II comorbidity in a population-based study of Norwegian young adults",,,"Amstadter, A. B., Aggen, S. H., Knudsen, G. P., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Kendler, K. S.",2013.0,,10.1007/s00127-012-0537-2,0,0,
276,Corticotrophin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor gene (CRHR1) variants predict posttraumatic stress disorder onset and course in pediatric injury patients,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling anxiety disorder that may occur in the aftermath of exposure to potentially traumatic life events. PTSD is moderately heritable, but few specific molecular variants accounting for this heritability have been identified. Genes regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor gene (CRHR1), have been implicated in traumatic-stress related phenotypes but have yet to be studied in relation to PTSD. The present study sought to examine the relation between 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRHR1 gene and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a prospective study of pediatric injury patients (n=103) who were first assessed in the acute aftermath of their injury at the hospital. Results indicated that multiple SNPs were associated with acute symptoms at a univariate level, and after correction for multiple testing, rs12944712 was significantly related to acute PTSD symptoms. Longitudinal latent growth curve analyses suggest that rs12944712 is also related to both acute symptom level and trajectory of symptoms over time. The present study adds support for the role of CRHR1 in the stress response following potentially traumatic event exposure in youth. It should be noted that the sample size in this study was small, and therefore statistical power was low; following, results from this study should be considered preliminary. Although results are not definitive, the findings from this study warrant future replication studies on how variation in this gene relates to response to traumatic event exposure in youth. © 2011 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.","CRHR1, genetic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, injury, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Amstadter, A. B., Nugent, N. R., Yang, B. Z., Miller, A., Siburian, R., Moorjani, P., Haddad, S., Basu, A., Fagerness, J., Saxe, G., Smoller, J. W., Koenen, K. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
277,Longitudinal trajectories of cigarette smoking following rape,"Although prior research has identified increases in cigarette smoking following trauma exposure, no studies have examined longitudinal trajectories of smoking following rape. The present investigation identified and characterized longitudinal (<3 months, 3-6 months, and >6 months postassault) trajectories of smoking (N=152) following a rape in a sample of 268 sexual assault victims participating in a forensic medical exam. Further, the authors examined acute predictors of subsequent smoking trajectories. Of participants endorsing smoking postrape, a two-class solution was identified, with the majority of participants (74.6%) evidencing moderate smoking with a slight decrease over time and remaining participants showing heavy smoking with a slight increase over time. Having sustained an injury, minority status, and postexamination distress all predicted subsequent smoking trajectory. (copyright) 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adolescent, article, smoking, controlled study, distress syndrome, female, forensic psychiatry, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, medical examination, prediction, rape, sexual crime, smoking habit, social behavior, victim","Amstadter, A. B., Resnick, H. S., Nugent, N. R., Acierno, R., Rheingold, A. A., Minhinnett, R., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
278,"Longitudinal Relationships Between Neuroticism, Avoidant Coping, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents Following the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China","The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred in southwestern China in May 2008, was a source of severe psychological distress to adolescents. This study explored the developmental trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the longitudinal relationships between neuroticism, avoidant coping, and PTSD symptoms measured at three time points: 1 year (T1), 1.5 years (T2), and 2 years (T3) after the earthquake. The participants included 636 adolescents from several high schools located in the areas that were most severely affected by the earthquake. Structural equation modeling results revealed bidirectional effects between neuroticism, avoidant coping, and PTSD symptoms. More severe PTSD symptoms predicted higher levels of avoidant coping at T1-T2 and T2-T3 but only predicted higher levels of neuroticism at T1-T2. Higher levels of neuroticism at T1 predicted more severe PTSD symptoms at T1-T2, while higher levels of avoidant coping at T1 predicted more severe PTSD symptoms at T2-T3. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","adolescents, avoidant coping, longitudinal research, neuroticism, posttraumatic stress disorder","An, Y., Fu, F., Wu, X., Lin, C., Zhang, Y.",2013.0,,,0,1,
279,Using mental health indicators to identify postdisaster gender-based violence among women displaced by Hurricane Katrina,"Objective: Assessment of gender-based violence (GBV) among internally displaced persons (IDPs) is at best difficult. In complex humanitarian disasters, GBV inquiry can sometimes be dangerous and may lead to underestimation of the true prevalence. We developed a method of identifying women who have greater odds of having been exposed to postdisaster GBV (PDGBV) using mental health indicators. Methods: We systematically random sampled IDPs living in travel trailer parks in Louisiana and Mississippi and interviewed respondents using a health needs assessment survey during an 8-week period in April and May 2006. Women (n = 194) were screened for GBV and symptoms of depression. Results: Women were on average 43.3 years old (range 18-85). Of the nine symptoms assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), four were associated with PDGBV. Among women with sleep dysregulation, the odds of PDGBV were 2.5 times higher in comparison with women without sleep dysregulation (95% CI 1.2-5.1). Appetite dysregulation increased the odds by 3.8 (95% CI 1.4-10.3), low self-esteem increased the odds by 2.3 (95% CI 1.2-4.6), and suicidal ideation increased the odds by 2.7 (95% CI 1.1-6.7). The internal consistency reliability of this symptom cluster was higher among women with PDGBV. Women screening positive on all four symptoms were 2.7 times more likely to have experienced PDGBV (95% CI 1.03-7.1). Conclusions: Several but not all symptoms of depression indicated exposure to PDGBV. Sleeping dysregulation, appetite dysregulation, low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation should be considered secondary indicators useful for identifying the prevalence of PDGBV exposure among female IDPs. This model may be useful for identifying women with exposure to PDGBV in settings where direct questioning may not be safe and reliable. © 2008 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Anastario, M. P., Larrance, R., Lawry, L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
280,Increased generalization of learned associations is related to re-experiencing symptoms in veterans with symptoms of post-traumatic stress,"One interpretation of re-experiencing symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is that memories related to emotional information are stored strongly, but with insufficient specificity, so that stimuli which are minimally related to the traumatic event are sufficient to trigger recall. If so, re-experiencing symptoms may reflect a general bias against encoding background information during a learning experience, and this tendency might not be limited to learning about traumatic or even autobiographical events. To test this possibility, we administered a discrimination-and-transfer task to 60 Veterans (11.2% female, mean age 54.0 years) self-assessed for PTSD symptoms in order to examine whether re-experiencing symptoms were associated with increased generalization following associative learning. The discrimination task involved learning to choose the rewarded object from each of six object pairs; each pair differed in color or shape but not both. In the transfer phase, the irrelevant feature in each pair was altered. Regression analysis revealed no relationships between re-experiencing symptoms and initial discrimination learning. However, re-experiencing symptom scores contributed to the prediction of transfer performance. Other PTSD symptom clusters (avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal) did not account for significant additional variance. The results are consistent with an emerging interpretation of re-experiencing symptoms as reflecting a learning bias that favors generalization at the expense of specificity. Future studies will be needed to determine whether this learning bias may pre-date and confer risk for, re-experiencing symptoms in individuals subsequently exposed to trauma, or emerges only in the wake of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom development. © 2015 © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","Anxiety, associative learning, declarative memory, stress, transfer, veterans","Anastasides, N., Beck, K. D., Pang, K. C. H., Servatius, R. J., Gilbertson, M. W., Orr, S. P., Myers, C. E.",2015.0,,10.3109/10253890.2015.1053450,0,0,
281,Spects of aetiology of neuro-psychic disorders in liquidators of chernobyl nuclear station accident consequences,"A selected group of 213 men who had worked at Chernobyl Atomic Power Station within 1986-1987 during 7-60 days (average index is 30+10.4 days) was examined. Mental disorders were found in 196 patients (asthenic, dysthymic, psychovegetative, psychoorganic syndromes). Various neurological symptoms, for example of Marinesku-Rodovichi, were often met. Angiopathia of the retina among 61.7% was found and discircular encephalopathia among 39.3% cases was discovered. The latter suggested by the obtained instrumental data (REG, EEG, SPECT). The author considered aetiology of these disorders, demonstrated scientific value of studying Chernobyl liquidators cohort, as they were protected from internal radiation and reside on radiation nullpurenull territories. External radiation dose in those liquidators was 18.7+10.8 cGrey. Catamnesis enabled to doubt nullradiation aetiologynull of all syndromes revealed by clinical and instrumental studies. So, the prolonged over 1-2 months external radiation of such low doses could not case health deterioration in adult males. The MMPI-test profile of our liquidators was very similar to the MMPI-test of american veterans of Vientam war. Diagnosed psychoorganic syndrome in 53.6% cases could have alcohol aetiology. This conclusion is not extrapolated to the whole Chernobyl liquidators cohort. Also the author disputed with psychiatrist V.A.Soldatkin about situation in Rostov-on-the-Don region, with psychiatrists V.L.Malygin, B.D.Tsygankov about situation in Tula region, with psychiatrists V.A.Buikov, P.P.Balashov on the aetiology of psychopathology among the population of South Urals region (after radioactive incidents). The influence of the low doses of the gamma-radiation, of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, of the Alcohol abuse et cetera was discussed.","alcohol, etiology, Chernobyl accident, mental disease, accident, psychiatry, radiation, psychiatrist, low drug dose, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, psychosomatic disorder, nuclear energy, patient, neurologic disease, retina, brain disease, radiation dose, health, single photon emission computer tomography, deterioration, adult, male, veteran, war, population, gamma radiation, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol abuse, electroencephalogram","Anatolievich Skavysh, V.",2010.0,,,0,0,
282,Modeling of community integration trajectories in the first five years after traumatic brain injury,"The aims of this study were to assess the trajectories of community integration in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) through one, two, and five years post-injury and to examine whether those trajectories could be predicted by demographic and injury characteristics. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with 105 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI admitted to a trauma referral center in 2005-2007. Demographics and injury-related factors were extracted from medical records. At the one-, two- and five-year follow-ups, community integration was measured by the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). A hierarchical linear model (HLM) examined whether longitudinal trajectories of community integration could be predicted by: time, sex, age, relationship status, education, employment status, occupation, acute Glasgow Coma Scale score, cause of injury, days in post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), computed tomography Marshall Score, and Injury Severity Score. CIQ scores improved across the three time-points (p<0.001). Additionally, higher trajectories of community integration were predicted by being single at the time of injury (p<.001), higher level of education (p=0.006), employment (p<0.001), and a shorter length of PTA (p<0.001). In a follow-up HLM with interaction terms, time∗PTA was statistically significant (p<0.001), suggesting that participants with longer PTA increased in community integration more rapidly than those with shorter PTA. The longitudinal course of community integration described in this study may help rehabilitation professionals to plan more extensive follow-ups and targeted rehabilitation programs in the early stage of recovery for patients with specific demographic and injury characteristics. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2016.","outcome measures, recovery, rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury","Andelic, N., Arango-Lasprilla, J. C., Perrin, P. B., Sigurdardottir, S., Lu, J., Landa, L. O., Forslund, M. V., Roe, C.",2016.0,,10.1089/neu.2014.3844,0,0,
283,Incidence of hospital-treated traumatic brain injury in the Oslo population,,,"Andelic, N., Sigurdardottir, S., Brunborg, C., Roe, C.",2008.0,,10.1159/000120025,0,0,
284,Mental preparedness as a pathway to police resilience and optimal functioning in the line of duty,,,"Andersen, J. P., Papazoglou, K., Arnetz, B. B., Collins, P. I.",2015.0,,,0,0,
285,Latent trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience: the 3-year longitudinal prospective USPER study of Danish veterans deployed in Afghanistan,"OBJECTIVE: To identify trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from before to 2.5 years after deployment and to assess risk factors for symptom fluctuations and late-onset PTSD. METHOD: 743 soldiers deployed to Afghanistan in 2009 were assessed for PTSD symptoms using the PTSD Checklist (PCL) at 6 occasions from predeployment to 2.5 years postdeployment (study sample = 561). Predeployment vulnerabilities and deployment and postdeployment stressors were also assessed. RESULTS: Six trajectories were identified: a resilient trajectory with low symptom levels across all assessments (78.1%) and 5 trajectories showing symptom fluctuations. These included a trajectory of late onset (5.7%), independently predicted by earlier emotional problems (OR = 5.59; 95% CI, 1.57-19.89) and predeployment and postdeployment traumas (OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17 and OR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00-1.26). Two trajectories of symptom fluctuations in the low-to-moderate range (7.5% and 4.1%); a trajectory of symptom relief during deployment, but with a drastic increase at the final assessments (2.0%); and a trajectory with mild symptom increase during deployment followed by relief at return (2.7%) were also found. Symptom fluctuation was predicted independently by predeployment risk factors (depression [OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.16-1.39], neuroticism [OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21], and earlier traumas [OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.16]) and deployment-related stressors (danger/injury exposure [OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40]), but not by postdeployment stressors. DISCUSSION: The results confirm earlier findings of stress response heterogeneity following military deployment and highlight the impact of predeployment, perideployment, and postdeployment risk factors in predicting PTSD symptomatology and late-onset PTSD symptoms.","Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Denmark/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Military Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, *Resilience, Psychological, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*etiology/psychology, Time Factors, Veterans/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult","Andersen, S. B., Karstoft, K. I., Bertelsen, M., Madsen, T.",2014.0,Sep,10.4088/JCP.13m08914,1,1,
286,PTSD symptoms mediate the effect of attachment on pain and somatisation after whiplash injury,"Introduction: The development of persistent pain post-whiplash injury is still an unresolved mystery despite the fact that approximately 50% of individuals reporting whiplash develop persistent pain. There is agreement that high initial pain and PTSD symptoms are indicators of a poor prognosis after whiplash injury. Recently attachment insecurity has been proposed as a vulnerability factor for both pain and PTSD. In order to guide treatment it is important to examine possible mechanisms which may cause persistent pain and medically unexplained symptoms after a whiplash injury. Aim: The present study examines attachment insecurity and PTSD symptoms as possible vulnerability factors in relation to high levels of pain and somatisation after sub-acute whiplash injury. Methods: Data were collected from 327 patients (women = 204) referred consecutively to the emergency unit after acute whiplash injury. Within 1-month post injury, patients answered a questionnaire regarding attachment insecurity, pain, somatisation, and PTSD symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses were performed to assess whether the PTSD symptom clusters mediated the association between attachment insecurity, pain, and somatisation. Results: A total of 15% fulfilled the DSM-IV symptom cluster criteria for a possible PTSD diagnosis and 11.6% fulfilled the criteria for somatisation. PTSD increased the likelihood of belonging to the moderate-severe pain group three-fold. In relation to somatisation the likelihood of belonging to the group was almost increased four-fold. The PTSD symptom clusters of avoidance and hyperarousal mediated the association between the attachment dimensions, pain, and somatisation. Conclusion: Acknowledging that PTSD is part of the aetiology involved in explaining persistent symptoms after whiplash, may help sufferers to gain early and more suited treatment, which in turn may prevent the condition from becoming chronic. © Andersen et al.","Attachment, Pain, PTSD, Somatisation, Whiplash","Andersen, T. E., Elklit, A., Brink, O.",2013.0,,,0,0,
287,Is partner violence worse in the context of control?,"M. P. Johnson's (1995) proposal that there are two qualitatively distinct types of intimate partner violence - intimate terrorism and situational couple violence - has been an influential explanation for disparate findings on sex symmetry in domestic violence. This study examines whether this typology increases our ability to explain variations in the negative outcomes of partner violence as compared with the use of a continuous measure of violence. This study also considers whether the use of control to differentiate between types of violence helps to explain the negative consequences of partner violence. The results, based on analyses of data on 4,575 married women from National Violence Against Women survey, indicate mixed support for Johnson's argument for a qualitative distinction between IT and SCV. © National Council on Family Relations, 2008.","Depression, Domestic violence, Intimate partner/marital abuse, National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS), Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Anderson, K. L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
288,Stress Induced Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responses and Disturbances in Psychological Profiles in Men With Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome,"Purpose: Chronic pelvic pain in men has a strong relationship with biopsychosocial stress and central nervous system sensitization may incite or perpetuate the pain syndrome. We evaluated patients and asymptomatic controls for psychological factors and neuroendocrine reactivity under provoked acute stress conditions. Materials and Methods: Men with pain (60) and asymptomatic controls (30) completed psychological questionnaires including the Perceived Stress, Beck Anxiety, Type A behavior and Brief Symptom Inventory for distress from symptoms. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function was measured during the Trier Social Stress Test with serum adrenocorticotropin hormone and cortisol reactivity at precise times, before and during acute stress, which consisted of a speech and mental arithmetic task in front of an audience. The Positive and Negative Affective Scale measured the state of emotions. Results: Patients with chronic pelvic pain had significantly more anxiety, perceived stress and a higher profile of global distress in all Brief Symptom Inventory domains (p <0.001), scoring in the 94th vs the 49th percentile for controls (normal population). Patients showed a significantly blunted plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone response curve with a mean total response approximately 30% less vs controls (p = 0.038) but no differences in any cortisol responses. Patients with pelvic pain had less emotional negativity after the test than controls, suggesting differences in cognitive appraisal. Conclusions: Men with pelvic pain have significant disturbances in psychological profiles compared to healthy controls and evidence of altered hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function in response to acute stress. These central nervous system observations may be a consequence of neuropsychological adjustments to chronic pain and modulated by personality. © 2009 American Urological Association.","acute, hydrocortisone, pelvic pain, prostatitis, stress disorders, traumatic","Anderson, R. U., Orenberg, E. K., Morey, A., Chavez, N., Chan, C. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
289,The SCID-II and DIB-R interviews: Diagnostic association with poor outcome risk factors in borderline personality disorder,"This study assesses whether patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) or the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) present differences in factors associated with risk of poor outcome. Three hundred fifty-two patients were evaluated with SCID-II and DIB-R. Patients diagnosed as BPD according to one or both instruments were compared in BPD poor outcome risk factors. The analysis was conducted on the participants who were assigned to SCID-II (n = 135) and SCID-II/DIB-R (n = 126) groups. The group diagnosed with BPD according the combined SCID-II/DIB-R interview showed a significantly greater association with risk of poor outcome predictors, such as total number of comorbid Axis II disorders, number of BPD criteria, presence of comorbid paranoid personality disorder, and worse occupational status. No differences between groups were found in the affective instability BPD criterion, self-reported impulsivity, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder or presence of any cluster C comorbidity. The observed differences were large enough to advise caution in generalizing findings from studies without considering what measurement was used for the BPD diagnosis. (copyright) 2012 Psicothema.","adult, article, borderline state, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, human, interview, male, prognosis, risk factor","Andion, O., Ferrer, M., Di Genova, A., Calvo, N., Gancedo, B., Matali, J., Valero, S., Torrubia, R., Casas, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
290,The SCID-II and DIB-R interviews: Diagnostic association with poor outcome risk factors in borderline personality disorder,"This study assesses whether patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) or the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) present differences in factors associated with risk of poor outcome. Three hundred fifty-two patients were evaluated with SCID-II and DIB-R. Patients diagnosed as BPD according to one or both instruments were compared in BPD poor outcome risk factors. The analysis was conducted on the participants who were assigned to SCID-II (n = 135) and SCID-II/DIB-R (n = 126) groups. The group diagnosed with BPD according the combined SCID-II/DIB-R interview showed a significantly greater association with risk of poor outcome predictors, such as total number of comorbid Axis II disorders, number of BPD criteria, presence of comorbid paranoid personality disorder, and worse occupational status. No differences between groups were found in the affective instability BPD criterion, self-reported impulsivity, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder or presence of any cluster C comorbidity. The observed differences were large enough to advise caution in generalizing findings from studies without considering what measurement was used for the BPD diagnosis. © 2012 Psicothema.",,"Andión, O., Ferrer, M., Di Genova, A., Calvo, N., Gancedo, B., Matalí, J., Valero, S., Torrubia, R., Casas, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,289
291,"Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The protocol for an epidemiological and genetic survey","Background: violence is a public health major concern, and it is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric outcomes. Brazil is one of the most violent countries in the world, and has an extreme social inequality. Research on the association between violence and mental health may support public health policy and thus reduce the burden of disease attributable to violence. The main objectives of this project were: to study the association between violence and mental disorders in the Brazilian population; to estimate the prevalence rates of exposure to violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, common metal disorder, and alcohol hazardous use and dependence: and to identify contextual and individual factors, including genetic factors, associated with the outcomes. Methods/Design: one phase cross-sectional survey carried out in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A multistage probability to size sampling scheme was performed in order to select the participants (3000 and 1500 respectively). The cities were stratified according to homicide rates, and in Sao Paulo the three most violent strata were oversampled. The measurements included exposure to traumatic events, psychiatric diagnoses (CIDI 2.1), contextual (homicide rates and social indicators), and individual factors, such as demographics, social capital, resilience, help seeking behaviours. The interviews were carried between June/2007 February/2008, by a team of lay interviewers. The statistical analyses will be weight-adjusted in order to take account of the design effects. Standardization will be used in order to compare the results between the two centres. Whole genome association analysis will be performed on the 1 million SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays, and additional association analysis will be performed on additional phenotypes. The Ethical Committee of the Federal University of Sao Paulo approved the study, and participants who matched diagnostic criteria have been offered a referral to outpatient clinics at the Federal University of Sao Paulo and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Violence, Alcoholism, Epidemiology, Genetics","Andreoli, Sergio Baxter, Ribeiro, Wagner Silva, Quintana, Maria Ines, Guindalini, Camila, Breen, Gerome, Blay, Sergio Luis, Coutinho, Evandro S. F., Harpham, Trudy, Jorge, Miguel Roberto, Lara, Diogo Rizzato, Moriyama, Tais S., Quarantini, Lucas C., Gadelha, Ary, Vilete, Liliane Maria Pereira, Yeh, Mary S. L., Prince, Martin, Figueira, Ivan, Bressan, Rodrigo A., Mello, Marcelo F., Dewey, Michael E., Ferri, Cleusa P., de Jesus Mari, Jair",2009.0,,,0,0,
292,Delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the evidence,,,"Andrews, B., Brewin, C. R., Philpott, R., Stewart, L.",2007.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091491,0,0,
293,Comparison of Immediate-Onset and Delayed-Onset Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans,,,"Andrews, B., Brewin, C. R., Stewart, L., Philpott, R., Hejdenberg, J.",2009.0,,10.1037/a0017203,0,0,
294,The classification of anxiety disorders in ICD-10 and DSM-IV: A concordance analysis,"On the surface, the classifications of anxiety disorders in DSM-IV and ICD-10 appear quite similar. However, differences exist and are evident in four aspects of the diagnostic criteria: typology, identifying criteria, inclusion and exclusion criteria. The current study uses data from the Australian National Mental Health Survey to model the impact of these differences on the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder. The results show that the concordance between the current classifications would be improved with the removal of the criterion for uncontrollability from DSM-IV, a closer focus on the symptoms of hypervigilance and scanning as in DSM-IV and the removal of the clinical significance criterion from DSM-IV. Equivalency of the exclusion criteria between the two classification systems reduces the concordance, demonstrating that each classification systems is a set of inter-dependent diagnoses, and to ultimately achieve concordance, all diagnoses must be considered together. Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Anxiety disorders, Classification, DSM-IV, ICD-10, Nomenclature","Andrews, G., Slade, T.",2002.0,,,0,0,
295,"Cells, biomarkers, and post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence for peripheral involvement in a central disease","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complicated CNS syndrome. Looking beyond the CNS, recent studies suggest that peripheral blood mononuclear cells could cause and/or exacerbate PTSD. This review summarizes the literature, describes associations between circulating peripheral blood cells and PTSD, proposes a novel mechanism, and analyzes several biomarkers that appear to associate with PTSD symptoms. Several experimental animal models have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cell activity can cause hippocampal volume loss and PTSD-like symptoms. Data from these models suggest that a traumatic event and/or traumatic events can trigger peripheral cells to migrate, mediate inflammation, and decrease neurogenesis, potentially leading to CNS volume loss. Biomarkers that associate with PTSD symptoms have the potential to differentiate PTSD from traumatic brain injury, but more work needs to be done. Research examining the mechanism of how traumatic events are linked to peripheral blood mononuclear cell functions and biomarkers may offer improved diagnoses and treatments for PTSD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Biological Markers, *Cells (Biology), *Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Models, Patients, Symptoms","Andrews, James A., Neises, Kameran D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
296,Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in emergency personnel: An examination of seven alternative models,"Recent studies into the underlying factor structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms often report factor structures that do not replicate the three symptom cluster of re-experiencing, avoidance and arousal symptoms as classified within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 2000). Data from 485 emergency service personnel who had experienced an occupational trauma were submitted to confirmatory factor analysis to test seven alternative factor models of posttraumatic stress symptoms. This study is one of the most comprehensive structural analyses of posttrauma symptoms to date. The model of best fit comprised four first-order factors including intrusion, avoidance, numbing and arousal alongside a general PTSD factor. This study highlighted the difference between the current DSM symptom groupings and those derived empirically. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Confirmatory factor analysis, PTSD, Symptom structure","Andrews, L., Joseph, S., Shevlin, M., Troop, N.",2006.0,,,0,0,
297,Latent class growth modelling: A tutorial,,,"Andruff, H., Carraro, N., Thompson, A., Gaudreau, P., Louvet, B.",2009.0,,,0,0,
298,Low socioeconomic status and mental health outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors: Disadvantage? advantage?⋯ or both?,"Objective: The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and both positive and negative mental health (MH) outcomes in a population-based sample of colorectal cancer survivors. On the basis of theoretical conceptualizations of trauma and posttraumatic growth, low SES was hypothesized to be positively associated with both greater negative MH outcomes (e.g., distress) and greater positive MH outcomes (e.g., growth). Methods: Colorectal cancer survivors (n = 1300; 57% male; mean age 69.4 and 4.0 years post-diagnosis) were recruited using a regional, population-based cancer registry in the Netherlands and completed a questionnaire assessing current negative and positive MH outcomes. Low, medium, and high SES respondents were identified using an area-level indicator of SES based on aggregated individual fiscal data on monetary home value and household income. Results: Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analyses indicated that low SES was a risk factor for greater negative MH outcomes. Relative to high SES survivors, low SES survivors reported poorer status on nine indices of MH, and high SES survivors were about 50% less likely to report clinically important levels of anxiety and depression. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis low SES was a 'risk' factor for greater positive MH outcomes. Relative to high SES survivors, low SES survivors reported greater positive MH outcomes on 2 of 5 positive MH indices examined (Positive Self-Evaluation, Meaning of Cancer). Conclusions: Study findings are the first to suggest that low SES might increase the likelihood of both greater negative as well as positive MH outcomes in cancer survivors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","adjustment, cancer, distress, socioeconomic status, survivor, well-being","Andrykowski, M. A., Aarts, M. J., Van De Poll-Franse, L. V., Mols, F., Slooter, G. D., Thong, M. S. Y.",2013.0,,,0,0,
299,The Moderating Role of Distress Tolerance in the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters and Suicidal Behavior Among Trauma Exposed Substance Users in Residential Treatment,"The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) is associated with greater risk for suicidal behavior than either disorder alone. Research highlights the relevance of PTSD symptoms in particular to suicide risk within this population. Research has also provided support for an association between distress tolerance (DT) and both PTSD symptoms and suicidal behavior. This study examined the role of DT in the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and suicidal behavior in a sample of 164 SUD inpatients with a history of Criterion A traumatic exposure. Results indicated that DT moderated the relationship between PTSD symptoms (overall, re-experiencing, and hyperarousal) and medically attended suicide attempts, with the magnitude of the relationship increasing at higher levels of DT. © 2012 Copyright International Academy for Suicide Research.","acquired capability, distress tolerance, substance use, suicide","Anestis, M. D., Tull, M. T., Bagge, C. L., Gratz, K. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
300,Utilizing correspondence analysis to characterize the mental health of cardiac patients with diabetes,"The aim of this study was to examine the mental health of cardiac patients with diabetes and whether symptoms varied by gender and/or age. Screening for depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms was conducted on 1003 patients with cardiovascular disease. Correspondence analysis was utilized to identify clinical core profiles. Results suggested that cardiovascular disease patients with diabetes, particularly males, experience high rates of depression, suicide ideation, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Clinical implications of these findings include targeted mental health screening options as well as offering a closer look at the specific concerns of cardiovascular disease patients with diabetes. © 2015 SAGE Publications.","coronary heart disease, depression, distress, myocardial infarction, quantitative methods","Annunziato, R. A., Kim, S. K., Fussner, M., Ahmad, T., Jerson, B., Rubinstein, D.",2015.0,,10.1177/1359105313510339,0,1,
301,Coping and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury,,,"Anson, K., Ponsford, J.",2006.0,,10.1097/00001199-200605000-00005,0,0,
302,Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in children exposed to disaster: Results from confirmatory factor analyses,"Factor analytic studies of trauma victims' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have offered conflicting hypotheses about how to conceptualize PTSD into symptom categories. The present study used confirmatory factor analyses of self-reported PTSD symptomatology from 5,664 child and adolescent victims of Hurricane Hugo to compare 10 models of PTSD dimensionality. PTSD was best represented by a 2nd-order PTSD factor that manifests in 3 symptom clusters (Intrusion/Active Avoidance, Numbing/Passive Avoidance, and Arousal). This model was cross-validated on 3 age groups (late childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence), and results indicated factorial invariance across groups. PTSD symptoms varied in relative centrality to the underlying dimensions of PTSD, which differed in their relations with anxiety and degree of traumatic exposure. Implications for classification criteria and an empirically supported theory of PTSD are discussed.",,"Anthony, J. L., Lonigan, C. J., Hecht, S. A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
303,Multisample cross-validation of a model of childhood posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology,"This study is the latest advancement of our research aimed at best characterizing children's posttraumatic stress reactions. In a previous study, we compared existing nosologic and empirical models of PTSD dimensionality and determined the superior model was a hierarchical one with three symptom clusters (Intrusion/Active Avoidance, Numbing/Passive Avoidance, and Arousal; Anthony, Lonigan, & Hecht, 1999). In this study, we cross-validate this model in two populations. Participants were 396 fifth graders who were exposed to either Hurricane Andrew or Hurricane Hugo. Multisample confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the model's factorial invariance across populations who experienced traumatic events that differed in severity. These results show the model's robustness to characterize children's posttraumatic stress reactions. Implications for diagnosis, classification criteria, and an empirically supported theory of PTSD are discussed. © 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Anthony, J. L., Lonigan, C. J., Vernberg, E. M., La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Prinstein, M. J.",2005.0,,,0,1,
304,Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample,,,"Antony, M. M., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., Bieling, P. J., Swinson, R. P.",1998.0,,10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176,0,0,
305,The Neuropsychological Profile of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult ADHD,"Objective: ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often comorbid yet despite the increased comorbidity between the two disorders, to our knowledge, no data have been published regarding the neuropsychological profile of adults with comorbid ADHD and PTSD. Likewise, previous empirical studies of the neuropsychology of PTSD did not control for ADHD status. We sought to fill this gap in the literature and to assess the extent to which neuropsychological test performance predicted psychosocial functioning, and perceived quality of life. Method: Participants were 201 adults with ADHD attending an outpatient mental health clinic between 1998 and 2003 and 123 controls without ADHD. Participants completed a large battery of self-report measures and psychological tests. Diagnoses were made using data obtained from structured psychiatric interviews (i.e., Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Epidemiologic Version). Results: Differences emerged between control participants and participants with ADHD on multiple neuropsychological tests. Across all tests, control participants outperformed participants with ADHD. Differences between the two ADHD groups emerged on seven psychological subtests including multiple Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third edition and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test measures. These test differences did not account for self-reported quality of life differences between groups. Conclusion: The comorbidity with PTSD in adults with ADHD is associated with weaker cognitive performance on several tasks that appear related to spatial/perceptual abilities and fluency. Neuropsychological test performances may share variance with the quality of life variables yet are not mediators of the quality of life ratings. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX(X) XX-XX).",,"Antshel, K. M., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., Faraone, S. V.",2014.0,Feb 24,10.1177/1087054714522512,0,0,
306,Posttraumatic stress disorder in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Clinical features and familial transmission,"Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by clinically significant functional impairment due to symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Previous research suggests a link, in child samples, between ADHD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is characterized by (1) chronically reexperiencing a traumatic event, (2) hyperarousal, and (3) avoiding stimuli associated with the trauma while exhibiting numbed responsiveness. This study sought to address the link between ADHD and PTSD in adults by providing a comprehensive comparison of ADHD patients with and without PTSD across multiple variables including demographics, patterns of psychiatric comorbidities, functional impairments, quality of life, social adjustment, and familial transmission. Method: Participants in our controlled family study conducted between 1998 and 2003 were 190 adults with DSM-IV ADHD who were attending an outpatient mental health clinic in Boston, Massachusetts; 16 adults with DSM-IV ADHD who were recruited by advertisement from the greater Boston area; and 123 adult controls without ADHD who were recruited by advertisement from the greater Boston area. All available first-degree relatives also participated. Subjects completed a large battery of self-report measures (the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, items from the Current Behavior Scale, the Social Adjustment Scale Self-Report, and the Four Factor Index of Social Status) designed to assess various psychiatric and functional parameters. Diagnoses were made using data obtained from structured psychiatric interviews (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version, and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children-Epidemiologic Version). Results: The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was significantly higher among adults with ADHD compared with controls (10.0% vs 1.6%; P = .004). Participants with ADHD and those with ADHD + PTSD did not differ in core symptoms of ADHD nor in age at onset, but those with ADHD + PTSD had higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity than those with ADHD only (including higher lifetime rates of major depressive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder) and worse quality of life ratings for all domains. Familial risk analysis revealed that relatives of ADHD probands without PTSD had elevated rates of both ADHD (51%) and PTSD (12%) that significantly differed from rates among relatives of controls (7% [P < .001] and 0% [P < .05], respectively). A similar pattern of elevated risk for ADHD and PTSD (80% and 40%) was observed in relatives of probands with ADHD + PTSD (P < .001 for both conditions). Conclusions: The comorbidity of PTSD and ADHD in adults leads to greater clinical severity in terms of psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial functioning. The familial coaggregation of the 2 disorders suggests that these disorders share familial risk factors and that their co-occurrence is not due to diagnostic errors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Social Adjustment, Clinical Psychology","Antshel, Kevin M., Kaul, Prashant, Biederman, Joseph, Spencer, Thomas J., Hier, Bridget O., Hendricks, Kaitlin, Faraone, Stephen V.",2013.0,,,0,0,
307,A clinician's guide to the neurobiology underlying the presentation and treatment of PTSD and subsequent growth,"While there has been an abundance of research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the past several decades, clinical studies on the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the disorder are only recently receiving attention. This paper will collate available information on the neurobiology of PTSD for clinical and lay audiences. This paper reviews the literature surrounding typical symptoms of PTSD, with a specific focus on the neurobiological evidence suggesting altered brain functioning among those with the condition. It will also present literature reviewing common treatment methods of PTSD and their potential effects on brain functioning, including attention, working memory, and emotional regulation. The concept of post-traumatic growth will also be introduced, indicating an alternate trajectory of PTSD.","Neurobiology, Post-traumatic growth, PTSD, Treatment","Antunes-Alves, S., Comeau, T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
308,Family history of a mood disorder indicates a more severe bipolar disorder,"Background In the clinical setting, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are often asked about potential family history (FH) of mood disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine differences between BD patients with FH of a mood disorder, and those without, on clinical, personality and social functioning characteristics, as well as on the symptomatic course of the disorder. Methods Data was collected from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). For this report, we included 2600 patients, 1963 of those reported having a first-degree family member with a mood disorder, and 637 reported of no such FH. We investigated the impact of FH on socio-demographic, clinical, personality and quality of life variables, as well as on symptomatology during the first year of treatment. Results Patients reporting FH of a mood disorder had an earlier age at onset of depression/mania, more phases, rapid cycling and more suicide attempts. Across different assessments, patients with FH showed consistently elevated depressive symptoms, such as lower concentration and energy, higher suicidal ideation, as well as increased racing thoughts and distractibility within the manic spectrum of symptoms. Further, the FH group had lower quality of life, higher neuroticism and higher personality disorder scores compared to patients without FH. Limitations Information on FH was obtained through the proband. Conclusions Overall, BD patients reporting FH of a mood disorder showed a worse clinical profile upon presentation for treatment and a more symptomatic course of the disorder. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier B.V.","NCT00012558, adult, alcohol abuse, anorexia nervosa, article, bipolar disorder, bulimia, cognition, comorbidity, depression, disease severity, distractibility, drug abuse, drug dependence, energy, familial disease, family history, female, first degree relative, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, male, mania, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, mood disorder, neurosis, onset age, panic, personality, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, psychosis, quality of life, social interaction, social phobia, social psychology, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, symptomatology, Young Mania Rating Scale","Antypa, N., Serretti, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
309,Risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder after an earthquake disaster,"This study sought to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from women's reproductive health events after an earthquake experience. Data on antenatal care, pregnancy outcomes, family planning, socioeconomic status, earthquake experiences, and mental health were collected from a random sample of 425 women of reproductive age using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reproductive Health Assessment Toolkit and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis to predict PTSD symptoms from posttrauma care variables and reproductive health events. Restricted social participation, use of temporary accommodation, pregnancy complications, and use of injectable contraceptives were significant risk factors of PTSD. These factors may be exacerbated by the social context of conservative societies, traditions about health care-seeking behavior, and access to health care. Antecedent reproductive health events influence women's reaction to major trauma including events such as an earthquake. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Reproductive Health","Anwar, Jasim, Mpofu, Elias, Matthews, Lynda R., Brock, Kaye E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
310,Psychiatric evaluation of physical rehabilitation patients,"We conducted a study to demonstrate the frequency and types of psychiatric/psychological symptoms. A Structured Interview according to the DSM-III-R was conducted which demonstrated that 46 (41.4%) of 111 rehabilitation inpatients met the criteria for some forms of psychiatric disorders: 34 patients for major depression, 10 for adjustment disorder with anxious mood, and 2 for posttraumatic stress disorder. The remaining 65 patients (58.6%) showed normal reactions to their diseases. Average length of hospital stay for patients with major depression was significantly longer than those with no or the other types of psychiatric disease. They were also tested with Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Three psychological tests were useful in detecting depression or adjustment disorder among rehabilitation patients, however, these tests are not always specific to the type of psychiatric disorders. Patients with higher scores in those three tests should be referred to a psychiatric consultant for detailed examinations and proper treatments, if necessary.","adult, aged, anxiety neurosis, article, depression, disability, disease association, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychiatric diagnosis, psychologic test, rating scale, rehabilitation medicine","Aoki, T.",1995.0,,,0,0,
311,Psychiatric evaluation of physical rehabilitation patients,"We conducted a study to demonstrate the frequency and types of psychiatric/psychological symptoms. A Structured Interview according to the DSM-III-R was conducted which demonstrated that 46 (41.4%) of 111 rehabilitation inpatients met the criteria for some forms of psychiatric disorders: 34 patients for major depression, 10 for adjustment disorder with anxious mood, and 2 for posttraumatic stress disorder. The remaining 65 patients (58.6%) showed normal reactions to their diseases. Average length of hospital stay for patients with major depression was significantly longer than those with no or the other types of psychiatric disease. They were also tested with Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Three psychological tests were useful in detecting depression or adjustment disorder among rehabilitation patients; however, these tests are not always specific to the type of psychiatric disorders. Patients with higher scores in those three tests should be referred to a psychiatric consultant for detailed examinations and proper treatments, if necessary.","Adjustment Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Physical Therapy Modalities/*psychology, Psychometrics, Sick Role, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology","Aoki, T., Hosaka, T., Ishida, A.",1995.0,Nov,,0,0,310
312,Pretraumatic prolonged elevation of salivary MHPG predicts peritraumatic distress and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with elevated catecholamines and increased sympathetic arousal. However, it is unknown whether this condition is a pre-existing vulnerability factor for PTSD or an acquired result of either trauma exposure or the development of PTSD symptoms. We sought to examine if salivary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) in response to a laboratory stressor prior to critical incident exposure predicts the development of PTSD symptoms and if early childhood trauma influences this relationship. In a prospective cohort study, 349 urban police officers were assessed during academy training (baseline) and 243 were reassessed 12 months after the start of active duty (follow-up). At baseline, participants observed a video consisting of police critical incidents. Salivary MHPG was measured before and immediately after the challenge, and after 20min recovery. At follow-up, peritraumatic distress and PTSD symptoms were assessed in relationship to the worst critical incident during the past year. Participants with childhood trauma showed a trend towards higher MHPG increase to the challenge. Higher MHPG levels after 20min recovery were associated with both higher levels of peritraumatic distress and PTSD symptoms at follow-up. In a path analysis, elevated MHPG levels predicted higher peritraumatic distress which in turn predicted higher levels of PTSD symptoms while the direct effect of elevated MHPG levels on PTSD symptoms was no longer significant. Prolonged elevation of salivary MHPG in response to a laboratory stressor marks a predisposition to experience higher levels of peritraumatic distress and subsequently more PTSD symptoms following critical incident exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (3,4), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Saliva, *Trauma, Symptoms","Apfel, Brigitte A., Otte, Christian, Inslicht, Sabra S., McCaslin, Shannon E., Henn-Haase, Clare, Metzler, Thomas J., Makotkine, Iouri, Yehuda, Rachel, Neylan, Thomas C., Marmar, Charles R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
313,Traumatic brain injury and PTSD screening efforts evaluated using latent class analysis,"Objective: To empirically identify latent classes of service members according to persistent postconcussive symptom patterns and to characterize the identified classes relative to other postdeployment variables including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening results. Such comparisons may directly inform policy regarding these routine assessments and translate to improved treatment decisions. Method: Self-report data were obtained for 12,581 combat-exposed male U.S. Navy and Marine Corps personnel who returned from deployment in 2008-2009 and completed a Post-Deployment Health Assessment (PDHA) and an associated Post-Deployment Health Reassessment (PDHRA). Persistent postconcussive symptoms indicated on the PDHRA were used as manifest variables in a latent class analysis yielding 4 distinct classes: systemic, cognitive/behavioral, comorbid, and nonpresenting. Results: Although the nonpresenting class endorsed few or no postconcussive symptoms, the systemic and cognitive/behavioral classes displayed elevated likelihoods of neurological and mental health symptoms, respectively. Members of the comorbid class had an increased probability of reporting a wide range of symptoms across both domains. Characterization of identified classes suggested that class membership may indicate the presence or absence of persistent conditions resulting from head injury and/or mental health issues. Under this assumption, estimated class membership probabilities implied a rate of probable neurological injury among this sample to be 17.9%, whereas the standard assessments aimed at identifying repercussions of mild TBI reported a positive screening rate of only 13.1%. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the routinely administered PDHA and PDHRA appear to underestimate the true prevalence of service members experiencing postdeployment health problems. Supplemental items or an alternative screening algorithm incorporating persistent postconcussive symptoms may enable identification of additional cases requiring treatment following return from deployment. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Latent class analysis, Postconcussive symptoms, Postdeployment health assessment, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Traumatic brain injury","Aralis, H. J., Macera, C. A., Rauh, M. J., MacGregor, A. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
314,Comorbid depressive symptoms in treatment-seeking ptsd outpatients affect multiple domains of quality of life,"PURPOSE: No study has examined the impact of the comorbid Axis I conditions on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with a primary diagnosis of PTSD. Our goal was to investigate the influence of comorbid disorders on the QoL of treatment-seeking outpatients with PTSD. METHODS: The diagnoses of PTSD and of the comorbid disorders were established using the SCID-I. The 54 volunteers also completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version, the BDI, the BAI, the Trauma History Questionnaire, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed by means of the WHOQOL-BREF, a 26-item self-administered scale that measures four domains of QoL: psychological, physical, social, and environmental. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to investigate the relationship between the severity of post-traumatic, mood, and anxiety symptoms; the presence of specific current comorbid disorders and of psychotic symptoms, the number of current comorbid conditions, and a history of child abuse for each of the four domains of QoL, after adjusting for the effect of socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The severity of PTSD symptoms impacted negatively on the psychological and physical domains. The severity of depressive symptoms correlated negatively with QoL in all domains, independently of sex, age, occupation, and marital status. The psychotic symptoms impacted negatively on the environmental domain. A history of child abuse was negatively associated with the psychological and the social domains. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of comorbid depressive symptoms is one of the most important factors in the determination of the QoL in patients with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Araujo, A. X., Berger, William, Coutinho, E. S. F., Marques-Portella, Carla, Luz, M. P., Cabizuca, Mariana, Fiszman, Adriana, Figueira, Ivan, Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor",2013.0,,,0,0,
315,Developmental trajectories of adiposity from birth until early adulthood and association with cardiometabolic risk factors,"Objective: To identify developmental trajectories of adiposity from birth until early adulthood, and to investigate how they relate with cardiometabolic risk factors at 21 years of age. Methods: Participants' weight and height measurements were obtained using the EPITeen cohort protocol at 13, 17 and 21 years of age, and extracted from child health books as recorded during health routine evaluations since birth. Blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed at 21 years. Trajectories were defined using 719 participants contributing 11 459 measurements. The individual growth curves were modelled using mixed-effects fractional polynomial, and the trajectories were estimated using normal mixture modelling for model-based clustering. Differences in cardiometabolic risk factors at 21 years according to adiposity trajectories were estimated through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and adjusted means are presented. Results: Two trajectories-'Average body mass index (BMI) growth' (80.7%) and 'Higher BMI growth' (19.3%)-were identified. Compared with those in 'Average BMI growth', 'Higher BMI growth' participants were more frequently delivered by caesarean section, mothers were younger and had higher BMI, and parental education was lower; and at 21 years showed higher adjusted mean systolic (111.6 vs 108.3mmHg, P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (71.9 vs 68.4mmHg, P < 0.001), and lower highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (53.3 vs 57.0 mg dl-1, P = 0.001). As there was a significant interaction between trajectories and sex, triglycerides and HOMA-IR were stratified by sex and we found significantly higher triglycerides, in males, and higher HOMA-IR in both sexes in 'Higher BMI growth' trajectory. All the differences were attenuated after adjustment for BMI at 21 years. Conclusions: In this long-term follow-up, we were able to identify two adiposity trajectories, statistically related to the BMI and cardiometabolic profile in adulthood. Our results also suggest that the impact of the adiposity trajectory on cardiometabolic profile is mediated by current BMI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adult Development, *Body Mass Index, *Health Care Psychology, *Risk Factors, Birth","Araujo, J., Severo, M., Barros, H., Mishra, G. D., Guimaraes, J. T., Ramos, E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
316,Effect of trauma on quality of life as mediated by mental distress and moderated by coping and social support among postconflict displaced Ethiopians,"Objective: An understanding of how quality of life is affected by severe trauma and mental distress may facilitate better intervention strategies for postconflict internally displaced persons, by identifying mediators, moderators, and independent risk factors. We investigate the pathways involved in this process and also study the moderating roles of coping strategies and perceived social support. Method: A random sample of 1193 (62% women) internally displaced Ethiopian adults living in shelters in Addis Ababa were interviewed with instruments capturing the relevant concepts, including SCL-90-R and WHOQOL-BREF. Path analysis was employed to elaborate the mediating and moderating effects. Self-reported living conditions were also assessed. Results: Mental distress increased and quality of life decreased with age. Mental distress mediated the effects of trauma in reducing the quality of life, and some trauma also reduced quality of life directly. These effects remained after adjusting for living conditions. Living conditions were related to quality of life also on their own. Coping strategies and perceived social support influenced mental distress and quality of life directly as well as indirectly by moderation, in part gender specific. Conclusions: Intervention strategies aimed at reducing mental distress, modifying coping strategies, and encouraging social support may turn out to be useful in increasing the overall quality of life in postconflict situations, and are worth considering as complements to strategies that improve the living conditions. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.","Coping strategies, Mental distress, Postconflict displaced persons, Quality of life, Social support, Traumatic life events","Araya, M., Chotai, J., Komproe, I. H., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
317,Characteristics of the MMPI-2 F(p) scale as a function of diagnosis in an inpatient sample of veterans,"Recently, a new infrequent response indicator, Frequency psychopathology, F(p), was developed for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2 (P. Arbisi B Y. Ben-Porath, 1995). F(p) has potential to provide users with a better understanding of elevations on Frequency (F) and F-back (FB) in settings where such elevations are commonly observed because it is less influenced by the confounding effects of distress and psychopathology. The study reports F, F(B), and F(p) scale characteristics from 308 male psychiatric inpatients by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.) diagnosis. The mean F(p) scale score uniformly fell considerably below scores on F and F(B) and was independent of diagnosis. These findings provide further support for the use of F(p) as a sensitive index of profile invalidity in psychiatric populations.","adult, article, depression, distress syndrome, human, major clinical study, male, mental test, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse","Arbisi, P. A., Ben-Porath, Y. S.",1997.0,,,0,0,
318,The predictive validity of the PTSD Checklist in a nonclinical sample of combat-exposed National Guard troops,"After returning from an extended combat deployment to Iraq, 348 National Guard soldiers were administered the PTSD Checklist (PCL-M), and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) followed, on average, 3 months later by structured diagnostic interviews including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). There were 6.5% of the soldiers who met diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on structured interview. The predictive validity of the PCL was examined and contrasted with the predictive validity of the BDI-II in identifying soldiers meeting CAPS diagnosis for PTSD. The best identified PCL cut scores produced between 65% and 76% false positive errors when used as the sole source for identification of enduring PTSD. Comparison of prediction between the PCL and the BDI-II in identifying PTSD suggested that both instruments may be operating through tapping generalized distress rather than specific aspects of the disorder.","National Guard soldiers, PCL-M, Predictive validity, PTSD, Screening","Arbisi, P. A., Kaler, M. E., Kehle-Forbes, S. M., Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., Thuras, P.",2012.0,,10.1037/a0028014,0,0,
319,The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form in National Guard soldiers screening positive for posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2 RF) was administered to 251 National Guard soldiers who had recently returned from deployment to Iraq. Soldiers were also administered questionnaires to identify posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). On the basis of responses to the screening instruments, the National Guard soldiers who produced a valid MMPI-2 RF were classified into four groups: 21 soldiers who screened positive for PTSD only, 33 soldiers who screened positive for mTBI only, 9 soldiers who screened positive for both conditions, and 166 soldiers who did not screen positive for either condition. Results showed that the MMPI-2 RF was able to differentiate across the groups with the MMPI-2 RF specific problem scale Anxiety adding incrementally to MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical scales in predicting PTSD. Both MMPI-2 RC1 (Somatic Complaints) and MMPI-2 RF head pain complaints predicted mTBI screen but did not add incrementally to each other. Of note, all of the MMPI-2 RF validity scales associated with overreporting, including Symptom Validity-Revised (FBS-r), were not significantly elevated in the mTBI group. These findings support the use of the MMPI-2 RF in assessing PTSD in non-treatment-seeking veterans. This further suggests that a positive screen for mTBI alone is not associated with significant emotional disturbance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Injuries, Neuropsychological Assessment, Stress","Arbisi, Paul A., Polusny, Melissa A., Erbes, Christopher R., Thuras, Paul, Reddy, Madhavi K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
320,Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data,,,"Arbuckle, J. L.",1996.0,,,0,0,
321,The psychobiology of anxiolytic drugs - Part 2: Pharmacological treatments of anxiety,"Benzodiazepines have been the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of anxiety over the last 4 decades. The problems associated with their use prompted the research for alternative agents that would be useful in anxiety conditions. Old classes of antidepressants, such as tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, showed effectiveness in some anxiety syndromes, even in areas where benzodiazepines were not very effective. Newer antidepressants, the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, also appear very useful in some anxiety states, and their favourable side-effect profile has elevated them to first-line treatment tools in these conditions. However, the ideal anxiolytic does not exist. Research with other new compounds is very active, and some experimental drugs show promise for the future. (copyright) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.","alprazolam, amitriptyline, anxiolytic agent, atenolol, brofaromine, buspirone, carbamazepine, chlordiazepoxide, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, cyproheptadine, desipramine, diazepam, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, lorazepam, moclobemide, nefazodone, oxazepam, paroxetine, phenelzine, sertraline, trazodone, unindexed drug, valproic acid, venlafaxine, anxiety neurosis, behavior therapy, drug dependence, drug effect, drug tolerance, drug withdrawal, human, hypotension, insomnia, neuropathy, obsession, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychobiology, relapse, review, social phobia, weight gain","Argyropoulos, S. V., Sandford, J. J., Nutt, D. J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
322,Subtypes of alcohol dependence in military veterans: A latent class analysis,"Purpose: To better understand alcoholism among US military veterans, we sought to examine subtypes in a nationally representative sample. Methods: We included 404 veterans with a lifetime history of AD from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS). Diagnosis of AD was made with the Mini Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI). We performed a latent class analysis (LCA) in Mplus utilizing the following indicator variables: MINI AD items (7), lifetime nicotine dependence (ND), lifetime drug use disorder (DUD), lifetime history of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). ANOVAs were performed with class as a predictor variable for multiple outcome measures. Results: We found three classes of veterans with a history of AD, and a three class solution was a better fitting model compared to a two class model, (likelihood ratio v2 = -2316.2, mean = 16.8, s.d. = 16.9, p = 0.034). ANOVA revealed that class was a significant predictor of quality of life (F = 18.96, p < 0.001), physical health (F = 5.83, p = 0.003), mental health (F = 32.6, p = 0.000), conscientiousness (F = 23.4, p = 0.000), hostility (F = 23.4, p = 0.000), and cognitive function (F = 23.4, p < 0.001). Post-hoc pair-wise comparisons between the three classes yielded significant differences on all measures (most p's ≤ 0.006, mostly medium to large effect sizes). Class 1 (n = 42, 10.3%): The comorbidity subtype (CMB) is a highly comorbid subtype, with the highest risk of MDD and PTSD, also more likely than class 3 to have lifetime DUD or ND. Class 2 (n = 111, 27.2%): the severe and comorbid AD class (SAD) is more likely to have had all symptoms of AD (especially withdrawal and inability to quit), and is more likely than class 3 to have a lifetime DUD or ND, and past year problem drinking compared to the other two classes. They are more likely than class 3 and less likely than class 1 to have comorbid MDD or PTSD. Class 3 (n = 265, 62.5%): the non-comorbid type (NC) has less symptoms of withdrawal, less inability to quit, less overall symptoms of AD than class 1, and less likelihood of comorbid conditions than either class 1 or 2. Class 3 had greater function across multiple domains. Conclusions: Veterans have a unique profile of AD subtypes. We plan to further explore the predictive validity of these subtypes by analyzing longitudinal follow-up data for this cohort. Further study of these subtypes may help improve the treatment of alcoholism in veterans, and prevent poor outcomes.","alcoholism, human, veteran, society, army, lifespan, posttraumatic stress disorder, model, major depression, effect size, hostility, comorbidity, diseases, drug use, diagnosis, mental health, public health, tobacco dependence, cognition, health, follow up, quality of life, predictive validity, drinking, risk, predictor variable, analysis of variance","Arias, A., Mota, N., Trevisan, L., Southwick, S., Pietrzak, R.",2015.0,,,0,1,
323,Loss as a determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: Implications for policy,"Objective: To study the relationship of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to severity of the disaster experience. Method: A sample of 1785 adult participants of an epidemiological study initiated in the immediate aftermath of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia were interviewed about 2 years following the disaster based on the NIMH DIS-Disaster Supplement. All 154 cases of pure PTSD were compared with 583 controls without symptoms satisfying psychiatric diagnoses of interest. Results: PTSD cases included more persons from areas with the worst destruction. Having the highest level of education compared to lowest (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4-0.9]), being accompanied at the moment of the earthquake (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4-0.9]) and making new friends after the earthquake (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.5-0.8]) were protective for PTSD. PTSD risk increased with the total amount of loss to the family (OR for highest level of loss 4.1 [95% CI 2.3-7.5]). Conclusion: Based on this large population sample, we believe that early support to survivors with high levels of loss may reduce PTSD following earthquakes.","Disasters, Epidemiological studies, Health policy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Social support","Armenian, H. K., Morikawa, M., Melkonian, A. K., Hovanesian, A. P., Haroutunian, N., Saigh, P. A., Akiskal, K., Akiskal, H. S.",2000.0,,10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102001058.x,0,0,
324,Preventing post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from military operations,"Discusses various models for preventing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and examines future directions for PTSD prevention. Historically 10-50% of all casualties result in PTSD. The best treatment is rest and ventilation of feelings followed by return to duty and peer group. Preventing the PTSD cycle from starting and thus decreasing psychiatric casualties is feasible. This can be done by promoting unit cohesion and morale, inducing stress during training so individuals will be better prepared to cope, providing realistic information about what to expect in combat, and holding group debriefings immediately after traumatic events. Stress inoculation therapy and critical incident stress debriefing are described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Personnel, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prevention","Armfield, Follin",1994.0,,,0,0,
325,Posttraumatic stress in U.S. Marines: The role of unit cohesion and combat exposure,"Combat exposure is a consistent predictor of posttraumatic stress (PTS). Understanding factors that might buffer the effects of combat exposure is crucial for helping service members weather the stress of war. In a study of U.S. Marines returning from Iraq, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that unit cohesion and combat exposure predicted PTS, depression, and anger. Furthermore, results indicated that unit cohesion may be an important buffer, possibly limiting the development of PTS and depression following combat exposure.",,"Armistead-Jehle, P., Johnston, S., Wade, N., Ecklund, C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
326,Assessing the fit of the Dysphoric Arousal model across two nationally representative epidemiological surveys: The Australian NSMHWB and the United States NESARC,"Since the initial inclusion of PTSD in the DSM nomenclature, PTSD symptomatology has been distributed across three symptom clusters. However, a wealth of empirical research has concluded that PTSD's latent structure is best represented by one of two four-factor models: Numbing or Dysphoria. Recently, a newly proposed five-factor Dysphoric Arousal model, which separates the DSM-IV's Arousal cluster into two factors of Anxious Arousal and Dysphoric Arousal, has gathered support across a variety of trauma samples. To date, the Dysphoric Arousal model has not been assessed using nationally representative epidemiological data. We employed confirmatory factor analysis to examine PTSD's latent structure in two independent population based surveys from American (NESARC) and Australia (NSWHWB). We specified and estimated the Numbing model, the Dysphoria model, and the Dysphoric Arousal model in both samples. Results revealed that the Dysphoric Arousal model provided superior fit to the data compared to the alternative models. In conclusion, these findings suggest that items D1-D3 (sleeping difficulties; irritability; concentration difficulties) represent a separate, fifth factor within PTSD's latent structure using nationally representative epidemiological data in addition to single trauma specific samples. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Anxious Arousal, CFI, Dysphoric Arousal, Latent structure, NESARC, NSMHWB, PTSD","Armour, C., Carragher, N., Elhai, J. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
327,Identifying latent profiles of posttraumatic stress and major depression symptoms in Canadian veterans: Exploring differences across profiles in health related functioning,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been consistently reported as being highly comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD) and as being associated with health related functional impairment (HRF). We used archival data from 283 previously war-zone deployed Canadian veterans. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to uncover patterns of PTSD and MDD comorbidity as measured via the PTSD Checklist-Military version (PCL-M) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Individual membership of latent classes was used in a series of one-way ANOVAs to ascertain group differences related to HRF as measured via the Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). LPA resulted in three discrete patterns of PTSD and MDD comorbidity which were characterized by high symptoms of PTSD and MDD, moderate symptoms, and low symptoms. All ANOVAs comparing class membership on the SF-36 subscales were statistically significant demonstrating group differences across levels of HRF. The group with the highest symptoms reported the worst HRF followed by the medium and low symptom groups. These findings are clinically relevant as they demonstrate the need for continual assessment and targeted treatment of co-occurring PTSD and MDD.","Adult, Canada, Checklist, Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis, Surveys and Questionnaires, Symptom Assessment, Veterans/*psychology, Depression, Health related functioning, Latent modeling, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Armour, C., Contractor, A., Elhai, J. D., Stringer, M., Lyle, G., Forbes, D., Richardson, J. D.",2015.0,Jul 30,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.011,0,1,
328,"Factor Structure of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5: Relationships Among Symptom Clusters, Anger, and Impulsivity","ABSTRACT: Scarce data are available regarding the dimensional structure of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and how factors relate to external constructs. We evaluated six competing models of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, including Anhedonia, Externalizing Behaviors, and Hybrid models, using confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of 412 trauma-exposed college students. We then examined whether PTSD symptom clusters were differentially related to measures of anger and impulsivity using Wald chi-square tests. The seven-factor Hybrid model was deemed optimal compared with the alternatives. All symptom clusters were associated with anger; the strongest association was between externalizing behaviors and anger (r = 0.54). All symptom clusters, except reexperiencing and avoidance, were associated with impulsivity, with the strongest association between externalizing behaviors and impulsivity (r = 0.49). A seven-factor Hybrid model provides superior fit to DSM-5 PTSD symptom data, with the externalizing behaviors factor being most strongly related to anger and impulsivity. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Armour, C., Contractor, A., Shea, T., Elhai, J. D., Pietrzak, R. H.",2015.0,,10.1097/NMD.0000000000000430,0,0,
329,Assessing latent level associations between PTSD and dissociative factors: Is depersonalization and derealization related to PTSD factors more so than alternative dissociative factors?,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria in DSM-5 included a dissociative diagnostic subtype characterized by a depersonalization item and a derealization item. Researchers have queried whether this was too restrictive, as alternative dissociative symptomatology may also be characteristic of the subtype. The current study utilized data from 318 Northern Irish students, of which 165 were trauma exposed. Participants were assessed for PTSD symptomatology based on DSM-5 criteria via a modified version of the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report (PSS-5) and dissociative experiences via the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Confirmatory factor analysis of PTSD and DES models revealed an optimal four-factor DSM-5 PTSD model including reexperiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in mood and cognitions, and alterations in hyperarousal and reactivity factors, and an optimal three-factor DES model including absorption, amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization factors. When comparing the correlations between depersonalization/derealization and the four PTSD factors, significant Wald tests of parameter constraints revealed that depersonalization/derealization is more related to alterations in arousal and reactivity (r = .432) compared to avoidance (r = .289), 2 (1, N = 165) = 8.352, p = .004. We discuss whether the mechanism for comorbid PTSD and dissociation may be related to PTSD's arousal factor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Depersonalization, *Dissociative Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Armour, Cherie, Contractor, Ateka A., Palmieri, Patrick A., Elhai, Jon D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
330,"The DSM-5 dissociative-PTSD subtype: Can levels of depression, anxiety, hostility, and sleeping difficulties differentiate between dissociative-PTSD and PTSD in rape and sexual assault victims?","The DSM-5 currently includes a dissociative-PTSD subtype within its nomenclature. Several studies have confirmed the dissociative-PTSD subtype in both American Veteran and American civilian samples. Studies have begun to assess specific factors which differentiate between dissociative vs. non-dissociative PTSD. The current study takes a novel approach to investigating the presence of a dissociative-PTSD subtype in its use of European victims of sexual assault and rape (N= 351). Utilizing Latent Profile Analyses, we hypothesized that a discrete group of individuals would represent a dissociative-PTSD subtype. We additionally hypothesized that levels of depression, anger, hostility, and sleeping difficulties would differentiate dissociative-PTSD from a similarly severe form of PTSD in the absence of dissociation. Results concluded that there were four discrete groups termed baseline, moderate PTSD, high PTSD, and dissociative-PTSD. The dissociative-PTSD group encompassed 13.1% of the sample and evidenced significantly higher mean scores on measures of depression, anxiety, hostility, and sleeping difficulties. Implications are discussed in relation to both treatment planning and the newly published DSM-5. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Dissociation, Dissociative PTSD, Latent Profile Analysis, LPA, PTSD, Rape","Armour, C., Elklit, A., Lauterbach, D., Elhai, J. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
331,"Attachment typologies and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety: a latent profile analysis approach","BACKGROUND: Bartholomew (1990) proposed a four category adult attachment model based on Bowlby's (1973) proposal that attachment is underpinned by an individual's view of the self and others. Previous cluster analytic techniques have identified four and two attachment styles based on the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). In addition, attachment styles have been proposed to meditate the association between stressful life events and subsequent psychiatric status. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to empirically test the attachment typology proposed by Collins and Read (1990). Specifically, LPA was used to determine if the proposed four styles can be derived from scores on the dimensions of closeness/dependency and anxiety. In addition, we aimed to test if the resultant attachment styles predicted the severity of psychopathology in response to a whiplash trauma. METHOD: A large sample of Danish trauma victims (N=1577) participated. A Latent Profile Analysis was conducted, using Mplus 5.1, on scores from the RAAS scale to ascertain if there were underlying homogeneous attachment classes/subgroups. Class membership was used in a series of one-way ANOVA tests to determine if classes were significantly different in terms of mean scores on measures of psychopathology. RESULTS: The three class solution was considered optimal. Class one was termed Fearful (18.6%), Class two Preoccupied (34.5%), and Class three Secure (46.9%). The secure class evidenced significantly lower mean scores on PTSD, depression, and anxiety measures compared to other classes, whereas the fearful class evidenced significantly higher mean scores compared to other classes. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated evidence of three discrete classes of attachment styles, which were labelled secure, preoccupied, and fearful. This is in contrast to previous cluster analytic techniques which have identified four and two attachment styles based on the RAAS.In addition, Securely attached individuals display lower levels of psychopathology post whiplash trauma.","Attachment typology, anxiety, depression, latent profile analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder","Armour, C., Elklit, A., Shevlin, M.",2011.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.6018,0,1,
332,The latent structure of acute stress disorder: A posttraumatic stress disorder approach,"Acute stress disorder (ASD) was first included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) to account for the psychological symptoms present during the one-month period between trauma exposure and a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria sets of both ASD and PTSD are similar; however, ASD includes additional dissociative items. Factor analytic research into ASD is rare, whereas there is a plethora of research on the factor structure of PTSD symptoms. This study tested whether the latent structure of ASD is similar to the latent structure of PTSD. Five models were tested by using data from Danish rape victims (N = 380); a unidimensional model, the DSM-IV 4-factor ASD model, a King, Leskin, King, and Weathers (1998) replication model, a Simms, Watson, and Doebbeling (2002) replication model, and a 3-factor model. Model fit was assessed by using a number of fit indices, including the root-mean-square error of approximation, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, and standardized root-mean-square residual. However, based on the fit indices, 3 models were deemed indistinguishable. Chi-square difference tests concluded that a 3-factor model and two 4-factor models did not differ in fit. Overall, the current 4-factor ASD latent structure proposed by the DSM-IV was not supported. A 3-factor structure was deemed preferential on the basis of parsimony. Furthermore, of all models, the unidimensional model provided the poorest fit to the data. These findings are pertinent given that the DSM-5 ASD task force is considering implementing either a 4-factor conceptualization or a unidimensional approach to the ASD diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Factor Analysis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Diagnosis","Armour, Cherie, Elklit, Ask, Shevlin, Mark",2013.0,,,0,0,
333,Assessing DSM-5 latent subtypes of acute stress disorder dissociative or intrusive?,"Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was first included in the DSM-IV in 1994. It was proposed to account for traumatic responding in the early post trauma phase and to act as an identifier for later Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Unlike PTSD it included a number of dissociative indicators. The revised DSM-5 PTSD criterion included a dissociative-PTSD subtype. The current study assessed if a dissociative-ASD subtype may be present for DSM-5 ASD. Moreover, we assessed if a number of risk factors resulted in an increased probability of membership in symptomatic compared to a baseline ASD profile. We used data from 450 bank robbery victims. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to uncover latent profiles of ASD. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine if female gender, age, social support, peritraumatic panic, somatization, and number of trauma exposures increased or decreased the probability of profile membership. Four latent profiles were uncovered and included an intrusion rather than dissociative subtype. Increased age and social support decreased the probability of individuals being grouped into the intrusion subtype whereas increased peritraumatic panic and somatization increased the probability of individuals being grouped into the intrusion subtype. Findings are discussed in regard to the ICD-11 and the DSM-5.","ASD subtypes, Dissociative ASD, Intrusive ASD, Latent profile analysis, Risk factors","Armour, C., Hansen, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
334,The co-occurrence of PTSD and dissociation: Differentiating severe PTSD from dissociative-PTSD,"Purpose: A dissociative-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subtype has been included in the DSM-5. However, it is not yet clear whether certain socio-demographic characteristics or psychological/clinical constructs such as comorbid psychopathology differentiate between severe PTSD and dissociative-PTSD. The current study investigated the existence of a dissociative-PTSD subtype and explored whether a number of trauma and clinical covariates could differentiate between severe PTSD alone and dissociative-PTSD. Methods: The current study utilized a sample of 432 treatment seeking Canadian military veterans. Participants were assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and self-report measures of traumatic life events, depression, and anxiety. CAPS severity scores were created reflecting the sum of the frequency and intensity items from each of the 17 PTSD and 3 dissociation items. The CAPS severity scores were used as indicators in a latent profile analysis (LPA) to investigate the existence of a dissociative-PTSD subtype. Subsequently, several covariates were added to the model to explore differences between severe PTSD alone and dissociative-PTSD. Results: The LPA identified five classes: one of which constituted a severe PTSD group (30.5 %), and one of which constituted a dissociative-PTSD group (13.7 %). None of the included, demographic, trauma, or clinical covariates were significantly predictive of membership in the dissociative-PTSD group compared to the severe PTSD group. Conclusions: In conclusion, a significant proportion of individuals report high levels of dissociation alongside their PTSD, which constitutes a dissociative-PTSD subtype. Further investigation is needed to identify which factors may increase or decrease the likelihood of membership in a dissociative-PTSD subtype group compared to a severe PTSD only group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dissociation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans, Psychopathology, Trauma","Armour, Cherie, Karstoft, Karen-Inge, Richardson, J. Don",2014.0,,,0,0,
335,The co-occurrence of PTSD and dissociation: Differentiating severe PTSD from dissociative-PTSD,"Purpose: A dissociative-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subtype has been included in the DSM-5. However, it is not yet clear whether certain socio-demographic characteristics or psychological/clinical constructs such as comorbid psychopathology differentiate between severe PTSD and dissociative-PTSD. The current study investigated the existence of a dissociative-PTSD subtype and explored whether a number of trauma and clinical covariates could differentiate between severe PTSD alone and dissociative-PTSD. Methods: The current study utilized a sample of 432 treatment seeking Canadian military veterans. Participants were assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and self-report measures of traumatic life events, depression, and anxiety. CAPS severity scores were created reflecting the sum of the frequency and intensity items from each of the 17 PTSD and 3 dissociation items. The CAPS severity scores were used as indicators in a latent profile analysis (LPA) to investigate the existence of a dissociative-PTSD subtype. Subsequently, several covariates were added to the model to explore differences between severe PTSD alone and dissociative-PTSD. Results: The LPA identified five classes: one of which constituted a severe PTSD group (30.5 %), and one of which constituted a dissociative-PTSD group (13.7 %). None of the included, demographic, trauma, or clinical covariates were significantly predictive of membership in the dissociative-PTSD group compared to the severe PTSD group. Conclusions: In conclusion, a significant proportion of individuals report high levels of dissociation alongside their PTSD, which constitutes a dissociative-PTSD subtype. Further investigation is needed to identify which factors may increase or decrease the likelihood of membership in a dissociative-PTSD subtype group compared to a severe PTSD only group. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Canadian, CAPS, Dissociation, Dissociative subtype, LPA, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Armour, C., Karstoft, K. I., Richardson, J. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,334
336,A Latent Growth Mixture Modeling Approach to PTSD Symptoms in Rape Victims,"The research literature has suggested that longitudinal changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be adequately described in terms of one universal trajectory, with individual differences in baseline levels (intercept) and rate of change (slope) being negligible. However, not everyone who has experienced a trauma is diagnosed with PTSD, and symptom severity levels differ between individuals exposed to similar traumas. The current study employed the latent growth mixture modeling technique to test for multiple trajectories using data from a sample of Danish rape victims (N = 255). In addition, the analysis aimed to determine whether a number of explanatory variables could differentiate between the trajectories (age, acute stress disorder [ASD], and perceived social support). Results concluded the existence of two PTSD trajectories. ASD was found to be the only significant predictor of one trajectory characterized by high initial levels of PTSD symptomatology. The present findings confirmed the existence of multiple trajectories with regard to PTSD symptomatology in a way that may be useful to clinicians working with this population. © The Author(s) 2012.","acute stress disorder, LGMM, longitudinal changes, posttraumatic stress disorder, social support","Armour, C., Shevlin, M., Elklit, A., Mroczek, D.",2012.0,,,1,1,
337,Assessing the co-occurrence of intimate partner violence domains across the life-course: relating typologies to mental health,"BACKGROUND: The inter-generational transmission of violence (ITV) hypothesis and polyvictimisation have been studied extensively. The extant evidence suggests that individuals from violent families are at increased risk of subsequent intimate partner violence (IPV) and that a proportion of individuals experience victimisation across multiple rather than single IPV domains. Both ITV and polyvictimisation are shown to increase the risk of psychiatric morbidity, alcohol use, and anger expression. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to 1) ascertain if underlying typologies of victimisation across the life-course and over multiple victimisation domains were present and 2) ascertain if groupings differed on mean scores of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, alcohol use, and anger expression. METHOD: University students (N=318) were queried in relation to victimisation experiences and psychological well-being. Responses across multiple domains of IPV spanning the life-course were used in a latent profile analysis. ANOVA was subsequently used to determine if profiles differed in their mean scores on PTSD, depression, alcohol use, and anger expression. RESULTS: Three distinct profiles were identified; one of which comprised individuals who experienced ""life-course polyvictimisation,"" another showing individuals who experienced ""witnessing parental victimisation,"" and one which experienced ""psychological victimisation only."" Life-course polyvictims scored the highest across most assessed measures. CONCLUSION: Witnessing severe physical aggression and injury in parental relationships as a child has an interesting impact on the ITV into adolescence and adulthood. Life-course polyvictims are shown to experience increased levels of psychiatric morbidity and issues with alcohol misuse and anger expression.","Intimate partner violence, alcohol, anger, inter-generational transmission of violence, polyvictimisation, psychiatric morbidity","Armour, C., Sleath, E.",2014.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v5.24620,0,0,
338,Dimensional structure of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress symptoms: Support for a hybrid Anhedonia and Externalizing Behaviors model,"Several revisions to the symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been made in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Central to the focus of this study was the revision of PTSD's tripartite structure in DSM-IV into four symptom clusters in DSM-5. Emerging confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) studies have suggested that DSM-5 PTSD symptoms may be best represented by one of two 6-factor models: (1) an Externalizing Behaviors model characterized by a factor which combines the irritability/anger and self-destructive/reckless behavior items; and (2) an Anhedonia model characterized by items of loss of interest, detachment, and restricted affect. The current study conducted CFAs of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in two independent and diverse trauma-exposed samples of a nationally representative sample of 1484 U.S. veterans and a sample of 497 Midwestern U.S. university undergraduate students. Relative fits of the DSM-5 model, the DSM-5 Dysphoria model, the DSM-5 Dysphoric Arousal model, the two 6-factor models, and a newly proposed 7-factor Hybrid model, which consolidates the two 6-factor models, were evaluated. Results revealed that, in both samples, both 6-factor models provided significantly better fit than the 4-factor DSM-5 model, the DSM-5 Dysphoria model and the DSM-5 Dysphoric Arousal model. Further, the 7-factor Hybrid model, which incorporates key features of both 6-factor models and is comprised of re-experiencing, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behaviors, and anxious and dysphoric arousal symptom clusters, provided superior fit to the data in both samples. Results are discussed in light of theoretical and empirical support for the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","7-Factor hybrid model, Confirmatory factor analysis, DSM-5, Latent structure, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Armour, C., Tsai, J., Durham, T. A., Charak, R., Biehn, T. L., Elhai, J. D., Pietrzak, R. H.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.012,0,0,
339,Characteristics of difficult-to-place youth in state custody: A profile of the exceptional care pilot project population,"This study examines the characteristics of Texas youth designated as 'most difficult to place' recipients of service under the ""Exceptional Care Pilot Project"" (N = 46). Findings include, among others, high levels of comorbid psychiatric disturbance (> 3 diagnostic groupings), physical (78.3%) and sexual (88%) maltreatment, and placement breakdowns (m = 4.8 therapeutic placements). This initial profile of the population provides a base for helping other states identify and plan for the needs of their most troubled youth.","acting out, adolescent, affective psychosis, article, child, child abuse, child parent relation, child welfare, comorbidity, conduct disorder, ethnology, female, foster care, health services research, homelessness, human, juvenile delinquency, male, mental deficiency, mental disease, organization and management, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, residential care, statistics, United States, utilization review","Armour, M. P., Schwab, J.",2007.0,,,0,0,
340,Predicting post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress in firefighters,"Emergency service workers (e.g., firefighters, police, and paramedics) are exposed to elevated levels of potentially traumatising events through the course of their work. Such exposure can have lasting negative consequences (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) and/or positive outcomes (e.g., post-traumatic growth (PTG)). Research had implicated trauma, occupational and personal variables that account for variance in post-trauma outcomes yet at this stage no research has investigated these factors and their relative influence on both PTSD and PTG in a single study. Based in Calhoun and Tedeschi's model of PTG and previous research, in this study regression models of PTG and PTSD symptoms among 218 firefighters were tested. Results indicated organisational factors predicted symptoms of PTSD, while there was partial support for the hypothesis that coping and social support would be predictors of PTG. Experiencing multiple sources of trauma, higher levels of organisational and operational stress, and utilising cognitive reappraisal coping were all significant predictors of PTSD symptoms. Increases in PTG were predicted by experiencing trauma from multiple sources and the use of self-care coping. Results highlight the importance of organisational factors in the development of PTSD symptoms, and of individual factors for promoting PTG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Fire Fighters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Social Support","Armstrong, Deanne, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shochet, Ian",2014.0,,,0,0,
341,Characteristics of patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders on psychological testing,"We describe a new psychological testing procedure used on a consecutive series of 14 patients with multiple personality and dissociative disorders who met DSM-III-R and research criteria for dissociative disorders. Once dissociative phenomena were accounted for in testing, most patients displayed response patterns markedly different from those of schizophrenic and borderline patients. Patients showed striking variability on cognitive and projective tests, often related to posttraumatic intrusions. Rorschach protocols showed unusual thinking accompanied by psychological complexity and highly developed self-observing capacity. In contrast to classical conceptualizations about these patients, most subjects had personality profiles that were intellectualized, obsessive, and introversive, not histrionic or labile.",,"Armstrong, J. G., Loewenstein, R. J.",1990.0,,,0,0,
342,Prevalence and duration of PTSD in survivors 6 years after a natural disaster,,,"Arnberg, F. K., Bergh Johannesson, K., Michel, P. O.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.011,0,0,
343,"Traumatic bereavement, acute dissociation, and posttraumatic stress: 14 years after the MS Estonia disaster",,,"Arnberg, F. K., Eriksson, N. G., Hultman, C. M., Lundin, T.",2011.0,,10.1002/jts.20629,0,0,
344,Properties of Swedish posttraumatic stress measures after a disaster,,,"Arnberg, F. K., Michel, P. O., Johannesson, K. B.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.02.005,0,0,
345,Posttraumatic stress in survivors 1 month to 19 years after an airliner emergency landing,"Posttraumatic stress (PTS) is common in survivors from life-threatening events. Little is known, however, about the course of PTS after life threat in the absence of collateral stressors (e.g., bereavement, social stigma, property loss) and there is a scarcity of studies about PTS in the long term. This study assessed the short- and long-term course of PTS, and the influence of gender, education and age on the level and course of PTS, in survivors from a non-fatal airliner emergency landing caused by engine failure at an altitude of 1 km. There were 129 persons on board. A survey including the Impact of Event Scale was distributed to 106 subjects after 1 month, 4 months, 14 months, and 25 months, and to 95 subjects after 19 years (response rates 64-83%). There were initially high levels of PTS. The majority of changes in PTS occurred from 1 to 4 months after the event. There were small changes from 4 to 25 months but further decrease in PTS thereafter. Female gender was associated with higher levels of PTS whereas gender was unrelated to the slope of the short- and long-term trajectories. Higher education was related to a quicker recovery although not to initial or long-term PTS. Age was not associated with PTS. The present findings suggest that a life-threatening experience without collateral stressors may produce high levels of acute posttraumatic stress, yet with a benign prognosis. The findings further implicate that gender is unrelated to trajectories of recovery in the context of highly similar exposure and few collateral stressors.","Accidents, Aviation/*psychology, Adult, Age Factors, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology/*psychology/rehabilitation, Survivors/*psychology, Time Factors","Arnberg, F. K., Michel, P. O., Lundin, T.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0119732,0,1,
346,A longitudinal follow-up of posttraumatic stress: From 9 months to 20 years after a major road traffic accident,"Background: Although road traffic accidents (RTA) are a major cause of injury and a cause of posttraumatic stress (PTS) in the aftermath, little is known about the long-term psychological effects of RTA.Methods: This prospective longitudinal study assessed long-term PTS, grief, and general mental health after a bus carrying 23 sixth-grade schoolchildren crashed on a school outing and 12 children died. Directly affected (i.e., children in the crash) and indirectly affected children (i.e., all pupils in the sixth grade who were not in the crash) were surveyed at 9 months (N = 102), 4 years (N = 51), and 20 years (N = 40) after the event. Psychological distress was assessed by single items, including sadness, avoidance, intrusions, and guilt. After 20 years, PTS was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised.Results: Stress reactions were prevalent 9 months after the event, with sadness (69%) and avoidance (59%) being highly represented in both directly and indirectly affected groups, whereas, nightmares (60%) and feelings of guilt (50%) were only frequent in those directly affected. The frequency of sadness and avoidance decreased after 4 years in the indirectly exposed (ps < .05). After 20 years, the directly affected had a higher prevalence of PTS (p = .003), but not decreased general mental health (p = .14), than those indirectly affected.Conclusions: The limitations preclude assertive conclusions. Nonetheless, the findings corroborate previous studies reporting traumatic events are associated with long-term PTS, but not with decreased general mental health. © 2011 Arnberg et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Arnberg, F. K., Rydelius, P. A., Lundin, T.",2011.0,,10.1186/1753-2000-5-8,0,0,
347,Specific Trauma Subtypes Improve the Predictive Validity of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire in Iraqi Refugees,"Trauma exposure contributes to poor mental health among refugees, and exposure often is measured using a cumulative index of items from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Few studies, however, have asked whether trauma subtypes derived from the HTQ could be superior to this cumulative index in predicting mental health outcomes. A community sample of recently arrived Iraqi refugees (N = 298) completed the HTQ and measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms. Principal components analysis of HTQ items revealed a 5-component subtype model of trauma that accounted for more item variance than a 1-component solution. These trauma subtypes also accounted for more variance in PTSD and depression symptoms (12 and 10 %, respectively) than did the cumulative trauma index (7 and 3 %, respectively). Trauma subtypes provided more information than cumulative trauma in the prediction of negative mental health outcomes. Therefore, use of these subtypes may enhance the utility of the HTQ when assessing at-risk populations. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Refugees, Trauma","Arnetz, B. B., Broadbridge, C. L., Jamil, H., Lumley, M. A., Pole, N., Barkho, E., Fakhouri, M., Talia, Y. R., Arnetz, J. E.",2014.0,,10.1007/s10903-014-9995-9,0,0,
348,Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of psychiatric disorders,"Background: Topiramate is a new antiepileptic drug, originally designed as an oral hypoglycaemic subsequently approved as anticonvulsant. It has increasingly been used in the treatment of numerous psychiatric conditions and it has also been associated with weight loss potentially relevant in reversing weight gain induced by psychotropic medications. This article reviews pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of topiramate, its biological putative role in treating psychiatric disorders and its relevance in clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive search from a range of databases was conducted and papers addressing the topic were selected. Results: Thirty-two published reports met criteria for inclusion, 4 controlled and 28 uncontrolled studies. Five unpublished controlled studies were also identified in the treatment of acute mania. Conclusions: Topiramate lacks efficacy in the treatment of acute mania. Increasing evidence, based on controlled studies, supports the use of topiramate in binge eating disorders, bulimia nervosa, alcohol dependence and possibly in bipolar disorders in depressive phase. In the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorders, as adjunctive treatment in refractory bipolar disorder in adults and children, schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder, unipolar depression, emotionally unstable personality disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome the evidence is entirely based on open label studies, case reports and case series. Regarding weight loss, findings are encouraging and have potential implications in reversing increased body weight, normalisation of glycemic control and blood pressure. Topiramate was generally well tolerated and serious adverse events were rare. (copyright) 2005 Arnone; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","carbamazepine, desipramine, dexfenfluramine, gabapentin, glucose, imipramine, lamotrigine, lithium salt, mood stabilizer, oral contraceptive agent, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, topiramate, tranylcypromine, valproic acid, acute disease, agitation, alcoholism, amenorrhea, anorexia, anxiety disorder, appetite disorder, article, ataxia, backache, binge eating disorder, bipolar disorder, blood pressure regulation, body weight, body weight disorder, bulimia, clinical practice, clinical trial, cognitive defect, cold sensitivity, concentration loss, confusion, constipation, delirium, depression, digestive system function disorder, disease exacerbation, dizziness, drowsiness, drug blood level, drug dose regimen, drug efficacy, drug eruption, drug half life, drug tolerability, dysgeusia, dyspepsia, dysuria, edema, emotional disorder, evidence based medicine, fatigue, feces incontinence, flu like syndrome, gastrointestinal symptom, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, glaucoma, grand mal epilepsy, tonic clonic seizure, headache, hematuria, human, hyperthermia, increased appetite, insomnia, lethargy, libido disorder, major depression, mania, memory disorder, mental disease, metabolic acidosis, myopia, nausea, nephrolithiasis, nervousness, nonhuman, open study, panic, paresthesia, peristalsis, personality disorder, pharmacodynamics, posttraumatic stress disorder, pruritus, psychosis, rapid cycling bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, sedation, side effect, sleep disorder, slurred speech, somnolence, suicide attempt, sweat gland disease, thirst, tremor, urticaria, visual impairment, vomiting, water retention, weight reduction, xerostomia","Arnone, D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
349,Stressful life events and predictors of post-traumatic growth among high-risk early emerging adults,"Stressful life events (SLEs) may elicit positive psychosocial change among youth, referred to as post-traumatic growth (PTG). We assessed types of SLEs experienced, degree to which participants reported PTG, and variables predicting PTG across 24 months among a sample of high-risk, ethnically diverse, early emerging adults. Participants were recruited from alternative high schools (n = 564; mean age = 16.8; 65% Hispanic). Multi-level regression models were constructed to examine the impact of environmental (SLE quantity, severity) and personal factors (hedonic ability, perceived stress, developmental stage, future time orientation) on a composite score of PTG. The majority of participants reported that positive changes resulted from their most life-altering SLE of the past two years. Predictors of PTG included fewer SLEs, less general stress, having a future time perspective, and greater identification with the developmental stage of emerging adulthood. Findings suggest intervention targets to foster positive adaptation among early emerging adults who experience frequent SLEs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Positive Psychology, *Resilience (Psychological), *Stress, *Posttraumatic Growth, Adolescent Development, Time Perspective, Latinos/Latinas","Arpawong, Thalida E., Rohrbach, Louise A., Milam, Joel E., Unger, Jennifer B., Land, Helen, Sun, Ping, Spruijt-Metz, Donna, Sussman, Steve",2016.0,,,0,1,
350,Targets of partner violence: The importance of understanding coping trajectories,"Partner violence causes many negative outcomes for the target of the violence. Preventing negative outcomes in part hinges on altogether preventing the violence from occurring. There have been advances in violence prevention that the authors briefly review. However, some of the most notable advances focus on dealing with panner violence once it occurs. We now have a better understanding of different types of violence, and this has led to better interventions for perpetrators. But preventing the negative consequences of partner violence involves more than ending the violence itself; it also involves helping the targets of violence heal. The authors propose that the next decade of research on partner violence should focus on developing precise models of target coping and appropriate interventions for targets. The authors describe key variables that characterize the coping process but highlight limitations in knowledge of how these variables are related. The authors also outline several benefits of focusing on helping targets.","adaptive behavior, battered woman, female, human, male, methodology, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, primary prevention, psychological aspect, review, risk factor, sexual crime, social support, standard, survivor, United States","Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
351,Efficacy of paroxetine as monotherapy or in combination with sodium valproate in PTSD,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder can develop after individual's exposure or witnessing of life threatening events. It is characterized by three clusters of symptoms. The course of PTSD is often chronic and impedes individual's functioning. Studies of PTSD treatment with paroxetine (1) provide evidence for its efficacy in reducing symptoms and its favorable profile of sideeff ects. Paroxetine (2) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and appears to be an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Antiepileptic sodium valproat (SV) (3) is wide used mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder, but also in clinical practice for the treatment of PTSD and resistance unipolar depression as augmentation and in relapse prevention. The purpose of present study was to asses efficacy and safety of paroxetine as monotherapy or in combination with sodium valproate in PTSD patients. Materials and Methods: single centre, nonrandomized, openlabel, parallel groups, drug interaction study, in 30 inpatients diagnosed as PTSD, according to ICD-10 Classification, received PAR (30-40 mg AM.) as monotherapy or in combination with SV (600-900 mg b.i.d-t.i.d.). Subjects were divided into two groupsparoxetine group and paroxetine in combination with sodium valproate group. All subjects were assessed prior to treatment and in 1 month-follow-up and 3 months follow-up using the standardized instruments for assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder: Mississippi Questionnaire, HAMD-17 items, and Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI). Results: Paroxetine proved to be a well tolerated drug that has led to significant reduction in all three PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance and hyper-arousal). Sodium valproate was generally effective for the treatment of symptoms of PTSD by reducing irritability and anger outbursts and improving mood. A significant improvement in PTSD symptoms was found in all two groups after treatment period, but patients co-treated with SV showed higher response rates at earlier evaluations. The mean reduction of total HAMD score was 37.5% (PAR group) and 38.1% (PAR-SV group), whereas the mean decline in CGI was 36.7% (PAR group) and 39, 4% (PAR-SV group). The results indicate a statistically significant reduction of depressive symptoms, improving sleep disturbance, following treatment period with paroxetine as monotherapy or in combination with sodium valproate. Conclusions: Paroxetine as monotherapy or combined with mood stabilizer is effective and safe in treatment of PTSD, however, SV co-therapy might produce a more rapid response, and potentates action of antidepressants. Results do not suggest that addition of SV affects overall efficacy and safety of PAR.","paroxetine, valproic acid, serotonin, mood stabilizer, sodium, antidepressant agent, posttraumatic stress disorder, monotherapy, psychopharmacology, college, safety, follow up, patient, arousal, irritability, mood, depression, sleep disorder, bipolar disorder, clinical practice, relapse, prevention, exposure, therapy, drug interaction, hospital patient, classification, United States, questionnaire, Clinical Global Impression scale, major depression","Arslanagic, G. S., Kucukalic, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
352,Sleep profile in post-traumatic disorder patients: A polysomnographic evaluation in an Egyptian sample,"Introduction and Objectives: Although sleep disturbance is considered a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), objective evidence for sleep disturbance in those patients has been equivocal. The aim of this study is to explore the subjective and objective sleep disturbance in PTSD patients, and its correlation with severity of PTSD symptoms. Materials and Methods: The study included 20 patients fulfilling DSM-IV-TR criteria of PTSD, recruited from outpatient clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo (aged 18-45 years, no medical or mental comorbidity and medication free, for at least two weeks). A control group of 10 healthy volunteers (age and sex matched) were slected from emploees of the same Institute of Psychiatry. All patients were subjected to complete medical and neurological examination, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis-I diagnosis (SCID-I), PTSD Checklist (PCL), Standardized Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ) (in Arabic), and overnight polysomnographic (PSG) assessment. Control group completed General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)and general physical examination to exclude any medical or mental morbidity as well as SSQ and PSG. Results: Subjective sleep assessment revealed more initial and middle insomnias in the patients group with higher prevalence of nightmares and sleep talking. Significant differences in PSG revealed longer sleep latency, lower sleep efficiency and higher arousal index in PTSD patients. Increased stages I and II, with decreased SWS, were obtained in patients, with no significant difference regarding REM sleep parameters, and sleep related breathing disturbance. Periodic limb movement index was significantly higher in PTSD patients. Correlation between sleep changes and severity of PTSD was not significant. Conclusion: Our study confirmed both subjective and objective sleep abnormality in patients with PTSD. Despite the higher prevalence of nightmares, the nature of PSG abnormality is more related to NREM parameters, with no significant correlation between sleep changes and severity of PTSD symptoms.","sleep, human, sleep medicine, Egyptian, patient, Canadian, society, diseases, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disorder, prevalence, nightmare, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, control group, psychiatry, drug therapy, morbidity, comorbidity, university, questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire, physical examination, insomnia, periodic limb movement disorder, checklist, breathing, sleep parameters, REM sleep, diagnosis, arousal, neurologic examination, normal human, parameters, outpatient department","Asaad, T., Sadek, H., El Ghonemy, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
353,When the earth stops shaking: Earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed for pre-earthquake psychopathology,"Objective: To examine risk and protective processes for posttraumatic stress reactions and negative sequelae following the Northridge earthquake (EQ) among youths diagnosed for pre-EQ psychopathology. Method: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, general anxiety, and social impairment were evaluated using telephone interviews among 66 children participating in a family-genetic study of childhood-onset depression at the time of the EQ. Results: Significant predictors of PTSD symptoms 1 year after the EQ included perceived stress and resource loss associated with the EQ, a pre-EQ anxiety disorder, and more frequent use of cognitive and avoidance coping strategies. PTSD symptoms were associated with high rates of concurrent general anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and social adjustment problems with friends. The only significant correlation between sibling scores was on measures of sibling reports of objective exposure. Conclusions: Preexisting anxiety disorders represent a risk factor for postdisaster PTSD reactions. Postdisaster services need to attend to the needs of these youths as well as those of youths experiencing high levels of subjective stress, resource loss, and/or high exposure. That children within families show significant variation in postdisaster reactions underscores the need for attention to individual child characteristics and unshared environmental attributes.","Anxiety, Depression, Disaster, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress, Youth","Asarnow, J., Glynn, S., Pynoos, R. S., Nahum, J., Guthrie, D., Cantwell, D. P., Franklin, B.",1999.0,,,0,0,
354,The clinical course over the first year of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD): Pain-related disability predicts outcome in a mildly affected sample,"Background: Different recovery patterns are reported for those befallen a whip-lash injury, but little is known about the variability within subgroups. The aims were (1) to compare a self-selected mildly affected sample (MILD) with a self-selected moderately to severely affected sample (MOD/SEV) with regard to background characteristics and pain-related disability, pain intensity, functional self-efficacy, fear of movement/(re)injury, pain catastrophising, post-traumatic stress symptoms in the acute stage (at baseline), (2) to study the development over the first year after the accident for the above listed clinical variables in the MILD sample, and (3) to study the validity of a prediction model including baseline levels of clinical variables on pain-related disability one year after baseline assessments. Methods. The study had a prospective and correlative design. Ninety-eight participants were consecutively selected. Inclusion criteria; age 18 to 65 years, WAD grade I-II, Swedish language skills, and subjective report of not being in need of treatment due to mild symptoms. A multivariate linear regression model was applied for the prediction analysis. Results: The MILD sample was less affected in all study variables compared to the MOD/SEV sample. Pain-related disability, pain catastrophising, and post-traumatic stress symptoms decreased over the first year after the accident, whereas functional self-efficacy and fear of movement/(re)injury increased. Pain intensity was stable. Pain-related disability at baseline emerged as the only statistically significant predictor of pain-related disability one year after the accident (Adj r§ssup§ 2§esup§ = 0.67). Conclusion: A good prognosis over the first year is expected for the majority of individuals with WAD grade I or II who decline treatment due to mild symptoms. The prediction model was not valid in the MILD sample except for the contribution of pain-related disability. An implication is that early observations of individuals with elevated levels of pain-related disability are warranted, although they may decline treatment. © 2013 Åsenlöf et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Acute whiplash associated disorders, Pain-related disability, Prognosis, Risk factors, Whiplash injury","Åsenlöf, P., Bring, A., Söderlund, A.",2013.0,,10.1186/1471-2474-14-361,0,0,
355,Imparting low-adherence to commercial antibacterial burn dressings,"Introduction: Burn wound infection remains the main reason for death following burn injury. The main defense in preventing wound infections is antimicrobial dressings. A recent survey of front line burn care providers and burn survivors conducted by our team found the most desired properties of an ideal burn dressing were reduced adherence and antimicrobial activity. While some dressings fight infection and others are easy to remove from the wound there are none that do both well. Current effective antimicrobial dressings are painful to remove, causing distress that leads to post injury depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. The objective of our study was to decrease the wound adherence of existing Ag based wound dressings by depositing a nonadherent layer (NAL). Our hypothesis was the NAL will impart the commercial antimicrobial dressing with low-adherence to burn wounds without compromising the antimicrobial activity or increasing the cytotoxicity. Methods: A NAL was grafted on two commercial silver antibacterial dressings (silver nanocrystal dressing (NC) and silver plated dressing (SP)) using a proprietary technique. Dressing adherence was measured with a previously published in vitro gelatin model using an Instron mechanical force testing instrument. The dressings were challenged with two clinically retrieved bacterial strains (MRSA and multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa) in an antimicrobial disk susceptibility test using Zone of Inhibition (ZOI). The cytotoxicity of samples to human neonatal fibroblasts cells was evaluated with MTT assay. Results: Both untreated dressings showed high peeling energy: 2070±453 J/m2 (NC) and 669±68 J/m2, (SP) that decreased to 158±119 J/m2 (NC) and 155±138 J/m2 (SP) with the NAL. In the agar diffusion test, addition of the NAL caused a marginal increase of the ZOI (p>0.05) in NC against both bacteria, and no significant different ZOI in SP. Cytotoxicity was reduced by the NAL from fibroblast cells 47.6±5.1% viable cells to 60.3±2.6% viable cell, P<0.01 in NC. Conclusions: The NAL can significantly decrease the adherence of these two commercial antimicrobial dressings in an in vitro gelatin model while preserving their antibacterial efficacy, and reducing the cytotoxicity. Applicability of Research to Practice: This research is of high industrial importance to reduce the adherence profile of existing antibacterial burn wound dressings, improving patient care.","antiinfective agent, silver, gelatin, nanocrystal, burn dressing, American, cytotoxicity, human, burn, in vitro study, wound, model, antimicrobial activity, fibroblast, wound dressing, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacterial strain, injury, infection, wound infection, survivor, patient care, death, hypothesis, inhibition zone, MTT assay, posttraumatic stress disorder, agar diffusion, bacterium, burn infection","Asghari, S., Logsetty, S., Liu, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
356,The role of smoking expectancies in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and smoking behavior among women exposed to intimate partner violence,"Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem associated with negative health consequences, including higher rates of tobacco smoking. Smoking expectancies are related to motivation to quit and relapse. IPV-exposed women endorse higher rates of PTSD symptoms, which are related to smoking and smoking expectancies. The present study sought to examine the relationship among smoking behavior, smoking expectancies, and PTSD symptoms among IPV-exposed women. Participants were 83 women who reported experiencing IPV within the last month, smoked an average of 12 cigarettes per day, and reported moderate levels of nicotine dependence (FTND mean = 4.4). Participants completed baseline and follow-up interviews. Multiple regression analyses assessed the relationships among smoking expectancies and PTSD symptoms to cigarettes smoked per day and nicotine dependence. Findings demonstrated that Stimulation/State Enhancement expectancies were positively related to cigarettes per day, whereas PTSD arousal symptoms were negatively related to cigarettes per day, p's < .05. Neither smoking expectancies nor PTSD symptoms were significantly related to nicotine dependence. Supplemental analyses revealed that PTSD re-experiencing symptoms were negatively related and PTSD avoidance/numbing symptoms were positively related to Stimulation/State Enhancement expectancies, p's < .05. This study extends findings regarding the association between PTSD symptoms and smoking among an understudied population - IPV-exposed women. The relationship between PTSD symptoms and smoking differed across PTSD symptom clusters and expectancy scales, which may have implications for treatment development. The fact that expectancies and PTSD symptoms are related to smoking behavior among IPV-exposed women may be important for enhancing prevention and intervention efforts. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Cigarette smoking, Intimate partner violence, PTSD, Smoking expectancies","Ashare, R. L., Weinberger, A. H., McKee, S. A., Sullivan, T. P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
357,Genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder in a cohort of Iraq-Afghanistan era veterans,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that can develop after experiencing traumatic events. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) design was used to identify genetic risk factors for PTSD within a multi-racial sample primarily composed of U.S. veterans. Methods: Participants were recruited at multiple medical centers, and structured interviews were used to establish diagnoses. Genotypes were generated using three Illumina platforms and imputed with global reference data to create a common set of SNPs. SNPs that increased risk for PTSD were identified with logistic regression, while controlling for gender, trauma severity, and population substructure. Analyses were run separately in non-Hispanic black (NHB; n = 949) and non-Hispanic white (NHW; n = 759) participants. Meta-analysis was used to combine results from the two subsets. Results: SNPs within several interesting candidate genes were nominally significant. Within the NHB subset, the most significant genes were UNC13C and DSCAM. Within the NHW subset, the most significant genes were TBC1D2, SDC2 and PCDH7. In addition, PRKG1 and DDX60L were identified through meta-analysis. The top genes for the three analyses have been previously implicated in neurologic processes consistent with a role in PTSD. Pathway analysis of the top genes identified alternative splicing as the top GO term in all three analyses (FDR q < 3.5 x 10-5). Limitations: No individual SNPs met genome-wide significance in the analyses. Conclusions: This multi-racial PTSD GWAS identified biologically plausible candidate genes and suggests that post-transcriptional regulation may be important to the pathology of PTSD; however, replication of these findings is needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Genes, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Genome","Ashley-Koch, Allison E., Garrett, Melanie E., Gibson, Jason, Liu, Yutao, Dennis, Michelle F., Kimbrel, Nathan A., Beckham, Jean C., Hauser, Michael A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
358,Trajectories of maternal depression over 7 years: Relations with child psychophysiology and behavior and role of contextual risks,"This study examines the relation between the longitudinal course of maternal depression during the child's early life and children's psychophysiology and behavior at age 6.5 years. One hundred fifty-nine children of depressed and nondepressed mothers were followed from infancy through age 6.5 years. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify classes of depressed mothers based on the longitudinal course of the mother's depression. School-aged children of chronically depressed mothers were found to have elevated externalizing behavior problems, decreased social competence, reduced frontal brain activation (EEG power), and higher respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity. Children of mothers with decreasing and stable mild depression were found to have increased hyperactivity and attention problems compared to children of nondepressed mothers. Contextual risk factors were found to mediate the relation between maternal depression and child behavioral outcomes. (copyright) 2008 Cambridge University Press.","adult, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, breathing disorder, child, child behavior, child growth, child psychology, conduct disorder, controlled study, depression, electroencephalography, female, frontal lobe, human, hyperactivity, longitudinal study, major clinical study, maternal behavior, puerperal depression, oppositional defiant disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychophysiology, risk assessment, separation anxiety, social competence, social phobia","Ashman, S. B., Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H.",2008.0,,,0,0,
359,Screening for substance abuse in individuals with traumatic brain injury,,,"Ashman, T. A., Schwartz, M. E., Cantor, J. B., Hibbard, M. R., Gordon, W. A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
360,Using Qmethodology to identify reasons for distress in burn survivors postdischarge,"Reasons for distress after burn injuries have not been codified based on any type of acceptable empirical or statistical technique. The unique design methodology proposed in this study can identify the most common reasons cited for causing distress in burn survivors after discharge. A Q-sort task was developed with the assistance of our burn advisory group. After identifying 50 possible reasons for distress after discharge, each reason was placed on a laminated game card. In compliance with Qmethodology, a game board was developed that allowed patients to rank order each reason from ""not causing distress"" to ""causing significant distress."" A total of 69 burn survivors were enrolled in the study at four different time points: 1 month, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years postdischarge. After factor analysis, four factors accounted for all of the participants across time points. This indicates that at least four distinct groups of people can be categorized according to themes raised in rating reasons for distress. This Q-sort technique allowed us to capture the complexity of conceptualizing human distress by categorizing clusters of reported problems into similar groups. This methodology shows great promise for developing interventions that target unique needs of burn survivors. Copyright © 2009 by the American Burn Association.",,"Askay, S. W., Stricklin, M., Carrougher, G. J., Patterson, D. R., Klein, M. B., Esselman, P. C., Engrav, L. H.",2009.0,,,0,0,
361,Critically evaluating typologies of internet sex offenders: A psychological perspective,"Understanding why indecent images of children are produced and collected involves issues beyond the legal definition of child pornography. An over-emphasis on a legal approach will not necessarily assist in the development of preventative and control strategies. This article provides a brief overview of the way in which the Internet can be misused for sexual gratification and has identified some of the issues that seem to be significant in understanding the nature and dimensions of Internet sexual offending. The main descriptive typologies that underpin research relating to Internet child sex offenders have been reviewed and critically evaluated. As discussed throughout this article, one of the most challenging issues continues to be the difficulty in placing Internet sex offenders into categories. The foregoing discussion indicates that Internet sex offenders comprise a heterogeneous population and that there appears to be a lack of a coherent and agreed framework for defining their activity. © Crown Copyright.","Child pornography, Internet sex offenders, Typologies","Aslan, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
362,"Design of ""neuropsychological and mental health outcomes of operation Iraqi freedom: A longitudinal cohort study""","Objective: This study aimed to describe methodological challenges encountered in designing a follow-up assessment of US Army Soldiers who served in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Study Design and Setting: The Neurocognition Deployment Health Study (NDHS) enrolled 1595 soldiers at 2 military installations, starting in 2003. Prior work compared predeployment and postdeployment assessments among Iraq-deployed and nondeployed soldiers. The current phase, as VA Cooperative Studies Program #566, is collecting followup data on participants who were deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. Specific aims include evaluating the prevalence and course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the persistence of previously observed neuropsychological changes, and the relationship of these changes V and traumatic brain injury V to subsequent PTSD. The target sample size is 817 participants, with 200 participants also receiving performance-based neuropsychological assessments. Results: We describe 6 methodological challenges and their implications for longitudinal research among a ""closed,"" young, mobile study population: transitioning from cluster-based (battalion) sampling to individual-level sampling; overcoming practical barriers (such as location searches); selecting exposure and outcome measures that combine previously collected and current study data; accounting for loss of an exposed (deployed) versus (nonexposed) nondeployed comparison; determining timing of assessments; and developing a complex statistical analysis plan. Enrollment is ongoing. Conclusions: The study provides unique insights regarding elements of study design and analysis that are relevant to longitudinal research. In particular, the dynamic ""real-life"" context of military deployment provides a basis for applying observational methodology to characterize mental health disorders associated with exposure to war-zone deployment and other contexts associated with exposure to extreme stress. Copyright © 2013 by The American Federation for Medical Research.","Brain injuries, Closed cohort studies, Methods, Neuropsychological tests, Posttraumatic stress disorders, Traumatic","Aslan, M., Concato, J., Peduzzi, P. N., Proctor, S. P., Schnurr, P. P., Marx, B. P., McFall, M., Gleason, T., Huang, G. D., Vasterling, J. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
363,Evidence of a disposition toward fearfulness and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress in dysfunctional pain patients,"Few investigations have addressed whether patient subgroups derived using the Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP) [Turk, D. C., & Rudy, T. E. (1987). Towards a comprehensive assessment of chronic pain patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 237-249; Turk, D. C., & Rudy, T. E. (1988). Toward an empirically derived taxonomy of chronic pain patients: integration of psychological assessment data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 233-238.] differ with regard to fear and avoidance. It has, however, been reported that dysfunctional patients exhibit more pain-specific fear and avoidance than patients classified as interpersonally distressed or minimizers/adaptive copers [Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, G. R., & Allerdings, M. D. (1997). Fear and avoidance in dysfunctional chronic back pain patients. Pain, 69, 231-236.]. We attempted to extend these findings by examining two fear constructs that are receiving increased attention in the chronic pain literature-anxiety sensitivity and PTSD. The sample comprised 115 patients with chronic pain. Of these, 14 (12.2%) were classified as dysfunctional, 21 (18.3%) as interpersonally distressed and 47 (40.8%) as minimizers/adaptive copers. Between-group differences were observed on the fear of cognitive and emotional dyscontrol dimension of anxiety sensitivity, total and symptom cluster scores on the PTSD measure, and depression. No differences were observed for the fear of somatic sensations dimension of anxiety sensitivity or agoraphobia, social phobia, and blood/injury fears. Dysfunctional patients generally exhibited elevated scores relative to one or both of the other MAP subgroups on fear of cognitive and emotional dyscontrol, depressed affect, PTSD symptom total score and PTSD symptom cluster scores. As well, a substantial proportion of dysfunctional and interpersonally distressed patients were classified as having PTSD (71.4 and 42.9%, respectively) when compared to minimizers/adaptive copers (21.3%). These results suggest that MAP subgroups differ with regard to their propensity to be(come) fearful and in their likelihood of having PTSD. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Canada, Chronic Disease, Fear/psychology, Female, Helplessness, Learned, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Pain/*complications/*psychology, Pain Measurement, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*etiology/psychology, ""Workers Compensation/*statistics & numerical data""","Asmundson, G. J., Bonin, M. F., Frombach, I. K., Norton, G. R.",2000.0,Aug,,0,0,
364,Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models,"Recent exploratory [Taylor, S., Kuch, K., Koch, W. J., Crockett, D. J., & Passey, G. (1998). The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154-160.] and confirmatory [Buckley, T. C., Blanchard, E. B., & Hickling, E. J. (1998). A confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 1091-1099; King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90-96.] factor analytic investigations suggest that the three symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.] may not provide the best conceptualization of symptom dimensionality. However, the alternative models have not been in agreement, nor have they been compared against each other or models based on the DSM-IV. The purpose of the present investigation was to test a series of dimensional models suggested by these recent factor analytic investigations and the DSM-IV. Using data collected with the PTSD Checklist--Civilian Version [Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1994). PCL-C for DSM-IV. Boston: National Center for PTSD--Behavioral Science Division.] from 349 referrals to a primary care medical clinic, we used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate a: (1) hierarchical four-factor model, (2) four-factor intercorrelated model, (3) hierarchical three-factor model, (4) three-factor intercorrelated model, and (5) hierarchical two-factor model. The hierarchical four-factor model (comprising four first-order factors corresponding to reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal all subsumed by a higher-order general factor) provided the best overall fit to the data; although, all models met some standards specified for good model fit. More research is needed to establish the dimensional nature of PTSD symptoms and to assess whether identified dimensions differ as a function of the trauma experience. Implications for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment are also discussed.","Adult, Cluster Analysis, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology","Asmundson, G. J., Frombach, I., McQuaid, J., Pedrelli, P., Lenox, R., Stein, M. B.",2000.0,Feb,,0,0,
365,Posttraumatic stress disorder and work-related injury,"The literature indicates a substantial overlap between chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in individuals who sustain accidental injury. To date, however, there have been no studies of PTSD symptoms in individuals who experience work-related injury. Consequently, we assessed 139 consecutive injured workers using the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (Falsetti, Resnick, & Kirkpatrick, 1993), as well as a number of general measures of psychopathology. Most participants reported chronic pain and all were receiving workers compensation. Results indicated that 34.7% and 18.2% of the sample reported symptoms consistent with PTSD and partial PTSD, respectively. When PTSD symptom frequency and severity were considered criterion variables in multiple regression analyses, depression was found to be significantly associated with the former and anxiety sensitivity, social fears, and somatic focus with the later. Finally, these measures of general psychopathology correctly classified 78.6% of individuals with PTSD and 81.3% of those with no PTSD. These results suggest that a considerable proportion of injured workers display symptoms consistent with PTSD and that these symptoms are related to general negative affect. Implications, including the suggestion of clinical intake screening of PTSD in this population, are discussed.","Accidents, Occupational/*psychology, Adult, Chronic Disease, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases/psychology/rehabilitation, Pain/psychology/rehabilitation, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Wounds and Injuries/*psychology/rehabilitation","Asmundson, G. J., Norton, G. R., Allerdings, M. D., Norton, P. J., Larsen, D. K.",1998.0,Jan-Feb,,0,0,
366,Associations between dimensions of anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom clusters in active-duty police officers,"Prior studies have shown that anxiety sensitivity (AS) plays an important role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between empirically supported PTSD symptom clusters (i.e. reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, hyperarousal) and AS dimensions (i.e. psychological concerns, social concerns, somatic concerns). Participants were 138 active-duty police officers (70.7% female; mean age = 38.9 years; mean time policing = 173.8 months) who, as a part of a larger study, completed measures of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, AS, and depressive symptoms. All participants reported experiencing at least one event that they perceived as traumatic, and 44 (31.9%) screened positive for PTSD. Officers with probable PTSD scored significantly higher on AS total as well as the somatic and psychological concerns dimensional scores than did those without PTSD. As well, a higher percentage of officers with probable PTSD scored positively on the AS-derived Brief Screen for Panic Disorder (Apfeldorf et al., 1994) compared with those without PTSD. A series of regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms, number of reported traumas, and AS somatic concerns were significant predictors of PTSD total symptom severity as well as severity of reexperiencing. Avoidance was predicted by depressive symptoms and AS somatic concerns. Only depressive symptoms were significantly predictive of numbing and hyperarousal cluster scores. These findings contribute to understanding the nature of association between AS and PTSD symptom clusters. Implications for the treatment of individuals having PTSD with and without panic-related symptomatology are discussed.","Adult, Anxiety/*psychology, Case-Control Studies, Comorbidity, Depression/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Panic Disorder/epidemiology/*psychology, *Police, Prevalence, Regression Analysis, Saskatchewan/epidemiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology","Asmundson, G. J., Stapleton, J. A.",2008.0,,10.1080/16506070801969005,0,0,
367,Are avoidance and numbing distinct PTSD symptom clusters?,"We present the conceptual basis and empirical evidence for considering avoidance and numbing as distinct posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters. The majority of data from factor analytic studies supports the position that avoidance and numbing are distinct symptom clusters. As well, the available data suggest that (a) different treatment modalities have differential effects on reducing avoidance but not numbing, (b) patients with more severe pretreatment numbing have poorer treatment outcomes, (c) avoidance and numbing have different patterns of correlation with depression, and (d) they have different correlations with physiological indices of attention. We conclude that avoidance and numbing are distinct PTSD symptom clusters. This distinction has implications for revising current diagnostic criteria. The recognition of this distinction may lead to advances in understanding and treating PTSD.",,"Asmundson, G. J., Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
368,Pain and PTSD symptoms in female veterans,"BACKGROUND: There has been growing empirical examination of the co-occurrence of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and existing evidence suggests that the symptoms associated with each have a close association. To date, however, the association has only been examined within samples of mostly male participants. AIM: In the present study, pain and PTSD symptoms were examined in a sample of 221 female veterans who utilised the VA Healthcare System between 1998 and 1999. METHOD: Women who visited the clinic between 1998 and 1999 were mailed a self-report questionnaire package designed to elicit information regarding general health (including pain experiences), military and trauma history, childhood abuse and neglect, and PTSD symptoms. Analyses were conducted to identify differences in pain experience between those women classified as having PTSD, subsyndromal PTSD, and no PTSD. Analyses were also conducted to determine the degree to which pain-related (e.g., current pain, interference with activity) variables predicted PTSD symptom cluster scores. RESULTS: The three groups differed significantly on a number of pain-related variables. Analyses suggested that pain-related variables were significant predictors of PTSD symptom cluster scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the association between pain and PTSD symptoms, previously observed in primarily male samples, is generalisable to females. Clinical implications and possible mechanisms of association are discussed.","Activities of Daily Living/psychology, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Comorbidity, Female, Hospitals, Veterans/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Middle Aged, Pain/epidemiology/*psychology, *Pain Measurement, Predictive Value of Tests, Prevalence, Quality of Life/psychology, *Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, United States/epidemiology","Asmundson, G. J., Wright, K. D., Stein, M. B.",2004.0,Aug,10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.10.008,0,0,
369,Evidence of a disposition toward fearfulness and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress in dysfunctional pain patients,"Few investigations have addressed whether patient subgroups derived using the Multiaxial Assessment of Pain (MAP) [Turk, D. C., and Rudy, T. E. (1987). Towards a comprehensive assessment of chronic pain patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 237-249; Turk, D. C., and Rudy, T. E. (1988). Toward an empirically derived taxonomy of chronic pain patients: integration of psychological assessment data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 233-238.] differ with regard to fear and avoidance. It has, however, been reported that dysfunctional patients exhibit more pain-specific fear and avoidance than patients classified as interpersonally distressed or minimizers/adaptive copers [Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, G. R., and Allerdings, M. D. (1997). Fear and avoidance in dysfunctional chronic back pain patients. Pain, 69, 231-236.]. We attempted to extend these findings by examining two fear constructs that are receiving increased attention in the chronic pain literature-anxiety sensitivity and PTSD. The sample comprised 115 patients with chronic pain. Of these, 14 (12.2%) were classified as dysfunctional, 21 (18.3%) as interpersonally distressed and 47 (40.8%) as minimizers/adaptive copers. Between-group differences were observed on the fear of cognitive and emotional dyscontrol dimension of anxiety sensitivity, total and symptom cluster scores on the PTSD measure, and depression. No differences were observed for the fear of somatic sensations dimension of anxiety sensitivity or agoraphobia, social phobia, and blood/injury fears. Dysfunctional patients generally exhibited elevated scores relative to one or both of the other MAP subgroups on fear of cognitive and emotional dyscontrol, depressed affect, PTSD symptom total score and PTSD symptom cluster scores. As well, a substantial proportion of dysfunctional and interpersonally distressed patients were classified as having PTSD (71.4 and 42.9%, respectively) when compared to minimizers/adaptive copers (21.3%). These results suggest that MAP subgroups differ with regard to their propensity to be(come) fearful and in their likelihood of having PTSD. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","adult, agoraphobia, anxiety, article, avoidance behavior, chronic pain, emotion, fear, female, human, major clinical study, male, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, reliability, stress","Asmundson, G. J. G., Bonin, M. F., Frombach, I. K., Norton, G. R.",2000.0,,,0,0,363
370,Psychometric properties of the accident fear questionnaire: An analysis based on motor vehicle accident survivors in a rehabilitation setting,"Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Accident Fear Questionnaire (AFQ: K. Kuch, B. J. Cox, and D. M. Direnfeld, 1995), a self- rated instrument developed for efficient screening of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobic avoidance after involvement in a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Participants: One hundred thirteen individuals receiving rehabilitation after an MVA. Setting: Tertiary rehabilitation center. Main Measures: The AFQ, comprising a 10-item accident profile and a 10-item phobic avoidance (PA) subscale; a structured clinical interview; and other self- report measures of psychopathology, personality and pain. Results: Correlations between the AFQ-PA total score and measures of psychopathology and personality indicated adequate convergent and discriminant validity. Patients diagnosed with PTSD or accident phobia scored higher on the AFQ-PA subscale and 6 of its 10 items than did those with neither diagnosis. An AFQ- PA cutoff score of 15 appears suitable for screening of patients in a rehabilitation setting. Hierarchical logistic regression indicated that the AFQ-PA was the only self-report measure that possessed incremental power over and above general negative affectivity in predicting group membership. Conclusion: The AFQ possesses reasonable potential for very brief screening of clinically significant PTSD and phobic avoidance after an MVA.","adult, aged, article, avoidance behavior, fear, female, human, major clinical study, male, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychometry, questionnaire, rehabilitation medicine, survival, traffic accident","Asmundson, G. J. G., Cox, B. J., Larsen, D. K., Frombach, I. K., Norton, G. R.",1999.0,,,0,0,
371,Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models,"Recent exploratory [Taylor, S., Kuch, K., Koch, W. J., Crockett, D. J., and Passey, G. (1998). The structure of posttraumatic stress symptons. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154-160.] and confirmatory [Buckley, T. C., Blanchard, E. B., and Hickling, E. J. (1998). A confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptons. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 1091-1099; King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., and Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90-96.] factor analytic investigations suggest that the three symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.] may not provide the best conceptualization of symptom dimensionality. However, the alternative models have not been in agreement, nor have they been compared against each other or models based on the DSM-IV. The purpose of the present investigation was to test a series of dimensional models suggested by these recent factor analytic investigations and the DSM-IV. Using data collected with the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version [Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., and Keane, T. M. (1994). PCL-C for DSM-IV. Boston: National Center for PTSD-Behavioral Science Division.] from 349 referrals to a primary care medical clinic, we used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate a: (1) hierarchical four-factor model, (2) four-factor intercorrelated model, (3) hierarchical three-factor model, (4) three-factor intercorrelated model, and (5) hierarchical two-factor model. The hierarchical four-factor model (comprising four first-order factors corresponding to reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal all subsumed by a higher-order general factor) provided the best overall fit to the data; although, all models met some standards specified for good model fit. More research is needed to establish the dimensional nature of PTSD symptoms and to assess whether identified dimensions differ as a function of the trauma experience. Implications for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment are also discussed. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.",,"Asmundson, G. J. G., Frombach, I., McQuaid, J., Pedrelli, P., Lenox, R., Stein, M. B.",2000.0,,,0,0,364
372,Posttraumatic stress disorder and work-related injury,"The literature indicates a substantial overlap between chronic pain and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in individuals who sustain accidental injury. To date, however, there have been no studies of PTSD symptoms in individuals who experience work-related injury. Consequently, we assessed 139 consecutive injured workers using the Modified PTSD Symptom Scale, as well as a number of general measures of psychopathology. Most participants reported chronic pain and all were receiving workers compensation. Results indicated that 34.7% and 18.2% of the sample reported symptoms consistent with PTSD and partial PTSD, respectively. When PTSD symptom frequency and severity were considered criterion variables in multiple regression analysts, depression was found to be significantly associated with the former and anxiety sensitivity, social fears, and somatic focus with the later. Finally, these measures of general psychopathology correctly classified 78.6% of individuals with PTSD and 81.3% of those with no PTSD. These results suggest that a considerable proportion of injured workers display symptoms consistent with PTSD and that these symptoms are related to general negative affect. Implications, including the suggestion of clinical intake screening of PTSD in this population, are discussed.",,"Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, G. R., Allerdings, M. D., Norton, P. J., Larsen, D. K.",1998.0,,,0,0,365
373,Associations between dimensions of anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom clusters in active-duty police officers,"Prior studies have shown that anxiety sensitivity (AS) plays an important role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between empirically supported PTSD symptom clusters (i.e. reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, hyperarousal) and AS dimensions (i.e. psychological concerns, social concerns, somatic concerns). Participants were 138 active-duty police officers (70.7% female; mean age = 38.9 years; mean time policing = 173.8 months) who, as a part of a larger study, completed measures of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, AS, and depressive symptoms. All participants reported experiencing at least one event that they perceived as traumatic, and 44 (31.9%) screened positive for PTSD. Officers with probable PTSD scored significantly higher on AS total as well as the somatic and psychological concerns dimensional scores than did those without PTSD. As well, a higher percentage of officers with probable PTSD scored positively on the AS-derived Brief Screen for Panic Disorder (Apfeldorf et al., 1994) compared with those without PTSD. A series of regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms, number of reported traumas, and AS somatic concerns were significant predictors of PTSD total symptom severity as well as severity of reexperiencing. Avoidance was predicted by depressive symptoms and AS somatic concerns. Only depressive symptoms were significantly predictive of numbing and hyperarousal cluster scores. These findings contribute to understanding the nature of association between AS and PTSD symptom clusters. Implications for the treatment of individuals having PTSD with and without panic-related symptomatology are discussed.","adult, anxiety, article, cluster analysis, controlled study, depression, disease association, disease severity, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, occupational exposure, occupational health, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychologic test, psychosomatic disorder, questionnaire, regression analysis, scoring system","Asmundson, G. J. G., Stapleton, J. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,366
374,Pain and PTSD symptoms in female veterans,"Background: There has been growing empirical examination of the co-occurrence of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and existing evidence suggests that the symptoms associated with each have a close association. To date, however, the association has only been examined within samples of mostly male participants. Aim: In the present study, pain and PTSD symptoms were examined in a sample of 221 female veterans who utilised the VA Healthcare System between 1998 and 1999. Method: Women who visited the clinic between 1998 and 1999 were mailed a self-report questionnaire package designed to elicit information regarding general health (including pain experiences), military and trauma history, childhood abuse and neglect, and PTSD symptoms. Analyses were conducted to identify differences in pain experience between those women classified as having PTSD, subsyndromal PTSD, and no PTSD. Analyses were also conducted to determine the degree to which pain-related (e.g., current pain, interference with activity) variables predicted PTSD symptom cluster scores. Results: The three groups differed significantly on a number of pain-related variables. Analyses suggested that pain-related variables were significant predictors of PTSD symptom cluster scores. Conclusions: These results indicate that the association between pain and PTSD symptoms, previously observed in primarily male samples, is generalisable to females. Clinical implications and possible mechanisms of association are discussed. (copyright) 2003 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, army, article, child abuse, chronic pain, controlled study, experience, female, health care system, health status, human, injury, major clinical study, medical information, outpatient department, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, scoring system, self report, soldier, statistical significance, symptom","Asmundson, G. J. G., Wright, K. D., Stein, M. B.",2004.0,,,0,0,368
375,The impact of PTSD symptoms on physical and mental health functioning in returning veterans,"This study aimed to determine the unique impact of PTSD symptoms, beyond other frequently examined factors on physical and mental health functioning in a sample of returning veterans. Assessments of 168 returning OEF/OIF veterans conducted an average of six months following return from deployment included measures of emotional disorders and the Short Form (36) Health Survey. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed significant, unique contribution of Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score above all other predictors in the model (demographics, severity of trauma exposure, physical injury, substance abuse and depressive symptoms), for both the physical (8%) and mental (6%) health aggregate scores, along with significant prediction of physical health (4-10%) and mental health (3-7%) subscale scores. The only other significant predictors were age for physical health scores, and depressive symptoms for mental health scores. PTSD criterion B (re-experiencing) symptoms uniquely predicted reduced physical health functioning and higher experience of bodily pain, while criterion D (hyperarousal) symptoms uniquely predicted lower feelings of energy/vitality and poorer perceptions of emotional health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Mental health, Physical health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Asnaani, A., Reddy, M. K., Shea, M. T.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.01.005,0,0,
376,SSRIs versus non-SSRIs in post-traumatic stress disorder: An update with recommendations,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent (7.8% lifetime rate) anxiety disorder with impairment in daily functioning, frequent suicidal behaviour and high rates of co-morbidity. Fortunately, PTSD is responsive to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most studied medications for PTSD, with the largest number of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Of the SSRIs, sertraline, paroxetine and fluoxetine have been the most extensively studied, with sertraline and paroxetine being US FDA-approved for PTSD. These studies have demonstrated that SSRIs are effective in short-term trials (6-12 weeks). Furthermore, continuation and maintenance treatment for 6-12 months decrease relapse rates. Besides being the most studied and effective drugs for PTSD, SSRIs have a favourable adverse effect profile, making them the first-line treatment for PTSD. If SSRIs are not tolerated or are ineffective, non-SSRIs should be considered. Serotonin-potentiating non-SSRIs, such as venlafaxine, nefazodone, trazodone and mirtazapine, have been evaluated in PTSD only in open-label and case studies. Because of their promising results and relatively good safety profile, they should be considered as second-line treatment. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have both been evaluated in a small number of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. The results have been inconsistent but promising. In the limited comparative studies, MAOIs appeared superior to TCAs but patients continued to have residual symptoms. These drugs have significant adverse effects, such as cardiovascular complications, and safety issues, such as ease of overdose. Therefore, TCAs and MAOIs should be considered as third-line treatment. Anticonvulsants have been evaluated in PTSD in open-label studies and results have been positive for carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate and gabapentin. A small double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated efficacy of lamotrigine for PTSD. Anticonvulsants should be considered where co-morbidity of bipolar disorder exists, and where impulsivity and anger predominate. Bupropion (amfebutamone), a predominantly noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, was ineffective in PTSD in an open-label study. Benzodiazepines were ineffective in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study despite encouraging case reports. They should be avoided or used only short term because of potential depressogenic effects, and the possibility that they may promote or worsen PTSD. Buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic, was found to be effective in PTSD only in open-label studies. Recently, atypical antipsychotics were as effective as monotherapy and as an augmenter to SSRIs in open-label/case studies and small double-blind, placebo-controlled trials; atypical antipsychotics should be considered in PTSD where paranoia or flashbacks are prominent and in potentiating SSRIs in refractory cases.","alprazolam, amfebutamone, anticonvulsive agent, anxiolytic agent, benzodiazepine, buspirone, caffeine, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, diazepam, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, mirtazapine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, paroxetine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, theophylline, topiramate, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, valproic acid, venlafaxine, warfarin, anger, anxiety disorder, cardiovascular disease, clinical trial, comorbidity, dizziness, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug screening, drug tolerability, gastrointestinal symptom, human, impulsiveness, insomnia, lifespan, maintenance therapy, monotherapy, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychotherapy, recurrence risk, review, risk assessment, sexual dysfunction, side effect, suicidal behavior, symptom, treatment indication","Asnis, G. M., Kohn, S. R., Henderson, M., Brown, N. L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
377,Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: a 3-step approach using Mplus,,,"Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
378,"The linkage between early childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and adolescent substance abuse","The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of conceptualizing adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a psychobiological consequence of childhood trauma, theorizing that the overwhelming experience of childhood trauma may play a role in the development of PTSD and in the development and progression of adolescent substance use disorders. A critical literature review was conducted to identify the research that had been conducted in these different areas of interest. There is an emerging area of research that is beginning to demonstrate that exposure to traumatic events in early childhood may lead to a neurobiological predisposition to PTSD. These limited studies are revealing that exposure to trauma in childhood can have a negative impact on brain development, which may lead to dysregulation with the body's stress response systems, resulting in a vulnerability to the development of PTSD. Research has established a causal link that adolescents with a history of traumatic experiences, such as childhood maltreatment, have an enhanced risk of alcohol and substance abuse disorders. Furthermore, studies have been conducted that show a high prevalence rate between the comorbidity of PTSD and substance use disorders. The self-medication postulates that PTSD develops first and that chemical substances are used as a means of achieving symptom relief. Therefore, adolescents exposed to early childhood trauma may use and abuse alcohol and other illicit substances as a coping mechanism to alleviate the symptoms of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Drug Abuse, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychobiology, Stress","Aspinall, Debra L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
379,Sleep patterns in a sample of patients with post-traumatic disorder,"Introduction: background: Although sleep disturbance is considered as a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), objective evidence for sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD has been equivocal. A growing body of evidence shows that disturbed sleep is more than a secondary symptom of PTSD; it seems to be a core feature. Objectives: This study was carried out to explore subjective and objective sleep disturbances in PTSD patients and the interrelationship between the severity of PTSD and sleep disturbances. Materials and methods: The study was designed as a case-control cross-sectional study, in which 20 patients fulfilling the criteria of PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th ed. were recruited from the outpatient psychiatric clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. Patients were selected irrespective of their sex, age between 18 and 45 years, and those who had not received any psychotropic medication 2 weeks before the study. Those with Axis-I comorbidity or any concurrent medical or neurological diseases were excluded. The patient group was compared with a control group which included 10 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and social standard selected from among employees of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. All patients were subjected to: (a) general medical and neurological examinations, (b) a Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th ed. Axis-I (SCID-I), (c) A PTSD checklist, (d) a Standardized Sleep Questionnaire, and (d) polysomnography (PSG) overnight. The control group completed a General Health Questionnaire to exclude any psychiatric comorbidity and was subjected to a physical examination, SCID-I (nonpatient version), a Standardized Sleep Questionnaire, and polysomnography. Results: Statistical analysis of the data was carried out. The case group was found to have initial insomnia and interrupted sleep; in addition, they experienced nightmares and sleep talking. Sleep latency, sleep efficiency and arousal index were markedly affected in the case group. The study showed that there was a significant increase in both stages I and II non-rapid eye movements sleep, whereas stages III and IV were significantly decreased in patients with PTSD compared to their healthy counterparts. When we compared the two groups with respect to rapid eye movements sleep parameters, respiratory variables of sleep including hypoapnea, respiratory disturbance index, and the desaturation index, we did not find any statistically significant differences. However, the apnea index and periodic leg movements were significantly higher in the PTSD group. Conclusion: Our study showed that patients with PTSD had a disturbed sleep profile characterized by changes affecting non-rapid eye movements sleep parameters, with no marked correlation to the severity of PTSD. Thus, sleep hygiene counseling should be included in all treatment programs for PTSD patients.","sleep pattern, patient, human, diseases, sleep medicine, sleep, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disorder, REM sleep, comorbidity, questionnaire, university, psychiatry, control group, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, polysomnography, sleep parameters, neurologic examination, normal human, respiratory disturbance index, periodic limb movement disorder, employee, structured interview, cross-sectional study, arousal, neurologic disease, nightmare, insomnia, statistical analysis, drug therapy, physical examination, General Health Questionnaire, mental hospital, checklist, fatty acid desaturation, apnea index, outpatient, hygiene, counseling","Assad, T., Sadek, H., Elghonemy, S., Sarag, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
380,Sleep patterns in a sample of patients with post-traumatic disorder,"Background Although sleep disturbance is considered as a hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), objective evidence for sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD has been equivocal. A growing body of evidence shows that disturbed sleep is more than a secondary symptom of PTSD; it seems to be a core feature. Objectives This study was carried out to explore subjective and objective sleep disturbances in PTSD patients and the interrelationship between the severity of PTSD and sleep disturbances. Methods The study was designed as a case-control cross-sectional study, in which 20 patients fulfilling the criteria of PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th ed. were recruited from the outpatient psychiatric clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. Patients were selected irrespective of their sex, age between 18 and 45 years, and those who had not received any psychotropic medication 2 weeks before the study. Those with Axis-I comorbidity or any concurrent medical or neurological diseases were excluded. The patient group was compared with a control group, included 10 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and social standard selected from among employees of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. All patients were subjected to: (a) general medical and neurological examinations, (b) a Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th ed. Axis-I (SCID-I), (c) A PTSD checklist, (d) a Standardized Sleep Questionnaire, and (d) polysomnography (PSG) overnight. The control group completed a General Health Questionnaire to exclude any psychiatric comorbidity and was subjected to a physical examination, SCID-I (nonpatient version), a Standardized Sleep Questionnaire, and polysomnography. Results Statistical analysis of the data was carried out. The case group was found to have initial insomnia and interrupted sleep; in addition, they experienced nightmares and sleep talking. Regarding sleep latency, sleep efficiency and arousal index were markedly affected in case group. The study showed that there was a significant increase in both stages I and II non-rapid eye movements sleep, whereas stages III and IV were significantly decreased in patients with PTSD than their healthy counterparts. When we compared the two groups with respect to rapid eye movements sleep parameters, respiratory variables of sleep including hypoapnea, respiratory disturbance index, and the desaturation index, we did not find any statistically significant differences. However, the apnea index and periodic leg movements were significantly higher in the PTSD group. Conclusion Our study showed that patients with PTSD had a disturbed sleep profile characterized by changes affecting non-rapid eye movements sleep parameters, with no marked correlation to the severity of PTSD. Thus, sleep hygiene counseling should be included in all treatment programs for PTSD patients. © 2012 Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University.","Nightmares, NREM sleep, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Sleep latency","Assad, T., Sadek, H. A., El Ghonemy, S. H., Serag, M. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,379
381,Hippocampus function predicts severity of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often accompanied by memory problems and abnormal brain structure, particularly within the hippocampus. We implemented a cross-species, hippocampal-dependent task--the virtual Morris Water task--to assess hippocampal function in people with PTSD and age-matched controls during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Performance on the task was equivalent between the groups. However, when correlating fMRI-derived hippocampal activity during this task with PTSD severity, we observe a -0.84 correlation, indicating that those with reduced hippocampal activity show more severe PTSD symptoms. This correlation is not explained by differences in task performance, IQ, duration since trauma, nor time with PTSD. Hence, PTSD severity is predicted by functionally assessing the hippocampus using the virtual Morris water task, suggesting that this task may be used to identify those at risk for developing PTSD following a trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Stress","Astur, Robert S., Germain, Sarah A. St, Tolin, David, Ford, Julian, Russell, David, Stevens, Mike",2006.0,,,0,0,
382,Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J): Four studies of different traumatic events,"The authors developed the Japanese-language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J) and investigated its reliability and validity in four different groups: workers with lifetime mixed traumatic events, survivors of an arsenic poisoning case, survivors of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, and survivors of the Tokyo Metro sarin attack. Evidence includes retest reliability and internal consistency of the IES-R-J. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and partial PTSD cases indicated significantly higher scores than non-PTSD cases. The IES-R-J can be a useful self-rating diagnostic instrument particularly for survivors with PTSD symptoms as a clinical concern (PTSD + partial PTSD) by using a 24/25 cutoff in total score. In analysis of scale structure, the majority of intrusion and hyperarousal items were subsumed under the same cluster, whereas avoidance items made up a separate cluster. Female patients indicated higher scores than male patients. A negative weak correlation between age and the score was found only among female earthquake survivors. The IES-R-J can be used as a validated instrument in future international comparative research.","adult, aged, article, earthquake, female, human, Japan, language, life event, major clinical study, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, reliability, scoring system, survival","Asukai, N., Kato, H., Kawamura, N., Kim, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kishimoto, J., Miyake, Y., Nishizono-Maher, A.",2002.0,,,0,0,
383,Efficacy of exposure therapy for Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to mixed traumatic events: A randomized controlled study,"The authors examined the efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy in Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Twenty-four patients (21 women, 3 men) with PTSD due to mixed trauma were randomly assigned to the PE group (PE with or without treatment as usual [TAU]) or the control group (TAU) only. The control group received PE after a 10-week period. Intention-to-treat analysis showed the PE group achieved significantly greater reduction than the control group at posttreatment in either PTSD or depressive symptoms. The control group had significantly decreased symptom severity after PE treatment. Symptom levels of 19 PE completers in the both groups remained low in 12-month follow-up assessments. The study's findings will promote the future dissemination and implementation of evidence-based treatment for PTSD in non-Western settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Exposure Therapy, *Japanese Cultural Groups, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Asukai, Nozomu, Saito, Azusa, Tsuruta, Nobuko, Kishimoto, Junji, Nishikawa, Toru",2010.0,,,0,0,
384,Pilot study on prolonged exposure of Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to mixed traumatic events,"This pilot study investigated the feasibility of Prolonged Exposure (PE) treatment for Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to mixed traumatic events. Among 12 participants in this study, 9 women and 1 man completed between 9 and 15 weekly individual PE sessions; 2 female participants dropped out in early sessions. Among completers, the authors identified a significant reduction of symptom severity scores from pretreatment to posttreatment in terms of PTSD and depression on therapist-rated and self-rated measurements. Symptom levels remained low in 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. Our findings suggest that PE is feasible and can be accepted for PTSD patients not only in Western countries, but also for those in Japan. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Exposure Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Asukai, Nozomu, Saito, Azusa, Tsuruta, Nobuko, Ogami, Ritsuko, Kishimoto, Junji",2008.0,,,0,0,
385,Posttraumatic stress disorder and related factors in patients with spinal cord injury,"Objectives: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) frequently occur as results of physical traumas. Frequencies of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following SCI vary. PTSD frequencies were assessed in patients with SCI in a Turkish sample in this study. Method: Eighty-four patients (mean age = 40.5 +/- 15.97; 40 female, 44 male) and caregivers (n = 83; mean age = 43.72 +/- 14.37; 67 female, 16 male) were enrolled. Mental retardation, premorbid psychiatric disorder, central nerve system disease and patients with professional caregivers were exclusion criteria. Clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder rating scale (CAPS), Beck depression and anxiety and Zarit caregiver burden scales were given. Results: Sixty- one (72.6%) patients were injured by physical traumas. 34 patients of this group had PTSD. 24 patients (28.6%) had acute and 10 patients (11.9%) had lifetime PTSD symptoms (not currently). Patients with PTSD had higher depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p = 0.004) scores, and caregivers (of the PTSD group) had statistically significantly higher depression (p = 0.009) and caregiver burden (p = 0.048) scores. Conclusion: PTSD frequency among the patients in this study was higher than both general population and victims of traumatic events resulting with severe injuries. Differences between different populations may be due to differences in coping strategies or social support. SCI is a permanent sequel that would remind the traumatic event constantly; thus PTSD may be expected to be higher in SCI than other types of (instant) traumatic events. Coping strategies and posttraumatic growth should be investigated in patients with SCI in Turkish populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Caregivers, *Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spinal Cord Injuries, Caregiver Burden, Premorbidity","Atagun, Murat Ilhan, Altinok, Unal, Balaban, Ozlem Devrim, Atagun, Zeliha, Yilmaz-Yalcinkaya, Ebru, Ones, Kadriye",2012.0,,,0,0,
386,Olfactory anhedonia and negative olfactory alliesthesia in depressed patients,"The present study aimed to investigate olfactory anhedonia and olfactory negative alliesthesia in depressed patients. Two odorants, one with pleasant (vanillin), and one with unpleasant (butyric acid) hedonic valence were evaluated by 30 depressed inpatients and 30 controls (healthy subjects, matched by age and gender). Participants explored the hedonic valence, intensity (discrimination) and perceived quality (identification) of 16 different stimuli (3 concentrations of odorants, their 9 combinations, and 1 control containing distilled water). The hedonic perception showed that patients perceived the unpleasant odorant as significantly more unpleasant than controls (olfactory negative alliesthesia). Concerning the intensity ratings, controls were able to discriminate between all concentrations of odorants, while patients discriminated between the different concentrations only for the unpleasant component and not for the vanillin (olfactory anhedonia). Regarding the identification task in an iso-intense unmixed odorants mixture, patients perceived significantly less the pleasant odorant than the unpleasant one (olfactory anhedonia), whereas controls perceived both odorants equally well. These results support the notion of an olfactory perception impairment in depression. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to confirm that such olfactory anhedonia or/and olfactory negative alliesthesia could be a state or a trait of depression. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.","alcohol, butyric acid, cannabis, vanillin, water, adult, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse, anhedonia, article, comorbidity, concentration (parameters), controlled study, depression, disease duration, eating disorder, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, male, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, obsessive compulsive disorder, olfactory discrimination, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosis, rating scale, smelling, stimulus response, suicidal behavior, task performance, unpleasant sensation","Atanasova, B., El-Hage, W., Chabanet, C., Gaillard, P., Belzung, C., Camus, V.",2010.0,,,0,0,
387,Different points of a continuum? Cross sectional comparison of the current and pre-contact psychosocial problems among the different categories of adolescents in institutional care in Nigeria,"Background: The combination of adverse social indicators and a predominantly youthful population puts Nigeria, and indeed many countries of sub-Sahara Africa, at the risk of explosion in the number of youth coming in contact with the juvenile justice system. Despite this risk, custodial childcare systems in the region are still poorly developed with both juvenile offenders and neglected adolescents coming in contact with the systems being kept in the same incarcerating facility. The needs of these different groups of adolescents may be different. Knowing their common and unique needs can inform common prevention strategies and ensure that specific service-needs of different categories of adolescents in institutional custody are met. Methods: Data on the family background, pre-contact social circumstance, neurological and anthropometric profiles, and certain aspects of mental health of adolescents drawn from two juvenile justice institutions in Nigeria were obtained. The results for the adolescents on criminal code and those admitted as a case of child neglect were compared using chi-square and odd ratios. Results: Participants were 211 adolescents comprising of 158 on criminal code and 53 declared as neglected. A lot of similarities were found. For instance, the prevalence of parental separation, family transition, experience of street-life and lifetime exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress was equally high among the two groups of adolescents. The adolescents on criminal code however had significantly higher prevalence of conduct and alcohol/substance use disorders while the child neglect group had poorer anthropometric profiles and higher prevalence of neurological disorders. Conclusions: Child neglect and juvenile delinquency in Nigeria may truly be different points of a continuum. There are however fundamental differences that can warrant specific prevention strategies and tailor-made service provision while in custodial care. © 2012 Atilola.","Child neglect, Custodial care, Juvenile delinquency, Juvenile justice, Social welfare","Atilola, O.",2012.0,,,0,0,
388,Altered lipid peroxidation markers are related to post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and not trauma itself in earthquake survivors,"The traumatic life events, including earthquakes, war, and interpersonal conflicts, cause a cascade of psychological and biological changes known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reliable marker of lipid peroxidation, and paraoxonase is a known antioxidant enzyme. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between earthquake trauma, PTSD effects on oxidative stress and the levels of serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme activity, and levels of serum MDA. The study was carried out on three groups called: the PTSD group, the traumatized with earthquake exercise group, and healthy control group, which contained 32, 31, and 38 individuals, respectively. Serum MDA levels and PON1 enzyme activities from all participants were measured, and the results were compared across all groups. There were no significant differences between the PTSD patients and non-PTSD earthquake survivors in terms of the study variables. The mean PON1 enzyme activity from PTSD patients was significantly lower, while the mean MDA level was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group (p < 0.01 for both measurements). Similarly, earthquake survivors who did not develop PTSD showed higher MDA levels and lower PON1 activity when compared to healthy controls. However, the differences between these groups did not reach a statistically significant level. Increased MDA level and decreased PON1 activity measured in PTSD patients after earthquake and may suggest increased oxidative stress in these patients. The nonsignificant trends that are observed in lipid peroxidation markers of earthquake survivors may indicate higher impact of PTSD development on these markers than trauma itself. For example, PTSD diagnosis seems to add to the effect of trauma on serum MDA levels and PON1 enzyme activity. Thus, serum MDA levels and PON1 enzyme activity may serve as biochemical markers of PTSD diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Atli, Abdullah, Bulut, Mahmut, Bez, Yasin, Kaplan, Ibrahim, Ozdemir, Pinar Guzel, Uysal, Cem, Selcuk, Hilal, Sir, Aytekin",2015.0,,,0,0,
389,Post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling chronic disorder, which is often under-diagnosed, difficult to treat and to predict. The emotional and physical symptoms occur in three clusters: re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the event and hyperarousal for at least one month. Up to 80% of patients with PTSD have another psychiatric disorder. The main risk factors of PTSD are psychiatric and trauma history, trauma severity, peritraumatic dissociation and lack of social support. Treatment relies on psychotheraples like cognitive behavior therapy or EMDR and pharmacologic treatment like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors without neglecting the forensic aspect.",,"Attal, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
390,"Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: a systematic review of 7,920 children","Worldwide, millions of children are affected by armed conflict. However, data on the prevalence of mental disorders among these children is sparse. We aimed to determine the prevalence of mental disorders among children affected by war using a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. We systematically reviewed existing literature to identify studies on prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression and psychosis among children exposed to armed conflict. We searched electronic databases and references listed in studies to obtain eligible studies. We pooled studies using the random-effects method and explored heterogeneity using meta-regression analysis. Seventeen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included 7,920 children. Sample sizes ranged from 22 to 2,976. Four studies were conducted during a conflict and others during post-conflict. All the studies reported PTSD as the primary outcome ranging from 4.5 to 89.3%, with an overall pooled estimate of 47% (9% CI: 35-60%, I2 = 98%). Meta-analysis heterogeneity was attributable to study location (OR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.27-1.41), method of measurement (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.29-1.44) and duration since exposure to war (coefficient 0.17, 95% CI: 0.94-0.25). In addition, four studies reported elevated depression that allowed pooling (43%, 95% CI: 31-55%) and three studies reported elevated anxiety disorders allowing pooling (27%, 95% CI: 21-33%). Our systematic review suggests a higher prevalence rate of mental disorders among children exposed to conflict than among the general population. Given the number of current conflicts, there is a paucity of information regarding mental disorders among children affected by war.",,"Attanayake, V., McKay, R., Joffres, M., Singh, S., Burkle Jr, F., Mills, E.",2009.0,,10.1080/13623690802568913,0,0,
391,Clinical evaluation of the Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP) in the longer-term follow-up of polytrauma patients,"Background: No sufficiently validated disease-specific instrument is available to assess patient outcome after polytrauma. The aim of this investigation was to test the recently published Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP) in the longer-term outcome of multiply injured patients. Methods: Single centre validation study on the TOP in comparison with objective and subjective measures of patient, injury or treatment characteristics and longer-term outcome (e.g. medical outcomes study Short Form-36, SF-36; Nottingham Health Profile, NHP; working capacity), at least 2 years following trauma in 117 survivors of polytrauma (injury severity score, ISS > 16), using comparative analysis and correlation testing of prospectively collected data. Results: Patients' mean weighted self-rating with regard to the 10 single TOP dimensions of Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL, 0-100) ranged from lowest values for mental functioning (52.6 + 33.5) to highest values for daily activities (79.0 + 27.5). The rate of persons who indicated an abnormal level of function or pain increased significantly from pre-injury status (2% and 5%, resp.) to 46% for both values at longer-term follow-up (p < 0.001). Observed associations between single dimensions or TOP component summary scores with the corresponding values from general HRQol instruments, such as the SF-36, resulted in R (Pearson) up to 0.85. Survivors of polytrauma who presented with a reduced working capacity (RWC) at longer-term follow-up in all TOP dimensions included a significantly higher rate of patients conspicuous for a relevantly reduced outcome compared with those with a non reduced working capacity (NRWC) (posttraumatic stress disease, PTSD: p < 0.05; all other dimensions: p < 0.001). Patients with a RWC were characterised by an almost fivefold probability of reduced outcome with regard to the TOP dimensions 'social interaction' or 'satisfaction' (odds ratio, OR 12.4 (95% CI 5.1-30.1) and 12.5 (4.0-39.0), resp.). Conclusions: This first clinical and methodological evaluation in a well defined cohort of polytrauma patients found the TOP to be a reliable and well discriminating score covering both relevant general and trauma-specific aspects of longer-term outcome. Despite these promising primary results, until further validation, the TOP should be used together with already accepted HRQoL measures to allow adequate international comparison of data in the future. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Euro Quality of Life on five dimensions (EQ-5D), Health related quality of life (HRQoL), Long term, Multiple trauma, Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Outcome, Polytrauma, Quality of life (QoL), Short Form-36 (SF-36), Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP)","Attenberger, C., Amsler, F., Gross, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
392,Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South Africa: Analysis from the South African Stress and Health Study,"Background: South Africa's unique history, characterised by apartheid, a form of constitutional racial segregation and exploitation, and a long period of political violence and state-sponsored oppression ending only in 1994, suggests a high level of trauma exposure in the general population. The aim of this study was to document the epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the South African general population. Methods: The South African Stress and Health Study is a nationally representative survey of South African adults using the WHO's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess exposure to trauma and presence of DSM-IV mental disorders. Results: The most common traumatic events were the unexpected death of a loved one and witnessing trauma occurring to others. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of PTSD were 2.3% and 0.7% respectively, while the conditional prevalence of PTSD after trauma exposure was 3.5%. PTSD conditional risk after trauma exposure and probability of chronicity after PTSD onset were both highest for witnessing trauma. Socio-demographic factors such as sex, age and education were largely unrelated to PTSD risk. Conclusions: The occurrence of trauma and PTSD in South Africa is not distributed according to the sociodemographic factors or trauma types observed in other countries. The dominant role of witnessing in contributing to PTSD may reflect the public settings of trauma exposure in South Africa and highlight the importance of political and social context in shaping the epidemiology of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Political Issues, Social Integration, Violence, Oppression","Atwoli, Lukoye, Stein, Dan J., Williams, David R., McLaughlin, Katie A., Petukhova, Maria, Kessler, Ronald C., Koenen, Karestan C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
393,Co-occurring posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms after sexual assault: A latent profile analysis,"Background: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression frequently co-occur, but their distinctiveness following trauma remains unclear. We examined patterns of PTSD and depression symptoms after sexual assault to evaluate the extent to which assault survivors primarily reported symptoms of both disorders or whether there were meaningfully distinct subgroups with discordant PTSD and depression symptoms. Methods: Latent profile analysis was used to examine self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms among 119 female sexual assault survivors at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-months post-assault. Results: At all time points, a 4-class solution fit the data best, revealing four subgroups with low, low-moderate, high-moderate, and severe levels of both PTSD and depression symptoms. Within each subgroup, PTSD symptom severity co-occurred with comparable depression symptom severity. At no time point were there reliable subgroups with discordant PTSD and depression symptom severities. Emotional numbing, hyperarousal, and overall PTSD symptom severity reliably distinguished each class from the others. Class membership at 1-month post-assault predicted subsequent class membership and functional impairment. Limitations: Additional research is needed to evaluate predictors of class membership, temporal stability of classes, and generalizability to other trauma populations. Conclusions: Co-occurring and comparably severe PTSD and depression symptoms are pervasive among female sexual assault survivors. The absence of a distinct subset of individuals with only PTSD or depression symptoms suggests that PTSD and depression may be manifestations of a general posttraumatic stress response rather than distinct disorders after trauma. Integrated treatments targeting both PTSD and depression symptoms may therefore prove more efficient and effective.","Comorbidity, Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rape, Sexual assault, Trauma","Au, T. M., Dickstein, B. D., Comer, J. S., Salters-Pedneault, K., Litz, B. T.",2013.0,,,0,1,
394,Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma,"Neuropsychological approaches represent an important avenue for identifying susceptibility and resiliency factors relating to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms post-trauma. This review will summarize results from prospective longitudinal and retrospective cross-sectional studies investigating executive function associated with PTSD. This research points specifically towards subtle impairments in response inhibition and attention regulation that may predate trauma exposure, serve as risk factors for the development of PTSD, and relate to the severity of symptoms. These impairments may be exacerbated within emotional or trauma-related contexts, and may relate to dysfunction within dorsal prefrontal networks. A model is presented concerning how such impairments may contribute to the clinical profile of PTSD and lead to the use of alternative coping styles such as avoidance. Further neuropsychological research is needed to identify the effects of treatment on cognitive function and to potentially characterize mechanisms of current PTSD treatments. Knowledge gained from cognitive and neuroscientific research may prove valuable for informing the future development of novel, more effective, treatments for PTSD. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Attention, Executive function, Inhibition, Neuroimaging, Neuropsychology, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., Paulus, M. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
395,Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussive syndrome: A re-emergent questioning,"Introduction: Blast injuries are psychologically and physically devastating. Notably, primary blast injury occurs as a direct effect of changes in atmospheric pressure caused by a blast wave. The combat-related traumatic brain injuries (TBI) resulting from exposure to explosions is highly prevalent among military personnel who have served in current wars. Traumatic brain injury is a common cause of neurological damage and disability among civilians and servicemen. Most patients with TBI suffer a mild traumatic brain injury with transient loss of consciousness. A controversial issue in the field of head injury is the outcome of concussion. Literature findings: Most individuals with such injuries are not admitted to emergency units and receive a variable degree of medical attention. Nevertheless, cranial traumas vary in their mechanisms (blast, fall, road accident, bullet-induced craniocerebral injury) and in their gravity (from minor to severe). The majority of subjects suffering concussion have been exposed to explosion or blast injuries, which have caused minor cranial trauma. Although some authors refuse to accept the reality of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and confuse it with masked depression, somatic illnesses or post-traumatic stress, we have raised the question again of its existence, without denying the intricate links with other psychiatric or neurological disorders. Although the mortality rate is negligible, the traumatic sequel after mild traumatic brain injury is clear. A difference in initial somatic severity is noted between the serious somatic consequences of a severe cranial trauma compared with the apparently benign consequences of a minor cranial trauma. However, the long-term consequences of the two types of impacts are far from negligible: PCS is a source of morbidity. The prognosis for minor cranial traumas is benign at vital level but a number of patients will develop long-term complaints, which contrast with the negativity of the clinical examination and complementary explorations. The origin of these symptoms questions their organic and psychological aetiologies, which are potentially associated or intricately linked. After a cerebral concussion patients report a cluster of symptoms referred to as postconcussive. Clinical findings: Post-concussion syndrome lies within the confines of somatic symptoms (headaches, dizziness, and fatigue), cognitive symptoms (memory and concentration problems) and affective symptoms (irritability, emotional lability, depression, anxiety, trouble sleeping). The nosographical entity of post-concussion syndrome is still in the process of elaboration following the input of new research intended to determine a cluster of specific symptoms. The persistent post-concussion syndrome is believed to be due to the psychological effects of the injury, biological factors, or a combination of both. Considered in isolation, the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are non-specific and come together with other diagnostic frameworks such as characterised depressive episodes and post-traumatic stress. Post-concussion syndrome is not specific to concussion but can be present in subjects without any previous cranial trauma. Discussion: Blast trauma can thus be understood as experiencing a shockwave on the brain and as a psycho-traumatic event. The major methodological problem of the studies is the quantification of the functional symptoms present in different nosographical frameworks, which are often co-morbid. Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of several psychiatric disorders that may increase suffering and disability among people with mild traumatic brain injury; in addition mood disorders also seem to be frequent psychiatric complications among these patients. Psychotic disorders after TBI have been associated with several brain regions. The establishment of a causative relationship between TBI and psychiatric disorders is interesting in terms of our understanding of these possible sequelae of TBI. The grey substance of the grey nuclei of the base can also be altered by a cissoring mechanism of the perforating arteries. A cortical contusion through impression of the cortex on the contours of the cranium is frequent. The most common type of injury is traumatic axonal injury. Cerebral lesions that are secondary to TBI associate cell deaths through the mechanisms of apoptosis and necrosis concerning the nerve and glial cells. The scientific objective is to discover an anatomoclinical correlation between the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome and objectifiable brain damage. The predictive value of serum concentrations of the specific serum markers S-100B and neurone specific enolase has been established. Conclusion: Cerebral imaging will allow the mechanisms concerned in cranial trauma to be better understood and thus may allow these mechanisms to be linked with co-morbid post-traumatic psychiatric disorders such as depression. The pyschopathological approach provides supplementary enlightenment where neuroimaging studies struggle to establish precise anatomoclinical correlations between neurotraumatic lesions, state of post-traumatic stress, and PCS. Moving away from a purely scientific view to focus on subjectivity, PCS can establish itself in subjects with no history of head trauma thus showing purely psychic suffering. Is the former name of ""subjective post-head injury syndrome"" no longer pertinent since the neurobiological affections can be objectified? Yet, the latter does not necessarily explain the somatic symptoms. Beyond any opposition of a psychic or somatic causality, it shows the complexity of this interaction. Admittedly, looking for a neuropathological affection is particularly cardinal to propose an aetiological model and objectify the lesions, which should be documented using a forensic approach. However, within the context of treatment, this theoretical division of the brain and the mind becomes less operative: the psychotherapeutic support will on the contrary back the indivisibility of the subject, he/she, who faced the ""clatter"". (copyright) 2011 LEncephale, Paris.","anxiety disorder, article, blast injury, brain concussion, cognition, depression, dizziness, emotional disorder, fatigue, head injury, headache, human, irritability, memory, mental concentration, mental instability, mortality, postconcussion syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disorder, traumatic brain injury","Auxemery, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,
396,Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussive syndrome: A re-emergent questioning,"Introduction: Blast injuries are psychologically and physically devastating. Notably, primary blast injury occurs as a direct effect of changes in atmospheric pressure caused by a blast wave. The combat-related traumatic brain injuries (TBI) resulting from exposure to explosions is highly prevalent among military personnel who have served in current wars. Traumatic brain injury is a common cause of neurological damage and disability among civilians and servicemen. Most patients with TBI suffer a mild traumatic brain injury with transient loss of consciousness. A controversial issue in the field of head injury is the outcome of concussion. Literature findings: Most individuals with such injuries are not admitted to emergency units and receive a variable degree of medical attention. Nevertheless, cranial traumas vary in their mechanisms (blast, fall, road accident, bullet-induced craniocerebral injury) and in their gravity (from minor to severe). The majority of subjects suffering concussion have been exposed to explosion or blast injuries, which have caused minor cranial trauma. Although some authors refuse to accept the reality of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and confuse it with masked depression, somatic illnesses or post-traumatic stress, we have raised the question again of its existence, without denying the intricate links with other psychiatric or neurological disorders. Although the mortality rate is negligible, the traumatic sequel after mild traumatic brain injury is clear. A difference in initial somatic severity is noted between the serious somatic consequences of a severe cranial trauma compared with the apparently benign consequences of a minor cranial trauma. However, the long-term consequences of the two types of impacts are far from negligible: PCS is a source of morbidity. The prognosis for minor cranial traumas is benign at vital level but a number of patients will develop long-term complaints, which contrast with the negativity of the clinical examination and complementary explorations. The origin of these symptoms questions their organic and psychological aetiologies, which are potentially associated or intricately linked. After a cerebral concussion patients report a cluster of symptoms referred to as postconcussive. Clinical findings: Post-concussion syndrome lies within the confines of somatic symptoms (headaches, dizziness, and fatigue), cognitive symptoms (memory and concentration problems) and affective symptoms (irritability, emotional lability, depression, anxiety, trouble sleeping). The nosographical entity of post-concussion syndrome is still in the process of elaboration following the input of new research intended to determine a cluster of specific symptoms. The persistent post-concussion syndrome is believed to be due to the psychological effects of the injury, biological factors, or a combination of both. Considered in isolation, the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are non-specific and come together with other diagnostic frameworks such as characterised depressive episodes and post-traumatic stress. Post-concussion syndrome is not specific to concussion but can be present in subjects without any previous cranial trauma. Discussion: Blast trauma can thus be understood as experiencing a shockwave on the brain and as a psycho-traumatic event. The major methodological problem of the studies is the quantification of the functional symptoms present in different nosographical frameworks, which are often co-morbid. Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of several psychiatric disorders that may increase suffering and disability among people with mild traumatic brain injury; in addition mood disorders also seem to be frequent psychiatric complications among these patients. Psychotic disorders after TBI have been associated with several brain regions. The establishment of a causative relationship between TBI and psychiatric disorders is interesting in terms of our understanding of these possible sequelae of TBI. The grey substance of the grey nuclei of the base can also be altered by a cissoring mechanism of the perforating arteries. A cortical contusion through impression of the cortex on the contours of the cranium is frequent. The most common type of injury is traumatic axonal injury. Cerebral lesions that are secondary to TBI associate cell deaths through the mechanisms of apoptosis and necrosis concerning the nerve and glial cells. The scientific objective is to discover an anatomoclinical correlation between the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome and objectifiable brain damage. The predictive value of serum concentrations of the specific serum markers S-100B and neurone specific enolase has been established. Conclusion: Cerebral imaging will allow the mechanisms concerned in cranial trauma to be better understood and thus may allow these mechanisms to be linked with co-morbid post-traumatic psychiatric disorders such as depression. The pyschopathological approach provides supplementary enlightenment where neuroimaging studies struggle to establish precise anatomoclinical correlations between neurotraumatic lesions, state of post-traumatic stress, and PCS. Moving away from a purely scientific view to focus on subjectivity, PCS can establish itself in subjects with no history of head trauma thus showing purely psychic suffering. Is the former name of ""subjective post-head injury syndrome"" no longer pertinent since the neurobiological affections can be objectified? Yet, the latter does not necessarily explain the somatic symptoms. Beyond any opposition of a psychic or somatic causality, it shows the complexity of this interaction. Admittedly, looking for a neuropathological affection is particularly cardinal to propose an aetiological model and objectify the lesions, which should be documented using a forensic approach. However, within the context of treatment, this theoretical division of the brain and the mind becomes less operative: the psychotherapeutic support will on the contrary back the indivisibility of the subject, he/she, who faced the ""clatter"". © 2011 LEncéphale, Paris.","Blast injuries, Comorbidities, Mild traumatic brain injury, Physiopathology, Post traumatic stress disorder, Postconcussive syndrome, Psychopathology","Auxéméry, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,395
397,Return to treatment after the accidental death of a therapist: What articulation for the medical staff and the patients?,"Introduction: The world of medicine, hospitals, is in close contact with and is interested in death; many practitioners deny it and attempt to avert it themselves. Much research deals with the reaction of patients in the face of their own death or that of a family member or a friend. The problem of normal and pathological bereavement has been the subject of numerous publications. Within this editorial superabundance, one subject is missing: the psychotherapist, often the instigator of these studies. The death of the therapist, sudden or expected, is a difficult issue for their patients as well as their colleagues and certainly for the therapist themselves. This death, always sudden, will surely lead the patient to question the meaning of life, the reality of death, the possibility of obtaining lasting support. This question of denial of the death of the aging and ill psychiatrist is undoubtedly ingrained in the history of the father of psychoanalysis who, suffering from a particularly painful post-smoking neoplasia, continued to smoke and see his patients until the day he died. Let us suppose that the psychiatrist had an unconscious mind; within it he may therefore be persuaded of the absence of possibility of his own death and live in the present of immortality. It is thus how Freud lived, like everybody he thought. Thus, structural elements of the analytical treatment increase this feeling of immortality. Clinical findings: A therapeutic relationship established over several years and for which the practitioner was the archivist and the guardian of the most intimate secrets, to prepare a better future, cannot be interrupted suddenly without suffering. The mourning of the therapist can be complicated that is to say unusual with a marked and persistent suffering; or pathological triggering a physical or mental pathology by definition absent before the death but traditionally retained afterwards as latent and evidence of a prior vulnerability, vulnerability for which the subject had undertaken the therapy. The risk of anaclitic depression or even melancholic breakdown is to be feared. A psychotic decompensation can occur in the face of bereavement and when the secondary treatments are stopped lead to a medical escheatment. Acting out suicide or self-harm can bring into question the relationship between the therapist and the patient through the spectrum of pain and death. Of course the reaction of the subject can be strictly foreseeable due to the inter-subjective relationship uniting the protagonists. How can the patient therefore move on to another therapist and will this procedure necessarily be therapeutic? Guidelines: A non psychotraumatic announcement must be made to the patients to pre-empt a fortuitous discovery via another patient or the press, which requires good reactivity on the part of the medical team. The patients must be seen individually quite quickly to announce the death in person. It is a good idea for the patient to be seen by a doctor they already know, for example having met them when their referring therapist was absent. This announcement will enable an evaluation of the latent psychopathological picture and the psychic defences, which may or not be operative. The follow-up will depend on each clinical situation after looking very carefully at the anamnesis, detailing the psychiatric examination and evaluating the patient's reaction to the announcement of the tragedy. In any case, a second appointment will be proposed and the subject will be invited to join a therapy group. A cardinal question is to know if the patients can go to their therapist's funeral. We share this idea as it limits the capacity of denial and remains an operative social ritual which channels emotions. This event should be managed by the medical team and will retain a therapeutic value. Also, the possibility of group therapy bringing together patients and medical staff will enable them to share their fears and dispel any misunderstandings. An equivalent to a debriefing can be organised in the days following the announcemen of the death. Subsequently, a place where they can come and talk freely can be set up in order ensure a group follow-up. The medical staff are thus regularly solicited to explicit the exact cause of the tragedy and the circumstances. The response provided is difficult as it concerns finding the right positioning between the necessary private life of the therapist, as the medical confidentiality has not been lifted by the death of the subject, and their public function, which justifies providing information. Refusing this is undoubtedly deleterious for the patients who will let an imagination favourable to unresolved bereavements run wild. The continuation of individual psychotherapy will necessarily integrate this recent confrontation with the possibility of death. The traumatogenic event of bereavement could be itself reinstated in the subject's trajectory via a therapeutic perspective, which will enable them to mourn and to continue the treatment already begun. Whereas the sudden death of a therapist is often lived in silence, the acceptation of the inevitability and the emptiness will on the contrary establish itself in the response of the subject. © 2012.","Dying psychotherapist, Guidelines, Post-traumatic grief, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychic trauma, Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, Traumatogene grief","Auxéméry, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,
398,"The different ""voices"" of PTSD. From linguistic desert to psychotherapy","If the psychic trauma usually and essentially remains within the field of the inexpressible, unspeakable, like a linguistic desert, it surely translates by other ""voices"" Even if it is pathognomonic of the state of posttraumatic stress, the repetition syndrome is rarely highlighted by the psycho-traumatised patient themselves. Addictive and suicidal behaviour, as well as the physical pain, are both more traditional methods of contact with the health care system. Recent research has brought to light other psycho-traumatic presentations such as repeated dissociative phenomena and transitory or lasting psychotic reactions. The voice of family and friends gains in importance as it temporarily takes the place of the speech of the psycho-traumatised subject. The social vessel also finds an echo in legal recognition or compensation of related damage. If to start with the position of the victim can be useful in the psychic reconstruction, it is also fitting to question the sense of it during psychotherapeutic support, where the subject rebuilds their trajectory through their own words. Over time, the psycho-traumatised subject expresses themselves differently. Initially in indirect ways, then their words suddenly emerge when the other who is accompanying them encourages this revival. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Dissociation, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychosis, Psychotherapy, Substance use disorders, Suicide attempt, Trauma, Victim","Auxéméry, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,
399,"Traumatic exposure of the ""neurotic"" subject: Destiny or chance encounter? Anticipate and surpass the traumatic event: From the traumatic confrontation deserted by language to the psychotherapeutic approach","Numerous psychotraumatised neurotic patients have precipitated themselves back to their traumatic event. In neurosis, if the traumatic mechanism is immutable, it is the subjectified theme of the event that will affect the intimacy of its structure. Reality is present within the neurotic structure as evidence of primary repression resulting from the appearance of language and the repression of early experiences. During the trauma, the subject is directly confronted with this reality, briefly rendering the outside and the inside of their being permeable. The reality exposed from outside structurally reflects the internal reality by creating a resonance trajectory, even temporary, connecting them via a constantly changing structural weakness. The psychic trauma is characterised by the repetitions, which monopolize the subject without their knowing. This repetition is of course present during nightmares and ecmnesia but it also establishes a biographical overlap, which is the core of the trauma. The return of a traumatic event often bursts out of the echo and the resonance caused by another situation in life, which directly or more symbolically recalls the initial event. The event, which led to the trauma, is therefore only authenticated subsequently, resulting in a sequence of linked events, which of course lead to repetitions. We can talk of secondary or even tertiary after-events. This repetition of real confrontations questions the traumatophilic impulse upon which the subject precipitates: the traumatic encounter appears to be the fulfilment of a subconscious desire, which is anchored deep down via the primary affecting the impulse. The psychotherapy will thus require active commitment of the subject who far from clearing themselves of the traumatic scene will produce meaning by breaking away from a purely passive position taken at the heart of the tragedy. If the trauma is in essence non-sense, the psychotherapeutic reconstruction will promote this search for a meaning enabling the subject to continue to produce rather than again returning to real death. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Clinical case, Posttraumatic stress syndrome, Psychic trauma, Psychopathology, Psychotherapy, Trauma exposure, Traumatic event, Victim","Auxéméry, Y.",2013.0,,,0,0,
400,"Posttraumatic stress symptom clusters, trauma history, and substance use among college students","Previous research found associations between experiencing specific posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters and use of specific substances among combat veterans, women exposed to domestic violence, and an inpatient sample; however, research has not utilized a college sample when considering this association. This study assessed trauma history, PTSD symptoms, alcohol use, and nonexperimental use of depressants, stimulants, opioids, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, inhalants, and steroids in college students. Results indicate unique associations between the PTSD symptom cluster of reexperiencing and use of depressants, avoidance/numbing with use of depressants and opiates, and hyperarousal with use of opiates. Further, the individual subclusters of behavioral avoidance and emotional numbing were associated with use of depressants and avoidance was associated with hallucinogen use. Implications are discussed. Copyright © Taylor &Francis Group, LLC.","college students, PTSD symptom clusters, substance use, trauma","Avant, E. M., Davis, J. L., Cranston, C. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
401,Impact of childhood maltreatment on physical health-related quality of life in U.S. active duty military personnel and combat veterans,"Previous studies have found an association between childhood maltreatment (CM) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and to a lesser extent have considered whether psychiatric symptoms may explain the relationship. This study aimed to further our understanding of the link between CM and HRQoL by testing whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and physical HRQoL. Mediation models were examined in a sample of male Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) active duty and combat veterans (n=249). PTSD and depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between CM and overall physical HRQoL, as well as participation in daily activities due to physical health, bodily pain, and social functioning. Mediation of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and physical and social functioning by depression and PTSD symptoms may lend support to neurobiological hypotheses that childhood maltreatment sensitizes the nervous system and after repeated trauma may lead to the development of psychiatric symptoms, which have a major impact on morbidity and mortality.","Adult, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder/psychology, Humans, Iraq, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel/*psychology, *Quality of Life, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Self Report, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology, United States, Veterans/*psychology, Young Adult, Ctq, Childhood maltreatment, Depression, HRQoL, Ptsd","Aversa, L. H., Lemmer, J., Nunnink, S., McLay, R. N., Baker, D. G.",2014.0,Aug,10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.004,0,0,
402,"Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between PTSD symptom clusters, cigarette use, and physical health-related quality of life","Purpose: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, particularly numbing and hyperarousal symptoms, are related to poor physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Tobacco dependence is also associated with poor HRQoL, and individuals with PTSD may smoke at higher rates than the general population. Our study aimed to examine the impact of quitting smoking and changes in PTSD symptoms over time on changes in physical HRQoL. Methods: The study used archival data from enrollees (N = 943) in a smoking cessation clinical trial for veterans with PTSD (VA Cooperative study #519). Results: Two of the physical HRQoL domains were sensitive to changes in PTSD symptoms over time: General Health and Vitality. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that particular physical HRQoL domains may be subject to improvement if PTSD symptoms decrease over time. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.","Health-related quality of life, Longitudinal, PTSD, SF-36, Smoking, Tobacco","Aversa, L. H., Stoddard, J. A., Doran, N. M., Au, S., Chow, B., McFall, M., Saxon, A. J., Baker, D. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
403,Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder in Veterans of Operation Desert Storm,"Objective: The present report is part of a follow-along investigation focusing on the evolution of trauma-related symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. The goal of the current report was to examine three hypotheses on the relationship between severity of war-related trauma, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and symptoms of borderline personality disorder with a mixed retrospective/prospective design. Method: Ninety-four National Guard reservists completed self-administered measures of combat-related trauma, PTSD symptoms, and borderline personality disorder features after their Gulf War duty. Results: Consistent with study hypotheses, prewar features of borderline personality disorder predicted variability in postwar PTSD symptoms beyond that predicted by combat exposure, combat exposure predicted variability in postwar features of borderline personality disorder, and PTSD severity assessed shortly after combat exposure accounted for additional variability in subsequent features of borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Taken together, the present findings suggest that trauma, symptoms of PTSD, and features of borderline personality disorder are related to one another in a complex fashion that may exceed simple linear models. Clinical and research implications for the relationships among trauma, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Borderline Personality Disorder, *Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Experiences (Events), Military Psychology, Symptoms, War","Axelrod, Seth R., Morgan, C. Andrew, III, Southwick, Steven M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
404,Psychiatric outcomes after childbirth: can posttraumatic growth protect me from disordered eating symptoms?,"PURPOSE: While many studies on mood disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth have been conducted, little is known regarding posttraumatic growth (PTG) and disordered eating in the postpartum period. This study aims to (a) identify the typology of women following childbirth based on anxiety, depressive, PTSD symptoms and level of PTG and (b) evaluate whether these profiles differ on disordered eating symptoms. METHODS: Up to 2 years after childbirth, 306 French-speaking mothers [mean age (SD) = 29.4 (4.6) years] completed questionnaires assessing PTSD, depressive, anxiety and disordered-eating symptoms and level of posttraumatic growth. RESULTS: Four profiles were highlighted: a first one labeled growing cluster (22.2 % of the sample, n = 68), a second one labeled low level of symptoms cluster (37.6 % of the sample, n = 115), a third one labeled vulnerable cluster (21.6 % of the sample, n = 66) and a last one labeled anxious-depressed-traumatized cluster (18.6 % of the sample, n = 57). Our findings also highlight an impact of these profiles on disordered eating symptoms, suggesting that disordered eating in postpartum would not be the result of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Consistent with our expectation, our findings suggest a potential protective role of posttraumatic growth on the development of disordered eating symptoms. Further researches focusing on traumatic experience, disordered eating and posttraumatic growth in postpartum are warranted.","Anxiety, Disordered eating, Postpartum, Postpartum depression, Posttraumatic growth, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Profiles","Ayache, R., Benticha, S., Goutaudier, N., Chabrol, H.",2015.0,Dec 9,10.1007/s00404-015-3969-6,0,1,
405,Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of traumatic events,"The present study obtained data on frequency of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, victims' gender and age, type of trauma and diagnostic comorbidity in a sample of 274 subjects (77 male and 197 female), victims of a severe traumatic event. The Checklist of Stressful and Traumatic Events, Trauma Assessment for Adults (TAA) Revised, Structured Interview for PTSD (SIP), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used. Results indicated that 28% of the subjects met the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and that females were more likely than males to receive the PTSD classification. Significant differences were found in the PTSD diagnoses related to type of traumatic event and depression and anxiety symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Victimization","Ayala, Juan Luis Martin, De Paul Ochotorena, Joaquin",2005.0,,,0,0,
406,Disability associated with exposure to traumatic events: Results from a cross-sectional community survey in South Sudan,"Background: There is a general lack of knowledge regarding disability and especially factors that are associated with disability in low-income countries. We aimed to study the overall and gender-specific prevalence of disability, and the association between exposure to traumatic events and disability in a post-conflict setting. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional community based study of four Greater Bahr el Ghazal States, South Sudan (n = 1200). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) was applied to investigate exposure to trauma events. Disability was measured using the Washington Group Short Measurement Set on Disability, which is an activity-based scale derived from the WHO's International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health. Results: The estimated prevalence of disability (with severe difficulty) was 3.6% and 13.4% for disability with moderate difficulties. No gender differences were found in disability prevalence. Almost all participants reported exposure to at least one war-related traumatic event. The result of a hierarchical regression analysis showed that, for both men and women, exposure to traumatic events, older age and living in a polygamous marriage increased the likelihood of having a disability. Conclusions: The finding of association between traumatic experience and disability underlines the precariousness of the human rights situation for individuals with disability in low-income countries. It also has possible implications for the construction of disability services and for the provision of health services to individuals exposed to traumatic events. © 2013 Ayazi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Disability, Post-conflict, South Sudan, Traumatic events","Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A. H., Jenkins, R., Albino, R. A., Hauff, E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
407,What are the risk factors for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a war-affected population? A cross-sectional community study in South Sudan,"Background: Limited data exists on the association of war trauma with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-depression in the general population of low-income countries. The present study aimed to evaluate socioeconomic and trauma-related risk factors associated with PTSD, depression, and PTSD-depression comorbidity in the population of Greater Bahr el Ghazal States, South Sudan. Methods: In this cross-sectional community study (n=1200) we applied the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to investigate the prevalence of PTSD, depression, and PTSD-depression comorbidity. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between these disorders, previous trauma exposure, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic factors. Results: PTSD only was found in 331 (28%) and depression only in 75 (6.4%) of the study population. One hundred and twelve (9.5%) of the participants had PTSD-depression comorbid diagnosis. Exposure to traumatic events and socioeconomic disadvantage were significantly associated with having PTSD or PTSD-depression comorbidity but not with depression. Participants with a comorbid condition were more likely to be socioeconomic disadvantaged, have experienced more traumatic events, and showed higher level of psychological distress than participants with PTSD or depression alone. Conclusions: In individuals exposed to war trauma, attention should be given to those who may fulfill criteria for a diagnosis of both PTSD and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Socioeconomic Status, *Trauma, Comorbidity, Major Depression, War","Ayazi, Touraj, Lien, Lars, Eide, Arne H., Ruom, Majok Malek, Hauff, Edvard",2012.0,,,0,0,
408,Child behavior checklist juvenile bipolar disorder (CBCL-JBD) and CBCL posttraumatic stress problems (CBCL-PTSP) scales are measures of a single dysregulatory syndrome,"Background: The Child Behavior Checklist Juvenile Bipolar Disorder (CBCL-JBD) profile and Posttraumatic Stress Problems (CBCL-PTSP) scale have been used to assess juvenile bipolar disorder (JBD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively. However, their validity is questionable according to previous research. Both measures are associated with severe psychopathology often encompassing multiple DSM-IV diagnoses. Further, children who score highly on one of these scales often have elevated scores on the other, independent of PTSD or JBD diagnoses. We hypothesized that the two scales may be indicators of a single syndrome related to dysregulated mood, attention, and behavior. We aimed to describe and identify the overlap between the CBCL-JBD profile and CBCL-PTSP scales. Method: Two thousand and twenty-nine (2029) children from a nationally representative sample (1073 boys, 956 girls; mean age = 11.98; age range = 6-18) were rated on emotional and behavior problems by their parents using the CBCL. Comparative model testing via structural equation modeling was conducted to determine whether the CBCL-JBD profile and CBCL-PTSP scale are best described as measuring separate versus unitary constructs. Associations with suicidality and competency scores were also examined. Results: The CBCL-JBD and CBCL-PTSP demonstrated a high degree of overlap (r = .89) at the latent variable level. The best fitting, most parsimonious model was one in which the CBCL-JBD and CBCL-PTSP items identified a single latent construct, which was associated with higher parental endorsement of child suicidal behavior, and lower functioning. Conclusions: The CBCL-JBD profile and CBCL-PTSP scale overlap to a remarkable degree, and may be best described as measures of a single syndrome. This syndrome appears to be related to severe psychopathology, but may not conform to traditional DSM-IV classification. These results contribute to the ongoing debate about the utility of the CBCL-JBD and CBCL-PTSP profiles, and offer promising methods of empirically based measurement of disordered self-regulation in youth. (copyright) 2009 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","article, attention, bipolar disorder, child, Child Behavior Checklist, comparative study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, emotion, female, human, juvenile, major clinical study, male, mood change, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, school child, scoring system, suicidal behavior","Ayer, L., Althoff, R., Ivanova, M., Rettew, D., Waxler, E., Sulman, J., Hudziak, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
409,Latent classes of adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder predict functioning and disorder after 1 year,"Objective: To identify latent classes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a national sample of adolescents, and to test their associations with PTSD and functional impairment 1 year later. Method: A total of 1,119 trauma-exposed youth aged 12 through 17 years (mean = 14.99 years, 51% female and 49% male) participating in the National Survey of AdolescentsReplication were included in this study. Telephone interviews were conducted to assess PTSD symptoms and functional impairment at Waves 1 and 2. Results: Latent Class Analysis revealed three classes of adolescent PTSD at each time point: pervasive disturbance, intermediate disturbance, and no disturbance. Three numbing and two hyperarousal symptoms best distinguished the pervasive and intermediate disturbance classes at Wave 1. Three re-experiencing, one avoidance, and one hyperarousal symptom best distinguished these classes at Wave 2. The Wave 1 intermediate disturbance class was less likely to have a PTSD diagnosis, belong to the Wave 2 pervasive disturbance class, and report functional impairment 1 year later compared with the Wave 1 pervasive disturbance class. The Wave 1 no disturbance class was least likely to have PTSD, belong to the pervasive disturbance class, and report functional impairment at Wave 2. Conclusions: This study suggests that PTSD severitydistinguishing symptoms change substantially in adolescence and are not characterized by the numbing cluster, contrary to studies in adult samples. These results may help to explain inconsistent factor analytic findings on the structure and diagnosis of PTSD, and emphasize that developmental context is critical to consider in both research and clinical work in PTSD assessment and diagnosis. © 2011 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","functional impairment, latent class analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder","Ayer, L., Danielson, C. K., Amstadter, A. B., Ruggiero, K., Saunders, B., Kilpatrick, D.",2011.0,,,0,1,
410,Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning in Combat Veterans With and Without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Several recent studies have investigated relationships between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and learning and memory problems. These reports have found in general that not only does PTSD affect trauma-related memories, but when patients with PTSD are compared with similar trauma patients without PTSD, general memory impairments have been found. The present paper reports a study in which associative learning, using Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning, was investigated in combat veterans with and without chronic PTSD, using interstimulus intervals of 500 and 1000 msec in two separate experiments. Although several recent reports suggest that larger-magnitude autonomic conditioned responses occur in patients with PTSD during Pavlovian conditioning, the present study found evidence of impaired Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in combat veterans with and without PTSD, compared to non-combat veterans. Although these data suggest that combat leads to an impaired associative learning process regardless of whether PTSD is apparent, a group of community-dwelling combat veterans not under medical treatment showed normal conditioning, suggesting that variables other than prior combat must also be involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Classical Conditioning, *Eyeblink Reflex, *Learning, *Memory Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans, Stress","Ayers, Edwin D., White, Jeffrey, Powell, D. A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
411,The effects of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder on women and their relationships: A qualitative study,"There is converging evidence that 1%-2% of women develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of childbirth. The current study aimed to explore the long-term effects of childbirth-related PTSD on women, their relationship with their partner and their relationship with their child. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with six women who reported clinically significant PTSD after birth, ranging from 7 months to 18 years beforehand. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Childbirth-related PTSD was found to have wide-ranging effects on women and their relationships. Women reported changes in physical well-being, mood and behaviour, social interaction, and fear of childbirth. Women reported negative effects on their relationship with their partner, including sexual dysfunction, disagreements and blame for events of birth. The mother-baby bond was also seriously affected. Nearly all women reported initial feelings of rejection towards the baby but this changed over time. Long-term, women seemed to have either avoidant or anxious attachments with their child. It is concluded that childbirth-related PTSD can have severe and lasting effects on women and their relationships with their partner and children. Further research is needed to compare this to normal difficulties experienced by women after having children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Human Females, *Marital Relations, *Mother Child Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Ayers, Susan, Eagle, Andrew, Waring, Helen",2006.0,,,0,0,
412,Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in couples after birth: Association with the couple's relationship and parent-baby bond,"Recent research suggests a proportion of women develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth. To date, the effects of postnatal PTSD on the couple's relationship and the parent-baby bond have not been examined. In the present study, 64 couples completed questionnaires about the birth, symptoms of PTSD, the couple's relationship and parent-baby bond 9 weeks after childbirth. Results showed 5% of men and women had severe symptoms of PTSD. Symptoms were strongly associated within couples and were related to similar birth factors for men and women. PTSD symptoms were associated with neither the parent-baby bond nor couple's relationship. The mother-baby bond was not associated with any variables measured in this study. However, the father-baby bond was associated with the couple's relationship. It is concluded that men and women have comparable levels of PTSD symptoms 9 weeks after birth. Furthermore, these results suggest postnatal symptoms of PTSD have little association with the couple's relationship or the parent-baby bond in the short term. However, further research is needed to address methodological considerations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Couples, *Parent Child Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Attachment Behavior, Interpersonal Relationships","Ayers, Susan, Wright, Daniel B., Wells, Nicola",2007.0,,,0,0,
413,Comparability of telephone and face-to-face interviews in assessing patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Aziz, M. A., Kenford, S.",2004.0,,10.1097/00131746-200409000-00004,0,0,
414,Gaza Strip. Operation Cast Lead,,,"""BTselem""",2009.0,,,0,0,
415,Predicting stabilizing treatment outcomes for complex posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder: An expertise-based prognostic model,"The purpose of this study was to develop an expertise-based prognostic model for the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative identity disorder (DID).We developed a survey in 2 rounds: In the first round we surveyed 42 experienced therapists (22 DID and 20 complex PTSD therapists), and in the second round we surveyed a subset of 22 of the 42 therapists (13 DID and 9 complex PTSD therapists). First, we drew on therapists' knowledge of prognostic factors for stabilization-oriented treatment of complex PTSD and DID. Second, therapists prioritized a list of prognostic factors by estimating the size of each variable's prognostic effect; we clustered these factors according to content and named the clusters. Next, concept mapping methodology and statistical analyses (including principal components analyses) were used to transform individual judgments into weighted group judgments for clusters of items. A prognostic model, based on consensually determined estimates of effect sizes, of 8 clusters containing 51 factors for both complex PTSD and DID was formed. It includes the clusters lack of motivation, lack of healthy relationships, lack of healthy therapeutic relationships, lack of other internal and external resources, serious Axis I comorbidity, serious Axis II comorbidity, poor attachment, and self-destruction. In addition, a set of 5 DID-specific items was constructed. The model is supportive of the current phase-oriented treatment model, emphasizing the strengthening of the therapeutic relationship and the patient's resources in the initial stabilization phase. Further research is needed to test the model's statistical and clinical validity. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Complex PTSD, DESNOS, DID, Prognosis, Stabilization phase, Stabilizing treatment","Baars, E. W., van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Chu, J. A., Glas, G., Draijer, N.",2011.0,,,0,0,
416,Peripartum depression and anxiety as an integrative cross domain target for psychiatric preventative measures,"Exposure to high levels of early life stress has been identified as a potent risk factor for neurodevelopmental delays in infants, behavioral problems and autism in children, but also for several psychiatric illnesses in adulthood, such as depression, anxiety, autism, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Despite having robust adverse effects on both mother and infant, the pathophysiology of peripartum depression and anxiety are poorly understood. The objective of this review is to highlight the advantages of using an integrated approach addressing several behavioral domains in both animal and clinical studies of peripartum depression and anxiety. It is postulated that a greater focus on integrated cross domain studies will lead to advances in treatments and preventative measures for several disorders associated with peripartum depression and anxiety. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Anxiety, Autism, Depression, Peripartum depression, PTSD, Stress","Babb, J. A., Deligiannidis, K. M., Murgatroyd, C. A., Nephew, B. C.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.039,0,0,
417,Aggression in war veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder with co-morbid alcoholism,"For thousands of years it has been known that aggression as a symptom appears in numerous psychiatric disorders and diseases. During the last decade the appearance of the aggressive behavior related to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been frequently investigated, often associated with war trauma. The goal of this study is to analyze the impact of alcoholism on a way war veterans suffering from chronic PTSD express and control aggression. The sample included 240 war veterans with chronic PTSD. The subjects were divided in two groups. PTSD group (n=147) and controlled group composed of those suffering from alcoholism in addition to PTSD (n=93). In this study, the following psychological instruments were used: The Harvard trauma questionnaire for PTSD diagnosis (HTQ); the questionnaire for self-evaluation of aggression (STAXI); The Profile Index Emotion (PIE); questionnaire for auto-diagnosis of alcoholism (CAGE). The obtained results indicate that subjects who have PTSD with co-morbid alcoholism are more deprived, aggressive (p < 0.001) and oppositional (p < 0.05) in comparison to subjects whose PTSD is not combined with alcoholism (PIE). The aggression is statistically more expressed in subjects with PTSD who have also been diagnosed with alcoholism on all subscales in comparison to subjects with PTDS who have not been diagnosed with alcoholism: the current state of aggression, the general state of aggression, aggression towards an unfair treatment, aggression directed inwards and outwards (p < 0.001); aggression towards nonspecific provocation and a general way of expressing aggression (p < 0.05) (STAXI). Subjects that had PTSD combined with alcoholism show a higher degree of aggression in comparison to subjects with PTDS who are not diagnosed with alcoholism.","adult, aggression, alcoholism, article, comorbidity, human, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, veteran","Babic, D., Martinac, M., Bjelanovic, V., Babic, R., Sutovic, A., Sinanovic, O.",2010.0,,,0,0,
418,Aggression in war veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder with co-morbid alcoholism,"For thousands of years it has been known that aggression as a symptom appears in numerous psychiatric disorders and diseases. During the last decade the appearance of the aggressive behavior related to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been frequently investigated, often associated with war trauma. The goal of this study is to analyze the impact of alcoholism on a way war veterans suffering from chronic PTSD express and control aggression. The sample included 240 war veterans with chronic PTSD. The subjects were divided in two groups. PTSD group (n=147) and controlled group composed of those suffering from alcoholism in addition to PTSD (n=93). In this study, the following psychological instruments were used: The Harvard trauma questionnaire for PTSD diagnosis (HTQ); the questionnaire for self-evaluation of aggression (STAXI); The Profile Index Emotion (PIE); questionnaire for auto-diagnosis of alcoholism (CAGE). The obtained results indicate that subjects who have PTSD with co-morbid alcoholism are more deprived, aggressive (p<0.001) and oppositional (p<0.05) in comparison to subjects whose PTSD is not combined with alcoholism (PIE). The aggression is statistically more expressed in subjects with PTSD who have also been diagnosed with alcoholism on all subscales in comparison to subjects with PTDS who have not been diagnosed with alcoholism: the current state of aggression, the general state of aggression, aggression towards an unfair treatment, aggression directed inwards and outwards (p<0.001); aggression towards nonspecific provocation and a general way of expressing aggression (p<0.05) (STAXI). Subjects that had PTSD combined with alcoholism show a higher degree of aggression in comparison to subjects with PTDS who are not diagnosed with alcoholism.","Aggression, Alcoholism, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Babić, D., Martinac, M., Bjelanović, V., Babić, R., Sutović, A., Sinanović, O.",2010.0,,,0,0,417
419,Characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in ex prisoners of war,"Post traumatic Stress Disorder is a frequent consequence of surviving the stress of the war. The majority of research studies confirm that the severity, duration and the proximity to the traumatic events have significant influence on the outcome of surviving psychological trauma. There is also evidence that the prisoners of war who have survived severe, repetitive traumatization will develop PTSD more frequently, and that the characteristics and the severity of symptoms is more serious compared with the veterans of war who did not survive imprisonment. This paper analyzes the presence of the symptoms of PTSD according to frequency in a group of former prisoners of war and a group of war veterans who did not experience imprisonment. The research sample is comprised of subjects who were selected by the method of randomized stratified sample and divided an experimental and control group. Experimental subgroup E1 consist of 50 former prisoners of war who have sought psychiatric help after being released from the prisons, and subgroup E2 consist of 50 former prisoners of war who never sought psychiatric assistance. Control group is divided in subgroup K1 that consist of 30 veterans of war who did not survive imprisonment, and who have occasionally sought psychiatric assistance after the war, and subgroup K2 that consist of 30 veterans of war who did not survive imprisonment and who never sought psychiatric assistance. All subjects were male, none of them had any prior psychiatric history. The instruments used in the study were the following: general and sociobiographic questionnaire designed by the authors, traumatic events questionnaire which is a modified version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD questionnaire designed according to DSM IV diagnostic criteria. Results in relation to degree of traumatic experience demonstrate that there is a significant statistical difference (P<0.005) between the experimental and control group. PTSP is statistically significantly more represented among the former prisoners of war than among the war veterans who were not detained in camps (P<0.05). Average scores for all symptom clusters (fear and helplessness, re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms) were higher in the experimental group than in a control group. © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia.","Clinical picture, Former prisoners of war, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Babić, D., Sinanović, O.",2004.0,,,0,0,
420,The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care,,,"Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., Monteiro, M. G.",2001.0,,,0,0,
421,Posttraumatic stress and sleep: Differential relations across types of symptoms and sleep problems,"Posttraumatic stress symptoms and self-reported sleep problems reliably covary. The current study investigated how posttraumatic stress symptom clusters (i.e., hyperarousal, avoidance, and reexperiencing) relate to trouble initiating and maintaining sleep and nightmares. Participants included traumatic event-exposed respondents from the NCS-R. Results suggested that posttraumatic stress symptom severity is related to trouble initiating and maintaining sleep and nightmares. Investigation of symptom clusters indicated that reexperiencing symptoms were related to trouble initiating and maintaining sleep and nightmares, while hyperarousal symptoms were related to trouble maintaining sleep and nightmares. Findings partially support both reexperiencing and hyperarousal-based models of the relation between sleep and posttraumatic stress. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Avoidance, Hyperarousal, Posttraumatic stress, Reexperiencing, Sleep","Babson, K., Feldner, M., Badour, C., Trainor, C., Blumenthal, H., Sachs-Ericsson, N., Schmidt, N.",2011.0,,,0,0,
422,Comparative profiles of women with PTSD and comorbid cocaine or alcohol dependence,"This study examined differences in substance abuse severity, trauma history, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and psychiatric comorbidity among treatment-seeking women (N = 74) with PTSD and either comorbid cocaine or alcohol dependence. Women in the cocaine/PTSD group, compared with the alcohol/PTSD group, demonstrated greater occupational impairment (e.g., greater severity on the employment subscale of the Addiction Severity Index, less monthly income, fewer days worked in past month), more legal problems (e.g., greater number of months incarcerated and arrests for prostitution), and greater social impairment (e.g., fewer number of close friends, less likely to be married). Women in the alcohol/PTSD group evidenced higher rates of exposure to serious accidents, other situations involving serious injury, and other extraordinarily stressful life events. Rates of major depression and social phobia were higher among the alcohol/PTSD group than the cocaine/PTSD group. Women in the alcohol/PTSD group scored higher on the CAPS avoidance, hyperarousal, and total subscale scores. The current findings enhance our understanding of the substance-specific profiles of women with PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders and may have important implications for the design of dual-diagnosis interventions.","Alcohol, Cocaine, Dual diagnosis, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD","Back, S. E., Sonne, S. C., Killeen, T., Dansky, B. S., Brady, K. T.",2003.0,,,0,0,
423,The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Children and Adolescents Affected by Tsunami Disaster in Tamil Nadu,,,"Baddam John, P., Russell, S., Russell, P. S. S.",2007.0,,10.1016/j.dmr.2006.11.001,0,0,
424,Acute stress reactions and neuroendocrine stress axis reactions after accidents,"Background: Some research indicates that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might be associated with specific alterations in endocrine stress axis activity. Significantly increased cortisol release during the acute trauma phase is hypothe-sized to Iead to a dysregulation of this system, resulting in an enduring decrease in baseline cortisol release (hypocortisolism). Objective: Is there evidence for endocrine abnormalities and their association with symptom severiry in acute trauma patients? Methods: 50 patients recently involved in an accident were divided into two groups according to their symptom severity. Diurnal cortisol profiles assessed either during inpatient treatment or 6 weeks later were analyzed for group differences. Rcsults: After 6 weeks the patient group with more severe posttraumatic symptoms had slightly elevated diumal cortisol values. However, there was no evidence for permanent, specific alterations of stress aris activity between the groups. Discussion: Findings do not support the assumption that early abnormalities in cortisol secretion are an indicator or predictor of PTSD.","Accident, Cortisol, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Badke, A., Domes, G., Schönenberg, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
425,Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder: Two concepts or only one?,"This dissertation examines whether alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are distinct or overlapping concepts. An archival data base from the Iowa City, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) consisting of data from 274 combat veterans was used. The data base included measures of alexithymia, PTSD, combat exposure, and demographic information. Descriptive statistics, measures of psychometric adequacy and factor analyses of the major measures, as well correlations between the clinical scales were examined. Structural equation modeling explored the specific relationships between secondary alexithymia and the various symptom clusters of PTSD. Finally, correlations and principal components analysis between alexithymia and the symptom clusters of PTSD were calculated to determine where the specific overlap between PTSD and alexithymia occurred. The measures of PTSD and combat exposure had sound psychometric adequacy in this sample of combat veterans, but the measure of alexithymia did not function properly indicating that alexithymia was not well defined in this traumatized sample. Positive, significant correlations were found among alexithymia, PTSD, and combat exposure, supporting alexithymia as a result of traumatic stress, rather than a predisposing factor in the development of stress reactions. As the theoretical model presented in this study predicts, the strongest correlations between alexithymia and specific symptom clusters of PTSD were observed at the emotional numbing/withdrawal cluster. Significant correlations were also found between alexithymia and the reexperiencing/situational avoidance and hyperarousal clusters, and with the associated symptom cluster of self-persecution to a lesser degree. Factor analyses revealed substantial overlap between the two concepts with items/scores from both the alexithymia and PTSD measures loading on one factor best labeled PTSD. Overall, the results of this dissertation do not support alexithymia and PTSD as independent concepts. Instead, this body of work indicates that alexithymia and PTSD are better understood as only one sequelae of traumatic stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Alexithymia, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Badura, Amy Suzanne",1999.0,,,0,0,
426,Comparison of memory function and MMPI-2 profile between post-traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder after a traffic accident,"Objective: Differential diagnosis between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment disorder (AD) is rather difficult, but very important to the assignment of appropriate treatment and prognosis This study investigated methods to differentiate PTSD and AD Methods: Twenty-five people with PTSD and 24 people with AD were recruited Memory tests, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), and Beck's Depression Inventory were administered. Results: There were significant decreases in immediate verbal recall and delayed verbal recognition in the participants with PTSD The reduced memory functions of participants with PTSD were significantly influenced by depressive symptoms. Hypochondriasis, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, paranoia, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder scale of MMPI-2 classified significantly PTSD and AD group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that verbal memory assessments and the MMPI-2 could be useful for discriminating between PTSD and AD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adjustment Disorders, *Memory, *Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Differential Diagnosis","Bae, Sung-Man, Hyun, Myoung-Ho, Lee, Seung-Hwan",2014.0,,,0,0,
427,Comparison of memory function and MMPI-2 profile between post-traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder after a traffic accident,"Objective: Differential diagnosis between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment disorder (AD) is rather difficult, but very important to the assignment of appropriate treatment and prognosis. This study investigated methods to differentiate PTSD and AD. Methods: Twenty-five people with PTSD and 24 people with AD were recruited. Memory tests, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), and Beck's Depression Inventory were administered. Results: There were significant decreases in immediate verbal recall and delayed verbal recognition in the participants with PTSD. The reduced memory functions of participants with PTSD were significantly influenced by depressive symptoms. Hypochondriasis, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, paranoia, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder scale of MMPI-2 classified significantly PTSD and AD group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that verbal memory assessments and the MMPI-2 could be useful for discriminating between PTSD and AD. Copyright©2014, Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology.","Adjustment disorders, Diagnosis, Differential, Memory deficits, MMPI-2, Post-traumatic stress disorders","Bae, S. M., Hyun, M. H., Lee, S. H.",2014.0,,,0,0,426
428,Exposure to dysfunctional parenting and trauma events and posttraumatic stress profiles among a treatment sample with coexisting depression and alcohol use problems,"Introduction and Aims. Trauma exposure (including experiencing dysfunctional parenting when a child) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently coexist with major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD), with the impact of this comorbidity usually studied as a dual disorder (i.e. PTSD-MDD or PTSD-AUD). This study explores trauma exposure (including to dysfunctional parenting), PTSD symptom severity and PTSD in people seeking treatment for coexisting depressive symptoms and alcohol use problems. Design and Methods. Participants (n=221) with current depression and alcohol use problems were recruited. Trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms and PTSD were assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. The Measure of Parenting Style assessed dysfunctional parenting (neglect/over-control/abuse) experienced as a child. Results. Most participants experienced trauma (71.6%, n=159), with more than one-third reaching DSM-IV criteria for current PTSD (38.0%, n=84). Unique to this study was that there were no gender differences in rates of trauma exposure, number of traumatic events and PTSD. More severe PTSD symptoms and PTSD were associated with: childhood neglect; earlier depression onset; more severe depression and alcohol problems; and lower general functioning. More severe problems with alcohol were related to Intrusion and Avoidance symptoms, while severe alcohol dependence symptoms were related to hyperarousal. Discussion and Conclusions. PTSD symptoms and PTSD are highly prevalent in those with coexisting depression and alcohol use problems and are associated with a history of childhood neglect and higher levels of comorbidity. Trauma, PTSD symptoms and PTSD should be assessed and addressed among people seeking treatment for coexisting depression and alcohol problems. © 2011 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.","Alcohol dependence, Depression, PTSD","Bailey, K., Webster, R., Baker, A. L., Kavanagh, D. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
429,Taxonomy of combat-related mild TBI: NSI and PCL-C symptom profiles following combat-related mild traumatic brain injury,"Objectives: Combat-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been a cardinal injury in modern warfare. Patients with mTBI report a wide array of symptoms reflecting cognitive, somatic and emotional processes. Treatment guidelines for mTBI have emphasized the need for symptom-specific intervention arguing against a one-size fits all approach to mTBI management. To date, a comprehensive evaluation of the taxonomy of combat-related mTBI has not been conducted to determine if sub-types of combat-related mTBI can be identified based on prominent symptom clusters. The objective of this study was to explore potential symptom profiles (i.e. sub-types) of combatrelated mTBI. Method: The sample included 1341 male military personnel who experienced a combat-related mTBI within the past 2 years (Age: M=26.90, SD=6.94). Measures included the Neurobehavioural Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C). A factor analysis, followed by a two-step cluster analysis procedure (i.e. hierarchical and k-means analyses) was used to identify common symptom profiles in the sample. Results: Factor analysis of the NSI and PCL-C items revealed a four factor solution to the 39 symptoms inventoried by the NSI and PCLC. Cluster analysis identified four primary sub-types of combatrelated mTBI: a primarily 'PTSD' group, a 'Cognitive' group, a 'Mixed Cognitive/PTSD' symptom group and a 'Good Recovery' group. The 'PTSD' cluster included 21.9% of the sample and was characterized by symptoms of hyperarousal and depression with relatively few cognitive or neurological complaints. The 'Cognitive' group composed 21.5% of the sample and reported only cognitive complaints. The 'Mixed Cognitive/PTSD' cluster included 18.6% of the sample and had relatively high endorsement of both cognitive and emotional symptoms. The largest cluster (37.8%) had the lowest symptom profile and was labelled the 'Good Recovery' group. None of the pattern profiles had notable elevations on motor/sensory symptoms. Examination of external variables revealed the 'Good Recovery' group was more likely to be in the sub-acute phase of recovery and had sustained injuries later in the OEF/OIF conflicts (2008-2011). The 'Cognition' group had the highest rate of central nervous system dysfunction. The 'Mixed Cognitive/PTSD' group had the highest return to duty rate, lowest rate of injury to the CNS (0.8%) and, along with the 'PTSD' group, the highest use of antidepressant medications. Conclusion: The results support a unique taxonomy for combatrelated mTBI. Four cluster profiles representing (a) few cognitive/ emotional complaints, (b) primarily PTSD symptoms, (c) primarily cognitive complaints and (d) both cognitive and emotional symptoms were identified. The taxonomy provided preliminary evidence for focused treatment programmes. Only a small segment (18.6%) had a symptom profile that would require a comprehensive treatment for both cognitive and emotional complaints. The vast majority either had relatively few post-concussive symptoms or had specific problems related to cognition or emotional health.","antidepressant agent, brain injury, traumatic brain injury, taxonomy, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, factorial analysis, cluster analysis, cognition, central nervous system, emotional stability, drug therapy, checklist, examination, neurologic disease, procedures, soldier, patient, male, war","Bailie, J., Lange, R., Brickell, T., Asmussen, S., French, L., Qashu, F., Reid, M., Marshall, K., Dilay, A., Kennedy, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
430,Profile Analysis of the Neurobehavioral and Psychiatric Symptoms Following Combat-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Identification of Subtypes,"OBJECTIVE: To explore the taxonomy of combat-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) based on symptom patterns. PARTICIPANTS: Up to 1341 military personnel who experienced a combat-related mTBI within 2 years of evaluation. MEASURES: Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed the following 4 subtypes: primarily psychiatric (posttraumatic stress disorder) group, a cognitive group, a mixed symptom group, and a good recovery group. The posttraumatic stress disorder cluster (21.9% of the sample) reported symptoms related to hyperarousal and dissociation/depression with few complaints related to cognition or headaches. The cognitive group (21.5% of the sample) had primarily cognitive and headache complaints with few mood symptoms. The mixed profile cluster included 18.6% of the sample and was characterized by a combination of mood complaints (hyperarousal and dissociation/depression), cognitive complaints, and headaches. The largest cluster (37.8% of the sample) had an overall low symptom profile and was labeled the ""good recovery"" group. CONCLUSIONS: The results support a unique taxonomy for combat-related mTBI. The clinical differences among these subtypes indicate a need for unique treatment resources and programs.",,"Bailie, J. M., Kennedy, J. E., French, L. M., Marshall, K., Prokhorenko, O., Asmussen, S., Reid, M. W., Qashu, F., Brickell, T. A., Lange, R. T.",2016.0,Jan-Feb,10.1097/htr.0000000000000142,0,1,
431,"Psychiatric disorders, trauma, and MMPI profile in a Spanish sample of nonepileptic seizure patients","The aim of this study was to examine clinical characteristics in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and to analyze the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles and their relation to psychopathology. Thirty patients with nonepileptic seizures confirmed through video-electroencephalography were included. A structured clinical interview (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R), a measure of personality variables (MMPI), and several structured interviews designed for collecting data on clinical and personal history were administered. Descriptive and comparative statistical methods were used. Of the sample, 67.7% met criteria for two or more simultaneous Axis I diagnoses, and 60% for an Axis II personality disorder. The most frequently elevated scales of the MMPI were Schizophrenia and Depression. There were multiple scale elevations in 12 profiles, the 91.7% of which had elevated ""neurotic"" and ""psychotic"" scales. The subgroup with personality disorders showed higher scores on the MMPI Paranoia and Hypomania scales, and the subgroup with traumatic experiences showed higher scores on the MMPI Hypomania scale. Our sample comprising patients with nonepileptic seizures showed a significant degree of psychopathology and absence of a unique character substrate. According to grades of clinical severity of pseudoseizures, several subgroups and different therapeutic implications may be defined. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Assessment, MMPI, Nonepileptic seizures, Personality, Psychiatric disorders","Baillés, E., Pintor, L., Fernandez-Egea, E., Torres, X., Matrai, S., De Pablo, J., Arroyo, S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
432,Chronic oral exposure to corticosterone results in changes to rat brain mitochondrial function,"When cellular homeostasis is challenged the mitochondrion would be one of the first organelles to respond especially in relation to the release of several stress response mediators including catecholamines, heat shock proteins, immune factors and glucocorticoid hormones [1]. During periods of chronic stress the organization and regulation of the body's stress responses is disrupted with elevated concentrationsof glucocorticoids, remaining high. Prolonged exposure of neurons to the above hormones reduces their resilience to insults which eventually results in dendritic atrophy in key brain areas, fewer neurons and susceptibility to psychiatric disorders [2, 3]. Previous studies have sought to determine the effect of antidepressant treatment on the serum profile of corticosterone (CORT). In this study an in vivo model for chronic stress was developed in order to determine changes in rat brain mitochondrial function. Male Wistar rats in the test group were exposed to CORT (50 (mu)g ml-1) in their drinking water for 14 days, while rats in the control group received 0.5% (v/v) ethanol in their drinking water. At the end of the 14 day period animals were decapitated and forebrain mitochondria were isolated and the RCI measured polarographically using the method described by Markham et al. [4]. Data were analyzed using Student's unpaired t-test. In this preliminary study the serum concentrations of CORT in test animals after 14 day exposure to CORT (50 (mu)g ml-1) increased from 8.36 (plus or minus) 0.70 ng ml-1 to 16.75 (plus or minus) 3.50 ng ml-1 which represented an increase of 100.4% (P < 0.05, n = 5) when compared with animals exposed to vehicle only (Figure 1; 0.5% v/v ethanol). This in vivo model also confirmed that chronic exposure to CORT (50 (mu)g ml-1 for 14 days) resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05, when compared with vehicle as control; n = 5) respiratory efficiency. In the presence of 5 mM glutamate plus 5 mM malate the respiratory control index (RCI) of rat brain (Figure presented) mitochondrial preparations isolated from exposed animals was reduced from 8.70 (plus or minus) 0.30 to 7.17 (plus or minus) 0.17 representing a reduction of 17.6%. Replacement of the above substrates with succinate (5 mM) resulted in a 27.3% decrease with the RCI being reduced from 7.56 (plus or minus) 0.60 to 5.50 (plus or minus) 0.20 (Figure 2, P < 0.05, n = 5). The significant substrate-independent decrease in RCI values appears to correspond to elevated plasma concentrations of corticosterone. The findings indicate the possible ability of the glucocorticoid to affect intracellular energy metabolism via modification of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity resulting from a reduced coupling between oxygen consumption (oxidation) and ATP synthesis (phosphorylation). Tight coupling is essential for optimal energy utilization and for the prevention reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis [5]. These reactive agents are implicated in the manifestation and progression of a number of disease states such as insulin resistant diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, major depressive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder [6]. Previous studies from Spedding and co-workers [7] have examined the effects of acute stress and subsequent glucocorticoid elevation in rats and found that plasticity (LTP) was inhibited in the hippocampus and frontal cortex and these effects were associated with lower levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) phosphorylation, mitogen activated protein kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) Vehicle CORT Vehicle CORT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 null 5 mM glutamate + 5 mM malate RCI 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 null 5 mM succinate RCI Figure 2 The effect of exposure to corticosterone on the respiratory control index (RCI) of rat brain mitochondria. Complex I substrate 5 mM glutamate plus 5 mM malate and complex II substrate 5 mM succinate. The bars represent mean (plus or minus) SEM (n = 5). Vehicle = 0.5% (v/v) ethanol, CORT = corticosterone (50 (mu)g ml 1).nullP < 0.05 compared with vehicle as control and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation [7]. Earlier work from this laboratory [4] has shown that BDNF increases brain mitochondrial RCI via MEK-P and hence glucocorticoids may also affect respiratory efficiency (i.e. a lowering of RCI and the related reduction in ATP production) via inhibition of the BDNF neurotrophic pathway. The findings from this study confirmed that stress induced following oral exposure to CORT produced a significant and substrate- independent reduction in rat brain mitochondrial respiratory efficiency via reduced ATP synthesis. Significant changes in organelle energy efficiency are likely to have profound consequences in terms of neuronal metabolism, survival and plasticity leading to the manifestation of stress related conditions.","corticosterone, glucocorticoid, malic acid, alcohol, glutamic acid, mitogen activated protein kinase, brain derived neurotrophic factor, drinking water, adenosine triphosphate, antibody, heat shock protein, antidepressant agent, catecholamine, hormone, protein tyrosine kinase, succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), insulin, reactive oxygen metabolite, rat, brain, exposure, synthesis, phosphorylation, respiration control, model, nerve cell, plasticity, cell organelle, long term exposure, stress, chronic stress, mitochondrion, blood level, Wistar rat, male, respiratory chain, energy metabolism, serum, oxygen consumption, mental disease, prevention, human, atrophy, Student t test, survival, laboratory, brain mitochondrion, homeostasis, student, forebrain, frontal cortex, hippocampus, acute stress, coworker, posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, control group, diabetes mellitus, metabolism, Huntington chorea, Parkinson disease, oxidation","Bains, R., Spedding, M., Franklin, P., Markham, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
433,Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and self-reported physical symptoms in persian gulf war veterans,"Background: While prior studies show that combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) report more physical symptoms than veterans without PTSD, the link between PTSD and somatic complaints in Persian Gulf War veterans (PGWVs) is yet to be evaluated. Methods: A questionnaire booklet was completed by 188 PGWVs, of whom half were patients in a veterans health screening clinic and half were non-treatment-seeking volunteers on active duty. The booklet included the Combat Exposure Scale, the Mississippi Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (MPTSD), and a subjective symptom-based health questionnaire. Results: The 24 PGWVs (12.8%) with PTSD (MPTSD score ->116) reported more combat exposure (P=.02) and a greater number of physical symptoms (P=.001) than other PGWVs. Fatigue, nausea, muscle aches, dizziness, back pain, stomach ache, and numbness were much more likely to be reported by those with PTSD (MPTSD score <- 116) than by those without PTSD (MPTSD score (less-than or equal to)95). Conclusions: Physicians examining PGWVs should be alert to the possibility of PTSD in this group and that those with PTSD are more likely to report physical symptoms that may overlap with those in Persian Gulf syndrome. Consequently, mental health screening is essential, since for those veterans with PTSD diagnosis of other coexisting conditions may be confounded and early effective treatment of their PTSD may be delayed. Also, given the increased reporting of certain symptoms by those with PTSD, those seeking the cause of Persian Gulf syndrome should control for PTSD when determining the symptom cluster that may constitute this condition.","adult, aged, article, backache, diagnostic accuracy, fatigue, health status, human, major clinical study, nausea, paresthesia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, self report, stomach pain, symptomatology, vertigo","Baker, D. G., Mendenhall, C. L., Simbartl, L. A., Magan, L. K., Steinberg, J. L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
434,Predictors of Risk and Resilience for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ground Combat Marines: Methods of the Marine Resiliency Study,,,"Baker, D. G., Nash, W. P., Litz, B. T., Geyer, M. A., Risbrough, V. B., Nievergelt, C. M., ""OConnor, D. T."", Larson, G. E., Schork, N. J., Vasterling, J. J., Hammer, P. S., Webb-Murphy, J. A.",2012.0,,10.5888/pcd9.110134,0,0,
435,Biomarkers of PTSD: Neuropeptides and immune signaling,"The biological underpinnings for participation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) include evidence for cross-talk between the stress and immune systems, as well as more recently discovered roles for immune system mediators in core behavioral functions such as adult neurogenesis, as well as in processes that underlay synaptic plasticity, such as learning and memory. This article reviews the expanding body of literature on immune system mediators in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) in chronic PTSD along with the evidence for increased peripheral inflammation, and excess morbidity and mortality. CNS inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. This literature is briefly reviewed, along with evidence for a possible role for CNS inflammation in PTSD symptoms, especially in individuals who have PTSD with co-morbid depression. Whether the immune system is involved in risk and resilience, or evolution of PTSD symptoms following a trauma event remains to be determined, although hypotheses have been advanced. This paper reviews the current evidence including the novel hypothesis that cellular immunity is implicated in PTSD risk and resilience. Potential research implications and directions are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Cytokine, Depression, HPA axis, Immune, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Stress","Baker, D. G., Nievergelt, C. M., ""OConnor, D. T.""",2012.0,,10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.027,0,0,
436,Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma β-endorphin in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Opioid-mediated analgesia develops in experimental animals following traumatic stress and increased opioid-mediated analgesia has been observed in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These observations have led to the hypothesis that increased central nervous system (CNS) opioidergic activity exists in patients with PTSD. However, direct CNS data on opioid peptide concentrations and dynamics in patients with PTSD are lacking. We withdrew cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via a flexible, indwelling subarachnoid catheter over a 6-h period and determined hourly CSF concentrations of immunoreactive β-endorphin (irβEND) in 10 well- characterized combat veterans with PTSD and nine matched normal volunteers. Blood was simultaneously withdrawn to obtain plasma for irβEND. PTSD symptom clusters, as measured by the CAPS, were correlated with neuroendocrine data. Mean CSF irβEND was significantly greater in patients with PTSD compared with normals and there was a negative correlation between the irβEND and PTSD intrusive and avoidant symptoms of PTSD. No intergroup difference between plasma irβEND was found, nor was there a significant correlation between CSF and plasma irβEND. Immunoreactive β-lipotropin (irβLPH) and pro-opiomelanocortin (irPOMC), both precursors of βEND, were much more plentiful in human CSF than was β-endorphin itself, as has been previously reported. It remains to be determined whether the increased CNS opioid concentrations predate traumatic stress, thereby conferring a vulnerability to dissociative states and PTSD itself, or result from the trauma. The negative correlation between CSF irβEND and avoidant and intrusive symptoms suggests that CNS hypersecretion of opioids might constitute an adaptive response to traumatic experience. Poor correlation between CSF and plasma irβEND limits use of plasma measures to assess CNS opioid activity.","β- lipotropin, β-endorphin, Cerebrospinal fluid, Opioids, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Pro-opiomelanocortin","Baker, D. G., West, S. A., Orth, D. N., Hill, K. K., Nicholson, W. E., Ekhator, N. N., Bruce, A. B., Wortman, M. D., Keck Jr, P. E., Geracioti Jr, T. D.",1997.0,,,0,0,
437,Clinical applications of electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder: A critical review,"Depression is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder that is often unable to be effectively treated with pharmacotherapeutic agents alone. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are among several somatic therapies available for the treatment of major depression. The purpose of this article is to synthesize current information on ECT and repetitive TMS as treatments for pharmacotherapy-resistant major depression regarding its use in neuropsychiatric clinical practice. The current psychiatric literature indicates that both ECT and TMS are effective antidepressant treatments. ECT is a safe and highly effective treatment for depression. The literature also illustrates that TMS has a favorable side-effect profile, excellent tolerability and modest efficacy. To date, additional research is being conducted to further enhance ECT and TMS treatment, and to further define their role in treatment algorithms. © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd.",,"Baker, P. L., Trevino, K., McClintock, S. M., Wani, A., Husain, M. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
438,Emotional processing therapy for post traumatic stress disorder,"While prolonged exposure is considered one of the ""gold standard"" and recommended treatments for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it has been poorly utilised in clinical practice. Individuals with PTSD often find it too distressing to confront memories, and therapists may be uncomfortable using the therapy. A new Emotional Processing Therapy is described in which an emotional approach to prolonged exposure provides individuals with a new insight into how trauma is processed. A conceptual analysis of exposure suggests that it is exposure to distressing emotional experiences which is a key element. Viewing it as an emotion-based therapy, allows the creative addition of new emotional elements. Through exploring the individual's emotional processing style, previously learned and unhelpful patterns can be addressed, and the addition of an ""emotional preparation"" phase helps them understand why it is important to face emotionally distressing memories before exposure sessions begin. Emotional Processing Therapy is intuitive and makes sense to those affected by PTSD. It is framed in an emotional context and is presented as part of a lifestyle change that may reduce the likelihood of psychological problems developing in the future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Clinical Practice, *Emotion Focused Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Distress","Baker, Roger, Gale, Lisa, Abbey, Gareth, Thomas, Sarah",2013.0,,,0,0,
439,The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care,,,"Baker, S. P., ""ONeill, B."", Haddon Jr, W., Long, W. B.",1974.0,,,0,0,
440,Differential Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity Components in the Relation Between Emotional Non-Acceptance and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed Treatment-Seeking Smokers,"Anxiety sensitivity (AS), defined as the extent to which individuals believe anxiety and anxiety-related sensations have harmful consequences, may play an important explanatory role in the relation between emotional non-acceptance and the expression of traumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed smokers. This investigation examined whether lower-order dimensions of AS (cognitive, physical, and social concerns) differentially explain the relation between emotional non-acceptance and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal) among trauma-exposed daily smokers (N = 169, 46% female; Mage = 41, SD = 12.3). AS and its lower-order facets of cognitive and social concerns were found to mediate the relations between emotional non-acceptance and avoidance and hyperarousal PTS symptoms. Using a multiple mediation model, the mediational effect of AS cognitive concerns for the relation between emotional non-acceptance and post-traumatic avoidance symptoms was found to be uniquely evident relative to social and physical concerns. All observed AS effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by gender, number of traumatic event exposure types, negative affectivity, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and alcohol use problems. The present findings suggest cognitive-based AS concerns may play a mechanistic role in the relation between emotional non-acceptance and certain PTS symptoms among trauma-exposed daily smokers. © 2015 Swedish Association for Behaviour Therapy.","anxiety sensitivity, emotional non-acceptance, mediation, psychopathology, PTS symptoms, smoking, tobacco","Bakhshaie, J., Zvolensky, M. J., Allan, N., Vujanovic, A. A., Schmidt, N. B.",2015.0,,10.1080/16506073.2015.1004191,0,0,
441,Enduring sensorimotor gating abnormalities following predator exposure or corticotropin-releasing factor in rats: A model for PTSD-like information-processing deficits?,"A deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI) can be one of the clinically observed features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is seen long after the acute traumatic episode has terminated. Thus, reduced PPI may represent an enduring psychophysiological marker of this illness in some patients. PPI is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating and refers to the phenomenon in which a weak stimulus presented immediately before an intense startling stimulus inhibits the magnitude of the subsequent startle response. The effects of stress on PPI have been relatively understudied, and in particular, there is very little information on PPI effects of ethologically relevant psychological stressors. We aimed to develop a paradigm for evaluating stress-induced sensorimotor gating abnormalities by comparing the effects of a purely psychological stressor (predator exposure) to those of a nociceptive physical stressor (footshock) on PPI and baseline startle responses in rats over an extended period of time following stressor presentation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed (within a protective cage) to ferrets for 5 min or left in their homecage and then tested for PPI immediately, 24 h, 48 h, and 9 days after the exposure. The effects of footshock were evaluated in a separate set of rats. The effects seen with stressor presentation were compared to those elicited by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; 0.5 and 3 μg/6 μl, intracerebroventricularly). Finally, the effects of these stressors and CRF administration on plasma corticosterone were measured. PPI was disrupted 24 h after ferret exposure; in contrast, footshock failed to affect PPI at any time. CRF mimicked the predator stress profile, with the lowdose producing a PPI deficit 24 h after infusion. Interestingly, the high dose also produced a PPI deficit 24 h after infusion, but with this dose, the PPI deficit was evident even 9d later. Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated acutely (before PPI deficits emerged) by both stressors and CRF, but returned to normal control levels 24 h later, when PPI deficits were present. Thus, predator exposure produces a delayed disruption of PPI, and stimulation of CRF receptors recapitulates these effects. Contemporaneous HPA axis activation is neither necessary nor sufficient for these PPI deficits. These results indicate that predator exposure, perhaps acting through CRF, may model the delayed-onset and persistent sensorimotor gating abnormalities that have been observed clinically in PTSD, and that further studies using this model may shed insight on the mechanisms of information-processing deficits in this disorder. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","CRH, HPA axis, Predator, Prepulse inhibition, Psychogenic, Schizophrenia, Sensorimotor gating, Startle, Trauma","Bakshi, V. P., Alsene, K. M., Roseboom, P. H., Connors, E. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
442,Post-traumatic stress disorder in Turkish child and adolescent survivors three years after the Marmara earthquake,"The study investigated the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in child and adolescent survivors in Turkey three years after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake, with consideration of the severity of exposure and the survivors' gender and age. A representative sample of 293 young earthquake survivors (152 female and 141 male between the ages of 8 and 15) participated in the study. Participants' scores on the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for Children indicated that 31.4% reported moderate, 24.2% reported severe, and 3.8% reported very severe traumatic stress reactions. Analysis of the Revised Impact of Events Scale for Children scores revealed that 56% reported severe PTSD symptoms. While severity of exposure and gender were significantly associated with severity of PTSD symptoms, age was not related to PTSD symptoms. The results indicated a high need for addressing the mental health problems of the child and adolescent trauma survivors in Turkey. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, Adolescent Psychopathology, Child Psychopathology, Stress Reactions","Bal, Aydin",2008.0,,,0,0,
443,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in Turkish child and adolescent trauma survivors,"This study identified post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters in Turkish children and adolescents who experienced the 1999 Marmara Earthquake, which was classified as one of the world's six deadliest earthquakes in the 20th century. Two hundred ninety three children and adolescents (152 females and 141 males between the ages of 8 and 15) living in Izmit, the epicenter of the earthquake, participated in this study. The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for Children (CPTSD-RI) was administered to assess PTSD symptoms. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using data from the CPTSD-RI, was conducted to determine whether the DSM-IV-TR symptom structure of PTSD was valid in Turkish children and adolescents. The CFA model supported the three-symptom cluster model. Limitations and implications for future research studies are included in the discussion. (copyright) 2007 Steinkopff Verlag.","adolescent, article, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, earthquake, female, histogram, human, major clinical study, male, patient assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, school child, survivor, symptomatology, Turkey (republic)","Bal, A., Jensen, B.",2007.0,,,0,0,
444,The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents,,,"Bal, S., Crombez, G., Van Oost, P., Debourdeaudhuij, I.",2003.0,,10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.002,0,0,
445,A qualitative review of migrant women's perceptions of their needs and experiences related to pregnancy and childbirth,"Aim: A synthesis of the evidence of migrant women's perceptions of their needs and experiences in relation to pregnancy and childbirth. Background: Despite the fact that all European Union member states have ratified human rights-based resolutions aimed at non-discrimination, there is a relationship between social inequality and access to pre-, intra-, and postpartum care. Design: A qualitative systematic review of studies from European countries. Data sources: A search was made for relevant articles published between January 1996-June 2010. Review methods: Data were analysed by means of thematic synthesis. Results: Sixteen articles were selected, analysed, and synthesized. One overall theme; 'Preserving one's integrity in the new country' revealed two key aspects; 'Struggling to find meaning' and 'Caring relationships'. 'Struggling to find meaning' comprised four sub-themes; 'Communication and connection', 'Striving to cope and manage', 'Struggling to achieve a safe pregnancy and childbirth', and 'Maintaining bodily integrity'. 'Caring relationships' was based on the following three sub-themes: 'Sources of strength', 'Organizational barriers to maternity care', and 'The nature and quality of caring relationships'. Conclusion: The results of this review demonstrate that migrant women are in a vulnerable situation when pregnant and giving birth and that their access to health services must be improved to better meet their needs. Research is required to develop continuity of care and improve integrated maternal care. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Barriers to healthcare services, Caring relationship, Communication, Maternity care, Migrant women, Nursing, Preserving integrity, Qualitative studies, Systematic review","Balaam, M. C., Akerjordet, K., Lyberg, A., Kaiser, B., Schoening, E., Fredriksen, A. M., Ensel, A., Gouni, O., Severinsson, E.",2013.0,,10.1111/jan.12139,0,0,
446,Drug use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder over 25 adult years: Role of psychopathology in relational networks,"Background: In traumatized populations, drug use disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) persist for many years. Relational factors that mediate this persistence have rarely been systematically examined. Our aim is to examine the relative effects of psychopathology in familial and non-familial networks on the persistence of both disorders over adulthood. Methods: We utilized longitudinal data from an epidemiologically ascertained sample of male Vietnam veterans (n = 642). Measures included DSM-IV drug use disorders, other psychiatric disorders, network problem history and time-varying marital and employment characteristics. Longitudinal measures of veterans' psychopathology and social functioning were retrospectively obtained for each year over a 25 year period. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate the relative effects of network problems on veteran's drug use disorders and PTSD after adjusting for covariates. Results: Veterans' mean age was 47 years in 1996. Prevalence of illicit drug disorders declined from 29.8% in 1972 to 8.3% in 1996, but PTSD remained at 11.7% from 13.2% in 1972. While 17.0% of veterans reported a familial drug use problem, 24.9% reported a non-familial drug use problem. In full GEE models, a non-familial drug problem was a significant predictor of illicit drug use disorders over 25 years (OR = 2.21, CI = 1.59-3.09), while both familial depression (OR = 1.69, CI = 1.07-2.68) and non-familial drinking problem (OR = 1.66, CI = 1.08-2.54) were significant predictors of PTSD over 25 years. Conclusions: Familial and non-familial problems in networks differentially affect the persistence of drug use disorders and PTSD in traumatized male adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Family Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Social Networks, Army Personnel, Emotional Trauma, Epidemiology, Life Span, Mental Disorders, Military Veterans","Balan, Sundari, Widner, Greg, Shroff, Manan, van den Berk-Clark, Carissa, Scherrer, Jeffrey, Price, Rumi Kato",2013.0,,,0,0,
447,"Acute stress disorder in hospitalised victims of 26/11-terror attack on Mumbai, India","The 26/11 terror attacks on Mumbai have been internationally denounced. Acute stress disorder is common in victims of terror. To find out the prevalence and to correlate acute stress disorder, 70 hospitalised victims of terror were assessed for presence of the same using DSM-IV TR criteria. Demographic data and clinical variables were also collected. Acute stress disorder was found in 30% patients. On demographic profile and severity of injury, there were some interesting observations and differences between the victims who developed acute stress disorder and those who did not; though none of the differences reached the level of statistical significance. This study documents the occurrence of acute stress disorder in the victims of 26/11 terror attack.","acute stress disorder, adolescent, adult, article, controlled study, demography, disease severity, female, hospital patient, human, India, major clinical study, male, prevalence, terrorism, victim","Balasinorwala, V. P., Shah, N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
448,"Relationships between mobbing at work and MMPI-2 personality profile, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and suicidal ideation and behavior","This study investigates the relationships between the experience of mobbing at work and personality traits and symptom patterns as assessed by means of the revised version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). Participants were 107 workers who had contacted mental health services because they perceived themselves as victims of mobbing. In line with previous research, the results showed that the MMPI-2 mean profile was characterized by a neurotic component as evidenced by elevations of Scales 1, 2, and 3 and a paranoid component as indicated by elevation of Scale 6. Contrary to previous research, a pattern of positive and significant correlations was found between the frequency of exposure to mobbing behaviors and the MMPI-2 clinical, supplementary, and content scales, including the posttraumatic stress scale. Only about half the participants showed a severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms indicative of a posttraumatic stress disorder. The frequency of exposure to mobbing predicted suicidal ideation and behavior, with depression only partially mediating this relationship. (copyright) 2009 Springer Publishing Company.","bullying, exposure, mental health service, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, paranoia, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, victim, worker, workplace","Balducci, C., Alfano, V., Fraccaroli, F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
449,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth,"Background. There has been discussion about the possible occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mothers after difficult childbirth. Method. Four cases with a symptom profile suggestive of PTSD commencing within 48 hours of childbirth are presented. Results. The PTSD was in each case associated with the delivery. In each case, there was with mother/infant attachment. Conclusion. As confirmed by other reports, the prevalence of PTSD associated with childbirth is a matter of concern.","adult, article, case report, childbirth, depression, female, human, mother child relation, posttraumatic stress disorder","Ballard, C. G., Stanley, A. K., Brockington, I. F.",1995.0,,,0,0,
450,Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood,"BACKGROUND: To develop latent classes of exposure to traumatic experiences before the age of 13 years in an urban community sample and to use these latent classes to predict the development of negative behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. METHOD: A total of 1815 participants in an epidemiologically based, randomized field trial as children completed comprehensive psychiatric assessments as young adults. Reported experiences of nine traumatic experiences before age 13 years were used in a latent class analysis to create latent profiles of traumatic experiences. Latent classes were used to predict psychiatric outcomes at age 13 years, criminal convictions, physical health problems and traumatic experiences reported in young adulthood. RESULTS: Three latent classes of childhood traumatic experiences were supported by the data. One class (8% of sample), primarily female, was characterized by experiences of sexual assault and reported significantly higher rates of a range of psychiatric outcomes by young adulthood. Another class (8%), primarily male, was characterized by experiences of violence exposure and reported higher levels of antisocial personality disorder and post-traumatic stress. The final class (84%) reported low levels of childhood traumatic experiences. Parental psychopathology was related to membership in the sexual assault group. CONCLUSIONS: Classes of childhood traumatic experiences predict specific psychiatric and behavioral outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. The long-term adverse effects of childhood traumas are primarily concentrated in victims of sexual and non-sexual violence. Gender emerged as a key covariate in the classes of trauma exposure and outcomes.","Childhood adverse experiences, latent class analysis, trauma, young adulthood","Ballard, E. D., Van Eck, K., Musci, R. J., Hart, S. R., Storr, C. L., Breslau, N., Wilcox, H. C.",2015.0,Nov,10.1017/s0033291715001300,0,1,
451,Psychological assessment of gender-based violence (GBV) crimes by The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III),"In this study, psychological assessment of 127 women presenting charges of gender-based violence (GVB) and 55 male suspects, were analyzed by the MCMI-III, as well as the influence of sociodemographic data and GVB features on these MCMI-III scores. Average age of women was 36.25 (SD = 10.48) and average age of men was 42.54 years old (SD = 12.93). Both groups were referred to the Legal Medicine Institute by the Woman Violence Court and all of them were administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III). Differential profiles according to age, maltreatment duration and years of cohabitation were obtained. Women presented high scores in Social desirability, Compulsive personality, Anxiety, Dysthymia, Somatization and Depression. Men presented Narcissistic features, Depression and Substance abuse. As maltreatment extended in time, Schizoid, Depressive and Self-destructive features increased in women, as well as Dysthymia and PTSD, obtaining lower scores on Social desirability and Histrionic personality. © 2014.","Forensic psychology, Gender-based violence, Maltreatment, MCMI-III Inventory, Personality","Ballester, A., Villanueva, L.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.apj.2014.06.001,0,0,
452,Traumatic stress in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit,,,"Balluffi, A., Kassam-Adams, N., Kazak, A., Tucker, M., Dominguez, T., Helfaer, M.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,
453,Co-occurring medical and mental illness and substance use disorders among veteran clinic users with spinal cord injury patients with complexities,"Study design:Longitudinal analysis of SCI registry merged with VHA administrative-data and Medicare claims files (FY1999-2002).Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of mental illness (MI) and substance use disorders (SUDs) among veteran health administration (VHA) clinic users with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and examine subgroup variations by demographic, socioeconomic characteristics, and duration and level of SCI.Setting:VHA clinic users (N8338) with SCI who were alive by the end of FY2002.Methods:ICD-9-CM codes were used to identify individual MI (anxiety disorders, bipolar, depressive disorders, psychoses, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and schizophrenia) and categories of SUDs (tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse). Chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the demographic and socio-economic profile of VHA users with SCI and MI and/or SUD.Results:Over a 2-year period, 46% VHA users with SCI had either a MI or SUDs: 20% had MI only; 12% had SUD only and 14% had both. The most common MI was depressive disorder (27%) and tobacco use was highly prevalent (19%). African-Americans (versus whites) were less likely to be diagnosed with MI only. Increased duration of SCI lowered the likelihood of MI and/or SUDs. Mood and anxiety disorders were highly prevalent in veterans with SCI with chronic physical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and respiratory diseases.Conclusions: Mental illness and SUDs are highly prevalent in the VHA population with SCI and is complicated by the high rates of chronic physical conditions, presenting challenges in their healthcare management. (copyright) 2009 International Spinal Cord Society All rights reserved.","adult, African American, aged, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, bipolar disorder, chi square test, comorbidity, controlled study, demography, depression, diabetes mellitus, disease duration, female, health care management, heart disease, human, hypertension, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mood disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychosis, respiratory tract disease, schizophrenia, socioeconomics, spinal cord injury, substance abuse, tobacco dependence","Banerjea, R., Findley, P. A., Smith, B., Findley, T., Sambamoorthi, U.",2009.0,,,0,0,
454,Family and peer social support and their links to psychological distress among hurricane-exposed minority youth,"Experiencing a disaster such as a hurricane places youth at a heightened risk for psychological distress such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Social support may contribute to resilience following disasters, but the interrelations of different types of support, level of exposure, and different symptoms among youth is not well understood. This study examined associations among family and peer social support, level of hurricane exposure, and their links to psychological distress using both a large single-time assessment sample (N = 1,098) as well as a longitudinal sample followed over a 6-month period (n = 192). Higher levels of hurricane exposure were related to lower levels of social support from family and peers. Higher levels of family and peer social support demonstrated both concurrent and longitudinal associations with lower levels of psychological distress, with associations varying by social support source and psychological distress outcome. Findings also suggested that the protective effects of high peer social support may be diminished by high hurricane exposure. The results of this study further our understanding of the role of social support in hurricane-exposed youths' emotional functioning and point to the potential importance of efforts to bolster social support following disasters. © 2014 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Anxiety, Children, Depression, Disasters, PTSD symptoms, Social support","Banks, D. M., Weems, C. F.",2014.0,,10.1037/ort0000006,0,0,
455,Gender differences in a clinical sample of patients with borderline personality disorder,"The aim of the study was to investigate gender differences and similarities in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with respect to Axis I comorbidity, Axis II comorbidity, general psychopathology (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised), and dimensional personality traits (NEO-Personality-Inventory Revised [NEO-PI-R] and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Profile Basic questionnaire [DAPP-BQ]). Fifty-seven men and 114 women with BPD were included in the study. Regarding Axis I and II disorders in an exploratory analysis, men with BPD more often fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and conduct disorder in childhood, whereas women had higher frequencies of bulimia nervosa, posttraumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder with agoraphobia. After correcting for multiple tests, only the gender differences in narcissistic and antisocial personality disorder remained significant. In the SCL-90-R profile, no significant gender differences could be identified. In the exploratory analysis of the dimensional personality traits, women showed higher rates on the NEO-PI-R main factors (Neuroticism and Agreeableness) compared to men. In the DAPP-BQ profile, men reached higher sores on the main factor, Dissocial Behavior. When correcting for multiple tests, gender differences still existed for Neuroticism and Dissocial Behavior. Our results argue for gender differences in Axis I and II comorbidity and dimensional personality traits in BPD. However, in general, more similarities than differences were shown in this study.","adolescent, adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, borderline state, comorbidity, conduct disorder, eating disorder, female, human, male, middle aged, personality disorder, personality test, psychological aspect, questionnaire, self evaluation, sexual development","Banzhaf, A., Ritter, K., Merkl, A., Schulte-Herbruggen, O., Lammers, C. H., Roepke, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
456,Gender differences in a clinical sample of patients with borderline personality disorder,"The aim of the study was to investigate gender differences and similarities in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with respect to Axis I comorbidity, Axis II comorbidity, general psychopathology (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised), and dimensional personality traits (NEO-Personality-Inventory Revised [NEO-PI-R] and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Profile Basic questionnaire [DAPP-BQ]). Fifty-seven men and 114 women with BPD were included in the study. Regarding Axis I and II disorders in an exploratory analysis, men with BPD more often fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and conduct disorder in childhood, whereas women had higher frequencies of bulimia nervosa, posttraumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder with agoraphobia. After correcting for multiple tests, only the gender differences in narcissistic and antisocial personality disorder remained significant. In the SCL-90-R profile, no significant gender differences could be identified. In the exploratory analysis of the dimensional personality traits, women showed higher rates on the NEO-PI-R main factors (Neuroticism and Agreeableness) compared to men. In the DAPP-BQ profile, men reached higher sores on the main factor, Dissocial Behavior. When correcting for multiple tests, gender differences still existed for Neuroticism and Dissocial Behavior. Our results argue for gender differences in Axis I and II comorbidity and dimensional personality traits in BPD. However, in general, more similarities than differences were shown in this study.","adolescent, adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, borderline state, comorbidity, conduct disorder, eating disorder, female, human, male, middle aged, personality disorder, personality test, psychological aspect, questionnaire, self evaluation, sexual development","Banzhaf, A., Ritter, K., Merkl, A., Schulte-Herbrüggen, O., Lammers, C. H., Roepke, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,455
457,Secondary prevention for police officers involved in job-related psychological stressful or traumatic situations,"Objectives: Police officers are at high risk of being exposed to psychologically straining situations and potentially psychotraumatic experiences. In this article, such situations are exemplified and categorized, and the role and significance of secondary prevention following traumatic experiences is discussed. Methods: From 1994 to 2003, 649 police officers received secondary prevention after being involved in a total of 250 potentially traumatic or psychologically stressful incidents. Psychological support was provided by teams of specially trained professionals in the acute phase after the incident following careful psychological evaluation. In a retrospective evaluation, the diagnoses obtained were analyzed with regard to sex and age and correlated with the severity of the incident. Three dusters of potentially traumatic situations were formed: (1) Employment of fire-arms with danger for the officer, (2) Standard situations including violence towards a third party, (3) Suicide or attempted suicide of a police officer. Results: Police officers who experienced events assigned to cluster (1), comprising situations with considerable traumatic potential, had the highest incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental illness. Compared to male officers, females were more often diagnosed with other mental illness, whereas males had a higher incidence of PTSD. Cluster (2), which comprised situations of an officer's daily professional life, was not associated with an increased risk of mental illness. Officers were apparently capable of coping with situations considered psychologically straining for the general public without detectable evidence of a traumatic reaction. In cluster (3), which reflects the most dramatic interference with team relations, other forms of mental illness were diagnosed at a higher incidence.","adult, article, controlled study, correlation analysis, experience, female, high risk population, human, incidence, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental stress, occupational hazard, occupational health, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychotrauma, retrospective study, risk assessment, secondary prevention, sex difference, suicide, violence, work environment","Bar, O., Pahlke, C., Dahm, P., Weiss, U., Heuft, G.",2004.0,,,0,0,
458,[Secondary prevention for police officers involved in job-related psychologically stressful or traumatic situations],"OBJECTIVES: Police officers are at high risk of being exposed to psychologically straining situations and potentially psychotraumatic experiences. In this article, such situations are exemplified and categorized, and the role and significance of secondary prevention following traumatic experiences is discussed. METHODS: From 1994 to 2003, 649 police officers received secondary prevention after being involved in a total of 250 potentially traumatic or psychologically stressful incidents. Psychological support was provided by teams of specially trained professionals in the acute phase after the incident following careful psychological evaluation. In a retrospective evaluation, the diagnoses obtained were analyzed with regard to sex and age and correlated with the severity of the incident. Three clusters of potentially traumatic situations were formed: (1) Employment of fire-arms with danger for the officer, (2) Standard situations including violence towards a third party, (3) Suicide or attempted suicide of a police officer. RESULTS: Police officers who experienced events assigned to cluster (1), comprising situations with considerable traumatic potential, had the highest incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental illness. Compared to male officers, females were more often diagnosed with other mental illness, whereas males had a higher incidence of PTSD. Cluster (2), which comprised situations of an officer's daily professional life, was not associated with an increased risk of mental illness. Officers were apparently capable of coping with situations considered psychologically straining for the general public without detectable evidence of a traumatic reaction. In cluster (3), which reflects the most dramatic interference with team relations, other forms of mental illness were diagnosed at a higher incidence.","Adult, Female, Firearms, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects/*statistics & numerical data, *Police/statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/*prevention & control, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Violence","Bar, O., Pahlke, C., Dahm, P., Weiss, U., Heuft, G.",2004.0,,,0,0,
459,Secondary prevention for police officers involved in job-related psychological stressful or traumatic situations,"Objectives: Police officers are at high risk of being exposed to psychologically straining situations and potentially psychotraumatic experiences. In this article, such situations are exemplified and categorized, and the role and significance of secondary prevention following traumatic experiences is discussed. Methods: From 1994 to 2003, 649 police officers received secondary prevention after being involved in a total of 250 potentially traumatic or psychologically stressful incidents. Psychological support was provided by teams of specially trained professionals in the acute phase after the incident following careful psychological evaluation. In a retrospective evaluation, the diagnoses obtained were analyzed with regard to sex and age and correlated with the severity of the incident. Three dusters of potentially traumatic situations were formed: (1) Employment of fire-arms with danger for the officer, (2) Standard situations including violence towards a third party, (3) Suicide or attempted suicide of a police officer. Results: Police officers who experienced events assigned to cluster (1), comprising situations with considerable traumatic potential, had the highest incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental illness. Compared to male officers, females were more often diagnosed with other mental illness, whereas males had a higher incidence of PTSD. Cluster (2), which comprised situations of an officer's daily professional life, was not associated with an increased risk of mental illness. Officers were apparently capable of coping with situations considered psychologically straining for the general public without detectable evidence of a traumatic reaction. In cluster (3), which reflects the most dramatic interference with team relations, other forms of mental illness were diagnosed at a higher incidence.","Debriefing, Prevention, PTSD, Traumatic stress","Bär, O., Pahlke, C., Dahm, P., Weiss, U., Heuft, G.",2004.0,,,0,0,457
460,Posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors of cancer and their mothers and fathers,,,"Barakat, L. P., Alderfer, M. A., Kazak, A. E.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
461,Factors associated with two facets of altruism in Vietnam War veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"This study was designed to develop a preliminary version of a self-report measure, the Interpersonal Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), that distinguishes two theoretically derived facets of altruism among people who have been traumatized and suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The subjects were 100 men who served in vietnam war and were diagnosed as having PTSD. A premise of this investigation was that PTSD patients who have experienced trauma have a great need to restore a sense of meaning to their lives through helping others. The likelihood of helping, across diverse situations, was labeled ""Help Intention"". It was further proposed that the degree of benefit may be associated with the nature of the motivation to help others. Thus, the present study extended previous research into altruism by defining a second facet of altruism, ""Maturity of Motivation to Help"". This second facet was expected to reflect degrees of maturity along a developmental line that was conceptually based on object relations theory. The study was the first to empirically assess the intention and motivation to help in a series of hypothetical situations through a self report measure. It was expected that the two facets would relate differentially to prosocial orientations (e.g., nurturance), to personality variables (e.g., level of object Relations, Narcissism, Empathic Concern), and to trauma variables (PTSD symptoms, Combat Exposure, Secondary Trauma). The study included an initial attempt to establish the convergent, construct, and discriminant validity (and the internal consistency) of the instrument in the patient population studied. The results provided initial support that the IBQ yields two distinct, albeit moderately related, dimensions of altruism. The findings of that the scale has quite reasonable psychometrics properties provides support for the notion that a concept of motivation to help, based on the intrapsychic elements, may indeed be measurable. Help intention is a (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Altruism, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Questionnaires, *Social Behavior, Assistance (Social Behavior)","Barash, Ronit Kishon",1996.0,,,0,0,
462,Children's well-being after the war in Kosovo: Survey in 2000,"Aim. To assess special health and psychosocial needs of Albanian children in Kosovo shortly after the dramatic ethnic conflict in this part of former Yugoslavia in 1999. Methods. The survey included representative samples of school-age children (n=813), parents (n=41), and teachers (n=31) from six public schools in Prishtina and surrounding area. The measuring instruments included a standardized inventory of children's coping behavior in stressful situations (Ryan-Wegner Coping Style Inventory, SCSI), and survey questionnaires for children, parents, and schoolteachers, which were also used in a parallel study in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) on comparable survey samples. The study was accomplished in April 2000, ie, only a few months after the crisis in Kosovo. Results. At the time of the survey, many children in Prishtina and surrounding area lived in unhealthy and dangerous physical environment. There were frequent lack of electricity (74%), lack of safe drinking water (68%), garbage on the streets (63%), and firearms, explosive devices, and minefields in close environment (45%). Many of them showed signs and symptoms of ill health, including frequent headaches (60%), stomachache (41%), frequent high fever (32%), and sleeplessness (18%). Most of them felt unsafe on the streets (61%). Many of them had rather unhealthy eating habits, such as not having breakfast regularly (16%) or not having a morning snack (60%). Three major groups of stressors were identified as having impact on children's health and psychosocial well-being in Kosovo, as follows: 1) lack of cultural and social security resources at home and in the community at large (20% of common variance explained); 2) poor physical and mental health conditions (14% of common variance); and 3) school-related stressors (11% of common variance). Similarly, parents and teachers also lived and worked under stressful life conditions. Many parents feared the impact of traumatic war experiences on children's health (54%), and schoolteachers noticed high rates of children's learning and behavioral disorders (84%). Factor analysis of the SCSI proved the hypothesis that in stressful situations children tend to use two major coping strategies: either ""active"", ie, object-focused coping (13% of variance explained) or ""passive"", ie, self-focused coping (10% of variance explained), the later being more typical for younger children. The pattern of stressors and coping behaviors were similar to stressors impacting physical and mental health of children in Sarajevo, although there were a number of culture-specific differences. Conclusion. Environmental, educational, and social conditions must be respected in assessing impact of war and conflict on children. Promotion of solidarity, tolerance, and mutual support among children from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds should be encouraged.","Adaptation, Child behavior, Coping behavior, Cultural deprivation, Kosovo, Parent-child relations, Psychological, Psychosocial deprivation, Social environment, Social support, Stressful events, War, Yugoslavia","Baráth, Á",2002.0,,,0,0,
463,"Political violence, social integration, and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the Intifada","Informed by social ecological, social capital, and social disorganization theories, this study tested an ecological model of youth experience in the Palestinian Intifada. The sample included 6,000 Palestinian 14 year olds, assessed in 1994 and 1995 after the end of the conflict. Data from retrospective self-reports of youth exposure to and involvement in political violence, and self-reports of current individual functioning (depression and antisocial behavior) and integration in several social contexts (family, peer relations, religion, education, and community), revealed: direct associations between Intifada experience and antisocial behavior and depression (females only); Intifada experience was positively associated with religiosity and unrelated to social integration in family, school, and peer relations; in some cases, social integration in family, education, religion, and peer relations significantly moderated the associations between Intifada experience and youth problems; integration in the several social contexts was directly related in predictable ways to youth problem behaviors, with neighborhood disorganization the most consistent and powerful predictor. The discussion centers around youth resilience to the effects of political violence, the role of psychological meaning children and adolescents can attach to political violence, and the overall salience of social integration in youth development. © 2001 John Wiley of Sons, Inc.",,"Barber, B. K.",2001.0,,10.1002/jcop.1017,0,0,
464,Annual research review: The experience of youth with political conflict - Challenging notions of resilience and encouraging research refinement,"Aims and method Drawing on empirical studies and literature reviews, this paper aims to clarify and qualify the relevance of resilience to youth experiencing political conflict. It focuses on the discordance between expectations of widespread dysfunction among conflict-affected youth and a body of empirical evidence that does not confirm these expectations. Findings The expectation for widespread dysfunction appears exaggerated, relying as it does on low correlations and on presumptions of universal response to adversity. Such a position ignores cultural differences in understanding and responding to adversity, and in the specific case of political conflict, it does not account for the critical role of ideologies and meaning systems that underlie the political conflict and shape a young people's interpretation of the conflict, and their exposure, participation, and processing of experiences. With respect to empirical evidence, the findings must be viewed as tentative given the primitive nature of research designs: namely, concentration on violence exposure as the primary risk factor, at the expense of recognizing war's impact on the broader ecology of youth's lives, including disruptions to key economic, social, and political resources; priority given to psychopathology in the assessment of youth functioning, rather than holistic assessments that would include social and institutional functioning and fit with cultural and normative expectations and transitions; and heavy reliance on cross-sectional, rather than longitudinal, studies. Conclusions Researchers and practitioners interested in employing resilience as a guiding construct will face such questions: Is resilience predicated on evidence of competent functioning across the breadth of risks associated with political conflict, across most or all domains of functioning, and/or across time? In reality, youth resilience amidst political conflict is likely a complex package of better and poorer functioning that varies over time and in direct relationship to social, economic, and political opportunities. Addressing this complexity will complicate the definition of resilience, but it confronts the ambiguities and limitations of work in cross-cultural contexts. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2013 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","competence, political conflict, resilience, war, Youth","Barber, B. K.",2013.0,,10.1111/jcpp.12056,0,0,
465,Connectedness in the Lives of Children and Adolescents: A Call for Greater Conceptual Clarity,"Studies of the role of connectedness in the health and development of children and adolescents are accumulating rapidly. Although findings are uniformly consistent in documenting its correlation with a host of health indicators, the construct is in need of substantial conceptual clarification to maximize its research and applied utility. Current conceptualizations and operationalizations inconsistently span a wide spectrum of varied elements of social experience-including the quality of a relationship, the degree of liking an environment or relationship, the quality of performance in an environment or relationship, the possession of feelings or attitude states, and a combination of states and the behaviors that antecede them-resulting in an ability to adequately understand what the construct is and how, why, and when it is most protective. This paper documents this variability in an effort to sensitize researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to the complexity of the construct. It further describes one ongoing, multicultural research project that is currently informing international health initiatives as an illustration of one approach to addressing the complexity with goals of precision, parsimony, cultural sensitivity, and applied utility. © 2008 Society for Adolescent Medicine.",Connectedness,"Barber, B. K., Schluterman, J. M.",2008.0,,10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.012,0,0,
466,Psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy and Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures,"Purpose: About 17-30% of patients referred to Epilepsy Centres have Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES); we investigated psychiatric diagnosis of patients with epilepsy compared to patients with PNES, and with association of PNES and epilepsy. Method: We evaluated 34 consecutive inpatients (recovered for video-EEG monitoring): 20 epileptic patients (group I), 10 patients with PNES (group II) and 4 patiens with epilepsy associated to PNES (group III). All patients were screened for Axis I psychiatric disorders with a clinical semi-structured interview. Axis II personality disorders were evaluated by SCID II. Results: In group I 50% patients had a psychiatric comorbidity: 6 had an Axis I psychiatric diagnosis (depressive and anxiety disorders), 2 patients presented both depression and personality disorder, and 2 have only personality disorders. In group II 7 patients showed an Axis I diagnosis (2 dissociative disorder, 3 conversion, 1 somatoform, 1 PTSD); 3 of them had also a personality disorders and 3 patients had only Axis II disorder. Among group III, 1 patient presented conversion disorder, 1 both conversion and personality disorder, 2 had cluster B personality disorders. All patients with PNES (group II+III) presented a psychiatric diagnosis (100%), whereas only 50% of epileptic patients (group I) presented a psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions: From a psychiatric standpoint PNES are heterogeneous disorders. Patients with PNES had a higher incidence of psychiatric disorder compared to patients without PNES. According to literature, depression and anxiety are the most frequent interictal psychiaric disorders in patients with epilepsy.","patient, epilepsy, seizure, mental disease, personality disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, comorbidity, videorecording, electroencephalogram, diagnosis, monitoring, semi structured interview, dissociative disorder, conversion disorder, anxiety disorder, anxiety, hospital patient, posttraumatic stress disorder","Barbieri, V., Turner, K., Chiesa, V., Tisi, G., Piazzini, A., Gardella, E., Scarone, S., Canger, R., Gambini, O., Canevini, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
467,Randomised controlled trial of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief in widowhood,"The implementation of bereavement interventions is frequently requested, and its effectiveness has been controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief (CG) for controlling post-traumatic and depressive issues. The study is a randomised controlled trial and uses the Socio Demographic Questionnaire (SDQ), the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R). There were three phases in the study: (1) The SDQ and CG evaluations were applied to bereaved elders (n = 82). The bereaved elders with the 40 highest ICG values ((greater-than or equal to)25) were randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20); (2) participants were evaluated using the BDI and IES-R and the IG gave informed consent to participate in an intervention with four weekly 60-min sessions addressing recall, emotional and cognitive subjectivation, metaphorisation and projecting. (3) Two months later, the ICG, BDI and IES-R assessments were repeated. Outcome measures showed a statistically significant reduction of CG, depressive and traumatic symptoms compared to the controls. Very high effect sizes for the ICG, BDI and IES-R reflect the effectiveness of the intervention along the longitudinal profile. These results reinforce the importance of brief interventions that combine a reduced number of sessions with lower costs, which is reflected in an increased adherence to the programme along with high effectiveness.","article, cognitive therapy, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, female, grief, human, major depression, male, outcome assessment, Portugal, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, widow","Barbosa, V., Sa, M., Carlos Rocha, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
468,Randomised controlled trial of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief in widowhood,"Objective: The implementation of bereavement interventions is frequently requested, and its effectiveness has been controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive narrative intervention for complicated grief (CG) for controlling post-traumatic and depressive issues. Method: The study is a randomised controlled trial and uses the Socio Demographic Questionnaire (SDQ), the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R). There were three phases in the study: (1) The SDQ and CG evaluations were applied to bereaved elders (n = 82). The bereaved elders with the 40 highest ICG values (≥25) were randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20); (2) participants were evaluated using the BDI and IES-R and the IG gave informed consent to participate in an intervention with four weekly 60-min sessions addressing recall, emotional and cognitive subjectivation, metaphorisation and projecting. (3) Two months later, the ICG, BDI and IES-R assessments were repeated. Results: Outcome measures showed a statistically significant reduction of CG, depressive and traumatic symptoms compared to the controls. Very high effect sizes for the ICG, BDI and IES-R reflect the effectiveness of the intervention along the longitudinal profile. Conclusions: These results reinforce the importance of brief interventions that combine a reduced number of sessions with lower costs, which is reflected in an increased adherence to the programme along with high effectiveness. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","Cognitive narrative intervention, Complicated grief, Randomised trial, Widowhood","Barbosa, V., Sá, M., Rocha, J. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,467
469,"Emotional Distress Intolerance, Experiential Avoidance, and Anxiety Sensitivity: The Buffering Effect of Attentional Control on Associations with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms","A number of individual difference factors, including emotional distress intolerance (EDI), experiential avoidance (EA), and anxiety sensitivity (ASI), have been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. Attentional control (AC) has been shown to serve as a protective factor against the development of maladaptive psychological outcomes across a number of studies, even among those with outcome-specific vulnerabilities. The purpose of the present study was to examine AC as a moderator of the relations between three constructs pertaining to the way that people relate to their internal experiences (i.e., EDI, EA, AS) and PTS symptoms among a trauma exposed community sample (N = 903). As predicted, AC moderated the relations between each individual difference factor and PTS symptoms, such that as attentional control decreased, the strength of the association between each individual difference factor and PTS symptoms increased. Study results suggest that AC abilities may be one factor that differentiates those who recover from trauma from those who do not, even among those who may be vulnerable for developing PTS symptomatology. Clinical implications and results of a PTS cluster level analysis will be discussed.","anxiety, community sample, emotional stress, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, protection, symptomatology","Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
470,An examination of the latent structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale,"The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26:41-54, 2004) is a popular multidimensional self-report measure of emotion regulation. The present study sought to examine the latent factor structure of the DERS. An examination of latent factor intercorrelations and a higher-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested that the DERS-AWARENESS dimension may not represent the same higher-order emotion regulation construct as the other five DERS dimensions. Furthermore, findings supported the adequacy of a revised five-factor model of the DERS in which the AWARENESS dimension was removed. This revised DERS total scale did not diminish concurrent relations between the DERS and outcomes relevant to the emotion regulation domain (i.e., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms). Implications for the conceptualization and assessment of emotion regulation are discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.","Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Emotion regulation, Factor structure, Psychometric properties, Self-report measure","Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., Orcutt, H. K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
471,The interactive effect of worry and intolerance of uncertainty on posttraumatic stress symptoms,"In this study, relations among worry, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were examined in N = 89 participants with a trauma history. Both worry and IU shared significant zero-order correlations with each of the three DSM-IV posttraumatic stress symptom clusters. Partial correlations, controlling for the overlap among the symptom clusters, suggested that both worry and IU shared unique associations only with hyperarousal. Finally, and consistent with predictions, IU moderated the relation between worry and PTSS. When examining each PTSS cluster separately, evidence of the moderating role of IU was found only in relation to hyperarousal. More specifically, simple effects revealed that worry had a significant positive association with PTSS and hyperarousal only at high levels of IU. These findings suggest a specific risk profile of high worry in conjunction with high IU for the development and maintenance of PTSS, with particular relevance to hyperarousal symptoms. Conceptual and practical implications of these findings regarding common PTSD treatment approaches are discussed. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Intolerance of uncertainty, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Trauma, Worry","Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., Wu, K. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
472,Cognitive risk profiles for anxiety disorders in a high-risk population,"The purpose of the present study was to identify subgroups of participants who may be at particularly high risk for anxiety pathology based on specific combinations of demographic characteristics and higher-order cognitive abilities in a population at disproportionate risk for deficits in cognitive abilities (i.e., smokers within the criminal justice system). Participants (. N=495) provided demographic information, were administered a semi-structured diagnostic interview, and completed a number of measures assessing cognitive abilities. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) model using signal detection theory indicated that the strongest predictor of anxiety disorder diagnosis was race, with White participants having a 30.6% likelihood of diagnosis and participants in the non-White category (97% of which identified as Black/African American) having a 18.9% likelihood of diagnosis. Interestingly, the individual risk profile associated with the highest probability of having a current anxiety disorder was characterized by White participants with impaired response inhibition (58.6%), and the lowest probability of having a current anxiety disorder was among non-White males (13.9%). The findings, which indicated that White individuals with impaired response inhibition are at a disproportionately high risk for anxiety disorders, suggest a potential target for prevention and intervention.","NCT01257490, adult, African American, anxiety disorder, article, Black person, Caucasian, cognition, controlled study, female, generalized anxiety disorder, high risk population, human, intelligence quotient, major clinical study, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, probability, psychologic test, race difference, randomized controlled trial, receiver operating characteristic, risk assessment, semi structured interview, smoking cessation, social phobia, Wechsler intelligence scale","Bardeen, J. R., Stevens, E. N., Clark, C. B., Lahti, A. C., Cropsey, K. L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
473,Validity and reliability of the Persian language version of the Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment tool,"Background/Aims: Only a limited number of cognitive screening tools are available for the Persian-speaking population, and we sought to translate and validate the Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool (NUCOG), a multidimensional cognitive screening tool. Methods: We used multiple language specialists to translate and then back-translate the NUCOG, and administered the Persian language NUCOG and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to 184 individuals: 60 controls and 124 patients, 33 of whom had dementia, 30 non-dementing neurological disorders and 61 a psychiatric illness. Results: The NUCOG outperformed the MMSE in differentiating the patient groups and controls. The 'profile' across the 5 NUCOG domains differentiated dementia subgroups such as senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), frontotemporal dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Psychiatric patients with psychosis and posttraumatic stress disorder were more impaired than patients with affective disorders. The NUCOG reliably differentiated controls from patients with MCI (at 86.5/100, sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 87.5%) and SDAT (at 75/100, sensitivity and specificity of 100%) patients from controls. Conclusions: The Persian language NUCOG appears to perform strongly in an unselected population, reliably differentiating patients with dementia from controls, and detecting cognitive impairment in a range of clinical disorders. Copyright (copyright) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.","adult, Alzheimer disease, article, cognition, female, frontotemporal dementia, human, Iran, linguistics, major clinical study, male, Mini Mental State Examination, neuropsychiatry, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, reliability, sensitivity and specificity","Barekatain, M., Walterfang, M., Behdad, M., Tavakkoli, M., Mahvari, J., Maracy, M. R., Velakoulis, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
474,Planning for burn disasters: Lessons learned from one hundred years of history,,,"Barillo, D. J., Wolf, S.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.BCR.0000236823.08124.1C,0,0,
475,Psychiatric residents' views on their training and experience regarding issues related to child abuse,"Objective: To explore the views of psychiatric residents regarding the prevalence and impact of child physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; the adequacy of their training in these areas; and the sufficiency of treatment resources for abused children and their abusers. Method: A 97-item survey questionnaire was distributed to 189 psychiatric residents as a section of the 1997 Coordinators of Postgraduate Education (COPE) self-assessment examination. Results: Estimations of prevalence of child sexual, physical, and emotional abuse among men and women in both general and psychiatric populations were generally accurate according to the literature. Residents appeared to be aware of the multifactorial nature of child abuse and identified the particular importance of social-environmental factors such as parental drug abuse and a violent social environment. Residents also recognized the significant association of posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, and dissociative disorders with child sexual abuse. Seventy-five percent of respondents felt that instruction on the topic of child abuse during their psychiatric residency was insufficient. Sixty- four percent of respondents felt that resources for the treatment of effects of child abuse were insufficient; 83% felt that treatment resources for child abusers were insufficient. Conclusion: Although psychiatric residents appear to be aware of the prevalence of child abuse and its varied effects on the victims' mental health, the majority felt that their medical training in this area had been insufficient. For this reason, medical school curricula and training experiences might require reevaluation. Increasing the profile of child abuse and its impact on mental health might also result in enhanced prevention programs and treatment resources available to abused children and their abusers.","article, child abuse, physician attitude, psychiatrist, questionnaire, residency education","Barnard-Thompson, K., Leichner, P.",1999.0,,,0,0,
476,Perceived military organizational support and peacekeeper distress: A longitudinal investigation,"Many professions vital to the safety of society require workers to face high magnitude and potentially traumatizing events. Because this routine exposure can cause high levels of stress in workers, it is important to investigate factors that contribute to both risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and healthy responses to stress. Although some research has found social support to mitigate the effects of posttraumatic stress symptoms, scant research has investigated organizational support. The aim of the present study is to investigate the temporal relationship between stress symptoms and perceived organizational support in a sample of 1,039 service members deployed to the peacekeeping mission to Kosovo. Participants completed self-report measures of stress symptoms and perceived organizational support at 4 study time points. Bivariate latent difference score structural equation modeling was utilized to examine the temporal relationship among stress and perceived organizational support. In general, across the 4 time points, latent PCL scores evidenced a salient and negative relationship to subsequent POS latent difference scores. However, no significant relationship was found between latent POS variables and subsequent PCL latent difference scores. Findings suggest that prior stress symptoms are influencing service member's perceptions of the supportiveness of their organization such that increased prior stress is associated with worsening perceptions of support. These results illustrate that targeting stress directly may potentiate the positive influence of organizational support and that institutional support programs should be adapted to better account for the negative biases increased distress may encourage. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Peacekeeping, Perceived organizational support, Posttraumatic stress, Stress, Structural equation modeling","Barnes, J. B., Nickerson, A., Adler, A. B., Litz, B. T.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0032607,0,0,
477,Post-traumatic stress disorder and the outcome of dialectical behaviour therapy for borderline personality disorder,"Background: Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a worse prognosis than individuals with BPD alone. A common view is that the emotional instability and impulsivity of BPD should be treated before attempting to address trauma. However, PTSD symptoms may interfere with patients' ability to benefit from such 'stabilizing' treatments. Methods: The effect of BPD-PTSD comorbidity on self-harm and BPD symptom outcomes was evaluated in 89 patients receiving dialectical behaviour therapy, using multilevel modelling. Results: Patients with comorbid BPD-PTSD showed a trend towards elevated BPD symptoms throughout the treatment year (beta = 2.12, 95% CI =-0.21-4.44, p = 0.07). There was a three-way interaction between PTSD comorbidity, treatment completion and time, whereby PTSD comorbidity was associated with less reduction in self-harm frequency over time, but only in those completing the full 12 months of treatment (incident risk ratio = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04-1.30, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Patients with comorbid PTSD had a poorer outcome from dialectical behaviour therapy than those with BPD alone, possibly because of the negative impact of unaddressed trauma. The results provide further grounds for recently developed treatments targeting BPD traits and PTSD symptoms simultaneously. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Borderline Personality Disorder, *Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, *Dialectical Behavior Therapy","Barnicot, Kirsten, Priebe, Stefan",2013.0,,,0,1,
478,Military personnel with traumatic brain injuries and insomnia have reductions in PTSD and improved perceived health following sleep restoration: A relationship moderated by inflammation,"(from the chapter) Background: Up to one-third of deployed military personnel sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBIs and the stress of deployment contribute to the vulnerability for chronic sleep disturbance, resulting in high rates of insomnia diagnoses as well as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and declines in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Inflammation is associated with insomnia; however, the impact of sleep changes on comorbid symptoms and inflammation in this population is unknown. Methods: In this study, we examined the relationship between reported sleep changes and the provision of the standard of care, which could include one or more of the following: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), medications, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We compared the following: (a) the group with a decrease in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; restorative sleep) and (b) the group with no change or increase in PSQI (no change). Independent t tests and chi-square tests were used to compare the groups on demographic and clinical characteristics, and mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance tests were used to determine the effect of group differences on changes in comorbid symptoms. Linear regression models were used to examine the role of inflammation in changes in symptoms and HRQOL. Results: The sample included 70 recently deployed military personnel with TBI, seeking care for sleep disturbances. Thirty-seven participants reported restorative sleep and 33 reported no sleep changes or worse sleep. The two groups did not differ in demographic characteristics or clinical symptoms at baseline. The TBI + restored sleep group had significant reductions in PTSD and depression over the 3-month period, whereas the TBI + no change group had a slight increase in both PTSD and depression. The TBI + restored sleep group also had significant changes in HRQOL, including the following HRQOL subcomponents: physical functioning, role limitations in physical health, social functioning, emotional well-being, energy/fatigue, and general health perceptions. In a linear regression model using a forced entry method, the dependent variable of change in C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations was significantly related to changes in PTSD symptoms and HRQOL in the TBI + restored sleep group, with R2 = 0.43, F33,3 = 8.31, p < .01. Conclusions: Military personnel with TBIs who have a reduction in insomnia symptoms following a standard-of-care treatment report less severe symptoms of depression and PTSD and improved HRQOL, which relate to decreased plasma concentrations of CRP. These findings suggest that treatment for sleep disturbances in this TBI + military population is associated with improvements in health and decreases in inflammation. The contributions of inflammation-induced changes in PTSD and depression in sleep disturbances in TBI + military personnel require further study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Therapy, *Health Behavior, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Inflammation, Insomnia, Sleep","Barr, Taura, Livingston, Whitney, Guardado, Pedro, Baxter, Tristin, Mysliwiec, Vincent, Gill, Jessica",2015.0,,,0,0,
479,Hurt people who hurt people: Violence amongst individuals with comorbid substance use disorder and post traumatic stress disorder,"Aims: The association between substance use disorder (SUD) and the perpetration of violence has been well documented. There is some evidence to suggest that the co-occurrence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase the risk for violence. This study aims to determine the prevalence of violence perpetration and examine factors related to violence amongst individuals with comorbid SUD and PTSD. Design and participants: Data was collected via interview from 102 participants recruited to a randomised controlled trial of an integrated treatment for comorbid SUD and PTSD. Measurements: The interview addressed demographics, perpetration of violent crime, mental health including aggression, substance use, PTSD, depression, anxiety and borderline personality disorder. Findings: Over half of participants reported committing violence in their lifetime and 16% had committed violence in the past month. Bivariate associations were found between violence perpetration and trait aggression, higher levels of alcohol and cannabis use, lower levels of other opiate use, and experiencing more severe PTSD symptoms, particularly in relation to hyperarousal. When entered into a backward stepwise logistic regression however, only higher levels of physical aggression and more severe PTSD hyperarousal symptoms remained as independent predictors of violence perpetration. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of assessing for PTSD amongst those with SUD particularly in forensic settings. They also indicate that it is the hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD specifically that need to be targeted by interventions aimed at reducing violence amongst individuals with SUD and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Violence","Barrett, Emma L., Mills, Katherine L., Teesson, Maree",2011.0,,,0,0,
480,International disaster mental health,"The international relief community is becoming considerably more sophisticated about its warrant, local profile, and impact in delivering overall aid and social assistance [45]. The same cannot be asserted for the subset of that response that comprises international mental health interventions. These more recent components of relief efforts have not been deployed systematically and have been informed by various sources, not necessarily from within the relief community. Given the critiques noted earlier, at this stage the most sweeping statement that can be made with any confidence about the various options for expatriate mental health intervention is that trying to assure the success of the overall relief endeavor is most likely to promote the mental health of the affected community. Several critical points about the design of any specific mental health intervention have been learned from experience in the field. It is important to incorporate an understanding of the background conditions that often apply, such as political repression, scarcity, and war. Further, it is necessary to undertake psychosocial relief from within the context of the affected community, in close collaboration with local community leaders, with the aim toward local capacity building. In recognition that disaster trauma is a shared event, when outside mental health assistance is needed, it should focus on helping the community heal in the context of its own values and methods. In considering treatment of individuals, US mental health professionals need to understand key issues in the relevance and application of standard diagnostic categories, most especially PTSD, when working in non-Western cultures. The human needs that could be met by international disaster mental health are myriad and urgent. The possibilities to contribute lie within the relief and humanitarian communities. It is essential to understand current issues and controversies in play. Expertise in clinical psychiatry alone is not sufficient and may not be required in its standard form. It is important to recognize the benefit of close linkages with respected organizations and apprenticeship with experienced professionals in the field. Only in this supported context will it be possible to stay balanced, apprehend the local needs, and function well in the face of often overwhelming distress.","disaster, health practitioner, human, mental health, politics, priority journal, review, social psychology, social support, United Nations, war","Barron, R. A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
481,Expressed emotion and causal attributions in relatives of post-traumatic stress disorder patients,"This study investigates the relationship between expressed emotion (EE) and causal attributions in relatives of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, and examines the contributions of EE and attributions to patient outcomes. Thirty-eight relatives of patients with PTSD participating in a treatment trial were assessed on EE, causal attributions for patient problems and nature of attributions. Patients' PTSD symptoms at 6 and 12 months were assessed. Criticism and hostility in relatives were associated with attributing problems to factors controllable by patients. Relatives with marked emotional over-involvement (EOI) had an attributional profile similar to low EE relatives. Deficits in normal behaviour (""negative symptoms"") were perceived as more controllable, internal and stable than were more obvious signs of an illness or mental health problem such as hypervigilance and intrusive thoughts and nightmares (""positive symptoms""). Irritability or anger was perceived as more controllable and personal than any other problem. Hostility was associated with less psychological understanding. EE (hostility) but not attributions was found to predict clinical outcome. The results are consistent with previous studies of relatives of schizophrenia patients. The study suggests a need for interventions, which focus on helping relatives to reappraise the impact of PTSD. (copyright) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, anger, article, behavior control, causal attribution, clinical article, emotion, female, hostility, human, irritability, male, mental health, nightmare, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, relative, schizophrenia","Barrowclough, C., Gregg, L., Tarrier, N.",2008.0,,,0,0,
482,Post-traumatic growth in people living with a serious medical condition and its relations to physical and mental health: A systematic review,"Purpose. The diagnosis of a life-threatening illness can be an extremely stressful, traumatic experience. However, many survivors report also various positive changes, referred in empirical literature as post-traumatic growth (PTG). Empirical studies that documented stress disorders and PTG in patients and survivors of life-threatening diseases are reviewed in three areas: Predictors of PTG, relationships between PTG and indicators of mental health and the impact of PTG on the process of convalescence. Method. The literature review was completed by making use of three major databases - PsycINFO, PILOTS and Medline. Results. The majority of the studies investigated PTG and its relationships to health indicators after the diagnosis of cancer, HIV/AIDS, cardiac disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The review indicated that quality of social support, patients' coping strategies and several indicators of mental and physical health were consistently associated with post-traumatic growth. Associations between growth and health-related variables (e.g. physical deficits, pain, depression, anxiety) varied depending on different study design (cross-sectional versus longitudinal) and the sample composition (patients versus symptom-free survivors). Several findings are disease-specific. Conclusions. The results point to the potential adaptive significance of PTG. More research is needed to investigate specific disease-related profiles of PTG and the complex mechanisms, which underlie the relationships between PTG and the process of convalescence. This knowledge may help to foster the overall positive adjustment of chronically ill patients. © 2009 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved.","coping, health behaviour, physical health, Post-traumatic growth, rehabilitation","Barskova, T., Oesterreich, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
483,Interventions with women offenders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health gain,"Currently, a conjunction of policy, legislative change in health and social care and the criminal justice system, combined with funding for innovative services make it opportune to assess the evidence base for interventions with women offenders. Women offenders have a distinctive criminological, health and social profile and a gender specific approach to their difficulties is advocated. This systematic review and meta-analysis focus on mental health gain in adult women offenders in forensic health settings, criminal justice institutions and in the community, following therapeutic interventions. Interventions were assessed in terms of specific outcome measures of depression, trauma symptomatology and global mental health status. Comprehensive search strategies yielded 3018 articles, from which we obtained 199 full text articles. Seventeen articles were included in the final review, of which six were excluded from the meta-analysis as there was no comparator group. There is a modest, but increasing, body of evidence for the utility of some interventions, notably those addressing the consequences of earlier trauma, including interventions which also address comorbid substance misuse. This does not amount, to date, to a robust evidence base. Limitations of these studies are discussed and include small sample sizes, their restriction mainly to prison populations and that they were substantially undertaken in the US. Variations in outcome measures follow-up and the difficulties inherent in measuring change in this complex population are also detailed. However, the review delineates definite avenues for further work. To achieve this, those responsible for policy, practice and purchase of services should both be mindful of existing evidence and promote additional, high quality research into interventions which are designed around a coherent, theoretical approach.","article, Brief Symptom Inventory, criminal justice, depression, female, follow up, human, information retrieval, mental health, meta analysis (topic), offender, outcome assessment, policy, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, randomized controlled trial (topic), social care, symptomatology, systematic review","Bartlett, A., Jhanji, E., White, S., Anne Harty, M., Scammell, J., Allen, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
484,Relationship between PTSD symptomatology and nicotine dependence severity in crime victims,"Smoking rates are higher and cessation rates are lower among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to the general population, thus understanding the relationship between PTSD and nicotine dependence is important. In a sample of 213 participants with a crime-related trauma (109 with PTSD), the relationship between PTSD status, smoking status (smoker vs. non-smoker), substance abuse diagnosis (SUD), PTSD symptoms, and sex was assessed. SUD diagnosis was significantly related to smoking status, but PTSD symptomatology and sex were not. Among smokers (n = 117), increased nicotine dependence severity was associated with being male and with increased level of PTSD avoidance symptoms. Correlations indicated that PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptom clusters and total PTSD symptom scores were significantly related to nicotine dependence severity in males, while PTSD symptomatology in general did not correlate with dependence severity for females. The results suggest that level of PTSD symptomatology, particularly avoidance symptoms, may be important targets for smoking cessation treatment among male smokers who have experienced a traumatic event. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Avoidance, Hyperarousal, Nicotine dependence, PTSD, Smoking","Baschnagel, J. S., Coffey, S. F., Schumacher, J. A., Drobes, D. J., Saladin, M. E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
485,Factor structure of posttraumatic stress among Western New York undergraduates following the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Center,"The structure of posttraumatic stress is of both theoretical and clinical interest. In the present study, seven models of posttraumatic stress were compared using confirmatory factor analysis. A sample of 528 Western New York undergraduate students was assessed 1 and 3 months after the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks. At the Month 1 assessment, the current three-factor Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) model, which consists of Intrusions, Avoidance/Numbing, and Hyperarousal, did not provide a good fit to the data; however, a four-factor model consisting of factors labeled Intrusions, Avoidance, Dysphoria, and Hyperarousal did fit the data well and provided better fit than the three-factor model and other competing models. Importantly, Dysphoria spans symptoms from the traditional DSM Numbing and Hyperarousal clusters. The four-factor model continued to fit the data well at Month 3. These findings parallel the results of earlier studies which suggest that a four-factor model better reflects the nature of posttraumatic stress than do simpler models, including the DSM. The present work is consistent with a dimensional model of stress responses and calls for further longitudinal work in this area. © 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Baschnagel, J. S., ""OConnor, R. M."", Colder, C. R., Hawk Jr, L. W.",2005.0,,,0,0,
486,Trajectories of Exposure to Community Violence and Mental Health Symptoms Among Serious Adolescent Offenders,"The present study uses longitudinal data to investigate whether differences in exposure to community violence discriminate among serious juvenile offenders in terms of mental health symptomatology for depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and hostility. Group-based modeling and moderation analyses are used to assess the influence of exposure to violence on mental health outcomes. The results demonstrate a moderating effect of psychosocial maturity and social support between exposure to community violence and adverse mental health consequences for youth on the stable low exposure trajectory. In addition, youth who experience stable high exposure to violence consistently suffer worse outcomes. The study contributes to the development of empirically derived profiles of serious youth offenders. While all of the youth in this study may face the stigma of being labeled as dangerous, some (particularly those on the chronic exposure trajectory) might find themselves in a situation where their psychological status exacerbates an already tenuous situation: reentry. Therefore, reentry services should better target the specific needs of this returning subgroup of serious youth offenders. © 2014 International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology","adolescence, exposure to community violence, mental health symptomatology, risk factors","Baskin, D., Sommers, I.",2015.0,,10.1177/0093854814556882,0,1,
487,"A Multivariate Contextual Analysis of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatments: Implications for an Evidence-Based Definition of Torture",,,"Basoglu, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
488,"A Multivariate Contextual Analysis of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatments: Implications for an Evidence-Based Definition of Torture","Current thinking on what constitutes torture in a detention/interrogation setting focuses solely on particular procedures, without regard for contextual factors that mediate traumatic stress. The present study examined stressor interactions that determined severity and psychological impact of captivity stressors in 432 torture survivors in former Yugoslavia countries and Turkey. A principal components analysis of 46 captivity stressors measured by an Exposure to Torture Scale identified meaningful stressor clusters, which suggested that multiple detention procedures were used in combination to maximize their impact. Perceived torture severity related to 'cruel, inhuman, and degrading' treatments (CIDT) but not to physical torture. Posttraumatic stress disorder related to war-related captivity, deprivation of basic needs, sexual torture, and exposure to extreme temperatures, isolation, and forced stress positions but not to physical torture. CIDT increased posttraumatic stress disorder risk by 71%. Fear- and helplessness-inducing effects of captivity and CIDT appear to be the major determinants of perceived severity of torture and psychological damage in detainees. Considerations on what constitutes torture need to take into account the contextual processes in a captivity setting that mediate these effects. © 2009 American Psychological Association.","PTSD, resilience, torture, torture definition","Başoĝlu, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,487
489,Psychiatric and cognitive effects of war in former Yugoslavia association of lack of redress for trauma and posttraumatic stress reactions,,,"Başoǧlu, M., Livanou, M., Crnobarić, C., Frančišković, T., Suljić, E., Durić, D., Vranešić, M.",2005.0,,10.1001/jama.294.5.580,0,0,
490,A brief behavioural treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors: Results from an open clinical trial,"Given the extent of the mental health problem following earthquakes, brief, effective and cost-effective treatment interventions are needed. This study examined whether cognitive-behavioural treatment could be shortened to a minimum number of sessions without undermining its effectiveness in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study participants (N=231) were consecutive referrals to 5 project sites in the earthquake region in Turkey a mean of 13 mo after the disaster. A modified behavioural treatment (BT) was used, which involved self-exposure instructions based on an enhancement of ""sense of control"" rather than a habituation rationale and minimal cognitive interventions. The duration of treatment was variable, involving as many sessions as required for clinical improvement. Survival analysis explored the minimum number of sessions required for clinical improvement, and multiple regression analysis to examine the predictors of outcome. Survivors received a mean of 4.3 sessions. Significant treatment effects and clinically meaningful effect sizes were noted on all measures. Treatment improved all PTSD and depression symptoms. The cumulative proportion of improved cases was 76% after one session and 88% after two sessions. No baseline variable predicted treatment outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Behavior Therapy, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Treatment Outcomes, Exposure Therapy","Basoglu, Metin, Livanou, M., Salcioglu, E., Kalender, D.",2003.0,,,0,0,
491,Posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms among American Indians and Alaska Natives: A review of the literature,"Purpose: American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) experience high rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We reviewed existing literature to address three interrelated questions: (1) What is the prevalence of PTSD and PTSD symptoms among AI/ANs? (2) What are the inciting events, risk factors, and co-morbidities in AI/ANs, and do they differ from those in the general U.S. population? (3) Are studies available to inform clinicians about the course and treatment of PTSD in this population? Methods: We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases and a database on AI/AN health, capturing an initial sample of 77 original English-language articles published 1992-2010. After applying exclusion criteria, we retained 37 articles on prevalence of PTSD and related symptoms among AI/AN adults. We abstracted key information and organized it in tabular format. Results: AI/ANs experience a substantially greater burden of PTSD and related symptoms than U.S. Whites. Combat experience and interpersonal violence were consistently cited as leading causes of PTSD and related symptoms. PTSD was associated with bodily pain, lung disorders, general health problems, substance abuse, and pathological gambling. In general, inciting events, risk factors, and co-morbidities appear similar to those in the general U.S. population. Conclusions: Substantial research indicates a strikingly high incidence of PTSD in AI/AN populations. However, inciting events, risk factors, and co-morbidities in AI/ANs, and how they may differ from those in the general population, are poorly understood. Very few studies are available on the clinical course and treatment of PTSD in this vulnerable population. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Alaska Natives, American Indians, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Bassett, D., Buchwald, D., Manson, S.",2014.0,,10.1007/s00127-013-0759-y,0,0,
492,"Comment on Dennis P. Culhane et al.'s ""Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions: Implications for policy and program planning""","A comprehensive typology of homeless families would help us understand how to provide services and supports appropriate to particular subgroups. In their attempt to establish such a typology, Culhane and his colleagues employ administrative data sets to correlate shelter use with behavioral indicators. These data sets are limited in that they fail to incorporate the complex, intense, and sometimes traumatic experiences that characterize the lives of homeless families, causing this study to fall short of what is required to create an accurate typology. Among the areas overlooked by this approach are the high levels of traumatic stress and violence in the lives of homeless families, children's needs, and the interactions between parents and children. When only limited research is available, there is a danger that even modest findings will be used to support broad policy directions. Further research is needed to arrive at a defensible typology. © 2007 Fannie Mae Foundation. All Rights Reserved.","Families and children, Homelessness, Traumatic stress","Bassuk, E. L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
493,On freedom and induction,"Traumatizing events and traumatizing conflicts may lead to defense mechanisms which in the course of time become part of character formation. In psychosomatic medicine much attention has been paid in the past to the so-called psychosomatic character profiles. Though discussions about psychosomatic specificity have remained controversial, it still seems advisable to take into account the power of induction of specific defense strategies. In this paper special attention is paid to the fact that asthmatics, patients suffering from hypertension or coronary heart disease, as well as patients suffering from other psychosomatic syndromes, and even patients suffering from carcinoma may induce their own defense strategies in interviewers and therapists, who usually are not sufficiently aware of the fact of such transference phenomena. A distortion of the normal psychotherapeutic process is more often a result of induction processes than has been thought of.",,"Bastiaans, J.",1982.0,,,0,0,
494,Excessive computer games and Internet use. Is it an addiction? A case series,"Background.- It has been increasingly recognized some people develop problem internet and computer games use resulting in various negative psychosocial and physical consequences. Methods.- Six patients who presented with school refusal and excessive computer and video-games use would be discussed in the case series. These individuals received assessment and treatment and more than a year of follow-up form a regional CAMHS. Findings.- Along with excessive Internet and videogames use, all these individuals had other complex developmental, psychiatric and social issues. These included Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social phobia, PTSD, developmental trauma, emerging cluster A and clusterCtraits, depression and complex developmental histories. A range of treatment options including medications, individual therapy, family therapy and group therapy had been employed with mixed results. Individuals with small duration of school refusal with supportive family and school had the best outcome. Conclusion.- Pathological use of Internet and computer is therapeutic challenge and may result in severe psychosocial disadvantage.","computer, Internet, addiction, case study, child, human, child psychiatry, occupation, school, patient, recreation, group therapy, family therapy, drug therapy, injury, social phobia, autism, therapy, follow up, posttraumatic stress disorder","Basu, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
495,"Excessive computer games and internet use, addiction vs epiphenomenon: A case series","Background: Internet and computer games have become an ever-increasing part of the day-to-day lives of many adolescents. It has been increasingly recognised that some people develop problem internet and computer game use resulting in various negative psychosocial and physical consequences. Objectives: A broad-based understanding of this phenomenon, and the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges faced by a regional CAMHS. Methods: Six patients who presented with school refusal and excessive computer and video game use are discussed in the case series. These individuals received a comprehensive assessment and treatment and more than a year of follow-up from a regional CAMHS. All these patients were boys between 13 and 18 years. Findings: Along with excessive internet and videogames use all these individuals had other complex developmental, psychiatric and social issues. These included autism spectrum disorder, social phobia, PTSD, developmental trauma, emerging cluster A and cluster C traits, depression and complex developmental histories. A range of treatment options including medications, individual therapy, family therapy and group therapy had been employed with mixed results. Three patients had inpatient admissions. Individuals with a small duration of school refusal and with a supportive family and school had the best outcome. Conclusion: It is evident from this case series that excessive computer use is a challenge which may result in serious psycho-social disadvantage. A broad-based approach, using early intervention along with a preventative approach is important to address this phenomenon which is bound to be a major challenge in this digital age.","computer, New Zealand, case study, Internet, addiction, psychiatrist, college, school, patient, early intervention, adolescent, diagnosis, recreation, posttraumatic stress disorder, boy, autism, social phobia, injury, drug therapy, therapy, family therapy, group therapy, hospital patient, follow up","Basu, S., Stone, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
496,Post-treatment lyme syndrome and central sensitization,"Central sensitization is a process that links a variety of chronic pain disorders that are characterized by hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli and pain in response to non-noxious stimuli. Among these disorders, treatments that act centrally may have greater efficacy than treatments acting peripherally. Because many individuals with post-treatment Lyme syndrome (PTLS) have a similar symptom cluster, central sensitization may be a process mediating or exacerbating their sensory processing. This article reviews central sensitization, reports new data on sensory hyperarousal in PTLS, explores the potential role of central sensitization in symptom chronicity, and suggests new directions for neurophysiologic and treatment research. © 2013 American Psychiatric Association.",,"Batheja, S., Nields, J. A., Landa, A., Fallon, B. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
497,Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in the Treatment of Comorbid Substance Abuse and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Study,"Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse are commonly co-occurring conditions, it is generally recommended that an individual must first receive successful substance abuse treatment before posttraumatic symptoms can be addressed. Given the high comorbidity of these conditions, however, it would be helpful if more broadly focused therapies were available that simultaneously targeted common functional processes underlying the multiple problems of the dually diagnosed. Both PTSD and substance abuse can be conceptualized as disorders with significant experiential avoidance components. One treatment that has been specifically developed for the treatment of experiential avoidance is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). In this case study, application of ACT for an individual with comorbid PTSD and substance abuse is described, and its effects are examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Techniques, *Psychotherapy, Sexual Abuse, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy","Batten, Sonja V., Hayes, Steven C.",2005.0,,,0,0,
498,Observations on the use of growth mixture models in psychological research,,,"Bauer, D. J.",2007.0,,,0,0,
499,Distributional Assumptions of Growth Mixture Models: Implications for Overextraction of Latent Trajectory Classes,"Growth mixture models are often used to determine if subgroups exist within the population that follow qualitatively distinct developmental trajectories. However, statistical theory developed for finite normal mixture models suggests that latent trajectory classes can be estimated even in the absence of population heterogeneity if the distribution of the repeated measures is nonnormal. By drawing on this theory, this article demonstrates that multiple trajectory classes can be estimated and appear optimal for nonnormal data even when only 1 group exists in the population. Further, the within-class parameter estimates obtained from these models are largely uninterpretable. Significant predictive relationships may be obscured or spurious relationships identified. The implications of these results for applied research are highlighted, and future directions for quantitative developments are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Frequency Distribution, *Models, *Statistical Analysis, *Statistical Estimation","Bauer, Daniel J., Curran, Patrick J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
500,"Overextraction of Latent Trajectory Classes: Much Ado about Nothing? Reply to Rindskopf (2003), Muthén (2003), and Cudeck and Henly (2003)",,,"Bauer, D. J., Curran, P. J.",2003.0,,10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.384,0,0,
501,State of psychiatry in Denmark,"Danish psychiatry has gone through profound changes over the past two to three decades, reducing inpatient-based treatment and increasing outpatient treatment markedly. The number of patients treated has almost doubled, and the diagnostic profile has broadened, now including a substantial number of common mental disorders, in particular depression and anxiety. Furthermore, 'new' diagnostic groups are represented in the treatment statistics with steeply increasing incidences, e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and eating disorders, especially in the outpatient part of the statistics. Over the same 30 years, the number of available beds has been reduced by 60-70%; however, as the length of stay of inpatients has been reduced markedly, the departments are still able to treat a high number of patients. The financial budgeting of psychiatry is not increasing equivalently to the somatic specialities, handicapping development in psychiatry. Action has been taken to increase research activity in psychiatry. This is facilitated by an increasing interest among medical students and young graduate physicians attracted by the neuropsychiatric paradigm, rapidly implemented in Danish psychiatry. © 2012 Institute of Psychiatry.",,"Bauer, J., Okkels, N., Munk-Jorgensen, P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
502,Doing and being well (for the most part): adaptive patterns of narrative self-evaluation during bereavement,,,"Bauer, J. J., Bonanno, G. A.",2001.0,,,0,0,
503,Association between age of onset and mood in bipolar disorder: Comparison of subgroups identified by cluster analysis and clinical observation,"Background: This study compared subgroups identified by cluster analysis and clinical observation by evaluating the association between the age of onset of bipolar disorder and self-reported daily mood ratings. Methods: Two hundred and seventy patients with bipolar disorder provided daily self-reported mood ratings for about 6 months returning 55,188 days of data. The age of onset subgroups were determined both using previously defined cutoff values based upon clinical observation (<12 years, 13-19 years, 20-29 years, >29 years), and model-based cluster analysis. Demographic characteristics were compared in the age of onset subgroups. Univariate general linear models with age of onset subgroups and other demographic variables as fixed factors and covariates were used to analyze the percent of days depressed, euthymic and hypomanic/manic. Results: Using the predetermined subgroups, demographic differences were found between the four subgroups in the diagnosis of bipolar I/II, years of illness, age and use of lamotrigine. Post-hoc pairwise comparison found that patients with an age of onset less < 12 years spent more days hypomanic/manic: 16.4 percent versus 8.0 for patients with an age of onset between 13 and 19 years (p = 0.006) and 8.2 percent for patients with an age of onset between 20 and 29 years (p = 0.031). The majority of the additional days of hypomania/mania occurred outside of an episode. Model-based cluster analysis found a mixture of 2 distributions of onset with peaks at age 15.1 years (SD = 4.7) and 27.5 years (SD = 10.2). Analysis of these two subgroups detected no significant differences in demographic characteristics or mood ratings. Conclusion: Age of onset subgroups arising from clinical observation may be more useful than those determined by cluster analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bipolar Disorder, *Emotional States, *Onset (Disorders), Self Report","Bauer, Michael, Glenn, Tasha, Rasgon, Natalie, Marsh, Wendy, Sagduyu, Kemal, Munoz, Rodrigo, Lewitzka, Ute, Schmid, Rita, Whybrow, Peter C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
504,"Clinicians' posttraumatic growth following hurricane Katrina: The influence of life events, professional quality of life, and primary and secondary traumatic stress","This study was a secondary data analysis of 244 clinicians living and working in a post-Katrina environment. Using structural equation modeling, clinicians' trauma histories and primary and secondary traumatic stress were assessed in relationship to posttraumatic growth. It was expected that a greater number of traumatic life events would be related to higher levels of traumatic experience and growth. It was also expected that traumatic life experience would be associated with growth. Contrary to expectation, the initial evaluation of the path coefficients showed no significant paths between primary trauma and posttraumatic growth. A closer inspection of measures and model diagnostics revealed three distinct constructs pertaining to primary trauma, none of which were highly correlated. A revised model was then re-fit with the inclusion of two latent variables, primary trauma and posttraumatic growth, which yielded a better fit. The new model was statistically overidentified. The results showed that a greater number of traumatic life events were related to both primary and secondary traumatic stress but not growth. The latent variables revealed a statistically significant relationship between traumatic reexperiencing which related to greater posttraumatic growth in the domain, appreciation for life. Implications for theory development, clinical practice and policy, and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Clinicians, *Emotional Trauma, *Natural Disasters, *Quality of Life, *Posttraumatic Growth","Bauwens, Jennifer",2012.0,,,0,0,
505,Posttraumatic reactions of police officers one year after the airplane disaster of Uberlingen,"Background: In 2002 an American cargo plane and a Russian passenger plane collided over the Lake of Constance and 71 people died, among them 45 children. Methods: Police officers engaged in the aftermath of this disaster were investigated anonymously one year later by a questionnaire for assessing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Primarily the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report (PSS-SR) was applied. Main aim of the research was a reanalysis of the data, adding multivariate analyses for possibly influencing factors and for the identification of risk clusters. The PSS-SR with 17 items assesses the criteria of PTSD after DSM-IV including the scales flashback, arousal and avoidance. The data basis was provided by answers of 1 103 police officers. Results: The full criteria of PTSD after DSM-IV were reached by 3.1% of the officers one year after the disaster. After the criteria of ICD-10 7% had PTSD; but subsyndromal scores much often occurred. Bivariate correlations of the PSS whole score showed significant correlations with age, the durance of the action and the numbers of straining events, but correlations did not exceed r = 0.25. The cluster analysis yielded a clear risk cluster (approx. 20% of the officers) with high PSS-SR scores (mean = 4.4), which was characterised by the longest action times (accordingly a high number of straining events), and primarily by an intense confrontation with corpses. The results show a marked dose effect relationship with respect to action typical strains and the development of a PTSD. Conclusions: The results clearly speak for a special aftercare for officers with the risk constellations found - independent from whether the officer directly asks for care or expresses needs in a screening questionnaire. (copyright) Schattauer 2011.","aircraft accident, arousal, avoidance behavior, child, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disaster, human, International Classification of Diseases, multivariate analysis, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, PTSD symptom scale self report, questionnaire, review, self report","Bayard, E., Buchmann, K. E., Kepplinger, J., Rosch, S., Muthny, F. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
506,Posttraumatic reactions of police officers one year after the airplane disaster of Überlingen,"Background: In 2002 an American cargo plane and a Russian passenger plane collided over the Lake of Constance and 71 people died, among them 45 children. Methods: Police officers engaged in the aftermath of this disaster were investigated anonymously one year later by a questionnaire for assessing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Primarily the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report (PSS-SR) was applied. Main aim of the research was a reanalysis of the data, adding multivariate analyses for possibly influencing factors and for the identification of risk clusters. The PSS-SR with 17 items assesses the criteria of PTSD after DSM-IV including the scales flashback, arousal and avoidance. The data basis was provided by answers of 1 103 police officers. Results: The full criteria of PTSD after DSM-IV were reached by 3.1% of the officers one year after the disaster. After the criteria of ICD-10 7% had PTSD; but subsyndromal scores much often occurred. Bivariate correlations of the PSS whole score showed significant correlations with age, the durance of the action and the numbers of straining events, but correlations did not exceed r = 0.25. The cluster analysis yielded a clear risk cluster (approx. 20% of the officers) with high PSS-SR scores (mean = 4.4), which was characterised by the longest action times (accordingly a high number of straining events), and primarily by an intense confrontation with corpses. The results show a marked dose effect relationship with respect to action typical strains and the development of a PTSD. Conclusions: The results clearly speak for a special aftercare for officers with the risk constellations found - independent from whether the officer directly asks for care or expresses needs in a screening questionnaire. © Schattauer 2011.","Airplane disaster, Police, Post traumatic stress disorder","Bayard, E., Buchmann, K. E., Kepplinger, J., Rösch, S., Muthny, F. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
507,Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers,,,"Bayer, C. P., Klasen, F., Adam, H.",2007.0,,10.1001/jama.298.5.555,0,0,
508,[Pharmacological management of anxiety in patients suffering from schizophrenia],"INTRODUCTION: Anxiety is a major and frequent symptom of schizophrenia, which is associated with an increased risk of relapse, impaired functioning, lower quality of life and increased incidence of suicide attempts. Despite its clinical relevance, anxiety in schizophrenia remains poorly understood. In the prodromic phase, anxiety indicates a progression towards psychotic decompensation. After a first episode, it is an indicator of relapse. LITERATURE FINDINGS: Two approaches have been used to investigate anxiety in schizophrenia: (i) categorical approach (comorbidity of schizophrenia and anxiety disorders) and (ii) dimensional approach (anxiety as a major symptom of the ""dysphoric"" dimension). Clinical categorical studies reported an increased frequency of comorbidity between schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobia. The dimensional approach proposes that five different factors contribute to the structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), with anxiety as a major symptom of the ""dysphoria"" dimension. Concerning diagnosis, it is unclear whether psychotic and neurotic anxiety differs in nature or intensity. Nevertheless, both are frequently opposed. DISCUSSION: Psychotic anxiety is intense, profound and hermetic. In contrast to neurotic anxiety, it is associated with psychomotor disturbances, such as agitation and sideration. There is no specific tool to evaluate anxiety in schizophrenia. The dimensional approach usually runs an evaluation using items or factors extracted from the most widely-used scales, i.e. PANSS or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or from anxiety scales developed in non-schizophrenic populations, such as the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Recently, we developed a specific scale for hetero-evaluation (Echelle Anxiete Schizophrenie [EAS scale]). The EAS scale was recently validated and the study of its sensitivity is ongoing. THERAPEUTICAL ISSUES: Several studies have examined the effects of antipsychotics on the anxious/depressive cluster extracted from the PANSS, and some other studies have specifically evaluated the effect of antipsychotics on depressive symptoms using the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), but to our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of antipsychotics or other treatment on anxiety when using a schizophrenia-specific scale. There are no specific guideline treatments for anxiety in schizophrenia. Among phenothiazines, cyamemazine is frequently prescribed in France, because of its potent anxiolytic activity and good neurological tolerance. Some authors have suggested a specific treatment with benzodiazepines. However, benzodiazepines should be used with caution, due to undesirable actions such as dependence, rebound and potentiation of certain lateral effects.","Anti-Anxiety Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects, Antipsychotic Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/*drug therapy/psychology, Benzodiazepines/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Comorbidity, Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/drug therapy, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Personality Inventory, Phenothiazines/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia/diagnosis/*drug therapy, *Schizophrenic Psychology","Bayle, F. J., Blanc, O., De Chazeron, I., Lesturgeon, J., Lancon, C., Caci, H., Garay, R. P., Llorca, P. M.",2011.0,May,10.1016/j.encep.2010.08.009,0,0,
509,Pharmacological management of anxiety in patients suffering from schizophrenia,"Introduction: Anxiety is a major and frequent symptom of schizophrenia, which is associated with an increased risk of relapse, impaired functioning, lower quality of life and increased incidence of suicide attempts. Despite its clinical relevance, anxiety in schizophrenia remains poorly understood. In the prodromic phase, anxiety indicates a progression towards psychotic decompensation. After a first episode, it is an indicator of relapse. Literature findings: Two approaches have been used to investigate anxiety in schizophrenia: (i) categorical approach (comorbidity of schizophrenia and anxiety disorders) and (ii) dimensional approach (anxiety as a major symptom of the ""dysphoric"" dimension). Clinical categorical studies reported an increased frequency of comorbidity between schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobia. The dimensional approach proposes that five different factors contribute to the structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), with anxiety as a major symptom of the ""dysphoria"" dimension. Concerning diagnosis, it is unclear whether psychotic and neurotic anxiety differs in nature or intensity. Nevertheless, both are frequently opposed. Discussion: Psychotic anxiety is intense, profound and hermetic. In contrast to neurotic anxiety, it is associated with psychomotor disturbances, such as agitation and sideration. There is no specific tool to evaluate anxiety in schizophrenia. The dimensional approach usually runs an evaluation using items or factors extracted from the most widely-used scales, i.e. PANSS or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or from anxiety scales developed in non-schizophrenic populations, such as the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Recently, we developed a specific scale for hetero-evaluation (Echelle Anxiete Schizophrenie [EAS scale]). The EAS scale was recently validated and the study of its sensitivity is ongoing. Therapeutical issues: Several studies have examined the effects of antipsychotics on the anxious/depressive cluster extracted from the PANSS, and some other studies have specifically evaluated the effect of antipsychotics on depressive symptoms using the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), but to our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of antipsychotics or other treatment on anxiety when using a schizophrenia-specific scale. There are no specific guideline treatments for anxiety in schizophrenia. Among phenothiazines, cyamemazine is frequently prescribed in France, because of its potent anxiolytic activity and good neurological tolerance. Some authors have suggested a specific treatment with benzodiazepines. However, benzodiazepines should be used with caution, due to undesirable actions such as dependence, rebound and potentiation of certain lateral effects. (copyright) L'Encephale, Paris, 2010.","cyamemazine, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, clinical effectiveness, dysphoria, generalized anxiety disorder, human, mental patient, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, social phobia, tranquilizing activity","Bayle, F. J., Blanc, O., De Chazeron, I., Lesturgeon, J., Lanon, C., Caci, H., Garay, R. P., Llorca, P. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,508
510,Pharmacological management of anxiety in patients suffering from schizophrenia,"Introduction: Anxiety is a major and frequent symptom of schizophrenia, which is associated with an increased risk of relapse, impaired functioning, lower quality of life and increased incidence of suicide attempts. Despite its clinical relevance, anxiety in schizophrenia remains poorly understood. In the prodromic phase, anxiety indicates a progression towards psychotic decompensation. After a first episode, it is an indicator of relapse. Literature findings: Two approaches have been used to investigate anxiety in schizophrenia: (i) categorical approach (comorbidity of schizophrenia and anxiety disorders) and (ii) dimensional approach (anxiety as a major symptom of the ""dysphoric"" dimension). Clinical categorical studies reported an increased frequency of comorbidity between schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobia. The dimensional approach proposes that five different factors contribute to the structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), with anxiety as a major symptom of the ""dysphoria"" dimension. Concerning diagnosis, it is unclear whether psychotic and neurotic anxiety differs in nature or intensity. Nevertheless, both are frequently opposed. Discussion: Psychotic anxiety is intense, profound and hermetic. In contrast to neurotic anxiety, it is associated with psychomotor disturbances, such as agitation and sideration. There is no specific tool to evaluate anxiety in schizophrenia. The dimensional approach usually runs an evaluation using items or factors extracted from the most widely-used scales, i.e. PANSS or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or from anxiety scales developed in non-schizophrenic populations, such as the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Recently, we developed a specific scale for hetero-evaluation (Échelle Anxiété Schizophrénie [EAS scale]). The EAS scale was recently validated and the study of its sensitivity is ongoing. Therapeutical issues: Several studies have examined the effects of antipsychotics on the anxious/depressive cluster extracted from the PANSS, and some other studies have specifically evaluated the effect of antipsychotics on depressive symptoms using the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), but to our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of antipsychotics or other treatment on anxiety when using a schizophrenia-specific scale. There are no specific guideline treatments for anxiety in schizophrenia. Among phenothiazines, cyamemazine is frequently prescribed in France, because of its potent anxiolytic activity and good neurological tolerance. Some authors have suggested a specific treatment with benzodiazepines. However, benzodiazepines should be used with caution, due to undesirable actions such as dependence, rebound and potentiation of certain lateral effects. © L'Encéphale, Paris, 2010.","Anxiety, Scale, Schizophrenia, Treatment","Baylé, F. J., Blanc, O., De Chazeron, I., Lesturgeon, J., Lanon, C., Caci, H., Garay, R. P., Llorca, P. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,508
511,Coping responses and posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban fire service personnel,,,"Beaton, R., Murphy, S., Johnson, C., Pike, K., Corneil, W.",1999.0,,10.1023/A:1024776509667,0,0,
512,Social Support and Network Conflict in Firefighters and Paramedics,,,"Beaton, R. D., Murphy, S. A., Pike, K. C., Corneil, W.",1997.0,,,0,0,
513,The ABC profile of the HAM-D 17,,,"Bech, P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
514,"Review of Post-traumatic stress disorder in refugee communities: The importance of culturally sensitive screening, diagnosis, and treatment","Reviews the book, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Refugee Communities: The Importance of Culturally Sensitive Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment by Theodore W. McDonald and Jaime N. Sand (2011). The work addresses the problem of undiagnosed and untreated trauma related mental health problems in refugees fleeing into Western nations and suggests empirically supported and culturally appropriate means of screening, diagnosis, and treatment. It is written both for practitioners and researchers, with information for those new to the field as well as for seasoned professionals. What is missing in this volume is a discussion of potential comorbid diagnoses typically present in traumatized populations such as affective disorders, anxiety disorders other than in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), partner violence, and substance abuse. Another limitation is that the authors tend to generalize the refugee experience as opposed to giving more attention to the unique pathways within particular cultures and communities. Yet there is little space in a text of this kind for nuanced conversation, and therefore these concerns are minor and do not impact its overall usefulness and timeliness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Communities, Health Screening, Refugees","Becher, Emily H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
515,An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties,,,"Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R. A.",1988.0,,,0,0,
516,Beck Depression Inventory Manual,,,"Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A.",1987.0,,,0,0,
517,"Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Manual",,,"Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K.",1996.0,,,0,0,
518,Post-traumatic stress disorder due to childbirth: The aftermath,"Background: Childbirth qualifies as an extreme traumatic stressor that can result in post-traumatic stress disorder. The reported prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth ranges from 1.5% to 6%. Objective: The aim of this phenomenologic study was to describe the essence of mothers' experiences of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth. Methods: The qualitative research design used for this study was descriptive phenomenology. The main recruitment approach was via the Internet through the help of Trauma and Birth Stress, a charitable trust in New Zealand. Purposive sampling was used and resulted in 38 mothers participating from the countries of New Zealand, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The participants were asked to describe their experiences with post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth. Their stories were analyzed using Colaizzi's method of data analysis. Results: Mothers with post-traumatic stress disorder attributable to childbirth struggle to survive each day while battling terrifying nightmares and flashbacks of the birth, anger, anxiety, depression, and painful isolation from the world of motherhood. Conclusions: This glimpse into the lives of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder attributable to childbirth provides an impetus to increase research efforts in this neglected area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Postnatal Period, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Experiences (Events)","Beck, Cheryl Tatano",2004.0,,,0,0,
519,A mixed-methods study of secondary traumatic stress in certified nurse-midwives: Shaken belief in the birth process,"Introduction: Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is an occupational hazard for clinicians who can experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from exposure to their traumatized patients. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to determine the prevalence and severity of STS in certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and to explore their experiences attending traumatic births. Methods: A convergent, parallel mixed-methods design was used. The American Midwifery Certification Board sent out e-mails to all their CNM members with a link to the SurveyMonkey study. The STS Scale was used to collect data for the quantitative strand. For the qualitative strand, participants were asked to describe their experiences of attending one or more traumatic births. IBM SPSS 21.0 (Version 21.0, Armonk, NY) was used to analyze the quantitative data, and Krippendorff content analysis was the method used to analyze the qualitative data. Results: The sample consisted of 473 CNMs who completed the quantitative portion and 246 (52%) who completed the qualitative portion. In this sample, 29% of the CNMs reported high to severe STS, and 36% screened positive for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnostic criteria for PTSD due to attending traumatic births. The top 3 types of traumatic births described by the CNMs were fetal demise/neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, and infant resuscitation. Content analysis revealed 6 themes: 1) protecting my patients: agonizing sense of powerlessness and helplessness; 2) wreaking havoc: trio of posttraumatic stress symptoms; 3) circling the wagons: it takes a team to provide support ... or not; 4) litigation: nowhere to go to unburden our souls; (5) shaken belief in the birth process: impacting midwifery practice; and 6 moving on: where do I go from here? Discussion: The midwifery profession should acknowledge STS as a professional risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Clinicians, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Hazards, Symptoms","Beck, Cheryl Tatano, LoGiudice, Jenna, Gable, Robert K.",2015.0,,,0,0,
520,The utility of the Fear Survey Schedule-III: an extended replication,"This investigation examined the factor structure of the Fear Survey Schedule-III in patients with specific anxiety disorders, including patients with panic disorder, agoraphobia without panic, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorder NOS. Four factors were obtained, reflecting a similar structure as has been noted in other studies. However, the ability of the obtained factors to discriminate among patients with panic disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia was not high. Future directions are highlighted.","Adult, Aged, Agoraphobia/diagnosis/psychology, Anxiety Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology, Diagnosis, Differential, Discriminant Analysis, Factor Analysis, Statistical, *Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Panic Disorder/diagnosis/psychology, Phobic Disorders/diagnosis/psychology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards, Psychometrics/*standards, Reproducibility of Results","Beck, J. G., Carmin, C. N., Henninger, N. J.",1998.0,May-Jun,,0,0,
521,A different kind of comorbidity: Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain,"Many traumatic events leave lingering physical injuries and chronic pain in their wake, in addition to trauma-related psychopathology. In this review, we provide an overview of developments in the recent literature on comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain. Starting with the conceptual models presented by Sharp and Harvey (2001) and Asmundson, Coons, Taylor, and Klatz (2002), this review summarizes newer studies that examine prevalence of these comorbid conditions. Additionally, we present an updated synthesis of research on factors that may maintain both chronic physical pain and PTSD in trauma survivors. Consideration of the impact of this comorbidity on psychosocial assessment and treatment also is discussed, with particular attention to issues that warrant additional research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Chronic Pain, *Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Measurement, Treatment","Beck, J. Gayle, Clapp, Joshua D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
522,The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors,"This study examined the factor structure, internal consistency, concurrent validity, and discriminative validity of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R, [Weiss, D. S. & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford Press]) in a sample of 182 individuals who had experienced a serious motor vehicle accident. Results supported the three-factor structure of the IES-R, Intrusion, Avoidance, and Hyperarousal, with adequate internal consistency noted for each subscale. Support was obtained for the concurrent and discriminative validity, as well as the absence of social desirability effects. Although some differences were noted between the IES-R Avoidance subscale and diagnostically based measures of this cluster of symptoms, these differences do not necessarily signify measurement problems with the IES-R. The IES-R seems to be a solid measure of post-trauma phenomena that can augment related assessment approaches in clinical and research settings. (copyright) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, article, concurrent validity, diagnostic value, female, human, Impact of Events Scale, internal consistency, major clinical study, male, mental health research, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychometry, psychotrauma, traffic accident","Beck, J. G., Grant, D. M., Read, J. P., Clapp, J. D., Coffey, S. F., Miller, L. M., Palyo, S. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
523,PTSD and Emotional Distress Symptoms Measured after a Motor Vehicle Accident: Relationships with Pain Coping Profiles,"This study explored differences among pain patients classified as Dysfunctional, Interpersonally Distressed, and Adaptive Copers on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory with respect to PTSD symptomatology, anxiety, and depression. Eighty-five patients with pain complaints who had experienced a serious motor vehicle accident were classified into these three pain coping categories and assessed using clinician and self-report measures. Results indicated that patients classified as Adaptive Copers (n = 24) showed less PTSD symptomatology, anxiety, and depressed mood, relative to individuals classified as Dysfunctional (n = 36) and as Interpersonally Distressed (n = 25), who did not differ on these dimensions. Emotional responses during the accident (fear, helplessness, danger, perceived control, and certainty that one would die) did not differentiate the groups. Pain profiles contributed to the prediction of self-reported PTSD symptoms, controlling for state anxiety. These data suggest that pain patients with both Dysfunctional and Interpersonally Distressed coping profiles are at elevated risk for a range of posttrauma problems following a serious motor vehicle accident.","Comorbidity, Motor vehicle accident, Pain, PTSD","Beck, J. G., Gudmundsdottir, B., Shipherd, J. C.",2003.0,,,0,0,
524,Childhood abuse types and physical health at the age of 24: Testing health risk behaviors and psychological distress as mediators,"This study examines whether adult psychological distress and health risk behaviors mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and physical health in adulthood. A randomly selected population-based sample, with oversampling to include a one-third subgroup of former child protection cases, completed a structured interview. Questions pertained to childhood exposure to abuse, adult psychological distress, physical health, and health risk behaviors. Previous research using this sample had identified three abuse typologies: emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and polyvictimization (physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect). All three typologies were significantly associated with poorer self-reported physical health. Psychological distress and health risk behaviors partially mediated the relationship between nonabuse, sexual abuse, polyvictimization, and physical health, and fully mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and physical health. The results of this study indicate that health risk behaviors and symptoms of psychological distress could contribute to some of the long-lasting consequences of childhood abuse on adult physical health. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Childhood abuse, Health risk behaviors, Physical health, Psychological distress","Beck, N., Palic, S., Andersen, T. E., Roenholt, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
525,Stress and disease: Is being female a predisposing factor?,"Because the reported heightened female predisposition in these diseases seems to present after puberty, determination of stress pathway maturation may shed light on whether differences in disease presentation, treatment, and risk are a function of gonadal hormone profiles and/or more inherent to genetic sex (Fig. 2). Unarguably, our work in understanding sex differences in these diseases has just scratched the surface. We have only begun exploring the possible involvement of exciting areas such as intrauterine environment, epigenetics, and proteomics in longterm disease risk. An even greater scarcity exists for information on how these regulatory mechanisms could be built into sex-specific outcomes. It is clear, to answer the question of whether ""being female is a predisposing factor,"" we are in desperate need of novel animal models and paradigms (Kalueff et al., 2007), in which such comparisons can be carefully studied. Copyright © 2007 Society for Neuroscience.","Addiction, Animal models, Depression, HPA axis, Sex, Stress","Becker, J. B., Monteggia, L. M., Perrot-Sinal, T. S., Romeo, R. D., Taylor, J. R., Yehuda, R., Bale, T. L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
526,"Disasters, victimization, and children's mental health",,,"Becker-Blease, K. A., Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D.",2010.0,,10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01453.x,0,0,
527,Protective and risk factors for trauma-related disorders: A systematic review,"Protective and risk factors affect the prognosis, indication and intervention planning in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Previous systematic reviews summarize findings up until 2007 and focus on posttraumatic stress disorder. Objective: Systematic review of findings between 2007 and 2010, including posttraumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related disorders. Methods: Review of 13 systematic reviews and 29 prospectively designed studies that examine protective and risk factors for traumarelated disorders after single trauma. Results: Findings on pretrauma (sociodemographics, biography, mental disorders, personality factors), peritrauma (trauma type and severity, psychological condition during the event, peritraumatic reaction), and posttrauma factors (acute symptoms, cognitions, coping, avoidance behavior, social support, additional stressors) are presented. Conclusions: Peritrauma and posttrauma protective and risk factors are the most effective predictors for trauma-related disorders. © Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen 2012.","Protective factors, Risk factors, Systematic review, Trauma-related disorders","Becker-Nehring, K., Witschen, I., Bengel, J.",2012.0,,10.1026/1616-3443/a000150,0,0,
528,The Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Couples: A Theoretical Framework for Assessment and Intervention,"This article provides an overview of how the emotional and behavioral symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an individual often can overwhelm a couple's coping capacities and even threaten the viability of the relationship. A brief overview of the latest research on PTSD and emotionally focused couple therapy (EFCT) is provided. The distinct knowledge and skill base of EFCT as it has been applied to the assessment and intervention with a couple that has been profoundly affected by PTSD is illustrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Couples Therapy, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Couples, Intervention, Marital Relations, Stress","Beckerman, N. L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
529,Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory profiles of Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and their children,"Forty children of 28 fathers who are Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed me Minnesota Multiphasic. Personality Inventory. Each of the fathers had at least one elevated clinical scale. Fathers averaged eight elevated clinical scales, and compared to more recent norms, fathers averaged seven elevated clinical scales. Seventy-eight percent of the children had at least one clinical elevated scale (averaging three elevated clinical scales). Compared to contemporary normal adolescents and adults, 65% of children had at least one clinically elevated scale (still averaging three elevated clinical scales). No consistent MMPI profile patterns emerged within or across the two groups. No gender differences were detected among child MMPI profiles. Forty percent of the children reported illegal drug use, and 35% reported behavior problems. Fifteen percent of children reported previous violent behavior. Eighty-three percent of the children reported elevated Cook-Medley hostility scores as compared to an age-matched national normative sample. Children with higher PK scores were also significantly more likely to report higher Cook-Medley hostility scores. Forty-five percent of children reported significant elevations on the PTSD/PK subscales.","adolescent, adult, article, behavior disorder, drug abuse, female, hostility, human, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier, Viet Nam, violence","Beckham, J. C., Braxton, L. E., Kudler, H. S., Feldman, M. E., Lytle, B. L., Palmer, S.",1997.0,,,0,0,
530,"Atrocities exposure in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to combat exposure, symptom severity, guilt, and interpersonal violence",,,"Beckham, J. C., Feldman, M. E., Kirby, A. C.",1998.0,,,0,0,
531,Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"A study was conducted to investigate smoking patterns in 445 Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat veterans with PTSD reported similar occurrence of smoking (53%) compared to combat veterans without PTSD (45%). For those who smoked, combat veterans with PTSD reported a significantly higher rate of heavy smoking (> or = 25 cigarettes daily): 28% of combat veterans without PTSD were heavy smokers and 48% of combat veterans with PTSD were heavy smokers. PTSD diagnosis and heavy smoking status were independently and differentially related to motives for smoking. In combat veterans with PTSD, heavy smoking status was positively related to total health complaints, lifetime health complaints, health complaints in the past year, negative health behaviors, total PTSD symptoms, DSM-IV C cluster (avoidance and numbing) and D cluster (hyperarousal) PTSD symptoms. Heavy smoking status was also associated with fewer positive health behaviors.","Age Factors, Behavioral Symptoms, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, North Carolina/epidemiology, Regression Analysis, Sampling Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking/*epidemiology/psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/psychology, Veterans/*statistics & numerical data","Beckham, J. C., Kirby, A. C., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Moore, S. D., Crawford, A. L., Davidson, J. R., Fairbank, J. A.",1997.0,Sep-Oct,,0,0,
532,Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"A study was conducted to investigate smoking patterns in 445 Vietnam veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat veterans with PTSD reported similar occurrence of smoking (53%) compared to combat veterans without PTSD (45%). For those who smoked, combat veterans with PTSD reported a significantly higher rate of heavy smoking ((less-than or equal to)25 cigarettes daily): 28% of combat veterans without PTSD were heavy smokers and 48% of combat veterans with PTSD were heavy smokers. PTSD diagnosis and heavy smoking status were independently and differentially related to motives for smoking. In combat veterans with PTSD, heavy smoking status was positively related to total health complaints, lifetime health complaints, health complaints in the past year, negative health behaviors, total PTSD symptoms, DSM-IV C cluster (avoidance and numbing) and D cluster (hyperarousal) PTSD symptoms. Heavy smoking status was also associated with fewer positive health behaviors.","adult, article, avoidance behavior, disease association, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, smoking, soldier","Beckham, J. C., Kirby, A. C., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Moore, S. D., Crawford, A. L., Davidson, J. R. T., Fairbanks, J. A.",1997.0,,,0,0,531
533,Interpersonal hostility and violence in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of theoretical models and empirical evidence,"Presents a summary of empirical studies showing that anger and violence are prevalent problems in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Information processing and neurobiological models regarding how anger and aggression may be dysregulated in response to trauma are reviewed. It is noted that anger and interpersonal violence in Vietnam veterans with PTSD may have a distinct etiology and maintenance compared to other disorders, and may be directly related to neurobiological and trauma-related factors. These models may provide frameworks for investigating how anger may be associated with the development and maintenance of PTSD. Additional suggestions for future research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Aggressive Behavior, *Anger, *Experimentation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Violence, Combat Experience, Military Veterans","Beckham, Jean C., Moore, Scott D., Reynolds, Victoria",2000.0,,,0,0,
534,A latent growth curve analysis of reading achievement for an at-risk population,"The development of reading skills from age seven until age 19 was investigated for children who were referred for special education preschool intervention using latent growth curve analysis (n=206). Approximately one-third of the study sample did not require special education services after preschool, providing a natural comparison group. Reading achievement was conceptualized as the Simple View of Reading, where reading is assumed to be the product of decoding and comprehension. Since reading is a developmental process, it is theorized to grow at a non-linear rate, with large differences among individuals. Reading trajectories are apparently stable from an early age, thus predictors of individual trajectories can be hypothesized and their effects estimated. Latent growth curve models allow for intraindividual differences and can accommodate various growth trajectories. In addition, early predictors of reading trajectories for individuals who are at risk for reading difficulties can be added to the model. Results indicate that there were large differences in intercept, or starting point of reading achievement for children who required special education services post-preschool intervention and children who did not. Although there were small but significant differences in growth over time, the trajectories of these two groups were remarkably similar. Both groups had negative trajectories that were quadratic in form, indicating that children who started higher experienced slower growth than children who started lower, and that they both lost ground in reading skills compared to same aged peers over time. In this sample, girls experienced lower achievement than boys, and children with lower SES (as measured by free and reduced lunch) experienced more growth than children with higher SES. The preschool verbal intelligence post-intervention scores of the children accounted for a moderate amount of variance in reading achievement outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Analysis, *At Risk Populations, *Preschool Education, *Reading Achievement, *School Based Intervention, Reading Development, Reading Skills, Special Education","Beecher, Constance C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
535,Effects of initial resources on the development of strains during a stressful training situation: Some counterintuitive results,"Resource theories of occupational stress argue that employees' personal and environmental resources protect them from too much distress or strain during stressful work experiences. We examined four resources (emotional stability, previous experience, low drain on pre-existing resources, and workgroup quality) available to soldiers at the beginning of a stressful 3-month training experience as predictors of the trajectories of their strains over that period of time. Based on conservation of resources theory and the job demands-resources model, we predicted that the trends of strains would be more favorable (would increase more slowly or decline more quickly) if participants started the training with greater resources. The resources, primarily emotional stability and lack of pre-existing resource drain, tended to be negatively related to strains, consistent with the idea that they can reduce strains. Significant interactions predicting trends were found predicting two of the three strains (post-traumatic stress symptoms and depression, but not reports of physical health). Contrary to expectations, however, the three resources that significantly predicted trends over time (emotional stability, previous experience, and low pre-existing resource drain) were associated with worsening rather than improving strains. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Occupational stress, Resources, Strains, Training","Beehr, T. A., Ragsdale, J. M., Kochert, J. F.",2015.0,,10.1002/job.1974,0,0,
536,Anxiety disorders as early stages of malignant psychopathological long-term outcomes: Results of the 10-years prospective EDSP Study,"Introduction: Epidemiological studies consistently evidence that anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders are the most frequent mental disorders in adults with high rates of comorbidity. Little long-term outcome research has examined the psychopathological developmental trajectories which would allow for conclusions regarding improved early identification and targeted intervention. Methods: A representative community sample (N = 3,021; age 14-24) was prospectively followed-up over 10 years. Mental disorders were assessed using a standardized diagnostic interview (DSM-IV/M-CIDI). Results: While anxiety disorders reveal the earliest onset in childhood and adolescents, the incidence for depressive and substance use disorders increases in adolescence and young adulthood. Two thirds of those with an anxiety, depressive, or substance use disorder reveal comorbidity with an average of 3.3 diagnoses (SD = 1.7). Among those with any comorbidity, 79.1% meet criteria for a substance use disorder, 52.8% for a depressive disorder, and 59.6% for an anxiety disorder. While anxiety disorders emerge temporally primary in the majority of comorbid cases (74.2%), substance use (67.5%) and depressive disorders (71.8%) are mostly secondary onset conditions. Circumscribed phobias (specific phobia, social phobia, phobia NOS) and panic attacks increase the risk for onset of comorbid - more complex - anxiety disorders (GAD, panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD, PTSD) (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.5, p < .001). Survival analyses with Cox regressions revealed that the higher the overall number of anxiety diagnoses, the greater the risk for subsequent substance use disorders (HR1 vs 0 Anx = 1.5, HR2 vs 0 Anx = 2.3, HR3+ vs 0 Anx = 2.6; p < .001), depression (HR1 vs 0 Anx = 2.0,HR2 vs 0 Anx = 2.6,HR3+ vs 0 Anx = 3.6; p < .001), and suicidality (HR1 vs 0 Anx = 3.8,HR2 vs 0 Anx = 4.8,HR3+ vs 0 Anx = 21.8; p < .001). Conclusions: Childhood and adolescent anxiety syndromes and disorders are an important gateway for unfavourable long-term psychopathological outcomes. Findings support 'sequential comorbidity' or 'staging models of psychopathology' which suggest that an early cascade of anxiety conditions contributes to a substantial proportion of adult substance use and depressive disorders, possibly due to self-medication and demoralization. Such models are of potential usefulness for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes, emphasizing the need for early identification and targeted interventions to prevent the onset of anxiety disorders and a cascade of secondary psychopathology.","mental disease, anxiety disorder, substance abuse, anxiety, human, comorbidity, diagnosis, depression, social phobia, childhood, risk, model, phobia, adolescent, adult, panic, substance use, survival, hazard ratio, treatment planning, agoraphobia, community sample, demoralization, self medication, staging, diseases, adulthood, proportional hazards model, adolescence, interview, posttraumatic stress disorder","Beesdo-Baum, K., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U.",2013.0,,,0,0,
537,"Factors associated with urban youth violence: Childhood traumatic stress, ethnic identity, cultural legacy of violence and intentionality","Factors related to urban youth violence were examined including: childhood traumatic stress, ethnic identity, and intentionality. A construct, legacy of violence, was briefly conceptually elaborated and proposed as a factor that may be related to traumatic stress and violence in urban youth. Seven major hypotheses regarding the association with and predictive validity of ethnic identity variables and traumatic stress symptomatology were tested. Categories of violence were proposed based on urban adolescents' self-reported intentionality with regard to violent behavior. The relationship between a legacy of violence, childhood traumatic stress and violence was also tested. Two subgroups of teens emerged based on symptom reports of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; a clinical and a nonclinical subgroup. PTSD symptoms of were neither associated with, nor contributed to the prediction of violence in urban teens. Aspects of ethnic identity including separatist attitudes and perceptions of ethnic group power were found, however, to be associated with urban adolescent violence. Separatist attitudes and perceptions of ethnic group power were found, in addition, to significantly contribute to the prediction of violence in urban adolescents. Legacy of violence was associated with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and it significantly contributed to the prediction of urban youth violence. Five categories of violence according to urban teens self-reported intentionality emerged from qualitative data. The nomenclature was derived from clinical evidence and open-ended questions in the survey: Defensive Violence, Preemptive Violence, Defensive Revenge, Offensive Revenge, and Anger and Frustration Violence. Intervention implications and suggestions for future research were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Ethnic Identity, *Sociocultural Factors, *Stress, *Violence","Begany, Joseph J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
538,Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Purpose of review: There is a dual connection between violent behaviour and posttraumatic stress disorder. On one hand, exposure to violence leads to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and on the other hand some of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are violent behaviour and aggression. In other words, violence creates post-traumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder contains violence. The frequency of violent behaviour as a background for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder is increasing. Exposure to violence, criminal and terrorist attacks, sexual (especially in early childhood) and physical abuse lead to anxiety, aggression, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Recent findings: Different types of violence and their psychological and psychiatric consequences are now being researched to determine whether there are any differences in exposure to violence and its consequences with regard to age, sex, ethnicity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Apart from the individual and his/her family, the effects of violence on the wider community are being examined. In contrast, the well-described post-traumatic stress disorder, within the frame of increased alertness, can contain violence, aggression, anger, and impulsivity, which are a big problem for the patient and his/her family. These are the most common reasons for requesting psychiatric treatment. Summary: Future research into violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder will reveal the risk factors for this disorder, and try to explain what it is that, after exposing an individual to psychological trauma, leads to post-traumatic stress disorder. Possible protective factors and mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder will be described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Aggressive Behavior, *Anxiety, *Major Depression, *Physical Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Begic, Drazen, Jokic-Begic, Natasa",2002.0,,,0,0,
539,Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Croatian War veterans: Retrospective study,"Aim: To determine the relationship between the intensity of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the intensity of predominating symptoms. Method: The study included 151 veterans from 1992-1995 war in Croatia (aged 38.3 (plus or minus) 7.3 years) with PTSD. The veterans were psychologically tested with the Mississippi Scale for Combat-related PTSD (M-PTSD), Questionnaire on Traumatic Combat and War Experiences (USTBI-M), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-version 201 (MMPI-201). Results: The discriminative analysis of the data revealed that the group with lower PTSD intensity had the highest scores on MMPI scales D (depression, T-score 98.3 (plus or minus) 5.6), Hs (hypochondriasis, 90.1 (plus or minus) 5.1), and Hy (hysteria, 89.5 (plus or minus) 4.9), whereas the group with higher PTSD intensity, besides these three scales (D = 95.7 (plus or minus) 5.3; Hs = 87.6 (plus or minus) 4.3; Hy = 85.6 (plus or minus) 4.7), also had clinically significantly elevated Pt (psychastenia, 80.6 (plus or minus) 5.6), Sc (schizophrenia, 79.6 (plus or minus) 4.8), and Pa (paranoia, 85.6 (plus or minus) 5.4) scales, with the highest Pa scale. Conclusion: It was possible to differentiate study participants with different PTSD intensity on the basis of their MMPI profile. More intense PTSD was associated with externalized symptoms, such as aggression, acting-out, hostility, and mistrust, whereas less intensive PTSD was associated with mostly depressive symptoms. Our study showed that different intensity of PTSD has different symptom patterns.","adult, article, clinical feature, controlled study, correlation analysis, Croatia, depression, discriminant analysis, human, hypochondriasis, hysteria, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, paranoia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychasthenia, psychologic assessment, questionnaire, retrospective study, schizophrenia, scoring system, veteran, war","Begic, D., Jokic-Begic, N.",2007.0,,,0,0,
540,Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Croatian War veterans: Retrospective study,"Aim: To determine the relationship between the intensity of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the intensity of predominating symptoms. Method: The study included 151 veterans from 1992-1995 war in Croatia (aged 38.3 ± 7.3 years) with PTSD. The veterans were psychologically tested with the Mississippi Scale for Combat-related PTSD (M-PTSD), Questionnaire on Traumatic Combat and War Experiences (USTBI-M), and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-version 201 (MMPI-201). Results: The discriminative analysis of the data revealed that the group with lower PTSD intensity had the highest scores on MMPI scales D (depression, T-score 98.3 ± 5.6), Hs (hypochondriasis, 90.1 ± 5.1), and Hy (hysteria, 89.5 ± 4.9), whereas the group with higher PTSD intensity, besides these three scales (D = 95.7 ± 5.3; Hs = 87.6 ± 4.3; Hy = 85.6 ± 4.7), also had clinically significantly elevated Pt (psychastenia, 80.6 ± 5.6), Sc (schizophrenia, 79.6 ± 4.8), and Pa (paranoia, 85.6 ± 5.4) scales, with the highest Pa scale. Conclusion: It was possible to differentiate study participants with different PTSD intensity on the basis of their MMPI profile. More intense PTSD was associated with externalized symptoms, such as aggression, acting-out, hostility, and mistrust, whereas less intensive PTSD was associated with mostly depressive symptoms. Our study showed that different intensity of PTSD has different symptom patterns.",,"Begić, D., Jokić-Begić, N.",2007.0,,,0,0,539
541,"Trauma, time and mental health: A study of temporal reintegration and Depressive Disorder among Southeast Asian refugees","Background. Prior research suggested that time splitting - suppressing the past and dissociating it from present and future - protected refugee mental health in the aftermath of catastrophe. The current study investigates temporal reintegration, defined as cognitive recapture of the past and reconnecting it with present and future, the mental health effects of temporal reintegration, and factors moderating the associated risk for Depressive Disorder. Method. A community sample of 608 Southeast Asian refugees, resettled in Vancouver British Columbia between 1979 and 1981, were interviewed on three separate occasions over a 10-year period. Participants performed a temporal orientation task and responded to questions about employment, social relations and mental health. Depressive Disorder, measured by a typology derived from Grade of Membership analysis of symptoms, constituted the dependent variable. Latent Growth Curve Analysis was used to examine both levels and rates of change in the probability of Depressive Disorder as predicted by changes in temporal reintegration, as well as the contribution of putative social and psychological moderators to explaining variations in growth parameters. Results. Time relatedness increased over the duration of the study. Temporal reintegration jeopardized mental health. Employment and relational stability each moderated the mental health effects of temporal reintegration. Conclusions. Although time splitting may be effective in coping with adversity over the short-term, eventual temporal reintegration is probably ineluctable. Stability in love and work are protective factors, mitigating the mental health vicissitudes of temporal reintegration. Implications for optimal timing of clinical interventions are discussed. (copyright) 2004 Cambridge University Press.","adult, aged, article, Canada, controlled study, coping behavior, depression, dissociation, emotional stability, employment, female, growth curve, human, human relation, integration, love, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, probability, protection, questionnaire, refugee, risk factor, Southeast Asia, time perception, work","Beiser, M., Wickrama, K. A. S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
542,Postconcussive symptom complaints and potentially malleable positive predictors,"The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between postconcussion symptom complaint (PCS) severity and positive coping factors (knowledge, self-efficacy, and attributions) in a sample of individuals who have sustained a mild TBI, above and beyond the demographic and psychiatric predictors that have been most commonly examined. Ninety-one people with a history of reported mild TBI were surveyed. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that demographic variables and psychiatric symptom severity predicted PCS severity. Consistent with our hypotheses, knowledge, self-efficacy, and attributions, when taken together, made an independent and significant contribution to prediction of PCS severity (21% of additional variance). The most potent factor was attribution, or the extent to which one attributes symptoms to mild TBI versus other causes. Those who attribute their symptoms to TBI are more likely to report greater symptom severity overall. Taken together, knowledge, self-efficacy, and attributions contribute independently to PCS severity. Additional research is needed to determine if these factors are amenable to intervention. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","Attributions, Concussion, Mild TBI, Postconcussion syndrome, Postconcussive, Resilience, TBI","Belanger, H. G., Barwick, F. H., Kip, K. E., Kretzmer, T., Vanderploeg, R. D.",2013.0,,10.1080/13854046.2013.774438,0,0,
543,Specific symptoms predict suicidal ideation in vietnam combat veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder,"Previous research documented the elevated risk of suicide and suicidal ideation among Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the current study was to examine which Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, PTSD symptom clusters are most associated with suicidal ideation in this population. Fifty Vietnam combat veterans enrolled in treatment for PTSD responded to the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and were interviewed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. In linear regression analysis, it was found that the reexperiencing symptom cluster was significantly associated with suicidal ideation but the other two symptom clusters (avoidance/numbing and increased arousal) were not. Furthermore, scores on a measure of severity of combat exposure were not found to be significantly related to PTSD symptoms or suicidal ideation. The results of this study suggest the importance of reexperiencing symptoms for predicting which individuals with combat-related PTSD are most at risk for suicidal ideation and behavior.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, beck scale for suicidal ideation, clinical article, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, experience, high risk population, human, linear regression analysis, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychologic test, risk assessment, risk factor, suicidal ideation, symptom, United States, veteran","Bell, J. B., Nye, E. C.",2007.0,,,0,0,
544,Headache trajectory and the development of post traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury,"Objective: To explore the relationship between headache trajectory across the first year after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) one year post-injury. Design: Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data Setting: Community Participants: 212 prospectively enrolled individuals diagnosed with mTBI Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: PTSD was measured by the PTSD Checklist- Civilian Version (PCL-C). Headache trajectories were determined by headache pain rating within 7 days of injury and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury. Results or Clinical Course: Latent Class Trajectory analysis was used to identify 4 trajectories for headache after mTBI: Resolved (early headache that then went away N=28), Worsening (limited early headache with increasing over time N=63), Improving (significant early headache reducing steadily over time N=23), and Chronic (significant headache across time N=100). PTSD was found in 13% of the sample and was significantly associated with having a Chronic headache trajectory with 21 of 25 individuals with PTSD falling in this trajectory. Conclusions: The majority of individuals with mTBI had significant issues with headache over time, with most falling into the Worsening and Chronic trajectories, suggesting that early identification and treatment of headache may be important to change trajectory. In addition, having Chronic headache trajectory across the first year was also significantly associated with PTSD at one year after injury. Additional research is needed to determine how headache pain influences development of PTSD and/or how PTSD contributes to chronicity of headaches.","headache, posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, physical medicine, rehabilitation, injury, pain, human, checklist, community, chronicity, disease course, secondary analysis","Bell, K., Sawyer, K. A., Temkin, N., Dikmen, S., Dillworth, T., Ehde, D., Williams, R., Hoffman, J. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
545,A spatial analysis of functional outcomes and quality of life outcomes after pediatric injury,"Background: Changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are more regularly being monitored during the first year after injury. Monitoring changes in HRQoL using spatial cluster analysis can potentially identify concentrations of geographic areas with injury survivors with similar outcomes, thereby improving how interventions are delivered or in how outcomes are evaluated. Methods: We used a spatial scan statistic designed for oridinal data to test two different spatial cluster analysis of very low, low, high, and very high HRQoL scores. Our study was based on HRQoL scores returned by children treated for injury at British Columbia Children’s Hospital and discharged to the Vancouver Metropolitan Area. Spatial clusters were assessed at 4 time periods – baseline (based on pre-injury health as reported prior to discharge from hospital), and one, four, and twelve months after discharge. Outcome data were measured used the PedsQL™ outcome scale. Outcome values of very low, low, high, and very high HRQoL scores were defined by classifying PedsQL™ scores into quartiles. In the first test, all scores were assessed for clustering without specifying whether the response score was from a baseline or follow-up response. In the second analysis, we built a space-time model to identify whether HRQoL responses could be identified at specific time points. Results: Among all participants, geographic clustering of response scores were observed globally and at specific time periods. In the purely spatial analysis, five significant clusters of ‘very low’ PedsQL physical and psychosocial health outcomes were identified within geographic zones ranging in size from 1 to 21 km. A space-time analysis of outcomes identified significant clusters of both ‘very low’ and ‘low’ outcomes between survey months within zones ranging in size from 3 to 5 km. Conclusion: Monitoring patient health outcomes following injury is important for planning and targeting interventions. A common theme in the literature is that future prevention efforts may benefit from identifying those most a risk of developing ongoing problems after injury in effort to target resources to those most in need. Spatial scan statistics are tools that could be applied for identifying concentrations of poor recovery outcomes. By classifying outcomes as a categorical variable, clusters of ‘potentially low’ outcomes can also be mapped, thereby identifying populations whose recovery status may decrease.","alternative hypothesis, article, cancer staging, childhood injury, cluster analysis, cognition, conceptual framework, data analysis, emotion, human, interview, Likert scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, quality of life assessment, questionnaire, scoring system, social interaction, social psychology, social status, spatial analysis, spatial scan statistic","Bell, N., Kruse, S., Simons, R. K., Brussoni, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
546,Structural model analysis of HIV risk behaviors among sexually active minority adolescents,"Objective: To evaluate an HIV risk profile in sexually active black and Hispanic adolescents using a structural equation model (SEM). Method: Grantees from 15 states and Washington, DC, were selected to participate in the study. Black and Hispanic adolescents (N=2,371) who completed the baseline instrument were required to have experienced vaginal, oral or anal sex in order to be included in this study. Total minority youths who self-reported as black but not Hispanic were n=1,455 and for Hispanic n=916. Results: The hypothesized model fit moderately well (CFI=0.940, TLI=0.928, RMSEA=0.039). The key significant direct effect was found (P<0.05) for higher alcohol, tobacco and other drug use related to nonuse of condoms, more sex partners and use of substances before sex. Conclusion: Current findings underscore the need to incorporate culturally sensitive strategies in developing programs for minority youth. However, given that minority group members often report greater experiences of discrimination than whites, future research in this area should also include an examination of the role of other stressors such as racial disparities and their potential cumulative impact on minority youth and their risks for alcohol, tobacco and other drug use and HIV.","alcohol, anus, article, condom, controlled study, drug use, female, Hispanic, human, Human immunodeficiency virus, juvenile, male, medical research, oral sex, priority journal, racism, risk, sexual behavior, sexuality, statistical significance, structural equation modeling, tobacco, United States, vagina","Bellamy, N. D., Wang, M. Q., Matthew, R. F., Leitao, M. P., Agee, R. A., Yan, A. F.",2008.0,,,0,0,
547,Neuropsychologic profile of recent combat returnees with suspected tbi from pure blast exposure,"Objective: (a) Characterize neuropsychological profiles of combat veterans with suspected TBI from explosive blasts only. (b) Analyze how deficits relate to characteristics of injury. (c) Assess relationship of neuropsychological deficits to emotional distress. Methods: Participants were 60 recent combat veterans evaluated at the VA Palo Alto after screening positive for mild to moderate TBI, due to explosive blast within past 5 years. All subjects reported altered mental functioning, including loss of consciousness (LOC) in 43% and posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) in 38%. Veterans were excluded if they experienced any other type of head trauma, such as MVA or falls. Participants were given the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Screening Module (NAB-S) plus other motor, visual-spatial, processing speed, executive, and emotional measures. Results: Participants had significant decrements in dexterity, attention, memory, and executive skills (group mean = -0.5 to -1.5 SD below norms, p < .05). Many participants showed significant symptoms of PTSD, depression, or anxiety, which were correlated with PTA and low scores on some neuropsychologic tests. However, several deficits were unrelated to emotional symptoms. Specifically, PTA showed the strongest correlation with decreased Grooved Pegboard performance with non-dominant hand (p < .05), after controlling for emotional symptoms. LOC was unrelated to cognitive and emotional scores. Conclusion: These findings replicate and expand on prior research, indicating: (a) Pure blast exposure may have significant neurocognitive sequelae. (b) Posttraumatic amnesia is an important risk factor for continuing post-concussive deficits. (c) Motor skills may provide a sensitive window into neurologic sequelae of combat blast exposure, which is relatively independent of the effects of emotional distress.","explosive, exposure, neuropsychology, veteran, manager, amnesia, screening, emotional stress, velocity, skill, memory, anxiety, risk factor, motor performance, injury, consciousness, head injury, processing, posttraumatic stress disorder","Belsher, B. E., Hutson, L., Greenberg, L., Sullivan, C., Hull, A., Poole, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
548,Expert opinions about the ICD-10 category of enduring personality change after catastrophic experience,"The inclusion of enduring personality change after catastrophic experience (EPCACE) as a diagnostic category in the ICD-10 represents a turning point in the evolution of the nosology of traumatic stress syndromes, yet many aspects of the diagnosis remain contentious. Given the absence of published research concerning this category, an exploratory survey of international experts was conducted using a questionnaire focusing on key aspects of the category, namely whether respondents used the diagnosis of EPCACE in their practice; which features were most salient in making a diagnosis of posttraumatic personality change; the types and characteristics of traumatic events that were judged to be most likely to cause EPCACE; and the possible limitations of the ICD-10 diagnosis. A response rate of 56.3% was obtained. A substantial portion of trauma experts working in the field of human-engendered violence recognize the possibility that certain traumas can result in personality change. However, questions were raised about the specificity of the criteria proposed for the category of EPCACE in ICD-10. A composite profile of proposed additional features suggests that a more comprehensive array of adaptational changes are recognized than are encompassed by EPCACE.","adaptation, article, disease classification, mental stress, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, violence","Beltran, R. O., Silove, D.",1999.0,,,0,0,
549,Posttraumatic symptoms and suicide risk,"The relationship between traumatic events and suicide risk is well known. Most researches agree that Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) plays a major role in this link. However, less is known about the specific posttraumatic symptom constellation that predicts suicide risk. In the current study we examined the posttraumatic symptom's profile which is associated with suicide risk, in a community sample of men with no known psychopathology. The research population included 103 men aged 25-45. They were administered the 'Traumatic Event Questionnaire', 'PTSD Scale', 'Suicide Risk Scale' (SRS) and the SCL-90. Results indicated that suicide risk was predicted by high levels of depression and hostility. High levels of arousal symptom and low levels of avoidance added a significant contribution to that prediction, suggesting that avoidance may serve as a buffer against suicide risk, while high levels of arousal may increase suicide risk. These findings may serve mental health professionals to identify high-risk persons also in a non-clinical population. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Depression, Hostility, Posttraumatic symptoms, Suicide risk","""Ben-Yaacov, Y."", Amir, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
550,Resilience and distress: Israelis respond to the disengagement from Gaza and the second Lebanese war,"Resilience and distress in Israeli society were assessed at three points in time: before and after the Israeli disengagement from Gaza, and after the second Lebanese war. A random sample of 366 Israelis was assessed for nation-related anxiety and hostility, personal resources and post-traumatic symptoms. The lowest levels of anxiety were observed at the second time point, after the disengagement. Respondents with high-resilience profiles showed lower levels of post-traumatic symptoms and higher levels of personal resources. The findings underscore Israelis' resilience and the importance of personal resources in ongoing nationally stressful situations. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Nation-related anxiety, Personal resilience, Personal resources, Post-traumatic symptoms","Ben-Zur, H., Gilbar, O.",2011.0,,,0,1,
551,Characterizing impulsivity profile in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder,"Objective. Impulsivity represents a key dimension in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), in relation to outcome and course. It can be assessed through the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), which explores three main areas: attentional, motor, and nonplanning. Present study was aimed to assess level of impulsivity in a sample of OCD patients, in comparison with healthy controls, using the BIS. Methods. Seventy-five OCD outpatients, 48 of them having psychiatric comorbidities and 70 healthy controls, were assessed through the BIS, and their scores were analyzed using Student's t-test for independent samples, on the basis of demographic and clinical characteristics. Results. BIS total scores were significantly higher (P: 0.01) in patients compared to controls, with no difference between pure and comorbid patients. Attentional impulsivity scores were significantly higher than controls in patients with pure (P < 0.001) and comorbid OCD (P < 0.001), without differences among them. Patients with multiple OC phenotypes showed higher, though statistically non significant, total and attentional scores, compared to single phenotype patients. In addition, patients with comorbid major depressive disorder had higher, though statistically non significant, total and attentional scores, compared to patients with comorbid bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and other disorders. Conclusions. Present findings showed higher impulsivity levels in OCD patients versus controls, particularly in the attentional area, and ultimately suggest a potential cognitive implication. © 2014 Informa Healthcare.","Barratt impulsiveness scale, Comorbidity, Impulsivity, Obsessive-compulsive disorder","Benatti, B., ""DellOsso, B."", Arici, C., Hollander, E., Altamura, A. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
552,Combat stress reaction and changes in military medical profile,"This study examines changes in the military medical profile following participation in war. Two groups of Israeli soldiers who participated in the 1982 Lebanon War were studied: 360 soldiers who were treated for immediate combat stress disorder during the war, and a matched control group of 310 soldiers who participated in the same war and were not identified as combat stress reaction causalities. Significant lowering of the profile after the war was noted for both groups. These changes were much stronger for combat stress reaction casualties. The differences between the groups were especially pronounced with regard to the addition of the psychiatric impairment category to the military medical profile. No background characteristics differentiated between combat stress reaction casualties who lowered their profile and those who did not. The implications of the findings for further research and for military mental health policy are discussed.","adult, article, controlled study, epidemiology, etiology, human, Israel, mental health, military medicine, prevention, psychiatry, soldier, stress, war","Benbenishty, R.",1991.0,,,0,0,
553,Childhood trauma increases the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in response to first-episode psychosis,"Objective: To investigate the relationship between childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress symptoms due to the experience of childhood trauma, and post-traumatic stress symptoms due to the experience of psychosis. Method: The current study assessed childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a result of both childhood trauma and psychosis using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised, in a group of 36 people with first-episode psychosis. Results: Reported rates of clinical level post-psychotic PTSD symptoms, childhood trauma and childhood trauma-related clinical level PTSD symptoms were 47% (95% CI 31-64%), 64% (95% CI 48-80%) and 39% (95% CI 23-55%), respectively. Reporting childhood trauma increased the risk of developing post-psychosis PTSD 27-fold (95% CI 2.96-253.80, p = 0.01). Having childhood trauma-related PTSD increased the risk of developing post-psychosis PTSD 20-fold (95% CI 3.38-123.25, p = 0.01). These risks were not explained by illness factors such as duration of untreated psychosis, age of onset or severity of psychotic symptoms. Those without post-psychotic PTSD symptoms at clinical levels were unlikely to report childhood trauma (6%; 95% CI 3-8%). Conclusions: These results suggest the cognitive, social and biological consequences of childhood trauma can prevent effective recovery from the trauma of acute first-episode psychosis resulting in post-psychotic PTSD. Treatment strategies for post-psychotic PTSD must address childhood trauma and related PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosis, *Risk Factors, *Trauma","Bendall, Sarah, Alvarez-Jimenez, Mario, Hulbert, Carol A., McGorry, Patrick D., Jackson, Henry J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
554,Mental health correlates of victimization classes among homeless youth,"Literature reports high rates of street victimization among homeless youth and recognizes psychiatric symptoms associated with such victimization. Few studies have investigated the existence of victimization classes that differ in type and frequency of victimization and how youth in such classes differ in psychiatric profiles. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to examine whether classes of homeless youth, based on both type and frequency of victimization experiences, differ in rates of meeting diagnostic criteria for major depressive episodes and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of homeless youth (. N=. 601) from three regions of the United States. Results suggest youth who experience high levels of direct and indirect victimization (high-victimization class) share similarly high rates of depressive episodes and PTSD as youth who experience primarily indirect victimization only (witness class). Rates of meeting criteria for depressive episodes and PTSD were nearly two and three times greater, respectively, among the high victimization and witness classes compared to youth who never or rarely experienced victimization. Findings suggest the need for screening and intervention for homeless youth who report direct and indirect victimization and youth who report indirect victimization only, while prevention efforts may be more relevant for youth who report limited victimization experience.","Depression, Homeless youth, Latent class, Mental health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Victimization","Bender, K., Ferguson, K., Thompson, S., Langenderfer, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
555,"Corrigendum to ""The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons"" [Clinical Psychology Review 28 (2008) 766-75]","Reports an error in ""The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons"" by Steven G. Benish, Zac E. Imel and Bruce E. Wampold (Clinical Psychology Review, 2008[Jun], Vol 28[5], 746-758). There are three errors in the original analysis that appear in Table 1: The effect size for all measures should be d=.40 for Foa et al. (1999), while all measures and PTSD measures for Devilly & Spence (1999) should be d=.43 and d=.57, respectively. In the original analysis, data from Resick et al. (1988) was erroneously included in lieu of Resick (2002) including the quotation. The correct effect size for Resick et al. (2002) all measures and PTSD measures should be d=.31 and d=.27, respectively. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-05435-003.) Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology, and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-a-vis no treatment or common factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for patients with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Benish, Steve G., Imel, Zac E., Wampold, Bruce E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
556,The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons,"[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 28(7) of Clinical Psychology Review (see record 2008-12391-016). There are three errors in the original analysis that appear in Table 1: The effect size for all measures should be d=.40 for Foa et al. (1999), while all measures and PTSD measures for Devilly & Spence (1999) should be d=.43 and d=.57, respectively. In the original analysis, data from Resick et al. (1988) was erroneously included in lieu of Resick (2002) including the quotation. The correct effect size for Resick et al. (2002) all measures and PTSD measures should be d=.31 and d=.27, respectively.] Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology, and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-a-vis no treatment or common factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for patients with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Benish, Steven G., Imel, Zac E., Wampold, Bruce E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
557,Predictors of the long-term course of comorbid PTSD: A naturalistic prospective study,"Objectives. The study examined the long-term course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by analyzing rates of recurrence and the predictive value of comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychosocial functioning. Methods. This study is based on diagnostic assessments administered at intake and subsequent follow-up interviews over a period of 15 years in a sample of 90 anxiety-disordered patients with comorbid PTSD who participated in the Harvard Brown Anxiety Research project (HARP). KaplanMeier life table analysis revealed a 0.20 probability of full remission during the 15 years of follow-up. Results. Latent growth model (LGM) analysis revealed that the number of trauma exposures was a predictor of a worse course of PTSD but only during some intervals of the 15-year follow-up. Subjects with full social phobia were more likely to experience worsening of PTSD over time in comparison with subjects with less severe social phobia. Role functioning in the areas of household and employment was a significant predictor of a declining course of PTSD. Conclusions. These findings revealed the dynamic nature of the predictive value of traumatic experiences, the deleterious effect of social phobia and the long term effect of psychosocial functioning on the course of PTSD. Implications for treatment planning and development of interventions for PTSD are discussed. (copyright) 2013 Informa Healthcare.","adult, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, comorbidity, disease duration, disease severity, drug abuse, drug dependence, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, human, interview, long term care, longitudinal study, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, mood disorder, multicenter study (topic), obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictive value, predictor variable, priority journal, probability, prospective study, recurrent disease, remission, social phobia, social psychology, substance abuse, treatment planning","Benitez, C. I. P., Zlotnick, C., Dyck, I., Stout, R., Angert, E., Weisberg, R., Keller, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
558,Predictors of the long-term course of comorbid PTSD: A naturalistic prospective study,"Objectives. The study examined the long-term course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by analyzing rates of recurrence and the predictive value of comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychosocial functioning. Methods. This study is based on diagnostic assessments administered at intake and subsequent follow-up interviews over a period of 15 years in a sample of 90 anxiety-disordered patients with comorbid PTSD who participated in the Harvard Brown Anxiety Research project (HARP). KaplanMeier life table analysis revealed a 0.20 probability of full remission during the 15 years of follow-up. Results. Latent growth model (LGM) analysis revealed that the number of trauma exposures was a predictor of a worse course of PTSD but only during some intervals of the 15-year follow-up. Subjects with full social phobia were more likely to experience worsening of PTSD over time in comparison with subjects with less severe social phobia. Role functioning in the areas of household and employment was a significant predictor of a declining course of PTSD. Conclusions. These findings revealed the dynamic nature of the predictive value of traumatic experiences, the deleterious effect of social phobia and the long term effect of psychosocial functioning on the course of PTSD. Implications for treatment planning and development of interventions for PTSD are discussed. © 2013 Informa Healthcare.","Clinical predictors of PTSD, Long-term course, Longitudin al studies, Psychosocial functioning, PTSD, Social anxiety","Benítez, C. I. P., Zlotnick, C., Dyck, I., Stout, R., Angert, E., Weisberg, R., Keller, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,557
559,Unconscious relational traumatic memory and its relevance to 'everyday' clinical psychiatry,"Objective: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of the concept of unconscious relational traumatic memory to 'everyday' clinical psychiatry. Method: One clinical vignette and concepts from the Conversational Model of Psychotherapy are used to consider the potential relevance of this type of memory. Conclusions: The influence of modern classification systems and the dominance of the paradigm of 'biological psychiatry' over the last 30 years have together led to an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment by symptom cluster. This perspective may overlook both the patient's current psycho-social context and their personal history. An understanding of unconscious relational traumatic memory may assist in both the conceptualisation and the treatment of many patients, particularly those adults who have been abused in childhood, where the link between the early experiences and the late manifestations are frequently lost. © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2013.","Child abuse, Conversational model of psychotherapy, Patient history, Psychosocial issues, Trauma, Traumatic memory, Unconscious memory","Benjamin, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
560,Investigating the Construct of Trauma-Related Acquired Callousness Among Delinquent Youth: Differences in Emotion Processing,"This study tested theories regarding differences in emotion processing among youth characterized by primary versus acquired callous-unemotional (CU) traits in a sample of 417 detained adolescents (306 boys, 111 girls). Mixture modeling identified 2 groups of youth high in CU, but with different levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of acquired CU as being linked to trauma. Differences between the 2 groups of youth were investigated regarding 3 dimensions of emotion processing: emotion regulation, numbing, and recognition. Compared to youth classified in the primary group, youth classified as acquired CU demonstrated greater difficulty with lack of clarity (OR = 0.53), and nonacceptance of emotions, (OR = 0.57), general numbing of emotions (OR = 0.87), and recognition of disgust (OR = 0.18). Differences in emotion processing reported by youth in the 2 groups are consistent with theories regarding acquired callousness as related to emotional detachment in the aftermath of posttraumatic distress. The results of the current study have implications for the classification of primary and acquired CU, as well as the clinical treatment of youth with these characteristics. © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Bennett, D. C., Kerig, P. K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
561,Validation of the five-factor model of PTSD symptom structure among delinquent youth,"This study compared the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) diagnostic 3-factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with leading 4-factor models and the newly proposed 5-factor dysphoric arousal model in a sample of 1,363 juvenile-justice-involved adolescents (990 boys, 373 girls). Structural equation modeling suggested that the 5-factor dysphoric arousal model fit significantly better than each of the other models. The model fit better for girls than for boys, and girls evidenced stronger factor loadings for items on all but the Anxious Arousal factor. The factors of the 5-factor model were then tested as mediators of the association between interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma and mental health problems. Interpersonal trauma was associated with PTSD symptoms for boys and girls, whereas noninterpersonal trauma exposure was only associated with PTSD symptoms for boys, despite equal levels of exposure across genders, suggesting that girls may be more sensitive to the effects of interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, trauma. Patterns in mediation were moderated by gender, as girls data showed stronger paths leading to depression/anxiety, somatic complaints, and suicidal ideation through PTSD symptoms, whereas for boys, paths were stronger leading to anger/irritability symptoms. Mediation results suggested differential patterns of influence for dysphoric versus anxious arousal and also indicate the importance of numbing for delinquent youth. These results add to the evidence base supporting the 5-factor dysphoric arousal model in establishing developmentally sensitive criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD among traumatized youth. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","delinquency, gender, PTSD, symptom clusters","Bennett, D. C., Kerig, P. K., Chaplo, S. D., McGee, A. B., Baucom, B. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
562,Investigating the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of traumatized detained youth,"In this study, we tested the validity of a dissociative subtype in a sample of 225 detained adolescents (142 boys, 83 girls) likely meeting full or partial criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Competing theories of dissociation pose controversy regarding dissociation as a taxon versus a continuum, and results of the current study contribute to this debate by providing evidence of distinct group differences between those high and low in dissociation. Mixture modeling revealed 2 groups of youth with differing levels of depersonalization/derealization dissociative symptoms. Differences between the 2 groups of youth were investigated regarding trauma exposure and several posttraumatic reactions: posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), emotion dysregulation, and emotional numbing. Compared with youth classified in the low-dissociation group, youth who exhibited high levels of dissociation demonstrated higher levels of total PTSS, posttraumatic symptom clusters of emotional numbing, intrusion, and associated features, as well as reporting more difficulties with emotion dysregulation. To test theory regarding the factors that increase the likelihood of persistent dissociation, bootstrapped regression analyses were performed to examine the possibility of an indirect effect of peritraumatic dissociation. Results consistent with statistical mediation suggested that the presence of peritraumatic dissociation at the time of trauma may contribute to the continuation of dissociative symptoms as a more generalized pattern. The results of the current study have implications for clinical treatment with traumatized youth.",,"Bennett, D. C., Modrowski, C. A., Kerig, P. K., Chaplo, S. D.",2015.0,Sep,10.1037/tra0000057,0,1,
563,Self-embedding behavior: A new primary care challenge,"OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to define self-embedding behavior (SEB), develop a clinical profile of adolescents who engage in SEB, and emphasize the importance of rapid, targeted, and effective identification and intervention. METHODS: As part of a retrospective study with a database evaluating 600 patients percutaneously treated for soft-tissue foreign body removal, adolescents were identified with self-embedded soft-tissue foreign bodies. We describe patients' gender, age, and psychiatric diagnoses; SEB age of onset, frequency, and self-reported reasons; and the number, type, location of, and removal technique for objects. RESULTS: Eleven patients (9 females) who engaged in SEB were identified. Ten of the 11 patients were members of a group home or psychiatric facility at the time they engaged in SEB. All patients had previous and multiple psychiatric diagnoses. SEB mean age-of-onset was 16 years, and mean number of SEB episodes per patient was 1.9. The most common self-reported purpose for SEB was suicidal ideation (6 of 8 [75%]) versus nonsuicidal ideation (2 of 8 [25%]), with 3 cases lacking this documentation. The mean number of objects embedded in a single episode was 2.4, usually composed of metal and embedded in the arm. Seventy-six foreign bodies were percutaneously removed (using ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance), including metal, glass, wood, plastic, graphite, and crayon. CONCLUSIONS: SEB is an extreme form of self-injury requiring aggressive and timely interdisciplinary assessment and treatment. An understanding of SEB allows medical professionals to pursue rapid, targeted, and effective intervention to interrupt the cycle of self-harm and institute appropriate long-term therapy. Copyright © 2011 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.","Adolescent, Foreign body, Self-embedding, Self-injury","Bennett, G. H., Shiels Ii, W. E., Young, A. S., Lofthouse, N., Mihalov, L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
564,Self-embedding behavior: A new primary care challenge,"OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to define self-embedding behavior (SEB), develop a clinical profile of adolescents who engage in SEB, and emphasize the importance of rapid, targeted, and effective identification and intervention. METHODS: As part of a retrospective study with a database evaluating 600 patients percutaneously treated for soft-tissue foreign body removal, adolescents were identified with self-embedded soft-tissue foreign bodies. We describe patients' gender, age, and psychiatric diagnoses; SEB age of onset, frequency, and self-reported reasons; and the number, type, location of, and removal technique for objects. RESULTS: Eleven patients (9 females) who engaged in SEB were identified. Ten of the 11 patients were members of a group home or psychiatric facility at the time they engaged in SEB. All patients had previous and multiple psychiatric diagnoses. SEB mean age-of-onset was 16 years, and mean number of SEB episodes per patient was 1.9. The most common self-reported purpose for SEB was suicidal ideation (6 of 8 [75%]) versus nonsuicidal ideation (2 of 8 [25%]), with 3 cases lacking this documentation. The mean number of objects embedded in a single episode was 2.4, usually composed of metal and embedded in the arm. Seventy-six foreign bodies were percutaneously removed (using ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance), including metal, glass, wood, plastic, graphite, and crayon. CONCLUSIONS: SEB is an extreme form of self-injury requiring aggressive and timely interdisciplinary assessment and treatment. An understanding of SEB allows medical professionals to pursue rapid, targeted, and effective intervention to interrupt the cycle of self-harm and institute appropriate long-term therapy. Copyright (copyright) 2011 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.","glass, graphite, metal, plastic, adolescent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, automutilation, bipolar disorder, borderline state, cellulitis, child behavior, clinical article, conduct disorder, depression, female, fluoroscopy, foreign body, human, male, mental disease, obsessive compulsive disorder, onset age, panic, paramedical personnel, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, priority journal, retrospective study, self embedding behavior, self report, skin irritation, suicidal ideation, suppuration, wood","Bennett, G. H., Shiels, Ii W. E., Young, A. S., Lofthouse, N., Mihalov, L.",2011.0,,,0,0,563
565,Predicting post-traumatic symptoms in cardiac patients,"OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify correlates and predictors of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of patients with myocardial infarction, while the patients were in hospital and 3 months after infarction. DESIGN: Longitudinal, consecutive referrals were used. PATIENTS: From a possible 68 consecutive patients with a first myocardial infarction who completed questionnaires in hospital and survived to 3-month follow-up, 39 completed follow-up questionnaires. OUTCOME MEASURES: PTSD measures were taken in hospital and 3 months after discharge. Predictor variables were measures of mood taken in hospital and measures of the immediate cognitive and emotional reactions at the time of the infarct. RESULTS: Associations between the independent variables and PTSD symptoms were stronger at 3-month follow-up than while in hospital. At this time, the frequency of intrusive thoughts was predicted by the degree of fright at the time of the event (adjusted R2 = 0.262; (beta) = .57; t = 3.30; P < .01) and positive affect scores (additional adjusted R2 = 0.112; (beta) = -.37 t = -2.18; P < .05). The degree of physiologic arousal at the time of such flashbacks was predicted by levels of negative affect in hospital (adjusted R2 = 0.174; (beta) = .46; t = 2.46; P < .05), which also predicted avoidance scores (adjusted R2 = 0.203; (beta) = .48; t = 2.62; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Because many of the symptoms of PTSD are self-remitting, and intervening too early in the course of the disorder may exacerbate the disorder, it is important not to intervene too early or over-treat this disorder. Formal treatment may be useful if provided some months after discharge from hospital. If either secondary or primary care services are to treat myocardial infarction-related PTSD effectively, it is important to identify patients who are at risk for it. These data contribute to the development of a profile of patients at risk.","adult, affect, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, cognition, emotion, female, follow up, heart infarction, high risk population, human, major clinical study, male, mood, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, symptomatology","Bennett, P., Conway, M., Clatworthy, J., Brooke, S., Owen, R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
566,"Personality, social context and cognitive predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in myocardial infarction patients","Investigated the relationship between 2 personality factors (alexithymia and negative affect), social support, the immediate cognitive and emotional response (importance, degree of emotional response, dissociation, fear) to a myocardial infarction, and the frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 3 mo following a myocardial infarction (MI). 75 of 89 patients (mean age 60.4 yrs) consecutively admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of MI completed questionnaires both in hospital and at followup. Results indicate a PTSD prevalence rate of 16% 3 mo following MI. There was a moderate reduction of intrusive memories of the MI and anxiety symptoms over time and a non-significant reduction in avoidance phenomena. Depressive symptoms did not reduce over time. Significant associations were found between PTSD symptoms at 3 mo and initial intrusion and avoidance symptoms, negative affect, absence of confidant support, dissociation, fright, and surprise. The percentage of the variance in post-traumatic symptomatology explained by the theoretical constructs of interest was modest, but sufficient to warrant their inclusion in a predictive model of PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Myocardial Infarctions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Cognitions, Emotional Responses, Personality, Social Support","Bennett, Paul, Owen, Roger L., Koutsakis, Stavroula, Bisson, Jonathon",2002.0,,,0,0,
567,Elaboration on posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criteria: A factor analytic study of PTSD exposure to war or terror,"Background: In societies facing prolonged exposure to war and terror, empirical research provides mixed support for the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters groupings identified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) as re-experiencing the event, avoidance and emotional numbing, and hyper arousal. Method: This study examines the validity of the PTSD symptom clusters in elements of Israeli society exposed to man-made trauma. Survivors (N=2,198) of seven different war and terror-related traumas were assessed using a DSM-IV-TR based PTSD inventory. Four confirmatory factor analytic models were compared. Results/Conclusions: The most acceptable model was a correlated model consisting of four factors of re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal. DSM-IV-TR avoidance empirically split into active avoidance and emotional numbing. These results corroborate knowledge and suggest that in Israel, where stressors are ongoing, the PTSD symptom clusters may be reformulated in DSM-5 to consist of re-experiencing, active avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal.",,"Bensimon, M., Levine, S. Z., Zerach, G., Stein, E., Svetlicky, V., Solomon, Z.",2013.0,,,0,0,
568,Trajectories of self-rated health among veterans: A latent growth curve analysis of the impact of posttraumatic symptoms,"OBJECTIVES:: To examine the effects of combat stress reaction (CSR) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) on the level and trajectories of self-rated health (SRH) over 20 years after war exposure. METHODS:: A total of 675 veterans comprising two groups, a CSR group (n = 369) and a matched control group without CSR (n = 306), were assessed in a prospective longitudinal design, 1, 2, 3, and 20 years after their participation in the 1982 Lebanon War. SRH and PTS were assessed repeatedly, at each point of measurement. RESULTS:: The CSR participants showed more impaired initial SRH than the controls. Although the CSR group showed an improvement in SRH over time, its SRH level remained lower than that of the control group in all 4 points in time. Initial levels of PTS were associated with more impaired SRH and lower improvement over time. In addition, increased levels of PTS in the first follow-up period were related to poorer SRH, in comparison to the predicted trajectory on the basis of CSR and initial PTS. CONCLUSIONS:: Stress reaction to war trauma affected the trajectory of SRH over a 20-year period. Although the differences between veterans who had shown acute stress reaction and those who had not persisted over the entire period, there was slow improvement in SRH over time among the more impaired CSR group. PTS in the first years after the war slowed this improvement and thus played a key role in the relationship between war trauma and physical health. Copyright (copyright) 2009 by the American Psychosomatic Society.","acute stress, adult, article, battle injury, clinical assessment, combat stress reaction, exposure, female, follow up, growth curve, health status, human, Lebanon, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, self concept, symptom, war","Benyamini, Y., Ein-Dor, T., Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z.",2009.0,,,0,1,
569,An updated animal model capturing both the cognitive and emotional features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"The new-released Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a ""trauma and stressor-related disorder"". PTSD pathogenesis relies on paradoxical changes of emotional memory processing induced by the trauma exposure and associated with emotional dysfunction. Several animal models of PTSD have been validated and are currently used. Each one mimics a particular subset of the disorder with particular emphasis, mainly driven by the past classification of PTSD in the DSM-4, on the emotional features. In view of the recent update in the DSM-5, our aim was to develop, by using well-validated paradigms, a modified model of PTSD able to mimic at the same time both the cognitive and emotional features of the disease. We exposed male rats to either a piece of worn cat collar or to a series of inescapable footshocks paired with a PTSD risk factor, i.e., social isolation. Animals were subsequently re-exposed to the conditioned contexts at different time intervals in order to test memory retention for the stressors. In addition, footshock-exposed rats were tested in the elevated-plus-maze and social interaction tests. We found that rats exposed to a cat collar exhibited an acute fear response that did not lead to enduring memory retention. Conversely, footshock-exposed rats expressed a successful retention of the stressful experience at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 56 post-exposure days. Footshock-exposed rats displayed an anxious behavioral profile in the social interaction test and a significantly reduced locomotor activity in the elevated-plus-maze test. These dysfunctions were not observed when animals were socially housed, thus highlighting a social buffering effect in the development of the pathology. Our results underline the good validity of a footshock-based paradigm paired with social isolation as a PTSD animal model, able to mimic at the same time both some of the enduring cognitive and emotional facets of the pathology. © 2014 Berardi, Trezza, Palmery, Trabace, Cuomo and Campolongo.","Animal models of PTSD, Footshock, Memory, Predator odor, Rats, Social behavior, Stress, Trauma","Berardi, A., Trezza, V., Palmery, M., Trabace, L., Cuomo, V., Campolongo, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
570,Longitudinal investigation of interpersonal trauma exposure and alcohol use trajectories in college students,"The transition to college has been well established as a developmental period during which young adults are at particularly high risk for engaging in problematic alcohol use (O'Malley & Johnston, 2002) and developing alcohol use disorders (Blanco et al., 2008). Young adults with a history of trauma, particularly interpersonal trauma (i.e., sexual or physical assault), have been identified as being particularly likely to endorse higher levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders (Corbin et al., 2001; Green et al., 2005). However, no studies have examined longitudinally the impact of pre-college and college-onset interpersonal trauma exposure on concurrent and future alcohol consumption. The current study examined the relationships among interpersonal trauma exposure, probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol use in a sample of college students participating in a university-wide research study. 1,197 students (68.0%female) were included in analyses. Assessments were administered at three time-points and included measures of quantity and frequency of alcohol use, trauma exposure (Life Events Checklist), and probable PTSD status (Primary Care PTSD Screen). Linear growth curvemodels were fit to the three repeated measures of alcohol quantity and frequency, conducted during freshmen and sophomore year, to determine the role of pre-college and college-onset interpersonal trauma and probable PTSD on patterns of alcohol use. Pre-college interpersonal trauma exposure was associated with greater initial alcohol use for female but not male students. College-onset interpersonal trauma exposure predicted greater alcohol use at concurrent and future assessments for female but not male students, above and beyond the effects of pre-college interpersonal trauma history. Pre-college probable PTSD did not predict initial level of alcohol use or alcohol trajectories. This study is the first to examine longitudinally the relationship between interpersonal trauma exposure and alcohol use. There may be a stronger and longer-lasting impact of interpersonal trauma for college women compared tomen on alcohol phenotypes, although replication in studies oversampling men endorsing interpersonal trauma histories is needed. The results highlight the need for secondary prevention to reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes such as problem drinking among college women impacted by interpersonal trauma.","alcohol, cloxacillin, exposure, alcohol consumption, college student, human, society, alcoholism, injury, college, female, male, student, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorder, young adult, phenotype, assault, primary medical care, checklist, life event, secondary prevention, drinking, university, risk","Berenz, E. C., Cho, S. B., Overstreet, C., Kendler, K., Amstadter, A. B., Dick, D. M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
571,Longitudinal investigation of interpersonal trauma exposure and alcohol use trajectories,"BACKGROUND: The current longitudinal study examined associations between interpersonal potentially traumatic events (PTEs; i.e., sexual or physical assault) and changes in alcohol consumption among incoming college students. METHODS: 1197 students (68% female) participating in a university-wide research study were included in analyses. Assessments were administered at three time-points and included measures of alcohol use, PTEs (Life Events Checklist), and a screener for possible PTSD symptoms (abbreviated Primary Care PTSD Screen). Linear growth curve models were fit to the three repeated measures of alcohol quantity and frequency to determine the role of pre-college and college-onset interpersonal PTEs and possible PTSD symptoms on patterns of alcohol use. RESULTS: Pre-college interpersonal PTE was associated with greater baseline alcohol use for female but not male students. College-onset interpersonal PTE predicted greater alcohol use at concurrent and future assessments for women but not men, beyond the effects of pre-college PTE. Pre-college possible PTSD symptoms did not predict baseline or change in alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: There may be a stronger and longer-lasting impact of interpersonal PTE for college women compared to men on alcohol phenotypes, although replication in studies oversampling men endorsing interpersonal PTE is needed.","Alcohol, Physical assault, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sexual assault, Trauma","Berenz, E. C., Cho, S. B., Overstreet, C., Kendler, K., Amstadter, A. B., Dick, D. M.",2016.0,Feb,10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.09.014,0,0,
572,The management of traumatic stress disorder in infants,"The number of very young children exposed to trauma is under-represented. Trauma interferes with the organisation and development of brain structures and thus may have lasting effects on the Individual's life. Traumatic stress disorder (TSD), which is the Axis I diagnosis used in the under-three patient population, encompasses four symptom clusters. Of note is the integral part of the Relationship Disorder Classification (Axis II) during this phase of life. The capacities needed to experience and recall early trauma are largely present from the beginning of life and rapidly develop during the first six months. The treatment of traumatic stress disorder rests on establishing a sense of safety, reducing the overwhelming affects evoked, helping the child to form a coherent narrative and thereby aiding the integration and psychological mastery of the traumatic event. The support of the attachment relationship with an adequate caregiver is pivotal. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.",,"Berg, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
573,Hurricane Ike Tropical Cyclone Report,,,"Berg, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
574,Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers,,,"Berger, W., Coutinho, E. S. F., Figueira, I., Marques-Portella, C., Luz, M. P., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R., Mendlowicz, M. V.",2012.0,2012,,0,0,
575,Semantic equivalence of the Portuguese version of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) for the screening of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is high - it affects 2-5% of the population in some countries. These patients present worse quality of life, a higher number of detentions and legal problems, and use healthcare services more frequently than individuals without the disorder. Despite the growth of urban violence in Brazil, no instrument is currently available, in the Portuguese language, aimed at screening TEPT. The objective of this study was to translate, adapt and assess the applicability of the Portuguese version of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), a self-administered scale for PTSD screening widely used in several countries. Methods: Semantic equivalence between the Portuguese version and the original PCL-C was assessed through four stages: translation; back translation; formal equivalence comparison and adaptation; and interlocution with the target population. Results: A Portuguese version for PCL-C was created preserving the meaning of the original version and showed to be easily applicable. Discussion: The PCL-C was chosen in this study because it is a widely used instrument in English-speaking countries and has other utilities than the screening of PTSD. The interlocution with the target population, carried out with a relatively low number of patients (n = 21), showed that some participants understood the term ""stress"" as referring to a stressful lifestyle. Conclusions: Now that semantic equivalence of the Portuguese version of PCL-C was established, further studies are necessary in order to determine its psychometric properties for the Brazilian population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Foreign Language Translation, Health Care Services, Quality of Life","Berger, William, Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor, Souza, Wanderson F., Figueira, Ivan",2004.0,,,0,0,
576,Psychological well-being in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: A broader model of risk and protective factors,"Veterans of the recent military conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq have been the subject of multiple studies, with the majority focusing on elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other related negative outcomes (traumatic brain injury, suicide, marital problems). There are a handful of studies focusing on quality of life and well-being, but most are limited to constructs of meaning in life and posttraumatic growth, and the associations of such constructs with PTSD symptoms. To fully understand positive outcomes in this population, a broader understanding of psychological health and well-being, as well as a broader model of risk and protective factors, is needed. The present study focuses on the broad construct of psychological well-being (PWB) in veterans who have served during the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, with an examination of other risk factors (sleep problems and depression) beyond PTSD symptoms, as well as a positive facet of the military experience (enhanced self-regulation). Primary hypotheses were that sleep and depression would account for some of the negative association of PTSD with PWB, that self-regulation would be positively associated with PWB even when accounting for these risk factors, and that the association of risk factors with PWB would be weaker at higher levels of self-regulation. Two hundred thirty-eight student veterans completed self-report measures at baseline, with 115 completing measures again 2 to 3 months later. PWB was modeled as a latent variable, and all analyses were completed cross-sectionally at both time points and longitudinally across time points. The significant, negative correlations of PTSD scores with PWB scores within and across both time points confirmed the first hypothesis that PTSD symptoms would have a significant negative association with psychological well-being. Structural equation models examining the simultaneous associations of PTSD, depression, sleep problems, and self-regulation revealed significant, large associations of PWB with depression and self-regulation in expected directions within and across both time points. Associations with PTSD were small, with significant associations in cross-sectional models but not the longitudinal model. Associations with sleep were also small, with a significant association only in one of the cross-sectional models. Overall, the pattern of findings was consistent with the notion that depression, but not sleep problems, accounts for some of the association of PTSD with PWB, in partial support of hypothesis 2. Also, in support of hypothesis 3, self-regulation had a significant positive association with psychological well-being, even when controlling for the effects of PTSD, sleep problems, and depression. Finally, interactions between self-regulation and the three risk factors were nonsignificant in both cross-sectional models, but the interactions of self-regulation with both PTSD and depression were significant in the longitudinal model. Contrary to our hypotheses, however, the negative associations of both PTSD and depressive symptoms with later PWB grew stronger as levels of self-regulation increased. This finding may indicate that higher scores on our measure of self-regulation indicate maladaptive attempts to control one's emotions, but further research that attempts to replicate these findings is needed. Overall, findings support the need for examining a broader model of risk and protective factors predictive of outcomes in veterans who served during the recent era of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicide, Risk Factors, Self Regulation, Traumatic Brain Injury, Well Being","Bergmann, Jeffrey S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
577,Psykologiska och sociala effekter av trafikolycka med lindriga eller inga personskador,,,"Bergsten Brucefors, A., Sidén Silfver, Y., Schulman, A.",2001.0,,,0,0,
578,The structure of Pavlovian fear conditioning in the amygdala,"Do different brains forming a specific memory allocate the same groups of neurons to encode it? One way to test this question is to map neurons encoding the same memory and quantitatively compare their locations across individual brains. In a previous study, we used this strategy to uncover a common topography of neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala (LAd) that expressed a learning-induced and plasticity-related kinase (p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase; pMAPK), following auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning. In this series of experiments, we extend our initial findings to ask to what extent this functional topography depends upon intrinsic neuronal structure. We first showed that the majority (87 %) of pMAPK expression in the lateral amygdala was restricted to principal-type neurons. Next, we verified a neuroanatomical reference point for amygdala alignment using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and in vitro morphometrics. We then determined that the topography of neurons encoding auditory fear conditioning was not exclusively governed by principal neuron cytoarchitecture. These data suggest that functional patterning of neurons undergoing plasticity in the amygdala following Pavlovian fear conditioning is specific to memory formation itself. Further, the spatial allocation of activated neurons in the LAd was specific to cued (auditory), but not contextual, fear conditioning. Spatial analyses conducted at another coronal plane revealed another spatial map unique to fear conditioning, providing additional evidence that the functional topography of fear memory storing cells in the LAd is non-random and stable. Overall, these data provide evidence for a spatial organizing principle governing the functional allocation of fear memory in the amygdala. (copyright) 2013 Springer-Verlag (outside the USA).","mitogen activated protein kinase 1, mitogen activated protein kinase 3, amygdaloid nucleus, animal cell, animal experiment, animal tissue, article, brain region, cell density, conditioned reflex, controlled study, cytoarchitecture, fear, female, functional morphology, in vitro study, in vivo study, learning, male, memory consolidation, morphometrics, nerve cell plasticity, neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, nonhuman, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, priority journal, protein expression, quantitative analysis, rat, task performance","Bergstrom, H. C., McDonald, C. G., Dey, S., Tang, H., Selwyn, R. G., Johnson, L. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
579,Posttraumatic stress disorder in school-age children exposed to domestic violence: An examination of emotion regulation and cognitive inhibition as predictors of ptsd symptomatology,"Exposure to the physical abuse of a parent can be a traumatic event for a child, leaving the child fearful, helpless, and horrified. Research results have documented that children exposed to domestic violence are at increased risk for developing trauma symptoms characteristic of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study examined how childhood developmental factors, specifically emotion regulation and inhibition, predict PTSD symptomatology in school-age children exposed to domestic violence. Based on Horowitz's (1986) Stress Response Theory of PTSD, this study was formulated on the premise that effective coping of trauma material requires a balance of mental processes. Child participants between the ages of 8 and 12 and their mothers were asked to complete a battery of assessment measures that included the following areas: posttraumatic stress symptoms, avoidance, emotion regulation, and inhibition. The current study extends the research literature regarding PTSD symptoms in children and the influence of developmental factors. Based on results from the current study, emotion regulation seems to function as a protective factor in children, and was predictive of lower levels of avoidance symptoms Children reported to have high emotion regulation skills varied on PTSD avoidance symptoms as a function of inhibitory control. Specifically, inhibitory control was a significant predictor of symptoms for children with high emotion regulation skills Inhibition was predictive of higher rates of PTSD symptoms (child reported) when using a child-report measure of thought suppression (WBSI). Maternal report of inhibitory control and maternal report of PTSD Total symptoms were negatively correlated, thus, as inhibitory control increases, PTSD avoidance symptoms decrease Finally, avoidance symptoms were found to be an important mediator of inhibition and the development of PTSD arousal and reexperiencing symptoms in children. Post Hoc analyses also revealed emotion regulation as a mediator of maternal report of inhibitory control skills on PTSD Total symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Childhood Development, *Cognitive Impairment, *Domestic Violence, *Emotional Regulation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Bergthold, Sarah Steinkamp",2011.0,,,0,0,
580,The Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention: Secondary prevention for youth at risk of developing PTSD,"Objective: This pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of a four-session, caregiver-child Intervention, the Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention (CFTSI), to prevent the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provided within 30 days of exposure to a potentially traumatic event (PTE). Method: One-hundred seventy-six 7 to 17-year-old youth were recruited through telephone screening based on report of one new distressing posttraumatic stress symptom after a PTE. Of those, 106 youth were randomly assigned to the Intervention (n = 53) or a four-session supportive Comparison condition (N = 53). Group differences in symptom severity were assessed using repeated measures with mixed effects models of intervention group, time, and the interaction of intervention and time. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess treatment condition and any subsequent traumas experienced as predictors for full and partial PTSD diagnosis at 3-month follow-up. An exploratory chi-square analysis was performed to examine the differences in PTSD symptom criteria B, C, and D at follow-up. Results: At baseline, youth in both groups had similar demographics, past trauma exposures and symptom severity. At follow-up, the Intervention group demonstrated significantly fewer full and partial PTSD diagnoses than the Comparison group on a standardized diagnostic measure of PTSD. Also, there was a significant group by time interaction for Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children's Posttraumatic Stress and Anxiety Indices as the CFTSI group had significantly lower posttraumatic and anxiety scores than the Comparison group. Conclusions: The results suggest that a caregiver-youth, brief preventative early intervention for youth exposed to a PTE is a promising approach to preventing chronic PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Caregivers, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Intervention, Trauma","Berkowitz, Steven J., Stover, Carla Smith, Marans, Steven R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
581,An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (part 2): Longitudinal latent class growth analysis and growth mixture models,"Objective: Pediatric psychologists are often interested in finding patterns in heterogeneous longitudinal data. Latent variable mixture modeling is an emerging statistical approach that models such heterogeneity by classifying individuals into unobserved groupings (latent classes) with similar (more homogenous) patterns. The purpose of the second of a 2-article set is to offer a nontechnical introduction to longitudinal latent variable mixture modeling. Methods: 3 latent variable approaches to modeling longitudinal data are reviewed and distinguished. Results: Step-by-step pediatric psychology examples of latent growth curve modeling, latent class growth analysis, and growth mixture modeling are provided using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 data file. Conclusions: Latent variable mixture modeling is a technique that is useful to pediatric psychologists who wish to find groupings of individuals who share similar longitudinal data patterns to determine the extent to which these patterns may relate to variables of interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Longitudinal Studies, *Models, *Simulation, *Statistical Data, *Statistical Variables, Analysis, Child Psychology, Pediatrics, Structural Equation Modeling","Berlin, Kristoffer S., Parra, Gilbert R., Williams, Natalie A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
582,Prescribing trends in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: The revised Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Post-Traumatic Stress recommends against long-term use of benzodiazepines to manage posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An analysis of recent trends among veterans receiving care for PTSD in the VA noted a decreasing proportion receiving benzodiazepines. The authors examined prescribing patterns for other medications to better understand the general context in which the changes in benzodiazepine prescribing have occurred in the VA. Method: Administrative VA data from fiscal years 1999 through 2009 were used to identify veterans with PTSD using ICD-9 codes extracted from inpatient discharges and outpatient encounters. Prescribing of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and hypnotics was determined for each fiscal year using prescription drug files. Results: The proportion of veterans receiving either of the 2 Clinical Practice Guideline-recommended first-line pharmacotherapy treatments for PTSD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, increased from 49.7% in 1999 to 58.9% in 2009. In addition to reduced benzodiazepine prescriptions, the overall frequency of antipsychotic use declined 6.1%, from 20.0% in 1999 to 13.9% in 2009. Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic prescribing tripled when zolpidem was added to the VA national formulary in 2008. Buspirone prescribing decreased steadily, while prazosin prescribing expanded nearly 7-fold. Conclusions: This work highlights several clinically important trends in prescribing over the past decade among veterans with PTSD that are generally consistent with the revised VA/Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline recommendations. However, the findings illustrate the limitations of administrative data and point to a need to supplement this work with a qualitative examination of PTSD prescribing from interviews with providers to better understand the strategies used to make medication management decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Benzodiazepines, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prescribing (Drugs), *Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Trends","Bernardy, Nancy C., Lund, Brian C., Alexander, Bruce, Friedman, Matthew J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
583,Increased Polysedative Use in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment is often complicated in veterans by co-occurring conditions including pain, insomnia, brain injury, and other mental disorders. Pharmacologic approaches to these conditions can produce an accumulation of sedating medications with potential for safety concerns. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize polysedative prescribing among veterans with PTSD over an 8-year period. Design: National Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) data were used to identify veterans with PTSD using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes among regular medication users. Prescribing of benzodiazepines, hypnotics, atypical antipsychotics, opioids, and muscle relaxants was determined annually. Prevalence and incidence rates were determined for each medication class from 2004 through 2011. Polysedative use was determined from longitudinal refill patterns that indicated concurrent use across sedative classes. Results: In 2004, 9.8% of veterans with PTSD concurrently received medications from three or more sedative classes. By 2011, the prevalence of concurrent use involving three or more classes increased to 12.1%. Polysedative use varied across demographic subgroups, with higher rates observed among women, rural residents, younger adults, Native Americans and Whites. The most common combination was an opioid plus a benzodiazepine, taken concurrently by 15.9% of veterans with PTSD. Conclusions: Important trends in polysedative use among veterans with PTSD illustrate the complexity of treating an intersecting cluster of symptoms managed by sedative medications. As the VA seeks to improve care by focusing on non-pharmacologic options, our findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that encompasses overlapping conditions of relevance to veterans with PTSD. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Clinical pharmacology, Coordinated care, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Bernardy, N. C., Lund, B. C., Alexander, B., Friedman, M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
584,Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders in German Emergency Physicians: The Predictive Role of Personality Factors,"Emergency medical personnel (EMP) are repeatedly exposed to traumatic and stressful events with possible consequences on their mental wellbeing. Out of the group of EMP, we chose German Emergency Physicians (EP), because they represent a distinct group within the German pre-hospital emergency services. In this group, we studied the prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout and depression. We specifically focussed on the role of personality and other factors of vulnerability. Four hundred eighty-seven German EPs answered questionnaires with scales assessing probable PTSD, burnout, depression, and personality factors. Additionally, we asked for biographic, occupational and mental health information. More than 90% of the participants reported at least one traumatic event. We found low to moderate levels of stress-related disorders with 16.8% of participants meeting the criteria for probable PTSD, 4.1% for burnout, and 3.1% for clinical depression. We identified four clusters of personalities that were related to the prevalence of PTSD and depression. The type of personality seems to be more predictive of the development of trauma and stress-related disorders than the EPs' traumatic experiences. © 2012 Chevron.","Burnout, Depression, Emergency physician, Personality, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Bernhard Pajonk, F. G., Cransac, P., Müller, V., Teichmann, A., Meyer, W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
585,Trends of elevated PTSD risk in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster: 2001-2005,"Objectives. We identified trends in the prevalence of elevated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk as determined by the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY)-modified PTSD Checklist in World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters. We also examined trends in relation to WTC exposure, social support, change in recreational activities, and functional health. Methods. We analyzed 16,826 questionnaires from 10,074 firefighters in yearly intervals, from September 12, 2001, to September 11, 2005. Results. The prevalence of elevated PTSD risk increased over time, from 9.8% in year 1 to 10.6% in year 4 (p<0.0001). Earliest arrival at the WTC site (odds ratio [OR] = 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4, 8.3), prolonged work at the site (OR=2.0; 95% CI 1.8, 2.3), providing supervision without previous supervisory experience (OR=4.1; 95% CI 2.8, 6.1), and retirement due to a WTC-related disability (OR=1.3; 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) were associated with ever having elevated PTSD risk. Difficulty functioning at home was strongly associated with elevated PTSD risk (ORs ranged from 17.0 [95% CI 14.5, 20.0] in year 1 to 26.7 [95% CI 20.3, 35.2] in year 3), as was difficulty functioning at work (ORs ranged from 12.1 [95% CI 10.2, 14.2] in year 1 to 23.0 [95% CI 14.6, 36.3] in year 2). Conclusions. Elevated PTSD risk was associated with exposure to the WTC site as well as functional impairment, and remained largely unabated during the first four years of the study. Screening for elevated PTSD risk may be useful in identifying those who could benefit from interventions during long-term follow-up, as well as in the immediate aftermath of disasters. ©2010 Association of Schools of Public Health.",,"Berninger, A., Webber, M. P., Cohen, H. W., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Niles, J. K., Chiu, S., Zeig-Owens, R., Soo, J., Kelly, K., Prezant, D. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
586,Longitudinal study of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster,"Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported even years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11).Methods: We used screening tools to assess the prevalence of probable PTSD in 9/11-exposed firefighters at two time points, within 6 months of 9/11 (baseline) and 3-4 years post-disaster (follow-up).Results: Five thousand six hundred fifty-six individuals completed assessments at both times. 15.5% reported probable PTSD post-9/11, 8.6% at baseline and 11.1% at follow-up, on average 2.9 (SD 0.5) years later. Analyses revealed that nearly half of all probable PTSD occurred as delayed onset (absent baseline, present follow-up). Compared with the resilient group (no probable PTSD at either time), probable PTSD at baseline, and delayed onset at follow-up were each associated with concomitant functional impairment (OR 19.5 and 18.9), respectively.Conclusion: Similar percentages of firefighters met criteria for baseline and delayed onset probable PTSD at follow-up, years later. Both were associated with substantial functional impairment. Early risk identification could provide opportunities for mental health interventions before symptoms compromise work and social relationships. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Firefighters, Mental health, Occupational medicine, Post-traumatic stress, World Trade Center","Berninger, A., Webber, M. P., Niles, J. K., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Cohen, H. W., Kelly, K., Corrigan, M., Prezant, D. J.",2010.0,,10.1002/ajim.20894,0,0,
587,Factor mixture model of anxiety sensitivity and anxiety psychopathology vulnerability,"Background: The purpose of the present study was to shed light on the latent structure and nature of individual differences in anxiety sensitivity (AS) and related risk for psychopathology. Methods: The present study evaluated the latent structure of AS using factor mixture modeling (FMM; Lubke and Muthén, 2005) and tested the relations between the observed FMM-based model of AS and psychopathology in a large, diverse adult clinical research sample (N=481; 57.6% women; M(SD)age=36.6(15.0) years). Results: Findings showed that a two-class three-factor partially invariant model of AS demonstrated significantly better fit than a one-class dimensional model and more complex multi-class models. As predicted, risk conferred by AS taxonicity was specific to anxiety psychopathology, and not to other forms of psychopathology. Limitations: The sample was not epidemiologic, self-report and psychiatric interview data were used to index AS and psychopathology, and a cross-sectional design limited inference regarding the directionality of observed relations between AS and anxiety psychopathology. Conclusions: Findings are discussed with respect to the nature of AS and related anxiety psychopathology vulnerability specifically, as well as the implications of factor mixture modeling for advancing taxonomy of vulnerability and psychopathology more broadly.© 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.","Anxiety disorders, Anxiety sensitivity, Factor mixture modeling, Latent structure, Risk factor","Bernstein, A., Stickle, T. R., Schmidt, N. B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
588,Anxiety sensitivity taxon and trauma: Discriminant associations for posttraumatic stress and panic symptomatology among young adults,"The present investigation examined whether the anxiety sensitivity (AS) taxon interacts with theoretically relevant traumatic types of aversive life events to show discriminant (concurrent) associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms, but not panic attacks or bodily vigilance among young adults. The interaction between the AS Taxon Scale and trauma exposure accounted for significant variance above and beyond negative affectivity and each of the main effects in terms of a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom-severity criterion variable, but not for posttraumatic-related thoughts and beliefs or either panic-relevant criterion variable. Thus, results suggest that although the AS taxon may function as a common cognitive diathesis for PTSD and panic outcomes, the AS taxon coupled with traumatic life events may confer emotional vulnerability that is specific to PTSD symptoms. These findings are discussed in terms of theoretical and clinical implications for PTSD and panic vulnerability. (copyright) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","adult, alertness, anxiety, article, discriminant analysis, disease severity, female, human, life event, major clinical study, male, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, sensitivity analysis, symptomatology, taxonomy","Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., Fauber, A. L., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Vujanovic, A. A.",2005.0,,,0,1,
589,Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect,,,"Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., Ruggiero, J.",1994.0,,,0,0,
590,"Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale",,,"Bernstein, E. M., Putnam, F. W.",1986.0,,,0,0,
591,Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: a critical review,"The 1980s were a decade of advancement in the knowledge of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents; this sets the stage for research achievements in the 1990s. This review examines the anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence (separation anxiety disorder, overanxious disorder, and avoidant disorder), including prevalence rates, demographic profiles, comparisons of clinical presentations in different developmental age groups, and comorbidity patterns. Fears and simple phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder in children and adolescents are also evaluated. The controversy of whether panic attacks occur in prepubertal children is addressed. A brief review of behavioral and pharmacological treatment studies is included. Future directions for research are suggested.",,"Bernstein, G. A., Borchardt, C. M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
592,What is the stressor in PTSD? A memory based model,"The memory based model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Rubin, Berntsen & Bohni,2008) proposes that the current memory of a negative, traumatic event, not the event itself, determines symptoms of PTSD. The memory based model is an alternative to the current event-based etiology of PTSD represented in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), according to which PTSD symptoms may follow particular classes of stressful events - events involving (A1) life danger and injury and (A2) fear, horror and helplessness. The memory based model uses insights from research on autobiographical memory to understand posttraumatic stress reactions in response to negative events. According to the model, the interaction between the characteristics of the event and the processes of remembering determines whether PTSD symptoms will follow; the symptoms derive from the memory, not from the event per se. Thus, our general theoretical understanding of remembering and emotion can be used to predict the nature of the traumatic memory andhow it generates PTSD symptoms. The model has the following key predictions: (1) negative events and emotions that do not satisfy the current diagnostic criteria for a trauma canbe followed by PTSD symptoms; (2) predisposing factors that affect the current memory-including the history of the person - have large effects on PTSD symptoms after a negative event; (3) the current accessibility and centrality of the traumatic memory is an important predictor for current level of PTSD symptoms. I review multiple studies showingthat the accessibility and perceived self-relevance of the traumatic memory as measured by the Centrality of Event Scale (Berntsen & Rubin, 2006) is an important predictor of PTSD symptoms, consistent with predictions from the model. I present findings from a recent study of trajectories of PTSD symptoms in 746 Danish soldiers measured on five occasions related to a six month deployment to Afghanistan. Consistent with the memory based model, other factors than immediately preceding stressors were critical for new cases of PTSD with childhood adversities playing a central role. Also consistent with the model, the development of PTSD symptoms showed heterogeneity, indicating the need for multiple measurements and more complex analytic strategies in order to identify those in the need of treatment.","memory, college, psychopharmacology, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, emotion, human, injury, prediction, etiology, stress, fear, childhood, autobiographical memory, soldier, helplessness, disease predisposition, Afghanistan, diagnosis","Berntsen, D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
593,"Peace and War: Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Before, During, and After Military Deployment in Afghanistan","In the study reported here, we examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 746 Danish soldiers measured on five occasions before, during, and after deployment to Afghanistan. Using latent class growth analysis, we identified six trajectories of change in PTSD symptoms. Two resilient trajectories had low levels across all five times, and a new-onset trajectory started low and showed a marked increase of PTSD symptoms. Three temporary-benefit trajectories, not previously described in the literature, showed decreases in PTSD symptoms during (or immediately after) deployment, followed by increases after return from deployment. Predeployment emotional problems and predeployment traumas, especially childhood adversities, were predictors for inclusion in the nonresilient trajectories, whereas deployment-related stress was not. These findings challenge standard views of PTSD in two ways. First, they show that factors other than immediately preceding stressors are critical for PTSD development, with childhood adversities being central. Second, they demonstrate that the development of PTSD symptoms shows heterogeneity, which indicates the need for multiple measurements to understand PTSD and identify people in need of treatment. © The Author(s) 2012.","child abuse, individual differences, posttraumatic stress disorder, war","Berntsen, D., Johannessen, K. B., Thomsen, Y. D., Bertelsen, M., Hoyle, R. H., Rubin, D. C.",2012.0,,,1,1,
594,Pretraumatic Stress Reactions in Soldiers Deployed to Afghanistan,"Posttraumatic stress disorder is a diagnosis related to the past. Pretraumatic stress reactions, as measured by intrusive involuntary images of possible future stressful events and their associated avoidance and increased arousal, have been overlooked in the PTSD literature. Here we introduce a scale that measures pretraumatic stress reactions providing a clear future-oriented parallel to the posttraumatic stress reactions described in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. We apply this Pretraumatic Stress Reactions Checklist (PreCL) to Danish soldiers before, during, and after deployment to Afghanistan. The PreCL has good internal consistency and is highly correlated with a standard measure of PTSD symptoms. The PreCL as answered before the soldiers’ deployment significantly predicted level of PTSD symptoms during and after their deployment, while controlling for baseline PTSD symptoms and combat exposure measured during and after deployment. The findings have implications for the conceptualization of PTSD, screening, and treatment. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","autobiographical memory, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, trauma, war","Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C.",2015.0,,10.1177/2167702614551766,0,0,
595,Contrasting models of posttraumatic stress disorder: Reply to Monroe and Mineka (2008),"The authors address the 4 main points in S. M. Monroe and S. Mineka's (see record 2008-14936-005) comment. First, the authors show that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis includes an etiology and that it is based on a theoretical model with a distinguished history in psychology and psychiatry. Two tenets of this theoretical model are that voluntary (strategic) recollections of the trauma are fragmented and incomplete while involuntary (spontaneous) recollections are vivid and persistent and yield privileged access to traumatic material. Second, the authors describe differences between their model and other cognitive models of PTSD. They argue that these other models share the same 2 tenets as the diagnosis and show that these 2 tenets are largely unsupported by empirical evidence. Third, the authors counter arguments about the strength of the evidence favoring the mnemonic model. Fourth, they show that concerns about the causal role of memory in PTSD are based on views of causality that are generally inappropriate for the explanation of PTSD in the social and biological sciences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Autobiographical Memory, *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Retention, Diagnosis, Disease Course, Taxonomies","Berntsen, Dorthe, Rubin, David C., Bohni, Malene Klindt",2008.0,,,0,0,
596,Splintered memories or vivid landmarks? Qualities and organization of traumatic memories with and without PTSD,"One hundred and eighty-one students answered a standardized questionnaire on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): 25 reported trauma(s) and indicated a pattern of after-effects that matched a PTSD symptom profile, whereas 88 indicated trauma(s) but no PTSD symptom profile. Both groups answered a questionnaire addressing the recollective quality, integration and coherence of the traumatic memory that currently affected them most. Participants with a PTSD symptom profile reported more vivid recollection of emotion and sensory impressions. They reported more observer perspective in the memory (seeing themselves 'from the outside'), but no more fragmentation. They also agreed more with the statement that the trauma had become part of their identity, and perceived more thematic connections between the trauma and current events in their lives. The two groups showed different patterns of correlations which indicated different coping styles. Overall, the findings suggest that traumas form dysfunctional reference points for the organization of other personal memories in people with PTSD symptoms, leading to fluctuations between vivid intrusions and avoidance. Copyright (copyright) 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","adult, article, avoidance behavior, controlled study, coping behavior, correlation analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, standardization, statistical analysis, student, symptomatology","Berntsen, D., Willert, M., Rubin, D. C.",2003.0,,,0,0,
597,The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system and stress: Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Stress is associated with the activation of a number of central physiological systems, which act to enhance arousal and modulate attentional, memory, and other behavioral processes. The net consequence of these actions better permits the organism to contend with a challenging situation and react promptly and effectively when similar conditions are reencountered. It has long been known that stress is associated with a robust activation of the locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic systems. Moreover, evidence indicates a prominent involvement of central noradrenergic systems in a variety of behavioral and cognitive processes associated with stress, including arousal, memory, and attention. Under normal conditions, these actions are likely beneficial to the individual. However, under conditions of extreme stress/trauma, stressor-induced sensitization of noradrenergic systems and long-term actions of norepinephrine may well prove maladaptive. Consistent with this hypothesis, available evidence indicates a prominent involvement of noradrenergic systems in the behavioral pathology associated with various stress-related disorders, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In particular, there is strong evidence for an involvement of noradrenergic systems in PTSD-related hyperarousal, intrusive memories, and sleep disturbances. Consistent with this, recent studies suggest that pharmacological disruption of noradrenergic neurotransmission may well be efficacious in treating these symptoms of PTSD. Combined, available information indicates that the central noradrenergic systems likely contribute to a broad spectrum of behavioral symptoms of PTSD and that pharmacological treatments targeting noradrenergic neurotransmission will prove clinically beneficial. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Locus Ceruleus, *Norepinephrine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Drug Therapy, Neurotransmission","Berridge, Craig W.",2009.0,,,0,0,
598,"An empirical exploration of the dynamics of anorexia nervosa: Representations of self, mother, and father","Extensive clinical reports and a few empirical investigations indicate that a disrupted relationship with mother and a distorted sense of self are central to Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The present study explores these observations further using the Differentiation-Relatedness Scale (D-RS) to compare AN patients' descriptions of mother, father, and self with those of matched general psychiatric (PC) and nonclinical controls (NC). Results indicate that the AN group is distinguished from the PC group by significantly lower D-R (Differentiation-Relatedness) for mother, and significantly higher D-R for self, as well as a tendency for greater DEQ Self-Criticism (p <.05, one-tailed). Stepwise discriminant analysis indicates that an equation of D-R Self, D-R Mother, and DEQ Neediness, as well as the interaction of D-R Mother and DEQ Neediness, significantly (p <.0001) discriminates 80.5% of the total sample (66.7% of the AN, 73.3% of the PC, and 87.2% of the NC group). These findings support and elaborate clinical reports and provide further understanding of the personality dynamics and character pathology involved in this complex and sometimes life-threatening disorder. (copyright) 2013 American Psychological Association.","adolescent, adult, anorexia nervosa, article, child parent relation, child rearing, clinical article, controlled study, Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, disease association, empirical research, exploratory research, family interaction, female, human, male, psychological rating scale, questionnaire","Bers, S. A., Besser, A., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Blatt, S. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
599,Positive psychology in rehabilitation medicine: A brief report,"Background: The field of positive psychology has grown exponentially within the last decade. To date, however, there have been few empirical initiatives to clarify the constructs within positive psychology as they relate to rehabilitation medicine. Character strengths, and in particular resilience, following neurological trauma are clinically observable within rehabilitation settings, and greater knowledge of the way in which these factors relate to treatment variables may allow for enhanced treatment conceptualization and planning. Objective: The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between positive psychology constructs (character strengths, resilience, and positive mood) and rehabilitation-related variables (perceptions of functional ability post-injury and beliefs about treatment) within a baseline data set, a six-month follow-up data set, and longitudinally across time points. Methods: Pearson correlations and supplementary multiple regression analyses were conducted within and across these time points from a starting sample of thirty-nine individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) in an outpatient rehabilitation program. Results: Positive psychology constructs were related to rehabilitation-related variables within the baseline data set, within the follow-up data set, and longitudinally between baseline positive psychology variables and follow-up rehabilitation-related data. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support relationships between character strengths, resilience, and positive mood states with perceptions of functional ability and expectations of treatment, respectively, which are primary factors in treatment success and quality of life outcomes in rehabilitation medicine settings. The results suggest the need for more research in this area, with an ultimate goal of incorporating positive psychology constructs into rehabilitation conceptualization and treatment planning. © 2014 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.","brain injury, function, positive psychology, positive psychotherapy inventory, Rehabilitation, resilience","Bertisch, H., Rath, J., Long, C., Ashman, T., Rashid, T.",2014.0,,10.3233/NRE-141059,0,0,
600,An analysis of variables associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents,"This study was an investigation of variables associated with symptomatology characteristic of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in urban adolescents. Gender, ethnicity, family constellation, self-reported exposure to violence, self-reported exposure to trauma, and the reported incidence of violent crime (murder, rape, aggravated assault, and individual robbery) in the police beats of participants' homes and schools were analyzed regarding their relationship to PTSD symptoms. High school juniors completed the Keane PTSD Scale, the Civilian Mississippi Scale for PTSD (CM-PTSD), and a demographic questionnaire. Demographic data included gender, ethnicity, family constellation, self-reported exposure to violence, self-reported exposure to trauma, and zip code or address of residence. Zip codes and addresses were used to determine in which police beat each participant resided and attended school. The incidence of murder, rape, aggravated assault, and individual robbery were determined in police beats where participants resided and attended school. Twenty nine percent (n = 28) of the sample met criteria for clinical levels of PTSD symptomatology. Chi square analyses did not identify any disproportionate relationships between demographic variables and incidence of PTSD. Differences between the groups in crime exposure and PTSD scores were investigated with Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance tests. Gender differences were apparent in both exposure to violent crime, and in the relationship between exposure to violence and PTSD symptoms. Minority males were exposed in their neighborhoods and schools to more violent crime than any other group. Participants who self-reported regular exposure to violence achieved significantly higher scores on both the Keane PTSD Scale and the CM-PTSD than those who did not report such exposure. Variables identified as having the strongest actual or anticipated relationships with PTSD scores (self-reported exposure to violence, being a min (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Family Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Racial and Ethnic Differences, *Symptoms, Emotional Trauma, Human Sex Differences, Violence","Berton, Margaret Wright",1996.0,,,0,0,
601,The effects of insecure attachment orientations and perceived social support on posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among civilians exposed to the 2009 Israel-Gaza war: A follow-up Cross-Lagged panel design study,"A follow-up Cross-Lagged-design was used to test the effects of attachment orientations and perceived social support on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder symptoms (MDD) in a sample of 135 Israeli students who were evacuated from a university campus located near the Israel-Gaza border in response to increased missile-fire in the area. An internet-based data collection procedure enabled the simultaneous survey of evacuees located up to 40. km from the border at war, both during the fighting and 4. months after the ceasefire. Proximity to the border did not affect levels of PTSD or MDD symptoms, attachment orientation, or levels of perceived social support. Analyses involving Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation (CLPC) path models revealed that Attachment-Anxiety had significant positive effects on PTSD, MDD, and perceived social support. Neither PTSD nor MDD nor perceived social support had any reciprocal follow-up effect on Attachment-Anxiety. These findings underscore the central role of individual trait personality differences in predicting changes in both mental health problems and interpersonal relations over time, following exposure to trauma. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Adult attachment, Depressive symptoms, Evacuees, Perceived social support, PTSD, Students, War zone","Besser, A., Neria, Y.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.004,0,0,
602,Attending to the mental health of war-affected children: The need for longitudinal and developmental research perspectives,,,"Betancourt, T. S.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.008,0,0,
603,Research review: Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers - A systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research,"Aims and scope: This article reviews the available quantitative research on psychosocial adjustment and mental health among children (age <18 years) associated with armed forces and armed groups (CAAFAG) - commonly referred to as child soldiers. Methods: PRISMA standards for systematic reviews were used to search PubMed, PsycInfo, JSTOR, and Sociological Abstracts in February 2012 for all articles on former child soldiers and CAAFAG. Twenty-one quantitative studies from 10 countries were analyzed for author, year of publication, journal, objectives, design, selection population, setting, instruments, prevalence estimates, and associations with war experiences. Opinion pieces, editorials, and qualitative studies were deemed beyond the scope of this study. Quality of evidence was rated according to the Systematic Assessment of Quality in Observational Research (SAQOR). Findings: According to SAQOR criteria, among the available published studies, eight studies were of high quality, four were of moderate quality, and the remaining nine were of low quality. Common limitations were lack of validated mental health measures, unclear methodology including undefined sampling approaches, and failure to report missing data. Only five studies included a comparison group of youth not involved with armed forces/armed groups, and only five studies assessed mental health at more than one point in time. Across studies, a number of risk and protective factors were associated with postconflict psychosocial adjustment and social reintegration in CAAFAG. Abduction, age of conscription, exposure to violence, gender, and community stigma were associated with increased internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Family acceptance, social support, and educational/economic opportunities were associated with improved psychosocial adjustment. Conclusions: Research on the social reintegration and psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers is nascent. A number of gaps in the available literature warrant future study. Recommendations to bolster the evidence base on psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers and other war-affected youth include more studies comprising longitudinal study designs, and validated cross-cultural instruments for assessing mental health, as well as more integrated community-based approaches to study design and research monitoring. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","child soldiers, resilience, risk factors, Violence, war","Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I., Williams, T. P., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Rubin-Smith, J. E., Annan, J., Kohrt, B. A.",2013.0,,10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x,0,0,
604,Trajectories of Internalizing Problems in War-Affected Sierra Leonean Youth: Examining Conflict and Postconflict Factors,"Three waves of data from a prospective longitudinal study in Sierra Leone were used to examine internalizing trajectories in 529 war-affected youth (ages 10-17 at baseline; 25% female). Latent class growth analyses identified 4 trajectories: A large majority of youth maintained lower levels of internalizing problems (41.4%) or significantly improved over time (47.6%) despite very limited access to care, but smaller proportions continued to report severe difficulties 6 years postwar (4.5%) or their symptoms worsened (6.4%). Continued internalizing problems were associated with loss of a caregiver, family abuse and neglect, and community stigma. Despite the comparative resilience of most war-affected youth in the face of extreme adversity, there remains a compelling need for interventions that address family- and community-level stressors. © 2012 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.",,"Betancourt, T. S., McBain, R., Newnham, E. A., Brennan, R. T.",2013.0,,10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01861.x,0,0,
605,Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States,"There is an increasing need to deliver effective mental health services to refugee children and adolescents across the United States; however, the evidence base needed to guide the design and delivery of services is nascent. We investigated the trauma history profiles, psychopathology, and associated behavioral and functional indicators among war-affected refugee children presenting for psychological treatment. From the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's Core Data Set, 60 war-affected refugee children were identified (51.7% males, mean age = 13.1 years, SD = 4.13). Clinical assessments indicated high rates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (30.4%), generalized anxiety (26.8%), somatization (26.8%), traumatic grief (21.4%), and general behavioral problems (21.4%). Exposure to war or political violence frequently co-occurred with forced displacement; traumatic loss; bereavement or separation; exposure to community violence; and exposure to domestic violence. Academic problems and behavioral difficulties were prevalent (53.6% and 44.6%, respectively); however, criminal activity, alcohol/drug use, and self-harm were rare (all < 5.45%). These findings highlight the complex trauma profiles, comorbid conditions, and functional problems that are important to consider in providing mental health interventions for refugee children and adolescents. Given the difficulties associated with access to mental health services for refugees, both preventive and community-based interventions within family, school, and peer systems hold particular promise. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Layne, C. M., Kim, S., Steinberg, A. M., Ellis, H., Birman, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
606,Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: Follow-up study,"Background: Former child soldiers are at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the trajectory of symptoms has yet to be examined. Aims: The risk and protective factors associated with PTSD symptom change among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone were investigated. Method: Data from 243 former child soldiers (mean age 16.6 years, 30% female) were analysed. Results: Self-reported rates of possible PTSD using standard cut-off points declined from 32% to 16% 4 years later (P<0.05). Symptoms of PTSD at baseline were significantly associated with war experiences (P<0.01) and post-conflict family abuse (P<0.001). Reliable improvement in symptoms was reported by 30%. In growth models examining symptom change, worsening of symptoms was associated with death of a parent (P<0.05) and post-conflict stigma (P<0.001). Protective effects were observed for increases in family acceptance (P<0.001). Conclusions: The findings indicated improvement in PTSD symptoms among former child soldiers despite limited access to care. Family and community support played a vital part in promoting psychological adjustment.",,"Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., McBain, R., Brennan, R. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
607,A qualitative study of mental health problems among children displaced by war in Northern Uganda,"While multiple studies have found that children affected by war are at increased risk for a range of mental health problems, little research has investigated how mental health problems are perceived locally. In this study we used a previously developed rapid ethnographic assessment method to explore local perceptions of mental health problems among children and adults from the Acholi ethnic group displaced by the war in northern Uganda. We conducted 45 free list interviews and 57 key informant interviews. The rapid assessment approach appears to have worked well for interviewing caretakers and children aged 10-17 years. We describe several locally defined syndromes: two tam/par/kumu (depression and dysthymia-like syndromes), ma lwor (a mixed anxiety and depression-like syndrome), and a category of conduct problems referred to as kwo maraco/gin lugero. The descriptions of these local syndromes were similar to western mood, anxiety and conduct disorders, but included culturespecific elements. © 2009 McGill University.","Children and adolescents, Mental health, Northern Uganda, Qualitative research, War","Betancourt, T. S., Speelman, L., Onyango, G., Bolton, P.",2009.0,,10.1177/1363461509105815,0,0,
608,The role of sleep disturbance in the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation,"•PTSD symptoms indirectly predicted suicidal ideation via comorbid sleep disturbances, but had no direct effect.•Polyvictimization predicted sleep disturbances and suicidal ideation independently of PTSD or major depression.•No relationships were substantively altered after adjusting for comorbid major depression. We tested if the risk of suicidal ideation in individuals with PTSD symptoms was dependent on comorbid sleep disturbance. Our cross-sectional sample included 2465 participants with complete data from the 21 year follow-up of the Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a birth cohort study of young Australians. Using structural equation modelling with indirect pathways we found that 12 month PTSD symptoms did not directly predict suicidal ideation at 21 when adjusting for major depression symptoms, polyvictimization and gender. However, PTSD symptoms had an indirect effect on suicidal ideation via past-month sleep disturbance. Our results suggest that increased suicidal ideation in those with PTSD may result from the fact that PTSD sufferers often exhibit other comorbid psychiatric conditions which are themselves known to predict suicidal behaviours. Sleep disturbance may be targeted in those who experience PTSD to help prevent suicidal ideation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Major depressive disorders, Polyvictimization, Post-traumatic stress disorders, Sleep disturbance, Suicidal ideation","Betts, K. S., Williams, G. M., Najman, J. M., Alati, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
609,Pre-trauma verbal ability at five years of age and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult males and females,"Previous studies have shown that high cognitive ability, measured in childhood and prior to the experience of traumatic events, is protective of PTSD development. Our aim was to test if the association between pre-trauma verbal ability ascertained at 5 years with DSM-IV lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 21 years was subject to effect modification by gender, trauma type or prior behaviour problems. Using a prospective birth cohort of young Australians, we found that both trauma type and behaviour problems did not change the association between cognitive ability and PTSD. During multivariate analysis, testing for the interactive effect of gender revealed that verbal ability was linearly and inversely associated with PTSD in females only, with those in the lowest verbal ability quintile having strongly increased odds of PTSD (OR = 3.89: 95% CI; 1.50, 10.10) compared with those in the highest quintile. A graph of the interaction revealed lower verbal ability placed females, but not males, at an increased risk of PTSD. Our results indicate that lower verbal ability in early childhood is a vulnerability factor for PTSD in females but not in males, and may constitute a gender-specific risk factor responsible for part of the increased risk of PTSD found in females compared with males. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Verbal Ability, *Risk Assessment","Betts, Kim Steven, Williams, Gail M., Najman, Jacob M., Bor, William, Alati, Rosa",2012.0,,,0,0,
610,A study of psychiatric morbidity in recovering intensive care unit patients,"Introduction: Patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU) generally have a debilitating disease. With improvement in medical facilities, ICU patient's mortality is reduced leading to increase in surviving patients. While the patient is recovering, he/she may develop some psychological symptoms like sadness of mood, anxiety, sleep disturbances, irritability, etc. Studies have shown that ICU stay can lead to psychiatric diseases of which depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder are most common. Several risk factors for these psychiatric symptoms include pre-ICU psychiatric symptoms, female sex, younger age, education. Commonly reported ICU risk factors include poor recall of hospital stay, traumatic or delusional ICU memories, and ICU sedation and restrain, long duration mechanical ventilation, unemployment due to long stay in ICU, and post ICU cognitive impairment. Pre and post ICU impairment in physical function can also be associated. Identifying these risk factors will help us to detect patients at risk for psychiatric complications and plan further interventions. However, few studies have been done on psychiatric morbidity in recovering ICU patients; hence we decided to do this study. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study sociodemographic profile of patient recovering from ICU. 2. To access psychological symptoms in recovering ICU patients. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients recovering from ICU, who were under critical care in medical and neurological ICU and now stabilized and transferred to intermediate care of tertiary hospital, were enrolled after informed consent and institutional review board (IRB ) permission. Semistructured questionnaire was administered to study sociodemographic profile of patient. Clinical diagnostic interview as administered to assess psychological symptoms. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive impairment. Results and Conclusion are discussed.","morbidity, intensive care unit, patient, human, Indian, medical society, mental disease, risk factor, anxiety, cognitive defect, unemployment, artificial ventilation, irritability, sedation, memory, sleep disorder, hospitalization, mood, Mini Mental State Examination, recall, informed consent, tertiary care center, education, intensive care, risk, posttraumatic stress disorder, institutional review, questionnaire, diagnosis, interview, mortality, female","Bhagat, P., Adarkar, S., Parkar, S. R., Karnik, N. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
611,A Study of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth in Tsunami Relief Volunteers,"Twenty female relief volunteers who had participated in the post-tsunami relief operations in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, India, under the aegis of nongovernmental organizations and charitable trusts were assessed for posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and dissociative experiences. They also responded to a set of questions in order to determine the direction (upward-downward) of their counterfactual thoughts. The observed data were subjected to a multivariate analysis of variance and multiple discriminant analysis to identify the key underlying dimensions. The main effects of amnesia, depersonalization, percentage of dissociation, and family type were highly significant. Discriminant coefficients suggested the importance of relating to others and proactive coping. They also suggested the importance of intrusion, avoidance, and appreciation of life. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Bhushan, B., Kumar, J. S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
612,Compassion fatigue and burnout amongst clinicians: a medical exploratory study,"BACKGROUND: Compassion fatigue is a broad term comprising of two components - burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The current study is aimed at identifying 'burnout' and 'compassion fatigue' among clinicians involved in care of individuals suffering from medical illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 clinicians were included in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to gather information related to personal, professional, anthropometric, and metabolic profile of the study participants. Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL Version V) was used to assess burnout, compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress. Analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 19.0. RESULTS: The mean age of clinicians was 46.68+/-11.06 (range 26-67 years). Burnout score was significantly higher in those involved in diabetology practice. Similarly, compassion satisfaction score was greater among those with greater years of practice as well as among those in private practice. Clinicians who reported a poor working condition, as opposed to good, had more burnout and less compassion satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that it is important to find out ways of decreasing burnout and compassion fatigue among clinicians.","Burnout, clinicians, compassion fatigue","Bhutani, J., Bhutani, S., Balhara, Y. P., Kalra, S.",2012.0,Oct,10.4103/0253-7176.108206,0,0,
613,Compassion fatigue and burnout amongst clinicians: A medical exploratory study,"Background: Compassion fatigue is a broad term comprising of two components - burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The current study is aimed at identifying ′burnout′ and ′compassion fatigue′ among clinicians involved in care of individuals suffering from medical illness. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 clinicians were included in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to gather information related to personal, professional, anthropometric, and metabolic profile of the study participants. Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL Version V) was used to assess burnout, compassion satisfaction and secondary traumatic stress. Analysis was carried out using the SPSS version 19.0. Results: The mean age of clinicians was 46.68±11.06 (range 26-67 years). Burnout score was significantly higher in those involved in diabetology practice. Similarly, compassion satisfaction score was greater among those with greater years of practice as well as among those in private practice. Clinicians who reported a poor working condition, as opposed to good, had more burnout and less compassion satisfaction. Conclusion: The current study suggests that it is important to find out ways of decreasing burnout and compassion fatigue among clinicians.","Burnout, Clinicians, Compassion fatigue","Bhutani, J., Bhutani, S., Balhara, Y. P. S., Kalra, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,612
614,Comparing the utility of homogeneous subtypes of cocaine use and related behaviors with DSM-IV cocaine dependence as traits for genetic association analysis,"Because DSM-IV cocaine dependence (CD) is heterogeneous, it is not an optimal phenotype to identify genetic variation contributing to risk for cocaine use and related behaviors (CRBs). We used a cluster analytic method to differentiate homogeneous, highly heritable subtypes of CRBs and to compare their utility with that of the DSM-IV CD as traits for genetic association analysis. Clinical features of CRBs and co-occurring disorders were obtained via a poly-diagnostic interview administered to 9,965 participants in genetic studies of substance dependence. A subsample of subjects (N=3,443) were genotyped for 1,350 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from 130 candidate genes related to addiction. Cluster analysis of clinical features of the sample yielded five subgroups, two of which were characterized by heavy cocaine use and high heritability: a heavy cocaine use, infrequent intravenous injection group and an early-onset, heavy cocaine use, high comorbidity group. The utility of these traits was compared with the CD diagnosis through association testing of 2,320 affected subjects and 480 cocaine-exposed controls. Analyses examined both single SNP (main) and SNP-SNP interaction (epistatic) effects, separately for African-Americans and European-Americans. The two derived subtypes showed more significant P values for 6 of 8 main effects and 7 of 8 epistatic effects. Variants in the CLOCK gene were significantly associated with the heavy cocaine use, infrequent intravenous injection group, but not with the DSM-IV diagnosis of CD. These results support the utility of subtypes based on CRBs to detect risk variants for cocaine addiction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Candidate genes, Cocaine, Cocaine dependence, Subtyping, subtype analysis","Bi, J., Gelernter, J., Sun, J., Kranzler, H. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
615,Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in adolescent rape victims with post traumatic stress disorder,"Background: In chronic sexual abuse victims with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis can be dysregulated. In single rape victims, PTSD symptoms are hypothesized to function as a chronic stressor leading to similar HPA-axis dysregulation. The objective of the current study was to assess HPA-axis functioning in female adolescents with rape-related PTSD, but no prior sexual trauma, in comparison to non-victimized controls. Method: Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were measured in 52 female adolescent rape victims with PTSD and 37 healthy adolescents at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after awakening, both under basal conditions and after 0.5 mg dexamethasone administration. Results: Compared to age-matched controls, adolescent rape victims with PTSD showed significantly reduced cortisol and DHEAS levels. No group differences for the effect of dexamethasone suppression were found. Both the event of rape and PTSD diagnosis, and not factors such as sleep duration, smoking, education or oral contraceptives, accounted for the neuroendocrine differences between rape victims and controls. Conclusions: The results show evidence for a dysregulated HPA-axis in female adolescent victims of single sexual trauma with PTSD. The finding of hypocortisolism is consistent with endocrine dysfunctioning in chronic sexual abuse victims and may have clinical implications with regard to treatment possibilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rape, *Sex Hormones, *Steroids, Crime Victims, Human Females","Bicanic, Iva A. E., Postma, Riemke M., Sinnema, Gerben, De Roos, Carlijn, Olff, Miranda, Van Wesel, Floryt, Van de Putte, Elise M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
616,Long-term consequences of traumatic experiences: an assessment of former political detainees in Romania,"BACKGROUND: Research has suggested that organized violence and torture have long-term psychological effects that persist throughout the lifespan. The present survey aimed at examining the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other disorders and symptoms, all present in old age, as long-term consequences of politically motivated violence in a comparison design. METHODS: A group of former political detainees (N = 59, mean age 73.5 years) who had been arrested by the Romanian communist regime were compared to an age- and gender-matched control group (N = 39). PTSD was assessed using a structured clinical interview (CIDI). The investigation of the clinical profile was further accomplished by self-rating measures for anxiety, depression, and health-related functioning, as well as by clinician-administrated interviews for substance abuse, dissociation, and somatization symptoms. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 54%. In the case of participants left untreated, PTSD persisted, often over four decades, such that current PTSD was diagnosed still in a third of the survivors. Other clinical conditions such as somatization, substance abuse, dissociative disorders, and major depression were also common among the former political detainees and often associated with current PTSD. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that political detention may have long-term psychological consequences that outlast the changes in the political system.",,"Bichescu, D., Schauer, M., Saleptsi, E., Neculau, A., Elbert, T., Neuner, F.",2005.0,Sep 26,10.1186/1745-0179-1-17,0,0,
617,Long-term consequences of traumatic experiences: An assessment of former political detainees in Romania,"Background: Research has suggested that organized violence and torture have long-term psychological effects that persist throughout the lifespan. The present survey aimed at examining the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other disorders and symptoms, all present in old age, as long-term consequences of politically motivated violence in a comparison design. Methods: A group of former political detainees (N = 59, mean age 73.5 years) who had been arrested by the Romanian communist regime were compared to an age- and gender-matched control group (N = 39). PTSD was assessed using a structured clinical interview (CIDI). The investigation of the clinical profile was further accomplished by self-rating measures for anxiety, depression, and health-related functioning, as well as by clinician-administrated interviews for substance abuse, dissociation, and somatization symptoms. Results: Lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 54%. In the case of participants left untreated, PTSD persisted, often over four decades, such that current PTSD was diagnosed still in a third of the survivors. Other clinical conditions such as somatization, substance abuse, dissociative disorders, and major depression were also common among the former political detainees and often associated with current PTSD. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that political detention may have long-term psychological consequences that outlast the changes in the political system. (copyright) 2005 Bichescu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","aged, aging, anxiety, article, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical feature, comparative study, controlled study, depression, disease association, dissociation, female, functional assessment, health survey, human, lifespan, major clinical study, male, mental stress, Mini Mental State Examination, political system, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, prisoner, Romania, self evaluation, somatization, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, structured interview, substance abuse, torture survivor, violence","Bichescu, D. M., Schauer, M., Saleptsi, E., Neculau, A., Elbert, T., Neuner, F.",2005.0,,,0,0,616
618,Personal and familial correlates of bipolar (BP)-I disorder in children with a diagnosis of BP-I disorder with a positive child behavior checklist (CBCL)-severe dysregulation profile: A controlled study,"Background: Although the DSM-IV provides explicit criteria for the diagnosis of BP-I disorder, this is a complex diagnosis that requires high levels of clinical expertise. Previous work shows children with a unique profile of the CBCL of high scores (2SD) on the attention problems (AP), aggressive behavior (AGG), and anxious-depressed (AD) (A-A-A) subscales are more likely than other children to meet criteria for BP-I disorder in both epidemiological and clinical samples. However, since not all BP-I disorder children have a positive profile questions remain as to its informativeness, particularly in the absence of an expert diagnostician. Methods: Analyses were conducted comparing personal and familial correlates of BP-I disorder in 140 youth with a structured interview and an expert clinician based DSM-IV diagnosis of BP-I disorder with (N=80) and without (N=60) a positive CBCL- Severe Dysregulation profile, and 129 controls of similar age and sex without ADHD or a mood disorder. Subjects were comprehensively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and wide range of functional measures. We defined the CBCL-severe dysregulation profile as an aggregate cut-off score of ≥210 on the A-A-A scales. Results: BP-I probands with and without a positive CBCL-severe dysregulation profile significantly differed from Controls in patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, psychosocial and psychoeducational dysfunction, and cognitive deficits, as well as in their risk for BP-I disorder in first degree relatives. Limitations: Because the sample was referred and largely Caucasian, findings may not generalize to community samples and other ethnic groups. Conclusion: A positive CBCL-severe dysregulation profile identifies a severe subgroup of BP-I disorder youth. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Mood disorders, Screening instrument, Severity of illness index","Biederman, J., Martelon, M., Faraone, S. V., Woodworth, K. Y., Spencer, T. J., Wozniak, J. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
619,Latent dimensions of posttraumatic stress disorder and their relations with alcohol use disorder,"Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in order to further our understanding of the substantial comorbidity between these two disorders.Methods: CFA was used to examine which factors of PTSD's dysphoria model were most related to AUD in a military sample. Ohio National Guard soldiers with a history of overseas deployment participated in the survey (n = 1215). Participants completed the PTSD Checklist and a 12-item survey from the National Survey on Drug Use used to diagnosis AUD.Results: The results of the CFA indicated that a combined model of PTSD's four factors and a single AUD factor fit the data very well. Correlations between PTSD's factors and a latent AUD factor ranged from correlation coefficients of 0.258-0.285, with PTSD's dysphoria factor demonstrating the strongest correlation. However, Wald tests of parameter constraints revealed that AUD was not more correlated with PTSD's dysphoria than other PTSD factors.Conclusions: All four factors of PTSD's dysphoria model demonstrate comparable correlations with AUD. The role of dysphoria to the construct of PTSD is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Biehn, Tracey L., Contractor, Ateka A., Elhai, Jon D., Tamburrino, Marijo, Fine, Thomas H., Cohen, Gregory, Shirley, Edwin, Chan, Philip K., Liberzon, Israel, Calabrese, Joseph R., Galea, Sandro",2015.0,,,0,0,
620,Underlying Dimensions of DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms,"This study examined the relationship between the underlying latent factors of major depression symptoms and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A nonclinical sample of 266 participants with a trauma history participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the fit of the DSM-5 PTSD model and dysphoria model, as well as a depression model comprised of somatic and nonsomatic factors. The DSM-5 PTSD model demonstrated somewhat better fit over the dysphoria model. Wald tests indicated that PTSD's negative alterations in cognitions and mood factor was more strongly related to depression's nonsomatic factor than its somatic factor. This study furthers a nascent line of research examining the relationship between PTSD and depression factors in order to better understand the nature of the high comorbidity rates between the two disorders. Moreover, this study provides an initial analysis of the new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Confirmatory factor analysis, Depression, DSM-5, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Biehn, T. L., Elhai, J. D., Seligman, L. D., Tamburrino, M., Armour, C., Forbes, D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
621,Response,,,"Bienvenu, O. J., Needham, D. M., Hopkins, R. O.",2013.0,,,0,0,
622,Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute lung injury: Evaluating the impact of event scale-revised,"Background: Survivors of acute lung injury (ALI) and other critical illnesses often experience substantial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, most questionnaires have not been validated against a PTSD diagnostic reference standard in this patient population. Hence, in the current study of survivors of ALI, we evaluated the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), a questionnaire measure of PTSD symptoms, against the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the current state-of-the-art PTSD diagnostic reference standard, which also provides a quantitative assessment of PTSD symptoms. Methods: We evaluated the IES-R questionnaire vs the CAPS diagnostic interview in 60 of 77 consecutively recruited survivors of ALI from two prospective cohort studies of patients 1 to 5 years after ALI. Results: The IES-R total score (range: 0.0-3.2) and the CAPS total severity score (range: 0-70) were strongly related (Pearson r = 0.80, Spearman r = 0.69). Using CAPS data, eight of the 60 patients (13%) had PTSD at the time of assessment, and an additional eight patients had partial PTSD (total prevalence, 27%). In a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis with CAPS PTSD or partial PTSD as criterion variables, the area under the curve ranged from 95% (95% CI, 88%-100%) to 97% (95% CI, 92%-100%). At an IES-R threshold of 1.6, with the same criterion variables, sensitivities ranged from 80% to 100%, specificities 85% to 91%, positive predictive values 50% to 75%, negative predictive values 93% to 100%, positive likelihood ratios 6.5 to 9.0, negative likelihood ratios 0.0 to 0.2, and efficiencies 87% to 90%. Conclusions: The IES-R appears to be an excellent brief PTSD symptom measure and screening tool in ALI survivors. © 2013 American College of Chest Physicians.",,"Bienvenu, O. J., Williams, J. B., Yang, A., Hopkins, R. O., Needham, D. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
623,Abuse and Neglect in Childhood: Relationship to Personality Disorder Diagnoses,"Background: Childhood history of abuse and neglect has been associated with personality disorders and has been observed in subjects with lifetime histories of suicidality and self-injury. Most of these findings have been generated from inpatient clinical samples. Methods: This study evaluated self-rated indices of sustained childhood abuse and neglect in an outpatient sample of well-characterized personality disorder subjects (n = 182) to determine the relative associations of childhood trauma indices to specific personality disorder diagnoses or clusters and to lifetime history of suicide attempts or gestures. Subjects met criteria for ∼2.5 Axis II diagnoses and 24% reported past suicide attempts. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was administered to assess five dimensions of childhood trauma exposure (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect). Logistic regression was employed to evaluate salient predictors among the trauma measures for each cluster, personality disorder, and history of attempted suicide and self-harm. All analyses controlled for gender distribution. Results: Seventy-eight percent of subjects met dichotomous criteria for some form of childhood trauma; a majority reported emotional abuse and neglect. The dichotomized criterion for global trauma severity was predictive of cluster B, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Trauma scores were positively associated with cluster A, negatively with cluster C, but were not significantly associated with cluster B diagnoses. Among the specific diagnoses comprising cluster A, paranoid disorder alone was predicted by sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Within cluster B, only antisocial personality disorder showed significant associations with trauma scores, with specific prediction by sexual and physical abuse. For borderline personality disorder, there were gender interactions for individual predictors, with emotional abuse being the only significant trauma predictor, and only in men. History of suicide gestures was associated with emotional abuse in the entire sample and in women only; self-mutilatory behavior was associated with emotional abuse in men. Conclusion: These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are broadly represented among personality disorders, and associated with indices of clinical severity among patients with borderline personality disorder. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are highlighted as predictors of both paranoid and antisocial personality disorders. These results help qualify prior observations of the association of childhood sexual abuse with borderline personality disorder.",,"Bierer, L. M., Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., Siever, L. J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
624,Does abortion increase women's risk for post-traumatic stress? Findings from a prospective longitudinal cohort study,"OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess women's risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and of experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) over 4 years after seeking an abortion, and to assess whether symptoms are attributed to the pregnancy, abortion or birth, or other events in women's lives. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study which followed women from approximately 1 week after receiving or being denied an abortion (baseline), then every 6 months for 4 years (9 interview waves). SETTING: 30 abortion facilities located throughout the USA. PARTICIPANTS: Among 956 women presenting for abortion care, some of whom received an abortion and some of whom were denied due to advanced gestational age; 863 women are included in the longitudinal analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PTSS and PTSD risk were measured using the Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD). Index pregnancy-related PTSS was measured by coding the event(s) described by women as the cause of their symptoms. ANALYSES: We used unadjusted and adjusted logistic mixed-effects regression analyses to assess whether PTSS, PTSD risk and pregnancy-related PTSS trajectories of women obtaining abortions differed from those who were denied one. RESULTS: At baseline, 39% of participants reported any PTSS and 16% reported three or more symptoms. Among women with symptoms 1-week post-abortion seeking (n=338), 30% said their symptoms were due to experiences of sexual, physical or emotional abuse or violence; 20% attributed their symptoms to non-violent relationship issues; and 19% said they were due to the index pregnancy. Baseline levels of PTSS, PTSD risk and pregnancy-related PTSS outcomes did not differ significantly between women who received and women who were denied an abortion. PTSS, PTSD risk and pregnancy-related PTSS declined over time for all study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Women who received an abortion were at no higher risk of PTSD than women denied an abortion.","Abortion, Mental health, Pregnancy","Biggs, M. A., Rowland, B., McCulloch, C. E., Foster, D. G.",2016.0,,10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009698,0,1,
625,Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban area of Albania-A community survey,"Notes that the prevalence of stressful life events, traumatic events and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well risk factors associated with PTSD, were investigated in a representative community sample of 217 Albanians (aged 18-82 yrs) in an urban area. Traumatic events and PTSD were assessed with a 20-item self-rating scale that included PTSD symptoms defined in the DSM-IV, and stressful life events were assessed with the List of Stressful Life Events. Although 32.2% of the respondents reported that they had been exposed to at least 1 ""criterion A"" type of traumatic event and 31.5% reported at least 1 stressful life event in the past 12 mo, only a few qualified for a full PTSD diagnosis (8.2%). Risk factors for the development of PTSD were found to be younger age, marital state and the presence of other psychiatric disorder. The prevalence rate of PTSD in this sample was lying in the range of that reported for other community populations, which does not correspond to the amplitude of the human rights violation that occurred in Albania. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Urban Environments","Bilanakis, Nikos, Kaci, Murat, Pappas, Evangelos, Malamas, Mihalis, Madianos, Mihalis",1999.0,,,0,0,
626,Mental health of workers and volunteers responding to events of 9/11: Review of the literature,,,"Bills, C. B., Levy, N. A. S., Sharma, V., Charney, D. S., Herbert, R., Moline, J., Katz, C. L.",2008.0,,10.1002/msj.20026,0,0,
627,Advances in genomics and epigenetic biomarkers for vulnerability and treatment response in mood and anxiety disorders,"Objective: Our current efforts in identifying reliable markers to stratify patients with mood and anxiety disorders into biologically relevant categories have so far not been highly successful. Here we will highlight approaches that combine genetic and environmental risk factors and epigenetic measures to identify subsets of patients that are likely biologically more homogeneous and may profit from similar treatment strategies. Methods: DNA methylation, gene expression and genotyping, combined with endocrine and neuroimaging measures as well as information on antidepressant treatment response from different studies will be presented. Results: Interaction of a specific functional polymorphism in the FKBP5 gene together with exposure to early trauma leads to epigenetic changes that further derepress the transcription of that gene. This interaction of two risk factors is on the one hand associated with a number of distinct psychiatric diagnoses, including depression, PTSD and psychosis. On the other hand, patients with this specific epigenetic profile represent a subgroup of patients with unique endocrine, gene expression and neuroimaging biomarkers. Preliminary evidence suggest that depressed patients with the FKBP5 risk allele and exposure to early trauma may preferentially respond to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). We will also present data from genome-wide genetic and epigenetic studies investigating pattern associated with differential antidepressive response to CBT vs. medication. Conclusion: This series of studies highlights that identifying subgroups of patients using epigenetic measures and integrating genetic and environmental factors could be useful for more targeted treatment approaches that make use of pathophysiologic findings that can transcend current diagnostic categories.","biological marker, antidepressant agent, marker, DNA, genomics, treatment response, mood, anxiety disorder, psychopharmacology, patient, human, gene expression, neuroimaging, exposure, risk factor, injury, gene, DNA methylation, risk, psychosis, psychiatric diagnosis, profit, genotype, environmental factor, allele, cognitive therapy, genome, drug therapy, diagnosis, posttraumatic stress disorder","Binder, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
628,Glucocorticoid receptor activation induced epigenetic changes and their moderation by genetic variants as potential mediators of risk and resilience to early trauma-associated psychiatric disorders,"Background: We could recently show that exposure to adverse life events has a very different long term impact on peripheral blood gene expression and DNA methylation in patients with post traumatic stress disorder depending on the developmental period (Mehta et al., PNAS in press) suggesting that distinct pathomechanisms can underly the same psychiatric disorder following trauma in childhood vs adulthood. Methods: To explore the importance of developmental windows for longterm gene expression and epigenetic changes following adverse life events in more depth, we treated a human fetal hippocampal progenitor cell line with the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone during the proliferation and differentiation phase as well as after maturation and compared the developmentally and treatment- related changes in genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation profiles with data from peripheral blood cells in a highly traumatized human cohort. We also include data from expression and methylation quantitative trait locus analysis in peripheral blood cells moderated by exposure to early trauma (N=380) and genenullenvironment interaction data in a cohort of 3000 individuals for a better functional annotation of the identified CpGs. Results: We observed distinct gene expression and DNA methylation changes in the hippocampal progenitor cells when activating the glucocorticoid receptor in the two distinct developmental stages. In fact for the gene FKBP5, identical changes in DNA methylation in functional glucocorticoid response elements were observed in the neuronal cell lines following treatment during the proliferation and differention phase and following exposure to child abuse in DNA from peripheral blood in adults but following treatment in mature neurons. We are currently testing whether these findings from a candidate gene level extend to genome wide data. When analyzing expression quantitative trait loci moderated by early trauma, we found that the SNPs (N=497) interacting with child abuse to predict gene expression levels after correction for multiple testing, also interacted with child abuse to predict DNA methylation pattern in the same loci in over 97%. In addition, the sequences surrounding these early trauma sensitive eSNPs were enriched for glucorticoid response elements. Finally, eSNPs interacting with early trauma to predict gene expression differences, also showed interactions predicting depressive and anxiety symptoms in the large sample. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that glucocorticoid receptor activation induced DNA methylation changes and their moderation by genetic variants may contribute to the risk and resilience profile to psychiatric disorders following exposure to early trauma. A better understanding of the downstream mechanisms activated by these changes and their time sequence may help guide prevention and early intervention strategies.","glucocorticoid receptor, DNA, dexamethasone, glucocorticoid, genetic variability, risk, injury, mental disease, college, psychopharmacology, human, gene expression, DNA methylation, exposure, blood, child abuse, gene, blood cell, cell line, stem cell, quantitative trait locus, DNA responsive element, life event, genome, prevention, anxiety, agonist, nerve cell, adult, adulthood, developmental stage, environment, childhood, methylation, maturation, early intervention, posttraumatic stress disorder, patient","Binder, E. B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
629,Rebuild or Relocate? Resilience and Postdisaster Decision-Making After Hurricane Sandy,"Hurricane Sandy struck the east coast of the United States on October 29, 2012, devastating communities in its path. In the aftermath, New York implemented a home buyout program designed to facilitate the permanent relocation of residents out of areas considered to be at risk for future hazards. While home buyout programs are becoming popular as policy tools for disaster mitigation, little is known about what factors influence homeowners to participate in or reject these programs. This study used mixed methods to assess the relationship between community resilience and the relocation decision in two heavily damaged communities in which the majority of residents made different decisions regarding whether or not to pursue a buyout. The sample was composed of residents from Oakwood Beach and Rockaway Park, both working-class communities in New York City, who participated via a community survey (N = 133) and/or in-depth interviews (N = 28). Results suggested that community resilience moderated the relationship between community of residence and the buyout decision, leading to opposite responses on the buyout decision. Contextual community factors, including the history of natural disasters, local cultural norms, and sense of place, were instrumental in explaining these different responses. Implications for disaster policy are discussed. © 2015, Society for Community Research and Action.","Climate adaptation, Community resilience, Disaster recovery, Home buyout, Hurricane Sandy, Postdisaster relocation","Binder, S. B., Baker, C. K., Barile, J. P.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10464-015-9727-x,0,0,
630,Resilience and recovery in american sāmoa: A case study of the 2009 south pacific tsunami,"Case study methodology was used to explore the culturally situated response and recovery efforts following a tsunami in American Sāmoa. Data indicated that cultural mechanisms were effective in meeting physical needs but insufficient to manage the emotional trauma caused by such a large-scale event. Samoan cultural norms strongly discourage uncontrolled emotional expression outside of ritualized grieving events. Disruptions in social networks and activities, combined with a lack of available emotional support, resulted in significant psychological distress for many survivors. Sixteen months after the tsunami residents continued to exhibit numerous symptoms of posttraumatic stress. In response to this need for emotional support, some groups within American Sāmoa are setting an example of how their culture can adapt by forging new, culturally grounded methods for addressing emotional needs that arose in the wake of the tsunami. Findings are analyzed through the lens of the social support deterioration deterrence model and activity settings theory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",,"Binder, S. B., Baker, C. K., Mayer, J., ""ODonnell, C. R.""",2014.0,,10.1002/jcop.21654,0,0,
631,Alterations in the cortical thickness and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder,"The core neuropsychological processes underlying post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have yet to be elucidated, and the association between anatomical and functional deficits in PTSD remains largely unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the alterations in cortical thickness and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in PTSD patients resulting from motor vehicle accidents (MVCs), and to explore the association of cortical thickness and ALFF with the severity of PTSD symptoms. A total of 20 PTSD patients and 20 healthy controls were recruited and examined by high-resolution structural MRI combined with resting-state fMRI. The results showed significant decrease in cortical thickness in the left BA10, BA32 and BA45 and the right superior temporal gyrus in PTSD patients. The ALFF value in PTSD patients increased significantly in the left BA10 and BA32 and the right cerebellum. Linear regression revealed that decreased cortical thickness and increased ALFF in the BA10 were associated with the increased PTSD scores. These findings suggest that the structural integrity and resting-state function in the BA10 play an important role in the pathogenesis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Size, *Cerebral Cortex, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Bing, Xie, Ming-guo, Qiu, Ye, Zhang, Jing-na, Zhang, Min, Li, Han, Chen, Yu, Zhang, Jia-jia, Zhang, Jian, Wang, Wei, Chen, Han-jian, Du, Shao-xiang, Zhang",2013.0,,,0,0,
632,Latent classes of posttraumatic stress and growth,"Background and Objectives: Potentially traumatic events may lead to different patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth. The objective of the present study was to identify subgroups with different patterns of posttraumatic reactions, and to determine whether these subgroups differed in terms of personal and social resources and indicators of adjustment. Design: This study used survey data collected 10 months after the 2011 Oslo bombing attack to investigate patterns of reactions among ministerial employees (N = 1970). Methods: We applied latent class analyses with covariates to extract subgroups of individuals. Results: Three classes of individual reactions were extracted, and these were similar among those who were and those who were not physically proximate to the bombing attack: “High stress/high growth” (27% and 11%, respectively), “Low stress/high growth” (74% and 42%, respectively), and “Low stress/low growth” (only among the not physically proximate: 47%). The classes differed in terms of gender, neuroticism, and social support as well as life satisfaction and daily functioning. Conclusions: Heterogeneous patterns of posttraumatic reactions were found. Physical proximity is not necessary to experience posttraumatic stress or growth after political violence. Among individuals with low stress, posttraumatic growth may not encompass higher life satisfaction or functioning.","adjustment, person-centered approach, posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress","Birkeland, M. S., Hafstad, G. S., Blix, I., Heir, T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
633,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Characteristics and pharmacological response in the veteran population,A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients with the primary diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) admitted over a one-year period to a Veterans Administration Medical Center. The data base consisted of 14 Vietnam veterans and one World War II veteran. The purpose of the review was to compare the symptom profile of combat veterans to the established DSM III criteria for PTSD and to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy. The veterans' symptomatology was much more complex than described in DSM III and the currently employed drug therapy appears to be generally inadequate in treating combat-related PTSD.,"alprazolam, amitriptyline, amoxapine, chloral hydrate, chlorpromazine, clorazepate, diazepam, diphenhydramine, doxepin, ethchlorvynol, flurazepam, haloperidol, imipramine, lithium, lorazepam, loxapine, maprotiline, meprobamate, mesoridazine, methylphenidate, molindone, nortriptyline, perphenazine, phenelzine, propranolol, secobarbital, temazepam, thioridazine, trazodone, trifluoperazine, anxiety, central nervous system, clinical article, drug therapy, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, therapy","Birkhimer, L. J., DeVane, C. L., Muniz, C. E.",1985.0,,,0,0,
634,Substance abusers and trauma. An investigation of traumatic and post traumatic stress disorder among substance abusers,"Studied traumatic experiences and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among substance abusers. Subjects (Ss) were 18 men and women (aged 22-55 yrs) in Norway. Ss were interviewed and given the ""Sjekkliste for livshendelser"", a check list on exposure to different types of traumatizing experiences. To find out whether traumatic experiences had an effect on Ss, the Structured Clinical Interview for the Fourth Revision of the DSM (DSM-IV) was used. Results show that all but one of the Ss had experienced many traumatic events during their lifetimes. Female Ss had experienced more traumatic experiences than males Ss. Interviews revealed that 66% of Ss had experiences that fulfilled criteria for PTSD. In all, 88% of men and 100% of women had experienced at least one traumatic event that fulfilled criteria on the DSM-IV. In relation to whether Ss felt their was a correlation between their substance abuse and traumatic experiences, 61% answered, ""Yes"", and 27% answered ""No."" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Abuse, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","Birknes, Birthe Fjellhaug, Ravnanger, Kari",2002.0,,,0,0,
635,The predictive power of peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress symptoms for posttraumatic stress symptoms: A three-month prospective study,"Objective: The authors prospectively examined the power of peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress symptoms in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Method: Thirty-five assault victims were assessed with the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire within 24 hours of the assault. Participants were reassessed 2 weeks after the trauma with the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire and 3 months after the trauma with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and the Impact of Event Scale. Correlational analyses and a hierarchical multiple regression were conducted. Results: Peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress symptoms were correlated with later PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Together, peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress symptoms accounted for 33% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: These results support earlier findings that peritraumatic dissociative experiences and acute stress are robust predictors of PTSD. Such symptoms may be of use for identifying at an early stage individuals at highest risk of remaining symptomatic. Future studies should investigate the predictive power of specific peritraumatic and acute stress disorder symptom clusters.",,"Birmes, P., Brunet, A., Carreras, D., Ducassé, J. L., Charlet, J. P., Lauque, D., Sztulman, H., Schmitt, L.",2003.0,,,0,0,
636,Latency of post-traumatic stress disorder: A case study,"Presents the case-report of a 74-yr-old man who developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 50 yrs after surviving a Nazi concentration camp. Differing perspectives on latency time for the development of PTSD, characteristics of concentration camp trauma, the role of memory in pathogenic hypotheses of PTSD, and neuropsychological approaches to PTSD are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Concentration Camps, *Holocaust Survivors, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Models, Neuropsychology","Birmes, Philippe, Brunet, Alain, Schmitt, Laurent",2002.0,,,0,0,
637,Health and ill health of asylum seekers in Switzerland: An epidemiological study,"Background: Although the focus of health care for people seeking asylum in Western European countries is usually on communicable diseases, there is little data about the general health care need of this population. In this study, we investigated the actual burden of disease among asylum seekers. Methods: Data were collected from a Swiss Health Maintenance Organisation (HMO; a type of managed care organization in which physicians act as gate keepers) that was set up specifically to provide health care for asylum seekers. The data included socio-demographic characteristics, international classification of diseases (ICD-10) diagnoses and number of clinic visits. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the types of health problems and the number of clinic visits. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether age, gender or country or region of origin was predictive in terms of incidence of disease as diagnosed by using ICD classifications. Results: The total number of asylum seekers (mean age 22 years; 38% women) enrolled in the HMO from 2000 through 2003 was 979. Half of this group came from the former country of Yugoslavia. The remainder came primarily from sub-Saharan Africa, Turkey, Iraq and Sri Lanka. The most common health problems encountered in the population included musculoskeletal diseases, respiratory diseases, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The prevalence of all disease clusters was significantly associated with age. One-fifth of the population did not request health care at all during the time they were enrolled in the HMO. It is not known whether those who did not visit the medical clinic did not require health care or just chose not to request clinic services. Conclusions: The most frequent health problems encountered in the study population were chronic medical conditions, not communicable acute diseases. Although health care services provided to asylum seekers usually focus on episodic acute care, what this group actually needs is continuity of care. © The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.","Asylum seekers, Health care, Migration, Minorities, Refugees","Bischoff, A., Schneider, M., Denhaerynck, K., Battegay, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
638,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an increasingly recognized and potentially preventable condition. Certain factors, especially the severity of the trauma, perceived lack of social support and peri-traumatic dissociation have been associated with its development. In recent years, a more robust evidence base regarding the management of individuals involved in traumatic events has emerged. Immediately after a traumatic event, simple practical, pragmatic support provided in a sympathetic manner by non-mental health professionals seems most likely to help. For individuals who develop persisting PTSD, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TFCBT) may be beneficial within a few months of the trauma. For those who develop chronic PTSD, TFCBT and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing are best supported by the current evidence. Some anti-depressants appear to have a modest beneficial effect and are recommended as a second-line treatment. The current evidence base has allowed the development of guidelines that now require implementation. This has major implications in terms of planning and developing services that allow appropriately qualified and trained individuals to be available to cater adequately for the needs of survivors of traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Guidelines","Bisson, Jonathan I.",2007.0,,,0,0,42
639,Early responding to traumatic events,"How to respond optimally following traumatic events remains a Holy Grail. A number of early interventions lack evidence of effect. Practical, pragmatic support provided in an empathic manner is likely to be an appropriate initial response and complement the high levels of resilience shown by individuals exposed to traumatic events.",,"Bisson, J. I.",2014.0,,10.1192/bjp.bp.113.136077,0,0,
640,Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis,"Background: The relative efficacy of different psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unclear. Aims: To determine the efficacy of specific psychological treatments for chronic PTSD. Method: In a systematic review of randomised controlled trials, eligible studies were assessed against methodological quality criteria and data were extracted and analysed. Results: Thirty-eight randomised controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (TFCBT), eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), stress management and group cognitive-behavioural therapy improved PTSD symptoms more than waiting-list or usual care. There was inconclusive evidence regarding other therapies. There was no evidence of a difference in efficacy between TFCBT and EMDR but there was some evidence that TFCBT and EMDR were superior to stress management and other therapies, and that stress management was superior to other therapies. Conclusions: The first-line psychological treatment for PTSD should be trauma-focused (TFCBT or EMDR). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Group Counseling, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Management, Chronic Mental Illness, Cognitive Therapy, Trauma","Bisson, Jonathan I., Ehlers, Anke, Matthews, Rosa, Pilling, Stephen, Richards, David, Turner, Stuart",2007.0,,,0,0,
641,Systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple-session early interventions following traumatic events,,,"Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J.",2009.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040590,0,0,
642,Mental health profile of children soldiers involved in the war in western region of Cote d'Ivoire,"The general objective of this longitudinal study from June 2006 to September, 2007 was to identify the mental health profile from 345 children involved in the confrontations on the West of the Cote d'Ivoire, 4 years after the military and political crisis. In the term of the study, it emerges that the state of mental health of the subjects of the study had improved after the intervention of the medical psychological team and the diagnostic evaluation indicated that the states of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) passed from 53.38% to 2.9%, the depressive states passed from 20.29% to 1.45%. This study confirms the impact of armed conflict on mental health of these children soldiers and the importance of psychiatric, psychological and psychosocial interventions. Problem of the war added psychic disturbances in the usual psychological reorganizations of the puberty and the adolescence. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS.","adolescence, article, child, child psychiatry, children soldier, depression, human, longitudinal study, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, puberty, soldier, war","Bissouma, A. C., Te Bonle, D. M., Yeo-Tenena, J. M. Y., Moke, B. L., Kipre-Koiho, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
643,Mental health profile of children soldiers involved in the war in western region of Côte d'Ivoire,"The general objective of this longitudinal study from June 2006 to September, 2007 was to identify the mental health profile from 345 children involved in the confrontations on the West of the Côte d'Ivoire, 4 years after the military and political crisis. In the term of the study, it emerges that the state of mental health of the subjects of the study had improved after the intervention of the medical psychological team and the diagnostic evaluation indicated that the states of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) passed from 53.38% to 2.9%, the depressive states passed from 20.29% to 1.45%. This study confirms the impact of armed conflict on mental health of these children soldiers and the importance of psychiatric, psychological and psychosocial interventions. Problem of the war added psychic disturbances in the usual psychological reorganizations of the puberty and the adolescence. © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Children, ""Côte dIvoire"", Mental health profile, War","Bissouma, A. C., Te Bonle, D. M., Yeo-Tenena, J. M. Y., Moke, B. L., Kipre-Koiho, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
644,Variation in the Profile of Anxiety Disorders in Boys with an ASD According to Method and Source of Assessment,"To determine any variation that might occur due to the type of assessment and source used to assess them, the prevalence of 7 anxiety disorders were investigated in a sample of 140 boys with an Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 50 non-ASD (NASD) boys via the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory and the KIDSCID Clinical Interview. Boys with an ASD were significantly more anxious than their NASD peers. Data collected from the boys with an ASD themselves showed differences in the severity and diagnostic criterion of anxiety disorders to data collected from the boys’ parents. There were age-related variations to the pattern of anxiety disorder differences across reports from the boys with an ASD and reports from their parents.","clomipramine, clonidine, dexamphetamine, fluoxetine, melatonin, methylphenidate, risperidone, adolescent, anxiety disorder, article, Asperger syndrome, attention deficit disorder, autism, behavior disorder, child, controlled study, depression, disease severity, DSM-5, DSM-IV-TR, generalized anxiety disorder, human, intelligence quotient, major clinical study, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, self report, separation anxiety, sleep disorder, social interaction, social phobia, structured interview, Wechsler intelligence scale, anafranil, catapress, concerta, fluvoxatine, lovan, resperadol, ritalin, stratera","Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F.",2015.0,,,0,0,
645,The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review,,,"Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., Neckelmann, D.",2002.0,,10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3,0,0,
646,Measuring secondary traumatic stress symptoms in military spouses with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Military Version,"Little research to date has examined secondary traumatic stress symptoms in spouses of military veterans. This study investigated the presence and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a sample of 227 Army National Guard veterans and secondary traumatic stress symptoms among their spouses. The veterans completed the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist Military Version (PCL-M) (Weathers et al., 1993) to determine the probable prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress symptoms. A modified version of the PCL-M was used to assess secondary traumatic stress symptoms in the spouses.A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the modified version of the PCL-M used to assess secondary traumatic stress symptoms in spouses fits using the same four-factor PTSD structure as the PCL-Mfor veterans. This study provides initial evidence on the underlying symptom structure of secondary traumatic stress symptoms among spouses of traumatic event victims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spouses, *Stress, *Symptoms, National Guard Personnel","Bjornestad, Andrea G., Schweinle, Amy, Elhai, Jon D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
647,Personal Growth After Severe Fetal Diagnosis,"The traumatic aspects of positive diagnosis of a severe fetal anomaly have garnered the most attention, but the personal growth in the aftermath of this event remains relatively unexplored. We used the five dimensions of growth and change from Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to analyze data generated from ethnographic interviews conducted with 15 women and 10 of their male partners in the aftermath of a severe fetal diagnosis. Eighteen (12 women and 6 men) of these 25 participants experienced positive change across these dimensions. Relating to others was the dimension that showed the most consistent early and prolonged change. Six of the 10 couples had congruent profiles of change. Negative change was evident in 2 women and 2 men. Recognizing the potential for growth allows nurses opportunities to promote it in the aftermath of severe fetal diagnosis. © The Author(s) 2010.","end-of-life, ethnography, mental health, perinatal loss","Black, B., Sandelowski, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
648,"Borderline personality disorder and traits in veterans: Psychiatric comorbidity, healthcare utilization, and quality of life along a continuum of severity","Objective: To examine the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits in Gulf War veterans, and to assess psychiatric comorbidity, health status, healthcare utilization, and quality of life (QOL) along a continuum of BPD trait severity. Method: BPD and traits were evaluated using the Schedule for Non-Adaptive and Adaptive Personality in 576 veterans who were either deployed to the Persian Gulf (1990-1991) or were on active duty though not deployed to the Gulf. Demographic and military characteristics, personal and family history, psychiatric comorbidity, and QOL were also assessed. Results: One or more BPD traits were present in 247 subjects (43%), and BPD (≥5 traits) was identified in 15 subjects (3%). The number of traits was significantly associated with age and level of education. Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity was significantly associated with the number of BPD traits present, and level of functioning, health status, healthcare utilization, social functioning, self-injurious tendencies, and military/behavioral problems. Conclusion: BPD and traits identified in Gulf War veterans were associated with significant psychiatric morbidity, poorer QOL, and increased utilization of healthcare resources. Early recognition and treatment of veterans with BPD symptoms may be warranted to minimize the burden on the healthcare system.",,"Black, D. W., Blum, N., Letuchy, E., Doebbeling, C. C., Forman-Hoffman, V. L., Doebbeling, B. N.",2006.0,,,0,0,
649,"Fear of Recurrence, Sense of Coherence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Haematological Cancer Survivors","The diagnosis and treatment of cancer has been shown to precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in some cancer survivors. However few studies have considered the links between cancer-related PTSD and theoretical models of PTSD. This study considers a cognitive model of PTSD by examining the relationship between sense of coherence, and fear of recurrence to posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) in haematological cancer survivors. Thirty-six participants completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), the sense of coherence scale and two measures of fear of recurrence. Two measures of fear of recurrence were included as no fear of recurrence measures had previously been assessed for reliability and validity on British populations. Seventeen percent of the sample met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Statistically significant relationships were found between sense of coherence and fear of recurrence and PTSS, raising questions about the possibility of using this construct as a screening measure for vulnerability to PTSD. A relationship was also found between fear of recurrence and PTSS suggesting that cancer-related PTSS may fit within the theoretical model of PTSD considered. Further examination of factors affecting the onset, maintenance and treatment of PTSD in this population is required. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Fear, *Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Relapse (Disorders), *Sense of Coherence, Leukemias, Models, Stress, Survivors","Black, Esther K., White, Craig A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
650,How does the posttraumatic cognitions inventory fit in a four-factor posttraumatic stress disorder world? An initial analysis,"The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI) has emerged as a well-supported measure of trauma-related cognitions and has been associated with overall posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity. The present study sought to contribute to the literature regarding the utility of this measure and importance of considering the role of trauma-related cognitions in relation to an emerging four-factor model of PTSD symptomatology. To address discrepancies in the previous literature, we first replicated prior research by investigating the relationship between the PTCI cognitions (self, world/other, and self-blame) and overall PTSD symptoms. Next, we used structural equation modeling to examine a model of the relationships between posttraumatic cognitions and a well-supported four-factor model of PTSD (including separate avoidance and numbing clusters). We assessed PTSD symptomatology using both clinician-administered and self-report instruments in a treatment-seeking sample of sexual assault survivors. Results largely supported the theorized model of relationships between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptom clusters. Discrepancies were observed between the two PTSD measures, which may help to clarify previous conflicting reports. Clinical and theoretical implications are considered. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","posttraumatic cognitions inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD factor structure, self-blame, sexual assault","Blain, L. M., Galovski, T. E., Elwood, L. S., Meriac, J. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
651,Exposure to interpersonal victimization and sexual risk profiles of male adolescents aged 14 to 22 years-old in the province of Quebec (Canada),"OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to identify sexual risk profiles of male adolescents aged 14 to 22 years-old in the province of Quebec and to explore correlates of profile membership in terms of interpersonal victimization. METHOD: Participants were 3461 male adolescents aged 14 to 22 yearsold, living in the province of Quebec and interviewed in school settings as part of the first wave of the Youths' Romantic Relationships Survey. We used a person-centered approach to model sexual risk taking indicators (age at first sex, number of sexual partners, systematic condom use for anal or vaginal sex, non-relational sex, transactional sex, and events of pregnancy among partners) and compared profile membership according to exposure to various forms of interpersonal violence. RESULTS: Four profiles were identified: Abstinent (64%), Normative debut-few sexual partners (15%), Early debut-Multiple partners (13%), and High risk (8%). The High risk profile showed the highest number of sexual partners combined with non-systematic condom use (59%), nonrelational sex (33%), transactional sex (16%), and events of pregnancy among partners (9%). The High risk profile also involved the highest proportion of non-exclusively heterosexual participants. Membership in profiles with greater at-risk sexual behaviors was associated with a history childhood sexual abuse and dating victimization experiences (emotional, sexual and threats). Experience of physical dating violence, childhood physical abuse in the family or witnessing interparental violence failed to distinguish profiles. CONCLUSION: The results show correlational evidence supporting a relationship between interpersonal violence and sexual risk-taking in male adolescents. STIs and HIV prevention programs should not assume a homogeneous population with respect to sexual risk taking among male youths. The psychosexual sequels of interpersonal victimization among adolescent male need to be efficiently addressed to decrease their engagement in at-risk sexual behaviors. Potential mediators such as posttraumatic stress symptoms, substance use and sense of hopelessness need to be explored in future investigations.","Canada, male, adolescent, human, risk, Canadian, exposure, female, high risk behavior, sexuality, violence, sexual behavior, childhood, condom use, transactional sex, juvenile, pregnancy, sexual abuse, heterosexuality, hopelessness, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, model, prevention, physical abuse, dating violence, substance use, school, Human immunodeficiency virus","Blais, M., Hébert, M., Lavoie, F.",2015.0,,,0,0,
652,Unique PTSD Clusters Predict Intention to Seek Mental Health Care and Subsequent Utilization in US Veterans with PTSD Symptoms,"Many veterans return from deployment with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but most attend only a limited number of mental health care visits. Although global PTSD relates to seeking mental health care, it is unclear whether specific features of PTSD inform the low rates of mental health care utilization. This study examined PTSD cluster severities of avoidance, reexperiencing, dysphoria, and hyperarousal as predictors of intention to seek mental health care and prospective treatment utilization. US veterans with at least subthreshold PTSD (N = 189) completed a PTSD symptom measure and indicated whether they intended to seek mental health care. Prospective Department of Veterans Affairs mental health care utilization was extracted from the medical record. At the bivariate level, each cluster was positively associated with a positive intention to seek mental health care and prospective treatment utilization. In multivariate models, however, dysphoria severity (OR = 1.16, 95% CI [1.06, 1.26]) was uniquely and positively correlated with intention to seek mental health care, whereas higher avoidance severity (IRR = 0.86, 95% CI [0.76, 0.98]) predicted lower treatment utilization, and higher reexperiencing severity (IRR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.01, 1.14]) predicted greater treatment utilization. It is critical to tailor interventions to target specific features of PTSD and to meet patients where they are. © 2014.",,"Blais, R. K., Hoerster, K. D., Malte, C., Hunt, S., Jakupcak, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
653,Posttraumatic Stress and Stigma in Active-Duty Service Members Relate to Lower Likelihood of Seeking Support,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health concern for returning service members. Social support is a robust predictor of resiliency and recovery from PTSD; however, barriers to seeking support are understudied. PTSD and anticipated enacted stigma from family and friends were explored as correlates of the likelihood of seeking support among 153 Iraq/Afghanistan U.S. service members. Results showed that PTSD (r = -.31, p < .001) and anticipated enacted stigma (r = -.22, p ≤ .01) were negatively associated with likelihood of seeking support. Post hoc analyses showed that only dysphoria (r = -.32, p < .001) was significantly related to the likelihood of seeking support after accounting for anticipated enacted stigma and other PTSD clusters. Implications of these findings and ways to increase likelihood of seeking support are discussed. Copyright © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Blais, R. K., Renshaw, K. D., Jakupcak, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
654,Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS),,,"Blake, D., Weathers, F., Nagy, L., Kaloupek, D., Klauminzer, G., Charney, D., Keane, T.",1990.0,,,0,0,
655,The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale,,,"Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., Keane, T. M.",1995.0,,10.1007/BF02105408,0,0,
656,One-year prospective follow-up of motor vehicle accident victims,,,"Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Barton, K. A., Tayeor, A. E., Loos, W. R., Jones-Alexander, J.",1996.0,,10.1016/0005-7967(96)00038-1,0,0,
657,Psychological morbidity associated with motor vehicle accidents,"Fifty victims of recent motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), who had sought medical attention after their accidents, were assessed for possible psychological morbidity as a result of the accident. Forty age, gender-matched controls were also assessed with the same instruments. Forty-six percent of the MVA victims met the criteria for current post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) as a result of the accident while 20% showed a sub-syndromal version (the reexperiencing symptom cluster plus either the avoidance/numbing cluster or the over-arousal cluster) of PTSD. Although all MVA victims showed some form of driving reluctance, only 1 S met the criteria for driving phobia. Those MVA victims who met the criteria for PTSD or sub-syndromal PTSD were significantly more likely to have experienced previous trauma, other than a serious MVA, and were more likely (P = 0.008) to have previously met the criteria for PTSD as a result of that trauma. Forty-eight percent of MVA victims who met the criteria for current PTSD also met the criteria for current major depression. Significantly more current MVA-PTSDs had suffered previous major depressive episodes.","adult, aged, article, clinical article, controlled study, depression, female, human, male, mental disease, morbidity, normal human, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, traffic accident","Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Taylor, A. E., Loos, W. R., Gerardi, R. J.",1994.0,,,0,0,
658,Short-term follow-up of post-traumatic stress symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims,,,"Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Vollmer, A. J., Loos, W. R., Buckley, T. C., Jaccard, J.",1995.0,,10.1016/0005-7967(94)00067-T,0,0,
659,Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL),,,"Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., Forneris, C. A.",1996.0,,10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2,0,0,
660,Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I veterans 10 years later,"Prior research has demonstrated that shortly after the 1991 Gulf War (Gulf War I), chronic multisymptom illness (CMI) was more common among deployed veterans than among nondeployed veterans. The aims of the current study were to determine the prevalence of CMI among deployed and nondeployed veterans 10 years after Gulf War I, compare the distribution of comorbid conditions, and identify prewar factors associated with CMI. Cross-sectional data collected from 1,061 deployed veterans and 1,128 nondeployed veterans examined between 1999 and 2001 were analyzed. CMI prevalence was 28.9% among deployed veterans and 15.8% among nondeployed veterans (odds ratio = 2.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.61, 2.90). Deployed and nondeployed veterans with CMI had similarly poorer quality-of-life measures and higher prevalences of symptom-based medical conditions, metabolic syndrome, and psychiatric disorders. Diagnoses of prewar anxiety disorders (not related to post-traumatic stress disorder) and depression were associated with CMI among both deployed and nondeployed veterans. Nicotine dependence and veteran-reported physician-diagnosed infectious mononucleosis were associated with CMI among deployed veterans, and migraine headaches and gastritis were associated with CMI among nondeployed veterans. CMI continues to be substantially more prevalent among deployed veterans than among nondeployed veterans 10 years after Gulf War I, but it manifests similarly in both groups. It is likely to be a common, persistent problem among veterans returning from the current Gulf War.","Adult, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, *Gulf War, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, *Military Medicine, Military Personnel/*statistics & numerical data, Persian Gulf Syndrome/*epidemiology/physiopathology, Prevalence, Quality of Life, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, *Sickness Impact Profile, Time Factors, United States/epidemiology, Veterans/*statistics & numerical data","Blanchard, M. S., Eisen, S. A., Alpern, R., Karlinsky, J., Toomey, R., Reda, D. J., Murphy, F. M., Jackson, L. W., Kang, H. K.",2006.0,Jan 1,10.1093/aje/kwj008,0,0,
661,Duloxetine in the treatment of major depression and other psychiatric disorders,"Duloxetine is a new antidepressant agent approved for use in major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. It potently inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. This dual mechanism of action is thought to provide a favorable pharmacological profile with regards to efficacy, onset of action and analgesic properties. Pilot studies on the efficacy of duloxetine in the treatment of dysthymia and other psychiatric disorders have also shown promising results. Duloxetine appears well tolerated and its safety profile is similar to that of the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. (copyright) 2008 Future Drugs Ltd.","desipramine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, noradrenalin, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, acute intermittent porphyria, alanine aminotransferase blood level, alkaline phosphatase blood level, analgesic activity, anorgasmia, area under the curve, article, aspartate aminotransferase blood level, blurred vision, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, clinical trial, constipation, decreased appetite, diabetic neuropathy, dizziness, dose response, drug absorption, drug clearance, drug competition, drug distribution, drug dose comparison, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug fatality, drug half life, drug induced headache, drug metabolism, drug potency, drug safety, drug structure, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, dysthymia, ejaculation disorder, eosinophil count, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, fibromyalgia, generalized anxiety disorder, gingiva bleeding, human, hyperhidrosis, hypertension, insomnia, irritability, libido disorder, Loeffler pneumonia, long term care, lung edema, major depression, maximum plasma concentration, mental disease, nausea, neuropathic pain, nightmare, nonhuman, noradrenalin uptake, panic, paresthesia, pharmacodynamics, posttraumatic stress disorder, QRS complex, QT interval, RR interval, serotonin uptake, side effect, sleep disorder, social phobia, somnolence, suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicide, faintness, tachycardia, time to maximum plasma concentration, tremor, vomiting, weight gain, weight reduction, xerostomia, cymbalta, xeristar","Blanco, C., Okuda, M., Rosenthal, H., Lewis-Fernandez, R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
662,Risk factors for anxiety disorders: Common and specific effects in a national sample,"Background: Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) often cooccur and share a broad range of risk factors. The goal of this study was to examine whether the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders andMDDcould be explained by an underlying latent factor and whether the risk factors exert their effect exclusively through this factor, directly on each disorder, or through a combination of effects at both levels. Methods: Data were drawn from a large, nationally representative sample. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify the latent structure of anxiety disorders. A multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) approach was used to assess the common and specific effects of risk factors for anxiety disorders. Results: A one-factor model provided a good fit to the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders. Low self-esteem, family history of depression, female sex, childhood sexual abuse, White race, years of education, number of traumatic experiences, and disturbed family environment increased the risk of anxiety disorders and MDD through their effect on the latent factor. There were also several direct effects of the covariates on the disorders, indicating that the effect of the covariates differed across disorders. Conclusions: Risk for anxiety disorders and MDD appears to be mediated partially by a latent variable underlying anxiety disorders and MDD, and partially by disorder-specific effects. These findings may contribute to account for the high rates of comorbidity among disorders, identify commonalities in the etiologies of these disorders, and provide clues for the development of unified preventive interventions.","Anxiety disorders, Common effects, Conceptual model, Risk factors, Specific effects","Blanco, C., Rubio, J., Wall, M., Wang, S., Jiu, C. J., Kendler, K. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
663,Different profiles of mental and physical health and stress hormone response in women victims of intimate partner violence,"Objectives To analyse the individual differences in the impact that intimate male partner violence (IPV) has on a woman's depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, and to determine the association of the different profiles of mental dysfunction with cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) basal saliva levels as well as physical health symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in which IPV victims (n=73) and control non-abused (n=31) women participated. Information was obtained through structured interviews and saliva samples were collected for hormonal assays under baseline conditions. Results There were three profiles of mental symptoms in IPV subjects: no symptoms (n=19); with depressive symptoms (n=36), and depressive/PTSD symptom (n=18). None of the non-abused women had depressive or PTSD symptoms. The stress hormone response differed between groups. Only the IPV-depressive group had higher evening cortisol, and both morning and evening DHEA, but lower morning cortisol/DHEA ratio than non-abused women. Furthermore, there were differences between the IPV groups. The IPV-depressive group had lower morning cortisol and morning cortisol/DHEA ratio than the IPV-no symptoms and lower morning cortisol/DHEA ratio than the IPV-depressive/PTSD group. With respect to the physical symptoms there was an association between the mean of symptoms and the profile of mental health, the incidence being higher in the depressive/PTSD group than in the other groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates that there are individual differences in the impact that IPV has on the stress response and health status in women victims.","hydrocortisone, prasterone, stress hormone, adult, age distribution, amenorrhea, article, backache, bloating, blurred vision, cohabitation, constipation, controlled study, cross-sectional study, decreased appetite, depression, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspareunia, dyspnea, educational status, faintness, fatigue, female, headache, health status, heart palpitation, heartburn, hormone determination, hormone response, human, internal consistency, major clinical study, male, marriage, mental health, middle aged, muscle cramp, myalgia, nausea, nightmare, paresthesia, partner violence, pelvic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, pruritus, questionnaire, rectum hemorrhage, saliva level, sexual abuse, social status, stomach pain, stress, structured interview, suicide attempt, symptomatology, thorax pain, vagina bleeding, vagina pain, vomiting, weight change, ""womens health""","Blasco-Ros, C., Herbert, J., Martinez, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
664,Psychiatric morbidity following motor vehicle accidents: A review of methodological issues,"Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), even those of a nonserious nature, appear to increase the risk of severe psychiatric morbidity in survivors. The present review examines the evidence indicating the levels of psychiatric morbidity in MVA survivors. Although no consistent profile has emerged, the most commonly reported symptoms are depression, anxiety, irritability, driving phobia, anger, sleep disturbances, and headache, with rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across studies of 0% to 100%. Variability in the type and severity of psychiatric outcomes may be due, in part, to methodological inadequacies in many studies, particularly the use of biased population samples, inclusion of subjects exposed to varied types of accidents, an absence of a clear definition of PTSD, a reliance on clinical judgment rather than the use of objective psychometric measures, the failure to include ratings of injury severity, and the absence of assessments for past exposure to traumatic events or preexisting posttraumatic reactions. The most important concern relates to the use of nonrepresentative samples, usually patients referred for medicolegal assessment in whom issues of compensation are of central importance. Gender and age differences distinguish the compensation group from the general population of MVA survivors, who therefore may also differ in the vulnerability to posttraumatic morbidity. It is argued that more systematic research on unselected subject samples is critical to establish epidemiological data on the true nature and extent of psychiatric morbidity following MVAs.","anger, anxiety, depression, driving ability, female, human, irritability, male, mental disease, morbidity, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, risk factor, sex difference, sleep disorder, symptomatology, traffic accident","Blaszczynski, A., Gordon, K., Silove, D., Sloane, D., Hillman, K., Panasetis, P.",1998.0,,,0,0,
665,Prosocial coping by youth exposed to violence,"Chronic exposure to violence encourages youth to cope with challenges via a mixture of asocial, depressive and antisocial, aggressive tactics rather than prosocially in ways that benefit self without harming others. Youth exposed to violence are, therefore, not only at high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but also for externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, school dropout, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, and delinquency. Despite violence exposure, high-risk youth may cope prosocially with controllable and uncontrollable life challenges if supported at school by a prosocial coping-skills program (PCS) that takes place each week for 45 minutes in small groups (6-8, members) with equal numbers of members skilled (competent) and less skilled (high-risk) at prosocial coping. Each PCS session: begins with information exchange among members about feelings, thoughts, and experiences; is structured by group rules that promote prosocial coping during sessions; includes activities that assess and rehearse prosocial coping with real-life emotional, social, and achievement challenges; is data driven and tailored to members' diverse skill levels. PCS may enable school-based prevention of behavior problems and adverse life outcomes from first grade through high school. © 1994 Human Sciences Press, Inc.",,"Blechman, E. A., Dumas, J. E., Prinz, R. J.",1994.0,,,0,0,
666,A pilot study of interpersonal psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: This article describes pilot testing of interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Unlike most psychotherapies for PTSD, interpersonal psychotherapy is not exposure-based, focusing instead on interpersonal sequelae of trauma. Method: Fourteen consecutively enrolled subjects with chronic PTSD (DSM-IV) from various traumas received an open, 14-week interpersonal psychotherapy trial. Results: Treatment was well tolerated: 13 subjects (93%) completed therapy. After 14 weeks, 12 of 14 subjects no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, 69% responded (50% Clinician Administered PTSD Scale score decrement), and 36% remitted (score ≤20). Thirteen subjects reported declines in PTSD symptoms across all three symptom clusters. Depressive symptoms, anger reactions, and interpersonal functioning also improved. Conclusions: Treating interpersonal sequelae of PTSD appears to improve other symptom clusters. Interpersonal psychotherapy may be an efficacious alternative for patients who refuse repeated exposure to past trauma. This represents an exciting extension of interpersonal psychotherapy to an anxiety disorder.",,"Bleiberg, K. L., Markowitz, J. C.",2005.0,,,0,0,
667,Mental health and resiliency following 44 months of terrorism: A survey of an Israeli national representative sample,,,"Bleich, A., Gelkopf, M., Melamed, Y., Solomon, Z.",2006.0,,10.1186/1741-7015-4-21,0,0,
668,Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression: An analysis of comorbidity,"Examined psychiatric morbidity following war-related psychic trauma, with a special focus on the depressive comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity were diagnosed using the Structured Interview for PTSD and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia in 60 male Israeli veterans (aged 23-45 yrs) who sought psychiatric treatment 4-6 yrs after having been exposed to war trauma. Both lifetime (100%) and current (87%) PTSD were the most prevalent disorders. Comorbidity was extensive, with major depressive disorder most prevalent (95% lifetime, 50% current), followed by anxiety disorders, minor affective disorders, and alcoholism or drug misuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Human Males","Bleich, Avi, Koslowsky, Meni, Dolev, Aliza, Lerer, Bernard",1997.0,,,0,0,
669,Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Latent Profile Analysis,"The fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association,) contains a dissociative subtype for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) characterized by significant depersonalization and derealization. In this study the PTSD dissociative subtype was examined using latent profile analysis in a sample of 541 trauma-exposed college students. Items from the PTSD Checklist and Multiscale Dissociation Inventory were used as latent class indicators. Results supported a 3-class solution including a well-adjusted class, a PTSD class, and a PTSD/dissociative class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD, depersonalization, and derealization. Significant class differences were found on a number of measures of related psychopathology with Cohen's d effect size estimates ranging from 0.04 to 1.86. Diagnostic and treatment implications regarding the dissociative subtype are discussed. © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Witte, T. K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
670,Validating the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist With Soldiers Returning From Combat,,,"Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., Cabrera, O., Castro, C. A., Hoge, C. W.",2008.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.272,0,0,
671,The validity of the DSM-IV PTSD criteria in children and adolescents: A review,"Objective: DSM-V is on its way and doubts have been raised regarding the validity of pediatric PTSD. It is the goal of the current review to critically review the empirical literature on PTSD in youth. Method: A search of PsycINFO, PubMed and reference lists was conducted. Empirical information considered relevant regarding the validity of the criteria was collected. Results/Conclusions: The validity of the symptom criteria and clusters varies, with the Avoidance/Numbing cluster outperforming the Re-experiencing-and Arousal cluster. Factor analytic findings suggest that Arousal criterion D4 should be placed within the Re-experiencing cluster, and that the Avoidance/Numbing cluster should be split up. Some non-DSM-IV PTSD symptoms, among which guilt, have considerable validity in trauma-exposed youth and their inclusion in DSM-V PTSD should be considered. As for preschool children, alternative criteria are recommended that are more developmentally sensitive. © The Author(s) 2011.",,"Blom, M., Oberink, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
672,"Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors","The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces ""reward"" when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. ""The reward cascade"" involves the release of serotonin, which in turn at the hypothalmus stimulates enkephalin, which in turn inhibits GABA at the substania nigra, which in turn fine tunes the amount of DA released at the nucleus accumbens or ""reward site."" It is well known that under normal conditions in the reward site DA works to maintain our normal drives. In fact, DA has become to be known as the ""pleasure molecule"" and/or the ""antistress molecule."" When DA is released into the synapse, it stimulates a number a DA receptors (D1-D5) which results in increased feelings of well-being and stress reduction. A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the brain reward cascade, which could be caused by certain genetic variants (polygenic), especially in the DA system causing a hypodopaminergic trait, the brain of that person requires a DA fix to feel good. This trait leads to multiple drug-seeking behavior. This is so because alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, nicotine, and glucose all cause activation and neuronal release of brain DA, which could heal the abnormal cravings. Certainly after ten years of study we could say with confidence that carriers of the DAD2 receptor A1 allele have compromised D2 receptors. Therefore lack of D2 receptors causes individuals to have a high risk for multiple addictive, impulsive and compulsive behavioral propensities, such as severe alcoholism, cocaine, heroin, marijuana and nicotine use, glucose bingeing, pathological gambling, sex addiction, ADHD, Tourette's Syndrome, autism, chronic violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizoid/avoidant cluster, conduct disorder and antisocial behavior. In order to explain the breakdown of the reward cascade due to both multiple genes and environmental stimuli (pleiotropism) and resultant aberrant behaviors, Blum united this hypodopaminergic trait under the rubric of a reward deficiency syndrome.","Behavior, Addictive/*genetics/*therapy, Compulsive Behavior/*genetics/*therapy, Humans, Impulsive Behavior/*genetics/*therapy, Models, Biological, Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics/physiology, *Reward","Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Holder, J. M., Lubar, J. F., Monastra, V. J., Miller, D., Lubar, J. O., Chen, T. J., Comings, D. E.",2000.0,Nov,,0,0,
673,"Reward deficiency syndrome: A biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors","The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces 'reward' when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. 'The reward cascade' involves the release of serotonin, which in turn at the hypothalmus stimulates enkephalin, which in turn inhibits GABA at the substania nigra, which in turn fine tunes the amount of DA released at the nucleus accumbens or 'reward site.' It is well known that under normal conditions in the reward site DA works to maintain our normal drives. In fact, DA has become to be known as the 'pleasure molecule' and/or the 'antistress molecule.' When DA is released into the synapse, it stimulates a number a DA receptors (D1-D5) which results in increased feelings of well-being and stress reduction. A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the brain reward cascade, which could be caused by certain genetic variants (polygenic), especially in the DA system causing a hypodopaminergic trait, the brain of that person requires a DA fix to feel good. This trait leads to multiple drug-seeking behavior. This is so because alcohol, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, nicotine, and glucose all cause activation and neuronal release of brain DA, which could heal the abnormal cravings. Certainly after ten years of study we could say with confidence that carriers of the DAD2 receptor A1 allele have compromised D2 receptors. Therefore lack of D2 receptors causes individuals to have a high risk for multiple addictive, impulsive and compulsive behavioral propensities, such as severe alcohohsm, cocaine, heroin, marijuana and nicotine use, glucose bingeing, pathological gambling, sex addiction, ADHD, Tourette s Syndrome, autism, chronic violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizoid/avoidant cluster, conduct disorder and antisocial behavior. In order to explain the breakdown of the reward cascade due to both multiple genes and environmental stimuli (pleiotropism) and resultant aberrant behaviors, Blum united this hypodopaminergic trait under the rubric of a reward deficiency syndrome.","dopamine 2 receptor, glycine, leucine, methionine, naltrexone, narcotic antagonist, opiate, phenylalanine, proenkephalin, taurine, alcohol withdrawal, alcoholism, alternative medicine, attention deficit disorder, avoidance behavior, behavior genetics, brain electrophysiology, clinical trial, compulsion, diagnostic approach route, disease association, dopaminergic system, drug dependence, drug detoxification, drug withdrawal, genetic susceptibility, human, impulsiveness, nonhuman, opiate addiction, pathological gambling, pathophysiology, personality disorder, review, reward, violence, withdrawal syndrome, revia, trexan","Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Holder, J. M., Lubar, J. F., Monastra, V. J., Miller, D., Lubar, J. O., Chen, T. J. H., Comings, D. E.",2000.0,,,0,0,672
674,Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury,,,"Boake, C., McCauley, S. R., Levin, H. S., Pedroza, C., Contant, C. F., Song, J. X., Brown, S. A., Goodman, H., Brundage, S. I., Diaz-Marchan, P. J.",2005.0,,10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.3.350,0,0,
675,"Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults","This paper explores the relationships among neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and the likelihood of drug use in a sample of adults (N = 1,101). Using the 1995 Detroit Area Study in conjunction with tract-level data from the 1990 census, we find a positive relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and drug use, and this relationship remains statistically significant net of controls for individual-level socioeconomic status. Neighborhood disadvantage is moderately associated with drug related behaviors, indirectly through increased social stressors and higher levels of psychological distress among residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods. A residual effect of neighborhood disadvantage remains, net of a large number of socially relevant controls. Finally, results from interactive models suggest that the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and drug use is most pronounced among individuals with lower incomes.",,"Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S.",2001.0,,,0,0,
676,The relationship between course of PTSD symptoms in deployed U.S. Marines and degree of combat exposure,"Large cohort studies suggest that most military personnel experience minimal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following warzone deployment, an outcome often labeled resilience. Very low symptom levels, however, may be a marker for low exposure, not resilience, which requires relatively high-magnitude or high-frequency stress exposure as a precondition. We used growth mixture modeling (GMM) to examine the longitudinal course of lifetime PTSD symptoms following combat exposure by disaggregating deployed U.S. Marines into upper, middle, and lower tertiles of combat exposure. All factor models fit the data well; Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) and comparative fit index (CFI) values ranged from .91 to .97. Three distinct trajectories best explained the data within each tertile. The upper tertile comprised True Resilience (73.2%), New-Onset Symptoms (18.3%), and Pre-existing Symptoms (8.5%) trajectories. The middle tertile also comprised True Resilience (74.5%), New-Onset Symptoms (16.1%), and Pre-existing Symptoms (9.4%) trajectories. The lower tertile comprised Artifactual Resilience (86.3%), Pre-existing Symptoms (7.6%), and New-Onset Symptoms (6.1%) trajectories. True Resilience involved a clinically significant symptom increase followed by a return to baseline, whereas Artifactual Resilience involved consistently low symptoms. Conflating artifactual and true resilience may inaccurately create the expectation of persistently low symptoms regardless of warzone exposure.","Adolescent, Adult, Exposure to Violence/*psychology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Military Personnel/*psychology, Models, Psychological, Naval Medicine, Prognosis, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, *Resilience, Psychological, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, United States, Warfare, Young Adult","Boasso, A. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Nash, W. P., Larson, J. L., Litz, B. T.",2015.0,Feb,10.1002/jts.21988,1,1,
677,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology and vulnerability/resiliency factors among sexually assaulted women,"The purpose of the study was to evaluate a theoretical model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among sexually assaulted women, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The model posited a four-factor structure, with the trauma context and developmental precursors (prior traumatic experiences and life crises) as the direct influences on PTSD symptomatology. Two other factors, schemata and general mental health (emotional problems and behavioral disturbances), reflected hypothesized mediating influences, which could result in differing manifestations of PTSD symptomatology and be considered vulnerability/resiliency factors. These two mediating constructs were expected to show a significant direct influence on the trauma context and an indirect influence on PTSD symptomatology. Participants were 202 adult women, who reported exposure to sexual assault, and who were seeking help at rape crisis centers, shelters, or similar agencies. The participants completed the World Assumptions Scale (WAS), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), and a structured interview or intake form. The goodness-of-fit estimate of the structural model indicated an adequate fit of the hypothesized theoretical model to the data. Findings revealed the major importance of the trauma context on PTSD symptomatology. These findings also underlined the importance of the health construct (behavioral disturbances and emotional problems) as a vulnerability factor on both trauma context and PTSD symptomatology. The health construct and the developmental precursors construct showed a significant interrelationship. The schemata construct failed to show the anticipated resiliency effect. Implications for theory, research, and practice were discussed, as well as the limitations of this study and suggestions for further research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Sexual Abuse, *Susceptibility (Disorders)","Boatler, Jeannie Fredon",2001.0,,,0,0,
678,Some psychological consequences of war imprisonment,"This study was designed to assess some psychological consequences of war imprisonment. The study comprised two hundred and twenty ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs). Their average age was 34.8 years, and they had been imprisoned from one to 10 months. Scores on Digit Span, Word Fluency Test, Benton Visual Retention Test and Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac were compared with symptom clusters based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). the obtained results show that 4.5% fulfilled the criteria for full PTSD, while 28% were without any PTSD symptom cluster. The rest of the sample had some combinations of PTSD symptom clusters (Partial PTSD). Furthermore, age and the existence of any PTSD symptom cluster contributed significantly to the decreased test results of Digit Span, Benton test and Complex Reactionmeter, which indicates decreased speed and flexibility.","Prisoners of war, Psychological testing, PTSD","Bobić, J., Pavićević, L., Drenovac, M.",1997.0,,,0,0,
679,Post-traumatic stress disorder and color preference in released prisoners of war,"The Luscher Color Test was administered to a sample of 188 male ex-prisoners of war (aged 18-66 years), who underwent psychiatric and psychological examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible connections between PTSD symptom clusters and color preferences, and possible impact of post-war and post-imprisonment period on color choice. The obtained results showed a prevalence of 6.9% for full PTSD diagnosis and 38.8% for Partial PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, we found increased preference for violet (dominantly in those with one symptom cluster) and green (dominantly in those with full PTSD or two symptom clusters) and decreased preference for red (all subgroups). The persistence of the post-trauma period influenced even more pronounced preference for green, and even lesser preference for red.","Color preference, Lüscher color test, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prisoners of war, PTSD","Bobic, J., Pavicevic, L., Gomzi, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
680,Post traumatic stress disorder in armed robbery victims and ex-prisoners of war,"The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters in 72 armed robbery victims (AR) at their work place. 19 were assaulted twice or three times, while 15 suffered mild or minor physical injury. Subjects were 47 female and 25 male employees who were having 1 to 11 months of sick leave period at the time of examination. According to psychiatric examination 38.9% fulfilled criteria for PTSD, while others had different combinations of symptoms. Statistical analysis showed that the whole group dominantly expressed persistent re-experience of the event, followed by arousal symptoms. Those with full PTSD diagnosis did not differ from others in age, level of education, number of assaults, length of sick leave period or the fact that they had or had not been physically injured. No difference was found between those who suffered only one attack and those who were assaulted twice or three times in a short period of time. The repetition of identical or very similar trauma situation did not contribute to the increased number of psychological problems measured by PTSD scales. Additionally, we compared the structure of PTSD in AR victims and in a group of 100 male ex-prisoners of war (ex-POW). The results indicate greater occurrence of full PTSD in AR group, as well as re-experience and arousal symptoms combination in those with partial PTSD, while ex-POW group dominantly showed arousal symptoms as isolated cluster, followed by combination of re-experience and arousal symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Crime Victims, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prisoners of War, *Symptoms, *Theft, Trauma, War","Bobic, Jasminka, Pavicevic, Lukrecija, Gomzi, Milica",2007.0,,,0,0,
681,Post traumatic stress disorder in armed robbery victims and ex-prisoners of war,"The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters in 72 armed robbery victims (AR) at their work place. 19 were assaulted twice or three times, while 15 suffered mild or minor physical injury. Subjects were 47 female and 25 male employees who were having 1 to 11 months of sick leave period at the time of examination. According to psychiatric examination 38.9% fulfilled criteria for PTSD, while others had different combinations of symptoms. Statistical analysis showed that the whole group dominantly expressed persistent re-experience of the event, followed by arousal symptoms. Those with full PTSD diagnosis did not differ from others in age, level of education, number of assaults, length of sick leave period or the fact that they had or had not been physically injured. No difference was found between those who suffered only one attack and those who were assaulted twice or three times in a short period of time. The repetition of identical or very similar trauma situation did not contribute to the increased number of psychological problems measured by PTSD scales. Additionally, we compared the structure of PTSD in AR victims and in a group of 100 male ex-prisoners of war (ex-POW). The results indicate greater occurrence of full PTSD in AR group, as well as re-experience and arousal symptoms combination in those with partial PTSD, while ex-POW group dominantly showed arousal symptoms as isolated cluster, followed by combination of re-experience and arousal symptoms.","Armed robbery, Post traumatic stress disorder, Prisoners of war, PTSD, Trauma victims","Bobić, J., Pavičevič, L., Gomzi, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,680
682,The Role of Generalized Explicit and Implicit Guilt and Shame in Interpersonal Traumatization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"ABSTRACT: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and interpersonal traumatization are frequently associated with trauma-related guilt and shame. However, research on generalized guilt and shame in PTSD is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate generalized explicit and implicit guilt and shame in interpersonal traumatization and PTSD. Interpersonally traumatized women either with PTSD (n = 28) or without PTSD (n = 32) and 32 nontraumatized women completed the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 and the Implicit Association Test to measure explicit and implicit guilt and shame. Explicit guilt and shame were significantly higher in women with PTSD than in traumatized women without PTSD. Traumatized women without PTSD showed significantly higher levels of explicit guilt and shame than nontraumatized women did. PTSD was associated with implicit guilt but not implicit shame. In addition to trauma-related guilt and shame, generalized explicit guilt and shame and implicit guilt seem to play a crucial role in PTSD.","female, guilt, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, shame","Bockers, E., Roepke, S., Michael, L., Renneberg, B., Knaevelsrud, C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
683,Seeking Safety treatment for male veterans with a substance use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology,"Aims: To determine whether substituting Seeking Safety (SS), a manualized therapy for comorbid substance use disorders (SUD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for part of treatment-as-usual (TAU) improves substance use outcomes. Design: Randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Settings: Out-patient Veterans Administration Health Care System SUD clinic. Participants: Ninety-eight male military Veterans with a SUD and co-occurring PTSD symptomatology. Measurements: Drug and alcohol use and PTSD severity, measured on the first day of treatment, and 3 (i.e. the planned end of SS sessions) and 6 months following the baseline assessment. Treatment attendance and patient satisfaction were measured following treatment (3-month follow-up). Active coping was measured at treatment intake and following treatment. Findings: SS compared to TAU was associated with better drug use outcomes (P < 0.05), but alcohol use and PTSD severity decreased equally under both treatments (P's < 0.01). SS versus TAU was associated with increased treatment attendance, client satisfaction and active coping (all P's < 0.01). However, neither these factors nor decreases in PTSD severity mediated the effect of treatment on drug use. Conclusions The manualized treatment approach for substance use disorder, Seeking Safety, is well received and associated with better drug use outcomes than 'treatment as usual' in male veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the mechanism of its effect is unclear. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Human Males, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Safety, Comorbidity","Boden, Matthew Tyler, Kimerling, Rachel, Jacobs-Lentz, Jason, Bowman, Dan, Weaver, Christopher, Carney, Diane, Walser, Robyn, Trafton, Jodie A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
684,Migration without borders but... representation's barriers,"Immigration, a political, economic, demographic, social and ethic, as well as a medical issue, continues. Among migrants, asylum seekers, refugees and undocumented immigrants are characterised by their vulnerability, particularly related to their health status. Western physicians are more and more frequently confronted to «colourful» and often vulnerable patients. They face diseases related to international migrations; and at the same time have to integrate the differences in representations and meanings given to illness by patients of diverse origins. A bio-psychosocial and spiritual approach coupled with an evaluation of pre-migration, migration and post-migration trajectories is therefore useful for the clinician; these complementary approaches have all been integrated in the learning of cultural competencies.",,"Bodenmann, P., Madrid, C., Vannotti, M., Ruiz, J., Rossi, I.",2007.0,,,0,0,
685,"Resilience and other stability concepts in ecology: Notes on their origin, validity, and usefulness",,,"Bodin, P., Wiman, B.",2004.0,,,0,0,
686,Mental health outcomes and predictors of chronic disorders after the north sea oil rig disaster: 27-year longitudinal follow-up study,,,"Boe, H. J., Holgersen, K. H., Holen, A.",2011.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e31820446a8,0,0,
687,"Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and adult separation anxiety: Distinctiveness and correlates","Research has shown that prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a disorder distinct from other disorders including major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to extend this research by examining the distinctiveness of symptoms of PGD relative to symptoms of adult separation anxiety disorder, also taking into account depression. Data were available from 205 bereaved individuals who completed measures tapping these symptoms together with a complementary measure of mental and physical health. Findings showed that symptoms of PGD, depression, and adult separation anxiety disorder were better conceptualized as distinct dimensions instead of a unitary dimension of distress. Correlations between the three symptom clusters were moderate to large. Cause of loss was the single variable that was associated with all three symptom clusters with loss due to violent cause giving rise to more severe symptoms. All three symptom clusters were associated with lower concurrent mental and physical health. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Adult separation anxiety, Depression, Prolonged grief disorder, Quality of life","Boelen, P. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
688,Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in bereaved children and adolescents: Factor structure and correlates,"This study investigated the factor structure and correlates of posttraumatic stress-disorder (PTSD) symptoms among children and adolescents confronted with the death of a loved one. Three hundred thirty-two bereaved children and adolescents (aged 8-18; 56.9 % girls) who all received some form of psychosocial support after their loss, completed self-report measures of PTSD, together with measures tapping demographic and loss-related variables, depression, prolonged grief, and functional impairment. Parent-rated indices of impairment were also collected. We first evaluated the fit of six alternative models of the factor structure of PTSD symptoms, using confirmatory factor analyses. Outcomes showed that the 4-factor numbing model from King et al. (Psychological Assessment 10, 90-96, 1998), with distinct factors of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal fit the data best. Of all participants, 51.5 % met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. PTSD-status and scores on the PTSD factors varied as a function of age and gender, but were unrelated to other demographic and loss-related variables. PTSD-status and scores on the PTSD factors were significantly associated symptom-levels of depression, prolonged grief, and functional impairment. Findings complement prior evidence that the DSM-IV model of the factor structure of PTSD symptoms may not represent the best conceptualization of these symptoms and highlight the importance of addressing PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents seeking help after bereavement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bereavement, *Depression (Emotion), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Symptoms, Adolescent Development, Childhood Development, Factor Structure, Grief","Boelen, Paul A., Spuij, Mariken",2013.0,,,0,0,
689,"Prolonged grief disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes","Background: This study examined the distinctiveness of symptoms of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We compared the fit of a one-factor model with the fit of four hierarchical models in which symptoms formed three distinct correlated higher-order dimensions, and PTSD-items were modeled in different ways. Methods: Self-reported data were available from two samples; 572 mourners recruited via the internet and 408 mourners recruited via healthcare workers. Results: In Sample 1, the unitary model did not fit the data. The four hierarchical models all fit better. The model in which PTSD-items constituted four lower-order factors of reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal fit the data best. The fit was further improved, when one weak PGD-item and one weak PTSD-item were removed, and error-terms of similar items were allowed to correlate. Findings from Sample 1 were replicated in Sample 2. Limitations: This study relied on self-reported data. Not all PGD-criteria and depression-criteria were assessed. Conclusions: This is the first confirmatory factor analysis study showing that symptoms of PGD, depression, and PTSD represent distinguishable syndromes. PGD-symptoms should be addressed in the assessment and treatment of bereaved people seeking treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Grief, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Syndromes, Symptoms","Boelen, Paul A., van de Schoot, Rens, van den Hout, Marcel A., de Keijser, Jos, van den Bout, Jan",2010.0,,,0,0,
690,"Anxious and depressive avoidance and symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder","Following loss, people can develop symptoms of depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), or Complicated Grief (CG)-also termed Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). A recent cognitive-behavioural model has proposed that avoiding confrontation with the reality of the loss (called ""anxious avoidance"" [AA]) and refraining from activities that could foster adjustment (called ""depressive avoidance"" [DA]) both play a critical role in CG/ PGD. The present study examined this assumption, using self-reported data from 161 mourners. Findings showed that items constituting AA and DA represented two distinct factors. Both factors were strongly correlated with other measures of bereavement-related avoidance and both accounted for a unique part of the explained variance in CG/PGD severity, beyond relevant background variables, negative cognitions, and concomitant symptom-levels of depression and PTSD. DA also explained unique variance in depression beyond these variables. Moreover, AA and DA mediated the linkages of neuroticism, attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance with symptom-levels of CG/PGD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Avoidance, *Grief, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Attachment Disorders, Neuroticism","Boelen, Paul A., van den Bout, Jan",2010.0,,,0,0,
691,The factor structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms among bereaved individuals: A confirmatory factor analysis study,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined in DSM-IV as an anxiety disorder that encompasses symptom-clusters of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Several studies have examined the factor structure of PTSD symptoms. To our knowledge, no studies have yet examined the factor structure of loss-related PTSD symptoms in samples exclusively comprised of bereaved individuals. Such an examination is important because it can advance our understanding of the stability of the structure of PTSD symptoms across groups confronted with different aversive life-events and of processes underlying the occurrence of PTSD symptoms after loss. In this study, five alternative models of the factor structure of PTSD symptoms were examined in a sample of 347 mourners. Results showed that, in this group, PTSD symptoms are best conceptualized as forming four factors: reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal. Patterns of correlations with depression and complicated grief supported the validity of the model. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Bereavement, Confirmatory factor analysis, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M. A., van den Bout, J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
692,"Critical incident, adult attachment style, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A comparison of three groups of security workers","In this paper the authors render the results of research investigating adult attachment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of Belgian security workers. The sample contained 3 subsamples: 68 individuals who had directly experienced a critical incident, 67 individuals who indirectly went through a critical incident, and 77 individuals who had not experienced a critical incident in the last six months. The analysis of the research results shows that the secure attachment style and the three PTSD trauma symptom clusters in DSM-IV - intrusion, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal - discriminate between the three subsamples. In other words, security workers who were directly and actively confronted with a critical incident were significantly more insecurely attached and suffered significantly more from PTSD symptoms than the groups who had no or indirect experience of a critical incident. Furthermore, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy is widely and quite efficiently used in the treatment of PTSD. Interest has been expressed in medical approaches. © Society for Personality Research (Inc.).","Attachment, Critical incident, Job-related stress, PTSD, Security officers","Bogaerts, S., Daalder, A. L., Van Der Knaap, L. M., Kunst, M. J. J. M., Buschman, J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
693,Negative affectivity as a transdiagnostic factor in patients with common mental disorders,"Background Screening and monitoring systems are increasingly used in psychotherapy, but it has been questioned whether outcome measurement using multiple questionnaires is warranted. Arguably, type and number of assessment instruments should be determined by empirical research. This study investigated the latent factor structure of a multi-dimensional outcome measurement strategy used in English services aligned to the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. Methods Factor analyses and structural equation models were performed on 11,939 intake assessments of outpatients accessing an IAPT service between 2008 and 2010. We examined whether three routinely employed instruments (PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, WSAS for functional impairment) assess empirically different dimensions. Results The instruments were found to assess mainly one general dimension and only some items of the GAD-7 and WSAS assess unique variance beyond this general dimension. In a structural equation model the disorder-specific factor scores were predicted by patients diagnostic categories. Limitations Since a large naturalistic data base was used, missing data for diagnoses and scale items were encountered. Diagnoses were obtained with brief case-finding measures rather than structured diagnostic interviews. Conclusion Although the items seem to address mostly one dimension, some variance is due to differences between individuals in anxiety and impairment. While this generally supports multi-dimensional assessment in a primary care population, the clinical upshot of the study is to concentrate attention on transdiagnostic factors as a target for treatment. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Categorical Data factor analysis, Feedback, IAPT, Negative affectivity, Patient reported outcome measures","Böhnke, J. R., Lutz, W., Delgadillo, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
694,Dialectical behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: A randomised controlled trial,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with cooccurring severe psychopathology such as borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a frequent sequel of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). CSA-related PTSD has been effectively treated through cognitive-behavioural treatments, but it remains unclear whether success can be achieved in patients with co-occurring BPD. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of a newly developed modular treatment programme (DBT-PTSD) that combines principles of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and trauma-focused interventions. Methods: Female patients (n = 74) with CSA-related PTSD were randomised to either a 12-week residential DBT-PTSD programme or a treatment-asusual wait list. About half of the participants met the criteria for co-occurring BPD. Individuals with ongoing self-harm were not excluded. The primary outcomes were reduction of PTSD symptoms as assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and by the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Hierarchical linear models were used to compare improvements across treatment groups. Assessments were carried out by blinded raters at admission, at end of treatment, and at 6 and 12 weeks post-treatment. Results: Under DBT-PTSD the mean change was significantly greater than in the control group on both the CAPS (33.16 vs. 2.08) and the PDS (0.70 vs. 0.14). Between-group effect sizes were large and highly significant. Neither a diagnosis of BPD nor the severity or the number of BPD symptoms was significantly related to treatment outcome. Safety analyses indicated no increase in dysfunctional behaviours during the trial. Conclusion: DBT-PTSD is an efficacious treatment of CSA-related PTSD, even in the presence of severe co-occurring psychopathology such as BPD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Borderline Personality Disorder, *Child Abuse, *Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, Comorbidity, Psychopathology","Bohus, Martin, Dyer, Anne S., Priebe, Kathlen, Kruger, Antje, Kleindienst, Nikolaus, Schmahl, Christian, Niedtfeld, Inga, Steil, Regina",2013.0,,,0,0,
695,Longitudinal changes of telomere length and epigenetic age related to traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Several studies have reported an association between traumatic stress and telomere length suggesting that traumatic stress has an impact on ageing at the cellular level. A newly derived tool provides an additional means to investigate cellular ageing by estimating epigenetic age based on DNA methylation profiles. We therefore hypothesise that in a longitudinal study of traumatic stress both indicators of cellular ageing will show increased ageing. We expect that particularly in individuals that developed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases in these ageing parameters would stand out. From an existing longitudinal cohort study, ninety-six male soldiers were selected based on trauma exposure and the presence of symptoms of PTSD. All military personnel were deployed in a combat zone in Afghanistan and assessed before and 6 months after deployment. The Self-Rating Inventory for PTSD was used to measure the presence of PTSD symptoms, while exposure to combat trauma during deployment was measured with a 19-item deployment experiences checklist. These groups did not differ for age, gender, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, military rank, length, weight, or medication use. In DNA from whole blood telomere length was measured and DNA methylation levels were assessed using the Illumina 450K DNA methylation arrays. Epigenetic ageing was estimated using the DNAm age estimator procedure. The association of trauma with telomere length was in the expected direction but not significant (B = -10.2, p = 0.52). However, contrary to our expectations, development of PTSD symptoms was associated with the reverse process, telomere lengthening (B = 1.91, p = 0.018). In concordance, trauma significantly accelerated epigenetic ageing (B = 1.97, p = 0.032) and similar to the findings in telomeres, development of PTSD symptoms was inversely associated with epigenetic ageing (B = -0.10, p = 0.044). Blood cell count, medication and premorbid early life trauma exposure did not confound the results. Overall, in this longitudinal study of military personnel deployed to Afghanistan we show an acceleration of ageing by trauma. However, development of PTSD symptoms was associated with telomere lengthening and reversed epigenetic ageing. These findings warrant further study of a perhaps dysfunctional compensatory cellular ageing reversal in PTSD. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Age, Combat trauma, DNA methylation, Epigenetics, Post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Telomeres, Traumatic stress","Boks, M. P., Mierlo, H. C. v, Rutten, B. P. F., Radstake, T. R. D. J., De Witte, L., Geuze, E., Horvath, S., Schalkwyk, L. C., Vinkers, C. H., Broen, J. C. A., Vermetten, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
696,PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents 28 months after a flood: Age and gender differences,,,"Bokszczanin, A.",2007.0,,10.1002/jts.20220,0,0,
697,"An intergenerational model of posttraumatic stress disorder in the African American community: An analysis of the autobiographies of Olaudah Equiano, Harriet A. Jacobs, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes","This study presents an Intergenerational Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the African American community by reading the proposed Intergenerational PTSD Model against four autobiographical works produced by African descended authors. The basic premise of the study is that African psyches have been traumatized by exposure to and encounters with catastrophic threats and extreme levels of stress in the context of American oppression. The study basically focuses on the issue of trauma and how traumatic experiences have affected the African psyche. The Intergenerational Model of PTSD suggests that African Americans as a collective group are suffering from a psychological disorder similar to but not completely within the confines of PTSD. This study argues that generation after generation of extreme psychosocial stressors have created a type of psychohistorical or intergenerational PTSD in the African American collective psyche. In this model PTSD is not a disorder of a single individual caused by a single event. Intergenerational PTSD is a disorder that plagues a group of people over the course of history. This study contends that African Americans are suffering from generation upon generation of PTSD. The first generation of PTSD would have occurred when the first generation of Africans were enslaved in the Americas and every generation of African Americans since that time has suffered its own unique PTSD. This model sees the original untraumatized African at the center of a circle with layer upon layer, generation after generation of PTSD encircling him or her. Therefore, contemporary generations of African Americans would be encircled by at least twenty generations of PTSD. There are three primary components in the Intergenerational PTSD Model. The autobiographies of Olaudah Equiano, Harriet Jacobs, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes will be examined based on these components. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Blacks, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Transgenerational Patterns, Autobiography, History, Models","Bolling, Carolyn Rae",1997.0,,,0,0,
698,Prevalence of personality disorders among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Many combat veterans with PTSD have co-occurring symptoms of other forms of psychopathology; however, there have been limited studies examining personality disorders among this population. The few extant studies typically have assessed only two or three personality disorders or examined a small sample, resulting in an incomplete picture and scope of comorbidity. This study assessed all DSM-III-R personality disorders in 107 veterans in a specialized, inpatient unit. Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, 79.4% of the participants were diagnosed with at least one personality disorder: 29.9% received only one diagnosis, 21.5% had two, 15.9% had three, and 12.1% had four or more. The most frequent single diagnoses were Avoidant (47.2%), Paranoid (46.2%), Obsessive-Compulsive (28.3%), and Antisocial (15.1%) personality disorders.","Cluster Analysis, Combat Disorders/*epidemiology, Comorbidity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Disorders/*epidemiology, Prevalence, United States/epidemiology, Veterans/*psychology","Bollinger, A. R., Riggs, D. S., Blake, D. D., Ruzek, J. I.",2000.0,Apr,10.1023/a:1007706727869,0,0,
699,"Adaptation to traumatic stress: Resilient traits, resources, and trajectories of outcomes","The term resilience is too often poorly operationalized and loosely conceptualized. Historically, it has been defined as a trait, characteristic, or collection of resources that facilitates healthy adjustment to a potentially traumatic event (PTE) and has typically been measured at one point in time. More recently, it has been defined as an outcome, or asuccessful course of adaptation following exposure to a severe and overwhelming experience. Inherent in this definition is the expectation that a cross-sectional evaluation will fall short; if resilience is an adaptation to an experience, it must thenunfold over time. Unfortunately, the absence of a single unifying paradigm of resilience has hindered progress in the field. In this review, we discuss the handful of characteristics that are most consistently linked to low levels of distress following exposure to a PTE and describe several prototypic trait resilience measures for adults. We also describe and critically evaluate research that has generated disti ct typologies or groups with similar trajectories of adjustment following exposure to PTEs. Finally, we provide examples of several studies of interventions to promote resilience. Ultimately, for the field to advance, clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers need to isolate the factors that reliably promote a successful adjustment across a broad range of domains, including emotional, physical, and occupational functioning. Once known, prevention and intervention strategies need to be refined and tested so that suffering and dysfunction can be mitigated before chronic and debilitating distress become entrenched in those who do not recover on their own.","adaptation, article, behavior control, cognitive defect, coping behavior, disease severity, Dispositional Resilience Scale, emotional stress, human, Impact of Events Scale, outcomes research, perception, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, psychological well being, questionnaire, rating scale, religion, Response to Stressful Experiences Scale, scoring system, self concept, symptom assessment","Bolton, E. E., Tankersley, A. P., Eisen, E. M., Litz, B. T.",2015.0,,,0,0,
700,Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Traumatic War Neurosis) and concurrent psychiatric illness among Australian Vietnam veterans. A controlled study,"Depression, anxiety, irritability with unpredictable explosions of aggressive behaviour, impulsivity, suicidal actions and substance abuse have been repeatedly observed among ex-servicemen from World War II in psychiatric treatment settings. In the most recent American Psychiatric Association classification of mental disorders the category of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was introduced, replacing the earlier Traumatic War Neurosis and the above cluster of symptoms were included as associated features of this disorder. Two recent uncontrolled studies on U.S. Vietnam veterans receiving psychiatric care supported the linkage of PTSD with these abnormalities. However, the present controlled study found these associated features occurred with equal frequencies among one group of psychiatrically hospitalised Australian Vietnam veterans with PTSD and another group not so afflicted. Reservations, then, should be harboured about ascribing all the presented psychopathology and behavioural abnormalities of ex-servicemen to the stress of their war service.","unclassified drug, war veteran, adult, article, central nervous system, classification, clinical article, controlled study, diagnosis, etiology, forensic medicine, geographic distribution, human, injury, legal aspect, mental disease, organization and management, posttraumatic stress disorder, preliminary communication, psychological aspect, social aspect, therapy","Boman, B.",1985.0,,,0,0,
701,Antisocial behavior and the combat veteran. A review (with special reference to the Vietnam conflict),"The popular image of the Vietnam veteran, reinforced by such movies as Rambo and sensational press reporting, is that of a poorly controlled, impulsively violent character with a criminal record and a history of heroin addiction and alcoholism. Such a profile has also been regularly described in clinical studies of veterans receiving psychiatric attention and is congruent with the prevailing attitude of suspicion and mistrust towards the returning warrior reported in the anthropological, psychoanalytic, and historical literatures. Defense lawyers have increasingly advanced allegedly war-caused psychiatric disturbances as a defense for their veteran-clients' criminal behaviors. However, there is now considerable evidence from controlled studies that Vietnam veterans' levels of drug addiction, alcoholism, violence, criminal convictions, and suicide are no different from those manifested by young men from similar socioeconomic backgrounds who have not seen military service. This paper reviews these studies and cautions that excessive attention paid by the medical and legal professions to the high profile deviant behavior of a small and atypical group of the veteran population will defect attention from the unobtrusive, but disabling, readjustment difficulties faced by many more of their peers.","warfarin, adult, aggression, antisocial behavior, behavior disorder, central nervous system, criminology, drug abuse, human, mental disease, military service, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, social aspect, violence","Boman, B.",1987.0,,,0,0,
702,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms During the First Six Months After Traumatic Brain Injury,"Controversy exists regarding the rate and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The authors determined the rate and phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in the 6 months after TBI by conducting a prospective cohort study of 124 subjects who completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. The cumulative incidence of meeting PTSD symptom criteria at 6 months was 11% and full criteria 5.6%. Prevalence peaked at 1 month (10%). Eighty-six percent had another psychiatric disorder and 29% a history of PTSD. Symptoms were associated with not completing high school, assault, recalling being terrified or helpless, and positive toxicology. PTSD after TBI is rare and the relation to risk factors and comorbidities must be examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Phenomenology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Symptoms","Bombardier, Charles H., Fann, Jesse R., Temkin, Nancy, Esselman, Peter C., Pelzer, Erika, Keough, Meghan, Dikmen, Sureyya",2006.0,,,0,0,
703,Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury,,,"Bombardier, C. H., Fann, J. R., Temkin, N. R., Esselman, P. C., Barber, J., Dikmen, S. S.",2010.0,,10.1001/jama.2010.599,0,0,
704,The relationship between cognitive control and posttraumatic stress symptoms,"Background and objectives: Recently researchers have theorized that individual differences in cognitive control (i.e., the ability to complete goal-directed behavior by actively maintaining information while inhibiting irrelevant information) may elucidate processes involved in disorders characterized by intrusive thoughts and memories. By this account, the relationship between cognitive control and emotional disorders would be specific to symptoms associated with intrusive cognitions, such as re-experiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: In the present study, 77 undergraduate participants with a self-reported history of trauma exposure were administered assessments of cognitive control (working memory capacity; WMC), PTSD symptoms, trait anxiety, and depression. PTSD symptoms from each of the three symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) were predicted from trait anxiety, depression, and WMC performance scores using separate regression models. Results: After controlling for trait anxiety and depression, there was a negative, statistically significant relationship between cognitive control and re-experiencing symptoms but not avoidance or hyperarousal symptoms. Limitations: The study was completed cross-sectionally and did not include a diagnostic assessment of PTSD. Conclusions: Findings add to extant literature suggesting a relationship between cognitive control and intrusive cognitions. Moreover, the present study expands the current literature by demonstrating the specificity of this relationship within individuals with varying degrees of PTSD symptom severity. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Cognitive control, PTSD, Trauma, Working memory","Bomyea, J., Amir, N., Lang, A. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
705,"Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive after Extremely Aversive Events?",,,"Bonanno, G. A.",2004.0,,10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20,0,0,
706,Resilience in the face of potential trauma,,,"Bonanno, G. A.",2005.0,,10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x,0,0,
707,"Uses and abuses of the resilience construct: Loss, trauma, and health-related adversities",,"Adversity, Loss, PTSD, Resilience, Trauma","Bonanno, G. A.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.022,0,0,
708,Resilience and variability following oil spill disasters,,,"Bonanno, G. A.",2012.0,,10.1521/psyc.2012.75.3.236,0,1,
709,How Prevalent Is Resilience Following Sexual Assault?: Comment on Steenkamp et al. (2012),"Steenkamp, Dickstein, Salters-Pedneault, Hofmann, and Litz (2012) analyzed latent trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on data obtained in the early months following a single-incident sexual assault. In contrast to previous studies of potentially traumatic events, they did not observe a trajectory of minimal symptoms or resilience, which they argued occurred because sexual assault involves more severe and direct trauma exposure than examined in previous studies. Although sexual assault is an aversive and challenging event, it seems highly unlikely that at least some sexual assault survivors would not be resilient. Steenkamp et al.'s failure to observe resilience can easily be explained on purely methodological grounds. Most notably, their findings were probably heavily influenced by sampling bias. Additionally, their sample size was too small and had too much missing data for the kinds of latent trajectory modeling they attempted. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Bonanno, G. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
710,"Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities","Disasters typically strike quickly and cause great harm. Unfortunately, because of the spontaneous and chaotic nature of disasters, the psychological consequences have proved exceedingly difficult to assess. Published reports have often overestimated a disaster's psychological cost to survivors, suggesting, for example, that many if not most survivors will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); at the same time, these reports have underestimated the scope of the disaster's broader impact in other domains. We argue that such ambiguities can be attributed to methodological limitations. When we focus on only the most scientifically sound research-studies that use prospective designs or include multivariate analyses of predictor and outcome measures-relatively clear conclusions about the psychological parameters of disasters emerge. We summarize the major aspects of these conclusions in five key points and close with a brief review of possible implications these points suggest for disaster intervention. © The Author(s) 2010.",,"Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., La Greca, A. M.",2010.0,,10.1177/1529100610387086,0,0,
711,Annual research review: Positive adjustment to adversity - Trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience,"Background: Research on resilience in the aftermath of potentially traumatic life events (PTE) is still evolving. For decades, researchers have documented resilience in children exposed to corrosive early environments, such as poverty or chronic maltreatment. Relatively more recently, the study of resilience has migrated to the investigation of isolated PTE in adults. Methods: In this article, we first consider some of the key differences in the conceptualization of resilience following chronic adversity versus resilience following single-incident traumas, and then describe some of the misunderstandings that have developed about these constructs. To organize our discussion, we introduce the terms emergent resilience and minimal-impact resilience to represent trajectories of positive adjustment in these two domains, respectively. Results: We focused in particular on minimal-impact resilience, and reviewed recent advances in statistical modeling of latent trajectories that have informed the most recent research on minimal-impact resilience in both children and adults and the variables that predict it, including demographic variables, exposure, past and current stressors, resources, personality, positive emotion, coping and appraisal, and flexibility in coping and emotion regulation. Conclusions: The research on minimal-impact resilience is nascent. Further research is warranted with implications for a multiple levels of analysis approach to elucidate the processes that may mitigate or modify the impact of a PTE at different developmental stages. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","Emergent resilience, latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM), minimal-impact resilience, traumatic events","Bonanno, G. A., Diminich, E. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
712,Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity--trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience,"Research on resilience in the aftermath of potentially traumatic life events (PTE) is still evolving. For decades, researchers have documented resilience in children exposed to corrosive early environments, such as poverty or chronic maltreatment. Relatively more recently, the study of resilience has migrated to the investigation of isolated PTE in adults. In this article, we first consider some of the key differences in the conceptualization of resilience following chronic adversity versus resilience following single-incident traumas, and then describe some of the misunderstandings that have developed about these constructs. To organize our discussion, we introduce the terms emergent resilience and minimal-impact resilience to represent trajectories of positive adjustment in these two domains, respectively. We focused in particular on minimal-impact resilience, and reviewed recent advances in statistical modeling of latent trajectories that have informed the most recent research on minimal-impact resilience in both children and adults and the variables that predict it, including demographic variables, exposure, past and current stressors, resources, personality, positive emotion, coping and appraisal, and flexibility in coping and emotion regulation. The research on minimal-impact resilience is nascent. Further research is warranted with implications for a multiple levels of analysis approach to elucidate the processes that may mitigate or modify the impact of a PTE at different developmental stages. (copyright) 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (copyright) 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","adaptive behavior, adult, child, child abuse, chronic disease, coping behavior, human, life event, posttraumatic stress disorder, poverty, psychological aspect, review","Bonanno, G. A., Diminich, E. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,711
713,Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack,,,"Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., Vlahov, D.",2006.0,,10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x,0,0,
714,"What Predicts Psychological Resilience After Disaster? The Role of Demographics, Resources, and Life Stress",,,"Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., Vlahov, D.",2007.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671,0,0,
715,Psychological Resilience and Dysfunction Among Hospitalized Survivors of the SARS Epidemic in Hong Kong: A Latent Class Approach,,,"Bonanno, G. A., Ho, S. M. Y., Chan, J. C. K., Kwong, R. S. Y., Cheung, C. K. Y., Wong, C. P. Y., Wong, V. C. W.",2008.0,,10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.659,0,1,
716,"Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury","Purpose/Objective: To investigate longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms following spinal cord injury (SCI) as well as the predictors of those trajectories. Research Method/Design: A longitudinal study of 233 participants assessed at 4 time points: within 6 weeks, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years from the point of injury. Data were analyzed using latent growth mixture modeling to determine the best-fitting model of depression and anxiety trajectories. Covariates assessed during hospitalization were explored as predictors of the trajectories. Results: Analyses for depression and anxiety symptoms revealed 3 similar latent classes: a resilient pattern of stable low symptoms, a pattern of high symptoms followed by improvement (recovery), and delayed symptom elevations. A chronic high depression pattern also emerged but not a chronic high anxiety pattern. Analyses of predictors indicated that compared with other groups, resilient patients had fewer SCI-related quality of life problems, more challenge appraisals and fewer threat appraisals, greater acceptance and fighting spirit, and less coping through social reliance and behavioral disengagement. Conclusion/Implications: Overall, the majority of SCI patients demonstrated considerable psychological resilience. Models for depression and anxiety evidenced a pattern of elevated symptoms followed by improvement and a pattern of delayed symptoms. Chronic high depression was also observed but not chronic high anxiety. Analyses of predictors were consistent with the hypothesis that resilient individuals view major stressors as challenges to be accepted and met with active coping efforts. These results are comparable to other recent studies of major health stressors. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Coping, Depression, Resilience, Spinal cord injury, Trauma","Bonanno, G. A., Kennedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Lude, P., Elfström, M. L.",2012.0,,10.1037/a0029256,0,1,
717,Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss,,,"Bonanno, G. A., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Wortman, C. B., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., Nesse, R. M.",2002.0,,10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150,0,0,
718,The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma,"For decades, researchers have documented remarkable levels of resilience in children who were exposed to corrosive early environments, such as those in which poverty or chronic maltreatment were present; however, relatively little research has examined resilience in children or adults who were exposed to isolated and potentially traumatic events. The historical emphasis on psychological and physiologic dysfunction after potentially traumatic events has suggested that such events almost always produce lasting emotional damage. Recent research, however, has consistently shown that across different types of potentially traumatic events, including bereavement, serious illness, and terrorist attack, upward of 50% of people have been found to display resilience. Research has further identified substantial individual variation in response to potentially traumatic events, including 4 prototypical and empirically derived outcome trajectories: chronic dysfunction, recovery, resilience, and delayed reactions. Factors that promote resilience are heterogeneous and include a variety of person-centered variables (eg, temperament of the child, personality, coping strategies), demographic variables (eg, male gender, older age, greater education), and sociocontextual factors (eg, supportive relations, community resources). It is surprising that some factors that promote resilience to potentially traumatic events may be maladaptive in other contexts, whereas other factors are more broadly adaptive. Given the growing evidence that resilience is common, psychotherapeutic treatment should be reserved for those in genuine need. Copyright (copyright) 2008 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.","coping behavior, human, injury, maladjustment, medical research, mental disease, priority journal, psychotrauma, review, risk factor","Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D.",2008.0,,,0,0,
719,Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma,"The formal acceptance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a legitimate diagnostic category in the 1980 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders stimulated a torrent of research on psychological trauma. Not surprisingly, PTSD and its treatment had dominated that research. Another common approach has been to measure the average impact of different potentially traumatic events, as well as the factors that inform that impact. In this article, we consider the limitations of these perspectives and argue for a broader theoretical approach that takes into account the natural heterogeneity of trauma reactions over time. To that end, we review recent attempts to identify prototypical patterns or trajectories of trauma reaction that include chronic dysfunction, but also delayed reactions, recovery, and psychological resilience. We consider the advantages but also the limitations and ongoing controversies associated with this approach. Finally, we introduce promising new research that uses relative sophisticated advances in latent growth mixture modeling as a means of empirically mapping the heterogeneity of trauma responses and consider some of the implications of this approach for existing trauma theories. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","grief, PTSD, resilience, trauma trajections","Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D.",2012.0,,,0,1,
720,Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study,"Background: Most previous attempts to determine the psychological cost of military deployment have been limited by reliance on convenience samples, lack of pre-deployment data or confidentiality and cross-sectional designs. Aims: This study addressed these limitations using a population-based, prospective cohort of US military personnel deployed in support of the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Method: The sample consisted of US military service members in all branches including active duty, reserve and national guard who deployed once (n = 3393) or multiple times (n = 4394). Self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress were obtained prior to deployment and at two follow-ups spaced 3 years apart. Data were examined for longitudinal trajectories using latent growth mixture modelling. Results: Each analysis revealed remarkably similar post-traumatic stress trajectories across time. The most common pattern was low-stable post-traumatic stress or resilience (83.1% single deployers, 84.9% multiple deployers), moderate-improving (8.0%, 8.5%), then worsening-chronic post-traumatic stress (6.7%, 4.5%), high-stable (2.2% single deployers only) and high-improving (2.2% multiple deployers only). Covariates associated with each trajectory were identified. Conclusions: The final models exhibited similar types of trajectories for single and multiple deployers; most notably, the stable trajectory of low post-traumatic stress pre- to post-deployment, or resilience, was exceptionally high. Several factors predicting trajectories were identified, which we hope will assist in future research aimed at decreasing the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder among deployers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Deployment, *Military Personnel, *Resilience (Psychological), *Trauma, Symptoms","Bonanno, George A., Mancini, Anthony D., Horton, Jaime L., Powell, Teresa M., LeardMann, Cynthia A., Boyko, Edward J., Wells, Timothy S., Hooper, Tomoko I., Gackstette, Gary D., Smith, Tyler C.",2012.0,,,1,1,
721,Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study,"Background: Most previous attempts to determine the psychological cost of military deployment have been limited by reliance on convenience samples, lack of pre-deployment data or confidentiality and cross-sectional designs. Aims: This study addressed these limitations using a population-based, prospective cohort of US military personnel deployed in support of the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Method: The sample consisted of US military service members in all branches including active duty, reserve and national guard who deployed once (n = 3393) or multiple times (n = 4394). Self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress were obtained prior to deployment and at two follow-ups spaced 3 years apart. Data were examined for longitudinal trajectories using latent growth mixture modelling. Results: Each analysis revealed remarkably similar post-traumatic stress trajectories across time. The most common pattern was low-stable post-traumatic stress or resilience (83.1% single deployers, 84.9% multiple deployers), moderate-improving (8.0%, 8.5%), then worsening-chronic post-traumatic stress (6.7%, 4.5%), high-stable (2.2% single deployers only) and high-improving (2.2% multiple deployers only). Covariates associated with each trajectory were identified. Conclusions: The final models exhibited similar types of trajectories for single and multiple deployers; most notably, the stable trajectory of low post-traumatic stress pre- to post-deployment, or resilience, was exceptionally high. Several factors predicting trajectories were identified, which we hope will assist in future research aimed at decreasing the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder among deployers.",,"Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., Hooper, T. I., Gackstetter, G. D., Smith, T. C.",2012.0,,,1,1,720
722,The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment,"Researchers have documented the consequences of both expressing and suppressing emotion using between-subjects designs. It may be argued, however, that successful adaptation depends not so much on any one regulatory process, but on the ability to flexibly enhance or suppress emotional expression in accord with situational demands. We tested this hypothesis among New York City college students in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Subjects' performance in a laboratory task in which they enhanced emotional expression, suppressed emotional expression, and behaved normally on different trials was examined as a prospective predictor of their adjustment across the first two years of college. Results supported the flexibility hypothesis. A regression analysis controlling for initial distress and motivation and cognitive resources found that subjects who were better able to enhance and suppress the expression of emotion evidenced less distress by the end of the second year. Memory deficits were also observed for both the enhancement and the suppression tasks, suggesting that both processes require cognitive resources.",,"Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., Coifman, K.",2004.0,,10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x,0,0,
723,Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the september 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment?,,,"Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., Dekel, S.",2005.0,,10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.984,0,0,
724,"The Temporal Elements of Psychological Resilience: An Integrative Framework for the Study of Individuals, Families, and Communities","Psychological resilience has become a popular concept. Owing to that popularity, the word resilience has taken on myriad and often overlapping meanings. To be a useful framework for psychological research and theory, the authors argue, the study of resilience must explicitly reference each of four constituent temporal elements: (a) baseline or preadversity functioning, (b) the actual aversive circumstances, (c) postadversity resilient outcomes, and (d) predictors of resilient outcomes. Using this framework to review the existing literature, the most complete body of evidence is available on individual psychological resilience in children and adults. By contrast, the research on psychological resilience in families and communities is far more limited and lags well behind the rich theoretical perspective available from those literatures. The vast majority of research on resilience in families and communities has focused primarily on only one temporal element, possible predictors of resilient outcomes. Surprisingly, however, almost no scientific evidence is actually available for community or family resilient outcomes. We close by suggesting that there is room for optimism and that existing methods and measures could be relatively easily adapted to help fill these gaps. To that end, we propose a series of steps to guide future research. © 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","adversity, community, family, resilience, trauma","Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., Klein, S. I.",2015.0,,10.1080/1047840X.2015.992677,0,0,
725,,,,"Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., Mancini, A. D.",,,,0,0,
726,Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A Revised Measure of Psychological Inflexibility and Experiential Avoidance,"The present research describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a second version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), which assesses the construct referred to as, variously, acceptance, experiential avoidance, and psychological inflexibility. Results from 2,816 participants across six samples indicate the satisfactory structure, reliability, and validity of this measure. For example, the mean alpha coefficient is .84 (.78-.88), and the 3- and 12-month test-retest reliability is .81 and .79, respectively. Results indicate that AAQ-II scores concurrently, longitudinally, and incrementally predict a range of outcomes, from mental health to work absence rates, that are consistent with its underlying theory. The AAQ-II also demonstrates appropriate discriminant validity. The AAQ-II appears to measure the same concept as the AAQ-I (r=.97) but with better psychometric consistency. © 2011.","AAQ, Acceptance, Experiential avoidance, Psychological flexibility, Psychological inflexibility","Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., Zettle, R. D.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007,0,0,
727,"Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study",,,"Boney-McCoy, S., Finkelhor, D.",1996.0,,,0,1,
728,"Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users","Objectives: Little research has investigated the demographic and symptom profile of medical cannabis users in states in the USA that have legalized cannabis use. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated the demographic profile of 217 adults currently receiving medical cannabis, as well as differences in problematic use and perceived helpfulness in terms of (i) symptoms of psychological disorders and pain, and (ii) motives for use. Results: Findings indicated that medical cannabis users (i) use and perceive cannabis to be beneficial for multiple conditions, some for which cannabis is not specifically prescribed or allowed at the state level; and (ii) report similar rates of disordered use as compared with population estimates among regular users. Furthermore, problematic cannabis use was predicted by several symptoms of psychological disorders (e.g. depression) and a variety of use motives (e.g. coping), while cannabis was reported as particularly helpful among those with several psychological symptoms (e.g. traumatic intrusions), as well as those reporting use for social anxiety reasons. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of future directions for research given the current debates regarding legalization of cannabis for medical purposes and, more generally, the lack of empirical data to inform such debates. (copyright) 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.","medical cannabis, adult, aged, article, cannabis use, cross-sectional study, female, human, male, mental disease, middle aged, pain, self report, United States, young adult","Bonn-Miller, M. O., Boden, M. T., Bucossi, M. M., Babson, K. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
729,Prospective investigation of the impact of cannabis use disorders on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among veterans in residential treatment,"This investigation sought to provide the first prospective examination of the association between the presence of a current cannabis use disorder (CUD) diagnosis and changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over time after discontinuation, after accounting for the theoretically relevant effects of age, trauma severity, psychological distress, and co-occurring substance use disorders. The study was longitudinal and assessed clinical patients at two time points: residential PTSD treatment intake and discharge. The sample consisted of 260 male combat-exposed military veteran patients (Mage-52.57 years, SD-5.47) admitted to a Veterans Affairs residential rehabilitation program for PTSD between 2000 and 2008. Diagnoses were obtained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and PTSD outcomes were determined by the PTSD Checklist-Military Version. Results indicate that the presence of a CUD diagnosis was significantly predictive of lower levels of change (between treatment intake and discharge) in PTSD symptom severity as well as PTSD avoidance-numbing and hyperarousal symptom cluster severity (all ps-.05). This study presents the first evidence of a prospective relation between problematic cannabis use and PTSD symptoms, indicating that individuals with a CUD are likely to experience lower levels of change in PTSD symptoms over time, within the context of discontinuation owing to residential PTSD treatment. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","cannabis, marijuana, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, trauma","Bonn-Miller, M. O., Boden, M. T., Vujanovic, A. A., Drescher, K. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
730,Development of a brief cannabis use disorder screening tool: The CUDIT Short-Form,"Aims: The aim of the present study was to develop and test the diagnostic utility of a shortened 3-item version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test - Revised (CUDIT-R) for the purpose of brief and effective screening within primary care and other medical settings. Methods:Ashort form of the CUDIT-R was developed using Item Response Theory (IRT) and traditional statistical methods, with data from two community samples of cannabis users representing two countries. Four item selection methods (Rasch Regression, Test Characteristic Curve, Logistic Regression, Discriminant Function Analysis) were employed to identify the most optimal 3-item shortened version. The diagnostic ability of the short forms was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Using a cut score of 2, the 3-item CUDIT-Short Form (reliability alpha = .66 sample 1; .80 sample 2) identified 78.26% of participants in sample 1 and 78.31% of participants in sample 2 who met DSM-5 criteria for CUD, with 98% agreement in sample 1 and 93% agreement in sample 2 with the full CUDIT-R on CUD classifications using a cut score of 13. Specificity was 76.70 and 78.00 in sample 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions: The CUDIT-Short Form (CUDIT-SF) may be useful in busy clinical settings for a stepwise screening. Further validation of this shortened version with larger samples and in different settings is warranted.","cannabis, diseases, screening, college, drug dependence, cannabis use, human, diagnostic value, statistical analysis, discriminant analysis, community sample, logistic regression analysis, diagnosis, receiver operating characteristic, reliability, classification, primary medical care, DSM-5","Bonn-Miller, M. O., Heinz, A., Smith, E., Bruno, R., Adamson, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
731,Altered cerebral γ-amniobutyric acid type a-benzodiazapine receptor binding in PTSD determined by [11C] flumazenil positron emission tomography,"Background: Alteration in function of the central of the benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor system is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies are few and not in agreement, resulting in insufficient understanding of central BZD receptor function contribution to PTSD. Methods: Twelve medication free patients with a current diagnosis of PTSD, naïve to BZD exposure, and fourteen matched non-traumatized healthy controls underwent a meticulous psychometric assessment and PET scanning, as follows: After injection of 20 mCi of [11C]flumazenil, 60-min dynamic emission images of the brain were acquired. Structural MRI was obtained for co-registration with PET. Binding potential (BP) images were created using the 2-step version of the simplified reference tissue model. BP images were then normalized, smoothed and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. Results: Mean [C-11] flumazenil BP was significantly higher in patients with PTSD in a large contiguous cluster comprising the superior and caudal anterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus. No areas were identified where the mean BP was reduced significantly in the PTSD sample relative to the control. Flumazenil receptor BP values positively correlated with clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) scores in the left posterior and anterior insular cortex. Conclusions: This study extends previous findings by suggesting that central benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor system involvement in PTSD is largely mediated by the default mode network. Increased BZD inhibition in this network may be associated with PTSD dimensions of intrusivity, dissociation and hyper-arousal, warranting additional studies.","flumazenil c 11, acid, 4 aminobutyric acid, receptor, flumazenil, carbon 11, benzodiazepine receptor, receptor binding, society, positron emission tomography, psychiatry, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, patient, diagnosis, insula, default mode network, exposure, precuneus, anterior cingulate, pathophysiology, tissues, anxiety disorder, drug therapy, brain, dissociation, arousal, injection, model, registration, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging","Bonne, O., Gill, J., Lerner, A., Nugent, A. C., Vythilingam, M., Neumeister, A., Drevets, W. C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
732,Altered cerebral gamma-amniobutyric acid type a benzodiazapine receptor binding in ptsd determined by [11c] flumazenil positron emission tomography,"Background: Patients with PTSD exhibit excessive physiological responses to everyday internal or external stimuli. This may reflect increased ''bottom-up'' activation of the amygdala or insufficient ''top down'' regulation, putatively associated with insufficient gammaaminobutryic acid type A-benzodiazapine (GABAA-BZD) receptor activity. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain inhibiting glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic and noradrenergic pathways. The GABAA-BZD receptor is ubiquitously distributed throughout the brain, concentrated in gray matter. It has binding sites for GABA, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZD), anticonvulsants, and neuroactive steroids. Hypotheses regarding the role of GABAA/BZD receptor function in PTSD have proposed either changes in the GABAA/BZD macromolecular complex or alterations in its concentration. However, findings from current studies are conflicting. Methods: Twelve medication-free outpatients with civilian PTSD (34.8(plus or minus)10.2 years old, 8 women) and fifteen non-traumatized, healthy subjects (33.8(plus or minus)10.5 years old, 9 women) participated in the study. Traumas occurred either prepubertally (n=7) or as adults (n=8). Psychiatric diagnoses were established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Severity of PTSD was moderate, with a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score of 64.2(plus or minus)13.7. Depression (Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) 20.8(plus or minus)8.2) and anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) 13.4(plus or minus)8.3) levels were moderate as well. PET scans were acquired using a GE Advance scanner with septa retracted (35 contiguous slices; 4.25mm plane separation; reconstructed 3D spatial resolution= 6-7mm full-width at half-maximum). A transmission scan corrected for attenuation. 20 mCi of high specific activity [11C]-flumazenil was injected, with an upper limit to of 9 (mu)g per 70 Kg. A 60-min dynamic emission image of the brain was initiated at injection. Structural MRI scans were acquired using a 3.0 Tesla scanner. PET images were registered to the individual's MRI with a mutual information algorithm. Binding potential (BP) images were created using the 2-step version of the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM2). Input kinetics for the reference tissue were derived from the pons, where [C-11]flumazenil binding predominantly reflects free and nonspecifically bound radiotracer. PET images were filtered using a 10-mm gaussian smoothing kernel. Using SPM2, the [C-11] flumazenil BP values were compared between groups in a voxel-wise analysis using a two-sample t-test model. Regional between-group differences in the mean BP were considered significant if the peak voxel t-value corresponded to p uncorrected(less-than or equal to)0.005 and the cluster-level p-value remained significant after applying corrections for multiple testing. Regions in which the cluster level p value did not remain significant after applying corrections for multiple testing were presented if they replicated results of previous benzodiazepine receptor imaging studies in PTSD. A correlation analysis assessed the association between the CAPS score and regional [C-11] flumazenil BP. Due to the exploratory nature of this analysis we applied a significance threshold of p uncorrected (less-than or equal to)0.005 without correction for multiple testing. Results: Mean [C-11] flumazenil BP was significantly higher in patients with PTSD in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and precuneus. [C-11] flumazenil BP also was higher in PTSD in the left orbitofrontal cortex, though not surviving cluster correction. No areas were identified where the mean BP was reduced significantly in PTSD. CAPS scores correlated significantly with flumazenil receptor BP values in the left posterior and anterior insular cortices. Discussion: Regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), including the orbitofrontal cortex mediate emotional regulation and reward processing. Increase in BZD BP could indicate functional impairment in these regions resulting in a compromised coping with emotionally demanding conditions and reward seeking. The precuenus has a central role in visuo-spatial imagery, episodic memory retrieval and self-consciousness. Increased BZD binding potential in the precueus may relate to previous observations of hypoactivity in PTSD, in glucose metabolism and connectivity to the medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, parietal and temportal cortices in chronic patients, and to the posterior cingulate cortex and amygdala after acute trauma (predicting the onset of PTSD). Increased BZD BP may contribute to hypoactivity in the precueneus and thus be compatible with the above findings.","flumazenil c 11, acid, flumazenil, carbon 11, receptor, benzodiazepine receptor, tracer, neurotransmitter, steroid, anticonvulsive agent, 4 aminobutyric acid, benzodiazepine derivative, barbituric acid derivative, psychopharmacology, positron emission tomography, college, receptor binding, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, brain, prefrontal cortex, amygdaloid nucleus, patient, statistical significance, tissues, model, injury, orbital cortex, female, reward, adult, normal human, noradrenergic system, Student t test, imaging, correlation analysis, psychiatric diagnosis, outpatient, drug therapy, hypothesis, kinetics, algorithm, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, pons, posterior cingulate, injection, down regulation, attenuation, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, episodic memory, anxiety, binding site, functional disease, processing, symptomatology, insula, coping behavior, imagery, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, consciousness, glucose metabolism, thalamus, chronic patient, precuneus, gray matter, stimulus","Bonne, O., Gill, J., Vythilingam, M., Carlson, P., Nugent, A., Charney, D., Drevets, W.",2010.0,,,0,0,
733,Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment,,,"Bonnie, R. J., Fulco, C. E., Liverman, C. T.",1999.0,,,0,0,
734,Therapy implications of child abuse in multi-risk families,"Objectives: Our aim is to critique Australian child maltreatment policy, outline abuse trends and provide data on family risk factors. Method: We identified policy gaps and reviewed family profiles within selective child maltreatment databases. Data sources included international and Australian literature, Queensland Department of Child Safety reports and a research clinical database. Results: Data reviewed suggest that a pattern of co-occurring complex multiple system family problems characterize substantiated abuse cases. Conclusions: The presence of multiple family problems suggests the need for a new treatment paradigm. Multisystemic Therapy for child physical abuse and neglect is an evidence-based intervention that matches the therapeutic needs of such families. © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2013.","Child maltreatment, Correlates, Multisystemic therapy","Bor, W., Stallman, H., Collerson, E., Boyle, C., Swenson, C. C., McDermott, B., Lee, E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
735,U.S. Natural Disasters: 2011 An Extreme and Exhausting Year,,,"Borenstein, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
736,"Relationships between sexual abuse in childhood, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cognitive impairments","Current theoretical study shows relationships between sexual abuse during childhood, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cognitive impairments. The cognitive perspective of sexual abuse effects and PTSD has been undertaken. Child sexual abuse against children is considered a risk factor in child development due to severe cognitive, emotional and behavioral sequences related to the event. The impact of sexual abuse involves short and long term effects and may be seen during adulthood. Review studies foreground the association between traumatic events (sexual abuse), PTSD, and alterations, structural and functional, in cerebral areas related to biological stress response systems. The necessity of future researches investigating the effects of stress and trauma in the child's neurodevelopment will be discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Impairment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse","Borges, Jeane Lessinger, ""DellAglio, Debora Dalbosco""",2008.0,,,0,0,
737,A meta-analysis of group treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: How treatment modality affects symptoms,"This meta-analysis synthesized the results from controlled clinical group treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The treatment interventions included cognitive restructuring, psycho-education, exposure, supportive, and process group therapy. Participants in the studies included combat veterans, survivors of sexual abuse or assault, and severe bereavement sufferers. Analyses showed that overall, all therapy seemed to have a positive effect on the measurement of trauma symptoms. When a multiple regression was performed exposure therapy improved depression symptoms while psycho-education improved social functioning immediately after treatment. Within six months of treatment, psycho-education continued to produce improvements in social functioning but process therapy negatively influenced depression and overall PTSD symptoms. Cognitive restructuring was found to improve overall PTSD symptoms more than six months after treatment termination. Considering all therapy modalities together seemed to make a rather significant difference in terms of the outcome. Overall, although PTSD symptoms were significantly influenced in a positive direction by a therapeutic intervention at post-treatment, due to the state of the current literature no definitive relationships between the type of intervention and symptom amelioration were found. In addition, no one symptom consistently responded to any one type of therapy across all time periods. However, a therapeutic intervention that uses cognitive restructuring, exposure, and psycho-education in a group setting would likely be quite effective in reducing trauma symptoms. In summary, this meta-analysis found that most investigations use more than one type of intervention modality and that there is a great deal of overlap between intervention type. Due to this overlap, many of the therapy modalities that are used within the studies are not ""pure"" therapies. Additional analyses were conducted on mediating variables. These analyses found no difference in the reported improvement in symptoms typically assessed in trauma treatment by combat and noncombat trauma survivors. Also, an analysis of all interventions found a relationship between the length of treatment and symptom improvement for three of the target symptoms (avoidance, social functioning, and overall effect size). The recommendations for future research were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Group Psychotherapy, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Bornstein, Hallie Alyssa",2004.0,,,0,0,
738,"Complexity of childhood sexual abuse: Predictors of current post-traumatic stress disorder, mood disorders, substance use, and sexual risk behavior among adult men who have sex with men","Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the group most at risk for HIV and represent the majority of new infections in the United States. Rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among MSM have been estimated as high as 46 %. CSA is associated with increased risk of HIV and greater likelihood of HIV sexual risk behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between CSA complexity indicators and mental health, substance use, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV sexual risk among MSM. MSM with CSA histories (n = 162) who were screened for an HIV prevention efficacy trial completed comprehensive psychosocial assessments. Five indicators of complex CSA experiences were created: CSA by family member, CSA with penetration, CSA with physical injury, CSA with intense fear, and first CSA in adolescence. Adjusted regression models were used to identify relationships between CSA complexity and outcomes. Participants reporting CSA by family member were at 2.6 odds of current alcohol use disorder (OR 2.64: CI 1.24-5.63), two times higher odds of substance use disorder (OR 2.1: CI 1.02-2.36), and 2.7 times higher odds of reporting an STI in the past year (OR 2.7: CI 1.04-7.1). CSA with penetration was associated with increased likelihood of current PTSD (OR 3.17: CI 1.56-6.43), recent HIV sexual risk behavior (OR 2.7: CI 1.16-6.36), and a greater number of casual sexual partners (p = 0.02). Both CSA with Physical Injury (OR 4.05: CI 1.9-8.7) and CSA with Intense Fear (OR 5.16: CI 2.5-10.7) were related to increased odds for current PTSD. First CSA in adolescence was related to increased odds of major depressive disorder. These findings suggest that CSA, with one or more complexities, creates patterns of vulnerabilities for MSM, including post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use, and sexual risk taking, and suggests the need for detailed assessment of CSA and the development of integrated HIV prevention programs that address mental health and substance use comorbidities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Boroughs, Michael S., Valentine, Sarah E., Ironson, Gail H., Shipherd, Jillian C., Safren, Steven A., Taylor, S. Wade, Dale, Sannisha K., Baker, Joshua S., Wilner, Julianne G., ""OCleirigh, Conall""",2015.0,,,0,0,
739,Diseases among men 20 years after exposure to severe stress: Implications for clinical research and medical care,"Objective: Epidemiologic studies have linked exposure to severe environmental stress, such as natural disasters and combat operations, to the onset of specific psychiatric disorders. Some research also suggests that these exposures may be associated with the onset of chronic diseases as well. However, these chronic disease outcome studies often have been obscured by bias and confounding. Method: The medical histories of 1399 male Vietnam veterans approximately 20 years after combat exposure (mean years = 17) were analyzed by lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) status (lifetime PTSD = 332 cases). These men were included in a national, random in-person study of United States Army veterans of the Vietnam War (study completion rate = 65%). Results: After controlling for preservice, in-service, and postservice factors (including intelligence, race, region of birth, enlistment status, volunteer status, Army marital status, Army medical profile, hypochondriasis, age, smoking history, substance abuse, education, and income), associations were found for reported circulatory [odds ratio (OR) = 1.62, p = .007], digestive (OR = 1.47, p = .036), musculoskeletal (OR = 1.78, p = .008), endocrine-nutritional-metabolic (OR = 1.58, p = .10), nervous system (OR = 2.47, p < .001), respiratory (OR = 1.54, p = .042), and nonsexually transmitted infectious diseases (OR = 2.14, p < .004) after military service. Conclusion: Although this study has some limitations, it suggests that there is a direct link between severe stress exposures and a broad spectrum of human diseases. In the future, medical researchers and clinicians should focus more on the medical consequences of exposure to severe environmental stress and seek to better integrate psychobiologic models of disease pathogenesis.","adult, anamnesis, army, article, cardiovascular disease, clinical research, digestive system disease, disease association, distress syndrome, endocrine disease, human, infection, major clinical study, male, medical care, mental stress, metabolic disorder, musculoskeletal disease, neurologic disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, respiratory tract disease, soldier, Viet Nam, war","Boscarino, J. A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
740,PTSD onset and course following the World Trade Center disaster: Findings and implications for future research,"Objective: We sought to identify common risk factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset and course, including delayed, persistent, and remitted PTSD following a major traumatic exposure. Method: Based on a prospective study of New York City adults following the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD), we conducted baseline interviews with 2,368 persons one year after this event and then at follow-up 1 year later to evaluate changes in current PTSD status based on DSM-IV criteria. Results: Baseline analysis suggested that current PTSD, defined as present if this occurred in the past 12 months, was associated with females, younger adults, those with lower self-esteem, lower social support, higher WTCD exposure, more lifetime traumatic events, and those with a history of pre-WTCD depression. At follow-up, current PTSD was associated with Latinos, non-native born persons, those with lower self-esteem, more negative life events, more lifetime traumatic events, and those with mixed handedness. Classifying respondents at follow-up into resilient (no PTSD time 1 or 2), remitted (PTSD time 1, not 2), delayed (no PTSD time 1, but PTSD time 2), and persistent (PTSD both time 1 and 2) PTSD, revealed the following: compared to resilient cases, remitted ones were more likely to be female, have more negative life events, have greater lifetime traumatic events, and have pre-WTCD depression. Delayed cases were more likely to be Latino, be non-native born, have lower self-esteem, have more negative life events, have greater lifetime traumas, and have mixed handedness. Persistent cases had a similar profile as delayed, but were the only cases associated with greater WTCD exposures. They were also likely to have had a pre-WTCD depression diagnosis. Examination of WTCD-related PTSD at follow-up, more specifically, revealed a similar risk profile, except that handedness was no longer significant and WTCD exposure was now significant for both remitted and persistent cases. Conclusion: PTSD onset and course is complex and appears to be related to trauma exposure, individual predispositions, and external factors not directly related to the original traumatic event. This diagnostic classification may benefit from additional conceptualization and research as this relates to changes in PTSD status over time. (copyright) Springer-Verlag 2009.","adult, age, aged, article, attributable risk, controlled study, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease course, ethnicity, female, follow up, handedness, human, interview, life event, major clinical study, male, mass disaster, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factor, self esteem, sex difference, social support, terrorism, United States","Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E.",2009.0,,,0,1,
741,"Association of FKBP5, COMT and CHRNA5 polymorphisms with PTSD among outpatients at risk for PTSD",,,"Boscarino, J. A., Erlich, P. M., Hoffman, S. N., Rukstalis, M., Stewart, W. F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
742,"The impact of repression, hostility, and post-traumatic stress disorder on all-cause mortality: A prospective 16-year follow-up study","A common assumption is that repression of traumatic memories is harmful to health. To assess this, we examined all-cause mortality among a national random sample of 4462 male US Army veterans evaluated in 1985 and followed up in 2000. Our hypothesis was that repression on the Welsh R scale would be associated with increased future mortality. We also expected to find a repression x post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interaction effect. Multivariate Cox regression results for all veterans and for theater veterans (Vietnam service) and era veterans (no Vietnam service) separately, revealed that while PTSD was significant in all models, no main or interaction effect was found for repression. In addition, for era veterans, higher repression symptoms were protective for future mortality (HR = 0.95, p = 0.03). For hostility symptoms, although no interaction effect was found by PTSD, a positive main effect was detected for hostility, but only for theater veterans (HR = 1.04, p = 0.034). Disease-specific results were nonsignificant. Similar to a recent study, we also found that repression symptoms were negatively correlated with PTSD symptoms (r = -0.109, p < 0.001), suggesting repression might be protective. Our study found no evidence that repression had an adverse health impact on men exposed to psychological trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Death and Dying, *Hostility, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Repression Sensitization, Followup Studies, Prospective Studies","Boscarino, Joseph A., Figley, Charles R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
743,Mental health outcomes at the Jersey shore after Hurricane Sandy,"On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the most densely populated region in the US. In New Jersey, thousands of families were made homeless and entire communities were destroyed in the worst disaster in the history of the state. The economic impact of Sandy was huge, comparable to Hurricane Katrina. The areas that sustained the most damage were the small- to medium-sized beach communities along New Jersey's Atlantic coastline. Six months following the hurricane, we conducted a random telephone survey of 200 adults residing in 18 beach communities located in Monmouth County. We found that 14.5% (95% CI=9.9-20.2) of these residents screened positive for PTSD and 6.0% (95% CI=3.1-10.2) met criteria for major depression. Altogether, 13.5% (95% CI=9.1-19.0) received mental health counseling and 20.5% (95% CI=15.1-26.8) sought some type of mental health support in person or online, rates similar to those reported in New York after the World Trade Center disaster. In multivariate analyses, the best predictors of mental health status and service use were having high hurricane exposure levels, having physical health limitations, and having environmental health concerns. Research is needed to assess the mental health status and service use of Jersey Shore residents over time, to evaluate environmental health concerns, and to better understand the storm's impact among those with physical health limitations. © 2013 Chevron Publishing.","Depression, Disasters, Emergency response, Hurricanes, Mental health services, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Preparedness, Treatment seeking","Boscarino, J. A., Hoffman, S. N., Lester Kirchner, H., Erlich, P. M., Adams, R. E., Figley, C. R., Solhkhah, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
744,Post-deployment Multi-symptom Disorder rehabilitation: An integrated approach to rehabilitation,"BACKGROUND: Veterans and active duty service members returning from Operation New Dawn and those having returned from Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom frequently report the presence of overlapping, co-morbid symptom clusters consisting of chronic pain, mild cognitive complaints, and posttraumatic stress symptoms/disorder or mood disturbance. This presentation has been called Post-deployment Multi-symptom Disorder (PMD) and its implications not only impact various functional domains, but have also influenced a system/continuum of care to rise to meet the challenges of treating PMD. This continuum is based on innovation informed by evidence-based therapies, systemic limitations, and a focus on functional improvement rather than diagnostic classification. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the symptomatic, functional and systemic challenges inherent to PMD conceptualization and treatment. METHOD: The constituent clusters of PMD are defined and exemplified, its functional impact is illustrated, and a continuum of care at a large southeastern Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital offering an interdisciplinary approach to integrated rehabilitation is described. Three case examples are provided that that underscore the importance of vocation for improved behavioral health and quality of life. CONCLUSION: The case examples demonstrate how vocational rehabilitation services are an integral component of PMD treatment. © 2015 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.","Behavioral health, Chronic pain, Co-morbid symptomology, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rehabilitation","Bosco, M. A., Murphy, J., Peters, W. E., Clark, M. E.",2015.0,,10.3233/WOR-141926,0,0,
745,Longitudinal interplay between posttraumatic stress symptoms and coping self-efficacy: A four-wave prospective study,"Trauma-related coping self-efficacy (CSE), the perceived capability to manage one's personal functioning and the myriad environmental demands of the aftermath of potentially traumatic events (PTE), has been shown to affect psychological outcomes after these events. Aim of the present four-wave study was to examine the cross-lagged relationships between CSE and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following PTEs in order to examine direction of influence. Levels of CSE and PTSD symptoms were measured with 4-month intervals. In addition, prospectively assessed personality traits and general self-efficacy perceptions as well as peritraumatic distress were entered in the analyses. The study sample consists of adult respondents of a representative internet panel who experienced PTE in the six months before T1, and did not experience any new PTE or life event between T1 and T3 (N=400). Respondents were administered the coping self-efficacy scale (CSE-7), impact of event scale (IES) and arousal items of IES-R at each wave (T1 through T3), as well as questions on peritraumatic stress and prospectively measured personality traits (T0). Results of structural equation modeling showed that the effect of CSE on subsequent PTSD symptom levels was dominant. CSE significantly predicted subsequent symptoms, over and above earlier symptom levels, with higher CSE associated with lower PTSD. Symptoms in turn, did not predict subsequent levels of CSE. Higher peritraumatic distress was associated with both higher initial PTSD symptoms and lower initial CSE levels. Higher levels of the personality traits of emotional stability and agreeableness were associated with higher initial CSE levels. This supports a model in which CSE perceptions play an important role in recovery from trauma. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Coping self-efficacy, Cross-lagged analysis, Personality, Potentially traumatic events, Prospective, PTSD","Bosmans, M. W. G., van der Velden, P. G.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.007,0,0,
746,Diagnostic mistakes in post-traumatic stress disorder: The problem of symptom overlap with depression,"Objectives. The overlap between symptoms of PTSD and MDD is substantial. PTSD symptoms arise after a traumatic experience and the trauma is present in all of the diagnostic clusters. In individuals who have experienced a trauma a long time before, it is difficult to establish the exact moment of onset of their symptoms in relation to the trauma suffered. We proposed to raise awareness among operators who may encounter this problem, with the aim of providing them with valuable help in order to achieve a correct differential diagnosis. Methods. A sample of subjects suffering from PTSD without comorbidity was assessed to confirm the diagnosis and the severity of post-traumatic symptoms. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare any modifications in the parameters analyzed through the Davidson Trauma Scale with the presence and severity of depressive symptoms as evaluated by the Hamilton-D scale. Results. Half of the PSTD patients recruited showed values of HAM-D > 18, although an active Major Depressive Episode was clinically excluded. Symptom of ""numbing"", despite being different from the apathy experienced in depression, is identified as a depressive symptom by the HAM-D. Conclusions. Giving prevalence to depressive symptoms may be misleading for diagnosis and may ultimately result in inappropriate treatment.","Clinician-Administered PTSD scale, Hamilton rating scale for depression, Numbing","Bossini, L., Casolaro, I., Caterini, C., Koukouna, D., Fortini, V., Cecchini, F., Fagiolini, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
747,Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: An overview of characteristics and treatment approaches,"Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling condition following a traumatic event. Despite its high prevalence rates, relatively little is known about the manifestation and course of the disorder in older adults. Moreover, there has been little evaluation of the efficacy of psychotherapeutic treatment approaches for older patients. Design This overview aims to summarize available data on the prevalence and symptoms of late-life PTSD and to review the current treatment approaches for older adults. Results The course and severity of PTSD symptoms in older adults depend on the time the trauma occurred (early versus late life). In the case of acute traumatization, lower prevalence rates and symptom severities are generally observed in older than in younger populations. In the case of early-life traumatization, a decline in PTSD symptom severity can be observed over the life course. Research on treatment approaches has produced promising results, indicating that disorder-specific interventions (i.e., trauma confrontation and cognitive restructuring) can be effectively combined with an age-specific narrative life-review approach. Conclusion Given the limited empirical evidence, caution is warranted in generalizing the reported findings. Nevertheless, it is possible to draw a number of conclusions concerning the characteristics and treatment of PTSD in older adults. Further research is needed to better understand the various presentations of PTSD in late life and to validate and improve the effectiveness of available treatment approaches. Copyright (copyright) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","clinical feature, cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive therapy, disease course, disease severity, early life traumatization, exposure technique, groups by age, high risk population, holocaust, human, hurricane, injury, learning disorder, life event, mental deterioration, narrative, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychoeducation, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, review, risk assessment, terrorism, war, writing","Bottche, M., Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
748,Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: An overview of characteristics and treatment approaches,"Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling condition following a traumatic event. Despite its high prevalence rates, relatively little is known about the manifestation and course of the disorder in older adults. Moreover, there has been little evaluation of the efficacy of psychotherapeutic treatment approaches for older patients. Design This overview aims to summarize available data on the prevalence and symptoms of late-life PTSD and to review the current treatment approaches for older adults. Results The course and severity of PTSD symptoms in older adults depend on the time the trauma occurred (early versus late life). In the case of acute traumatization, lower prevalence rates and symptom severities are generally observed in older than in younger populations. In the case of early-life traumatization, a decline in PTSD symptom severity can be observed over the life course. Research on treatment approaches has produced promising results, indicating that disorder-specific interventions (i.e., trauma confrontation and cognitive restructuring) can be effectively combined with an age-specific narrative life-review approach. Conclusion Given the limited empirical evidence, caution is warranted in generalizing the reported findings. Nevertheless, it is possible to draw a number of conclusions concerning the characteristics and treatment of PTSD in older adults. Further research is needed to better understand the various presentations of PTSD in late life and to validate and improve the effectiveness of available treatment approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","older adults, PTSD, symptom profile, therapy, trauma","Böttche, M., Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,747
749,Predictors of outcome of an internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults,"Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of resource-oriented variables such as self-efficacy, locus of control (LOC) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in predicting treatment response in older adults with post-traumatic stress. Methods Fifty-eight older adults with subsyndromal or greater severity of war-associated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms completed a randomized controlled Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) with immediate and delayed treatment groups. Assessments of PTSD severity and resource-oriented variables of self-efficacy, LOC and PTG were conducted at baseline, post-treatment and at a 6-month follow-up. Results Results revealed that pre-treatment scores on measures of internal LOC and PTG predicted PTSD symptom severity at post-treatment, even after controlling for initial PTSD. At a 6-month follow-up, internal LOC continued to predict PTSD symptom severity. In addition, repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed that, relative to older adults with low internal LOC and PTG, older adults with high internal LOC and PTG, respectively, did not differ with respect to initial PTSD severity, but they showed a more pronounced response to treatment. Conclusion These findings suggest that greater locus of control and post-traumatic growth is associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms following Internet-based CBT. Assessment of these constructs may be useful in identifying trauma survivors who are most likely to respond to CBT. Practitioner points Greater internal locus of control and post-traumatic growth is associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms following Internet-based CBT. Older adults with initial high internal locus of control and post-traumatic growth, respectively, did not differ with respect to initial PTSD severity, but they showed a more pronounced response to treatment. It could be assumed that patients with initial functional appraisals could benefit easier and faster from a trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy compared to individuals with lower internal locus of control and post-traumatic growth (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Bottche, Maria, Kuwert, Philipp, Pietrzak, Robert H., Knaevelsrud, Christine",2015.0,,,0,0,
750,Typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking older adults,"Results:: LPAs revealed that a 3-class solution best fit the data. These included an Intermediate Disturbance class (50.0%) and two Pervasive Disturbance classes, which differed with respect to severity of avoidance symptoms (Pervasive Disturbance-Low Avoidance: 33.5%, Pervasive Disturbance-High Avoidance: 16.5%). A greater number of traumatic events predicted membership in the Pervasive Disturbance classes. The Pervasive Disturbance-Low Avoidance class had a higher level of education than the Pervasive Disturbance-High Avoidance class. Compared to the Intermediate Disturbance class, the Pervasive Disturbance classes had the highest levels of depression, anxiety and somatization symptoms. Conclusion:: These results suggest that PTSD in treatment-seeking older adults may be characterized by three predominant typologies, which are differentiated by overall severity and avoidance symptoms, lifetime trauma burden, education level, and comorbid depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms. These results underscore the importance of considering heterogeneity in the phenotypic presentation of PTSD in assessment and treatment approaches for this disorder in older adults. Methods:: Latent profile analyses (LPAs) were employed to evaluate predominant typologies of PTSD symptoms in a sample of 164 treatment-seeking older adults with childhood war-related trauma. Multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate predictors of class membership. Background:: While it is well known that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by heterogeneous symptom clusters, little is known about predominant typologies of PTSD symptoms in older adults.","adult, posttraumatic stress disorder","Bottche, M., Pietrzak, R. H., Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
751,Typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking older adults,"Results:: LPAs revealed that a 3-class solution best fit the data. These included an Intermediate Disturbance class (50.0%) and two Pervasive Disturbance classes, which differed with respect to severity of avoidance symptoms (Pervasive Disturbance-Low Avoidance: 33.5%, Pervasive Disturbance-High Avoidance: 16.5%). A greater number of traumatic events predicted membership in the Pervasive Disturbance classes. The Pervasive Disturbance-Low Avoidance class had a higher level of education than the Pervasive Disturbance-High Avoidance class. Compared to the Intermediate Disturbance class, the Pervasive Disturbance classes had the highest levels of depression, anxiety and somatization symptoms. Conclusion:: These results suggest that PTSD in treatment-seeking older adults may be characterized by three predominant typologies, which are differentiated by overall severity and avoidance symptoms, lifetime trauma burden, education level, and comorbid depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms. These results underscore the importance of considering heterogeneity in the phenotypic presentation of PTSD in assessment and treatment approaches for this disorder in older adults. Methods:: Latent profile analyses (LPAs) were employed to evaluate predominant typologies of PTSD symptoms in a sample of 164 treatment-seeking older adults with childhood war-related trauma. Multinomial logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate predictors of class membership. Background:: While it is well known that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by heterogeneous symptom clusters, little is known about predominant typologies of PTSD symptoms in older adults.","early-life traumatization, latent profile analysis, older adults, PTSD, typology","Böttche, M., Pietrzak, R. H., Kuwert, P., Knaevelsrud, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,750
752,"Inmates-to-Staff Assaults, PTSD and Burnout: Profiles of Risk and Vulnerability","Prison employees are often confronted with critical incidents and chronic stressors that may lead to trauma or burnout symptoms. However, most of the research on clinical aspects of interpersonal violence in prisons (inmates-to-staff violence, specifically) focuses either on trauma or on burnout. The purpose of the present study is (a) to examine both burnout and posttraumatic stress among prison staff and (b) to examine the influences of inmates-to-staff violent relations on posttraumatic stress in terms of risk profile to develop PTSD. A random sample of French correctional employees has completed various self-reported questionnaires assessing burnout, posttraumatic stress, and stress as well as victimization and demographic characteristics. Correctional employees demonstrated high levels of PTSD symptoms, burnout, and stress. Violent interactions with inmates lead to experienced trauma of all types (PTSD, secondary, or vicarious trauma). Results have highlighted a prison worker's profile prone to PTSD: he or she expresses high levels of emotional exhaustion, intense levels of stress, high levels of depersonalization, and high levels of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperreactivity. This study contributes to an understanding of the literature by explaining the complex association between burnout and posttraumatic stress after interpersonal violence. These findings suggest a need to support prison workers and to address inmates-to-staff relational dynamics. © The Author(s) 2013.","assaults, burnout, inmates, posttraumatic stress, prison","Boudoukha, A. H., Altintas, E., Rusinek, S., Fantini-Hauwel, C., Hautekeete, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
753,The common link between functional somatic syndromes may be central sensitisation,"Functional somatic syndromes are common and disabling conditions that all include chronic pain, and which may be related to central nervous system sensitisation. Here, we address the concept of central sensitisation as a physiological basis for the functional somatic syndromes. Methods: A narrative review of the current literature on central sensitisation and physiological studies in the functional somatic syndromes. Results: Central sensitisation may be a common neurophysiological process that is able to explain non-painful as well as painful symptoms in these disorders. Furthermore, central sensitisation may represent an endophenotypic vulnerability to the development of these syndromes that potentially explains why they cluster together. Conclusions: Further research is needed to verify these findings, including prospective studies and the standardisation of combined methods of investigation in the study of central sensitisation in functional somatic syndromes. In turn, this may lead to new explanatory mechanisms and treatments being evaluated. Our conclusions add to the debate over the nomenclature of these syndromes but importantly also provide an explanation for our patients.","anxiety disorder, article, central nervous system sensitization, chronic pain, endophenotype, fatigue, functional somatic syndrome, human, major depression, nerve cell plasticity, nociception, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, risk factor, sensory stimulation, sleep disorder, spinal cord dorsal horn, temporal summation","Bourke, J. H., Langford, R. M., White, P. D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
754,Panic disorder following torture by suffocation is associated with predominantly respiratory symptoms,"Background. We previously reported that in panic disorder a history of near-suffocation is associated with predominantly respiratory panic attacks. It might be hypothesized that the near-suffocation experienced in certain kinds of torture is also associated with the development of predominantly respiratory panic attacks. Methods. A sample of patients who had experienced torture (N = 14) was drawn from an Anxiety Disorders Clinic in South Africa. Subjects were questioned about symptoms of panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Results. Patients with a history of torture by suffocation were more likely than other patients to complain of predominantly respiratory symptoms during panic attacks. These patients also demonstrated higher levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusions. While various interpretations of the data can be made, it is possible that torture by suffocation is associated with a specific symptomatic profile. Were such an association to be replicated, this would perhaps support the suffocation alarm hypothesis of panic disorder and provide evidence that specific environmental factors play a role in the development of this alarm.","adult, article, asphyxia, clinical article, depression, human, male, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, respiratory tract disease, symptom, torture","Bouwer, C., Stein, D.",1999.0,,,0,0,
755,Tonic immobility mediates the influence of peritraumatic fear and perceived inescapability on posttraumatic stress symptom severity among sexual assault survivors,"This study evaluated whether tonic immobility mediates the relations between perceived inescapability peritraumatic fear, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity among sexual assault survivors. Female undergraduates (N = 176) completed questionnaires assessing assault history, perceived inescapability, peritraumatic fear, tonic immobility, and PTSD symptoms. Results indicated that tonic immobility fully mediated relations between perceived inescapability and overall PTSD symptom severity, as well as reexperiencing and avoidance/numbing symptom clusters. Tonic immobility also fully mediated the relation between fear and reexperiencing symptoms, and partially mediated relations between fear and overall PTSD symptom severity, and avoidance/ numbing symptoms. Results suggest that tonic immobility could be one path through which trauma survivors develop PTSD symptoms. Further study of tonic immobility may inform our ability to treat trauma victims. © 2008 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Bovin, M. J., Jager-Hyman, S., Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., Sloan, D. M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
756,The Importance of the Peritraumatic Experience in Defining Traumatic Stress,"In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev., DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion A2 stipulates that an individual must experience intense fear, helplessness, or horror during an event that threatened the life or physical integrity of oneself or others to be eligible for the PTSD diagnosis. In considering this criterion, we describe its origins, review studies that have examined its predictive validity, and reflect on the intended purpose of the criterion and how it complements the mission of the DSM. We then assert that the predictive validity of Criterion A2 may not be an appropriate metric for evaluating its worth. We also note that the current Criterion A2 may not fully capture all the salient aspects of the traumatic stress response. To support this claim, we review empirical research showing that individuals adapt to extreme environmental events by responding in a complex and coordinated manner. This complex response set involves an individual's appraisal regarding the degree to which the event taxes his or her resources, as well as a range of other cognitions (e.g., dissociation), felt emotions (e.g., fear), physiological reactions (e.g., heart rate increase), and behaviors (e.g., tonic immobility). We provide evidence that these response components may be associated with the subsequent development of PTSD. We then describe the challenges associated with accurately assessing an individual's traumatic stress response. We conclude with a discussion of the need to consider the individual's immediate response when defining a traumatic stressor. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Appraisals, Peritraumatic behaviors, Peritraumatic emotions, PTSD, Trauma","Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P.",2011.0,,10.1037/a0021353,0,0,
757,Psychometric Properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans,"This study examined the psychometric properties of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5; Weathers, Litz, et al., 2013b) in 2 independent samples of veterans receiving care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (N = 468). A subsample of these participants (n = 140) was used to define a valid diagnostic cutoff score for the instrument using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5; Weathers, Blake, et al., 2013) as the reference standard. The PCL-5 test scores demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = .96), test-retest reliability (r = .84), and convergent and discriminant validity. Consistent with previous studies (Armour et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2014), confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the data were best explained by a 6-factor anhedonia model and a 7-factor hybrid model. Signal detection analyses using the CAPS-5 revealed that PCL-5 scores of 31 to 33 were optimally efficient for diagnosing PTSD (kappa(.5) = .58). Overall, the findings suggest that the PCL-5 is a psychometrically sound instrument that can be used effectively with veterans. Further, by determining a valid cutoff score using the CAPS-5, the PCL-5 can now be used to identify veterans with probable PTSD. However, findings also suggest the need for research to evaluate cluster structure of DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record",,"Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., Keane, T. M.",2015.0,Dec 14,10.1037/pas0000254,0,0,
758,Interaction between the Cholecystokinin and Endogenous Cannabinoid Systems in Cued Fear Expression and Extinction Retention,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to develop, in part, from improper inhibition of fear. Accordingly, one of the most effective treatment strategies for PTSD is exposure-based psychotherapy. Ideally, neuroscience would inform adjunct therapies that target the neurotransmitter systems involved in extinction processes. Separate studies have implicated the cholecystokinin (CCK) and endocannabinoid systems in fear; however, there is a high degree of anatomical colocalization between the cannabinoid 1 receptor (Cnr1) and CCK in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region critical for emotion regulation. Although most research has focused on GABA and GABAergic plasticity as the mechanism by which Cnr1 mediates fear inhibition, we hypothesize that a functional interaction between Cnr1 and CCKB receptor (CCKBR) is critical for fear extinction processes. In this study, systemic pharmacological manipulation of the cannabinoid system modulated cued fear expression in C57BL/6J mice after consolidation of auditory fear conditioning. Knockout of the CCKBR, however, had no effect on fear- or anxiety-like behaviors. Nonetheless, administration of a Cnr1 antagonist increased freezing behavior during a cued fear expression test in wild-type subjects, but had no effect on freezing behavior in CCKBR knockout littermates. In addition, we found that Cnr1-positive fibers form perisomatic clusters around CCKBR-positive cell bodies in the BLA. These CCKBR-positive cells comprise a molecularly heterogenous population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These findings provide novel evidence that Cnr1 contributes to cued fear expression via an interaction with the CCK system. Dysfunctional Cnr1–CCKBR interactions might contribute to the etiology of, or result from, fear-related psychiatric disease.Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, 24 September 2014; doi:10.1038/npp.2014.225.",,"Bowers, M. E., Ressler, K. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
759,Gender differences in probable posttraumatic stress disorder among police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack,"Police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) disaster were previously reported to have an increased prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Methods: Four thousand seventeen police responders (3,435 men and 582 women) were interviewed 2-3 years after 9/11/01 as part of the World Trade Center Health Registry. Demographic, occupational, and event-specific risk factors were evaluated for probable PTSD, determined by DSM-IV criteria using the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL).Results: Overall prevalence of probable PTSD was 8.3% (women: 13.9%; men: 7.4%, P < 0.001). Risk factors for both genders included 9/11-related injury and older age. For men, specific risk factors were: presence in WTC Towers on 9/11 and Hispanic ethnicity; and for women, witnessing horror and education less than a college degree.Conclusions: Significantly higher prevalence of probable PTSD was found for female police responders. Although consistent with civilian populations, this finding contrasts with other studies of PTSD and WTC rescue and recovery workers, and police prior to 9/11. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","9/11 disaster, DSM-IV diagnosis, Police, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Women","Bowler, R. M., Han, H., Gocheva, V., Nakagawa, S., Alper, H., DiGrande, L., Cone, J. E.",2010.0,,10.1002/ajim.20876,0,0,
760,Longitudinal mental health impact among police responders to the 9/11 terrorist attack,"Background: Among police responders enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was almost twice as prevalent among women as men 2-3 years after the 9/11 attacks. Methods: Police participants in the WTCHR Wave 1 survey 2-3 years after 9/11/01, were reassessed for probable PTSD at Wave 2, 5-6 years after 9/11/01, using PCL DSM-IV criteria. Results: Police participants in the Wave 2 survey included 2,527 men, 413 women. The prevalence of ""Probable PTSD"" was 7.8% at Wave 1 and 16.5% at Wave 2. Mean PCL scores increased from 25.1 to 29.9 for men and 28.6 to 32.2 for women. Prevalence of PTSD was higher for women than for men at Wave 1 (χ 2=10.882, P=0.002), but not Wave 2 (χ 2=2.416, P=0.133). Other risk factors included losing one's job after 9/11 and being disabled. Conclusions: Prevalence of probable PTSD among police doubled between 2003-2004 and 2006-2007. After the 2-year time span, the gender difference was no longer significant; prevalence of PTSD symptoms increased and there was a substantial amount of co-morbidity with other mental health problems. Further development of prevention and intervention strategies for police responders with symptoms of PTSD is needed. The observed upward trend in PCL scores over time in police officers with PCL scores less than 44, suggests that PTSD prevention and intervention strategies should be applied to all police affected by the 9/11 attacks, not limited just to those with PTSD symptoms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","9/11 disaster, DSM-IV, Longitudinal study, Mental health, Police, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Bowler, R. M., Harris, M., Li, J., Gocheva, V., Stellman, S. D., Wilson, K., Alper, H., Schwarzer, R., Cone, J. E.",2012.0,,10.1002/ajim.22000,0,0,
761,Amnestic disturbance and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a chemical release,"Neuropsychological assessments were performed on 70 patients referred after a Catacarb chemical release in a Northern California town. After appropriate exclusions, the 59 patients used in the final analysis were mostly White (66%), with 56% having some college level education. They were administered the: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), Memory Assessment Scale (MAS), Trails A and B, Stroop, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Fingertapping Test, Purdue Pegboard, Dynamometer, Rey 15-Item Test, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Beck Depression Index (BDI), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Impact of Events Scale (IES) scales in addition to a health questionnaire and symptom checklist. Results indicate impaired scores on mnestic function and information processing when compared to Heaton's (1992) normative data, and the MAS norms (Williams, 1991). MMPI-2, BSI, BDI, POMS, and IES results indicate significant elevations on scales of depression, anxiety, anger, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The more brief tests of affect and mood appear sufficiently sensitive in measuring the dysphoric mood in group research studies. Clinical diagnoses using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria indicate a prevalence of 54% PTSD and 64% Amnestic or Cognitive disturbance. New onset of dermatological, respiratory, visual, and gastrointestinal symptoms and illnesses are consistent with the chemical exposure, the PTSD may be in reaction to it, and Amnestic/Cognitive disturbance, from both an organic and functional etiology.","boric acid, carbonic acid, diethanolamine, potassium borate, potassium carbonate, potassium metavanadate, unclassified drug, vanadic acid, adolescent, adult, aged, amnesia, anger, anxiety neurosis, article, depression, drug exposure, dynamometry, dysphoria, female, human, intelligence test, major clinical study, male, memory, neuropsychological test, oil industry, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder","Bowler, R. M., Hartney, C., Ngo, L. H.",1998.0,,,0,0,
762,Adverse health effects in African American residents living adjacent to chemical Industries,"The objective of the present study was to compare the physical and psychological health of three groups of African Americans (N = 310): acute sulfuric acid exposed, nonacute exposed, and unexposed controls. Instruments included a health questionnaire, a Toxic Symptom Checklist, the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Post-Traumatic Stress and the Neurotoxic Anxiety scales of the MMPI-2, the Impact of Event Scale, the Symptom Check List 90-Revised (SCL 90-R), and several brief mood and personality scales. Blood pressure and pulse rates were also taken. Matching produced 51 three-way pairs. MANOVA results indicate significant effects for exposure. Significant univariate Fs (p lt;.05) were foundfor all the scales across the exposed groups exceptfor the Toxic Symptom category of memory/concentration, POMS depression, and 5 of the 9 SCL 90-R subscales. The t-test results using adjusted a =.0167 indicate both exposed groups had more mood and health symptoms than the controls. The acute were the most symptomatic, and both exposed groups had more respiratory problems, skin rashes, and allergies; results that are consistent with chemical exposure. Results also indicate all three groups had higher than average blood pressure, and the SCL 90-R scores for all three groups were higher than reported in the manual. © 1996 The Association of Black Psychologists.",,"Bowler, R. M., Mergler, D., Huel, G., Cone, J. E.",1996.0,,,0,0,
763,Shaping garments of care: Tools for maximizing adherence potential,"There is a tendency in health care to treat clients' maladies in accordance with two basic premises: (1) the medical needs of the client (as perceived by the clinician) can be successfully addressed by focusing solely on that aspect of the client's life and (2) if the client is not able or ready, then there will be someone in the client's support system to take responsibility for administering prescribed therapy. In many cases these assumptions hold true, but for certain sub-populations they do not, notably: individuals with substandard/chaotic lives, those with multiple confounding diagnoses (mental health, substance abuse, disability, addiction, domestic violence) who have neither personal adherence ability nor adequate support systems. They are rarely seen in ambulatory care settings, engaging with the health care system only through emergency rooms and hospital admissions. Such a group makes up a large proportion of urban, HIV positive clients. For them, successful adherence can only be accomplished by rethinking what constitutes 'care' and 'tailoring' that care to the individual. In this context adherence requires the interweaving of three sets of needs: (1) needs perceived by the client, (2) client needs as observed by an objective recorder and assessed for impact on the client's ability and willingness to be adherent and (3) medical needs identified by a clinician. Extensive work with this population has led to the creation of a Cluster of Tools (HIVCOT), designed to quantitatively assess the severity of the varied needs (Health Importance Level or HIL), the adherence ability of the client (Adherence Functional Level or AFL) and how difficult it is to adhere to a given treatment (Level of Adherence Difficulty or LAD). Through the application of these tools it becomes possible for the medical providers to make individual adjustments to the design of care so that it closely fits the needs and abilities of the client. In this way the likelihood of adherence is maximized. (copyright) 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","antibiotic agent, antiretrovirus agent, cocaine, diamorphine, digoxin, methadone, psychotropic agent, tuberculostatic agent, warfarin, addiction, ambulatory care, depression, disability, domestic violence, drug dependence, emergency ward, health care, health care system, highly active antiretroviral therapy, hospital admission, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, injection site abscess, mental health, patient compliance, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, substance abuse, tuberculosis","Boyer, A., Indyk, D.",2006.0,,,0,0,
764,Functional independence in pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: Two levels of mediation,"Purpose/Objective: To test 3 models that examine the relationship of posttraumatic stress (PTS), family functioning (FF), and level of spinal cord injury (SCI) to functional independence (FI) among patients with pediatric-onset SCI. Research Method/Design: Participants were 109 pediatric spinal cord injury patients, ages 11-24 years, from 2 surgical and rehabilitation hospitals. Data from 2 previous cross-sectional studies included the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, the Family Assessment Device, and the Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeons of North America Pediatric Musculoskeletal Functional Health Questionnaire. Path analyses were used to test 3 hypothesized models: that PTS would mediate the relationship between FF and FI, that PTS Avoidance symptoms would mediate the relationship between other PTS symptom clusters and FI, and that these 2 models would show adequate fit to the data when integrated into an overarching model to depict the interrelationship of level of SCI (tetraplegia v. paraplegia), FF, PTS symptom clusters, and FI. Results: Results from the first model indicated that PTS mediated the relationship between FF and FI. In addition, the Avoidance symptom cluster of PTS mediated the relationships between PTS Reexperiencing symptoms and FI and between the PTS Arousal symptom cluster and FI. A third model integrated the previous 2 models and supported these 2 levels of mediation. Conclusions/Implications: Level of SCI related directly to FI, and PTS mediated the relationship between FF and FI; PTS Avoidance mediated the relationships between Intrusive Reexperiencing and FI and between PTS Arousal and FI. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Family functioning, Functional independence, Path analysis, Pediatric-onset spinal cord injury, Posttraumatic stress","Boyer, B. A., Nowcid, C. A., Ware, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
765,Posttraumatic Stress Predicting Depression and Social Support Among College Students: Moderating Effects of Race and Gender,"More than half of the students entering college report a history of potentially traumatic events; however, little is known about the relationship of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology to college students' mental health and access to social support or whether these relationships may show variations as a function of race and gender. The purpose of this study was to explore whether the relationships between PTSD symptoms and both depression and social support were moderated by gender and race. Data were collected from 631 African American (AA) and 299 European American (EA) freshmen students attending 2 universities in the Southeast. The majority of the students (74.3% of the AA and 68.2% of the EA sample) reported lifetime exposure to at least 1 traumatic event. PTSD symptomatology was significantly and positively associated with depression symptoms for all groups (i.e., AA and EA males and females); however, the relationship between these 2 variables was strongest for EA men. Similarly, the relationship between PTSD symptoms on the avoidance cluster and social support was stronger for EA males than other groups; avoidance symptoms did not significantly predict social support for AA men. (PsycINFO Database Record","College students, Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Social support, Trauma exposure","Boyraz, G., Horne, S. G., Armstrong, A. P., Owens, A. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
766,Posttraumatic stress and physical health among adults: The role of coping mechanisms,"The purpose of the present study was to examine whether coping mechanisms predict physical health, after controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters in a non-clinical sample of adults. Data were collected from 483 adults through an online survey. Most of the participants (66.7%) reported lifetime exposure to at least one traumatic event. The final sample of this study included 319 trauma-exposed individuals. Results indicated that PTSD symptoms on the avoidance and hyperarousal clusters had significant positive relationships with self-reported physical health symptoms. After controlling for gender and PTSD, denial, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame significantly and positively predicted physical health symptoms. © 2016, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","coping mechanisms, physical health symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma exposure","Boyraz, G., Waits, J. B., Felix, V. A., Wynes, D. D.",2016.0,,10.1080/15325024.2014.965978,0,0,
767,"Performance, egg quality, and immune response of laying hens fed diets supplemented with mannan-Oligosaccharide or an essential oil mixture under moderate and hot environmental conditions","In total, 432 thirty-six-week-old laying hens were fed a basal diet supplemented with man-nan-oligosaccharide (MOS) or an essential oil mixture (EOM) from 36 to 51 wk of age. Hens were divided into 3 equal groups replicated 6 times with 24 hens per replicate. No significant difference was observed among the dietary treatments in terms of performance indices. Different from the dietary manipulation, high environmental temperatures negatively influenced all of the laying performance traits except the feed conversion ratio in association with the diminished feed consumption. The MOS, and particularly the EOM, tended to alleviate the deleterious effect of heat stress on BW gain. Mortality was higher in MOS-fed hens than with other treatments. A supplementation diet with MOS or EOM provided increments in eggshell weight (P < 0.01). Relative albumen weight was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in response to EOM or MOS supplementation; however, this was not the case in the yolk weight rate. The MOS decreased albumen height and Haugh unit (P < 0.05). High environmental temperatures hampered entire egg quality characteristics except for the eggshell breaking strength and egg yolk weight. These results indicated that heat stress adversely affected both productive performance and egg quality. As for the results of this study, neither MOS nor EOM was efficacious in improving efficiency of egg production and stimulating humoral immune response in laying hens reared under moderate and hot climatic conditions. However, the ameliorative effect exerted by MOS and EOM on eggshell characteristics is conclusive. © 2012 Poultry Science Association Inc.","Egg quality, Essential oil, Immune response, Layer performance, Mannan-oligosaccharide","Bozkurt, M., Küçükyilmaz, K., Çatli, A. U., Çinar, M., Bintaş, E., Çöven, F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
768,Identification of sexually abused female adolescents at risk for suicidal ideations: A classification and regression tree analysis,"This study explored the clinical profiles of 77 female teenager survivors of sexual abuse and examined the association of abuse-related and personal variables with suicidal ideations. Analyses revealed that 64% of participants experienced suicidal ideations. Findings from classification and regression tree analysis indicated that depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and hopelessness discriminated profiles of suicidal and nonsuicidal survivors. The elevated prevalence of suicidal ideations among adolescent survivors of sexual abuse underscores the importance of investigating the presence of suicidal ideations in sexual abuse survivors. However, suicidal ideation is not the sole variable that needs to be investigated; depression, hopelessness and posttraumatic stress symptoms are also related to suicidal ideations in survivors and could therefore guide interventions. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","adolescence, child sexual abuse, depression, hopelessness, PTSD, suicidal ideation","Brabant, M. E., Hébert, M., Chagnon, F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
769,"Human brain evolution and the ""Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:"" Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder","The DSM-III, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 have judiciously minimized discussion of etiologies to distance clinical psychiatry from Freudian psychoanalysis. With this goal mostly achieved, discussion of etiological factors should be reintroduced into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). A research agenda for the DSM-V advocated the ""development of a pathophysiologically based classification system"". The author critically reviews the neuroevolutionary literature on stress-induced and fear circuitry disorders and related amygdala-driven, species-atypical fear behaviors of clinical severity in adult humans. Over 30 empirically testable/falsifiable predictions are presented. It is noted that in DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10, the classification of stress and fear circuitry disorders is neither mode-of-acquisition-based nor brain-evolution-based. For example, snake phobia (innate) and dog phobia (overconsolidational) are clustered together. Similarly, research on blood-injection-injury-type-specific phobia clusters two fears different in their innateness: 1) an arguably ontogenetic memory-trace-overconsolidation-based fear (hospital phobia) and 2) a hardwired (innate) fear of the sight of one's blood or a sharp object penetrating one's skin. Genetic architecture-charting of fear-circuitry-related traits has been challenging. Various, non-phenotype-based architectures can serve as targets for research. In this article, the author will propose one such alternative genetic architecture. This article was inspired by the following: A) Nesse's ""Smoke-Detector Principle"", B) the increasing suspicion that the ""smooth"" rather than ""lumpy"" distribution of complex psychiatric phenotypes (including fear-circuitry disorders) may in some cases be accounted for by oligogenic (and not necessarily polygenic) transmission, and C) insights from the initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium published in late 2005. Neuroevolutionary insights relevant to fear circuitry symptoms that primarily emerge overconsolidationally (especially Combat related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) are presented. Also introduced is a human-evolution-based principle for clustering innate fear traits. The ""Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle"" of innate fears proposed in this article may be useful in the development of a neuroevolution-based taxonomic re-clustering of stress-triggered and fear-circuitry disorders in DSM-V. Four broad clusters of evolved fear circuits are proposed based on their time-depths: 1) Mesozoic (mammalian-wide) circuits hardwired by wild-type alleles driven to fixation by Mesozoic selective sweeps; 2) Cenozoic (simian-wide) circuits relevant to many specific phobias; 3) mid Paleolithic and upper Paleolithic (Homo sapiens-specific) circuits (arguably resulting mostly from mate-choice-driven stabilizing selection); 4) Neolithic circuits (arguably mostly related to stabilizing selection driven by gene-culture co-evolution). More importantly, the author presents evolutionary perspectives on warzone-related PTSD, Combat-Stress Reaction, Combat-related Stress, Operational-Stress, and other deployment-stress-induced symptoms. The Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle presented in this article may help explain the dissimilar stress-resilience levels following different types of acute threat to survival of oneself or one's progency (aka DSM-III and DSM-V PTSD Criterion-A events). PTSD rates following exposure to lethal inter-group violence (combat, warzone exposure or intentionally caused disasters such as terrorism) are usually 5-10 times higher than rates following large-scale natural disasters such as forest fires, floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. The author predicts that both intentionally-caused large-scale bioevent-disasters, as well as natural bioevents such as SARS and avian flu pandemics will be an exception and are likely to be followed by PTSD rates approaching those that follow warzone ex osure. During bioevents, Amygdala-driven and locus-coeruleus-driven epidemic pseudosomatic symptoms may be an order of magnitude more common than infection-caused cytokine-driven symptoms. Implications for the red cross and FEMA are discussed. It is also argued that hospital phobia as well as dog phobia, bird phobia and bat phobia require re-taxonomization in DSM-V in a new ""overconsolidational disorders"" category anchored around PTSD. The overconsolidational spectrum category may be conceptualized as straddling the fear circuitry spectrum disorders and the affective spectrum disorders categories, and may be a category for which Pitman's secondary prevention propranolol regimen may be specifically indicated as a ""morning after pill"" intervention. Predictions are presented regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (e.g., female-pattern hoarding vs. male-pattern hoarding) and ""culture-bound"" acute anxiety symptoms (taijin-kyofusho, koro, shuk yang, shook yong, suo yang, rok-joo, jinjinia-bemar, karoshi, gwarosa, Voodoo death). Also discussed are insights relevant to pseudoneurological symptoms and to the forthcoming Dissociative-Conversive disorders category in DSM-V, including what the author terms fright-triggered acute pseudo-localized symptoms (i.e., pseudoparalysis, pseudocerebellar imbalance, psychogenic blindness, pseudoseizures, and epidemic sociogenic illness). Speculations based on studies of the human abnormal-spindle-like, microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene, the microcephaly primary autosomal recessive (MCPH) gene, and the forkhead box p2 (FOXP2) gene are made and incorporated into what is termed ""The pre-FOXP2 Hypothesis of Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia."" Finally, the author argues for a non-reductionistic fusion of ""distal (evolutionary) neurobiology"" with clinical ""proximal neurobiology,"" utilizing neurological heuristics. It is noted that the value of re-clustering fear traits based on behavioral ethology, human-phylogenomics-derived endophenotypes and on ontogenomics (gene-environment interactions) can be confirmed or disconfirmed using epidemiological or twin studies and psychiatric genomics.","Allele-variant polymorphisms, Anxiety disorders, Combat-related PTSD, DSM-V, Large-scale disaster, Phobias, Stress and fear circuitry disorders, War","Bracha, H. S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
770,"The STRS (shortness of breath, tremuluosness, racing heart, and sweating): A brief checklist for acute distress with panic-like sympathetic indicators; development and factor structure","Background: Peritraumatic response, as currently assessed by Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criterion A2, has weak positive predictive value (PPV) with respect to PTSD diagnosis. Research suggests that indicators of peritraumatic autonomic activation may supplement the PPV of PTSD criterion A2. We describe the development and factor structure of the STRS (Shortness of Breath, Tremulousness, Racing Heart, and Sweating), a one page, twominute checklist with a five-point Likert-type response format based on a previously unpublished scale. It is the first validated self-report measure of peritraumatic activation of the autonomic nervous system. Methods: We selected items from the Potential Stressful Events Interview (PSEI) to represent two latent variables: 1) PTSD diagnostic criterion A, and 2) acute autonomic activation. Participants (a convenience sample of 162 non-treatment seeking young adults) rated the most distressing incident of their lives on these items. We examined the factor structure of the STRS in this sample using factor and cluster analysis. Results: Results confirmed a two-factor model. The factors together accounted for 68% of the variance. The variance in each item accounted for by the two factors together ranged from 41% to 74%. The item loadings on the two factors mapped precisely onto the two proposed latent variables. Conclusion: The factor structure of the STRS is robust and interpretable. Autonomic activation signs tapped by the STRS constitute a dimension of the acute autonomic activation in response to stress that is distinct from the current PTSD criterion A2. Since the PTSD diagnostic criteria are likely to change in the DSM-V, further research is warranted to determine whether signs of peritraumatic autonomic activation such as those measured by this two-minute scale add to the positive predictive power of the current PTSD criterion A2. (copyright) 2004 Bracha et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","acute disease, adult, article, autonomic nervous system, cluster analysis, controlled study, distress syndrome, dyspnea, factorial analysis, female, human, incidence, interview, major clinical study, male, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, self report, sweating, symptomatology, tremor, variance","Bracha, H. S., Williams, A. E., Haynes, S. N., Kubany, E. S., Ralston, T. C., Yamashita, J. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
771,"The STRS (shortness of breath, tremulousness, racing heart, and sweating): A brief checklist for acute distress with panic-like autonomic indicators; development and factor structure","BACKGROUND: Peritraumatic response, as currently assessed by Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criterion A2, has weak positive predictive value (PPV) with respect to PTSD diagnosis. Research suggests that indicators of peritraumatic autonomic activation may supplement the PPV of PTSD criterion A2. We describe the development and factor structure of the STRS (Shortness of Breath, Tremulousness, Racing Heart, and Sweating), a one page, two-minute checklist with a five-point Likert-type response format based on a previously unpublished scale. It is the first validated self-report measure of peritraumatic activation of the autonomic nervous system. METHODS: We selected items from the Potential Stressful Events Interview (PSEI) to represent two latent variables: 1) PTSD diagnostic criterion A, and 2) acute autonomic activation. Participants (a convenience sample of 162 non-treatment seeking young adults) rated the most distressing incident of their lives on these items. We examined the factor structure of the STRS in this sample using factor and cluster analysis. RESULTS: Results confirmed a two-factor model. The factors together accounted for 68% of the variance. The variance in each item accounted for by the two factors together ranged from 41% to 74%. The item loadings on the two factors mapped precisely onto the two proposed latent variables. CONCLUSION: The factor structure of the STRS is robust and interpretable. Autonomic activation signs tapped by the STRS constitute a dimension of the acute autonomic activation in response to stress that is distinct from the current PTSD criterion A2. Since the PTSD diagnostic criteria are likely to change in the DSM-V, further research is warranted to determine whether signs of peritraumatic autonomic activation such as those measured by this two-minute scale add to the positive predictive power of the current PTSD criterion A2. Additionally, future research is warranted to explore whether the four automatic activation items of the STRS can be useful as the basis for a possible PTSD criterion A3 in the DSM-V.",,"Bracha, H. S., Williams, A. E., Haynes, S. N., Kubany, E. S., Ralston, T. C., Yamashita, J. M.",2004.0,Apr 22,10.1186/1475-2832-3-8,0,0,
772,Asthma and posttraumatic stress symptoms 5 to 6 years following exposure to the world trade center terrorist attack,"Context: The World Trade Center Health Registry provides a unique opportunity to examine long-term health effects of a large-scale disaster. Objective: To examine risk factors for new asthma diagnoses and event-related posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms among exposed adults 5 to 6 years following exposure to the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attack. Design, Setting, and Participants: Longitudinal cohort study with wave 1 (W1) enrollment of 71 437 adults in 2003-2004, including rescue/recovery worker, lower Manhattan resident, lower Manhattan office worker, and passersby eligibility groups; 46 322 adults (68%) completed the wave 2 (W2) survey in 2006-2007. Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported diagnosed asthma following September 11; event-related current PTS symptoms indicative of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), assessed using the PTSD Checklist (cutoff score ≥. Results Of W2 participants with no stated asthma history, 10.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.9%-10.5%) reported new asthma diagnoses postevent. Intense dust cloud exposure on September 11 was a major contributor to new asthma diagnoses for all eligibility groups: for example, 19.1% vs 9.6% in those without exposure among rescue/ recovery workers (adjusted odds ratio, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.4-1.7]). Asthma risk was highest among rescue/recovery workers on the WTC pile on September 11 (20.5% [95% CI, 19.0%-22.0%]). Persistent risks included working longer at the WTC site, not evacuating homes, and experiencing a heavy layer of dust in home or office. Of participants with no PTSD history, 23.8% (95% CI, 23.4%-24.2%) reported PTS symptoms at either W1(14.3%) or W2(19.1%). Nearly 10% (9.6% [95% CI, 9.3%-9.8%]) had PTS symptoms at both surveys, 4.7% (95% CI, 4.5%-4.9%) had PTS symptoms at W1 only, and 9.5% (95% CI, 9.3%-9.8%) had PTS symptoms at W2 only. At W2, passersby had the highest rate of PTS symptoms (23.2% [95% CI, 21.4%-25.0%]). Event-related loss of spouse or job was associated with PTS symptoms at W2. Conclusion Acute and prolonged exposures were both associated with a large burden of asthma and PTS symptoms 5 to 6 years after the September 11 WTC attack. ©2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Brackbill, R. M., Hadler, J. L., DiGrande, L., Ekenga, C. C., Farfel, M. R., Friedman, S., Perlman, S. E., Stellman, S. D., Walker, D. J., Wu, D., Yu, S., Thorpe, L. E.",2009.0,,10.1001/jama.2009.1121,0,0,
773,Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a high secure forensic learning disability population: Future directions for practice,"Literature on trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has neglected the needs of people with intellectual disability, particularly those in forensic settings. The National Centre for High Secure Learning Disability Services at Rampton Hospital conducted a service evaluation on aspects of trauma experience and post-trauma symptoms in the current population. File information and self-reports indicated that most individuals had experienced a great deal of lifetime trauma, typically multiple types of abuse. A high rate of potentially trauma-related symptoms was noted in files. However, file records of potentially traumatic events, including abuse, were often lacking in detail. There was limited information about the events themselves, and there was no information to suggest that any trauma-specific assessments had been used to measure trauma exposure or symptoms. PTSD as a diagnosis was rarely considered, and there was little consideration of trauma-specific interventions. While some individuals said that their experiences had resulted in a lot of distress, others could not talk about the past at all. This paper discusses the problem of assessing past trauma and response in a forensic intellectual disability population, and future directions for practice in forensic services. The service under study plans to address the needs of patients who have experienced trauma and abuse by conducting routine structured assessments, offering adapted evidence-based psychological interventions where appropriate, and providing trauma-specific education for staff to promote a compassionate approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Forensic Psychiatry, *Hospitalized Patients, *Learning Disabilities, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Brackenridge, Irene, Morrissey, Catrin",2010.0,,,0,0,
774,"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among low-income, African American women with a history of intimate partner violence and suicidal behaviors: Self-esteem, social support, and religious coping","There is a dearth of research on risk/protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among low-income African American women with a history of intimate partner violence (IPV), presenting for suicidal behavior or routine medical care in a large, urban hospital. We examined self-esteem, social support, and religious coping as mediators between experiences of child maltreatment (CM) and IPV and symptoms of PTSD in a sample (N = 134) of low-income African American women. Instruments used included the Index of Spouse Abuse, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Taylor Self-Esteem Inventory, the Multidimensional Profile of Social Support, the Brief Religious Coping Activities Scale, and the Davidson Trauma Scale. Both CM and IPV related positively to PTSD symptoms. Risk and resilience individual difference factors accounted for 18% of the variance in PTSD symptoms over and above IPV and CM, with self-esteem and negative religious coping making unique contributions. Both variables mediated the abuse-PTSD symptom link. In addition, we tested an alternate model in which PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between abuse and both self-esteem and negative religious coping. (copyright) 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, African American, article, child abuse, clinical feature, controlled study, demography, disease association, female, human, lowest income group, major clinical study, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, religious group, risk assessment, self esteem, social support, suicidal behavior","Bradley, R., Schwartz, A. C., Kaslow, N. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
775,Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial,"Context: Despite the high prevalence, chronicity, and associated comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the community, few placebo-controlled studies have evaluated the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for this disorder. Objective: To determine if treatment with sertraline hydrochloride effectively diminishes symptoms of PTSD of moderate to marked severity. Design: Twelve-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial preceded by a 2-week, single-blind placebo lead-in period, conducted between May 1996 and June 1997. Setting: Outpatient psychiatric clinics in 8 academic medical centers and 6 clinical research centers. Patients: A total of 187 outpatients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition diagnosis of PTSD and a Clinician Administered PTSD Scale Part 2 (CAPS-2) minimum total severity score of at least 50 at baseline (mean age, 40 years; mean duration of illness, 12 years; 73% were women; and 61.5% experienced physical or sexual assault). Intervention: Patients were randomized to acute treatment with sertraline hydrochloride in flexible daily dosages of 50 to 200 mg/d, following 1 week at 25 mg/d (n=94); or placebo (n=93). Main Outcome Measures: Baseline-to-end-point changes in CAPS-2 total severity score, Impact of Event Scale total score (IES), and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGIS), and CGI-Improvement (CGI-I) ratings, compared by treatment vs placebo groups. Results: Sertraline treatment yielded significantly greater improvement than placebo on 3 of the 4 primary outcome measures (mean change from baseline to end point for CAPS-2 total score, - 33.0 vs -23.2 [P=.02], and for CGI-S, -1.2 vs -0.8 [P=.01]; mean CGI-I score at end point, 2.5 vs 3.0 [P=.02]), with the fourth measure, the I ES total score, showing a trend toward significance (mean change from baseline to end point, -16.2 vs -12.1; P=.07). Using a conservative last-observation-carried- forward analysis, treatment with sertraline resulted in a responder rate of 53% at study end point compared with 32% for placebo (P=.008, with responder defined as >30% reduction from baseline in CAPS-2 total severity score and a CGI-I score of 1 [very much improved], or 2 [much improved]). Significant (P<.05) efficacy was evident for sertraline from week 2 on the CAPS-2 total severity score. Sertraline had significant efficacy vs placebo on the CAPS-2 PTSD symptom clusters of avoidance/numbing (P=.02) and increased arousal (P=.03) but not on reexperiencing/intrusion (P=.14). Sertraline was well tolerated, with insomnia the only adverse effect reported significantly more often than placebo (16.0% vs 4.3 %; P=.01). Conclusions: Our data suggest that sertraline is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for PTSD.",,"Brady, K., Pearlstein, T., Asnis, G. M., Baker, D., Rothbaum, B., Sikes, C. R., Farfel, G. M.",2000.0,,,0,0,
776,Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline,"Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders is common in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline in a subgroup of PTSD patients suffering from anxiety or depression comorbidity. Two multicenter, 12-week, double-blind, flexible-dose US studies of adult outpatients from the general population with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD evaluated the safety and efficacy of sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) compared to placebo in the treatment of PTSD. The total severity score of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-2) and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) were used to examine the effect of comorbidity on treatment outcome. Among the combined 395 subjects enrolled in the two trials, 32.9% had a comorbid depressive diagnosis (no anxiety diagnosis), 6.3% had a comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosis (no depression), 11.4% had both a depression and anxiety disorder diagnosis, and 49.4% had no comorbidity. The correlation, at baseline, between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) total score and the three CAPS-2 clusters was 0.37 for the re-experiencing/intrusion cluster, 0.52 for the avoidance/numbing cluster, and 0.45 for the hyperarousal cluster. Patients suffering from PTSD complicated by a current diagnosis of both depression and an anxiety disorder showed the highest baseline CAPS-2 cluster score severity. Patients treated with sertraline improved significantly (P < .05) compared to placebo on both the CAPS-2 and DTS whether or not they had a comorbid depressive or anxiety disorder. Sertraline was well tolerated. The presence of comorbidity was associated with a modest and mostly nonspecific increase in the side effect burden of approximately 10% to 20% on both study treatments. Patients suffering from dual depression and anxiety disorder comorbidity benefited from somewhat higher doses (147 mg v 125 mg; P = .08). Similarly, the presence of dual comorbidity resulted in a modest but nonsignificant increase in the mean time to response from 4.5 weeks to 5.5 weeks. We conclude that sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of PTSD for patients suffering from a current, comorbid depressive or anxiety disorders. (copyright) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","placebo, sertraline, adult, anxiety disorder, article, clinical trial, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, disease severity, double blind procedure, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug tolerability, Hamilton scale, headache, human, major clinical study, mood disorder, multicenter study, nausea, posttraumatic stress disorder, randomized controlled trial, rating scale, side effect, treatment outcome","Brady, K. T., Clary, C. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
777,Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: Preliminary findings,"Individuals (n = 39) participated in an outpatient, 16-session individual, manual-guided psychotherapy designed to treat concurrent PTSD and cocaine dependence. Therapy consisted of a combination of imaginal and in-vivo exposure therapy techniques to treat PTSD symptoms and cognitive-behavioral techniques to treat cocaine dependence. Although the dropout rate was high, treatment completers (i.e., patients who attended at least 10 sessions; n = 15) demonstrated significant reductions in all PTSD symptom clusters and cocaine use from baseline to end of treatment. Significant reductions in depressive symptomatology, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, and psychiatric and cocaine use severity, as measured by the Addiction Severity Index, were also observed. These improvements in PTSD symptoms and cocaine use were maintained over a 6-month follow-up period among completers. The average pre- to posttreatment effect size was 1.80 for PTSD symptoms and 1.26 for drug and alcohol use severity. Baseline comparisons between treatment completers and noncompleters revealed significantly higher avoidance symptoms, as measured by the Impact of Events Scale, and fewer years of education among treatment noncompleters as compared to completers. This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that exposure therapy can be used safely and may be effective in the treatment of PTSD in some individuals with cocaine dependence. However, the study is limited by the uncontrolled nature of the study design, small number of subjects, and high dropout rate. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Cocaine, Exposure therapy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Substance use","Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Back, S. E., Foa, E. B., Carroll, K. M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
778,Posttraumatic stress disorder and cocaine dependence: Order of onset,"To investigate differences between patients whose posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) preceded their cocaine dependence and vice versa, 33 patients with comorbid PTSD and cocaine dependence were divided into two groups.' one in which the trauma and PTSD occurred before onset of cocaine dependence (primary PTSD) and one in which the PTSD occurred after cocaine dependence was established (primary cocaine). In the primary-PTSD group, the trauma was generally childhood abuse. In the primary-cocaine group, the trauma was generally associated with the procurement and use of cocaine. In the primary- PTSD group, there were significantly more women, more other Axis I diagnoses, more Cluster B and C Axis H diagnoses, and more benzodiazepine and opiate use. In the primary-cocaine group, there was a trend toward more cocaine use in the previous month. Significant clinical differences between these two groups may warrant different types of treatment or differing treatment emphasis.","cocaine, adult, article, child abuse, comorbidity, drug dependence, female, human, lifestyle, major clinical study, male, onset age, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, scoring system, substance abuse, symptomatology","Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Sonne, S. C., Saladin, M. E.",1998.0,,,0,0,
779,Sertraline in the treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with alcohol use disorders. This study investigated the use of sertraline, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in treating co-occurring symptoms of alcohol dependence and PTSD. Methods: A total of 94 individuals with current alcohol dependence and PTSD were randomly assigned to receive sertraline (150 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Post hoc cluster analysis of baseline characteristics was used to define subgroups of participants. Results: There was a significant decrease in alcohol use during the trial in both the sertraline and the placebo groups. Cluster analysis revealed significant medication group by cluster interactions for alcohol-related outcomes. Sertraline-treated participants with less severe alcohol dependence and early-onset PTSD had significantly fewer drinks per drinking day (p < 0.001). For participants with more severe alcohol dependence and later onset PTSD, the placebo group had significantly greater decreases in drinks per drinking day (p < 0.01) and average number of drinks consumed per day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There may be subtypes of alcohol-dependent individuals who respond differently to serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Further investigation of differential responders may lead to improvements in the pharmacological treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and PTSD. Copyright (copyright) 2005 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.","placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressant agent, adult, aged, alcoholism, article, clinical trial, cluster analysis, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, double blind procedure, drug effect, drug efficacy, exposure, female, human, major clinical study, male, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, relapse, social interaction, symptomatology","Brady, K. T., Sonne, S., Anton, R. F., Randall, C. L., Back, S. E., Simpson, K.",2005.0,,,0,0,
780,Sertraline treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with alcohol dependence, yet little is known about treatment of this comorbidity. The serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors have been shown preliminarily to be effective in decreasing symptoms of PTSD but have not been studied in individuals with comorbid alcohol dependence. This is of particular interest as the SSRIs also have a modest effect in decreasing alcohol consumption. Method: In this preliminary trial, nine subjects with comorbid PTSD and alcohol dependence were treated in an open-label trial with sertraline for a 12 week period. Symptoms of PTSD and depression were monitored monthly with the Impact of Event Scale and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM- D). Alcohol consumption was monitored by a self-report instrument (Time-Line Follow-Back). Results: There were significant decreases in all three symptom clusters of PTSD measured by overall PTSD symptom scores (p ≤ .001) and in HAM-D scores (p ≤ .001) during the follow-up period. Days of abstinence increased and average number of drinks decreased during the follow-up period. Four subjects claimed total abstinence during the follow-up period. Conclusion: While limited by small sample size and the open-label, nonblinded study design, this study suggests that sertraline may be useful in the treatment of PTSD complicated by alcoholism. The medication was well tolerated and subjects showed improvement in PTSD symptoms as well as decreased alcohol consumption. A controlled trial of sertraline in this population would be of interest.",,"Brady, K. T., Sonne, S. C., Roberts, J. M.",1995.0,,,0,0,
781,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adults with Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse,"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder continues to be under-diagnosed among individuals with severe mental illness and substance abuse. In a convenience sample of 64 patients with severe mental disorders being treated at an urban outpatient clinic, 24% met full criteria for PTSD based upon a comprehensive assessment protocol while only 3% were diagnosed with PTSD by clinicians in the medical record (Cochran's Q = 11.267,df 1, p < .001). In contrast, there was a high rate of diagnostic agreement for psychotic and affective illnesses as well as substance abuse. More attention needs to be given to systematically assessing PTSD among severely mentally ill and dually diagnosed individuals because even highly skilled diagnosticians miss the complex presentation of symptoms with which these patients present for treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Dual Diagnosis, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Brady, Stephen, Rierdan, Jill, Penk, Walter, Losardo, Marylee, Meschede, Tatjana",2003.0,,,0,0,
782,Optimism and consumption: Psychological costs of Malaysia-Sulu dispute,"This research aims to examine the moderating effect of optimism on the relationship between psychological cost and consumption level during disputes. Psychometric-based questionnaire was developed and distributed in March 2013 to find Sabahan had severe symptoms of stress. This stress level induced the consumption level and also leisure cost in attempts to overcome the dispute. Interestingly, those Sabahans who were more inclined to optimism-might rethink their consumption/spending decision making. In other words, there is a moderating effect of optimism on the relationship between stress level and consumption during disputes. © 2015, Centre of Sociological Research. All rights reserved.","Consumption, Dispute, Optimism, Sabah malaysia, Stress level","Brahmana, R. K., Kopong, S., Brahmana, R. K.",2015.0,,10.14254/2071-789X.2015/8-4/16,0,0,
783,"PTSD symptoms, life events, and unit cohesion in U.S. soldiers: Baseline findings from the neurocognition deployment health study",,,"Brailey, K., Vasterling, J. J., Proctor, S. P., Constans, J. I., Friedman, M. J.",2007.0,,10.1002/jts.20234,0,0,
784,The impact of social support on psychological distress for U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq era veterans with PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses,"This study aimed to examine the degree to which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects the relationship between social support and psychological distress for U.S. Afghanistan/Iraq era veterans with and without co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Veterans (N=1825) were administered self-report questionnaires and a structured diagnostic interview as part of a multi-site study of post-deployment mental health through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC). Main and interaction effects models assessed the association between psychological distress and social support for three comparisons conditions (Controls vs. PTSD-only, non-PTSD, and PTSD plus co-morbid diagnoses). Having PTSD was a critical factor in attenuating the strength of this association, more so than other diagnoses. Furthermore, those with PTSD plus co-morbid diagnoses did not demonstrate significantly larger attenuation in that association compared to the PTSD-only group, indicating that psychiatric comorbidity may be less important in considering the role of social support in PTSD. By understanding this relationship, new avenues for engaging and enhancing treatment outcomes related to social support for veterans of this cohort may be identified. Additional longitudinal research could help evaluate the effect of PTSD symptom clusters, social support type, and trauma exposure type on these relationships. © 2014.","Interview, Mental disorders, Posttraumatic, Psychological, Psychosocial support systems, Resilience, Veterans health","Brancu, M., Thompson, N. L., Beckham, J. C., Green, K. T., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., Robbins, A. T., Fairbank, J. A., Wagner, H. R., Brooks, A., Hoerle, J. M., Kudler, H., Marx, C. E., Moore, S., Morey, R., Kristy, A. Straits-Troster, Strauss, J. L., Tupler, L. A., Weiner, R. D., Fernandez, A., Pickett, T., McDonald, S. D., McGuire, H. H., Hurley, R., Taber, K. H., RuthYoash, Gantz, Miller, M., SarahIngle",2014.0,,,0,0,
785,Psychological assessment of patients with dissociative identity disorder,"The authors' Rorschach study is consistent with the research on objective and other projective measures. Patients who have DD can be differentiated from other patients who have other trauma-based disorders and depression, particularly in their greater use of imagination, cognitive complexity, ideational coping style, avoidance of emotion, greater capacity for self-reflection, and mixed interpersonal functioning [13,37,44]. Individuals who have DD are also distinguishable from patients who have other trauma-based disorders and depression and individuals who are not in treatment because they are flooded with traumatic content. The patients who had DD were preoccupied by a sense of their bodies being damaged and the world being filled with aggression. Veterans who have chronic PTSD live a life dictated by avoidance, overly simplified ""tunnel vision,"" and withdrawal from others. In contrast, dissociation permitted patients who had DD to remain psychologically ""alive"" despite their chronic trauma. Although the individuals who were dissociative, like the veterans who had acute stress, experienced more distress, neither group was living as emotionally and socially diminished as the chronic PTSD group. Nonetheless, patients who had DD showed a pronounced traumatic thought disorder characterized by failing to integrate ideas logically and an impaired ability to perceive conventional reality. These findings are consistent with the trauma-based model of dissociation that suggests dissociation is an ideational defense employed to ward off overwhelming, intrusive, traumatic material. Armstrong [12] suggests that the ability to dissociate has the benefit of allowing for an atypical developmental pathway, a pathway in which contradictions and complexities, and vulnerabilities and strengths, can coexist. Within this pathway, individuals who are dissociative can show interest in others yet misunderstand them; they can be overinvolved in, yet reflective about, their experience; and they can avoid emotion yet be flooded with traumatic material. These seemingly contradictory findings among the DD Rorschach profiles support Armstrong's theory that dissociation is a factor that promotes resiliency in the midst of trauma by helping to preserve essential human intellectual and emotional capacities. These findings point to important treatment implications. Most patients who have DD are capable of building a therapeutic alliance because of their interpersonal strengths. However, the alliance may be tested repeatedly because of their proclivity to misunderstand others. Patients who have DD can work through misunderstandings if therapists address these sensitively. Similarly, assessors should be prepared to facilitate the processing of any misperceptions that involve them and the assessment process. In the authors' experience, giving feedback about assessments to patients who have DD can be therapeutic if the assessor emphasizes the person's strengths and shares information about the extent to which the patient avoids affect, what prompts them to become flooded and disorganized, and what they can do to recover from being flooded. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Brand, B. L., Armstrong, J. G., Loewenstein, R. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
786,The impact of maternal childhood abuse on maternal and infant HPA axis function in the postpartum period,"Background: Early life trauma, particularly child abuse, has been associated with aberrations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning in adulthood. However, the relationship of early abuse and later adult neuroendocrine changes may be moderated by additional factors such as comorbid psychopathology and recent life stress. Parental exposure to child abuse may have transgenerational effects, with offspring of abuse victims showing similar neuroendocrine profiles as their mothers. The majority of previous studies in this area focus on adult offspring, and the degree to which the effects of parental child abuse can be detected earlier in the development of the offspring remains obscure. Methods: The current study utilized a clinical sample of women with a history of MDD (N= 126), to examine the effects of maternal early life sexual and physical abuse (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)) on both maternal and infant salivary cortisol levels during a laboratory stress paradigm at 6 months postpartum. Results: Maternal child abuse was associated with steeper declines in cortisol in the mothers and lower baseline cortisol in their infants. Comorbid maternal PTSD, current maternal depressive symptoms, and recent life stressors were significant moderators of maternal cortisol change. Maternal abuse history was associated with increases in cortisol levels in those mothers who experienced these additional stressors. Similarly, a history of early maternal abuse and comorbid PTSD was associated with greater increases in infant cortisol levels. Conclusions: Maternal childhood abuse was associated with HPA axis function in both the mother and the infant during the postpartum period. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","Child, Cortisol, Depression, Early life stress, HPA axis","Brand, S. R., Brennan, P. A., Newport, D. J., Smith, A. K., Weiss, T., Stowe, Z. N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
787,Personality and anxiety disorders,"Personality traits and most anxiety disorders are strongly related. In this article, we review existing evidence for ways in which personality traits may relate to anxiety disorders: 1) as predisposing factors, 2) as consequences, 3) as results of common etiologies, and 4) as pathoplastic factors. Based on current information, we conclude the following: 1) Personality traits such as high neuroticism, low extraversion, and personality disorder traits (particularly those from Cluster C) are at least markers of risk for certain anxiety disorders; 2) Remission from panic disorder is generally associated with partial ""normalization"" of personality traits; 3) Anxiety disorders in early life may influence personality development; 4) Anxiety disorders and personality traits are usefully thought of as spectra of common genetic etiologies; and 5) Extremes of personality traits indicate greater dysfunction in patients with anxiety disorders. Copyright (copyright) 2006 by Current Science Inc.","anxiolytic agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder, behavior therapy, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, disease predisposition, drug response, drug treatment failure, ego development, emotionality, extraversion, generalized anxiety disorder, genetic risk, genetic variability, heredity, high risk population, human, low drug dose, narcissism, neurosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, pathogenesis, personality, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, psychotherapy, remission, review, risk factor, social phobia, treatment outcome","Brandes, M., Bienvenu, O. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
788,Structural equation model trees,,,"Brandmaier, A. M., von Oertzen, T., McArdle, J. J., Lindenberger, U.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0030001,0,0,
789,Emotional Responses of Mothers of Late-Preterm and Term Infants,"Objective: To compare the emotional responses of mothers of late-preterm infants (34 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks gestation) with those of mothers of full-term infants. Design: A mixed method comparative study. Setting: A southeastern tertiary academic medical center postpartum unit. Participants: Sixty mothers: 29 mothers of late-preterm infants and 31 mothers of full-term infants. Methods: Measures of maternal emotional distress (four standardized measures of anxiety, postpartum depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and worry about infant health) and open-ended semistructured maternal interviews were conducted in the hospital following birth and by phone at one month postpartum. Results: Mothers of late-preterm infants experienced significantly greater emotional distress immediately following delivery, and their distress levels continued to be higher at one month postpartum on each of the standardized measures. Mothers of late-preterm infants also discussed the altered trajectories in their birth and postpartum experiences and feeling unprepared for these unexpected events as a source of ongoing emotional distress. Conclusion: Mothers of late-preterm infants have greater emotional distress than mothers of term infants for at least one month after delivery. Our findings suggest that it may not be a single event that leads to different distress levels in mothers of late-preterm and full-term infants but rather the interaction of multiple alterations in the labor and delivery process and the poorer-than-expected infant health outcomes. In the future, researchers need to examine how and when mothers' emotional responses change over time and how their responses relate to parenting and infant health and development. © 2011 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses.","Evidence-based support, Late-preterm delivery, Maternal well-being","Brandon, D. H., Tully, K. P., Silva, S. G., Malcolm, W. F., Murtha, A. P., Turner, B. S., Holditch-Davis, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
790,"Cerebral dysfunction in type 1 diabetes: Effects of insulin, vascular risk factors and blood-glucose levels","Type 1 diabetes can lead to several well-described complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy. Evidence is accumulating that it is also associated with gradually developing end-organ damage in the central nervous system. This relatively unknown complication can be referred to as 'diabetic encephalopathy' and is characterised by electrophysiological and neuroradiological changes, such as delayed latencies of evoked potentials, modest cerebral atrophy and (periventricular) white matter lesions. Furthermore, individuals with type 1 diabetes may show performance deficits in a wide range of cognitive domains. The exact mechanisms underlying this diabetic encephalopathy are only partially known. Chronic metabolic and vascular changes appear to play an important role. Interestingly, the differences in the 'cognitive profile' between type 1 and type 2 diabetes also suggest a critical role for disturbances of insulin action in the central nervous system. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","apolipoprotein E, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, acute stress disorder, atypical depression, brain blood flow, brain dysfunction, cognitive defect, comorbidity, diabetes control, diabetic neuropathy, diabetogenesis, genetic association, genetic risk, glucose blood level, hemoglobin determination, human, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin blood level, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin infusion, memory consolidation, mental instability, pathophysiology, priority journal, recall, review, risk factor","Brands, A. M. A., Kessels, R. P. C., De Haan, E. H. F., Kappelle, L. J., Biessels, G. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
791,Quality of life in Croatian Homeland war (1991-1995) veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain,"BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of life in Croatian homeland war veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic low back pain (LBP). METHODS: A total of 369 participants were included, classified in four study groups: those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; N = 59), those with both PTSD and lower back pain (PTSD+LBP; N = 80), those with isolated LBP (N = 95) and controls (N = 135). WHOQOL-BREF survey was used in the estimation of quality of life. The data were analysed using statistical methods and hierarchical clustering. RESULTS: The results indicated a general pattern of lowering quality of life in participants with both psychological (PTSD) and physical (LBP) burden. The average overall quality of life was 2.82 +/- 1.14 for the PTSD+LBP group, 3.29 +/- 1.28 for the PTSD group, 4.04 +/- 1.25 for the LBP group and 4.48 +/- 0.80 for the controls (notably, all the pair-wise comparisons were significantly different at the level of P < 0.001, except for the pair LBP-controls, which was insignificant). This result indicated that quality of life was reduced for 9.9% in patients with LBP, 26.6% in patients with PTSD and 37.1% in PTSD+LBP, suggesting strong synergistic effect of PTSD and LBP. The analysis also identified several clusters of participants with different pattern of quality of life related outcomes, reflecting the complex nature of this indicator. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study reiterate strong impact of PTSD on quality of life, which is additionally reduced if the patient also suffers from LBP. PTSD remains a substantial problem in Croatia, nearly two decades after the beginning of the 1991-1996 Homeland war.","Adult, Case-Control Studies, Comorbidity, Croatia/epidemiology, Humans, Logistic Models, Low Back Pain/epidemiology/*psychology, Middle Aged, *Quality of Life, *Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, Veterans/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, War","Bras, M., Milunovic, V., Boban, M., Brajkovic, L., Benkovic, V., Dordevic, V., Polasek, O.",2011.0,,10.1186/1477-7525-9-56,0,0,
792,Quality of life in Croatian Homeland war (1991-1995) veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain,"Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of life in Croatian homeland war veterans who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic low back pain (LBP).Methods: A total of 369 participants were included, classified in four study groups: those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; N = 59), those with both PTSD and lower back pain (PTSD+LBP; N = 80), those with isolated LBP (N = 95) and controls (N = 135). WHOQOL-BREF survey was used in the estimation of quality of life. The data were analysed using statistical methods and hierarchical clustering.Results: The results indicated a general pattern of lowering quality of life in participants with both psychological (PTSD) and physical (LBP) burden. The average overall quality of life was 2.82 ± 1.14 for the PTSD+LBP group, 3.29 ± 1.28 for the PTSD group, 4.04 ± 1.25 for the LBP group and 4.48 ± 0.80 for the controls (notably, all the pair-wise comparisons were significantly different at the level of P < 0.001, except for the pair LBP-controls, which was insignificant). This result indicated that quality of life was reduced for 9.9% in patients with LBP, 26.6% in patients with PTSD and 37.1% in PTSD+LBP, suggesting strong synergistic effect of PTSD and LBP. The analysis also identified several clusters of participants with different pattern of quality of life related outcomes, reflecting the complex nature of this indicator.Conclusions: The results of this study reiterate strong impact of PTSD on quality of life, which is additionally reduced if the patient also suffers from LBP. PTSD remains a substantial problem in Croatia, nearly two decades after the beginning of the 1991-1996 Homeland war. © 2011 Braš et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Braš, M., Milunović, V., Boban, M., Brajković, L., Benković, V., Dordević, V., Polašek, O.",2011.0,,,0,0,791
793,Optimizing the protection against the physiological burden of CBRN clothing,"Soldiers can wear chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing to be protected agaist warfare agents. The disadvantage of that clothing is that higher protection introduces higher physiological burden. Therefore an optimum between comfort and protection must be found. Models of all relevant processes were created to find this optimum. The airflow profile around a cylinder with clothing- representing a dressed human body part-was modelled. This flow profile was used for calculating the agent vapour breakthrough through the clothing and for calculating the deposition of agents onto the skin (as indicators for protection). The flow profile was also used for calculating the temperature profile around the body part and the relative humidity underneath and in the clothing (as representative for physiological burden). As a result a tool was created, which can be used to identify the optimum properties of CBRN protective clothing, depending on the intended mission of the soldiers.","Air velocity, Breakthrough permeable, CBRN, Cylinder, Deposition, Mission specific, Model, NBC, Optimize, Physiological burden, Protection, Protective clothing, Temperature relative humidity, Vapour, Whole system","Brasser, P.",2010.0,,,0,0,
794,Coping and Social Support in Children Exposed to Mass Trauma,"The goal of this paper was to critically evaluate the literature on children coping with mass trauma published between the years 2011 and 2014 and to emphasize interesting and important findings with the aim of proposing a new comprehensive model for better understanding the process of coping with these events in this unique developmental stage. Using a variety of databases, 26 research papers were selected. The papers were divided into two main categories, natural and manmade disasters. The findings suggest that several areas in this context still lack foundational knowledge and should be further investigated. Thus, it has been suggested that future research should emphasize the developmental stage of the children, the cultural context and atmosphere in which the investigated children grow up and live, and the type of event (acute vs. chronic; natural vs. manmade). A more comprehensive coping model which addresses these omissions and combines main theories is suggested for use in future research as well. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Adolescents, Children, Coping, Salutogenesis, Sense of coherence, Sudden acute stress","Braun-Lewensohn, O.",2015.0,,10.1007/s11920-015-0576-y,0,0,
795,Patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a history of trauma: Somatic symptom endorsement,"The authors investigated the types and rates of trauma exposure and differences in symptom endorsement in a clinical sample of patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Fifty-eight patients with GAD were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) and Trauma Assessment for Adults. In order to explore the relationship between specific traumatic event(s) and clinical presentation, the presence of somatic symptoms associated with GAD, including muscle tension, autonomic hyperactivity, and vigilance/scanning clusters (using DSM-III-R criteria), were examined. Patients with a history of sexual assault before 18 years (25.9%) endorsed fewer somatic symptoms, specifically fewer motor tension and autonomic GAD symptoms, than patients with other types of trauma. These findings indicate that early exposure to serious trauma, specifically childhood sexual assault, may lead to a different clinical presentation in GAD patients. Copyright ©2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Inc.","Anxiety disorders, Childhood sexual assault, Generalized anxiety disorder, Somatic symptoms, Trauma","Brawman-Mintzer, O., Monnier, J., Wolitzky, K. B., Falsetti, S. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
796,Substance use and mental health trends among U.S. military active duty personnel: Key findings from the 2008 DoD health behavior survey,,,"Bray, R. M., Pemberton, M. R., Lane, M. E., Hourani, L. L., Mattiko, M. J., Babeu, L. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
797,"Identifying trajectory clusters in breast cancer survivors’ supportive care needs, psychosocial difficulties, and resources from the completion of primary treatment to 8 months later","Purpose: This study aimed to chart patterns of simultaneous trajectories over 8 months in breast cancer survivors’ (BCS) supportive care needs, psychological distress, social support, and posttraumatic growth. Clusters of BCS among these trajectories were identified and characterized. Methods: Of 426 BCS study participants, 277 (65 %) provided full assessments in the last week of primary cancer treatment and 4 and 8 months later. Latent trajectories were obtained using growth mixture modeling for patients who responded to all scores for at least one time point (n = 348). Then, classification of BCS was performed by hierarchical agglomerative clustering on axes derived from a multiple factor analysis of trajectory assignments. Self-esteem, attachment security, and satisfaction with care were assessed at baseline. Results: Four trajectory clusters were identified, including two BCS subgroups (63 %) with low needs and low psychological distress. Two others (37 %) exhibited high or increasing needs and concerning levels of psychological distress. These latter clusters were characterized by higher insecure attachment, lower satisfaction with care, and either lower education or younger age, and having undergone chemotherapy. Conclusion: More than a third of BCS present unfavorable patterns in supportive care needs over 8 months after primary cancer treatment. Identified psychosocial and cancer care characteristics point to targets for enhanced BCS supportive care.","antineoplastic agent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, breast cancer, cancer chemotherapy, cancer classification, cancer hormone therapy, cancer radiotherapy, cancer survivor, clinical assessment, cluster analysis, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, educational status, factorial analysis, female, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, human, longitudinal study, lymph node dissection, major clinical study, mastectomy, multimodality cancer therapy, observational study, patient care, patient satisfaction, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary tumor, priority journal, psychological rating scale, psychosocial care, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, scoring system, self esteem, social security, social support, supportive care need, treatment duration","Brédart, A., Merdy, O., Sigal-Zafrani, B., Fiszer, C., Dolbeault, S., Hardouin, J. B.",2016.0,,,0,1,
798,"The impact of gender, non-military trauma and combat exposure on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the mid-Atlantic mental illness research, education, and clinical center (MA-MIRECC)","Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a significant public health concern, both in the United States and internationally, as well as in civilian populations and among those who serve their country in the military. Those who are exposed to a number of different kinds of potentially traumatic events are at risk of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. A number of factors, however, have been identified that may put certain people at an increased risk for developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. These factors include, but are not limited to, female gender, having been exposed to multiple traumatic events throughout one's life, being exposed to certain types of potentially traumatic events, and being exposed to military combat. The present study was a secondary analyses of a sample of veterans returning from serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation New Dawn, who were surveyed as part of the multisite Department of Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic VISN-6 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (MIRECC). The present study examined the role of gender in the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, whether those who have been exposed to potentially traumatic non-combat events, and combat, are more likely to experience Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and whether gender and non-combat trauma act synergistically in predicting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. When examined along with demographic factors, including age, race, marital status, working status, and education status, gender did not add to the prediction of PTSD above the contribution of demographic variables such as age race, marital status. When controlling for non-combat trauma and combat exposure, gender was found to significantly predict PTSD. And while these three variables independently predicted PTSD, the interaction of non-combat trauma and combat exposure did not vary meaningfully according to gender. Finally, when considering different levels of combat exposure, gender did not significantly predict PTSD based on the extent of combat experienced. Given the lack of consensus in the broader literature, the present study's findings have important implications regarding clarifying the relationship between gender and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and may increase understanding regarding the mechanisms behind any gender differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Human Sex Differences, *Military Veterans, *Public Health, *Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Breen-Lopez, Carmen J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
799,HIV-related stigma and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in HIV-infected individuals: Does social support play a mediating or moderating role?,"HIV stigma plays a major role in the etiology of psychological distress among persons living with HIV, but may be ameliorated by social support. This cross-sectional study examined whether social support mediates or moderates the relationship between HIV stigma and psychological symptoms. We recruited a convenience sample of 210 individuals living with HIV in three peri-urban communities in the Western Cape, South Africa. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) completed self-report questionnaires that assessed HIV-related stigma, social support, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Product-term regression analyses showed that social support played a mediating role in the relationship between HIV-related stigma and symptoms of PTSD (not depression). Social support did not, however, moderate the relationship between HIV-related stigma and PTSD or depression. The results indicate that perceived HIV-related stigma may decrease PLWHA's perceived level of social support, which in turn may increase PTSD symptoms. Moreover, these findings suggest that despite the protective role of social support, there are other factors that affect the relationship between HIV-related stigma and mental health that hinder the buffering role of social support in this relationship. These findings may have implications for designing and implementing interventions that increase perceived social support and decrease perceived HIV-related stigma, which in turn may decrease symptoms of PTSD among PLWHA. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*AIDS, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, *Stigma, Distress, Etiology, Stress","Breet, Elsie, Kagee, Ashraf, Seedat, Soraya",2014.0,,,0,0,
800,Socially disorganized yet safe: Understanding resilience to crime in neighborhoods in New Zealand,"Purpose: Drawing on theories from environmental criminology, this article identifies neighborhood-level characteristics that promote resiliency in neighborhoods in New Zealand with disadvantageous socioeconomic settings. Methods: We used neighborhood-level crime (2008-2010) and socio-economic data to develop a Crime Resilience Index for New Zealand (CRINZ) to quantify neighborhood level resilience to crime across the country. We then examined relationships between the index and a suite of built and social neighborhood-level characteristics. Results: Access to built environment factors generally decreased across neighborhoods stratified by resiliency. That is, resilient neighborhoods had decreased access to a range of healthcare, education, and living infrastructures. Very little difference was found in the social environment of high resilient and low resilient neighborhoods in New Zealand. Conclusions: Understanding why communities respond differently in similar environments can enable communities to respond better or more effectively to such stressful environments and consequently build resilience. Identifying 'place-specific' resilience factors can be effective in reducing crime in neighborhoods. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Built environment, Crime, Neighborhood effect, Resilience, Social environment","Breetzke, G. D., Pearson, A. L.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.09.001,0,0,
801,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"(from the chapter) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder specifically linked to traumatic stress that is associated with considerable disability. PTSD has been shown to be associated with changes in brain structure and function. Brain regions affected by PTSD include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, all brain areas involved in memory as well as the stress response. Neuroimaging studies in patients with PTSD have replicated findings in animal studies by finding alterations in these brain areas. Abnormalities in these brain areas are hypothesized to underlie symptoms of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Brain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Memory, Neuroimaging, Prefrontal Cortex","Bremner, J. Douglas",2014.0,,,0,0,
802,Trauma-related dissociative states and long-term psychopathology in posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Bremner, J. D., Brett, E.",1997.0,,10.1023/A:1024804312978,0,0,
803,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with phenytoin: An open-label pilot study,"Background: Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood but most likely involves modulation of glutamatergic transmission. The neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesized to involve, at least in part, alterations in glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus and possibly other brain regions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of phenytoin on symptoms of PTSD. Method: Phenytoin was administered in an open-label fashion for 3 months to 9 adult male and female patients with DSM-IV PTSD related to a variety of traumas including childhood abuse, combat, and car accidents. Dosage was adjusted to maintain the therapeutic blood levels used in the treatment of epilepsy. Subjects were assessed before, during, and after treatment for PTSD with standardized dimensional measures of disease severity including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). Data were collected from November 2001 through June 2003. Results: Phenytoin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms as measured with the CAPS (mean score = 65 pretreatment vs. 38 posttreatment) with reductions in each of the symptom clusters of intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal (p < .05). There were no significant decreases in symptoms of depression severity as measured with the HAM-D or anxiety severity as measured with the HAM-A. Conclusions: These findings suggest that phenytoin may be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD, possibly mediated through its antiglutamatergic effects. Randomized, controlled, doubleblind clinical trials are indicated to further evaluate this medication in the treatment of PTSD. © Copyright 2004 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Bremner, J. D., Mletzko, T., Welter, S., Siddiq, S., Reed, L., Williams, C., Heim, C. M., Nemeroff, C. B.",2004.0,,,0,0,
804,Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in vietnam combat veterans,,,"Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S., Brett, E., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., Charney, D. S.",1992.0,,,0,0,
805,Etiological factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) focuses on epidemiologic and descriptive studies in an effort to delineate specific factors that contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [primarily in veteran populations] / [review] noncombat-related trauma . . . as it relates to the generalizability of findings related to trauma / findings from studies at the West Haven Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC) on the role of dissociation in the etiology of PTSD are presented and discussed (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Military Veterans","Bremner, J. Douglas, Southwick, Steven M., Charney, Dennis S.",1995.0,,,0,0,
806,Chronic PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans: Course of illness and substance abuse,"Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the longitudinal course of specific symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD)and related symptoms of alcohol and substance abuse and the effects of alcohol and substances on the symptoms of PTSD. Methods: A structured interview for the assessment of PTSD and alcohol and substance abuse, as well as other factors such as life stressors and treatment, was administered to 61 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. Results: Onset of symptoms typically occurred at the time of exposure to combat trauma in Vietnam and increased rapidly during the first few years after the war. Symptoms plateaued within a few years after the war, following which the disorder became chronic and unremitting. Hyperarousal symptoms such as feeling on guard and feeling easily startled developed first, followed by avoidant symptoms and finally by symptoms from the intrusive cluster. The onset of alcohol and substance abuse typically was associated with the onset of symptoms of PTSD, and the increase in use paralleled the increase of symptoms. Patients reported a tendency for alcohol, marijuana, heroin, and benzodiazepines to make PTSD symptoms better, while cocaine made symptoms in the hyperarousal category worse. There was no relationship between treatment interventions and the natural course of PTSD. Conclusions: These findings suggest that symptoms of PTSD begin soon after exposure to trauma, that hyperarousal symptoms are the first symptoms to occur, that the natural course of alcohol and substance abuse parallels that of PTSD, and that specific substances have specific effects on PTSD symptoms.","cocaine, adult, alcohol abuse, article, disease association, follow up, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, substance abuse, survival rate, Viet Nam","Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Darnell, A., Charney, D. S.",1996.0,,,0,0,
807,Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in vietnam veterans,,,"Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Johnson, D. R., Yehuda, R., Charney, D. S.",1993.0,,,0,0,
808,Commentary: Developmental trauma disorder: A missed opportunity in DSM V,,,"Bremness, A., Polzin, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
809,Effect of the incident at Columbine on students' violence- and suicide-related behaviors,Background: This study examined the impact that the violent incident at Columbine High School may have had on reports of behaviors related to violence and suicide among U.S. high school students. Methods: Nationally representative data from the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: Students who completed the 1999 YRBS after the Columbine incident were more likely to report feeling too unsafe to go to school and less likely to report considering or planning suicide than were students who completed the 1999 YRBS before the incident. Conclusions: These results highlight how an extreme incident of school violence can affect students nationwide. Copyright © 2002 American Journal of Preventive Medicine.,,"Brener, N. D., Simon, T. R., Anderson, M., Barrios, L. G., Small, M. L.",2002.0,,,0,0,
810,Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Cultural representation and therapeutic models,"Vietnam veterans fought a protracted, highly divisive war, and for that reason the Vietnam War and its veterans' representation in American culture remain contested. This study examines notable cultural representations of the veterans of the Vietnam War. It explores particularly how the phenomenon of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was understood and treated by the military and psychological communities, and how that phenomenon was represented in the larger culture. The moral ambiguities of the Vietnam War required new therapeutic approaches to combat trauma which synthesized traditional psychological approaches with humanistic and spiritual models. For many Vietnam veterans, reintegration into a divided culture was painful and prolonged as a result of the war itself and the social and cultural perceptions of the soldiers who fought it. America's longest war and first military defeat, the Vietnam experience shattered the pre-war consensus of America's special mission and role in the world. Veterans of the Vietnam War were particularly vulnerable to myriad representations as they and their culture contested the meaning of the war and the image of the soldiers who fought it. Cultural artifacts such as memoirs, oral histories, novels, and films created during and after each war often suggested the perceptions held by soldiers of the profound life-changing effects of combat on its participants. These artifacts often provide a more penetrating awareness of war's effects on the human psyche and spirit than do the insights of the medical and psychiatric communities. The Vietnam War's unique place in American history required a new way of recognizing and treating combat trauma. Of necessity, this study explores the evolution of the military and psychiatric communities' understanding of battle trauma from the Civil War notion of nostalgia through the Vietnam War to the promulgation in 1980 of a new psychiatric diagnosis for post-war stress: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The changing perceptions of the causes of battle trauma and its effects as they were understood through the major U.S. wars of the twentieth-century thus provides the backdrop against which this effort examines PTSD as a cultural and therapeutic phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Techniques","Brennan, Raymond Joseph",1998.0,,,0,0,
811,"An exploratory study of neuroimaging, neurologic, and neuropsychological findings in veterans with traumatic brain injury and/or posttraumatic stress disorder","Seventy-two veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or both participated in assessment procedures to evaluate between group differences. Half the sample was randomly selected for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neurologic examinations were conducted using the Neurologic Rating Scale (NRS). Neuropsychological measures included the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II), and Halstead Impairment Index (HII) including the Booklet Category Test (BCT). Data were analyzed using linear regression. Participants with moderate/severe TBI were significantly more likely to have trauma-related imaging findings, and more severe TBI predicted lower scores on the NRS. No significant between-group differences were identified on the HII, PASAT, RAVLT, or CPT II. TBI group performance was significantly better on the BCT. More severe TBI predicted abnormal imaging findings and lower NRS scores. Hypothesized between-group differences on neuropsychological measures were not supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Neuroimaging, *Neurology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Neuropsychology","Brenner, Lisa A., ""Ladley-OBrien, Susan E."", Harwood, Jeri E. F., Filley, Christopher M., Kelly, James P., Homaifar, Beeta Y., Adler, Lawrence E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
812,"Assessment and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other polytrauma conditions: Burden of adversity hypothesis","Objective/Method: Military personnel returning from Iraq and Afghanistan have been exposed to physical and emotional trauma. Challenges related to assessment and intervention for those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or history of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) with sequelae are discussed, with an emphasis on complicating factors if conditions are co-occurring. Existing literature regarding cumulative disadvantage is offered as a means of increasing understanding regarding the complex symptom patterns reported by those with a history of mild TBI with enduring symptoms and PTSD. Implications: The importance of early screening for both conditions is highlighted. In addition, the authors suggest that current best practices include treating symptoms regardless of etiology to decrease military personnel and veteran burden of adversity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, War","Brenner, Lisa A., Vanderploeg, Rodney D., Terrio, Heidi",2009.0,,,0,0,
813,The role of childhood maltreatment in the altered trait and global expression of personality in cocaine addiction,"Background and aims: Drug addictions are debilitating disorders that are highly associated with personality abnormalities. Early life stress (ELS) is a common risk factor for addiction and personality disturbances, but the relationships between ELS, addiction, and personality are poorly understood. Methods: Ninety-five research participants were assessed for and grouped by ELS history and cocaine dependence. NEO-FFI personality measures were compared between the groups to define ELS- and addiction-related differences in personality traits. ELS and cocaine dependence were then examined as predictors of personality trait scores. Finally, k-means clustering was used to uncover clusters of personality trait configurations within the sample. Odds of cluster membership across subject groups was then determined. Results: Trait expression differed significantly across subject groups. Cocaine-dependent subjects with a history of ELS (cocaine+/ELS+) displayed the greatest deviations in normative personality. Cocaine dependence significantly predicted four traits, while ELS predicted neuroticism and agreeableness; there was no interaction effect between ELS and cocaine dependence. The cluster analysis identified four distinct personality profiles: Open, Gregarious, Dysphoric, and Closed. Distribution of these profiles across subject groups differed significantly. Inclusion in cocaine+/ELS+, cocaine-/ELS+, and cocaine-/ELS- groups significantly increased the odds of expressing the Dysphoric, Open and Gregarious profiles, respectively. Conclusions: Cocaine dependence and early life stress were significantly and differentially associated with altered expression of individual personality traits and their aggregation as personality profiles, suggesting that individuals who are at-risk for developing addictions due to ELS exposure may benefit from personality centered approaches as an early intervention and prevention.","cocaine, Addiction Severity Index, adult, agoraphobia, alcoholism, article, bipolar I disorder, child abuse, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, cluster analysis, cocaine dependence, early life stress, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, mania, neurosis, panic, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal","Brents, L. K., Tripathi, S. P., Young, J., James, G. A., Kilts, C. D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
814,Posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Breslau, N.",2000.0,,,0,0,42
815,Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Breslau, N.",2001.0,,,0,0,
816,"Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders",,,"Breslau, N.",2002.0,,,0,0,
817,Posttraumatic stress disorder: The etiologic specificity of wartime stressors,"The authors examined the effects of wartime stressors in a sample of 69 Vietnam veterans who were psychiatric inpatients in a Veterans Administration hospital. Participation in atrocities and the cumulative exposure to combat stressors, each independently of the other, conferred a significant risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. In contrast, the effect of these war experiences on the onset of panic, major depression, and mania was not significant. The results indicate that extreme stressors are uniquely linked with posttraumatic stress disorder's characteristic cluster of symptoms but challenge DSM-III's implicit assumption that the reexperienced trauma is the stressor responsible for posttraumatic stress disorder.","adult, battle, central nervous system, clinical article, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, stress","Breslau, N., Davis, G. C.",1987.0,,,0,0,
818,Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: Risk factors for chronicity,"Identified characteristics of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (symptoms for 1 yr or more) and examined whether any suspected risk factors for PTSD were associated with chronic PTSD in 1,007 21-30 yr old members of a health maintenance organization. The analysis was performed on interview data from 394 Ss who reported traumatic events, of whom 93 met criteria for PTSD. The 53 Ss with chronic PTSD had, on the average, a significantly higher total number of PTSD symptoms and higher rates of overreactivity to stimuli that symbolized the stressor and interpersonal numbing than persons with nonchronic PTSD. The rates of 1 or more additional anxiety or affective disorders and a variety of medical conditions were higher in Ss with chronic PTSD than in Ss with nonchronic PTSD. Family history of antisocial behavior and female sex were associated specifically with chronic PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Chronicity (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Breslau, Naomi, Davis, Glenn C.",1992.0,,,0,0,
819,Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: A prospective analysis,"Used retrospective data to conduct a prospective examination of a model (Breslau et al; see record 1991-21437-001) of exposure to traumatic events (TEs) related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data were gathered from 769 White and 190 Black adults (369 men and 610 women) who were interviewed at baseline and at 3-yr follow-up. 19% of Ss reported TEs at follow-up. A history of past exposure to TEs signaled an increase in the liability to exposure during follow-up, independent of suspected risk factors. Exploratory reanalysis suggested that the discrepancy between the retrospective and prospective results may be explained by the inclusion of childhood exposure in the lifetime retrospective inquiry. The assumption that PTSD-related TEs are random phenomena was unsupported. Ss with less education, Blacks, men, and Ss with high neuroticism and extroversion scores are more likely than others to be exposed to TEs and are at greater risk for PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Followup Studies","Breslau, Naomi, Davis, Glenn C., Andreski, Patricia",1995.0,,,0,0,
820,Psychiatric sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder in women,"Used the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, revised according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R), to measure lifetime psychiatric disorders in a stratified random sample of 801 mothers (mean age 33.1 yrs) of children who participated in a study of cognitive and psychiatric outcomes by level of birth weight. Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates were used to calculate the hazards ratios of first-onset of other disorders following posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results show that PTSD signaled increased risks for first-onset major depression and alcohol use disorder. The risk for major depression following PTSD was of the same magnitude as the risk for major depression following other anxiety disorders. Additional analysis showed that preexisting major depression increased women's vulnerability to the PTSD-inducing effects of traumatic events and risk for exposure to traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Mental Disorders, *Mothers, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Birth Weight","Breslau, Naomi, Davis, Glenn C., Peterson, Edward L., Schultz, Lonni",1997.0,,,0,0,
821,A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection,,,"Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R.",2000.0,,10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00933-1,0,0,
822,Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma,,,"Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P.",1998.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626,0,0,
823,"Childhood maltreatment, juvenile disorders and adult post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective investigation","Background: We examine prospectively the influence of two separate but potentially inter-related factors in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): childhood maltreatment as conferring a susceptibility to the PTSD response to adult trauma and juvenile disorders as precursors of adult PTSD. Method: The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS) is a birth cohort (n = 1037) from the general population of New Zealand's South Island, with multiple assessments up to age 38 years. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed among participants exposed to trauma at ages 26-38. Complete data were available on 928 participants. Results: Severe maltreatment in the first decade of life, experienced by 8.5% of the sample, was associated significantly with the risk of PTSD among those exposed to adult trauma [odds ratio (OR) 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-6.01], compared to no maltreatment. Moderate maltreatment, experienced by 27.2%, was not associated significantly with that risk (OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.85-2.85). However, the two estimates did not differ significantly from one another. Juvenile disorders (ages 11-15), experienced by 35% of the sample, independent of childhood maltreatment, were associated significantly with the risk of PTSD response to adult trauma (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.32-4.18). Conclusions: Severe maltreatment is associated with risk of PTSD response to adult trauma, compared to no maltreatment, and juvenile disorders, independent of earlier maltreatment, are associated with that risk. The role of moderate maltreatment remains unresolved. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to assess the impact of moderate maltreatment, experienced by the majority of adult trauma victims with a history of maltreatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Child Abuse","Breslau, N., Koenen, K. C., Luo, Z., Agnew-Blais, J., Swanson, S., Houts, R. M., Poulton, R., Moffitt, T. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
824,Intelligence and Other Predisposing Factors in Exposure to Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Context: Prospective data on standardized measures of early predispositions would allow a strong test of hypotheses about suspected risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and exposure to traumatic events. Objective: To prospectively examine the extent to which intelligence, anxiety disorders, and conduct problems in childhood influence the risk for PTSD and for exposure to traumatic events. Design: A longitudinal study of a randomly selected sample assessed at age 6 years and followed up to age 17 years. Setting: Samples were randomly selected from the 1983-1985 newborn discharge lists of 2 major hospitals in southeast Michigan (N = 823). Participants: Cohort members with follow-up data at age 17 years (n = 713; 86.6% of the initial sample). Main Outcome Measures: Cumulative exposure up to age 17 years of qualifying traumatic events; DSM-IV PTSD among participants who have experienced 1 or more traumatic events. Results: Youth with teacher ratings of externalizing problems above the normal range at age 6 years were at increased risk for exposure to assaultive violence (adjusted odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.9). Youth aged 6 years with an IQ greater than 115 had decreased risk for exposure to traumatic events (adjusted odds ratio for assaultive violence, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.7); a decreased risk for nonassaultive trauma (adjusted odds ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.9); and a decreased conditional risk for PTSD (adjusted odds ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.9). The conditional risk for PTSD was increased for youth with anxiety disorders and teacher ratings of externalizing problems above the normal range at 6 years of age. Conclusions: The results of this prospective community study highlight the role of intelligence in avoidance of exposure to traumatic experiences and their PTSD effects. They underscore the need for investigating cognitive processes in persons' responses to traumatic experiences and the involvement of general intelligence in these processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Intelligence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Breslau, Naomi, Lucia, Victoria C., Alvarado, German F.",2006.0,,,0,0,
825,Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events,"[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 44(8) of Psychological Medicine (see record 2014-18305-019). There was an error in the first sentence of the 'Data analysis' section on page 891. The correct version of the sentence is present in the erratum.] Community surveys have assessed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to traumatic events designated by respondents as the worst they have ever experienced. An assessment of PTSD in relation to all reported traumas would impose too great a burden on respondents, a considerable proportion of whom report multiple traumas. The 'worst event' method is efficient for identifying persons with PTSD, but may overestimate the conditional probability of PTSD associated with the entire range of PTSD-level traumas. In this report, we evaluate this potential bias. The Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (n = 2181) estimated the PTSD risk from two samples of traumas: (1) a representative sample of traumas formed by selecting a random trauma from each respondent's list of traumas; and (2) traumas designated by respondents as the worst (the standard method). Results showed that both estimation methods converged on key findings, including identifying trauma types with the highest probability of PTSD and sex differences in the risk of PTSD. Compared to the random events, the 'worst event' method yielded a moderately higher conditional probability for PTSD (0.136 v. 0.092). The bias was due almost entirely to the deviation of the distribution of the worst events from expected values, if all event types had equal prior selection probabilities. Direct adjustment, setting the distribution equal to expected values and applying the observed probabilities of PTSD associated with individual event types brought the estimate close to the unbiased estimate, based on the randomly selected traumas. Only the 'worst event' method can be used as a short-cut to assessing all traumas. The bias in the estimated risk of PTSD is modest and is attenuated by direct adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Poisson, L. M., Schultz, L. R., Lucia, V. C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
826,A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma: A prospective epidemiological study,,,"Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R.",2008.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.431,0,0,
827,"""Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events"": Corrigendum","Reports an error in ""Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events"" by N. Breslau, E.L. Peterson, L.M. Poisson, L.R. Schultz and V.C. Lucia (Psychological Medicine, 2004[Jul], Vol 34[5], 889-898). There was an error in the first sentence of the 'Data analysis' section on page 891. The correct version of the sentence is present in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2004-17343-013). Community surveys have assessed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to traumatic events designated by respondents as the worst they have ever experienced. An assessment of PTSD in relation to all reported traumas would impose too great a burden on respondents, a considerable proportion of whom report multiple traumas. The 'worst event' method is efficient for identifying persons with PTSD, but may overestimate the conditional probability of PTSD associated with the entire range of PTSD-level traumas. In this report, we evaluate this potential bias. The Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (n = 2181) estimated the PTSD risk from two samples of traumas: (1) a representative sample of traumas formed by selecting a random trauma from each respondent's list of traumas; and (2) traumas designated by respondents as the worst (the standard method). Results showed that both estimation methods converged on key findings, including identifying trauma types with the highest probability of PTSD and sex differences in the risk of PTSD. Compared to the random events, the 'worst event' method yielded a moderately higher conditional probability for PTSD (0.136 v. 0.092). The bias was due almost entirely to the deviation of the distribution of the worst events from expected values, if all event types had equal prior selection probabilities. Direct adjustment, setting the distribution equal to expected values and applying the observed probabilities of PTSD associated with individual event types brought the estimate close to the unbiased estimate, based on the randomly selected traumas. Only the 'worst event' method can be used as a short-cut to assessing all traumas. The bias in the estimated risk of PTSD is modest and is attenuated by direct adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Emotional Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Breslau, N., Peterson, L. M., Schultz, L. R., Lucia, V. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
828,The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Latent class analysis in 2 community samples,"Context: Latent structure analysis of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can help clarify how persons who experience traumatic events might be sorted into clusters with respect to their symptom profiles. Classification of persons exposed to traumatic events into clinically homogeneous groups would facilitate further etiologic and treatment research, as well as research on the relationship of trauma and PTSD with other disorders. Objectives: To examine empirically the structure underlying PTSD criterion symptoms and identify discrete classes with similar symptom profiles. Design: Data on PTSD symptoms from trauma-exposed subsets of 2 community samples were subjected to latent class analysis. The resultant classes were studied in associations with trauma type and indicators of impairment. Setting: The first sample is from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (1899 trauma-exposed respondents with complete data) and the second is from a mid-Atlantic study of young adults conducted by The Johns Hopkins University Prevention Research Center, Baltimore, Md (1377 trauma-exposed respondents with complete data). Participants: Respondents in the 2 community samples who experienced 1 or more qualifying PTSD-level traumatic events. Main Outcome Measures: Number, size, and symptom profiles of latent classes. Results: In both samples, analysis yielded 3 classes: no disturbance, intermediate disturbance, and pervasive disturbance. The classes also varied qualitatively, with emotional numbing distinguishing the class of pervasive disturbance, a class that approximates the subset with DSM-IV PTSD. Members of the pervasive disturbance class were far more likely to report use of medical care and disruptions in life or activities. Conclusions: The 3-class structure separates traumaexposed persons with pervasive disturbance (a class that approximates DSM-IV PTSD) from no disturbance and intermediate disturbance, a distinction that also helps identify population subgroups with low risk for any posttrauma disturbance. The results suggest that the structure of PTSD is ordinal and configurational and that emotional numbing differentiates the class with pervasive disturbance. These results should motivate prospective research of persons who have experienced trauma to trace the emergence of posttrauma symptoms and the timing of emotional numbing relative to other symptoms. (copyright)2005 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","adult, article, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, human, major clinical study, male, medical care, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, structure analysis, symptom","Breslau, N., Reboussin, B. A., Anthony, J. C., Storr, C. L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
829,The Structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Context: Latent structure analysis of DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can help clarify how persons who experience traumatic events might be sorted into clusters with respect to their symptom profiles. Classification of persons exposed to traumatic events into clinically homogeneous groups would facilitate further etiologic and treatment research, as well as research on the relationship of trauma and PTSD with other disorders. Objectives: To examine empirically the structure underlying PTSD criterion symptoms and identify discrete classes with similar symptom profiles. Design: Data on PTSD symptoms from trauma-exposed subsets of 2 community samples were subjected to latent class analysis. The resultant classes were studied in associations with trauma type and indicators of impairment. Setting: The first sample is from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (1899 trauma-exposed respondents with complete data) and the second is from a mid-Atlantic study of young adults conducted by The Johns Hopkins University Prevention Research Center, Baltimore, Md (1377 trauma-exposed respondents with complete data). Participants: Respondents in the 2 community samples who experienced 1 or more qualifying PTSD-level traumatic events. Main Outcome Measures: Number, size, and symptom profiles of latent classes. Results: In both samples, analysis yielded 3 classes: no disturbance, intermediate disturbance, and pervasive disturbance. The classes also varied qualitatively, with emotional numbing distinguishing the class of pervasive disturbance, a class that approximates the subset with DSM-IV PTSD. Members of the pervasive disturbance class were far more likely to report use of medical care and disruptions in life or activities. Conclusions: The 3-class structure separates trauma-exposed persons with pervasive disturbance (a class that approximates DSM-IV PTSD) from no disturbance and intermediate disturbance, a distinction that also helps identify population subgroups with low risk for any posttrauma disturbance. The results suggest that the structure of PTSD is ordinal and configurational and that emotional numbing differentiates the class with pervasive disturbance. These results should motivate prospective research of persons who have experienced trauma to trace the emergence of posttrauma symptoms and the timing of emotional numbing relative to other symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Treatment","Breslau, Naomi, Reboussin, Beth A., Anthony, James C., Storr, Carla L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
830,Neuroticism and post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective investigation,"Background: Neuroticism has been consistently correlated with the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) response to traumatic events. Interpretation of these findings is limited by the retrospective nature of these findings: neuroticism was measured after the trauma had occurred. The prospective association of neuroticism with PTSD has not been examined (the relationship of neuroticism with PTSD symptoms was examined in a few prospective studies). We evaluate prospectively the relationship of neuroticism, measured at baseline, with the cumulative occurrence of PTSD during the subsequent 10 years, using data from a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Method: A sample of 1007 young adults randomly selected from the membership of a large health maintenance organization in southeast Michigan was assessed at baseline and followed up at 3, 5 and 10 years later. We conducted a series of multinomial logistic regressions to estimate the relative risk (RR) of exposure to trauma and PTSD by neuroticism at baseline, adjusting for history of major depression (n = 990). Results: During the 10-year follow-up, 50.2% of the sample experienced traumatic events and 5.2% developed PTSD. Neuroticism score at baseline increased significantly the RR of PTSD response to trauma. Additional analysis revealed that, among persons with history of major depression at baseline, RR for PTSD associated with neuroticism was equal to the null value of 1, but was increased significantly among those with no history of major depression. Conclusions: The results confirm the role of neuroticism as diathesis in the PTSD response to traumatic experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Neuroticism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma","Breslau, N., Schultz, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
831,"Protocol for a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study of postconcussive symptoms in children: the Take C.A.Re (Concussion Assessment and Recovery Research) study","INTRODUCTION: A substantial minority of children who sustain a concussion suffer prolonged postconcussive symptoms. These symptoms can persist for more than 1 month postinjury and include physical, cognitive, behavioural and emotional changes. Those affected can develop significant disability, diminishing their quality of life. The precise prevalence of postconcussive symptoms following child concussion is unclear, with heterogeneous and at times conflicting results published regarding factors that predict children at risk for developing long-lasting postconcussive symptoms. The aim of the Take C.A.Re (Concussion Assessment and Recovery Research) study is to provide an in-depth multidimensional description of the postconcussive recovery trajectories from a physical, neurocognitive and psychosocial perspective in the 3 months following concussion, with a focus on the early postconcussive period, and identification of factors associated with prolonged recovery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Take C.A.Re is a prospective, longitudinal study at a tertiary children's hospital, recruiting and assessing patients aged 5-<18 years who present to the emergency department with a concussion and following them at 1-4 days, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months postinjury. Multiple domains are assessed: postconcussive symptoms, balance and coordination, neurocognition, behaviour, quality of life, fatigue, post-traumatic stress symptoms, parental distress and family burden. 'Delayed recovery' is operationalised as the presence of >/=3 symptoms on the Post Concussive Symptoms Inventory rated as worse compared with baseline. Main analyses comprise analysis of variance (recovery trajectories, delayed vs normal recovery groups) and regression analyses of predictors of recovery (preinjury, acute and family factors). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been obtained through the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (33122). We aim to disseminate the findings through international conferences, international peer-reviewed journals and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12615000316505.","Mental health, Rehabilitation medicine, Trauma management","Bressan, S., Takagi, M., Anderson, V., Davis, G. A., Oakley, E., Dunne, K., Clarke, C., Doyle, M., Hearps, S., Ignjatovic, V., Seal, M., Babl, F. E.",2016.0,,10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009427,0,0,
832,Review of At war with PTSD: Battling post traumatic stress disorder with virtual reality,"Reviews the book, At War with PTSD: Battling Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with Virtual Reality by Robert N. McLay (2012). This unusual book falls somewhere between a war memoir and a more conventional account of therapy and research. The author led a research project that sought to evaluate the feasibility of virtual reality as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the military. Rather than describing this project in an academic way, he uses it as a vehicle for a clinically rich account of how PTSD presents within a U.S. military culture, and the everyday difficulties encountered by a practicing military psychiatrist both at home and on deployment in Iraq. The book is really a collection of stories of his own experience of science and technology interspersed with the views of others who have been on the front lines of war and treatment. At last this is not a book for the PTSD expert or someone wanting a detailed guide to VR therapy, although they will find material of interest. Nor does it claim to offer scientific evidence about its effectiveness. However, for the general reader who wants an introduction to what military psychiatry involves and how the effects of military trauma can be treated, it can be thoroughly recommended as a humane, insightful, and very readable book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Virtual Reality, War","Brewin, Chris R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
833,Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime,"Objective: In a group of crime victims recruited from the community, the authors investigated the ability of both a diagnosis of acute stress disorder and its component symptoms to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6 months. Method: A mixed-sex group of 157 victims of violent assaults were interviewed within 1 month of the crime. At 6-month follow-up 88% were reinterviewed by telephone and completed further assessments generating estimates of the prevalence of PTSD. Results: The rate of acute stress disorder was 19%, and the rate of subsequent PTSD was 20%. Symptom clusters based on the DSM-IV criteria for acute stress disorder were moderately strongly interrelated. All symptom clusters predicted subsequent PTSD, but not as well as an overall diagnosis of acute stress disorder, which correctly classified 83% of the group. Similar predictive power could be achieved by classifying the group according to the presence or absence of at least three reexperiencing or arousal symptoms. Logistic regression indicated that both a diagnosis of acute stress disorder and high levels of reexperiencing or arousal symptoms made independent contributions to predicting PTSD. Conclusions: This exploratory study provides evidence for the internal coherence of the new acute stress disorder diagnosis and for the symptom thresholds proposed in DSM-IV. As predicted, acute stress disorder was a strong predictor of later PTSD, but similar predictive power may be possible by using simpler criteria.",,"Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., Rose, S., Kirk, M.",1999.0,,,0,0,
834,Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults,"Meta-analyses were conducted on 14 separate risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the moderating effects of various sample and study characteristics, including civilian/military status, were examined. Three categories of risk factor emerged: Factors such as gender, age at trauma, and race that predicted PTSD in some populations but not in others; factors such as education, previous trauma, and general childhood adversity that predicted PTSD more consistently but to a varying extent according to the populations studied and the methods used; and factors such as psychiatric history, reported childhood abuse, and family psychiatric history that had more uniform predictive effects. Individually, the effect size of all the risk factors was modest, but factors operating during or after the trauma, such as trauma severity, lack of social support, and additional life stress, had somewhat stronger effects than pretrauma factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Experimental Methods, *Experimental Subjects, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Brewin, Chris R., Andrews, Bernice, Valentine, John D.",2000.0,,,0,0,
835,Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder,"We summarize recent research on the psychological processes implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an aid to evaluating theoretical models of the disorder. After describing a number of early approaches, including social-cognitive, conditioning, information-processing, and anxious apprehension models of PTSD, the article provides a comparative analysis and evaluation of three recent theories: Foa and Rothbaum's [Foa, E. B. & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press] emotional processing theory; Brewin, Dalgleish, and Joseph's [Psychological Review 103 (1996) 670] dual representation theory; Ehlers and Clark's [Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 319] cognitive theory. We review empirical evidence relevant to each model and identify promising areas for further research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Processes, *Emotions, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Theories, Models","Brewin, Chris R., Holmes, Emily A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
836,Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life after criterion A,,,"Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., Galea, S.",2009.0,,10.1002/jts.20443,0,0,
837,Point-counterpoint: Two views on traumatic memories and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Recent books by Brewin (2003) and McNally (2003b) each reviewed the empirical literature on traumatic memories and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although these authors reached similar conclusions on several topics, they differed on a number of important and controversial issues. In this article, Drs. Brewin and McNally are interviewed on these issues, and asked to comment on one another's conclusions. Issues discussed include the nature of traumatic events and traumatic stress responses, the problem of malingering in PTSD research, the relative merits of contemporary cognitive models of PTSD, the issues of whether body memories and satanic cult abuse are genuine phenomena, and the question of whether memories can be repressed and later recovered. Implications for the assessment and treatment of PTSD are also discussed. The arguments for and against the various opinions provide fertile ground for stimulating further research into these controversial topics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Responses, *Emotional Trauma, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, Diagnosis, Malingering, Treatment","Brewin, Chris R., McNally, Richard J., Taylor, Steven",2004.0,,,0,0,
838,"Cumulative Trauma, Hyperarousal, and Suicidality in the General Population: A Path Analysis","Although trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) both have been linked to suicidal thoughts and behavior, the underlying basis for this relationship is not clear. In a sample of 357 trauma-exposed individuals from the general population, younger participant age, cumulative trauma exposure, and all three Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, PTSD clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) were correlated with clinical levels of suicidality. However, logistic regression analysis indicated that when all PTSD clusters were considered simultaneously, only hyperarousal continued to be predictive. A path analysis confirmed that posttraumatic hyperarousal (but not other components of PTSD) fully mediated the relationship between extent of trauma exposure and degree of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. ©Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","cumulative trauma, posttraumatic stress, suicidality","Briere, J., Godbout, N., Dias, C.",2015.0,,10.1080/15299732.2014.970265,0,0,
839,Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD,"OBJECTIVE: Dissociative responses that occur at the time of a trauma (peritraumatic dissociation) have been described as a major risk factor for subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study evaluated peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD from a multivariate perspective, along with a less-investigated phenomenon: trauma-specific dissociation that begins during or after an event and continues until the time of assessment (persistent dissociation). METHOD: In two studies, 52 local community participants and 386 participants from the general population with histories of exposure to at least one traumatic event were assessed for the presence of PTSD and were administered measures of dissociation and peritraumatic distress. RESULTS: In both studies, peritraumatic dissociation, persistent dissociation, peritraumatic distress, and generalized dissociative symptoms were associated with PTSD by univariate analyses. However, multivariate analyses in both studies indicated that PTSD status was no longer related to peritraumatic dissociation once other variables (especially persistent and generalized dissociation) were taken into account. In contrast, persistent dissociation was a strong predictor at univariate and multivariate levels. CONCLUSIONS: Trauma-related persistent dissociation is a substantial predictor of PTSD, whereas peritraumatic dissociation ceases to predict PTSD at the multivariate level. These findings suggest that it is less what happens at the time of a trauma (e.g., disrupted encoding) that predicts PTSD than what occurs thereafter (i.e., persistent avoidance).","Adult, Discriminant Analysis, Dissociative Disorders/complications/diagnosis/*psychology, Female, Humans, *Life Change Events, Logistic Models, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Probability, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*etiology/psychology, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/*complications/diagnosis/psychology","Briere, J., Scott, C., Weathers, F.",2005.0,Dec,10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2295,0,0,
840,Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states,"The authors offer a framework for the assessment of psychological responses associated with exposure to early onset, multiple, or extended traumatic stressors. Six prominent and overlapping symptoms clusters are described: altered self-capacities, cognitive symptoms, mood disturbance, overdeveloped avoidance responses, somatoform distress, and posttraumatic stress. A strategy for the structured, psychometrically valid assessment of these outcomes is introduced, and specific recommendations for use of various generic and trauma-specific child and adult measures are provided. Implications of trauma assessment for treatment planning are discussed. © 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Published online in Wiley InterScience.",,"Briere, J., Spinazzola, J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
841,Is dissociation a multidimensional construct? Data from the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory,"The dimensionality of dissociation was examined in a combined sample of 1,326 general population, clinical, and university participants who completed the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory (MDI). Principal components analysis identified five moderately intercorrelated factors (mean r = .39): Dis-engagement, Identity Dissociation, Emotional Constriction, Memory Disturbance, and Depersonalization/Derealization. Differential relationships were found between individual MDI factors and demographics, trauma history, clinical status, posttraumatic stress, and scores on other dissociation measures. Surprisingly, after controlling for sex and age, trauma exposure accounted for only 3 to 7% of the variance in MDI factors. The notion of dissociation as a general trait was not supported. Instead, dissociation may represent a variety of phenomenologically distinct and only moderately related symptom clusters whose ultimate commonality is more theoretical than empirical. © 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Briere, J., Weathers, F. W., Runtz, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
842,Links between child and adolescent trauma exposure and service use histories in a national clinic-referred sample,"The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) is a federally funded child mental health service initiative designed to raise the standard of care and increase access to evidence-based services for traumatized children and their families across the United States. As part of the quality improvement goal, a Core Data Set (CDS) was established to standardize data collection and examine treatment outcomes across participating centers. This paper describes baseline demographic characteristics, prevalence of trauma exposure, and service use for children and adolescents served by a broad range of NCTSN service delivery centers. Data were collected from children 0-18 years (52% girls, 82% were 6-18 years old) who reported exposure to at least one trauma and who received trauma-related services (n-11,104). Approximately half the sample was White; more than three quarters reported exposure to multiple types of trauma. Sixty-three percent were eligible for state-or federally funded insurance. The two most commonly reported traumatic events were traumatic loss/separation/ bereavement and domestic violence. Number and type of trauma exposure varied by gender and age. Type and number of services utilized prior to entering an NCTSN center varied by number of trauma exposures. Systematically assessing children's trauma exposure provides clinically useful information, particularly for those exposed to multiple types of traumatic events. Identifying subgroups, and markers of risk for trauma-related sequelae, may inform policies, programs, and best practices to meet specific needs of children and families. Future research may clarify high-risk trauma profiles for coordinated utilization of systems of care. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Child Traumatic Stress (CTS), child-serving systems of care, National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN), service utilization, traumatic events","Briggs, E. C., Fairbank, J. A., Greeson, J. K. P., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., Gerrity, E. T., Belcher, H. M. E., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., Ostrowski, S. A., Elmore, D. L., Pynoos, R. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
843,What determines post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology for survivors of childhood sexual abuse?,"Ascertained what childhood abuse experiences were associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women survivors (CSA). 73 Ss (mean age 31.5 yrs) attending an outpatient mental health counseling service completed self-report questionnaires assessing adult abuse experiences, relationship with parents, general psychopathology, and PTSD symptomatology; and were interviewed about their childhood abuse experiences. Results showed that: (1) Ss who experienced CSA had current symptoms of PTSD, (2) the severity of PTSD symptoms correlated with the extent of general psychopathology, and (3) the severity of the PTSD symptoms correlated with the extent of CSA by sexual intercourse. Three of 5 factors (dissociation, intrusive thoughts, and hyperarousal) identified in a factor analysis of the PTSD measure were associated with CSA by sexual intercourse. It is concluded that women who report multiple abusive episodes which involve sexual intercourse have more PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Early Experience, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, *Survivors","Briggs, Lynne, Joyce, Peter R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
844,"Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects individuals exposed to trauma (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence, and natural disasters). It is characterized by hyperarousal, intrusive reminders of the trauma, avoidance of trauma-related cues, and negative cognition and mood. This heterogeneity indicates the presence of multiple neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of PTSD. Fear conditioning is a robust, translational experimental paradigm that can be employed to elucidate these mechanisms by allowing for the study of fear-related dimensions of PTSD (e.g., fear extinction, fear inhibition, and generalization of fear) across multiple units of analysis. Fear conditioning experiments have identified varying trajectories of the dimensions described, highlighting exciting new avenues of targeted, focused study. Additionally, fear conditioning studies provide a translational platform to develop novel interventions. The current review highlights the versatility of fear conditioning paradigms, the implications for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, the robustness of these paradigms to span an array of neuroscientific measures (e.g., genetic studies), and finally the need to understand the boundary conditions under which these paradigms are effective. Further understanding these paradigms will ultimately allow for optimization of fear conditioning paradigms, a necessary step towards the advancement of PTSD treatment methods.","anxiety disorders, fear learning, startle reaction, translational medical research, traumatology","Briscione, M. A., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D.",2014.0,,10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00088,0,0,
845,Stress and health during medical humanitarian assistance missions,,,"Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B.",1999.0,,,0,0,
846,Long-term dynamic-oriented group psychotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans: Prospective study of five-year treatment,"Aim: To assess the effectiveness of the long-term group psychotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war veterans on the basis of clinical picture of PTSD, associated neurotic symptoms, and adopted models of psychological defense mechanisms. Methods: Prospective cohort study involved 59 war veterans who participated in dynamic-oriented supportive group psychotherapy for five years. The groups met once a week for 90 minutes. Forty-two veterans finished the program. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale structured interview was used to assess the intensity of PTSD. Crown-Crisp Index was used to evaluate other neurotic symptoms, and Life Style Questionnaire was used to assess the defense mechanisms. The assessments were done at the beginning of psychotherapy, after the second, and after the fifth year of treatment. Comorbid diagnoses, hospitalizations, and outpatient clinic treatments were also recorded. Results: Long-term group psychotherapy reduced the intensity of PTSD symptoms in our patients (the difference between Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score at the beginning and the end of treatment, F = 9.103, P = 0.001). Other neurotic symptoms and the characteristic profile of defense mechanisms did not change significantly during the course of treatment. Predominant defense mechanisms were projection (M = 82.0 (plus or minus) 14.4) and displacement (M = 69.0 (plus or minus) 16.8). None of the symptoms or defense mechanisms present at the beginning of the treatment changed significantly after two or five years of treatment. The number of diagnosed major depressive episodes, which increased after the second year of psychotherapy, decreased by the end of treatment. Conclusion: Psychotherapy can reduce the intensity of PTSD symptoms, but the changes in the personality of veterans with PTSD are deeply rooted. Traumatic experiences lead to the formation of rigid defense mechanisms, which cannot be significantly changed by long-term group psychotherapy.","article, comorbidity, defense mechanism, displacement behavior, evaluation study, group therapy, health program, human, injury, interview, lifestyle, major clinical study, major depression, male, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, psychotherapy, questionnaire, rating scale, scoring system, support group, symptom, veteran, war","Britvic, D., Radelic, N., Urlic, I.",2006.0,,,0,0,
847,Long-term dynamic-oriented group psychotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans: Prospective study of five-year treatment,"Aim: To assess the effectiveness of the long-term group psychotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war veterans on the basis of clinical picture of PTSD, associated neurotic symptoms, and adopted models of psychological defense mechanisms. Methods: Prospective cohort study involved 59 war veterans who participated in dynamic-oriented supportive group psychotherapy for five years. The groups met once a week for 90 minutes. Forty-two veterans finished the program. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale structured interview was used to assess the intensity of PTSD. Crown-Crisp Index was used to evaluate other neurotic symptoms, and Life Style Questionnaire was used to assess the defense mechanisms. The assessments were done at the beginning of psychotherapy, after the second, and after the fifth year of treatment. Comorbid diagnoses, hospitalizations, and outpatient clinic treatments were also recorded. Results: Long-term group psychotherapy reduced the intensity of PTSD symptoms in our patients (the difference between Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score at the beginning and the end of treatment, F = 9.103, P = 0.001). Other neurotic symptoms and the characteristic profile of defense mechanisms did not change significantly during the course of treatment. Predominant defense mechanisms were projection (M = 82.0 ± 14.4) and displacement (M = 69.0 ± 16.8). None of the symptoms or defense mechanisms present at the beginning of the treatment changed significantly after two or five years of treatment. The number of diagnosed major depressive episodes, which increased after the second year of psychotherapy, decreased by the end of treatment. Conclusion: Psychotherapy can reduce the intensity of PTSD symptoms, but the changes in the personality of veterans with PTSD are deeply rooted. Traumatic experiences lead to the formation of rigid defense mechanisms, which cannot be significantly changed by long-term group psychotherapy.",,"Britvić, D., Radelić, N., Urlić, I.",2006.0,,,0,0,846
848,"The Göteborg discotheque fire: posttraumatic stress, and school adjustment as reported by the primary victims 18 months later",,,"Broberg, A. G., Dyregrov, A., Lilled, L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
849,Vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological morbidity in aged holocaust survivors,"Objective. Although high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological morbidity have been consistently reported in Holocaust survivors (HS), reports are inconsistent about which factors are associated with psychological morbidity. In a study of the oldest HS cohort yet reported, we aim to clarify why this variability exists by examining factors associated with PTSD and psychological morbidity, including for the first time measures of personality and defense mechanisms. Methods. One hundred HS randomly selected from a convenience sample of 309 respondents to a survey of Jewish persons aged 60 years and older living in the community in Sydney were assessed using the following instruments: demographics, severity of trauma experienced, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), PTSD diagnosis (DSM-IV), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Impact of Events Scale, Defense Style Questionnaire, modified Eysenck Personality Inventory. Results. Older age, experience of more severe trauma, use of immature defense mechanisms and higher neuroticism were associated with significant PTSD and psychological morbidity; severity of trauma was associated with PTSD and with more severe psychological morbidity. Conclusions. A profile of survivors at-risk can be identified that may have application to survivors of more recent holocausts. Late life may be a period of vulnerability in the aftermath of severe trauma. Copyright (copyright) 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","adult, aged, article, Australia, cohort analysis, community, controlled study, crime, defense mechanism, demography, disease predisposition, disease severity, female, health survey, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, morbidity, neurosis, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, questionnaire, rating scale, risk assessment, risk factor","Brodaty, H., Joffe, C., Luscombe, G., Thompson, C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
850,De schokverwerkingslijst,,,"Brom, D., Kleber, R. J.",1985.0,,,0,0,
851,The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents,"Debate has arisen over whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most accurately conceptualized as representing a discrete clinical syndrome or an extreme reaction to traumatic life events. Recent taxometric research using predominately adult samples appears to support a dimensional model of PTSD, raising questions about the utility of current psychiatric nosology which depicts PTSD as a distinct entity. The present study sought to use taxometric procedures to examine the latent structure of posttraumatic stress reactions among a national epidemiologic sample of 2,885 adolescents. Results were consistent with previous taxometric studies in supporting a dimensional model of posttraumatic stress reactions. The implications of these findings for public policy, as well as the etiology and assessment of posttraumatic stress reactions, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychiatry, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Broman-Fulks, Joshua J., Ruggiero, Kenneth J., Green, Bradley A., Smith, Daniel W., Hanson, Rochelle F., Kilpatrick, Dean G., Saunders, Benjamin E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
852,DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center responders 11-13 years after the disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11),"Background Post-traumatic symptomatology is one of the signature effects of the pernicious exposures endured by responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11), but the long-term extent of diagnosed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its impact on quality of life are unknown. This study examines the extent of DSM-IV PTSD 11-13 years after the disaster in WTC responders, its symptom profiles and trajectories, and associations of active, remitted and partial PTSD with exposures, physical health and psychosocial well-being. Method Master's-level psychologists administered sections of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool to 3231 responders monitored at the Stony Brook University World Trade Center Health Program. The PTSD Checklist (PCL) and current medical symptoms were obtained at each visit. Results In all, 9.7% had current, 7.9% remitted, and 5.9% partial WTC-PTSD. Among those with active PTSD, avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms were most commonly, and flashbacks least commonly, reported. Trajectories of symptom severity across monitoring visits showed a modestly increasing slope for active and decelerating slope for remitted PTSD. WTC exposures, especially death and human remains, were strongly associated with PTSD. After adjusting for exposure and critical risk factors, including hazardous drinking and co-morbid depression, PTSD was strongly associated with health and well-being, especially dissatisfaction with life. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate the extent and correlates of long-term DSM-IV PTSD among responders. Although most proved resilient, there remains a sizable subgroup in need of continued treatment in the second decade after 9/11. © Cambridge University Press 2015.","9/11, Disaster responders, exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosocial well-being, World Trade Center","Bromet, E. J., Hobbs, M. J., Clouston, S. A. P., Gonzalez, A., Kotov, R., Luft, B. J.",2016.0,,10.1017/S0033291715002184,0,1,
853,The Ecology of Human Development,,,"Bronfenbrenner, U.",1979.0,,,0,0,
854,"A pilot study on peritraumatic dissociation and coping styles as risk factors for posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression in parents after their child's unexpected admission to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit","Aim: To study the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression in parents three months after pediatric intensive care treatment of their child and examine if peritraumatic dissocation and coping styles are related to these mental health problems. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study and included parents of children unexpectedly admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) from January 2006 to March 2007. At three months follow-up parents completed PTSD (n = 115), anxiety and depression (n = 128) questionnaires. Immediately after discharge, parents completed peritraumatic dissocation and coping questionnaires. Linear regression models with generalized estimating equations examined risk factors for mental health problems. Results: Over 10% of the parents were likely to meet criteria for PTSD and almost one quarter for subclinical PTSD. Respectively 15% to 23% of the parents reported clinically significant levels of depression and anxiety. Peritraumatic dissocation was most strongly associated with PTSD, anxiety as well as depression. Avoidance coping was primarily associated with PTSD. Conclusion: A significant number of parents have mental health problems three months after unexpected PICU treatment of their child. Improving detection and raise awareness of mental health problems is important to minimize the negative effect of these problems on parents' wellbeing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Coping Behavior, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Dissociation, Hospital Admission, Intensive Care, Parents, Pediatrics","Bronner, Madelon B., Kayser, Anne-Marie, Knoester, Hendrika, Bos, Albert P., Last, Bob F., Grootenhuis, Martha A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
855,Conceptualizing a better understanding of diagnosing and treating posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of two case studies,"Clinical and epidemiological studies have supported the belief that human beings exposed to stressful life events are vulnerable to the symptomatology consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, early detection of symptoms consistent with PTSD oftentimes does not occur within the medicolegal arena. The importance of an early and accurate diagnosis is emphasized. Fortunately, the diagnosis of PTSD has become more clearly conceptualized in the DSM-IV criteria. Many of the characteristics consistent with this diagnosis are measured through the use of relatively recently developed and refined psychometric measures including the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the Trauma Symptom Inventory, and the Personality Assessment Inventory-2. Additional measures including the Computerized Response Bias Test, the Word Memory Test, and the Validity Indicator Profile can detect exaggeration of symptoms without using specific tests for symptom validity. These measures, as well as biochemical determinations, are reviewed and presented along with the over-all structured clinical interviews and mental status examinations of two patients for a better understanding of the multimethod approach which establishes the reliability of the PTSD diagnosis.","psychotropic agent, adult, case report, clinical protocol, cognitive therapy, differential diagnosis, female, hospitalization, human, life event, male, malingering, middle aged, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, psychometry, reproducibility, review, statistics, vocational rehabilitation","Brooker, A. E., ""OBrien, A. M."", Koch, T. R.",1999.0,,,0,0,
856,A confirmatory factor analysis of the acute stress disorder interview,"Acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced in 1994 to describe posttraumatic stress reactions that occur in the initial month after trauma exposure. Although it comprises the distinct symptom clusters of dissociation, reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal, there have been no confirmatory factor analyses of the construct. In this study, 587 individuals admitted to five major hospitals after traumatic injury were administered the Acute Stress Disorder Interview. Forty-four participants met criteria for ASD. Confirmatory factor analysis based on the four symptom clusters described the Acute Stress Disorder Interview responses. These data provide the first confirmatory factor analysis of the ASD symptoms, and are discussed in terms of the 4-factor models repeatedly found in samples of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. © 2008 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.intetscience.wiley.com).",,"Brooks, R., Silove, D., Bryant, R., ""ODonnell, M."", Creamer, M., McFarlane, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
857,Predicting posttraumatic stress following pediatric injury: A systematic review,"Objective: To review the recent empirical literature concerning development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following pediatric injury and summarize risk and predictive factors that will inform clinical practice and research. Methods: A systematic search of online databases such as PsycInfo, PILOTS, MedLine, and PubMed was performed. Further studies were identified through the reference lists of selected articles. Results: Pre-injury psychological problems, the child's subjective experience of trauma severity/life threat, elevated heart rate immediately following the trauma, beliefs regarding initial symptoms, active thought suppression, and parental posttraumatic stress appear to be consistent predictors of persisting posttraumatic stress in children following injury. Conclusions: Specific variables may be useful in predicting posttraumatic stress following injury, which are discussed in terms of existing models of pediatric traumatic stress. Methodologies of included studies are also discussed. © The Author 2010.","accidents and injuries, adjustment, posttraumatic stress, risk, systematic review","Brosbe, M. S., Hoefling, K., Faust, J.",2011.0,,10.1093/jpepsy/jsq115,0,0,
858,The trauma of truth telling: Effects of witnessing in the rwandan gacaca courts on psychological health,"Truth telling has come to play a pivotal role in postconflict reconciliation processes around the world. A common claim is that truth telling is healing and will lead to reconciliation. The present study applies recent psychological research to this issue by examining whether witnessing in the gacaca, the Rwandan village tribunals for truth and reconciliation after the 1994 genocide, was beneficial for psychological health. The results from the multistage, stratified cluster random survey of 1,200 Rwandans demonstrate that gacaca witnesses suffer from higher levels of depression and PTSD than do nonwitnesses, also when controlling for important predictors of psychological ill health. Furthermore, longer exposure to truth telling has not lowered the levels of psychological ill health, nor has the prevalence of depression and PTSD decreased over time. This study strongly challenges the claim that truth telling is healing and presents a novel understanding of the complexity of truth-telling processes in postconflict peace building. © The Author(s) 2010.","Depression, PTSD, Reconciliation, Rwanda, Truth commissions, Truth telling, Witnessing","Brounéus, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
859,Depression and anxiety disorders,"Depressive and anxiety disorders are common problems facing obstetrician-gynecologists. Although psychiatric disorders are equally common in men and women, women are at least twice as likely to present with depressive disorders and most anxiety disorders. The depressive disorders include major depression, dysthymia, seasonal affective disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The anxiety disorders are panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia), generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and PTSD. One must diagnose and manage depressive and anxiety disorders during pregnancy, the purpureum, and while breastfeeding. General treatment principles include assessing suicide risk, psychotherapy, pharmacologic treatment, and an appropriate medical work-up for depressive and anxiety disorders. The SSRIs are the first-line treatment for most depressive and anxiety disorders because of data supporting their efficacy, the minimal need for dosage titration, the overall favorable side-effect profile, and the length of available clinical experience. Newer antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, bupropion, nefazodone, and mirtazapine, are options for patients unresponsive to, or intolerant of, the SSRIs. Treatment considerations include acute, maintenance, and continuation therapy, dosage regimens, adverse effects, and drug interactions. Specific guidelines are available for referring patients to a mental health specialist.","alprazolam, amfebutamone, antidepressant agent, antihypertensive agent, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, buspirone, calcium channel blocking agent, citalopram, clomipramine, clonidine, diltiazem, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine maleate, guanethidine, mefenamic acid, methyldopa, mirtazapine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, nifedipine, oral contraceptive agent, paroxetine, reserpine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, venlafaxine, verapamil, affective neurosis, agoraphobia, anxiety neurosis, behavior therapy, breast feeding, cardiotoxicity, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, compulsion, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, drug induced disease, female, gastrointestinal toxicity, human, lactation, menstrual cycle, mental disease, obsession, panic, practice guideline, pregnancy, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, priority journal, psychopharmacotherapy, puerperal depression, randomized controlled trial, review, sexual dysfunction, social phobia, suicide, anafranil, buspar, celexa, desyrel, effexor, luvox, paxil, ponstel, prozac, remeron, serzone, wellbutrin, xanax, zoloft","Brown, C. S.",2001.0,,,0,0,
860,"Traumatic sequalae in Vietnam veterans: A concept map. (survivors, combat, posttraumatic stress disorder)","Many individuals suffer from the sequelae of traumatic experiences. One population of trauma survivors that have been widely studied is veterans. It has long been recognized that combat veterans are changed by their experiences in the wars in which they have served. These men and women may experience chronic and severe pathologies as a result of their traumatic exposure. Forty-two Vietnam veterans participated in this study which examined the sequelae of combat trauma. An alternative research methodology, concept mapping was used. This method enlisted the veterans as informants of the symptoms that they experience which they believe to be the result of their military service in Vietnam. The concept mapping methodology involves four steps: (1) Researcher's seek participants' perspectives on a phenomena; (2) Researchers qualitatively reduce these perspectives as needed; (3) Participants sort (for similarity) and rate (for salience) the reduced elements; and (4) Statistical analysis (multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis) clarify the latent organization of the participants' perspectives. Results reveal a complex symptom structure in which veterans experience self-destructive behaviors, somatic complaints, alteration in meaning systems and functioning, unmodulated hostility, social withdrawal, alienation from feelings, anxiety, and despair. These findings are consistent with the more contemporary conceptualization of Complex PTSD, and suggest that both anxiety and dissociative elements are significant in post-traumatic pathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Emotional Trauma, *Military Veterans, *Psychodynamics","Brown, Jamye Buelke",2000.0,,,0,0,
861,Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide: Consideration of risk factors towards identifying a standard of care,"Assessment of suicide is perceived as a daunting task due to the low base rates of the act. In attending to risk factors, diagnosis specific risk factors may provide better guidance than more generalized factors. Identifying diagnosis specific risk factors requires analysis of what professionals in the field consider when faced with a patient with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and possible suicidal ideation. Additionally, standards of care require a consensus as to the degree of risk posed by each factor. Towards identifying risk factors and the degree of consensus as to each, the purpose of this pilot study was to gather data about what factors psychologists deem as critical when assessing a patient or client with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Care, *Risk Factors, *Stress, *Suicide, Suicidal Ideation","Brown, Kaprice Roell",2004.0,,,0,0,
862,Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity,"Reviews literature on substance abusers with and without a comorbid diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reveals the discontinuity between clinical lore and empirical research. Included is an overview of PTSD-substance abuse theoretical models and comorbidity prevalence rates, as well as an evaluation of the comparative data on treatment outcome and psychosocial factors, such as coping skills, for PTSD vs non-PTSD substance abusers. In addition, the authors discuss the controversy surrounding sequential vs simultaneous treatment approaches for such dually diagnosed patients and conclude by identifying gaps in current knowledge about the nature and impact of PTSD on substance abuse treatment outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment","Brown, Pamela J., Wolfe, Jessica",1994.0,,,0,0,
863,Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples,,,"Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., Barlow, D. H.",1997.0,,10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X,0,0,
864,Neural systems for cognitive and emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showaltered cognition when traumarelated material is present. PTSD may lead to enhanced processing of trauma-related material, or it may cause impaired processing of trauma-unrelated information. However, other forms of emotional information may also alter cognition in PTSD. In this review, we discuss the behavioral and neural effects of emotion processing on cognition in PTSD, with a focus on neuroimaging results.We propose a model of emotion-cognition interaction based on evidence of two network models of altered brain activation in PTSD.The first is a trauma-disrupted network made up of ventrolateral PFC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus, insula, and dorsomedial PFC that are differentially modulated by trauma content relative to emotional trauma-unrelated information. The trauma-disrupted network forms a subnetwork of regions within a larger, widely recognized network organized into ventral and dorsal streams for processing emotional and cognitive information that converge in the medial PFC and cingulate cortex. Models of fear learning, while not a cognitive process in the conventional sense, provide important insights into the maintenance of the core symptom clusters of PTSD such as re-experiencing and hypervigilance. Fear processing takes place within the limbic corticostriatal loop composed of threatalerting and threat-assessing components. Understanding the disruptions in these two networks, and their effect on individuals with PTSD, will lead to an improved knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of PTSD and potential targets for both psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic interventions. © 2012 Brown and Morey.","Cognitive control, Emotion processing, Emotion-cognition interactions, Neuroimaging, PTSD","Brown, V. M., Morey, R. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
865,Acute effects of trauma-focused research procedures on participant safety and distress,"The ethical conduct of research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires assessing the risks to study participants. Some previous findings suggest that patients with PTSD report higher distress compared to non-PTSD participants after trauma-focused research. However, the impact of study participation on participant risk, such as suicidal/homicidal ideation and increased desire to use drugs or alcohol, has not been adequately investigated. Furthermore, systematic evaluation of distress using pre- and post-study assessments, and the effects of study procedures involving exposure to aversive stimuli, are lacking. Individuals with a history of PTSD (n=68) and trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls (n=68) responded to five questions about risk and distress before and after participating in research procedures including a PTSD diagnostic interview and a behavioral task with aversive stimuli consisting of mild electrical shock. The desire to use alcohol or drugs increased modestly with study participation among the subgroup (n=48) of participants with current PTSD. Participation in these research procedures was not associated with increased distress or participant risk, nor did study participation interact with lifetime PTSD diagnosis. These results suggest some increase in distress with active PTSD but a participant risk profile that supports a favorable risk-benefit ratio for conducting research in individuals with PTSD. © 2013.","Distress, Homicidal ideation, PTSD, Research risks, Risk assessment, Suicidal ideation, Trauma","Brown, V. M., Strauss, J. L., LaBar, K. S., Gold, A. L., McCarthy, G., Morey, R. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
866,Affective Dispositions and PTSD Symptom Clusters in Female Interpersonal Trauma Survivors,"Interpersonal trauma (IPT) against women can have dire psychological consequences including persistent maladaptive changes in the subjective experience of affect. Contemporary literature has firmly established heightened negative affect (NA) as a risk and maintenance factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the relationship between NA and PTSD symptoms is not well understood within IPT survivors, the majority of whom are female, as much of this research has focused on combat veterans. In addition, the connection between positive affect (PA) and PTSD symptoms has yet to be examined. With increased emphasis on ""negative alterations in cognitions and mood . . ."" as an independent symptom cluster of PTSD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5), understanding the relationship between self-reported affectivity and the classic PTSD symptom clusters may be increasingly useful in differentiating symptom presentations of trauma-related psychopathology. The current study directly compared self-reported trait NA and PA with total severity and frequency cluster scores from the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) in 54 female survivors of IPT who met criteria for PTSD. Results identify NA (but not PA) as a consistent predictor of total PTSD symptoms and, specifically, re-experiencing symptoms.","Ptsd, affect, interpersonal trauma","Brown, W. J., Bruce, S. E., Buchholz, K. R., Artime, T. M., Hu, E., Sheline, Y. I.",2014.0,Nov 10,10.1177/0886260514555866,0,0,
867,Collective efficacy and the contingent consequences of exposure to life-threatening violence,"Neighborhood research has increasingly emphasized the potential for contextual characteristics to moderate the effects of youths' experiences on their outcomes. Drawing on collective efficacy theory, we examine the variable consequences of youths' exposures to life-threatening violence across neighborhoods. We argue that strong community normative orientations supporting the control of violence diminish the negative effect of exposure to severe violence on subsequent mental health among urban youth. We also consider the extent to which the consequences of exposure to violence vary by gender. Employing data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we estimate a series of multivariate, multilevel linear models of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results indicate that, for girls, exposure to life-threatening violence (witnessing someone being attacked with a weapon or shot) increases both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, this effect achieves statistical significance only for girls who reside in neighborhoods with lower collective efficacy. For boys, our analyses offered weaker evidence of violence exposure effects on mental health. Implications for research on the social context of mental health are discussed. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Collective efficacy, Exposure to violence, Multilevel, Neighborhood","Browning, C. R., Gardner, M., Maimon, D., Brooks-Gunn, J.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0036767,0,0,
868,A systematic and conceptual review of posttraumatic stress in childhood cancer survivors and their parents,,,"Bruce, M.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
869,Male south Sudanese Australians are at high risk for sleep and psychological difficulties,"Background: Women in Western countries are more likely to report insomnia (e.g. Zhang & Wing, 2006) and mood disorders (e.g. Kuehner, 2003) than men. Further, a meta-analysis found women were more likely to meet the criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) than men (Tolin & Foa 2006). However, it is unknown whether such sex differences in reported sleep difficulties and PTSD symptoms also apply to those from non-Western countries who have settled in Australia. Methods: The questionnaire included 14 sleep related items, the K10 (psychological distress) and the PSQI-Addendum for PTSD symptoms. It was administered individually in Dinka, Nuer, English or Arabic across Victoria by PhD students from the South Sudanese community. The final sample (n = 117, aged 16-60 years, 53% male) was broadly representative of the age profile of adult South Sudanese Australians (SSA) and the average length of time of living in Australia was 10 years. Over two thirds of SSA males had completed a TAFE/Technical/ Apprentice or University qualification and about 30% were seeking work. Comparisons were made with a national Australian sleep survey report (Hillman and Lack, 2013) and, for psychological distress, the Victorian Population Survey (2010). Results: SSA males were about five times more likely to be classified with 'severe clinical insomnia' than both males in the broad Australian community and SSA females. Rates for difficulty with waking up too early, restless legs, pauses in breathing in sleep, fatigue/exhaustion and daytime sleepiness were two to four times that reported by both a broad sample of male Australians and SSA females. Over 40% of SSA males reported significant daytime impairments due to poor sleep. Nearly one in five SSA males met the criteria for 'severe psychological distress', a rate 10 times higher than found in Victorian males and twice as high as in SSA females. Of particular concern is that 57% of SSA males met the criteria for PTSD, a rate three times that of their female counterparts. Conclusion: Males within the South Sudanese Australian community report hitherto unrecognised significant problems with their sleep and psychological adjustment. The reason for these sex differences are unclear but may relate to SSA women being able to negotiate the uncertainties of resettlement more successfully.","sleep, Australian, risk, Sudanese, male, human, female, community, distress syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, Australia, insomnia, sex difference, meta analysis, population, student, adult, mood disorder, PhD student, questionnaire, daytime somnolence, university, forelimb, wakefulness, breathing, restless legs syndrome, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index","Bruck, D., Wan Kot, B., Atem Deng, S., Grossman, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
870,Increased Prefrontal Cortical Thickness Is Associated with Enhanced Abilities to Regulate Emotions in PTSD-Free Women with Borderline Personality Disorder,"Previous studies suggest that amygdala, insula and prefrontal cortex (PFC) disintegrity play a crucial role in the failure to adequately regulate emotions in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, prior results are confounded by the high rate of comorbidity with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which itself has been associated with changes in frontolimbic circuitry. We thus scrutinized the link between PFC, amygdala, insula, and the ability to regulate emotions, contrasting 17 women with BPD without comorbid PTSD to 27 non-clinical control women and in addition to those with BPD and PTSD (n = 14). BPD women without PTSD, but not those with comorbid PTSD, had increased cortical thickness in the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) in comparison to control women. Furthermore, cortical thickness in the DLPFC of BPD women without PTSD positively correlated with emotion regulation scores and furthermore was positively associated with amygdala volume, as well as cortical thickness of the insula. Our findings highlight the importance of disentangling the impact of BPD and PTSD on the brain and suggest possible compensatory mechanisms for the impaired emotion regulation in BPD women without PTSD. (copyright) 2013 Bruehl et al.","adult, amygdaloid nucleus, article, borderline state, brain function, brain region, brain size, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), disease association, electroencephalogram, emotionality, female, human, insula, major clinical study, outcome assessment, patient assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, voxel based morphometry","Bruehl, H., Preissler, S., Heuser, I., Heekeren, H. R., Roepke, S., Dziobek, I.",2013.0,,,0,0,
871,The list of Threatening Experiences: A subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat,,,"Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., Tennant, C., Hurry, J.",1985.0,,,0,0,
872,"Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): The single, 5-6 hour session","In 2008, the Institute of Medicine called for ""more efficient adaptations of standard psychotherapy"" (p. 153) treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emphasizing fewer, more frequent treatment sessions. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been consistently shown to be not only efficacious but efficient in resolving PTSD symptoms (c.f. Shapiro, 1989a). Indeed, in both metanalyses and single study comparisons of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and EMDR, EMDR resolved PTSD symptoms as effectively but often more quickly than the gold-standard CBT (c.f. Jaberghaderi et al., 2004; Van Etten & Taylor, 1998) Given EMDR's noted efficiency, the researchers sought to determine whether a single, intensive EMDR session could provide relief from PTSD symptoms. The model for the procedure was drawn from Barabasz and colleagues' (2011, 2012, 2013) highly successful application of abreactive ego state therapy in a single, 5-6 hour session. Twenty participants were assigned, in balanced order, to receive either EMDR or relaxation- therapy active control treatment. Efficacy was measured at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 1 and 3 months follow-up using the PTSD Checklist, Civilian version (PCL-C)(Weathers, 1993). A 2 (group) x 4 (time) mixed ANOVA with planned contrasts and simple effects analysis and a Pearson chi-square test were applied to the data. Participants in the EMDR group improved significantly over the course of the study, with 100% in the EMDR group no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD diagnosis as defined by the PCL-C at 3 month follow-up, as compared to only 30% in the control group. There were also significant main effects of time and group, suggesting that on average the EMDR group improved more rapidly and to a greater degree than did the control group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adaptation, *Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Eye Movements, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms","Bruna, Lisa Jean",2015.0,,,0,0,
873,[Aggressions towards nurses in emergency departments: an international literature review],"Workplace violence is a widespread phenomenon in every kind of settings. Among these ones there are emergency departments (ED), that have distinctive features as like the large daily number of patients' presentations, and high emotional content or stressing situations related to the management of diagnostic-therapeutic priorities. We reviewed the medical and nursing literature to quantify the international widespread of aggressions towards nurses working in EDs, distinguish the typologies and the perpetrators, and identify the consequences on victims and healthcare organizations. Original papers were searched using Medline, CINHAL, and Medscape databases.  35 research articles met the inclusion criteria, but 6 were not retrieved. The rate of verbal abuses reported by ED nurses varies from 50% to 100% of those who were surveyed, while physical violence ranges between 16.7% and 72%. Patients and relatives are the main perpetrators, followed by doctors, and, only in lower percentages, by nurses colleagues. Alcohol, drugs abuse, and overcrowding in EDs are acknowledged as motivating factors for violent events. Under-reporting of aggressions is frequent up to the 80% of victims, and some papers report that nurses consider assaults as a normal part of their work. There is a direct relation between aggressions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disturb syndrome. Moreover there is a sense of continuous fear in nurses, causing the likelihood of workplace leaving. Special educational courses seem to be effective in diminishing the number of aggressions and to adopt adequate adaptive behaviors.",,"Brunetti, L., Bambi, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
874,Belonging protects against postdeployment depression in military personnel,"Background Depression among U.S. military personnel has received relatively little empirical attention compared to posttraumatic stress disorder, despite evidence that depression is associated with poor psychosocial outcomes and increased suicide risk. Even less is known about factors that protect against depression in military populations. Methods A sample of 168 active duty Air Force convoy operators completed self-report measures of depression, posttraumatic stress, and sense of ""belonging"" before deploying to Iraq, and again at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following their return. Linear growth modeling was used to test the associations of the variables over time. Results Mean depression scores remained low and stable across the deployment and 12-month follow-up period. Increased depression severity was significantly associated with low belonging (P <.001) and with posttraumatic stress symptoms (P <.001) at every time point. Limitations Relatively small, predominantly male sample utilizing self-report methods. Conclusions A sense of belongingness may protect service members from depression at all stages of the deployment cycle, from predeployment preparations through deployment and postdeployment adjustment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","coping, depression, PTSD/posttraumatic stress disorder, resilience, trauma","Bryan, C. J., Heron, E. A.",2015.0,,10.1002/da.22372,0,0,
875,Post-traumatic stress disorder vs traumatic brain injury,,,"Bryant, R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
876,Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Bryant, R. A.",2003.0,,10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01895-4,0,0,
877,Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder from acute reactions,,,"Bryant, R. A.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
878,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety condition that has attracted much attention in recent years. Much of this interest arises from the need to understand how people respond to terrorism, war, and other forms of trauma. Equally important is the recognition that PTSD offers insight into human fear because it exemplifies extreme fear reactions. This chapter reviews the course of psychological adaptation after trauma, describes the major models of PTSD, outlines the evidence for these models, and discusses treatment options for the disorder. PTSD, perhaps more than any other anxiety disorder, has often been associated with practices that lack scientific rigor. Recognizing the need for evidence-based understanding and management of PTSD, this chapter aims to synthesize our current knowledge that is based on sound scientific study of people affected by trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, Disease Course, Fear, Models, Treatment","Bryant, Richard A.",2006.0,,,0,0,42
879,Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions,,,"Bryant, R. A.",2008.0,,10.1056/NEJMe078235,0,0,
880,Response to Fergusson and Boden: The psychological impact of major disasters,,,"Bryant, R. A.",2014.0,,10.1177/0004867414541816,0,0,
881,Post-traumatic amnesia and the nature of post-traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury,"The prevalence and nature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is controversial because of the apparent paradox of suffering PTSD with impaired memory for the traumatic event. In this study, 1167 survivors of traumatic injury (MTBI: 459, No TBI: 708) were assessed for PTSD symptoms and post-traumatic amnesia during hospitalization, and were subsequently assessed for PTSD 3 months later (N = 920). At the follow-up assessment, 90 (9.4%) patients met criteria for PTSD (MTBI: 50, 11.8%; No-TBI: 40, 7.5%); MTBI patients were more likely to develop PTSD than no-TBI patients, after controlling for injury severity (adjusted odds ratio: 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.78-2.94). Longer post-traumatic amnesia was associated with less severe intrusive memories at the acute assessment. These findings indicate that PTSD may be more likely following MTBI, however, longer post-traumatic amnesia appears to be protective against selected re-experiencing symptoms.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Amnesia/*etiology, Analysis of Variance, Brain Injuries/*complications, Cluster Analysis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*etiology, Trauma Severity Indices, Young Adult","Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Silove, D., Clark, C. R., McFarlane, A. C.",2009.0,Nov,10.1017/s1355617709990671,0,0,
882,A multisite study of initial respiration rate and heart rate as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Silove, D., McFarlane, A. C.",2008.0,,,0,0,
883,Heart rate after trauma and the specificity of fear circuitry disorders,"Background Fear circuitry disorders purportedly include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and specific phobia. It is proposed that these disorders represent a cluster of anxiety disorders triggered by stressful events and lead to fear conditioning. Elevated heart rate (HR) at the time of an aversive event may reflect strength of the unconditioned response, which may contribute to fear circuitry disorders.Method This prospective cohort study assessed HR within 48 h of hospital admission in 602 traumatically injured patients, who were assessed during hospital admission and within 1 month of trauma exposure for lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. At 3 months after the initial assessment, 526 patients (87%) were reassessed for PTSD, major depressive disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.Results At the 3-month assessment there were 77 (15%) new cases of fear circuitry disorder and 87 new cases of non-fear circuitry disorder (17%). After controlling for gender, age, type of injury and injury severity, patients with elevated HR (defined as ≥96 beats per min) at the time of injury were more likely to develop PTSD [odds ratio (OR) 5.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.32-14.43], panic disorder (OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.16-10.34), agoraphobia (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.76-8.61) and social phobia (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.42-11.14). Elevated HR also predicted new fear circuitry disorders that were not co-morbid with a non-fear circuitry disorder (OR 7.28, 95% CI 2.14-24.79).Conclusions These data provide tentative evidence of a common mechanism underpinning the onset of fear circuitry disorders. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.","Anxiety, fear circuitry, fear conditioning, heart rate, PTSD","Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Silove, D., McFarlane, A. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
884,A comparison of the capacity of DSM-IV and DSM-5 acute stress disorder definitions to predict posttraumatic stress disorder and related disorders,"Objective: This study addresses the extent to which DSM-IV and DSM-5 definitions of acute stress disorder (ASD) predict subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related psychiatric disorders following trauma. Method: Patients with randomized admissions to 5 hospitals across Australia (N = 596) were assessed in hospital and reassessed for PTSD at 3 (n = 508), 12 (n = 426), 24 (n = 439), and 72 (n = 314) months using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; DSM-IV definition of PTSD was used at each assessment, and DSM-5 definition was used at 72 months. The Mini- International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used at each assessment to assess anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders. Results: Forty-five patients (8%) met DSM-IV criteria, and 80 patients (14%) met DSM-5 criteria for ASD. PTSD was diagnosed in 93 patients (9%) at 3, 82 patients (10%) at 12, 100 patients (12%) at 24, and 26 patients (8%) at 72 months; 19 patients (6%) met DSM-5 criteria for PTSD at 72 months. Comparable proportions of those diagnosed with ASD developed PTSD using DSM-IV (3 months = 46%, 12 months = 39%, 24 months = 32%, and 72 months = 25%) and DSM-5 (43%, 42%, 33%, and 24%) ASD definitions. Sensitivity was improved for DSM-5 relative to DSM-IV for depression (0.18 vs 0.30), panic disorder (0.19 vs 0.41), agoraphobia (0.14 vs 0.40), social phobia (0.12 vs 0.44), specific phobia (0.24 vs 0.58), obsessive-compulsive disorder (0.17 vs 0.47), and generalized anxiety disorder (0.20 vs 0.47). More than half of participants with DSM-5-defined ASD had a subsequent disorder. Conclusions: The DSM-5 criteria for ASD results in better identification of people who will subsequently develop PTSD or another psychiatric disorder relative to the DSM-IV criteria. Although prediction is modest, it suggests that the new ASD diagnosis can serve a useful function in acute trauma settings for triaging those who can benefit from either early intervention or subsequent monitoring. © Copyright 2014 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Silove, D., McFarlane, A. C., Forbes, D.",2015.0,,10.4088/JCP.13m08731,0,0,
885,A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5,"Acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into DSM-IV to describe acute stress reactions (ASRs) that occur in the initial month after exposure to a traumatic event and before the possibility of diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to identify trauma survivors in the acute phase who are high risk for PTSD. This review considers ASD in relation to other diagnostic approaches to acute stress responses, critiques the evidence of the predictive power of ASD, and discusses ASD in relation to Adjustment Disorder. The evidence suggests that ASD does not adequately identify most people who develop PTSD. This review presents a number of options and preliminary considerations to be considered for DSM-5. It is proposed that ASD be limited to describing severe ASRs (that are not necessarily precursors of PTSD). The evidence suggests that the current emphasis on dissociation may be overly restrictive and does not recognize the heterogeneity of early posttraumatic stress responses. It is proposed that ASD may be better conceptualized as the severity of acute stress responses that does not require specific clusters to be present. Depression and Anxiety, 2011.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","acute stress disorder, DSM-V, posttraumatic stress disorder","Bryant, R. A., Friedman, M. J., Spiegel, D., Ursano, R., Strain, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
886,Relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury,"OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to index the frequency of occurrence of acute stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury and to determine its utility in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: Consecutive adult patients who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury following a motor vehicle accident (N = 79) were assessed for acute stress disorder within 1 month of their trauma with the Acute Stress Disorder Inventory, a structured clinical interview based on DSM-IV criteria. Patients were followed up 6 months after the trauma (N = 63) and were administered the PTSD module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Acute stress disorder was diagnosed in 14% of patients, and at follow-up 24% satisfied criteria for PTSD. Six months after the trauma PTSD was diagnosed in 82% of patients who had been diagnosed with acute stress disorder and in 11% of those who had not been diagnosed with acute stress disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These findings point to the frequency of PTSD following mild traumatic brain injury. While the criteria for acute stress disorder are useful in identifying those individuals who are at risk of developing chronic PTSD, the findings suggest that current criteria require modification in order to optimally predict PTSD following mild traumatic brain injury.","Accidents, Traffic/psychology, Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Brain Injuries/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Cluster Analysis, Comorbidity, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Probability, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Stress, Psychological/*diagnosis/epidemiology","Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G.",1998.0,May,,0,0,
887,Traumatic memories and pseudomemories in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Intrusive imagery was investigated in 42 survivors of motor vehicle accidents with (a) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and accurate recall of the trauma, (b) PTSD and amnesia of the trauma, (c) no PTSD, or (d) control participants who simulated PTSD. Imagery was precipitated by presentation of an audiotape of a motor vehicle accident. Whereas the traumatic imagery of participants who had accurate recall of their trauma was consistent with third party accounts of the trauma, the imagery of amnesic participants was inconsistent with these accounts. Participants were then interviewed about cognitive and emotional aspects of their responses. All participants with PTSD and simulators reported similar levels of imagery detail, involuntariness, re-experiencing, and emotional response, and reported higher levels than participants with no PTSD. Findings are discussed in terms of cognitive and contextual factors that can mediate accurate and inaccurate traumatic imagery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Amnesia, *False Memory, *Imagery, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Accidents, Motor Vehicles","Bryant, Richard A., Harvey, Allison G.",1998.0,,,0,0,
888,The influence of traumatic brain injury on acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents,"This study compared the acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profiles in motor vehicle accident survivors who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) or no TBI. Consecutive adult patients who sustained a MTBI (n = 79) and no TBI (n = 92) were assessed for acute stress disorder within 1 month of their trauma and reassessed for PTSD (MTBI: n = 63; non-TBI; n = 72) 6-months post-trauma. Comparable rates of acute stress disorder and PTSD were reported in MTBI and non-TBI patients. Intrusive memories and fear and helplessness in response to the trauma were reported less frequently by MTBI than non-TBI patients at the acute phase. Six-months post-trauma fewer MTBI patients than non-TBI reported fear and helplessness in response to the trauma. These findings suggest that, whereas impaired consciousness at the time of a trauma may reduce the frequency of traumatic memories in the initial month post-trauma, MTBI does not result in a different profile of longer-term PTSD.","adult, article, brain injury, comparative study, consciousness, controlled study, disability, disease severity, fear, female, follow up, helplessness, human, major clinical study, male, memory, mental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, traffic accident","Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G.",1999.0,,,0,0,
889,Postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury,"Postconcussive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) may be exacerbated by anxiety associated with posttraumatic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an MTBI population. Survivors of motor vehicle accidents (aged 16-65 yrs) who either sustained an MTBI (N = 46) or no TBI (N = 59), were assessed 6 months posttrauma for PTSD and postconcussive symptoms. Postconcussive symptoms were more evident in MTBI patients with PTSD than those without PTSD, and in MTBI patients than non-TBI patients. Further, postconcussive symptoms were significantly correlated with PTSD symptoms. These findings indicate that postconcussive symptoms may be mediated by an interaction of neurological and psychological factors after MTBI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety, *Brain Concussion, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Bryant, Richard A., Harvey, Allison G.",1999.0,,,0,0,
890,Assessing acute stress disorder: Psychometric properties of a structured clinical interview,,,"Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Dang, S. T., Sackville, T.",1998.0,,10.1037/1040-3590.10.3.215,0,0,
891,Acute Psychophysiological Arousal and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Two-Year Prospective Study,,,"Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Guthrie, R. M., Moulds, M. L.",2003.0,,10.1023/A:1025750209553,0,0,
892,Simulating emotional responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: An fMRI study,"This study tested the extent to which coached participants can simulate the neural responses of participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when they are presented with signals of fear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study blood oxygenation level-dependent signal during the presentations of fearful and neutral faces under both conscious and nonconscious (masked) conditions. Participants comprised 12 patients with PTSD and 12 trauma-exposed controls who were instructed to simulate PTSD. During conscious fear processing, simulators showed greater activation in the left amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) than PTSD participants. By contrast, during nonconscious processing, PTSD participants had greater MPFC activation than simulators. These findings suggest that coached simulators produce a profile of 'over-responding' to fear when controlled conscious processing is possible, but are not able to simulate the exaggerated medial prefrontal responses observed in PTSD participants under conditions of nonconscious processing. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","Fear, Neural networks, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Simulation","Bryant, R. A., Kemp, A., Felmingham, K., Liddell, B., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A., Gordon, E., Williams, L. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
893,Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosocial functioning after severe traumatic brain injury,"Investigated the influence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on rehabilitation after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). 96 Ss (aged 16-71 yrs) with severe TBI patients were assessed 6 mo after hospital discharge with the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Interview, the Functional Assessment Measure (FAM), the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ), the Overt Aggression Scale (OAS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWL). PTSD was diagnosed in 27% of Ss. Ss with PTSD reported higher scores on the GHQ and BDI, and lower scores on the FAM, CIQ, OAS, and SWLS than those without PTSD. Effective rehabilitation after severe TBI may be enhanced by management of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Readjustment, *Rehabilitation, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Bryant, Richard A., Marosszeky, Jeno E., Crooks, Jenelle, Baguley, Ian J., Gurka, Joseph A.",2001.0,,,0,0,
894,Posttraumatic stress disorder after severe traumatic brain injury,"Objective: This study indexed the profile of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after severe traumatic injury to the brain. Method: Patients who sustained a severe traumatic brain injury (N=96) were assessed for PTSD 6 months after the injury with the PTSD Interview, a structured clinical interview based on DSM-III-R criteria. Results: PTSD was diagnosed in 26 (27.1%) of the patients. While only 19.2% (N=5) of the patients with PTSD reported intrusive memories of the trauma, 96.2% (N=25) reported emotional reactivity. Intrusive memories, nightmares, and emotional reactivity had very strong positive predictive values for the presence of PTSD. Conclusions: These findings indicate that PTSD can develop after severe traumatic brain injury. The predominance of emotional reactivity and the relative absence of traumatic memories in patients with PTSD who suffered impaired consciousness during trauma suggest that traumatic experiences can mediate PTSD at an implicit level.","adult, article, brain cortex, brain injury, disease severity, experience, female, human, major clinical study, male, neuropsychology, nightmare, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, rating scale, risk assessment, startle reflex","Bryant, R. A., Marosszeky, J. E., Crooks, J., Gurka, J. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
895,Treatment of acute stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial,,,"Bryant, R. A., Mastrodomenico, J., Felmingham, K. L., Hopwood, S., Kenny, L., Kandris, E., Cahill, C., Creamer, M.",2008.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.659,0,0,
896,Acute stress disorder scale: A self-report measure of acute stress disorder,,,"Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Guthrie, R. M.",2000.0,,10.1037//1040-3590.12.1.61,0,0,
897,Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up,"BACKGROUND: Traumatic injuries affect millions of patients each year, and resulting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) significantly contributes to subsequent impairment. AIMS: To map the distinctive long-term trajectories of PTSD responses over 6 years by using latent growth mixture modelling. METHOD: Randomly selected injury patients (n = 1084) admitted to four hospitals around Australia were assessed in hospital, and at 3, 12, 24 and 72 months. Lifetime psychiatric history and current PTSD severity and funxctioning were assessed. RESULTS: Five trajectories of PTSD response were noted across the 6 years: (a) chronic (4%), (b) recovery (6%), (c) worsening/recovery (8%), (d) worsening (10%) and (e) resilient (73%). A poorer trajectory was predicted by female gender, recent life stressors, presence of mild traumatic brain injury and admission to intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the long-term PTSD effects that can occur following traumatic injury. The different trajectories highlight that monitoring a subset of patients over time is probably a more accurate means of identifying PTSD rather than relying on factors that can be assessed during hospital admission.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Australia, Brain Injuries/*epidemiology/*psychology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, *Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis, Young Adult","Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D.",2015.0,May,10.1192/bjp.bp.114.145516,1,1,
898,Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up,,,"Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., Silove, D.",2015.0,,,1,1,897
899,"Mental health status of World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers and volunteers-New York City, July 2002-August 2004",,,"Bryant, R. A., ""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Clark, C. R., Silove, D.",2010.0,,,0,1,
900,The psychiatric sequelae of traumatic injury,,,"Bryant, R. A., ""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Clark, C. R., Silove, D.",2010.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050617,0,0,
901,A multisite analysis of the fluctuating course of posttraumatic stress disorder,"IMPORTANCE Delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) accounts for approximately 25%of PTSD cases. Current models do not adequately explain the delayed increases in PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. OBJECTIVE To test the roles of initial psychiatric reactions, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), and ongoing stressors on delayed-onset PTSD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this prospective cohort study, patients were selected from recent admissions to 4 major trauma hospitals across Australia. A total of 1084 traumatically injured patients were assessed during hospital admission from April 1, 2004, through February 28, 2006, and 785 (72.4%) were followed up at 3, 12, and 24 months after injury. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Severity of PTSDwas determined at each assessment with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. RESULTS Of those who met PTSD criteria at 24 months, 44.1%reported no PTSD at 3 months and 55.9%had subsyndromal or full PTSD. In those who displayed subsyndromal or full PTSD at 3 months, PTSD severity at 24 months was predicted by prior psychiatric disorder, initial PTSD symptom severity, and type of injury. In those who displayed no PTSD at 3 months, PTSD severity at 24 months was predicted by initial PTSD symptom severity, MTBI, length of hospitalization, and the number of stressful events experienced between 3 and 24 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These data highlight the complex trajectories of PTSD symptoms over time. This study also points to the roles of ongoing stress and MTBI in delayed cases of PTSD and suggests the potential of ongoing stress to compound initial stress reactions and lead to a delayed increase in PTSD symptom severity. This study also provides initial evidence that MTBI increases the risk of delayed PTSD symptoms, particularly in those with no acute symptoms.",,"Bryant, R. A., ""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
902,Mental Health Effects of Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence Among Black and Hispanic Women,"An important aspect of Johnson's intimate terrorism (IT) and situational couple violence (SCV) typology is his assertion that victims experience different negative outcomes depending on which category of violence they endure. Anderson calls for reexamining this typology to highlight the importance of coercive control with or without physical violence present. Similar to most studies, Anderson's research uses a sample that includes mostly White women. The current study employs Anderson's methods and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses, but uses a sample of predominately Black women and Latinas from the 1998 Chicago Women's Health Risk Study. © The Author(s) 2014.","intersectionality, intimate partner violence, race","Bubriski-McKenzie, A., Jasinski, J. L.",2013.0,,10.1177/1077801213517515,0,0,
903,Clusters of Low (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake Voxels in Combat Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) show diminished metabolic activity when studied with positron emission tomography (PET) with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Since blast injury may not be localized in the same specific anatomical areas in every patient or may be diffuse, significance probability mapping may be vulnerable to false-negative detection of abnormalities. To address this problem, we used an anatomically independent measure to assess PET scans: increased numbers of contiguous voxels that are 2 standard deviations below values found in an uninjured control group. We examined this in three age-matched groups of male patients: 16 veterans with a history of mild TBI, 17 veterans with both mild TBI and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 15 veterans without either condition. After FDG administration, subjects performed a modified version of the California Verbal Learning Task. Clusters of low uptake voxels were identified by computing the mean and standard deviation for each voxel in the healthy combat veteran group and then determining the voxel-based z-score for the patient groups. Abnormal clusters were defined as those that contained contiguous voxels with a z-score <-2. Patients with mild TBI alone and patients with TBI+PTSD had larger clusters of low uptake voxels, and cluster size significantly differentiated the mild TBI groups from combat controls. Clusters were more irregular in shape in patients, and patients also had a larger number of low-activity voxels throughout the brain. In mild TBI and TBI+PTSD patients, but not healthy subjects, cluster volume was significantly correlated with verbal learning during FDG uptake.","amygdala, cerebellum, cluster shape, mild traumatic brain injury, positron emission tomography","Buchsbaum, M. S., Simmons, A. N., DeCastro, A., Farid, N., Matthews, S. C.",2015.0,Nov 15,10.1089/neu.2014.3660,0,0,
904,Relationship Between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Pain in Two American Indian Tribes,"Objectives: To estimate the association of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain in American Indians, and determine if tribe, sex, cultural and psychosocial factors, or major depression influence the magnitude of this association. Design: A cross-sectional probability sample survey completed between 1997 and 2000. A structured interview was conducted by trained, tribal members to gather information on demographic and cultural features, physical health status, psychiatric disorders, and functional status. Setting: General community. Participants: A total of 3,084 individuals randomly selected from the tribal rolls of a Southwestern (N = 1,446) and a Northern Plains (N = 1,638) tribal group who were 15-54 years of age and lived on or within 20 miles of their reservations. Outcome Measures: Bodily pain subscale of the Short Form-36. Linear regression models were fit to examine the association between lifetime PTSD and pain, adjusting for demographic, cultural, psychosocial features, painful medical conditions, and major depression. Results: The prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 16% in the Southwestern and 14% in the Northern Plains; women were nearly twice as likely as men to have lifetime PTSD in both tribes. The final adjusted model demonstrated that mean Short Form-36 bodily pain subscale scores were lower (indicating more pain) among individuals with lifetime PTSD than those without lifetime PTSD. Effect modification by tribe, sex, and depression was not observed. Conclusions: Lifetime PTSD was strongly associated with bodily pain in this rural sample of American Indians. Clinicians should be aware of, and address, the link between physical pain syndromes and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*American Indians, *Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Human Sex Differences, Major Depression, Psychosocial Factors, Sociocultural Factors, Tribes","Buchwald, Dedra, Goldberg, Jack, Noonan, Carolyn, Beals, Janette, Manson, Spero",2005.0,,,0,0,
905,Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in school-aged children with early trauma,"The impact of childhood trauma (CT) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines levels remains unclear. We investigated the association between CT and changes in BDNF and cytokines plasma levels in children. Method: We recruited 36 children with trauma (CT+) and 26 children without trauma (CT-). The presence of CT was based on a clinical interview and by Criteria A of DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Blood samples were drawn from all children to assess BDNF and cytokines. ancova was performed with psychiatric symptoms and BMI as covariates to evaluate group differences in plasma levels. Results: CT+ showed increased levels of BDNF and TNF-α after excluding children with history of inflammatory disease (P < 0.05) when compared with those CT- IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1β levels were not statistically different between groups. Conclusion: CT+ showed increased BDNF and proinflammatory cytokines levels. The increase in BDNF levels may be an attempt to neutralize the negative effects of CT, while an increase in TNF-a levels be associated with a proinflammatory state after CT. How these changes associated with trauma relate to other biological changes and illness trajectory later in life remain to be further studied. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","BDNF, Children, Cytokines, Trauma","Bücker, J., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., Post, R. M., Yatham, L. N., Vianna, P., Bogo Chies, J. A., Gama, C. S., Magalhães, P. V., Aguiar, B. W., Pfaffenseller, B., ""Kauer-SantAnna, M.""",2015.0,,10.1111/acps.12358,0,0,
906,A prospective examination of delayed onset PTSD secondary to motor vehicle accidents,,,"Buckley, T. C., Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J.",1996.0,,10.1037/0021-843X.105.4.617,0,0,
907,"Preventive health behaviors, health-risk behaviors, physical morbidity, and health-related role functioning impairment in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","An examination of the relationships between health behaviors (preventive and risk-related), physician-diagnosed medical problems, role-functioning impairment because of physical morbidity, and post-traumatic stress disorder was conducted on a large cohort of consecutive treatment-seeking cases (N = 826) presenting to an outpatient Veterans Affairs post-traumatic stress disorder clinic. Results revealed that the sample rates of several medical conditions were markedly elevated when compared with general population rates for men of comparable age. The rates of smoking and other behavioral risk variables were greater than rates among men in the general population. Moreover, the majority of the sample did not engage in preventive health behaviors such as exercise and medical screening at levels consistent with health care guidelines. Physical role functioning indices of the SF-36 reveal greater role-functioning impairment because of physical morbidity in this psychiatric sample relative to the age adjusted general population norms. The health care implications of these data are discussed, as are areas for future research. AD  -, Usa.","Aged, Cohort Studies, *Health Behavior, *Health Promotion, Hospitals, Veterans, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Assessment, *Risk-Taking, Role, *Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*physiopathology/psychology, United States, Veterans/*psychology","Buckley, T. C., Mozley, S. L., Bedard, M. A., Dewulf, A. C., Greif, J.",2004.0,Jul,,0,0,
908,Childhood sexual abuse: Effects on female sexual function and its treatment,"For many woman survivors of childhood sexual abuse, there are long-term sexual sequelae, such as hypersexual activity and avoidance, although the trajectory to each type of response remains unclear. Female survivors of childhood sexual abuse have problems with intimate relationships and some survivors may also complain of multiple health problems and use emergency room services at a higher rate than women who were not sexually abused. Although the health care provider is in a position to screen for childhood sexual abuse, care must be taken to maintain trust if referring the survivor for psychotherapy, specifically sex therapy, which can be the treatment of choice. This article reviews the effect of childhood sexual abuse in female sexual function and provides general treatment recommendations. Copyright © 2008 by Current Medicine Group LLC.",,"Buehler, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
909,"Out of sight, not out of mind: Strategies for handling missing data",,,"Buhi, E. R., Goodson, P., Neilands, T. B.",2008.0,,,0,0,
910,Course of posttraumatic stress symptoms over the 5 years following an industrial disaster: A structural equation modeling study,,,"Bui, E., Tremblay, L., Brunet, A., Rodgers, R., Jehel, L., Véry, E., Schmitt, L., Vautier, S., Birmes, P.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20592,0,1,
911,Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and the course of whiplash complaints,,,"Buitenhuis, J., de Jong, P. J., Jaspers, J. P. C., Groothoff, J. W.",2006.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.07.008,0,0,
912,Suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa,"OBJECTIVE: To explore prevalence and patterns of suicidal attempts in persons with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS: Participants were the first 432 persons (22 male, 410 female) enrolled in the NIH funded Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa Collaborative Study. All participants had current or lifetime AN. The participants ranged in age from 16 to 76 (mean = 30.4, SD = 11.3). Suicidal behavior and intent was assessed via the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. We compared frequency and severity of attempts across diagnostic subtypes and comorbidity, and personality features associated with the presence of suicide attempts in persons with AN. RESULTS: About 16.9% of those with AN attempted suicide. Significantly fewer persons with the restricting subtype (7.4%) reported at least one attempt than those with purging AN (26.1%), AN with binge eating (29.3%), and a mixed picture of AN and bulimia nervosa (21.2%). After controlling for major depression, suicide attempts were associated with substance abuse, impulsive behaviors and traits, Cluster B personality disorders, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder as well as low self-directedness and eating disorder severity. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempts in AN are not uncommon, are frequently associated with the intention to die, occur less frequently in persons with the restricting subtype of the illness, and after controlling for depression are associated with a constellation of behaviors and traits associated with behavioral and affective dyscontrol. Copyright (copyright) 2008 by American Psychosomatic Society.","adolescent, adult, aged, anorexia nervosa, article, binge eating disorder, clinical assessment, comorbidity, controlled study, diagnostic approach route, disease association, disease classification, disease severity, female, human, impulsiveness, interview, major clinical study, major depression, male, panic, personality, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, substance abuse, suicide attempt","Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Pinheiro, A. P., Plotnicov, K., Klump, K. L., Brandt, H., Crawford, S., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Johnson, C., Kaplan, A. S., Mitchell, J., Nutzinger, D., Strober, M., Treasure, J., Woodside, D. B., Berrettini, W. H., Kaye, W. H.",2008.0,,,0,0,
913,Quick Trauma Assessment with Sefa Bulut Children-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening Survey: After a Natural Disaster in Different Groups in Two Different Countries,"[Correction Notice: A retraction for this article was reported in Vol 64 of Tohoku Psychologica Folia (see record 2007-06034-001). This article infringed the authorship credit of Dr. Linda Evans and Dr. Judy Oehler-Stinnett at Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, and used copyrighted material without permission from Dr. Evans' work below. Title: Theoretical constructs of post traumatic stress disorder as assessed in children in a natural disaster involving tornadoes in their communities. Author: Evans, Linda Sue Garner, Oklahoma State U., US. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol64(2-B), 2003. pp. 951 (see record 2003-95016-257). Publisher: US: Univ. Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com.argo.library.okstate.edu/umi/ For this reason, this article including its abstract and references has been retracted from Tohoku Psychologica Folia.] There is a growing awareness in the area of natural disasters effects on children's mental health. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to develop a posttraumatic stress reaction screening instrument, 2} to assess the posttraumatic stress disorder through the Sefa Bulut Children-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening Survey (SBC-PTSDSS) in order to examine the effectiveness of the survey. The participants of this study were 4th and 5th grade elementary school children who have been exposed to the tornado in Oklahoma, the United States and children who experienced the earthquakes in Turkey. Data were collected from severely hit and moderately hit areas of the two countries 11 months later after the tornado and earthquakes through the same scale. Frequency and Percentages were calculated as item analysis. In addition, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. Tukey pair-wise comparisons revealed a significant difference between Turkish and American children F (1-264)=24.41, P(.01) but not between the high and low impact groups within each setting (M=18.14, M=19.14 vs. M=8.63, M=9.25). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Mental Health, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Screening","Bulut, Sefa, Bulut, Solmaz",2003.0,,,0,0,
914,"""Quick Trauma Assessment with Sefa Bulut Children-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening Survey: After a Natural Disaster in Different Groups in Two Different Countries"": Retraction of Sefa Bulut's article","Retracts ""Quick Trauma Assessment with Sefa Bulut Children-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening Survey: After a Natural Disaster in Different Groups in Two Different Countries"" by Sefa Bulut and Solmaz Bulut (Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 2003, Vol 62, 13-23). This article infringed the authorship credit of Dr. Linda Evans and Dr. Judy Oehler-Stinnett at Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, and used copyrighted material without permission from Dr. Evans' work below. Title: Theoretical constructs of post traumatic stress disorder as assessed in children in a natural disaster involving tornadoes in their communities. Author: Evans, Linda Sue Garner, Oklahoma State U., US. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, Vol64(2-B), 2003. pp. 951 (see record 2003-95016-257). Publisher: US: Univ. Microfilms International Publisher URL: http://www.il.proquest.com.argo.library.okstate.edu/umi/. For this reason, this article including its abstract and references has been retracted from Tohoku Psychologica Folia. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2004-15774-002.) There is a growing awareness in the area of natural disasters effects on children's mental health. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to develop a posttraumatic stress reaction screening instrument, 2} to assess the posttraumatic stress disorder through the Sefa Bulut Children-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening Survey (SBC-PTSDSS) in order to examine the effectiveness of the survey. The participants of this study were 4th and 5th grade elementary school children who have been exposed to the tornado in Oklahoma, the United States and children who experienced the earthquakes in Turkey. Data were collected from severely hit and moderately hit areas of the two countries 11 months later after the tornado and earthquakes through the same scale. Frequency and Percentages were calculated as item analysis. In addition, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. Tukey pair-wise comparisons revealed a significant difference between Turkish and American children F (1-264)=24.41, P(.01) but not between the high and low impact groups within each setting (M=18.14, M=19.14 vs. M=8.63, M=9.25). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mental Health, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Screening","Bulut, Sefa, Bulut, Solmaz",2005.0,,,0,0,
915,Life after trauma: personality and daily life experiences of traumatized people,"In this study, we explored differences in personality and daily life experiences of traumatized (n = 26) versus nontraumatized (n = 30) college students. Study participants completed a variety of personality measures as well as a 28-day experience sampling study assessing daily activities, emotions, and physical health. Although not differing on general demographics, traumatized individuals reported more trait anxiety and lower self-esteem than nontraumatized individuals. They scored higher on Neuroticism, were more introverted, and were less emotionally stable than nontraumatized participants. Traumatized individuals also reported more cognitive disturbances, emotional blunting, and interpersonal withdrawal. They did not report being more depressed, but did endorse cognitive styles associated with heightened risk for depression. Earlier age of trauma was associated with more pathological outcomes: lower self-esteem and psychological well-being, more anxiety, more pessimism, and emotional constriction of positive mood. We compare this symptom profile to that of posttraumatic stress disorder.","adaptive behavior, adult, anxiety, article, control, daily life activity, ego development, emotional disorder, female, human, human relation, male, perception, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, statistics","Bunce, S. C., Larsen, R. J., Peterson, C.",1995.0,,,0,0,
916,Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in women with a menstrually related mood disorder: Association with histories of sexual abuse,"INTRODUCTION: We previously reported a unique hypothalamic-pituitary- thyroid (HPT) axis profile in women with a menstrually related mood disorder (MRMD) who also had a history of sexual abuse (SA). In the present study, we sought to extend that work by examining the association of an SA history with HPT-axis disturbance in both women with MRMD and women without MRMD. METHODS: Fifty-seven women met the prospective criteria for MRMD (23 with an SA history), and 52 women were non-MRMD (18 with an SA history). Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxin (T4; total and free), and triiodothyronine (T3; total and free) were evaluated in serum, together with thyroid hormone ratios reflecting T4 to T3 conversion. RESULTS: Women with MRMD, compared with women without MRMD, had elevated T3/T4 ratios (p values ≤ .01; reflecting increased conversion of T4 to T3) and lower free and total T4 concentrations (p values = .01). Higher T3/T4 ratios and lower T4 concentrations predicted more severe premenstrual symptoms in all women. An SA history, irrespective of MRMD status, was associated with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations (p = .03). However, in women with MRMD, an SA history was associated with elevated T3 concentrations (p = .049), whereas in women without MRMD, an SA history was associated with decreased T3 concentrations (p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: An MRMD and an SA history are associated with independent and interactive effects on the HPT axis. The evidence that an MRMD moderates the influence of SA on T3 concentrations contributes to a growing body of work suggesting that an SA history may identify a distinct subgroup of women with MRMD. Copyright © 2012 by the American Psychosomatic Society.","menstrually related mood disorders, sexual abuse, thyroid hormones","Bunevicius, A., Leserman, J., Girdler, S. S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
917,Transcriptional profling of peripheral blood cells in clinical pharmacogenomic studies,"Peripheral blood represents an attractive tissue source in clinical pharmacogenomic studies, given the feasibility of its collection from patients and its potential as a sentinel tissue to monitor perturbations of physiology in many disease states. The hypothesis is that the circulating blood cells monitor the physiological state of the organism and alter their transcriptome in response to this surveillance. However, the successful implementation of transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood cells in clinical trials represents a tremendous technical challenge for several reasons, including controlling the pre-analytical variables associated with sample processing and the interpretation of gene expression signatures generated from the complex mixture of cell types in blood. Multiple approaches for identifying transcriptomes in peripheral blood cells exist and each method is associated with significant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, a growing number of studies are rapidly identifying transcriptional biomarkers in peripheral blood cells that may function as biomarkers of disease, evidence of pharmacodynamic effect, or even predictors of clinical outcomes and risk of toxicity. This review highlights the major approaches employed in global transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood cells and summarizes the available literature of initial studies in the growing field of hemogenomics. The overall purpose of the review is to focus on the development and application of technologies for the use of peripheral blood cells as a sentinel or surrogate tissue to measure disease state and drug response. (copyright) 2006 Future Medicine Ltd.","Alzheimer disease vaccine, amyloid beta protein1-42, benzene, beta interferon, interleukin 2, RNA, semaxanib, temsirolimus, transcriptome, Alzheimer disease, blood sampling, cell count, cell growth, cell isolation, cell population, cell type, smoking, colorectal cancer, cytotoxicity, disease predisposition, gene expression profiling, genetic stability, genetic transcription, human, kidney cancer, melanoma, meningoencephalitis, microarray analysis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, pharmacogenomics, posttraumatic stress disorder, real time polymerase chain reaction, reproducibility, review, RNA isolation, validation process, an 1792, cci 779, su 5416","Burczynski, M. E., Dorner, A. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
918,Rapastinel (GLYX-13) has therapeutic potential for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: Characterization of a NMDA receptor-mediated metaplasticity process in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats,"Rapastinel (GLYX-13) is a NMDA receptor modulator with glycine-site partial agonist properties. It is a robust cognitive enhancer and shows rapid and long-lasting antidepressant properties in both animal models and in humans. Contextual fear extinction (CFE) in rodents has been well characterized and used extensively as a model to study the neurobiological mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since CFE is NMDA receptor modulated and neural circuitry in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) regulates both depression and PTSD, studies were undertaken to examine the effects of rapastinel for its therapeutic potential in PTSD and to use rapastinel as a tool to study its underlying glutamatergic mechanisms. A 21-day chronic mild unpredictable stress (CUS) rat model was used to model depression and PTSD. The effects of CUS alone compared to No CUS controls, and the effects of rapastinel (3 mg/kg IV) on CUS-treated animals were examined. The effect of rapastinel was first assessed using CUS-treated rats in three depression models, Porsolt, sucrose preference, and novelty-induced hypophagia tests, and found to produce a complete reversal of the depressive-like state in each model. Rapastinel was then assessed in a MPFC-dependent positive emotional learning paradigm and in CFE and again a reversal of the impairments induced by CUS treatment was observed. Both synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity, as measured by the induction of long-term potentiation in rat MPFC slice preparations, was found to be markedly impaired in CUS-treated animals. This impairment was reversed when CUS-treated rats were administered rapastinel and tested 24 h later. Transcriptomic analysis of MPFC mRNA expression in CUS-treated rats corroborated the link between rapastinel's behavioral effects and synaptic plasticity. A marked enrichment in both the LTP and LTD connectomes in rapastinel-treated CUS rats was observed compared to CUS-treated controls. The effects of rapastinel on depression models, PEL, and most importantly on CFE demonstrate the therapeutic potential of rapastinel for the treatment of PTSD. Moreover, rapastinel appears to elicit its therapeutic effects through a NMDA receptor-mediated, LTP-like, metaplasticity process in the MPFC. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drugs, *N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, *Prefrontal Cortex, *Synaptic Plasticity, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Rats","Burgdorf, Jeffrey, Kroes, Roger A., Zhang, Xiao-lei, Gross, Amanda L., Schmidt, Mary, Weiss, Craig, Disterhoft, John F., Burch, Ronald M., Stanton, Patric K., Moskal, Joseph R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
919,Health concerns and perceptions of central and coastal New Jersey residents in the 100days following Superstorm Sandy,"Superstorm Sandy made landfall in New Jersey 29-30 October 2012 (130 km/h winds), and many residents were evacuated, were without power for days to several weeks, and suffered property damages or lost their homes. The objective of this study was to understand health concerns within 100. days of this devastating storm that might improve recovery, future preparedness, and resilience. We conducted a survey of New Jersey residents in central (N=407) and shore communities (n=347) about health concerns before, during, and after Superstorm Sandy. People were interviewed at public places, town hall and FEMA meetings, health and university centers, and other gathering places. 47% of shore and 13% of central Jersey respondents evacuated. Both populations were concerned about agents of destruction, survival needs, and possessions before and during the storm, but they were mainly concerned about survival needs thereafter. During the storm, medical issues were the greatest concern for shore respondents (23%) vs secure and safe food and water (29%) for central respondents. Medical concerns increased after the storm. In the future, 42% of shore respondents would prepare more, while 51% of central residents would buy more supplies; 20% (shore) and 11% (central) would heed future evacuation warnings. Before Sandy many residents did not heed warnings and evacuation orders, but worried about property damage, while during and after their major concerns were personal and community health. Prevention of future health and property impacts could be enhanced by stronger evacuation enforcement, better preparedness information, greater attention to the possibility of prolonged power outages, and more attention to medical needs during and after a storm. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Anxiety, Concerns, Food security, Health, Preparedness, Resiliency","Burger, J., Gochfeld, M.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.048,0,0,
920,Concerns and perceptions immediately following Superstorm Sandy: Ratings for property damage were higher than for health issues,"Governmental officials, health and safety professionals, early responders, and the public are interested in the perceptions and concerns of people faced with a crisis, especially during and immediately after a disaster strikes. Reliable information can lead to increased individual and community preparedness for upcoming crises. The objective of this research was to evaluate concerns of coastal and central New Jersey residents within the first 100 days of Superstorm Sandys landfall. Respondents living in central New Jersey and Jersey shore communities were differentially impacted by the storm, with shore residents having higher evacuation rates (47% vs. 13%), more flood waters in their homes, longer power outages (average 23 vs. 6 days), and longer periods without Internet (29 vs. 6 days). Ratings of concerns varied both among and within categories as a function of location (central vs. coastal New Jersey), stressor level (ranging from 1 to 3 for combinations of power outages, high winds, and flooding), and demographics. Respondents were most concerned about property damage, health, inconveniences, ecological services, and nuclear power plants in that order. Respondents from the shore gave higher ratings to the concerns within each major category, compared to those from central Jersey. Four findings have implications for understanding future risk, recovery, and resiliency: (1) respondents with the highest stressor level (level 3) were more concerned about water damage than others, (2) respondents with flood damage were more concerned about water drainage and mold than others, (3) respondents with the highest stressor levels rated all ecological services higher than others, and (4) shore respondents rated all ecological services higher than central Jersey residents. These data provide information to design future preparedness plans, improve resiliency for future severe weather events, and reduce public health risk. & copy; 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","concerns, disasters, hurricanes, perceptions, preparedness, Superstorm Sandy","Burger, J., Gochfeld, M.",2015.0,,10.1080/13669877.2014.896401,0,0,
921,Trusted information sources used during and after superstorm sandy: TV and radio were used more often than social media,"Health and safety professionals and the public are interested in the best methods of providing timely information about disasters. The objective of this study was to examine information sources used for Superstorm Sandy with respect to the storm, evacuation routes, shelters, safety, and health issues. Respondents in central New Jersey and Jersey shore communities were differentially impacted by the storm. Jersey shore respondents had higher evacuation rates (47% vs. 13%), higher flood waters in homes, longer power outages (average 23 vs. 6 d), and longer periods without Internet (29 vs. 6 d). Electricity outages disrupted both sources and receivers of communication. Both groups obtained most of their information regarding safety from television, radio, friends, and Web/e-mail. Information sources on health varied by location, with central Jersey respondents using mainly TV and the Web, and Jersey shore respondents obtaining health information from the radio and TV (before the storm). For information on evacuation routes, Jersey shore respondents obtained information from many sources, while central Jersey respondents obtained it from TV. Information on mold was largely obtained from friends and the Web, since mold issues were dealt with several weeks after Sandy. The reliance on traditional sources of information (TV, radio, friends) found in this study suggests that the extreme power outages rendered Web, cell phones, and social media on cell phones less usable, and suggests the need for an integrated communication strategy with redundancies that takes into account prolonged power outages over large geographical areas. © 2013 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Pittfield, T., Donio, M.",2013.0,,10.1080/15287394.2013.844087,0,0,
922,'War neurosis' and associated physical conditions: An exploratory statistical analysis,Records of the war service disability claims for Australian Vietnam veterans in Tasmania (n = 751) were analysed to establish patterns of interrelationships between categories of disability. The predicted relationship between psychiatric disability and stress related skin disabilities was strongly supported and relationships between psychiatric and other medical disabilities were found. An exploratory principal components analysis produced three independent components which accounted for 21.2 percent of total variance. Component 1 was interpreted as a general military service component and components 2 and 3 were labelled as stress components. The most likely interpretation of the two stress components was that they reflect differences in profiles of records for disability claims depending on the time when the disability presented. The relevance of the findings is discussed.,,"Burges Watson, I. P., Wilson, G. V., Hornsby, H.",1992.0,,,0,0,
923,The MMPI and the post-traumatic stress syndrome in Vietnam era veterans,"MMPI profiles of Post-traumatic Stress outpatient and newly admitted Random Psychiatric inpatient veterans are practically identical, which indicates the severity of delayed response to stress in Vietnam veterans, especially those from urban, disadvantaged environments.",,"Burke, H. R., Mayer, S.",1985.0,,,0,0,
924,Characterizing the resilient officer: Individual attributes at point of entry to policing,"Research investigating the process of adaptation in newly recruited police officers is scarce and has yielded mixed results. Some research highlights the incidence of difficulty in adjusting to the role of police officer such as predictors of elevated stress and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Others have investigated why the majority of officers are resilient to the work and organizational challenges presented. This article examines personality, prior experience, and coping strategies of 94 newly recruited Australian police officers. The data provide a picture of police personnel who are not selected with personality profiling. Results demonstrated that the officers' personality profiles, as measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, were consistent with U.S. adult norms, except for elevated levels of extraversion. Common coping strategies include positive reinterpretation, acceptance, and planning. Measures of PTSD and positive posttrauma changes were higher in recruits who had endured a traumatic incident prior to joining the service compared to recruits who had endured stressful, rather than traumatic, events. Results provide a foundation for the longitudinal exploration of adjustment processes in police recruits. © 2006 Sage Publications.","Coping, Personality, Police recruits, Posttraumatic growth, Stress, Trauma","Burke, K. J., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Paton, D., Ryan, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
925,Broadening the etiological discourse on Alzheimer's disease to include trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder as psychosocial risk factors,"Biomedical perspectives have long dominated research on the etiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet these approaches do not solely explain observed variations in individual AD trajectories. More robust biopsychosocial models regard the course of AD as a dialectical interplay of neuropathological and psychosocial influences. Drawing on this broader conceptualization, we conducted an extensive review of empirical and theoretical literature on the associations of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and AD to develop a working model that conceptualizes the role of psychosocial stressors and physiological mechanisms in the onset and course of AD. The proposed model suggests two pathways. In the first, previous life trauma acts as a risk factor for later-life onset of AD, either directly or mediated by PTSD or PTSD correlates. In the second, de novo AD experiential trauma is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, either directly or mediated through PTSD or PTSD correlates. Evidence synthesized in this paper indicates that previous life trauma and PTSD are strong candidates as psychosocial risk factors for AD and warrant further empirical scrutiny. Psychosocial and neurological-based intervention implications are discussed. A biopsychosocial approach has the capacity to enhance understanding of individual AD trajectories, moving the field toward 'person-centered' models of care.","Alzheimer Disease/*etiology, Cognition, Disease Progression, Humans, Models, Psychological, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*complications, Wounds and Injuries/complications, ""Alzheimers disease"", Dementia, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Burnes, D. P., Burnette, D.",2013.0,Aug,10.1016/j.jaging.2013.03.002,0,0,
926,Broadening the etiological discourse on Alzheimer's disease to include trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder as psychosocial risk factors,"Biomedical perspectives have long dominated research on the etiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet these approaches do not solely explain observed variations in individual AD trajectories. More robust biopsychosocial models regard the course of AD as a dialectical interplay of neuropathological and psychosocial influences. Drawing on this broader conceptualization, we conducted an extensive review of empirical and theoretical literature on the associations of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and AD to develop a working model that conceptualizes the role of psychosocial stressors and physiological mechanisms in the onset and course of AD. The proposed model suggests two pathways. In the first, previous life trauma acts as a risk factor for later-life onset of AD, either directly or mediated by PTSD or PTSD correlates. In the second, de novo AD experiential trauma is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, either directly or mediated through PTSD or PTSD correlates. Evidence synthesized in this paper indicates that previous life trauma and PTSD are strong candidates as psychosocial risk factors for AD and warrant further empirical scrutiny. Psychosocial and neurological-based intervention implications are discussed. A biopsychosocial approach has the capacity to enhance understanding of individual AD trajectories, moving the field toward 'person-centered' models of care. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","""Alzheimers disease"", Dementia, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Risk factors, Trauma","Burnes, D. P. R., Burnette, D.",2013.0,,,0,0,925
927,"Mental imagery, emotion and psychopathology across child and adolescent development","Mental imagery-based interventions are receiving increasing interest for the treatment of psychological disorders in adults. This is based on evidence that mental imagery potently influences the experience of emotion in non-clinical samples, and that a number of psychological disorders are marked by syndrome-specific, distressing abnormalities in mental imagery. During childhood and adolescence, neurocognitive development impacting mental imagery processes may moderate its relationship with clinically-relevant emotional symptoms at a number of potential loci. Crucially, these changes could impact vulnerability to distressing mental imagery and the efficacy of mental imagery-based clinical interventions. This review synthesises evidence pertaining to developmental changes in the role and content of mental imagery, and in the cognitive sub-processes required to generate and sustain mental images. Subsequently, we discuss implications for understanding the developmental relationship between mental imagery, emotion and psychopathology. Translational cognitive neuroscience research investigating the content, emotional impact and neurocognitive substrates of mental imagery across development may reveal insights into trajectories of vulnerability to symptoms of a number of psychological disorders. If proper consideration is given to developmental factors, techniques based on mental imagery may be valuable as part of a treatment armoury for child and adolescent clinical populations and those at risk of emotional disorders. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Adolescence, Childhood, Emotion, Emotional disorders, Mental imagery","Burnett Heyes, S., Lau, J. Y. F., Holmes, E. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
928,Concepts of normal bereavement,"This study used a 23-item questionnaire to examine the perceptions of 128 people with a close interest in bereavement and its literature. The study is part of a project to identify key aspects and the bereavement process. Subjects were asked to rate their perceptions of key bereavement phenomena with regards their frequency in the acute and later stages of bereavement. Descriptive results are presented and discussed, and a profile of phenomena perceived to be common to both stages is outlined.","adult, article, bereavement, human, major clinical study, normal human, perception, questionnaire","Burnett, P., Middleton, W., Raphael, B., Dunne, M., Moylan, A., Martinek, N.",1994.0,,,0,0,
929,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among firearm assault survivors: Risk and resiliency factors in recovery from violent victimization,"Firearm violence in the United States has reached epidemic proportions, and yet little is known about the psychosocial impact of firearm assault on its survivors. This study set out to: (1) determine the rate of chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and (2) to identify pre-assault factors, assault characteristics, and factors in the post-assault recovery environment that serve as risk or protective factors for the development of PTSD in a sample of firearm assault survivors. In addition, a qualitative analysis drew upon in-depth interviews with six firearm assault survivors about their recovery experience. Fifty-five firearm assault survivors recruited from an urban trauma center completed a number of measures assessing pre-assault factors, assault characteristics, factors in the post-assault recovery environment, and PTSD symptomatology. Fifty-eight percent of the sample met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD 3 to 36 months post-assault. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis supported a model in which negative change of outlook, assault severity, and adopting safeguarding behaviors served as risk factors for the presence of PTSD after firearm assault; while social support operated as a resiliency factor protecting individuals from development of PTSD after severe violent victimization. Qualitative analysis revealed a number of commonalities in the recovery experience for both impaired and resilient survivors. The findings suggest that firearm assault survivors are at high risk for the development of chronic PTSD. Further, the use of a high-risk screening tool that assesses risk and protective factors for the development of chronic PTSD may have important clinical applications in identifying victims most in need of clinical intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Recovery (Disorders), *Violence, *Weapons","Burnette, Sherry",1998.0,,,0,0,
930,Correspondence: Gaza,,,"Burns, J., Daiches, A., Mitcheston, L., Reynolds, S., Sperlinger, D., Wanigaratne, S., Weegmann, M., Winter, D., Wren, B., Yule, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
931,Gaza,,,"Burns, J., Daiches, A., Mitcheston, L., Reynolds, S., Sperlinger, D., Wanigaratne, S., Weegmann, M., Winter, D., Wren, B., Yule, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
932,Treatment type and demographic characteristics as predictors for cancer adjustment: Prospective trajectories of depressive symptoms in a population sample,"Objective: Prospectively identifying individuals at heightened risk for depression can alleviate the disease burden of distal physical and mental health consequences after cancer onset. Our objective was to identify heterogeneous trajectories of adjustment in cancer patients, using treatment-type as a predictor. Methods: Participants were followed for 6 years within the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a prospective population-based cohort study. The sample consisted of 1,294 middle-aged participants who were assessed once before and 3 time points after their report of an initial cancer diagnosis. In addition to self-reported depressive symptoms, subjects indicated receipt of surgical, radiological, or chemical interventions as part of their usual oncological care. Results: Four symptom trajectories were identified with Latent Growth Mixture Modeling: an increasing depression (10.5%), chronic depression (8.0%), depressed-improved (7.8%), and stable-low depression (73.7%). A conditional model using participants with available predictor data (n = 545) showed individuals in the emerging depression class were significantly more likely to have received chemo/medication therapy when compared with the remitting depression, stable-low, and chronic depression classes. Participants in the chronic and depressed-improved classes generally had worse baseline health, and the depressedimproved were also younger in age. Conclusion: Patients who exhibited increasing depressive symptoms had a greater probability of receiving chemo/medication therapy than any other adjustment trajectory group, although the majority of chemotherapy patients did not exhibit depressive symptom changes. These data underscore the diversity of ways that patients adjust to cancer, and suggest cancer treatment, baseline health, and age may influence long-term patterns of psychological adjustment. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Adjustment, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Heterogeneity","Burton, C. L., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A.",2015.0,,10.1037/hea0000145,0,1,
933,The Enhancement of Natural Resilience in Trauma Interventions,"Resilience following trauma is the rule, not the exception. The minority of individuals who go on to suffer chronic pathology such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will likely benefit from a number of evidence-based treatments. The study of resilience provides a new framework to examine and build upon these existing therapies. This article outlines an evidence-based theoretical model for understanding psychotherapy for PTSD through the lens of resilience. Specifically, we explore three broad factors thought to underlie resilience: social support, returning to daily routine, and meaning making. We review the literature regarding the impact of these factors on natural recovery after a trauma as well as treatment response. We connect these processes to interventions and techniques used in several empirically supported therapies, highlighting compatibility and synergy with therapeutic goals. With this review, we aim to map our existing knowledge about resilience onto theoretical models of treatment efficacy to broaden our conceptualization of treatment mechanisms and spur new ideas to improve clinical outcomes for those suffering due to trauma. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","PTSD, Resilience, Trauma focused treatments","Burton, M. S., Cooper, A. A., Feeny, N. C., Zoellner, L. A.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10879-015-9302-7,0,0,
934,Individual differences in fear: Isolating fear reactivity and fear recovery phenotypes,,,"Bush, D. E. A., Sotres-Bayon, F., LeDoux, J. E.",2007.0,,10.1002/jts.20261,0,0,
935,Recruitment and attrition issues in military clinical trials and health research studies,,,"Bush, N. E., Sheppard, S. C., Fantelli, E., Bell, K. R., Reger, M. A.",2013.0,,10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00234,0,0,
936,Post-traumatic stress disorder related to the cancer experience,"Many healthcare professionals think about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the context of soldiers returning from war zones, victims of abuse, or trauma survivors. Research literature supports a range of psychological stressors that are associated with a cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Psychological responses of distress are most often reported at major transition points, such as diagnosis, treatment, conclusion of treatment, recurrence, and terminal disease, and include but are not limited to shock, denial, fear, anxiety, panic, sadness, depression, and appetite and sleep disturbances. A multimodal approach is needed to diagnose PTSD. This includes data that address social, cognitive, emotional, family, and occupational functioning. The human spirit is resilient. Many research studies have investigated positive life changes that individuals claim are a result of their cancer experiences. sources of posttraumatic growth will help all healthcare professionals foster the strength of the people they care for. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Health Care Services, *Multimodal Treatment Approach, *Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors","Bush, Nancy Jo",2009.0,,,0,0,
937,Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) This chapter offers a broad framework of the nature of trauma and subsequent trauma syndromes. The history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) initially focused on male veterans, which has led to some limitations in current definitions and formal classification systems. Women are now recognised to be more vulnerable than men to trauma syndromes, particularly complex PTSD. Women tend to experience more multiple trauma in their lifetimes, particularly childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault and domestic violence in general. Models for understanding PTSD revolve around issues of trauma perception, dissociation and memory processing. Attachment history and relational difficulties influence the complexity of symptom formation. PTS symptom severity and chronicity are related to the dose response effect of exposure as well as the level of peri-traumatic dissociation. Therapeutic interventions follow mainly psychotherapeutic lines and include dynamic psychotherapy, dialectical behavioural therapy and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Symptoms, Chronicity (Disorders), Human Females, Models, Severity (Disorders), Susceptibility (Disorders)","Busuttil, Walter",2007.0,,,0,0,
938,Assessment and treatment in polytrauma contexts: Traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Military personnel deployed to Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) return from combat with injuries that were fatal in previous wars. This is partially due to more rapid and sophisticated medical responses on the battlefield and partially to improved protective equipment, such as Kevlar vests (Sayer et al., 2008; Warden, 2006). Protective gear and armored vehicles protect soldiers from mortal internal injuries but not from bodily trauma or concussive brain injuries. Recent studies have found that the great majority of injuries were due to explosions, and many involve more than one area of the body (i.e., polytrauma; Sayer et al., 2008). Physical injury during deployment is associated with a higher prevalence of PTSD postdeployment (J. E. Kennedy et al., 2007; Stein & McAllister, 2009). In a recent survey, 9% of soldiers returning from deployment without physical injury screened positive for PTSD (Hoge et al., 2008); however, the rate was almost double (16%) among those reporting bodily injury during deployment. This rate is similar to an earlier study assessing the increased risk of PTSD due to combat-related injury (Koren, Norman, Cohen, Berman, & Klein, 2005). Finally, another postdeployment survey of veterans revealed that the incidence of PTSD increased with the number of injury mechanisms: 14% for one, 29% for two, and 51% for three or more (Schneiderman, Braver, & Kang, 2008). This chapter focuses on how to adapt the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to returning veterans with polytraumatic injuries, especially when the polytrauma involves a traumatic brain injury (TBI). We begin with a review of the empirical literature addressing the prevalence of PTSD in polytrauma populations and the degree to which polytrauma alters PTSD severity and treatment response. Although the evidence base regarding best models of clinical management of PTSD when accompanied by TBI is in its infancy, we present suggestions for assessment of polytrauma and outline techniques and tools useful in optimizing psychosocial and psychopharmacological PTSD treatment interventions in polytrauma contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Measurement, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Treatment, Military Veterans, Severity (Disorders), War","Butler, David L., Hurley, Robin A., Taber, Katherine H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
939,Psychological resilience in the face of terrorism,,,"Butler, L., Morland, L., Leskin, G.",2007.0,,,0,0,
940,Positive symptoms of psychosis in posttraumatic stress disorder,"The possible presence of hallucinations and delusional thoughts in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was investigated. Other symptom clusters were also assessed in order to further clarify the nature of PTSD. Twenty combat veterans with PTSD were compared to 18 combat veterans without PTSD on symptom rating scales. The subjects with PTSD exhibited a greater degree of depression, anxiety, agitation, anhedonia, and positive symptoms of psychosis than the comparison group. Specifically, the PTSD group manifested increased hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior. Some of these positive symptoms did not appear to be due to reexperiencing of the trauma. The groups were not significantly different on indices of mania, thought disorder, or inertia. The clinical and diagnostic implications of the results are discussed. A diagnosis of PTSD should be considered with patients who have positive symptoms in the absence of thought disorder.","Delusions, Differential diagnosis, Hallucinations, Positive symptoms, PTSD","Butler, R. W., Mueser, K. T., Sprock, J., Braff, D. L.",1996.0,,,0,0,
941,"The clinical picture of mental disorders in burnt children, victims of the railway accident","The authors provide the results of the follow-up and examination of 57 children with burn disease due to the railway accident. Describe psychopathological disorders which developed in the victims at different stages of burn disease: burn shock, toxemia, septicotoxemia, and convalescence. Lay emphasis on the fact that in formation of the psychopathological symptomatology in the acute period, of importance were thermal, traumatic, intoxication and psychogenous factors; during convalescence, of great importance was the appearance of postburn scars on the open parts of the body. The authors distinguish the overvalued complex, related to feelings due to the cosmetic defect; describe its structure and typology. The given work makes it possible to have a more comprehensive idea of the phenomenology of neuropsychic disorders in the burnt, as well as of the principles of organizing the psychiatric and psychotherapeutic aid, and of its position in a complex of treatment measures for burn disease.",,"Butorina, N. E., Shadrina, I. V., Poletsky, V. M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
942,Victimization of women and its impact on assessment and treatment in the psychiatric emergency setting,"An understanding of victimization is critical to the practice of emergency psychiatry. Victimization histories are disturbingly common among women presenting to the PES, particularly among frequent service users. The sequelae of victimization are both psychological and physical and often impair health and functioning across numerous domains. PTSD, BPD, and substance-use disorders are often seen among women with victimization histories, which can be particularly challenging for PES providers. Screening for trauma on PES presentation or history should not be overlooked in any person, including severely mentally ill, homeless, disabled, or elderly women. PES clinicians should remember to ask about victimization and pose questions privately in a direct and an open-ended format while conveying empathic validation. Clinical assessment of women with victimization histories in the PES should be guided by the principles of standard emergency psychiatry and be informed by an understanding of trauma. This includes a working knowledge of trauma dynamics, adherence to sound professional boundaries, and care not to retraumatize patients or re-enact perpetrator- victim dynamics. Voyeurism and regression should be avoided, particularly when eliciting trauma history. The PES should be a place for screening and acute intervention, not for conducting intensive trauma therapy. In the PES, the focus should remain on triage and treatment priorities, those of safety and stabilization, and carefully evaluating for substance use and psychosis. The PES ideally provides a 'holding environment' that affords a balance of nurturing, limits, consistency, and communication. A basic knowledge of cognitive-behavioral interventions affording 'crisis survival strategies,' such as DBT, can be particularly useful to PES clinicians. Clinicians also need to monitor issues of countertransference and the potential to be dismissive to these women with complex, comorbid, and chronic problems and diseases. The role for the use of psychotropic medication in PES cohorts with victimization histories should target acute symptoms. Involving regular providers of these decisions is advised to coordinate care and minimize splitting and risks of polypharmacy. Although the SSRIs are effective in symptom management of disorders related to victimization, patients must be reminded of the side-effect profile, particularly sexual dysfunction and withdrawal and discontinuation syndromes.","borderline state, disease severity, emergency health service, female, health care utilization, homelessness, human, mental health service, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, risk, sexual abuse, substance abuse, victim, violence","Butterfield, M. I., Panzer, P. G., Forneris, C. A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
943,Social support and stress: The role of social comparison and social exchange processes,,,"Buunk, B. P., Hoorens, V.",1992.0,,,0,0,
944,"Enforcement of psychiatric safety measure in the period from January 1, 1998 till December 31, 2008","The aim of the study was to assess the relation of indication for recommendation of psychiatric safety measure in the period from January 1, 1998 till December 31, 2008, according to the level of diminished responsibility, category of criminal offence and diagnostic categories. The study was conducted in a group of 95 subjects referred to Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Vrapce Psychiatric Hospital, for enforcement of psychiatric safety measure. A higher level of diminished responsibility (moderate, moderate to severe, significant) was recorded in 53% of study subjects. According to the structure of criminal offence, family violence, child abuse and neglect were the most common criminal offences (35% of cases) for which safety measures were recommended. Personality disorder was the most common diagnosis (31%), with a higher prevalence of cluster B disorders, i.e. antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic types, followed by psychoactive substance abuse and addiction (26%). Posttraumatic stress disorder and permanent personality change after traumatic event were diagnosed in 21% of study subjects.","psychotropic agent, addiction, article, borderline state, child abuse, child neglect, criminal behavior, family violence, histrionic personality disorder, human, major clinical study, mental health care, narcissism, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathy, safety, substance abuse","Buzina, N., Goreta, M., Jukic, V., Covic, I. P., Jolic, I., Krajacic, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
945,"Enforcement of psychiatric safety measure in the period from January 1, 1998 till December 31, 2008","The aim of the study was to assess the relation of indication for recommendation of psychiatric safety measure in the period from January 1, 1998 till December 31, 2008, according to the level of diminished responsibility, category of criminal offence and diagnostic categories. The study was conducted in a group of 95 subjects referred to Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Vrapče Psychiatric Hospital, for enforcement of psychiatric safety measure. A higher level of diminished responsibility (moderate, moderate to severe, significant) was recorded in 53% of study subjects. According to the structure of criminal offence, family violence, child abuse and neglect were the most common criminal offences (35% of cases) for which safety measures were recommended. Personality disorder was the most common diagnosis (31%), with a higher prevalence of cluster B disorders, i.e. antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic types, followed by psychoactive substance abuse and addiction (26%). Posttraumatic stress disorder and permanent personality change after traumatic event were diagnosed in 21% of study subjects.","Criminal offence, Diminished responsibility, Personality disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Safety measure","Buzina, N., Goreta, M., Jukić, V., Čović, I. P., Jolić, I., Krajačić, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,944
946,An Investigation of PTSD's Core Dimensions and Relations With Anxiety and Depression,"OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly comorbid with anxiety and depressive disorders, which is suggestive of shared variance or common underlying dimensions. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the latent factors of PTSD with the constructs of anxiety and depression in order to increase understanding of the co-occurrence of these disorders. METHOD: Data were collected from a nonclinical sample of 186 trauma-exposed participants using the PTSD Checklist and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine model fit comparing 3 PTSD factor structure models, followed by Wald tests comparing the relationships between PTSD factors and the core dimensions of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: In model comparisons, the 5-factor dysphoric arousal model of PTSD provided the best fit for the data, compared to the emotional numbing and dysphoria models of PTSD. Compared to anxious arousal, the dysphoric arousal and numbing factors of PTSD were more related to depression severity. Numbing, anxious arousal, and dysphoric arousal were not differentially related to the latent anxiety factor. CONCLUSIONS: The underlying factors of PTSD contain aspects of the core dimensions of both anxiety and depression. The heterogeneity of PTSD's associations with anxiety and depressive constructs requires additional empirical exploration because clarification regarding these relationships will impact diagnostic classification as well as clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record",,"Byllesby, B. M., Durham, T. A., Forbes, D., Armour, C., Elhai, J. D.",2015.0,Sep 21,10.1037/tra0000081,0,0,
947,Ethnic differences in symptoms among female veterans diagnosed with PTSD,"Among U.S. male Vietnam veterans, Hispanics have been shown to have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites (Kulka et al., 1990). In terms of gender, Tolin and Foa's (2006) meta-analysis suggested women experience higher rates of PTSD than men. This study examined ethnic differences in PTSD and other symptomatology among 398 female veterans (63% non-Hispanic White, 28% Hispanic, 9% African American) seeking treatment for PTSD from 1995 to 2009 at a Veterans Administration (VA) behavioral health clinic. The following symptom clusters were examined: anxiety/PTSD, depression, anger/hostility, and psychotic/dissociative symptoms. Few differences were found among the groups, suggesting the 3 ethnic groups studied were more similar than different. African American female veterans, however, scored higher on measuring ideas of persecution/paranoia, although this may reflect an adaptive response to racism. These findings warrant further investigation to elucidate this relationship. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"""CDe Baca, J."", Castillo, D., Qualls, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
948,Ethnic Differences in Personality Disorder Patterns among Women Veterans Diagnosed with PTSD,"Personality Disorders (PDs) impair the ability to function socially and occupationally. PD prevalence rates among veterans who have also been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) range from 45%-79%. This study examined ethnic differences in PDs assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III in 260 non-Hispanic white (64%), Hispanic (27%), and African American (9%), mostly single, women veterans in treatment for PTSD. After adjusting for covariates including number and sexual-nature of trauma, findings revealed the adjusted odds ratio of having a cluster A PD was almost three times higher for African Americans (p = 0.046) then the other two ethnic groups, which may be driven by the paranoid PD scale and potentially reflects an adaptive response to racial discrimination. In cluster designation analysis, the odds were twice as high of having a cluster B PD with childhood trauma (p = 0.046), and a cluster C PD with sexual trauma (p = 0.004), demonstrating the significance of childhood and sexual trauma on long-term chronic personality patterns in women veterans. These results highlight the importance of using instruments with demonstrated diagnostic validity for minority populations.","Ptsd, ethnicity, personality disorders, race, veterans, women","""CDe Baca, J."", Castillo, D. T., Mackaronis, J. E., Qualls, C.",2014.0,Mar,10.3390/bs4010072,0,0,
949,Respiratory and mental health effects of wildfires: An ecological study in Galician municipalities (north-west Spain),"Background: During the summer of 2006, a wave of wildfires struck Galicia (north-west Spain), giving rise to a disaster situation in which a great deal of the territory was destroyed. Unlike other occasions, the wildfires in this case also threatened farms, houses and even human lives, with the result that the perception of disaster and helplessness was the most acute experienced in recent years. This study sought to analyse the respiratory and mental health effects of the August-2006 fires, using consumption of anxiolytics-hypnotics and drugs for obstructive airway diseases as indicators. Methods. We conducted an analytical, ecological geographical- and temporal-cluster study, using municipality-month as the study unit. The independent variable was exposure to wildfires in August 2006, with municipalities thus being classified into the following three categories: no exposure; medium exposure; and high exposure. Dependent variables were: (1) anxiolytics-hypnotics; and (2) drugs for obstructive airway diseases consumption. These variables were calculated for the two 12-month periods before and after August 2006. Additive models for time series were used for statistical analysis purposes. Results: The results revealed a higher consumption of drugs for obstructive airway diseases among pensioners during the months following the wildfires, in municipalities affected versus those unaffected by fire. In terms of consumption of anxiolytics-hypnotics, the results showed a significant increase among men among men overall -pensioners and non-pensioners- in fire-affected municipalities. Conclusions: Our study indicates that wildfires have a significant effect on population health. The coherence of these results suggests that drug utilisation research is a useful tool for studying morbidity associated with environmental incidents. © 2011 Caamano-Isorna et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Caamano-Isorna, F., Figueiras, A., Sastre, I., Montes-Martínez, A., Taracido, M., Pĩeiro-Lamas, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
950,The psychological profile using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the value of this test in the evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder in combat participants,"Different stress disorders, including the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), developed as the consequence of traumatic stress experience, represent the most frequent patterns of reactive mental disorders of the soldiers in war. Clinical picture of those events has mostly been described in details in the literature, but the search for simple and reliable methods of detection still lasts. The aim of this study was to determine psychological profile and value of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for the detection and description of PTSD in psychotraumatized examinees. It was investigated totally 119 soldiers--the participants of combat actions in the area of former Yugoslavia, among whom 71 examines formed part of clinical group that manifested symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and control group consisted of 48 war participants, but without psychopatologic consequences. The investigation was performed by application of MMPI-personality test (form MMPI-201). Significant differences between clinical and control groups of examinees were determined, which confirmed the value of that inventory in the detection of PTSD symptoms. The most discriminative value was noticed in the next test scales: atypical behavior (F), depression (D), and paranola (Pa), that was also observed in relevant foreign studies carried in war veterans.","adult, article, human, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, war, Yugoslavia","Cabarkapa, M., Markovic, N., Popovic, L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
951,The psychological profile using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the value of this test in the evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder in combat participants,"Different stress disorders, including the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), developed as the consequence of traumatic stress experience, represent the most frequent patterns of reactive mental disorders of the soldiers in war. Clinical picture of those events has mostly been described in details in the literature, but the search for simple and reliable methods of detection still lasts. The aim of this study was to determine psychological profile and value of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for the detection and description of PTSD in psychotraumatized examinees. It was investigated totally 119 soldiers--the participants of combat actions in the area of former Yugoslavia, among whom 71 examines formed part of clinical group that manifested symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and control group consisted of 48 war participants, but without psychopatologic consequences. The investigation was performed by application of MMPI-personality test (form MMPI-201). Significant differences between clinical and control groups of examinees were determined, which confirmed the value of that inventory in the detection of PTSD symptoms. The most discriminative value was noticed in the next test scales: atypical behavior (F), depression (D), and paranola (Pa), that was also observed in relevant foreign studies carried in war veterans.",,"Cabarkapa, M., Marković, N., Popović, L.",1997.0,,,0,0,950
952,Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with chronic illnesses: a meta-analysis,,,"Cabizuca, M., Marques-Portella, C., Mendlowicz, M. V., Coutinho, E. S., Figueira, I.",2009.0,2009,,0,0,
953,The invisible patients: Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of individuals with cystic fibrosis,"Background: Besides the growing acknowledgment of the relevance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to medical illness, there is no study in cystic fibrosis yet. Objective: To assess the prevalence of PTSD and the three clusters of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in parents of patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: Parents of patients with cystic fibrosis (age range: 2 to 33 years) were drawn from the Cystic Fibrosis Association of the city of Rio de Janeiro. In this cross-sectional study, parents were asked to fulfill a questionnaire for social and demographic characteristics and were interviewed by means of the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Results: The sample was comprised 62 subjects (46 mothers and 16 fathers). Current prevalence for full PTSD was 6.5% and that for partial PTSD was 19.4%. Parents with and without PTSS differed significantly in two psychosocial aspects: the former reported more emotional problems (p = 0.001); and acknowledged more often the need for psychological or psychiatric interventions (p = 0.002) than the latter. However, only 6.3% of the parents with PTSS were in psychological/psychiatric treatment. Discussion: This preliminary study showed that the frequency of PTSD symptoms is fairly high among parents of patients with cystic fibrosis, and although these parents recognize they have emotional problems and need psychological/psychiatric treatment, their suffering remains ""invisible"" to the medical system, leading to underdiagnosis and undertreatment.","Cystic fibrosis, Parents, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Posttraumatic stress symptoms, Prevalence","Cabizuca, M., Mendlowicz, M., Marques-Portella, C., Ragoni, C., Coutinho, E. S. F., De Souza, W., Mari, J. D. J., Figueira, I.",2010.0,,,0,0,
954,Childhood Adversity and Combat as Predictors of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress in Deployed Troops,,,"Cabrera, O. A., Hoge, C. W., Bliese, P. D., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C.",2007.0,,10.1016/j.amepre.2007.03.019,0,0,
955,Genomics and pharmacogenomics of brain disorders,"CNS disorders are the third major problem of health in developed countries, with approximately 10% of direct costs associated with a pharmacological treatment of doubtful cost-effectiveness. There is an alarming abuse of psychotropic drugs worldwide and only 20-30% of patients with CNS disorders appropriately respond to conventional drugs. The pathogenesis of most CNS disorders is the result of the interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors with environmental factors leading to post-transcriptional changes and proteomic and metabolomic dysfunctions. It is estimated that genetics accounts for 20% to 95% of variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics, and about 25-60% of the Western population is defective in genes responsible for drug metabolism. In the European population only 25% of subjects are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 genes. About 50% of adverse drug events in CNS disorders might be attributed to pharmacogenomic factors. The rationale for practical pharmacogenomics and personalized therapeutics based on individual genomic profiles implies the management of different types of genes and their products including (i) genes associated with the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs (neurotransmitters, receptors, transporters), (ii) genes encoding enzymes responsible for drug metabolism (phase I, phase II reactions), (iii) disease-specific genes associated with a particular pathogenic cascade, and (iv) pleiotropic genes with multilocative effects in metabolomic networks. The incorporation of genomic medicine procedures and pharmacogenomics into clinical practice, together with educational programs for the correct use of medication, must help to optimize therapeutics in CNS disorders. (copyright) 2012 Bentham Science Publishers.","analgesic agent, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, antiobesity agent, antiparkinson agent, anxiolytic agent, apolipoprotein C3, apolipoprotein E, aripiprazole, benperidol, benzodiazepine, bromperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cytochrome P450 2C19, cytochrome P450 2C9, cytochrome P450 2D6, cytochrome P450 3A4, cytochrome P450 3A5, donepezil, droperidol, fluphenazine, hypnotic sedative agent, narcotic analgesic agent, neuroleptic agent, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, unindexed drug, valproic acid, Alzheimer disease, article, attention deficit disorder, autism, brain disease, copy number variation, depression, DNA sequence, drug disposition, drug metabolism, environmental factor, epigenetics, gene deletion, human, multiinfarct dementia, multiple sclerosis, pharmacogenomics, point mutation, posttraumatic stress disorder, prescription, proteomics, seizure, single nucleotide polymorphism","Cacabelos, R., Martinez-Bouza, R., Carril, J. C., Fernandez-Novoa, L., Lombardi, V., Carrera, I., Corzo, L., McKay, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
956,Genomics and pharmacogenomics of brain disorders,"CNS disorders are the third major problem of health in developed countries, with approximately 10% of direct costs associated with a pharmacological treatment of doubtful cost-effectiveness. There is an alarming abuse of psychotropic drugs worldwide and only 20-30% of patients with CNS disorders appropriately respond to conventional drugs. The pathogenesis of most CNS disorders is the result of the interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors with environmental factors leading to post-transcriptional changes and proteomic and metabolomic dysfunctions. It is estimated that genetics accounts for 20% to 95% of variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics, and about 25-60% of the Western population is defective in genes responsible for drug metabolism. In the European population only 25% of subjects are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 genes. About 50% of adverse drug events in CNS disorders might be attributed to pharmacogenomic factors. The rationale for practical pharmacogenomics and personalized therapeutics based on individual genomic profiles implies the management of different types of genes and their products including (i) genes associated with the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs (neurotransmitters, receptors, transporters), (ii) genes encoding enzymes responsible for drug metabolism (phase I, phase II reactions), (iii) disease-specific genes associated with a particular pathogenic cascade, and (iv) pleiotropic genes with multilocative effects in metabolomic networks. The incorporation of genomic medicine procedures and pharmacogenomics into clinical practice, together with educational programs for the correct use of medication, must help to optimize therapeutics in CNS disorders. © 2012 Bentham Science Publishers.","Antidepressants, APOB, APOC3, APOE, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, Dementia, Mental disorders, Neuroleptics, Pharmacogenomics","Cacabelos, R., Martínez-Bouza, R., Carril, J. C., Fernández-Novoa, L., Lombardi, V., Carrera, I., Corzo, L., McKay, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,955
957,Voluntary exercise does not ameliorate context memory and hyperarousal in a mouse model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Objectives: We investigated the effects of voluntary wheel running as model for intervention on the development of contextual fear and hyperarousal in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Physical exercise in general has been associated with improved hippocampus-dependent memory performance both in animals and humans. However, studies that have tried to link physical exercise and contextual conditioning in an animal model of PTSD, revealed mixed findings. Methods: Here we tested contextual fear conditioning, generalized fear response, acoustic startle response and emotionality in C57BL/6NCrl mice which had free access to a running wheel for 28 days, compared with control animals which did not run and mice which did not receive a shock during the conditioning phase. Results: We found no significant effects of voluntary running on the above-mentioned variables, except for enhanced anxiety levels in the Dark-Light-Box and O-Maze tests of running mice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that running as a model for intervention does not ameliorate contextual aversive learning but has the potency to change emotional behaviours. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Exercise, *Memory, *Physiological Arousal, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Emotionality, Animal Models, Conditioned Fear, Fear, Mice, Startle Reflex","Cacciaglia, Raffaele, Krause-Utz, Annegret, Vogt, Miriam A., Schmahl, Christian, Flor, Herta, Gass, Peter",2013.0,,,0,0,
958,Posttraumatic stress disorder and its relationship with attachment styles and dimensions,"Treatment studies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consistently show a portion of participants with poor treatment outcomes. Bowlby.s attachment theory is one framework for understanding PTSD. Research has begun investigating relationships between PTSD and attachment and has found relationships between PTSD symptoms and attachment across attachment styles. The purpose of the current study was to extend this research by investigating relationships between a person.s own PTSD symptoms and attachment style and dimensions. The study used a correlational approach with a convenience sample of adults diagnosed with PTSD (N = 80). The research questions sought to (a) examine the relationships between a person.s predominating PTSD symptom cluster and their scores on the two attachment dimensions that combine to form attachment styles, and (b) accurately classify participants into their attachment style based on their three PTSD symptom cluster scores. Participants completed the Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised (ECR-R) and PTSD Checklist- Specific (PCL-S) via a secure website. MANOVA was used for the first research question and multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) for the second. MANOVA results were nonsignificant but MDA results classified participants at a greater-than-chance rate. The MDA classification results provide implications for positive social change by supplying preliminary evidence for relationships between a person.s own PTSD symptoms and attachment style, suggesting that personalizing PTSD treatment protocols according to a person.s attachment style may improve treatment outcomes for people with PTSD. More research is needed to determine mediating variables between these constructs as well as how attachment considerations may be most effectively implemented in treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attachment Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes","Cain, Jennifer Lynn Folberg",2012.0,,,0,0,
959,"Pre-, peri-, and post-deployment trajectories of health over four years of follow-up in the Ohio army national guard mental health initiative (OHARNG-MHI)","Background: The burden of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in the military is well documented and co-occurring alcohol misuse is common, but few studies have documented longitudinal trajectories of these disorders, and none have considered how co-occurring alcohol misuse modifies these trajectories. The primary aim of the OHARNG-MHI is to examine the role of pre-, peri-, and post-deployment experiences, both military and civilian, in jointly contributing to trajectories of psychopathology, psychological adjustment, and resilience. This particular analysis identifies vulnerable subgroups by studying trajectories of depression and PTSD symptoms after deployment across four waves. Methods: Among 3457 subjects enrolled into Waves 1-4 from 2008-2012, a cohort of 1199 were identified as having completed at least two study waves, being deployed within two years of baseline, and having experienced a traumatic event. All subjects with depression, with or without PTSD (n=727), completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9); those who also had co-occurring PTSD completed the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Subjects with PTSD (n=472) completed both the PHQ-9 and the PCL using the same traumatic event defined as their worst of all study waves. Time-stable risk factors at baseline (area of conflict to which the soldier was deployed in their most recent deployment, low education/income, childhood adversity, marital status, 10+lifetime traumas, 4+lifetime stressful events) and time-varying covariates (past-year alcohol misuse, past-year PTSD, past-year depression, and cumulative traumas and stressors) were used to identify membership into different latent trajectory groups and to assess the effect of alcohol misuse on observed trajectories. Using the PHQ-9, depression symptoms were modeled assuming a zero-inflated Poisson distribution in the 727 soldiers. PTSD symptoms were modeled assuming a censored normal distribution using the PTSD Check List symptom scale in 472 soldiers and were questioned about the same worst index event throughout all follow-up interviews. Alcohol misuse was defined as having either past-year abuse or dependence defined by the DSM-IV. SAS-callable proc traj was used to estimate output trajectories. PTSD diagnosis at each time point was used as a time-varying covariate to see if it significantly altered outcome, and conversely, depression at each time point was used as a covariate in the PTSD trajectories. Results: Following combat trauma and after the follow-up period, 46% of soldiers were resistant to the development of PTSD symptoms, 38% experienced mild PTSD symptoms that remitted, 11% mild chronic PTSD symptoms, and 5% chronic moderately severe PTSD. Vulnerable subgroups were identifiable at baseline as low income, low education, and high number of lifetime traumatic events. 55% of soldiers were resistant to the development of depressive symptoms, 20% experienced remitting mild depression symptoms, 13% displayed delayed onset of two symptoms of depression, and 12% showed chronic dysfunction. Trajectories of Depression: Baseline lifetime stressors predicted chronic dysfunction three-fold. The absence of childhood trauma, not being married/being single, not being deployed to a conflict area, and having few lifetime stressors were associated with resistance to the development of depressive symptoms. Whereas the addition of alcohol abuse or dependence had no effect on the 55% who were resistant to depression symptoms across all four waves, all other subgroups misusing alcohol experienced a worsening of depressive symptoms. Of the 727, the 13% who were resistant at month 7 and only worsened minimally over the 45 months were particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of alcohol misuse, which resulted in a 180% increase in depression symptoms across the four waves; the two remaining trajectory groups showed moderate increases in symptomology. Trajectories of PTSD: A high level of potentially traumatic events at baseline made soldiers nearly 12 times more likely to fall into the chronic dysfunction group. Being deployed to an area of conflict was associated with constant mild symptoms. Of the 472, 46% experienced no PTSD symptoms at month 7 and went on to be completely resistant to the development of PTSD symptoms at all four time points. 38% had mild subsyndromal symptoms that gradually remitted over 45 weeks, 11% who had persistent constant mild symptoms of PTSD continued to do so, and 5% who had severe chronic symptoms worsened over time. The impact of those misusing alcohol was compared to those not misusing alcohol. The addition of alcohol misuse mildly worsened subjects in all four groups, with the largest effect being a 9. Conclusions: Most soldiers fell into the low-symptoms groups and were resistant to both PTSD and depression. The primary predictors of chronic dysfunction were low income, low education, and a high number of lifetime traumas and stressors. The potential influence of lifetime risk factors on trajectories suggests that a life course perspective (including pre-, peri-, postdeployment inquiry) is critical in the investigation of psychopathology in service members.","alcohol, suicide, alcohol consumption, health, follow up, United States, army, mental health, college, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, lifespan, soldier, injury, depression, single (marital status), childhood, risk factor, checklist, lowest income group, education, mental disease, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, marriage, alcohol abuse, diagnosis, abuse, diseases, interview, normal distribution, Poisson distribution","Calabrese, J., Sampson, L., Cohen, G. H., Chan, P. K., Fink, D. S., Tamburrino, M., Liberzon, I., Galea, S.",2014.0,,,0,1,
960,PTSD comorbidity and suicidal ideation associated with PTSD within the Ohio Army National Guard,,,"Calabrese, J. R., Prescott, M., Tamburrino, M., Liberzon, I., Slembarski, R., Goldmann, E., Shirley, E., Fine, T., Goto, T., Wilson, K., Ganocy, S., Chan, P., Serrano, M. B., Sizemore, J., Galea, S.",2011.0,,10.4088/JCP.11m06956,0,0,
961,Exploratory factor analysis of the greek adaptation of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition; DSM-IV) conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes three symptom clusters or sequelae: reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) is based on the DSM-IV criteria. In the current study, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the PCL-C using a sample of 312 adults. We examined whether the Greek adaptation of the PCL-C evidenced the three-factor solution given by the DSM-IV symptom cluster or the four-factor solution implied in other studies. The EFA was used to extract three- and four-factor solutions. The EFA identified a three-factor solution that included reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal supporting the DSM-IV PTSD symptoms. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Calbari, E., Anagnostopoulos, F.",2010.0,,,0,0,
962,The Mental Health Impact of 9/11 on Inner-City High School Students 20 Miles North of Ground Zero,"Purpose: To determine the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after 9/11 in a sample of New York City high school students and associations among personal exposure, loss of psychosocial resources, prior mental health treatment, and PTSD. Methods: A total of 1214 students (grades 9 through 12) attending a large community high school in Bronx County, 20 miles north of ""Ground Zero,"" completed a 45-item questionnaire during gym class on one day eight months after 9/11. Students were primarily Hispanic (62%) and African American (29%) and lived in the surrounding neighborhood. The questionnaire included the PCL-T, a 17-item PTSD checklist supplied by the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PCL-T was scored following the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD requiring endorsement of at least one repeating symptom, two hyperarousal symptoms, and three avoidance symptoms. Bivariate analysis comparing PTSD with personal exposure, loss of psychosocial resources, and mental health variables was done and multiple logistic regression was used to identify significant associations. Results: There were 7.4 % of students with the PTSD symptom cluster. Bivariate analysis showed a trend for females to have higher rates of PTSD (males [6%] vs. females [9%], p = .06] with no overall ethnic differences. Five of the six personal exposure variables, and both of the loss of psychosocial resources and mental health variables were significantly associated with PTSD symptom cluster. Multiple logistic regression analysis found one personal exposure variable (having financial difficulties after 9/11, odds ratio [OR] = 5.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-9.7); both the loss of psychosocial resources variables (currently feeling less safe, OR = 3.58; 95% CI 1.9-6.8) and currently feeling less protected by the government, (OR = 4.04; 95% CI 2.1-7.7); and one mental health variable (use of psychotropic medication before 9/11, OR = 3.95; 95% CI 1.2-13.0) were significantly associated with PTSD symptom cluster. Conclusions: We found a rate of PTSD in Bronx students after 9/11 that was much higher than other large studies of PTSD in adolescents done before 9/11. Adolescents living in inner cities with high poverty and violence rates may be at high risk for PTSD after a terrorist attack. Students who still felt vulnerable and less safe eight months later and those with prior mental health treatment were four times more likely to have PTSD than those without such characteristics, highlighting the influence of personality and mental health on development of PTSD after a traumatic event. (copyright) 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine.","adolescent, adult, African American, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, comparative study, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, exposure, female, government, high school student, Hispanic, human, male, mental health, mental health care, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, sample size, scoring system, sex difference, social psychology, statistical analysis","Calderoni, M. E., Alderman, E. M., Silver, E. J., Bauman, L. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
963,Body mass index and quality of life: examining blacks and whites with chronic pain,"Obesity contributes to several chronic pain conditions, negatively affecting quality of life (QOL). However, obesity's relationship with chronic pain is poorly understood. This prospective survey study examines obesity's role in chronic pain and subsequent impact on QOL. Black and white patients with chronic pain (N = 183, 18-50 years of age, 64% women, 50% black) were studied to determine predictors for the presence of body mass index (BMI) information in medical records, group BMI differences, and how BMI and pain contribute to mental/physical outcomes. BMI was calculated by using medical records nearest the enrollment date. Sociodemographic data, sleep, pain, functioning, disability, and depression were measured. BMI data were available for 143 subjects (78%), with blacks having a higher BMI (P = .002). Black (P = .08), people with higher pain (P < .01), affective distress (P < .01), and post-traumatic stress disorder scores (P = .07) were less likely to have their BMI recorded. Path analysis tested relationships between sociodemographics, BMI and pain with functioning, depression, and disability. BMI was positively associated with black race and age and predicted poorer physical functioning and greater disability. Pain was not predicted by race or age but was associated with all outcomes. These findings support assessing BMI when managing chronic pain and its negative impact on QOL, especially for minority patients. PERSPECTIVE: This study examines the relationships among sociodemographic factors, BMI, and QOL in chronic pain. Our results demonstrate significant racial disparity among chronic pain patients in assessing BMI and quality of pain care. These findings support obesity's negative impact on overall health and the importance of measuring BMI in patients with chronic pain, especially racial and ethnic minorities.","Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/*psychology, Age Factors, *Body Mass Index, Chronic Disease, Depression/ethnology/etiology, European Continental Ancestry Group/*psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/ethnology/etiology, Pain/complications/*ethnology/psychology, Pain Measurement, Prospective Studies, *Quality of Life, Questionnaires, Sickness Impact Profile, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/ethnology/etiology, Young Adult","Caldwell, J., Hart-Johnson, T., Green, C. R.",2009.0,Jan,10.1016/j.jpain.2008.07.005,0,0,
964,Feigning combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the personality assessment inventory,"This study examined whether individuals who were instructed on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could feign PTSD on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991). The study also investigated whether PAI indexes of symptom exaggeration, the Negative Impression Management (NIM) scale and the Malingering index, could identify individuals feigning PTSD. The diagnostic rule for PTSD (Morey, 1991, 1996) was applied to the profiles of a group of 23 veterans with combat-related PTSD and 23 male undergraduates instructed to malinger PTSD. Seventy percent of the student malingerers produced profiles that received diagnostic consideration for PTSD. The NIM cutting score (≥8) was highly effective in detecting simulation of PTSD but resulted in the misclassification of a large number of true PTSD cases. There were no significant differences in the overall efficiency of the test with various validity criteria. We discuss the implications of these findings for the use of the PAI in the diagnosis of combat-related PTSD.",,"Calhoun, P. S., Earnst, K. S., Tucker, D. D., Kirby, A. C., Beckham, J. C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
965,The effect of draft DSM-V criteria on posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence,"Background This study was designed to examine the concordance of proposed DSM-V posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria with DSM-IV classification rules and examine the impact of the proposed DSM-V PTSD criteria on prevalence. Method The sample (N = 185) included participants who were recruited for studies focused on trauma and health conducted at an academic medical center and VA medical center in the southeastern United States. The prevalence and concordance between DSM-IV and the proposed DSM-V classifications were calculated based on results from structured clinical interviews. Prevalence rates and diagnostic efficiency indices including sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and Kappa were calculated for each of the possible ways to define DSM-V PTSD. Results Ninety-five percent of the sample reported an event that met both DSM-IV PTSD Criterion A1 and A2, but only 89% reported a trauma that met Criterion A on DSM-V. Results examining concordance between DSM-IV and DSM-V algorithms indicated that several of the algorithms had AUCs above 0.90. The requirement of two symptoms from both Clusters D and E provided strong concordance to DSM-IV (AUC = 0.93; Kappa = 0.86) and a greater balance between sensitivity and specificity than requiring three symptoms in both Clusters D and E. Conclusions Despite several significant changes to the diagnostic criteria for PTSD for DSM-V, several possible classification rules provided good concordance with DSM-IV. The magnitude of the impact of DSM-V decision rules on prevalence will be largely affected by the DSM-IV PTSD base rate in the population of interest. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","diagnostic criteria, DSM-IV, DSM-V, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, syndromes","Calhoun, P. S., Hertzberg, J. S., Kirby, A. C., Dennis, M. F., Hair, L. P., Dedert, E. A., Beckham, J. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
966,"Longitudinal Evaluation of the Relationship Between Mindfulness, General Distress, Anxiety, and PTSD in a Recently Deployed National Guard Sample","Mindfulness has increasingly been shown to be a resilience-promoting factor against the negative effects of stress and anxiety. While there is considerable literature evidencing that higher levels of mindfulness are associated with decreased stress and anxiety in civilian cross-sectional studies, fewer studies have examined this relationship utilizing longitudinal designs with recently deployed National Guard soldiers. The present study examined the resilience-promoting effects of mindfulness on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and general distress with members of Aviation (N = 52) and Infantry (N = 146) battalions of the Army National Guard who recently returned from deployment. Each study participant completed measures at two time points (3 and 12 months post-deployment) to examine whether mindfulness predicted symptom reporting over time. Overall, findings suggest that time 1 mindfulness is a significant predictor of time 2 general distress, anxiety, and the hyperarousal symptom cluster, but not time 2 total PTSD. Consistent with previous studies, these findings suggest that mindfulness measures may be useful for identifying soldiers at risk and resilient for post-deployment psychological distress. The implications for different diagnostic frameworks and criteria are considered. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Active duty, Anxiety, Longitudinal design, Military sample, Mindfulness, PTSD","Call, D., Pitcock, J., Pyne, J.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12671-015-0400-0,0,0,
967,Test of the Trauma Outcome Process Assessment Model: One Model of Individual and Environmental Factors to Explain Adjustment,"The Trauma Outcome Process Assessment (TOPA) is a theoretical model, based on a large body of empirical research establishing key variables that consistently are associated with a range of outcomes following traumatic events. Although most who experience a traumatic event will initially experience symptoms of distress, most will subsequently recover without intervention. Those responding to the needs of trauma survivors are unable currently to predict at early stages who might benefit from assistance and where to devote resources. In this model, individual variables (e.g., personality) are considered within the context of ecological factors (e.g., family dynamics, social support) to explain mental health outcomes (e.g., recovery, various forms of distress) following traumatic stressor exposure. Analyses in this study revealed the expected relationships among study measures and found that the measures mapped well onto the hypothesized latent constructs of the TOPA model. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) the TOPA performed well, suggesting that the TOPA has utility as a theoretical basis for the identification and treatment of differential mental health outcomes following exposure to a traumatic stressor and lend support to key variables that might be considered to better understand trajectories of recovery and illness. © The Author(s) 2013.","outcomes, PTG, PTSD, stress, structural equation modeling, trauma, traumatization","Callahan, J. L., Borja, S. E., Herbert, G. L., Maxwell, K., Ruggero, C. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
968,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Clinical and sociodemographical characteristics of patients attended at the Pernambuco Military Police Psychiatric Clinic,"Objectives: This study aims to verify the existence and characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a high-risk group connected to the Pernambuco Military Police Health System and its Psychiatric Clinic. Methods: Case series descriptive clinical study in which thirty patients were selected as they were consecutively attended at the psychiatric clinic. Results: The predominant characteristics that were identified in the sample helped to create a profile of this group: male, aged around 34, married, low ranking officer with a per capita family income lower than two minimum salaries. They were the direct victims of the traumatic event and had previous record of earlier traumas. Psychiatric comorbidity was present in 53% of the sample and was significantly more likely to be presented among those who had the disorder lasting more than two years; 40% of the cases had previously sought psychiatric help and this diagnosis had not been considered. Conclusion: The data presented here indicate the necessity of spreading knowledge about PTSD, along with the adoption of specific preventative, therapeutic and rehabilitation measures, which are currently nonexistent.","Anxiety disorders, Military psychiatry, Police, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Cåmara Filho, J. W. S., Sougey, E. B.",2004.0,,,0,0,
969,Legislative change is associated with improved health status in people with whiplash,,,"Cameron, I. D., Rebbeck, T., Sindhusake, D., Rubin, G., Feyer, A. M., Walsh, J., Schofield, W. N.",2008.0,,10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816244ed,0,0,
970,Symptom profiles of patients with DSM-III anxiety disorders,"The authors used symptom profiles, demographic data, and other variables to compare 316 patients representing all specific DSM-III anxiety disorders except posttraumatic stress disorder to each other and to published norms for both an unselected psychiatric outpatient population and normal subjects. The results support the grouping of these disorders, with the possible exception of obsessive-compulsive disorder, into one general diagnostic category of 'anxiety disorders'. The distinction between the specific diagnoses of simple phobia and social phobia was also supported; however, the differentiation between panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety was only weakly supported.",,"Cameron, O. G., Thyer, B. A., Nesse, R. M., Curtis, G. C.",1986.0,,,0,0,
971,The effect of compensation claims on outcomes after injury,,,"Cameron, P., Gabbe, B.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2009.06.309,0,0,
972,Familial linkage between neuropsychiatric disorders and intellectual interests,"From personality to neuropsychiatric disorders, individual differences in brain function are known to have a strong heritable component. Here we report that between close relatives, a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders covary strongly with intellectual interests. We surveyed an entire class of high-functioning young adults at an elite university for prospective major, familial incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders, and demographic and attitudinal questions. Students aspiring to technical majors (science/mathematics/engineering) were more likely than other students to report a sibling with an autism spectrum disorder (p = 0.037). Conversely, students interested in the humanities were more likely to report a family member with major depressive disorder (p = 8.8×10 -4), bipolar disorder (p = 0.027), or substance abuse problems (p = 1.9×10 -6). A combined PREdisposition for Subject MattEr (PRESUME) score based on these disorders was strongly predictive of subject matter interests (p = 9.6×10 -8). Our results suggest that shared genetic (and perhaps environmental) factors may both predispose for heritable neuropsychiatric disorders and influence the development of intellectual interests. © 2012 Campbell, Wang.",,"Campbell, B. C., Wang, S. S. H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
973,The relationship between posttraumatic emotional numbing and alcohol use among recent combat veterans,"Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) face high rates of comorbid posttraumatic stress (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD). Research among Veterans of previous wars has found support for the self-medication hypothesis as an explanation for comorbid PTSD and AUD. The present study sought to expand upon these findings by examining specific PTSD symptom clusters as they relate to alcohol use among OEF/OIF combat Veterans. A recent study (Jakupcak et al., 2010) found that self-reported emotional numbing symptoms were uniquely associated with alcohol misuse among OEF/OIF Veterans. Accordingly, we hypothesized that PTSD symptom severity, and emotional numbing in particular, would uniquely predict subsequent alcohol use. This adds to existing research by using a longitudinal design to assess symptoms via clinical interviews. Participants were 64 OEF/OIF Veterans with PTSD symptoms and hazardous alcohol use (AUDIT score (greater-than or equal to) 8). Measures administered at baseline included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and the Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB). Participants then completed 28 days of PTSD symptom and drinking ecological momentary assessment (EMA). The TLFB was also administered again one month post-baseline. Multiple regression analyses tested which predictors were uniquely related to the number of drinks consumed during the 30 days pre- and post-baseline. Controlling for relevant demographic or military variables, post-baseline alcohol use was not significantly related to emotional numbing symptom severity or any other PTSD symptom cluster. However, pre-baseline alcohol use was uniquely related to emotional numbing severity (ss = .295, p = .05). While there was a significant relationship between emotional numbing and alcohol use prior to the baseline interview, a similar relationship between postbaseline alcohol use and PTSD severity was not found. This may be due to the self-monitoring nature of the post-baseline assessment period (i.e., measurement reactivity). While selfmedication of emotional numbing symptoms may have been occurring prior to baseline, the baseline interview and EMA, in particular, may have increased participant awareness of their use of alcohol to cope with their PTSD symptoms, effectively disrupting the cycle of self-medication.","alcohol, alcohol consumption, veteran, human, society, alcoholism, posttraumatic stress disorder, interview, self medication, self monitoring, hypothesis, army, multiple regression, drinking, medical audit, war, alcohol use disorder","Campbell, C., Pratt, A., McKenzie, S., Bruder, T., Stanistreet-Clouston, K., Maisto, S. A., Possemato, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
974,Treating multiple incident post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) in an inner city london prison: The need for an evidence base,"Background: Mental health problems have been found to be more prevalent in prison populations, and higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been found in sentenced populations compared to the general population. Evidence-based treatment in the general population however has not been transferred and empirically supported into the prison system. Aims: The aim of this manuscript is to illustrate how trauma focused work can be applied in a prison setting. Method: This report describes a two-phased approach to treating PTSD, starting with stabilization, followed by an integration of culturally appropriate ideas from narrative exposure therapy (NET), given that the traumas were during war and conflict, and trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT). Results: PTSD and scores on paranoia scales improved between start and end of treatment; these improvements were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: This case report 1 illustrates successful treatment of multiple incident PTSD in a prison setting using adaptations to TF-CBT during a window of opportunity when individuals are more likely to be free from substances and live in relative stability. Current service provision and evidence-based practice for PTSD is urgently required in UK prisons to allow individuals to engage in opportunities to reduce re-offending, free from mental health symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Campbell, Catherine A., Albert, Idit, Jarrett, Manuela, Byrne, Majella, Roberts, Anna, Phillip, Patricia, Huddy, Vyv, Valmaggia, Lucia",2015.0,,,0,0,
975,Prevalence of depression-PTSD comorbidity: Implications for clinical practice guidelines and primary care-based interventions,,,"Campbell, D. G., Felker, B. L., Liu, C. F., Yano, E. M., Kirchner, J. E., Chan, D., Rubenstein, L. V., Chaney, E. F.",2007.0,,10.1007/s11606-006-0101-4,0,0,
976,Pharmaceutical Opioid Use and Dependence among People Living with Chronic Pain: Associations Observed within the Pain and Opioids in Treatment (POINT) Cohort,"Objective: There is increasing concern about the appropriateness of prescribing pharmaceutical opioids for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP), given the risks of problematic use and dependence. This article examines pharmaceutical opioid dose and dependence and examines the correlates of each. Design: Baseline data were obtained from a national sample of 1,424 people across Australia (median 58 years, 55% female and experiencing pain for a median of 10 years), who had been prescribed opioids for CNCP. Current opioid consumption was estimated in oral morphine equivalent (OME; mg per day), and ICD-10 pharmaceutical opioid dependence was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Current opioid consumption varied widely: 8.8% were taking <20 mg OME per day, 52.1% were taking 21-90 mg OME, 24.3% were taking 91-199 mg OME, and 14.8% were taking >= 200 mg OME. Greater daily OME consumption was associated with higher odds of multiple physical and mental health issues, aberrant opioid use, problems associated with opioid medication and opioid dependence. A significant minority, 8.5%, met criteria for lifetime ICD-10 pharmaceutical opioid dependence and 4.7% met criteria for past year ICD-10 pharmaceutical opioid dependence. Multivariate analysis found past-year dependence was independently associated with being younger, exhibiting more aberrant behaviors and having a history of benzodiazepine dependence. Conclusions: In this population of people taking opioids for CNCP, consumption of higher doses was associated with increased risk of problematic behaviors, and was more likely among people with a complex profile of physical and mental health problems.","morphine, opiate, oxycodone, adult, age distribution, anxiety, article, Australia, chronic pain, depression, disease severity, drug use, employment status, female, human, major clinical study, male, opiate addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder, prescription, prevalence, risk factor, scoring system, sex ratio, substance abuse","Campbell, G., Nielsen, S., Larance, B., Bruno, R., Mattick, R., Hall, W., Lintzeris, N., Cohen, M., Smith, K., Degenhardt, L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
977,"The Co-Occurrence of Childhood Sexual Abuse, Adult Sexual Assault, Intimate Partner Violence, and Sexual Harassment: A Mediational Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Physical Health Outcomes","This study examined the co-occurrence of childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and sexual harassment in a predominantly African American sample of 268 female veterans, randomly sampled from an urban Veterans Affairs hospital women's clinic. A combination of hierarchical and iterative cluster analysis was used to identify 4 patterns of women's lifetime experiences of violence co-occurrence. The 1st cluster experienced relatively low levels of all 4 forms of violence; the 2nd group, high levels of all 4 forms; the 3rd, sexual revictimization across the lifespan with adult sexual harassment; and the 4th, high intimate partner violence with sexual harassment. This cluster solution was validated in a theoretically driven model that examined the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a mediator of physical health symptomatology. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that PTSD fully mediated the relationship between violence and physical health symptomatology. Consistent with a bio-psycho-immunologic theoretical model, PTSD levels more strongly predicted pain-related physical health symptoms compared to nonpain health problems. Implications for clinical interventions to prevent PTSD and to screen women for histories of violence in health care settings are discussed. (copyright) 2008 American Psychological Association.","adult, adulthood, African American, article, child sexual abuse, cluster analysis, controlled study, female, health status, human, major clinical study, outcome assessment, pain assessment, partner violence, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, sexual crime, sexual harassment, urban area, veteran, victim","Campbell, R., Greeson, M. R., Bybee, D., Raja, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
978,The Impact of Rape on Women's Sexual Health Risk Behaviors,"This study used cluster analysis to identify three patterns of sexual health risk behaviors in a sample of adult rape survivors (N = 102). Women in the 1st cluster (high risk) reported substantial increases from pre- to postrape in their frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, infrequency of condom use, and frequency of using alcohol and/or drugs during sex. The 2nd cluster (moderate risk) reported increases in frequency of sexual activity and number of partners but mitigated that risk with increased condom use. Survivors in the 3rd cluster (low risk) indicated that their sexual health behaviors had become much less risky postrape. An ecological model predicting cluster membership revealed that individual-level and contextual factors predict patterns of risk behaviors.","Rape, Risk behaviors, Sexual risk","Campbell, R., Sefl, T., Ahrens, C. E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
979,The role of personality traits and profiles in posttrauma comorbidity,"Many service members experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after deployment. PTSD can vary widely in its presentation and associated features, such as comorbid conditions. Research has shown that veterans with PTSD and an internalizing personality profile are more likely to experience internalizing comorbidity (e.g., anxiety, depression), whereas veterans with PTSD and an externalizing personality profile are more likely to experience externalizing comorbidity (e.g., substance abuse, aggression). To date, however, this research has been limited by a focus on diagnosable disorders and personality categories. In a nonclinical sample of 224 National Guard/Reserve service members who had served since 2001, we explored whether personality traits (measured continuously) moderated associations of PTSD symptom severity with the severity of internalizing (depression, anxiety) and externalizing (alcohol abuse, aggression) symptoms. Results showed that the association of PTSD with anxiety was stronger when extraversion was lower (corresponding to an internalizing personality profile). Moreover, the association of PTSD with alcohol abuse was stronger when extraversion was high and conscientiousness was low (corresponding to an externalizing personality profile). Surprisingly, this association was also stronger when extraversion was low and conscientiousness was high. Results offer additional insights into prior research on personality and comorbidity.","Adult, Comorbidity, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology, Personality Inventory, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Self Disclosure, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*psychology, Utah/epidemiology, Veterans/*psychology, military, posttraumatic stress, veterans, war","Campbell, S. B., Renshaw, K. D., Righter, J. B.",2015.0,,10.1080/15299732.2014.985864,0,0,
980,Peritraumatic dissociation as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical note,"BACKGROUND In the literature, dissociation at the time of a traumatic event (peritraumatic dissociation) is considered as a risk factor for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD). AIM TO conduct a critical survey of the literature on the relation between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD . METHOD The literature on peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD Was reviewed with the help of PsycINFO and Medline. Studies concerning peritraumatic dissociation were compared with current opinions concerning reports compiled by the patients themselves. RESULTS Studies on the relation between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD rely on retrospective reports compiled by the patients themselves. However, people in general and PTSD-patients in particular are unable to give accurate descriptions of the emotional negative experiences they had during a traumatic event. Their reports are adversely affected by factors such as forgetting attribution, and malingering. CONCLUSION In view of the methodology that is generally used in studies on peritraumatic dissociation, it is doubtful whether there is in fact a causal link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dissociation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Emotional Trauma","Candel, I., Merckelbach, H.",2003.0,,,0,0,
981,Peritraumatic Dissociation as a Predictor of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review,"In psychiatric literature, dissociative reactions at the time of a traumatic event (i.e., peritraumatic dissociation) are considered to be risk factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this article, we critically review research concerned with the link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD. Our main point is that studies in this area heavily rely on retrospective reports of dissociative reactions during the trauma. We argue that this methodology has important limitations since people in general and PTSD patients in particular find it difficult to give accurate descriptions of past emotional states. Restrictive factors that play a role in this context have to do with forgetting, attribution, and malingering. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dissociation, *Experimentation, *Methodology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Candel, Ingrid, Merckelbach, Harald",2004.0,,,0,0,
982,An exploration of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder in reserve forces deployed during desert storm,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), previously defined in Vietnam War veterans, was described in 251 Desert Storm reservists. The Mississippi Scale, Revised, was used with a brief demographic profile to survey Army, Marine, and Air Force personnel who had been deployed to Saudi Arabia. Age, sex, marital status, race, rank, duty, length of deployment, and branch of service were not found to be significantly related to PTSD symptoms. However, those surveyed within 3 to 6 months of homecoming reported significantly greater symptoms than those surveyed after 6 months. Five percent of subjects were found to have clinically diagnostic levels of PTSD symptoms 6 months after homecoming. Individuals who expressed difficulty discussing their experiences with more than one person also showed significantly higher PTSD scores. These findings indicate that readjustment reactions were prevalent during the first 6 months and that PTSD could be identified in 5% of the Desert Storm veterans. © 1993.",,"Candice Ross, M., Wonders, J.",1993.0,,,0,0,
983,Exposure to prolonged socio-political conflict and the risk of PTSD and depression among Palestinians,"Little is known about the impact of traumatic experiences and stressful life conditions on people in low-income countries who live in conditions of ongoing political violence. In order to determine the prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) among Palestinians subjected to chronic political violence and upheaval, we used a stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling strategy to interview a representative sample of 1,200 Palestinian adults living in Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem. Prevalence of PTSD/MD for men living in the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem was 25.4%/29.9%, 22.6%/27.6%, and 16.1%/16.1%, respectively. For women, the prevalence of PTSD/MD was 23.8%/29.0%, 23.9%/28.9%, and 19.7%/27.6%. Among men, PTSD was significantly positively associated with age group, two or more incidences of political violence (compared to none), greater intrapersonal resource loss, and loss of faith in government. MD was positively associated with experiencing exposure to one, or two or more, incidences of political violence (compared to none), and greater interpersonal and intrapersonal resource loss. Among women, PTSD was positively associated with greater interpersonal and intrapersonal resource loss, and MD was positively associated with death of a loved one, two or more socio-political stressors (compared to none) previous to the past year, one or more socio-political stressors (compared to none) in the past year, and greater interpersonal and intrapersonal resource loss. Interpersonal and intrapersonal resource losses were consistently associated with PTSD and MD, suggesting potential targets for intervention and prevention efforts and thus provide important keys to treatment in areas of ongoing conflict.","adult, aged, article, cluster analysis, conflict, death, disease association, female, human, incidence, interpersonal stress, major clinical study, major depression, male, Palestine, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, self concept, social support, violence","Canetti, D., Galea, S., Hall, B. J., Johnson, R. J., Palmieri, P. A., Hobfoll, S. E.",2010.0,,,0,0,
984,Improving mental health is key to reduce violence in Israel and Gaza,,,"Canetti, D., Hall, B. J., Greene, T., Kane, J. C., Hobfoll, S. E.",2014.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61328-3,0,0,
985,Exposure to political violence and political extremism: A stress-based process,"Exposure to political violence can lead to various political and psychological outcomes. Using the protracted Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a natural laboratory, we explore the way in which exposure to conflict violence leads to changes in citizens' political attitudes and behavior, offering a model for a stress-based process of political extremism. This model encapsulates three basic components in a causal chain leading to political extremism: exposure to political violence, psychological distress, and enhanced perceptions of threat. We find that prolonged exposure to political violence increases psychological distress, which in turn evokes stronger perceptions of threat that foment political attitudes eschewing compromise and favoring militarism. This causal chain fuels a destructive cycle of violence that is hard to break. Understanding these psychological and political consequences of exposure to political violence can help to shed light on the barriers that too often stymie peacemaking efforts and contribute to the deterioration of intractable conflicts around the globe. Thus, this review offers insights applicable to conflict zones around the world and suggests policy implications for therapeutic intervention and potential pathways to conflict resolution. © 2013 Hogrefe Publishing.","Conflict resolution, Political extremism, Political violence, Psychological distress, PTSD, Threat perception","Canetti, D., Hall, B. J., Rapaport, C., Wayne, C.",2013.0,,10.1027/1016-9040/a000158,0,0,
986,What does national resilience mean in a democracy? Evidence from the United States and Israel,"Given various challenges to national security in democracies, such as terrorism and political violence, a growing need for reconceptualization of the term ""resilience"" emerges. The interface between national security and resilience is rooted in individuals' perceptions and attitudes toward institutions and leadership. Therefore, in this article, we suggest that political-psychological features form the basis of citizens' perceived definitions of national resilience. By comparing national resilience definitions composed by citizens of two democratic countries facing national threats of war and terrorism, the United States and Israel, we found that perceived threats, optimism, and public attitudes such as patriotism and trust in governmental institutions, are the most frequent components of the perceived national resilience. On the basis of these results, a reconceptualization of the term ""national resilience"" is presented. This can lead to validation of how resilience is measured and provide grounds for further examination of this concept in other democratic countries. © The Author(s) 2013.","Israel, National resilience, Perceived threat, Terrorism, Terrorism and political violence, US","Canetti, D., Waismel-Manor, I., Cohen, N., Rapaport, C.",2014.0,,10.1177/0095327X12466828,0,0,
987,Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the musical Les Miserables,"Reviews the musical, Les Miserables. After a viewing of the musical Les Miserables, one is brought closer to understanding how post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can pervade another's life. The musical was presented at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. In this extraordinary musical was a scene of a young man, Marius, one of the few survivors of young boys and young men manning barricades to defend their position against advancing French troops several years after the French Revolution. They were determined to fight for their cause for freedom against much better trained and armed French forces, regardless of the ultimate cost: their lives. As the scene went on and the fighting began, it ended with the death of most of the young men, their bodies strewn over the barricades and the street. The audience at this Belmont University production experienced a scene that depicted the terrible feeling of guilt and sadness on the part of those who survived. The audience was moved to identify with this feeling of helplessness and sorrow, magnificently portrayed by Jefferson Carson as Marius. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Death and Dying, *Drama, *Guilt, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Theatre, Sadness, Survivors, War","Cangemi, Joseph",2014.0,,,0,0,
988,DSM-IV cure for post-traumatic stress disorder,"For those that struggle with the challenge of providing exposure therapies and other treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there is good news. Medico-legal reports by learned colleagues have convinced me there is an easier remedy. The simple act of diagnosing an adjustment disorder means that the patient has to recover within at most 6 months and probably a lot sooner, as it is now some time since the original stressor. So zero impairment can be confidently assessed and there is no need for more of that troublesome exposure work, or any other treatment for that matter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adjustment Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Treatment, Exposure Therapy","Cantor, Chris",2008.0,,,0,0,
989,Patterns of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in an epidemiological sample of Chinese earthquake survivors: A latent profile analysis,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid in association with serious clinical consequences. Nevertheless, to date, no study using latent class or latent profile analysis (LCA/LPA) has examined patterns of co-occurring PTSD and depression symptoms among natural disaster survivors, nor has the distinctiveness of DSM-5 PTSD and depression symptoms been clarified in the aftermath of trauma. This study was primarily aimed at filling these gaps. METHODS: LPA was used to examine self-reported PTSD and depression symptoms in an epidemiological sample of 1196 Chinese earthquake survivors. RESULTS: A 4-class solution characterized by low symptoms (53.9%), predominantly depression (18.2%), predominantly PTSD (18.9%) and combined PTSD-depression (9.0%) patterns fit the data best. Demographic characteristics and earthquake-related exposures were specifically or consistently associated with the non-parallel profiles varying in physical health impairment. LIMITATIONS: A sample exposed to specific traumatic events was assessed by self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS: The distinctiveness of DSM-5 PTSD and depression symptoms following an earthquake suggests that PTSD and depression may be independent sequelae of psychological trauma rather than a manifestation of a single form of psychopathology. The current findings support the distinction between PTSD and depression constructs, and highlight the need for identifications of natural disaster survivors at high risk for PTSD and/or depression, and interventions individually tailored to one's symptom presentations.","Dsm-5, Depression, Latent profile analysis, Natural disaster, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Cao, X., Wang, L., Cao, C., Zhang, J., Liu, P., Zhang, B., Wu, Q., Zhang, H., Zhao, Z., Fan, G., Elhai, J. D.",2015.0,Nov 1,10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.058,0,1,
990,Trauma-related correlates of alcohol use in recently deployed OEF/OIF veterans,"The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is well documented. Little is known about the factors that contribute to alcohol use and the development of AUDs among military personnel following deployment. The primary aim of this study was to examine trauma-related correlates of alcohol use in recently deployed Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Members of the Rhode Island National Guard and Army Reserves (N = 238) completed an in-person, initial assessment an average of 6 months postdeployment. Multiple regression analyses examined predictors of drinking outcomes (combat exposure, total PTSD symptoms, and PTSD symptom clusters) after accounting for gender, age, and history of AUD. Results indicated that total PTSD symptoms, but not combat exposure, significantly predicted alcohol use at the initial assessment. When PTSD symptom clusters were considered separately, reexperiencing symptoms (Cluster B) were the strongest predictor of total alcohol use (B = 3.58, p = .002) and heavy drinking episodes (B = 0.31, p = .005). Implications for these findings include early identification of risk factors that could lead to the development of AUDs, and the importance of integrated treatment approaches for co-occurring PTSD and AUD among veterans postdeployment. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Capone, C., McGrath, A. C., Reddy, M. K., Shea, M. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
991,Assessing post-traumatic stress symptoms in a Latino prison population,"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Davidson trauma scale (DTS-S) and to determine the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a non-clinical random sample of prison inmates. Design/methodology/approach: Probabilistic samples of 1,179 inmates from 26 penal institutions in Puerto Rico were selected using a multistage sampling design. Population estimates and correlations were obtained for PTSD, generalized anxiety and depression. The reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the DTS-S were assessed. Cross-validation was employed to confirm the results of the factor analyses. Findings: Using the cut-offs adopted by the scale's author, 136 (13.4 percent) of the inmates are likely to have current PTSD and 117 (11.6 percent) reach the cut-off for sub-threshold PTSD. Confirmatory factor analysis generated two factors explaining 53 percent of the variance. High reliabilities were obtained for the total scale (=0.95) and for the frequency and severity scales (=0.90 and 0.91). Significantly higher DTS-S scores were found for females (t =2.26, p = 0.025), for inmates diagnosed with depression or anxiety (t = =2.02, p = 0.05), and those reporting suicide attempts (t = 4.47, p = 0.0001). Originality/value: Findings support that the DTS-S is a reliable and valid measure to assess PTSD symptoms in Latino inmate populations and to identify individuals at risk for the disorder that require confirmatory diagnosis and clinical interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Foreign Language Translation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Rating Scales, *Latinos/Latinas, Prisons, Test Reliability, Test Validity","Caraballo, Jose N., Perez-Pedrogo, Coralee, Albizu-Garcia, Carmen E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
992,[Post traumatic stress disorder among assault victims],"BACKGROUND: Urban violence is increasing in Metropolitan Santiago and assault victims may suffer from post traumatic stress disorders. AIM: To study the clinical and evolutive profile of post traumatic stress disorders among assault victims. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of assault victims with post traumatic stress disorder, that were attended at the Hospital del Trabajador between 1987 and 2000. The features of these patients were compared with other patients with post traumatic stress disorders not caused by assaults. RESULTS: The records of 140 subjects (88 female) aged 34.9+/-10.9 years old, were reviewed. Seventy one percent of subjects worked as clerks and 59% were attended during the first month after the assault. Treatment with psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs lasted a median of 60 days and 62% was discharged before completing three months of treatment. These subjects used more antidepressants and had more physical lesions than subjects with a post traumatic stress disorder not caused by assaults. CONCLUSIONS: Timely diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorders caused by assaults, results in a favorable outcome in two thirds of patients.","Adult, Chile/epidemiology, Crime Victims/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology/therapy, Time Factors, Violence/*psychology/statistics & numerical data","Carbonell, C. G., Carvajal, C.",2004.0,Jul,,0,0,
993,Post traumatic stress disorder among assault victims,"Background. Urban violence is increasing in Metropolitan Santiago and assault victims may suffer from post traumatic stress disorders. Aim: To study the clinical and evolutive profile of post traumatic stress disorders among assault victims. Material and methods: Retrospective review of medical records of assault victims with post traumatic stress disorder, that were attended at the Hospital del Trabajador between 1987 and 2000. The features of these patients were compared with other patients with post traumatic stress disorders not caused by assaults. Results: The records of 140 subjects (88 female) aged 34.9±10.9 years old, were reviewed. Seventy one percent of subjects worked as clerks and 59% were attended during the first month after the assault. Treatment with psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs lasted a median of 60 days and 62% was discharged before completing three months of treatment. These subjects used more antidepressants and had more physical lesions than subjects with a post traumatic stress disorder not caused by assaults. Conclusions: Timely diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorders caused by assaults, results in a favorable outcome in two thirds of patients.","Crime, Post-traumatic, Stress disorders, Violence","Carbonell M, C. G., Carvajal A, C.",2004.0,,,0,0,992
994,Post traumatic stress disorder among assault victims,"Background. Urban violence is increasing in Metropolitan Santiago and assault victims may suffer from post traumatic stress disorders. Aim: To study the clinical and evolutive profile of post traumatic stress disorders among assault victims. Material and methods: Retrospective review of medical records of assault victims with post traumatic stress disorder, that were attended at the Hospital del Trabajador between 1987 and 2000. The features of these patients were compared with other patients with post traumatic stress disorders not caused by assaults. Results: The records of 140 subjects (88 female) aged 34.9(plus or minus)10.9 years old, were reviewed. Seventy one percent of subjects worked as clerks and 59% were attended during the first month after the assault. Treatment with psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs lasted a median of 60 days and 62% was discharged before completing three months of treatment. These subjects used more antidepressants and had more physical lesions than subjects with a post traumatic stress disorder not caused by assaults. Conclusions: Timely diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorders caused by assaults, results in a favorable outcome in two thirds of patients.","antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine, neuroleptic agent, psychotropic agent, adult, assault, controlled study, female, hospital discharge, human, major clinical study, male, medical record, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, review, victim, work","Carbonell, M. C. G., Carvajal, A. C.",2004.0,,,0,0,992
995,Post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans: An interpersonal profile using the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior Model,,,"Cardin, Denise",1993.0,,,0,0,
996,"Mental health, social functioning, and disability in postwar Afghanistan","CONTEXT: More than 2 decades of conflict have led to widespread human suffering and population displacement in Afghanistan. In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other collaborating partners performed a national population-based mental health survey in Afghanistan. OBJECTIVE: To provide national estimates of mental health status of the disabled (any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner considered normal for a human being) and nondisabled Afghan population aged at least 15 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A national multistage, cluster, population-based mental health survey of 799 adult household members (699 nondisabled and 100 disabled respondents) aged 15 years or older conducted from July to September 2002. Fifty district-level clusters were selected based on probability proportional to size sampling. One village was randomly selected in each cluster and 15 households were randomly selected in each village, yielding 750 households. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics, social functioning as measured by selected questions from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, depressive symptoms measured by the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25, trauma events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) measured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and culture-specific symptoms of mental illness and coping mechanisms. RESULTS: A total of 407 respondents (62.0%) reported experiencing at least 4 trauma events during the previous 10 years. The most common trauma events experienced by the respondents were lack of food and water (56.1%) for nondisabled persons and lack of shelter (69.7%) for disabled persons. The prevalence of respondents with symptoms of depression was 67.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 54.6%-80.7%) and 71.7% (95% CI, 65.0%-78.4%), and symptoms of anxiety 72.2% (95% CI, 63.8%-80.7%) and 84.6% (95% CI, 74.1%-95.0%) for nondisabled and disabled respondents, respectively. The prevalence of symptoms of PTSD was similar for both groups (nondisabled, 42.1%; 95% CI, 34.2%-50.1%; and disabled, 42.2%; 95% CI, 29.2%-55.2%). Women had significantly poorer mental health status than men did. Respondents who were disabled had significantly lower social functioning and poorer mental health status than those who were nondisabled. Feelings of hatred were high (84% of nondisabled and 81% of disabled respondents). Coping mechanisms included religious and spiritual practices; focusing on basic needs, such as higher income, better housing, and more food; and seeking medical assistance. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationally representative survey of Afghans, prevalence rates of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD were high. These data underscore the need for donors and health care planners to address the current lack of mental health care resources, facilities, and trained mental health care professionals in Afghanistan.","Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan/epidemiology, Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology, Cluster Analysis, Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology, Disabled Persons/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Resources, *Health Services Research, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data, *Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Sampling Studies, Social Adjustment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, Violence/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, *War","Cardozo, B. L., Bilukha, O. O., Crawford, C. A., Shaikh, I., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., Anderson, M.",2004.0,Aug 4,10.1001/jama.292.5.575,0,0,
997,Report from the CDC: mental health of women in postwar Afghanistan,"More than two decades of war and a culture that has denied women freedom of movement, access to healthcare, and education have affected the mental health status of Afghan women more than that of men. In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a national population-based mental health survey in Afghanistan. The prevalence of symptoms of depression was 73% (standard error [SE] 8.15) and 59% (SE 5.59), of symptoms of anxiety was 84% (SE 2.98) and 59% (SE 8.65), and of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 48% (SE 6.19) and 32% (SE 4.22) for female and male respondents, respectively. Mean scores for social functioning were lower for women (52.00 [SE 2.77]) than for men (66.63 [SE 3.92]). Women had significantly lower mental health status and poorer social functioning than did men. Results of our survey underscore the need for financial donors and healthcare planners to address the current lack of mental healthcare resources, facilities, and trained mental healthcare professionals in Afghanistan and to establish mental health services directed at the specific needs of women. This study highlights the negative impact that war, restrictions in freedoms, and socioeconomic hardship have had on the mental health and social functioning of women in Afghanistan.","Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan/epidemiology, Anxiety/*epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Cluster Analysis, Depression/*epidemiology, Female, Health Services Research, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data, Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data, Mentally Ill Persons/*statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Sampling Studies, Sex Distribution, Social Adjustment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, United States, Violence/statistics & numerical data, *War, ""*Womens Health""","Cardozo, B. L., Bilukha, O. O., Gotway, C. A., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., Anderson, M.",2005.0,May,10.1089/jwh.2005.14.285,0,0,
998,Mental health of women in postwar Afghanistan,"More than two decades of war and a culture that has denied women freedom of movement, access to healthcare, and education have affected the mental health status of Afghan women more than that of men. In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a national population-based mental health survey in Afghanistan. The prevalence of symptoms of depression was 73% (standard error [SE] 8.15) and 59% (SE 5.59), of symptoms of anxiety was 84% (SE 2.98) and 59% (SE 8.65), and of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 48% (SE 6.19) and 32% (SE 4.22) for female and male respondents, respectively. Mean scores for social functioning were lower for women (52.00 [SE 2.77]) than for men (66.63 [SE 3.92]). Women had significantly lower mental health status and poorer social functioning than did men. Results of our survey underscore the need for financial donors and healthcare planners to address the current lack of mental healthcare resources, facilities, and trained mental healthcare professionals in Afghanistan and to establish mental health services directed at the specific needs of women. This study highlights the negative impact that war, restrictions in freedoms, and socioeconomic hardship have had on the mental health and social functioning of women in Afghanistan. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Cardozo, B. L., Bilukha, O. O., Gotway, C. A., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., Anderson, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
999,"Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban Xhosa primary care population: Prevalence, comorbidity, and service use patterns","Despite increased awareness of the prevalence and morbidity of psychiatric illnesses, relatively few studies have been undertaken in primary care settings in the African context. The authors determined the prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a South African township primary health care clinic and assessed associated demographic factors, comorbidity, service use, service satisfaction, and quality of life. Subjects were directly interviewed using translated, standardized instruments to assess variables described. Retrospective chart analysis assessed clinician case identification and psychotropic drug-prescribing habits. Of the 201 participants (aged 15-81 yrs), 94% reported exposure to traumatic events (mean, 3.8). Trauma was associated with single status, and PTSD was associated with poverty and single status. Both sexes were equally likely to develop PTSD. PTSD, depression, and somatization disorder (18.4%) were the most common diagnoses. Comorbidity with PTSD was high and included depression, somatization, and panic disorder. Levels of functional impairment were higher for subjects with PTSD, depression, and somatization than for those without. PTSD comorbid with depression compounded impairment. Levels of trauma, PTSD, and depression... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Primary Health Care, Client Satisfaction, Comorbidity, Demographic Characteristics, Health Care Utilization, Quality of Life, Racial and Ethnic Groups, Urban Environments","Carey, Paul D., Stein, Dan J., Zungu-Dirwayi, Nompumelelo, Seedat, Soraya",2003.0,,,0,0,
1000,Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment with inositol,"Inositol, a glucose isomer and second messenger precursor, regulates numerous cellular functions and has demonstrated efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) through mechanisms that remain unclear. The effect of inositol treatment on brain function in OCD has not been studied to date. Fourteen OCD subjects underwent single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with Tc-99m HMPAO before and after 12 weeks of treatment with inositol. Whole brain voxel-wise SPM was used to assess differences in perfusion between responders and nonresponders before and after treatment as well as the effect of treatment for the group as a whole. There was 1) deactivation in OCD responders relative to nonresponders following treatment with inositol in the left superior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and precuneus, and the right paramedian post-central gyrus; 2) no significant regions of deactivation for the group as a whole posttreatment; and 3) a single cluster of higher perfusion in the left medial prefrontal region in responders compared to nonresponders at baseline. Significant reductions in the YBOCS and CGI-severity scores followed treatment. These data are only partly consistent with previous functional imaging work on OCD. They may support the idea that inositol effects a clinical response through alternate neuronal circuitry to the SSRIs and may complement animal work proposing an overlapping but distinct mechanism of action.","Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Humans, Inositol/administration & dosage/adverse effects, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/drug therapy/radionuclide imaging, Radiopharmaceuticals/diagnostic use, Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime/diagnostic use, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon","Carey, P. D., Warwick, J., Harvey, B. H., Stein, D. J., Seedat, S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1001,Post-traumatic stress and coping factors among search and recovery divers,"Background: Irish search and recovery divers dive on a voluntary basis to recover missing persons. During these procedures, they encounter situations not typically part of ordinary human experience and might be expected to experience psychological effects as a result. Aims: To investigate the association of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with previous experience of missing person recovery among divers, and to investigate the coping mechanisms used. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all 206 active search divers in Ireland. A validated questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale revised (IES-R), was used together with a coping questionnaire to compare the level of symptoms in divers with and without recovery experience, and to describe the main coping factors. Results: One hundred and fifty-five questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 75%. Divers with prior missing person recovery experience scored lower on all three PTSD dimensions (avoidance, intrusion and hyper-arousal) with a significant difference for intrusion (P < 0.001). Coping mechanisms listed by the divers were search and recovery training, support from peers and search unit and sense of duty. Conclusions: The results do not support the hypothesis of an accumulation of traumatic experience in experienced divers but may indicate a survivor bias of the most resilient individuals, or a wearing off of vulnerability to traumatic events with experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Rescue Workers","Carey, T., Gallagher, J., Greiner, B. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1002,PTSD personality subtypes in women exposed to intimate-partner violence,"There is considerable research implicating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a common reaction to intimate-partner violence (IPV; Golding, 1999). PTSD is categorized as a single disorder; however, there is significant heterogeneity in its symptom-presentation patterns (Dickstein, Suvak, Litz, & Adler, 2010). Researchers have posited underlying personality characteristics as potentiating different expressions of PTSD (Miller, Greif, & Smith, 2003). Specifically, a model with 3 personality subtypes (i.e., externalizing, internalizing, and simple) has been proposed to explain PTSD symptom-pattern heterogeneity (Miller, 2003; Miller & Resick, 2007). The current study tested the PTSD personality-subtype model in a sample of 129 women exposed to a range of IPV experiences. Temperament patterns of women reporting clinically significant PTSD symptoms replicated the 3 personality-subtype patterns found in previous investigations (i.e., an externalizing subtype group characterized by high negative emotionality and low disinhibition, an internalizing subtype group characterized by high negative emotionality and low positive emotionality, and a simple subtype group characterized by midrange scores across the temperament variables; Miller et al., 2003; Miller, Kaloupek, Dillon, & Keane, 2004; Miller & Resick, 2007). Differences between personality-subtype groups and women without clinically significant PTSD symptoms were found (p <.05), with women reporting personality patterns consistent with the internalizing and externalizing subtype groups exhibiting higher comorbid personality pathology and psychological difficulties. Implications are discussed for personality as a risk or resiliency factor in PTSD and as contributing to explaining PTSD symptom heterogeneity. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","intimate-partner violence, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, women","Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Duranceau, S.",2015.0,,10.1037/tra0000003,0,0,
1003,Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: A prospective analysis,"Examined internal and external risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms in 262 traumatized police officers. Results show that 7% of the entire sample had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as established by means of a structured interview; 34% had posttraumatic stress symptoms or subthreshold PTSD. Trauma severity was the only predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms identified at both 3 and 12 mo posttrauma. At 3 mo posttrauma, symptomatology was further predicted by introversion, difficulty in expressing feelings, emotional exhaustion at time of trauma, insufficient time allowed by employer for coming to terms with the trauma, dissatisfaction with organizational support, and insecure job future. At 12 mo posttrauma, posttraumatic stress symptoms were further predicted by lack of hobbies, acute hyperarousal, subsequent traumatic events, job dissatisfaction, brooding over work, and lack of social interaction support in the private sphere. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Occupational Stress, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Assessment, Emotional Trauma, Longitudinal Studies","Carlier, Ingrid V. E., Lamberts, Regina D., Gersons, Berthold P. R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1004,Validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in screening for multiple personality disorder: A multicenter study,"Objective: The Dissociative Experiences Scale has proved a reliable and valid instrument to measure dissociation in many groups, but its capacity to distinguish patients with multiple personality disorder from patients with other psychiatric disorders has not yet been conclusively tested. Method: A discriminant analysis was performed to classify 1,051 subjects as having or not having multiple personality disorder. Another discriminant analysis was performed on a subgroup of 883 subjects more closely representing patients in a typical psychiatric facility in terms of base rates of dissociative disorders. A cutoff score of 30 was also used to classify subjects, and Bayes's theorem, which allows for the calculation of the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of a screening test, was applied. Results: According to discriminant analysis of the total study group, the scale's sensitivity was 76% and its specificity was also 76%; according to discriminant analysis of the more representative subgroup, the scale's sensitivity was 76% and its specificity was 85%. Use of the cutoff score of 30 produced similar results. Results of the application of Bayes's theorem showed that 17% of the subjects scoring 30 or higher would actually have multiple personality disorder and 99% of those scoring less than 30 would not have multiple personality disorder. Conclusions: These results indicate that the Dissociative Experiences Scale performs quite well as a screening instrument to identify subjects with multiple personality disorder. In addition, the consistency of responses to scale items across centers indicates that the symptoms reported by patients with multiple personality disorder are highly similar across diverse geographic centers. This consistency supports the reliability and validity of the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder across centers.","adult, affective neurosis, anxiety neurosis, article, Bayes theorem, controlled study, diagnostic test, discriminant analysis, feeding disorder, female, human, hysteria, major clinical study, male, multiple personality, neurologic disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal, schizophrenia","Carlson, E. B., Putnam, F. W., Ross, C. A., Torem, M., Coons, P., Dill, D. L., Loewenstein, R. J., Braun, B. G.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1005,Headache diagnoses among iraq and afghanistan war veterans enrolled in VA: A gender comparison,"Objective To examine the prevalence and correlates of headache diagnoses, by gender, among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans who use Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care. Background Understanding the health care needs of recent Veterans, and how these needs differ between women and men, is a priority for the VA. The potential for a large burden of headache disorders among Veterans seeking VA services exists but has not been examined in a representative sample. Methods We conducted a historical cohort study using national VA inpatient and outpatient data from fiscal year 2011. Participants were all (n = 470,215) Iraq and Afghanistan War Veteran VA users in 2011; nearly 13% were women. We identified headache diagnoses using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) diagnosis codes assigned during one or more VA inpatient or outpatient encounters. Descriptive analyses included frequencies of patient characteristics, prevalence and types of headache diagnoses, and prevalence of comorbid diagnoses. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate associations between gender and headache diagnoses. Multivariate models adjusted for age and race. Additional models also adjusted for comorbid diagnoses. Results In 2011, 56,300 (11.9%) Veterans received a headache-related diagnosis. While controlling for age and race, headache diagnoses were 1.61 times more prevalent (95% CI = 1.58-1.64) among women (18%) than men (11%). Most of this difference was associated with migraine diagnoses, which were 2.66 times more prevalent (95% CI = 2.59-2.73) among women. Cluster and post-traumatic headache diagnoses were less prevalent in women than in men. These patterns remained the same when also controlling for comorbid diagnoses, which were common among both women and men with headache diagnoses. The most prevalent comorbid diagnoses examined were depression (46% of women with headache diagnoses vs 40% of men), post-traumatic stress disorder (38% vs 58%), and back pain (38% vs 46%). Conclusions Results of this study have implications for the delivery of post-deployment health services to Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans. Migraine and other headache diagnoses are common among Veterans, particularly women, and tend to occur in combination with other post-deployment health conditions for which patients are being treated. © Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.","headache, health service use, Veteran, women","Carlson, K. F., Taylor, B. C., Hagel, E. M., Cutting, A., Kerns, R., Sayer, N. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1006,Post-traumatic stress disorder in DSM-5: Estimates of prevalence and criteria comparison versus DSM-IV-TR in a non-clinical sample of earthquake survivors,"Background The latest edition of DSM (DSM-5) introduced important revisions to PTSD symptomatological criteria, such as a four-factor model and the inclusion of new symptoms. To date, only a few studies have investigated the impact that the proposed DSM-5 criteria will have on prevalence rates of PTSD. Methods An overall sample of 512 adolescents who survived the L'Aquila 2009 earthquake and were previously investigated for the presence of full and partial PTSD, using DSM-IV-TR criteria, were reassessed according to DSM-5 criteria. All subjects completed the Trauma and Loss Spectrum-Self Report (TALS-SR). Results A DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis emerged in 39.8% of subjects, with a significant difference between the two sexes (p<0.001), and an overall 87.1% consistency with DSM-IV-TR. Most of the inconsistent diagnoses that fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria but not DSM-5 criteria can be attributed to the subjects not fulfilling the new criterion C (active avoidance). Each DSM-5 symptom was more highly correlated with its corresponding symptom cluster than with other symptom clusters, but two of the new symptoms showed moderate to weak item-cluster correlations. Among DSM-5 PTSD cases: 7 (3.4%) endorsed symptom D3; 151 (74%) D4; 28 (13.7%) both D3 and D4; 75 (36.8%) E2. Limitations The use of a self-report instrument; no information on comorbidity; homogeneity of study sample; lack of assessment on functional impairment; the rates of DSM-IV-TR qualified PTSD in the sample was only 37.5%. Conclusions This study provides an inside look at the empirical performance of the DSM-5 PTSD criteria in a population exposed to a natural disaster, which suggests the need for replication in larger epidemiological samples.","Criteria, DSM-5, Earthquake, Post-traumatic stress symptoms, PTSD","Carmassi, C., Akiskal, H. S., Yong, S. S., Stratta, P., Calderani, E., Massimetti, E., Akiskal, K. K., Rossi, A., ""DellOsso, L.""",2013.0,,,0,0,
1007,Frequency of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in Italy: Analysis from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative,"Epidemiological studies have examined the relative importance of Traumatic Events (TEs) in accounting for the societal burden of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most studies used the worst trauma experienced, which can lead to an overestimation of the conditional risk of PTSD. Although a number of epidemiological surveys on PTSD have been carried out in the United States, only a few studies in limited sample have been conducted in Italy. This study, carried out in the framework of the World Mental Health Survey Initiative, is a cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of the Italian adult population. Lifetime prevalence of TEs and 12-month prevalence of PTSD were evaluated using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Reports of PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs were weighted by the individual-level probabilities of TE selection to generate estimates of population-level PTSD risk associated with each TE. Network events was the most commonly reported class of TEs (29.4%). War events had the highest conditional risk of PTSD (12.2%). The TEs that contributed most to societal PTSD burden were unexpected death of a loved one (24.1%) and having seen atrocities (18.2%). Being female was related to high risk of PTSD after experiencing a TE. Exposure to network events is commonly reported among Italian adults, but two TEs are responsible for the highest burden associated with PTSD: the unexpected death of someone close and sexual assault. These results can help designing public health interventions to reduce the societal PTSD burden. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Exposure, Epidemiology","Carmassi, Claudia, ""DellOsso, Liliana"", Manni, Corrado, Candini, Valentina, Dagani, Jessica, Iozzino, Laura, Koenen, Karestan C., de Girolamo, Giovanni",2014.0,,,0,0,
1008,Direct and Buffering Effects of Social Support Among Gynecologic Cancer Survivors,"Background: There are few studies of QoL among long-term gynecologic cancer survivors; available data suggest significant sequelae of disease and treatment. Research clarifying circumstances that improve difficult survivorship trajectories is lacking. Purpose: The present study examines whether social support moderates the relationship between physical functioning and psychological outcomes by testing the stress-buffering hypothesis. Methods: Participants (N = 260) were gynecologic cancer survivors (cervical, n = 47; endometrial, n = 133; ovarian, n = 69; vulvar, n = 11). Compromised physical health was conceptualized as multidimensional. Social support (SNI, PSS-Fa, PSS-Fr, ISEL) was tested as a buffer of adverse psychological outcomes (IES-R, CES-D). Results: Results for traumatic stress provided evidence for buffering; whereas social support was of general benefit for depressive symptoms. Effects varied by source and type of support. Conclusions: These results suggest that circumstances for gynecologic cancer survivors burdened with physical symptoms may be worse for those with fewer support resources, providing needed insight into a common target of psychosocial interventions for cancer survivors. (copyright) 2010 The Society of Behavioral Medicine.","gynecologic cancer, cancer survivor, social support, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, neoplasm, health, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, society, behavioral medicine, hypothesis","Carpenter, K. M., Fowler, J. M., Maxwell, G. L., Andersen, B. L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1009,Early PTSD Symptom Sub-Clusters Predicting Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Following Sexual Assault,"Contemporary models of PTSD disaggregate this disorder into sub-clusters that differentially impact functioning. Severity of different types of PTSD symptoms in the acute posttrauma period may be predictive of the course of PTSD over time. Few research studies, however, have examined the predictive utility of PTSD sub-clusters. This study sought to determine the relative predictive validity of 4 sub-clusters, namely reexperiencing, strategic avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal, assessed within 1 month of a sexual assault. Women (N=120) who had been sexually assaulted completed self-report measures at 1 and 4 months postassault. Linear regression analyses revealed that early reexperiencing and emotional numbing sub-clusters uniquely contributed to the prediction of PTSD symptoms at month 4 (strategic avoidance and hyperarousal did not). To help explain and contextualize these findings, we explored the extent to which posttraumatic cognitions mediated the relationship between acute reexperiencing and emotional numbing and later PTSD symptoms. Simultaneous multiple mediation analyses revealed that general negative cognitions about the self significantly mediated the relationship between both reexperiencing and emotional numbing and month 4 PTSD symptoms. These findings have significant clinical implications, pointing to the importance of targeting posttraumatic cognitions in the acute posttrauma phase. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved).","PTSD, Sexual assault, Trauma","Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Steenkamp, M. M., Nickerson, A., Salters-Pedneault, K., Litz, B. T.",2015.0,,10.1037/tra0000060,0,0,
1010,Group music therapy for patients with persistent post-traumatic stress disorder-An exploratory randomized controlled trial with mixed methods evaluation,"Objectives: Not all patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) respond to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Literature suggests group music therapy might be beneficial in treating PTSD. However, feasibility and effectiveness have not been assessed. The study objectives were to assess whether group music therapy was feasible for patients who did not respond to CBT, and whether it has an effect on PTSD symptoms and depression. Design: The study employed mixed methods comprising of an exploratory randomized controlled trial, qualitative content analysis of therapy, and patient interviews. Method: Patients with significant PTSD symptoms (n = 17) following completion of CBT were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 9) or control groups (n = 8). The treatment group received 10 weeks of group music therapy after which exit interviews were conducted. Control group patients were offered the intervention at the end of the study. Symptoms were assessed on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and Beck Depression Inventory II at the beginning and end of treatment. Results: Treatment-group patients experienced a significant reduction in severity of PTSD symptoms (-20.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [-31.23, -9.12]) and a marginally significant reduction in depression (-11.92; 95%CI: [-24.05, 0.21]) at 10 weeks from baseline compared to the control. Patients viewed music therapy as helpful and reported experiences concur with current literature. Conclusions: Group music therapy appears feasible and effective for PTSD patients who have not sufficiently responded to CBT. Limitations include the small sample size and lack of blinding. Further research should address these limitations, test sustainability, and identify specific factors that address symptoms in treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Group Psychotherapy, *Music Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders)","Carr, Catherine, ""dArdenne, Patricia"", Sloboda, Ann, Scott, Carleen, Wang, Duolao, Priebe, Stefan",2012.0,,,0,0,
1011,Factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the Australian general population,"The tripartite model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) articulated in DSM-IV has received limited empirical support. Over the past decade, a burgeoning literature on PTSD symptom structure has accumulated suggesting several alternative models. Elucidating the latent structure of PTSD has important clinical and theoretical implications. This paper presents the first confirmatory factor analytic investigation of PTSD symptoms in an epidemiologically based trauma-exposed sample from Australia. Data from a subsample of respondents from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB; n=2677) were submitted to confirmatory factor analysis and several alternative conceptual models were tested. Empirical support was found for an intercorrelated four-factor model reflecting re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal symptoms. Given that the DSM is currently under revision, research addressing structural validity concerns is especially timely. The present findings renew calls in the structural literature suggesting that the structure of PTSD should be revised in DSM-V. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms, Trauma","Carragher, Natacha, Mills, Katherine, Slade, Tim, Teesson, Maree, Silove, Derrick",2010.0,,,0,0,
1012,Discriminant validity and gender differences in DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms,"Background: The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature is replete with investigations of factor structure, however, few empirical studies have examined discriminant validity and the moderating role of gender on factor structure and symptom expression. This study aimed to address these gaps. Methods: An online, population-based study of 3175 Australian adults was conducted. This study analyzed data from 642 participants who reported a traumatic event. Overall, 10.2% (13.4% females, 7.6% males) met diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that eight factor models provided excellent fit to the data. The DSM-5 model, anhedonia and hybrid models provided strong fit to the data, based on statistical fit indices and parsimony. The models' factors were significantly associated with a number of external correlates. Factor structure was gender invariant for the three models, albeit significant latent mean-level differences were apparent in relation to the intrusion/re-experiencing and alterations in arousal and reactivity factors. Bonferroni-adjusted Wald chi-square tests indicated significant gender differences in four DSM-5 PTSD symptoms: females reported significantly higher rates of negative beliefs, diminished interest, restricted affect and sleep disturbance symptoms compared to men. Limitations: Response rate to the survey was low. However, the number of respondents who completed the survey was high and population weights were employed to account for self-selection biases and aid generalizability. Conclusions: The findings provide support for the DSM-5, anhedonia and hybrid models compared to alternative models based on DSM-5 symptoms. Discriminant validity analyses indicated similar patterns of significant associations with the transdiagnostic factors, potentially suggesting that all the PTSD factors are related to non-specific distress. Further research investigating how gender influences PTSD symptom expression is warranted, including possible gender differences in symptom item interpretation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Factor Structure, Human Sex Differences, Sex Roles","Carragher, Natacha, Sunderland, Matthew, Batterham, Philip J., Calear, Alison L., Elhai, Jon D., Chapman, Catherine, Mills, Katherine",2016.0,,,0,0,
1013,iMStrong: Deployment of a Biosensor System to Detect Cocaine Use,"Biosensor systems are increasingly promoted for use in behavioral interventions. Portable biosensors might offer advancement over self-report use and can provide improved opportunity for detection and intervention in patients undergoing drug treatment programs. Fifteen participants wore a biosensor wristband capable of detecting multiple physiologic markers of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arousal for 30 days. Urine drug screening and drug use self-report were obtained twice per week. A parameter trajectory description method was applied to capture abrupt changes in magnitude of three measures of SNS activity: Electrodermal activity (EDA), skin temperature and motion. Drug use events detected by the biosensor were verified using a triad of parameters: the biosensor data, urine drug screens, and patient self-report of substance use. Twelve positive cocaine urine screens were identified. Thirteen self-reported episodes of cocaine use were recorded. Distinct episodes with biometric parameters consistent with cocaine use were identified on biosensor data. Eleven potential cocaine use episodes were identified by biosensors that were missed by both self-report and drug screening. Study participants found mobile biosensors to be acceptable, and compliance with the protocol was high. Episodes of cocaine use, as measured by supraphysiologic changes in biophysiometric parameters, were detected by analysis of biosensor data in instances when self-report or drug screening or both failed. Biosensors have substantial potential in detecting substance abuse, in understanding the context of use in real time, and in evaluating the efficacy of behavioral interventions for drug abuse. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Biosensor system, Drug abuse, mHealth, Mobile biosensing, Parameter trajectory","Carreiro, S., Fang, H., Zhang, J., Wittbold, K., Weng, S., Mullins, R., Smelson, D., Boyer, E. W.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10916-015-0337-9,0,0,
1014,Levetiracetam,"Levetiracetam (LEV) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug that is effective against a variety of seizure types. It is a pyrridoline derivative with a very favourable pharmacokinetic profile: excellent bioavailability, linear kinetics, minimal plasma protein binding and quick achievement of steady state concentrations. It is not metabolized through the P450 hepatic cytochrome system, does not induce its own metabolism and has no clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. It is available as film-coated tablets, liquid formulation for oral ingestion and intravenous concentrated solution. Controlled and open-label studies have shown its efficacy and safety as initial monotherapy and add-on treatment for partial-onset seizures in children and adults, and also as add-on therapy in refractory partial and primary generalized seizures. Its rapid onset of action, lack of drug-drug interactions and availability as an intravenous solution make it an optimal drug to treat epilepsy associated with other medical conditions. Preliminary reports also suggest potential efficacy in refractory status epilepticus, although this is not a registered indication. Levetiracetam is generally well tolerated, and no serious idiosyncratic side effects have been reported so far. Behavioral side effects (hostility up to aggressive behaviour) are not uncommon. Small, uncontrolled studies have suggested potential therapeutic potential in difficult-to-treat dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease, tremors of different etiologies, migraine prophylaxis and mood disorders. This needs to be confirmed in larger, controlled studies. (copyright) 2007 Prous Science. All rights reserved.","2 pyrrolidinone n butyric acid, anticonvulsive agent, benzodiazepine derivative, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, carbamazepine, cytochrome P450, digoxin, drug metabolite, ethinylestradiol, etiracetam, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, levonorgestrel, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, placebo, primidone, probenecid, tiagabine, topiramate, unclassified drug, valproic acid, warfarin, add on therapy, aggression, agitation, anger, anxiety disorder, asthenia, backache, behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, brain tumor, clinical trial, cognitive defect, congenital malformation, delivery, depression, dizziness, drug absorption, drug bioavailability, drug distribution, drug dose escalation, drug dose increase, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug excretion, drug formulation, drug half life, drug hypersensitivity, drug mechanism, drug metabolism, drug protein binding, drug safety, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, dyskinesia, epileptic state, essential tremor, focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, hair loss, headache, hostility, human, infection, insomnia, irritability, lactation, low birth weight, mania, mental instability, migraine, migraine with aura, monotherapy, mood disorder, myoclonus seizure, nervousness, neuropathic pain, nonhuman, panic, Parkinson disease, absence, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, prophylaxis, psychosis, pylorus stenosis, recommended drug dose, reproductive toxicity, review, side effect, sleep disorder, somnolence, spinal dysraphism, tablet, tonic clonic seizure, tremor, unspecified side effect, weight gain","Carreno, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1015,Levetiracetam,"Levetiracetam (LEV) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug that is effective against a variety of seizure types. It is a pyrridoline derivative with a very favourable pharmacokinetic profile: excellent bioavailability, linear kinetics, minimal plasma protein binding and quick achievement of steady state concentrations. It is not metabolized through the P450 hepatic cytochrome system, does not induce its own metabolism and has no clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. It is available as film-coated tablets, liquid formulation for oral ingestion and intravenous concentrated solution. Controlled and open-label studies have shown its efficacy and safety as initial monotherapy and add-on treatment for partial-onset seizures in children and adults, and also as add-on therapy in refractory partial and primary generalized seizures. Its rapid onset of action, lack of drug-drug interactions and availability as an intravenous solution make it an optimal drug to treat epilepsy associated with other medical conditions. Preliminary reports also suggest potential efficacy in refractory status epilepticus, although this is not a registered indication. Levetiracetam is generally well tolerated, and no serious idiosyncratic side effects have been reported so far. Behavioral side effects (hostility up to aggressive behaviour) are not uncommon. Small, uncontrolled studies have suggested potential therapeutic potential in difficult-to-treat dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease, tremors of different etiologies, migraine prophylaxis and mood disorders. This needs to be confirmed in larger, controlled studies. © 2007 Prous Science. All rights reserved.",,"Carreño, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,1014
1016,Introduction to a Special Issue on Research with Youth Exposed to Disasters and Violence,,,"Carrión, V. G., Weems, C. F.",2013.0,,10.1007/s10566-013-9212-3,0,0,
1017,Toward an Empirical Definition of Pediatric PTSD: The Phenomenology of PTSD Symptoms in Youth,"Objective: To examine the frequency and intensity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and their relation to clinical impairment, to examine the requirement of meeting all DSM-IV symptom cluster criteria (i.e., criteria B, C, D), and to examine the aggregation of PTSD symptom clusters across developmental stages. Method: Fifty-nine children between the ages of 7 and 14 years with a history of trauma and PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents. Results: Data support the utility of distinguishing between the frequency and the intensity of symptoms in the investigation of the phenomenology of pediatric PTSD. Children fulfilling requirements for two symptom clusters did not differ significantly from children meeting all three cluster criteria with regard to impairment and distress. Reexperience (cluster B) showed increased aggregation with avoidance and numbing (cluster C) and hyperarousal (cluster D) in the later stages of puberty. Conclusions: Frequency and intensity of symptoms may both contribute to the phenomenology of pediatric PTSD. Children with subthreshold criteria for PTSD demonstrate substantial functional impairment and distress.","adolescent, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, child, child development, child psychiatry, Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Children and Adolescents, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, distress syndrome, female, functional disease, human, hyperarousal, injury, major clinical study, male, paresthesia, phenomenology, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, puberty, rating scale, symptomatology","Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., Reiss, A. L.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1018,Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on mild Traumatic Brain Injury,,,"Carroll, L. J., Cassidy, J. D., Holm, L., Kraus, J., Coronado, V. G.",2004.0,,10.1080/16501960410023877,0,0,
1019,Complexities in understanding the role of compensation-related factors on recovery from whiplash-associated disorders,"Study Design. Focused discussion. Objective. To present some of the complexities in conducting research on the role of compensation and compensation-related factors in recovery from whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) and to suggest directions for future research. Summary of Background Data. There is divergence of opinion, primary research findings, and systematic reviews on the role of compensation and/or compensation-related factors in WAD recovery. Methods. The topic of research of compensation/compensationrelated factors was discussed at an international summit meeting of 21 researchers from diverse fields of scientific enquiry. This article summarizes the main points raised in that discussion. Results. Traffic injury compensation is a complex sociopolitical construct, which varies widely across jurisdictions. This leads to conceptual and methodological challenges in conducting and interpreting research in this area. It is important that researchers and their audiences be clear about what aspect of the compensation system is being addressed, what compensation-related variables are being studied, and what social/economic environment the compensation system exists in. In addition, summit participants also recommended that nontraditional, sophisticated study designs and analysis strategies be employed to clarify the complex causal pathways and mechanisms of effects. Conclusion. Care must be taken by both researchers and their audiences not to overgeneralize or confuse different aspects of WAD compensation. In considering the role of compensation/ compensation-related factors on WAD and WAD recovery, it is important to retain a broad-based conceptualization of the range of biological, psychological, social, and economic factors that combine and interact to define and determine how people recover from WAD. © 2011, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Compensation, Design, Research, Whiplash","Carroll, L. J., Connelly, L. B., Spearing, N. M., Côté, P., Buitenhuis, J., Kenardy, J.",2011.0,,10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182388739,0,0,
1020,Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and its Associated Disorders,,,"Carroll, L. J., Holm, L. W., Hogg-Johnson, S., Côté, P., Cassidy, J. D., Haldeman, S., Nordin, M., Hurwitz, E. L., Carragee, E. J., Van Der Velde, G., Peloso, P. M., Guzman, J.",2008.0,,10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181643eb8,0,0,
1021,Epidemiology of hospitalizations and deaths from heat illness in soldiers,"Purpose: Serious heat illness has received considerable recent attention due to catastrophic heat waves in the United States and Europe, the deaths of high-profile athletes, and military deployments. Methods: This study documents heat illness hospitalizations and deaths for the U.S. Army from 1980 through 2002. Hospitalization data were obtained from the Total Army Injury Health Outcomes Database (TAIHOD) coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standardization Agreement codes were searched for heat injuries in an effort to detect cases that were not found during the ICD-9-CM search. Results: Five-thousand two-hundred forty-six soldiers were hospitalized, and 37 died due to heat illness. Our results indicate: 1) approximately 60% reduction in hospitalization rates (fewer heat exhaustion cases) over the 22-yr period; 2) fivefold increase in heat stroke hospitalization rates (1.8 per 100,000 in 1980 to 14.5 per 100,000 in 2001); 3) heat stroke cases were associated with dehydration (17%), rhabdomyolysis (25%), and acute renal failure (13%); 4) lower hospitalizations rates among African and Hispanic Americans compared with Caucasians (incidence density ratio, 0.76 [95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.82]; 5) greater rates of hospitalizations and heat strokes among recruits from northern than southern states (incidence density ratio, 1.69 [95% confidence interval, 1.42-1.90]; and 6) greater rates of hospitalizations and heat strokes among women than men (incidence density ratio, 1.18 [95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.27]). Conclusions: Exertional heat illness continues to be a military problem during training and operations. Whereas the hospitalization rate of heat illness is declining, heat stroke has markedly increased. Copyright © 2005 by the American College of Sports Medicine.","Exertional heat illness, Extreme environments, Heat injury, Heat stroke, Occupational health","Carter Iii, R., Cheuvront, S. N., Williams, J. O., Kolka, M. A., Stephenson, L. A., Sawka, M. N., Amoroso, P. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1022,African Americans and anxiety disorders research: Development of a testable theoretical framework,"The past decade has witnessed a tremendous growth in the population of minorities in this country. As this segment of the population has grown, psychology has slowly begun to realize the need to examine the presentation of psychological symptoms among minorities as well as the response of minorities to traditional psychological treatment. While several investigations have been conducted to date, the results are far from consistent. Some studies have demonstrated marked differences in the symptom profiles and treatment responses of minorities as compared with Whites, while others have found little, if any, differences. A major contributing factor to such inconsistent results may be that research in this area has typically proceeded in the absence of a testable theoretical framework. This review examines research conducted with a specific minority population, African Americans, suffering with a DSM anxiety disorder. We first examine the epidemiological and treatment outcome studies in an effort to ascertain the consistencies and inconsistencies that exist within the literature. More importantly, we then provide a preliminary theoretical framework that not only accounts for the discrepant findings, but also allows investigators to generate testable hypotheses regarding the manifestation and presentation of anxious symptoms, and to evaluate the efficacy of psychological interventions among African Americans. We conclude with suggestions for future investigations in this area.",,"Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T., Carter, C.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1023,The effect of trauma on expressive language impairment in borderline personality disorder,"Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a disorder with known expressive language impairments that may be activated in treatment through interpersonal cues to the trauma memory system of these patients. However, there are few BPD studies investigating this phenomenon empirically. Our previous research is the first known investigation revealing expressive language deficits using clinically relevant trauma-salient stimuli; the current study extends this to compare specific expressive language deficits on a neutral and emotive stimulus and relationships with trauma history. BPD and matched control (N=24) verbalizations were analysed by computerized measures of language impairment and pause profiles. BPD subjects evidenced greater overall language impairment and reduced syntactic complexity, but not semantic complexity compared with controls. No such differences were found between the two groups on the neutral condition. BPD subjects utilized significantly higher proportions of pauses for both the emotive and neutral condition. BPD subjects used significantly greater proportions of pauses when generating adjectives related to early relationship with mother, not father. Presence of physical abuse history and PTSD related to some expressive language deficits. These results support neuroimaging findings demonstrating reduced activation of the pre-frontal cortex or anterior cingulate, alongside increased bilateral activation of the amygdala, during exposure to trauma-salient stimuli. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Carter, P. E., Grenyer, B. F. S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1024,An alternative AI breeding protocol for dairy cows exposed to elevated ambient temperatures before or after calving or both,"Our objective was to determine if a timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol (Ovsynch) might produce greater pregnancy rates than AI after a synchronized, detected estrus during summer. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 425) were grouped into breeding clusters and then assigned randomly to each of two protocols for AI between 50 and 70 days in milk. All cows were treated with GnRH followed 7 d later by PGF2α. Ovsynch cows then were treated with a second injection of GnRH 48 h after PGF2α and inseminated 16 to 19 h later. Controls received no further treatment after PGF2α and were inseminated after detected estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed once by transrectal ultrasonography (27 to 30 d after AI) and again by palpation (40 to 50 d). Based on concentrations of progesterone in blood collected before each hormonal injection, only 85.4% of 425 cows were considered to be cycling. Although conception rates were not different between protocols at d 27 to 30, AI submission rates and pregnancy rates were greater after Ovsynch (timed AI) than after detected estrus. A temperature-humidity index ≥72 was associated with fewer controls detected in estrus with lower conception than for controls detected in estrus when index values were &lt;72, whereas the reverse was true for cows after the Ovsynch protocol. We concluded that a timed AI protocol increased pregnancy rates at d 27 to 30 because its success was independent of either expression or detection of estrus. However, because of poorer embryonic survival in Ovsynch cows during heat stress only (39.5 vs. 69.2% survival for Ovsynch and control, respectively), pregnancy rates were not different by d 40 to 50 after timed AI.","Estrus, Heat stress, Timed artificial insemination","Cartmill, J. A., El-Zarkouny, S. Z., Hensley, B. A., Rozell, T. G., Smith, J. F., Stevenson, J. S.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1025,The role of psychopathology and personality in rage-type homicide: A review,"This article reviews the role of psychopathology and personality in offenders who have committed acts of rage-type murder. The possible role of depression, PTSD, psychotic disorders, intellectual functioning and alcohol/drug abuse are critically considered. It is argued that although some forms of psychopathology may be indicated in some cases, these still remain in the minority. This seems to be consistent with findings that describe such offenders as 'apparently normal'. In an attempt to explain this further, the character profile and psychodynamics of personality are reviewed. A pattern of overcontrol is isolated as a key theme that best explains the 'apparent normality' of the rage-type offender. The relevance of the DSM-IV classification system of personality disorders for understanding this kind of criminal is considered. It is argued that a particular type of borderline personality organisation, not isolated by the DSM-IV system, best explains this character pattern.",,"Cartwright, D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1026,Psychopharmacology in psycho-oncology,"Psychopharmacological intervention is a major clinical and research area in oncology and palliative care. Over the last 35 years, psychotropic drugs have been shown to have a number of important indications for the treatment of the most common psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, stress-related syndromes, severe adjustment disorders, sleep disorders and delirium, which combined affect at least 30-40% of patients with cancer and even a higher percentage of patients in an advanced phase of illness. The availability of new drugs, with less side-effects and safer pharmacological profiles, has been a major advance in clinical psycho-oncology. Interestingly, several drugs have also been found to be helpful for the adjuvant treatment of cancer-related symptoms, such as pain, hot flashes, pruritus, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and cognitive impairment, making psychopharmacology an important tool for the improvement of cancer patients' quality of life. The aim of this paper is to summarize recent relevant data concerning the use of psychotropic drugs, namely antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants and psychostimulants in patients with cancer. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Anticonvulsants, Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Cancer, Cancer-related symptoms, Depression, Psychiatry, Psycho-oncology, Psychopharmacotherapy, Psychostimulants, Sedative-hypnotics","Caruso, R., Grassi, L., Nanni, M. G., Riba, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1027,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Clinical profile,"PTSD is a clinical condition that represents one of the psychic responses to a traumatic event and was incorporated as such in the international psychiatric diagnostic classifications in 1980. In this article, we review the development of the concept from ancient Greece up to the DSM-IV-TR, its diverse definitions and its relation with the concepts of stress and trauma. Also, risk factors, epidemiology, comorbidity and clinical evolution are discussed, in order to provide clinical psychiatrists with up to date information on this pathology that constitues a public health problem. (copyright) 2006 Sociedad de Neurolog Psiquiatry Neurocirugbr.","clinical feature, comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease classification, health care, health service, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatrist, review, risk assessment, risk factor, symptomatology","Carvajal, C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1028,Acute stress disorder: Clinical profile and outcome,"Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a frequent post-accident pathology, but its clinical evolution has infrequently been assessed. Objective: to describe the clinical evolution of injured patients suffering from ASD (using DSM-IV criteria) at the Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago, with follow up assessments at 16 and 40 months. Results: 67 of 112 patients (59.8%) diagnosed with ASD at admission maintained this diagnosis when discharged. The most frequent traumatic events in this group were assaults (49.3%) and workplace accidents (31.3%). Injuries were sustained in 56.7% of the cases (contusions and wounds: 65.8%). Slightly over 79% of the patients were referred to our Mental Health Service within 2 weeks since the occurrence of the event. Combined psychotropic and psychotherapy treatment was administered in 74.6% of the cases, with an average duration of 49.2 days. 53.7% of patients were asymptomatic at discharge. Conclusions: 71.7% of this ASD population had a satisfactory outcome within 2 months. (copyright) 2006 Sociedad de Neurolog Psiquiatry Neurocirugbr.","psychotropic agent, accident, acute stress disorder, adult, article, assault, clinical feature, controlled study, contusion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, follow up, frequency analysis, hospital admission, hospital discharge, human, major clinical study, male, mental health service, treatment duration, treatment outcome, workplace, wound","Carvajal, C., Carbonell, C. G.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1029,Post traumatic stress in accidents related with work,"During the years 1987 through 1990, 4.5% of all patients at the Mental Health Service of the Hospital del Trabajador complied with DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Characteristics of this syndrome are studied, considering sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic variables. Methodology: This is a descriptive, retrospective, study of clinical charts. The variables were analyzed by means of EPI INFO 6.0, in order to produce a profile of these patients. Results: The sample consists of 56 men and 44 women, whose average age was 32.4 (SD = 9.6) years. The traumatic event occurred at work place in 50% of the cases; was the product of personal violence or aggression in 21%; or happened on the way to or from work in 29%. Physical lesions were present in 82%. Psychiatric comorbidity was diagnosed in 38% of cases. Most frequent symptoms were: anxiety (94%); sleep disorders (74%); and overalertness (70%). Pharmacologic treatment was used in 95% of cases (benzodiazepines 100%, antidepressants 44%). Psychological therapies included relaxation techniques and desensitization in 72%. Complete symptomatic remission and return to work was obtained in 80% of all cases. The average treatment required 60 days. Conclusions: In this sample of workers who experienced accidents or personal violence, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder presents as an acute illness, with a good prognosis, which required about two months of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy to obtain complete remission in 3/4 of all cases.","antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, adult, aggression, anxiety, article, disease classification, female, human, major clinical study, male, occupational hazard, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, psychological aspect, remission, sleep disorder","Carvajal, C., Gonzalez, M., Carbonell, C. G., Trucco, M.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1030,Aged neuropeptide Y transgenic rats are resistant to acute stress but maintain spatial and non-spatial learning,"The behavioral phenotype of five-month-old rats overexpressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) has previously been described [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (2000) 12852]. In this transgenic rat model, there is central overexpression of prepro-NPY mRNA and NPY peptide in the hippocampus and hypothalamus and decreased Y 1 binding sites within the hippocampus. These molecular and neurochemical events led to altered anxiety profile and learning abilities in NPY-overexpressing rats. In the present study, anxiety and learning/memory related behaviors were examined in one-year-old NPY-transgenic rats in order to assess any behavioral changes that may have occurred during the aging process. As observed in 5-month-old overexpressing rats, aged NPY-transgenic animals are resistant to acute physical restraint stress measured by the elevated-plus maze and demonstrate anxiolytic-like activity in the open field. However, in contrast to data in young rats, there was no significant difference between aged wildtype and NPY-transgenic animals in relation to spatial and non-spatial memory as indicated by the (allo- and ego-centric) Morris water maze and object recognition test. It would thus appear that the anxiolytic-like profile observed in young NPY-overexpressing rats is maintained in older animals providing further evidence for a role for NPY in anxious behaviors. However, the cognitive deficits observed in young rats do not appear to occur in older animals suggesting the existence of compensatory mechanisms leading to a reversal of the learning deficits noted in younger animals. These results also provide additional evidence for the mechanistic dissociation between anxiety and cognition-related behaviors modulated by NPY. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","neuropeptide Y, acute stress disorder, aging, animal experiment, anxiety, article, behavior, cognitive defect, controlled study, experimental test, immobilization stress, learning, maze test, measurement, memory, nonhuman, open field behavior, priority journal, rat, senescence, spatial memory, tranquilizing activity, transgenic animal, wild type","Carvajal, C. C., Vercauteren, F., Dumont, Y., Michalkiewicz, M., Quirion, R.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1031,Portuguese version of the PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M)-I: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability,"The PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M) is a brief self-report instrument widely used to assess Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in war Veterans, according to DSM- IV. This study sought out to explore the factor structure and reliability of the Portuguese version of the PCL-M. A sample of 660 Portuguese Colonial War Veterans completed the PCL-M. Several Confirmatory Factor Analyses were conducted to test different structures for PCL-M PTSD symptoms. Although the respecified first-order four-factor model based on King et al.'s model showed the best fit to the data, the respecified first and second-order models based on the DSM- IV symptom clusters also presented an acceptable fit. In addition, the PCL-M showed adequate reliability. The Portuguese version of the PCL-M is thus a valid and reliable measure to assess the severity of PTSD symptoms as described in DSM- IV. Its use with Portuguese Colonial War Veterans may ease screening of possible PTSD cases, promote more suitable treatment planning, and enable monitoring of therapeutic outcomes. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Assessment of PTSD symptoms, Latent structure of PCL-M, Portuguese Colonial War Veterans, Portuguese validation, Psychometric properties, Trauma, War exposure","Carvalho, T., Cunha, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.055,0,0,
1032,You want to measure coping but your protocol' too long: Consider the brief cope,,,"Carver, C. S.",1997.0,,10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6,0,0,
1033,Associations between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index factors and health outcomes in women with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a widely used measure of subjective sleep disturbance in clinical populations, including individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although the severity of sleep disturbance is generally represented by a global symptom score, recent factor analytic studies suggest that the PSQI is better characterized by a two- or three-factor model than a one-factor model. This study examined the replicability of two- and three-factor models of the PSQI, as well as the relationship between PSQI factors and health outcomes, in a female sample with PTSD. Methods: The PSQI was administered to 319 women with PTSD related to sexual or physical assault. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the relative fit of one-, two-, and three-factor solutions. Bivariate correlations were performed to examine the shared variance between PSQI sleep factors and measures of PTSD, depression, anger, and physical symptoms. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model with Sleep Efficiency, Perceived Sleep Quality, and Daily Disturbances as separate indices of sleep quality. The severity of symptoms represented by the PSQI factors was positively associated with the severity of PTSD, depression, and physical symptoms. However, these health outcomes correlated as much or more with the global PSQI score as with PSQI factor scores. Conclusions: These results support the multidimensional structure of the PSQI. Despite this, the global PSQI score has as much or more explanatory power as individual PSQI factors in predicting health outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Sleep, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Human Females","Casement, Melynda D., Harrington, Kelly M., Miller, Mark W., Resick, Patricia A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1034,Associations with duration of compensation following whiplash sustained in a motor vehicle crash,"Context Continued exposure to compensation systems has been reported as deleterious to the health of participants. Understanding the associations with time to claim closure could allow for targeted interventions aimed at minimising the time participants are exposed to the compensation system. Study objective To identify the associations of extended time receiving compensation benefits with the aim of developing a prognostic model that predicts time to claim closure. Study design Prospective cohort study in people with whiplash associated disorder. Outcome measures Time to claim closure, in a privately underwritten fault based third party traffic crash insurance scheme in New South Wales, Australia. Method Cox proportional hazard regression modelling. Results Of the 246 participants, 25% remained in the compensation system longer than 24 months with 15% remaining longer than three years. Higher initial disability (Functional Rating Index > 25 at baseline) (HRR: 95% CI, 1.916: 1.324-2.774, p < 0.001); and lower initial mental health as measured by SF-36 Mental Component Score (HRR: 95% CI, 0.973: 0.960-0.987, p < 0.001) were significantly and independently associated with an increased time-to-claim closure. Shorter time to claim closure was associated with having no legal involvement (HRR: 95% CI, 1.911: 1.169-3.123, p = 0.009); and, not having a prior claim for compensation (HRR: 95% CI, 1.523: 1.062-2.198, p = 0.022). Conclusions Health and insurance related factors are independently associated with time to claim closure. Both factors need to be considered by insurers in their assessment of complexity of claims. Interventions aimed at minimising the impact of these factors could reduce claimants' exposure to the compensation system. In turn insurers can potentially reduce claims duration and cost, while improving the health outcomes of claimants. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Compensation, Cox regression, Disability: lawyer/legal representation, Insurance, Time-to-claim closure, Traffic accident, WAD, Whiplash","Casey, P. P., Feyer, A. M., Cameron, I. D.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2015.06.018,0,0,
1035,Course of recovery for whiplash associated disorders in a compensation setting,"Context The detailed course of recovery following compensable whiplash associated disorders (WAD) is not well understood. Some people recover within months and others report symptoms for extended periods. Recent research identified distinct recovery pathways. Identifying recovery pathways for people with this condition in compensable settings could assist clinical and claim management. Study objective This study aimed to identify recovery trajectories based on disability, pain catastrophising and mental health and, secondly, to examine developmental linkages between the trajectories. Study design A cohort of 246 people with compensable WAD were followed for 24 months after a motor vehicle related injury. Outcome measures Functional Rating Index (FRI), Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS) and the SF36 Mental Component Score (SF 36 MCS). Method Group-based trajectory analytical techniques were used to identify distinct post-injury profiles. Multinominal logistic regression modelling identified factors associated with membership of different trajectories. Results 246 people were enrolled a median of 72 days after injury. Three trajectories were identified for the measures used and their prevalences, respectively, were: for disability (FRI) they were mild (47%), moderate (31%), and severe (22%); for pain catastrophising (PCS) they were non-catastrophisers (55%), moderate-low catastrophisers (32%) and clinically significant catastrophisers (13%); and, for mental health (SF36 MCS) they were good mental health (40%), moderately low mental health (42%) and severely low mental health (18%). All groups showed no further recovery beyond 12 months after injury. The significant baseline predictors of the severe disability trajectory were: lower (that means worse) bodily pain scores (SF 36 BPS) (p ≤ 0.01); high pain catastrophising (p ≤ 0.01); and, self-reported fair or poor general health (p = 0.03). Conditional probabilities for group membership showed that the three trajectories for both PCS and FRI were linked. Dual membership was high for the mild disability and mild pain catastrophising trajectories and, for the severe disability and clinically significant pain catastrophising trajectories. Conclusions There is a strong and plausible association between severe disability, clinical levels of pain catastrophising and low mental health. Claimants can be identified at claim notification based on three estimated recovery trajectories. Claim and clinical interventions can be targeted to the profile within each recovery trajectory. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Claimants, Compensation, Developmental trajectories, Disability, Mental health, Pain catastrophising, Recovery, WAD, Whiplash","Casey, P. P., Feyer, A. M., Cameron, I. D.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.038,0,1,
1036,Memory of the traumatic event is associated with increased risk for PTSD: A Retrospective study of patients with traumatic brain in jury,"Studies of the relationship between explicit episodic memory of a traumatic event (MTE) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are inconclusive. The authors examined whether memory for the details of the traumatic event as reported by patients with mild traumatic brain injury was associated with the development of PTSD. In a retrospective study of 120 participants, MTE was found to be associated with an increased risk of PTSD, particularly for the reexperiencing symptom cluster. Although less frequently, PTSD was nonetheless present even in the absence of explicit memory. Possible explanations for mechanisms that enable this phenomenon are considered. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.",,"Caspi, Y., Gil, S., Ben-Ari, I. Z., Koren, D., Aaron-Peretz, J., Klein, E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1037,Treatment outcome in depressed latinos predicted by concomitant psychosislike symptoms,"We compared treatment response (≥50 decrease in Nine-ItemPatient Health Questionnaire total score) among 24 Latinos with major depressive disorder, presenting with and without specific psychosislike symptoms: A, hearing noises or house sounds, B, hearing voices calling one's name, C, seeing fleeting visions such as shadows, and D, symptoms more likely to be truly psychotic (e.g., poorly defined and short-lasting voices [other than B], fleeting paranoid ideation, or fleeting ideas of reference). 18 subjects (75%) endorsed symptoms of cluster A, 12 (50%) of cluster B, 10 (31%) of cluster C, and 12 (50%) of cluster D. Only subjects who reported symptoms from the D cluster exhibited significantly unfavorable depressive outcomes (compared to those with absence of D symptoms). The authors propose a phenomenological differentiation between benign psychosislike symptoms (clusters A-C) and the expression of the psychotic continuum (cluster D) in depressed Latinos.","antidepressant agent, citalopram, neuroleptic agent, adult, article, auditory hallucination, clinical article, comparative study, drug substitution, female, Hispanic, human, major depression, male, medical record review, middle aged, paranoia, Patient Health Questionnaire, post hoc analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, treatment outcome, visual hallucination","Cassano, P., Trinh, N. H., Chang, T., Cusin, C., Fisher, L., Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Kim, D. J. H., Alpert, J., Mischoulon, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1038,Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury,,,"Cassidy, J. D., Linda, J. C., Coté, P., Lemstra, M., Berglund, A., Nygren, A.",2000.0,,10.1056/NEJM200004203421606,0,0,
1039,A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults,"Background: There is growing evidence for cognitive dysfunction in depressive and anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, the neuropsychological profile of young adult patients has not received much systematic investigation. The following paper reviews the existing literature on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders particularly among young adults. Additionally, the focus of young adult age group and the effect of confounding variables on study results are discussed. Methods: Electronic database searches were conducted to identify research articles focusing on cognitive impairments in depressive or anxiety disorders among young adults published in English during years 1990-2006. Results: Cognitive impairments are common in young adults with major depression and anxiety disorders, although their nature remains partly unclear. Accordingly, executive dysfunction is evident in major depression, but other more specific deficits appear to depend essentially on disorder characteristics. The profile of cognitive dysfunction seems to depend on anxiety disorder subtype, but at least obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with deficits in executive functioning and visual memory. The conflicting results may be explained by heterogeneity within study participants, such as illness status, comorbid mental disorders, and medication, and other methodological issues, including inadequate matching of study groups and varying testing procedures. Limitations: The study is a comprehensive review, but not a formal meta-analysis, due to methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions: Cognitive impairments are common in major depression and anxiety disorders. However, more research is needed to confirm and widen these findings, and to expand the knowledge into clinical practice. Controlling of confounding variables in future studies is highly recommended. (copyright) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, benzatropine, benzodiazepine, dopamine, fluvoxamine maleate, neuroleptic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, anxiety disorder, cognitive defect, data base, drug megadose, dysthymia, groups by age, human, low drug dose, major depression, neuropsychological test, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, review, schizophrenia, visual memory","Castaneda, A. E., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Marttunen, M., Suvisaari, J., Lonnqvist, J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1040,A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults,"Background: There is growing evidence for cognitive dysfunction in depressive and anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, the neuropsychological profile of young adult patients has not received much systematic investigation. The following paper reviews the existing literature on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders particularly among young adults. Additionally, the focus of young adult age group and the effect of confounding variables on study results are discussed. Methods: Electronic database searches were conducted to identify research articles focusing on cognitive impairments in depressive or anxiety disorders among young adults published in English during years 1990-2006. Results: Cognitive impairments are common in young adults with major depression and anxiety disorders, although their nature remains partly unclear. Accordingly, executive dysfunction is evident in major depression, but other more specific deficits appear to depend essentially on disorder characteristics. The profile of cognitive dysfunction seems to depend on anxiety disorder subtype, but at least obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with deficits in executive functioning and visual memory. The conflicting results may be explained by heterogeneity within study participants, such as illness status, comorbid mental disorders, and medication, and other methodological issues, including inadequate matching of study groups and varying testing procedures. Limitations: The study is a comprehensive review, but not a formal meta-analysis, due to methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions: Cognitive impairments are common in major depression and anxiety disorders. However, more research is needed to confirm and widen these findings, and to expand the knowledge into clinical practice. Controlling of confounding variables in future studies is highly recommended. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Cognitive impairment, Depression, Neuropsychology, Young adult","Castaneda, A. E., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Marttunen, M., Suvisaari, J., Lönnqvist, J.",2008.0,,,0,0,1039
1041,Group exposure therapy treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in female veterans,"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the application of a group exposure therapy model, the content of which consisted solely of repeated imaginal exposure during sessions, in a clinical sample of female veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Establishing group delivery of exposure therapy will expand options, increase efficiency, and introduce group curative factors. Methods: Eighty-eight female veterans with PTSD completed a six-session exposure group, three participants per group, as a component of a larger treatment program. The PTSD symptom checklist (PCL) was used as the outcome measure and administered in each session. Results: Pre/post-paired t-tests showed significant improvement in PTSD on the PCL, with 40% of completers showing at least a 10-point drop in the PCL scores. In addition, a repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant main effect and a significant quadratic equation, with expected initial increases in the PCL followed by a decrease below baseline at session 6. Conclusions: The group exposure treatment protocol showed positive outcomes on PTSD symptoms in a real-world clinical sample of female veterans. The implications include an expansion of exposure treatment choices for veterans with PTSD and increased options for therapists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Exposure Therapy, *Group Psychotherapy, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Therapists, Treatment Outcomes","Castillo, Diane T., ""CDe Baca, Janet"", Qualls, Clifford, Bornovalova, Marina A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1042,Externalizing and Internalizing Subtypes of Posttraumatic Psychopathology and Anger Expression,"Subtypes of posttraumatic psychopathology were replicated and extended in 254 female veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cluster analyses on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 and Personality Psychopathology Five scales (Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath, ) yielded internalizing and externalizing psychopathology dimensions, with a third low psychopathology group (simple PTSD). Externalizers were higher than the internalizers and the simple PTSD groups on the antisocial, substance, and aggression scales; internalizers were higher on depression and anxiety scales. Further validation included an independent measure of psychopathology to examine anger (Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, [BDHI]; Buss & Durkee, ). Externalizers were higher on extreme behavioral anger scales (assault and verbal hostility); and externalizers and internalizers were higher than the simple PTSD subjects on other anger scales. Positive correlations between the BDHI scales and the PTSD symptom of ""irritability and anger outbursts"" were found across scales in the total sample (range: r = .19-.36), on the assault scale in externalizers (r = .59), and the verbal hostility scale in both internalizers (r = .30) and simple PTSD (r = .37) groups, suggesting the broad utility of the symptom in the diagnosis. The results demonstrate the generalizability of the internalizing/externalizing typology to the female veteran population and highlight clinically relevant distinctions in anger expression within PTSD. Copyright © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Castillo, D. T., Joseph, J. S., Tharp, A. T., ""CDe Baca, J."", Torres-Sena, L. M., Qualls, C., Miller, M. W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1043,TRH test blunting changes and clinical response in adolescents with affective disorders treated with valproate: Case reports,"Three patients with affective disorders were evaluated utilizing the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test, the dexamethasone suppression test, and plasma amino acid profiles to establish a diagnosis and to select the most effective psychopharmacologic intervention. All three cases exhibited blunting of the TRH test. All three cases exhibited improvement and normalization of TRH blunting after 2 to 8 months' treatment with valproic acid. The routine use of the TRH test as a neuroendocrine marker for diagnostic purposes in adolescents appears to be important based upon the case reports of three adolescents. The clinical response to valproate and subsequent TRH test changes imply that the TRH test was useful as a state marker in affective disorders in three adolescents.",,"Caston, J. C., Baber Iii, C. B., Petty, L. K.",1992.0,,,0,0,
1044,Soldier dimensions and operational readiness in U.S. Army forces deployed to Kosovo,,,"Castro, C. A., Bienvenu, R. V., Hufmann, A. H., Adler, A. B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1045,Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder-What do we know?,"CASTRO-VALE, I., E.F.C. van Rossum, J.C. Machado, R. Mota-Cardoso and D. Carvalho. Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder-What do we know? NEUROSCI. BIOBEHAV. REV. 43 (1) XXX-XXX, 2014 - Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in a small proportion of those who have been exposed to a traumatic event. Genetic factors are estimated to be responsible for 30% of the variance in PTSD risk. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis in PTSD has been found, particularly hypersensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this review we aim to understand the genetic factors that influence glucocorticoid function in PTSD. Glucocorticoid action is regulated by a corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP)/oxytocin pathway, GR, and regulators such as co-chaperone FKBP5. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GR gene, CRHR1 gene and FKBP5 gene affect HPA-axis sensitivity. The GR gene SNP BclI has been associated with hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids and PTSD symptoms. FKBP5 gene SNPs interacted with childhood adversity to moderate PTSD risk and in particular, the rs9470080 SNP was independently associated with lifetime PTSD. SNPs in the CRHR1 gene were also associated with PTSD risk. Gene-environment interaction studies have highlighted the importance of multifactorial vulnerability in PTSD, with epigenetic mechanisms contributing to the equation. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.","AVP/oxytocin pathway, FKBP5, Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid receptor, HPA-axis, PTSD, Single nucleotide polymorphism, Trauma, Vulnerability","Castro-Vale, I., Van Rossum, E. F. C., Machado, J. C., Mota-Cardoso, R., Carvalho, D.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005,0,0,
1046,For a definition of the traumatic potential of the event,"The present study investigates the concept of «traumatic event» in order to throughly investigate its meaning and the potential development, in reaction to it, of psychopathological features or specific clinical disorders, particularly Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Although the event severity is a characteristic of primary importance, its traumatic potential is greatly influenced by individual and subjective aspects; hence, the importance of the evaluation of the traumatic potentiality of the event and of the modality in which the event itself occurred. Within this perspective, two foundamental aspects are to be considered: on one hand the impact of the event on the individual, and on the other hand the preparation of his/her mind. The psychopathological consequences of trauma would primarily derive from the characteristics of the event per se and, only secondarily, by individual predisposition. In conclusion, the more «traumatic» characteristics of the event, the more its effects are independent from the individual and its etiopathogenetic mechanism will be psychobiological in nature.","Answer to danger, Anticipatory behavior, Emotional memory, Sensorial date, Traumatic event, Typology of event","Castrogiovanni, P., Traverso, S.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1047,The Buffering Effect of Resilience on Depression Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Structural Equation Model,"To translate the theoretical constructs from a model of resilience into a structural equation model and evaluate relationships among the model's theoretical constructs associated with resilience and the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Design: Quantitative descriptive research design using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants: Two-hundred and fifty-five individuals with SCI recruited from the Canadian Paraplegic Association (CPA). Outcome Measures: Outcome was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Results: The resilience model fit the data relatively well: χ 2 (200, N = 255) = 451.57, p &lt; .001; χ 2/df = 2.26; CFI = .92, RMSEA = 0.070 (90% CI: 0.062-0.079), explaining 77% of the variance in depressive symptomatology. Severity of SCI-related stressors significantly influenced perceived stress (β = .60) and perceived stress, in turn, affected depressive symptoms (β = .66), characteristics of resilience (β = -43), and social support (β = -26). The resilience characteristics had an inverse relationship with depressive symptoms (β = -29). No direct relationship was found between severity of SCI-related stressors and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Findings provide support for the resilience model and suggests characteristics of resilience "" buffer"" the perceptions of stress on depressive symptoms. The resilience model may be useful to guide clinical interventions designed to improve the mental health of individuals with SCI. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Depression, Mental health, Resilience, Secondary conditions, Spinal cord injury","Catalano, D., Chan, F., Wilson, L., Chiu, C. Y., Muller, V. R.",2011.0,,10.1037/a0024571,0,0,
1048,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Protective and risk factors in 18 survivors of a plane crash,"The aim of this study is to identify protective and risk factors related to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on a sample of survivors from a single plane crash. Eighteen survivors were examined 6 months following the event. The subjects all underwent psychiatric interviews, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale structured interviews, personality and cognitive tests. Only 38.9% of them presented with all of the symptoms of PTSD; 22.2% showed no symptoms for PTSD; remaining survivors exhibited emotional/affective symptoms related to the event. In addition to the severity of the traumatic event itself, other risk factors identified were the loss of a relative, the manifestation of depressive symptoms, and the severity of physical injuries sustained. Low levels of hostility and high levels of self-efficacy represented protective factors against developing PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Air Traffic Accidents, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Protective Factors, *Risk Factors","Catanesi, Roberto, Martino, Vito, Candelli, Chiara, Troccoli, Giuseppe, Grattagliano, Ignazio, Vella, Giancarlo Di, Carabellese, Felice",2013.0,,,0,0,
1049,Mental disorders associated with subpopulations of women affected by violence and abuse,"Violence against women is a major public health problem associated with mental disorders. Few studies have examined the heterogeneity of interpersonal violence and abuse (IVA) among women and associated mental health problems. Latent class analysis was used to identify subpopulations of women with similar lifetime histories of IVA victimization and to examine 10 associated past-year mental disorders. Participants were 19,816 adult women who participated in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The 3-class model was best supported by the data. Class 1 (6.7%) had a high probability of witnessing domestic violence as a child. Class 2 (21.8%) had a low probability of all events except lifetime sexual assault. Class 3 (71.5%) had a low probability for all events. Mental disorders were more common among members of Classes 1 and 2 than Class 3. For example, members in Class 1 were approximately 8 and 9 times more likely than members in Class 3 to have had posttraumatic stress disorder or a drug use disorder, respectively, during the past year. Of the 10 mental disorders, 5 were more common among members of Class 1 than of Class 2. Findings suggest the mental health consequences of IVA among women are extensive and interventions should be tailored for distinct subpopulations affected by IVA. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Cavanaugh, C. E., Martins, S. S., Petras, H., Campbell, J. C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1050,Patterns of violence against women: A latent class analysis,"This study examined patterns of nine types of violence against women (VAW) and associated mental health problems. The following self-reported, lifetime violence victimization was examined among 1424 employed women: (1) childhood physical abuse, (2) childhood sexual abuse, (3) physical abuse between parents/guardians during childhood, (4) psychological intimate partner violence (IPV), (5) physical IPV, (6) sexual IPV, (7) adult physical or sexual assault by a nonintimate partner, (8) physical workplace violence, and (9) psychological workplace violence. Latent class analysis was used to identify homogenous patterns, called ""classes,"" of women's ""yes/no"" responses to experiencing these types of violence. The best model consisted of 4-classes characterized by the following probabilities: low violence (Class 1: 63.1%), high psychological and physical IPV (Class 2: 15.6%), high physical and psychological workplace violence (Class 3: 12.4%), and moderate to high childhood abuse (Class 4: 9.0%). When compared to Class 1 (low violence), membership in Classes 2 (IPV) and 4 (childhood abuse) was associated with screening positive for depression in the past week at baseline after controlling for the influence of demographic characteristics on class membership. Also, when compared to Class 1 (low all), membership in Class 2 (IPV) was associated with greater odds of screening positive for posttraumatic stress disorder in the past month at the six month follow-up assessment. Findings document distinct patterns of VAW and associated proximal and distal mental health outcomes. Implications for interventions aimed to improve employed women's health are discussed. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","childhood abuse, depression, intimate partner violence, posttraumatic stress, workplace violence","Cavanaugh, C. E., Messing, J. T., Petras, H., Fowler, B., La Flair, L., Kub, J., Agnew, J., Fitzgerald, S., Bolyard, R., Campbell, J. C.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1051,"Gold mining on Mayan-Mam territory: Social unravelling, discord and distress in the Western highlands of Guatemala","This article examines the influence of a large-scale mining operation on the health of the community of San Miguel Ixtahuacán, Guatemala. An anti-colonial narrative approach informed by participatory action research principles was employed. Data collection included focus groups and one-on-one interviews from August to November of 2011. Over this period, we interviewed 15 Mam Mayan men and 41 women (n=56) between the ages of 18 and 64 including health care workers, educators, spiritual leaders, agricultural workers and previous mine employees from 13 villages within the municipality. Participants' accounts pointed to community health experiences of social unravelling characterized by overlapping narratives of a climate of fear and discord and embodied expressions of distress. These findings reveal the interconnected mechanisms by which local mining operations influenced the health of the community, specifically, by introducing new threats to the safety and mental wellbeing of local residents. © 2014 The Authors.","Community health, Guatemala, Insecurity, Mental health, Mining, Psychological distress, Suffering, Violence","Caxaj, C. S., Berman, H., Varcoe, C., Ray, S. L., Restoulec, J. P.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.036,0,0,
1052,Double disadvantage: The influence of childhood maltreatment and community violence exposure on adolescent mental health,"Background Childhood maltreatment is a key risk factor for maladjustment and psychopathology. Although maltreated youth are more likely to experience community violence, both forms of adversity are generally examined separately. Consequently, little is known about the unique and interactive effects that characterize maltreatment and community violence exposure (CVE) on mental health. Methods Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was applied to data from a community sample of high-risk adolescents and young adults (n = 204, M = 18.85) to categorize groups of participants with similar patterns of childhood (i.e. past) maltreatment exposure. Associations between childhood maltreatment, CVE and mental health outcomes were then explored using multivariate regression and moderation analyses. Results Latent Profile Analysis identified three groups of individuals with low, moderate and severe levels of childhood maltreatment. Maltreatment was associated with more internalizing, externalizing, and trauma-related symptoms. By contrast, CVE showed independent associations with only externalizing and trauma-related symptoms. Typically, childhood maltreatment and CVE exerted additive effects; however, these forms of adversity interacted to predict levels of anger. Conclusions Exposure to maltreatment and community violence is associated with increased levels of clinical symptoms. However, while maltreatment is associated with increased symptoms across a broad range of mental health domains, the impact of community violence is more constrained, suggesting that these environmental risk factors differentially impact mental health functioning. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. © 2014 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","community violence, Maltreatment, mental health, trauma","Cecil, C. A. M., Viding, E., Barker, E. D., Guiney, J., McCrory, E. J.",2014.0,,10.1111/jcpp.12213,0,0,
1053,Cortical hyperexcitability in post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to minor accidental head trauma: A neurophysiologic study,"Objective: We applied paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (pTMS) to patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) secondary to minor accidental head trauma. Our purpose was to determine the potential abnormality of motor cortex excitability in this pathologic condition. Methods: pTMS stimulation, according to the conditioning-test paradigm employing interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 1-6 ms, was used to investigate intracortical inhibition in control subjects and patients with PTSD. The study population consisted of 14 patients who had developed PTSD following minor head trauma, 12 healthy volunteers without a clinical history of head trauma and 11 healthy subjects who had reported accidental minor head trauma 1-4 months before the study. This clinical electrophysiologic study was performed at the Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome ""Tor Vergata."" Results: All patients with PTSD exhibited a significantly lower motor evoked potential (MEP) inhibition than controls at 2 ms, 3 ms and 4 ms ISI. The statistical analysis of the pTMS protocol showed a significant effect (F2,36 = 25.63, p < 0.001) of the factor ""group,"" because patients with PTSD showed a mean conditioned MEP amplitude higher than that observed in both control groups for all 6 ISIs analyzed. The ""ISI"" factor was also significant (F5,180) = 89.85, Greenhouse-Geisser = 0.35; p < 0.001), with the mean conditioned MEP amplitude increasing from 22.5% to 127.8% as the ISI increased from 1 ms to 6 ms. Finally, the interaction of group with ISI was also significant (F10,180 = 8.97, p < 0.001), showing that the condition of PTSD secondary to head trauma was able to affect the MEP amplitude at different ISIs. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that PTSD can give rise to abnormalities in intracortical inhibition. Our results provide further evidence that alterations in cortical inhibitory circuits may underlie specific forms of neuroticism in humans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Evoked Potentials, *Head Injuries, *Motor Cortex, *Neurophysiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Centonze, Diego, Palmieri, Maria G., Boffa, Laura, Pierantozzi, Mariangela, Stanzione, Paulo, Brusa, Livia, Marciani, Grazia, Siracusano, Alberto, Bernardi, Giorgio, Caramia, M. Donatella",2005.0,,,0,0,
1054,Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of a disaster: Looking for the role of gender,"In the past 10 years, the literature on disasters and mental health has shifted from a focus on psychopathology, to an interest in documenting manifestations of resilience in the face of mass trauma. The Jin et al. study, published in this issue of the Journal, examines gender differences in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in the aftermath of the Wenchuan Earthquake in China. The study suggests that the coping response to PTSD may differ between males and females, and raises interesting questions about the types of factors that contribute to the manifestation of high versus low PTG given high levels of PTSD. At the same time, this type of study highlights the need to investigate the long-term impact and meaning of PTG, and to examine whether it reflects an adaptive process with long-term benefits in the face of traumatic exposures, or an illusory type of posttraumatic response. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Disasters, Earthquakes, Gender, Posttraumatic growth, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Cerdá, M.",2014.0,,10.1007/s00127-014-0949-2,0,0,
1055,The course of posttraumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment following a disaster,,,"Cerdá, M., Bordelois, P. M., Galea, S., Norris, F., Tracy, M., Koenen, K. C.",,,,0,1,
1056,Epidemiologic research on interpersonal violence and common psychiatric disorders: Where do we go from here?,,,"Cerdá, M., Digangi, J., Galea, S., Koenen, K.",2012.0,,10.1002/da.21947,0,0,
1057,A latent cluster analysis approach to investigate trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms and dysfunction,"While post-trauma research has focused on psychiatric disorders, mainly posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic events may have broader mental health effects that result in dysfunction at home, work and social settings. We know little about dysfunction trajectories, or the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and dysfunction. We selected a random sample of adults in Galveston and Chambers Counties, Texas, 2-6 months after Hurricane Ike and interviewed them 3 times in 2 years. PTSS and dysfunction items were subject to repeated measures latent class analysis to estimate common pathways. Respondents exhibited the following patterns over the 2 years: (1) no dysfunction/PTSS class members (58.2% - 78.8% of sample at Times 1-3) were unlikely to experience role impairment, interference with social activities/daily behaviors, difficulties handling stressors, or to report PTSS including re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal; (2) low dysfunction/moderate PTSS class members (29.4-14.6%) were unlikely to report dysfunction symptoms but moderately likely to report PTSS; and (3) high dysfunction/PTSS class members (12.4-6.6%) were highly likely to exhibit both dysfunction and PTSS. Relative to the no dysfunction/PTSS class, membership in the low dysfunction/moderate PTSS class was predicted by exposure to Ike-related and post-Ike stressors. Membership in the high dysfunction/PTSS class was predicted by Ike-related and post-Ike traumatic events and stressors. These results illustrate distinct and co-occurring post-trauma PTSS and dysfunction trajectories. Alleviating ongoing post-trauma adverse circumstances may play a central role in mitigating the consequences of traumatic events.","posttraumatic stress disorder, epidemiology, cluster analysis, injury, adult, mental health, mental disease, random sample, United States, hurricane, exposure","Cerda, M., Norris, F., Goldmann, E., Tracy, M., Galea, S.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1058,"Heterogeneity in sequential comorbidity between mental health problems, substance use and alcohol use","We investigated the influence of lagged mental health problems and substance use on alcohol use and binging among different types of alcohol users in New York City. We used a population-based cohort of 1152 adults in 2002. Participants completed three follow-up interviews over 30 months. We used growth mixture models to assess alcohol consumption and binging trajectories in the past 30 days. We identified five alcohol consumption trajectories and three binging trajectories. The relations between prior mental health problems and substance use, and later alcohol use, depended on each individual's alcohol trajectory over time. Among constant, low level alcohol users, smoking (beta: 0.02) and marijuana use (beta: 0.5) were associated with more drinking. Among respondents who reported an increase in alcohol use over time, prior posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with more drinking (beta: 11.0), while prior depressive symptoms (beta: -10.2) and marijuana (beta: -0.4) were associated with less drinking. Among stable, high-level alcohol users, marijuana was associated with more drinking (beta: 18.5), and PTSD (beta: -75.2) and depression (beta: -16.1) were associated with less drinking. Among respondents who decreased their alcohol use over time, prior smoking was associated with more drinking (beta: 0.1), while marijuana use was associated with less drinking (beta: -0.2). Smoking was also associated with a higher rate of binging for those who reported binging later in the study (beta: 0.04). This study highlights the importance of modeling heterogeneity in alcohol use trajectories when investigating sequential comorbidity patterns between mental health problems and alcohol use.","alcohol, cannabis, comorbidity, mental health, substance use, alcohol consumption, society, epidemiology, drinking, smoking, human, cannabis use, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, adult, depression, population, interview, follow up, United States","Cerda, M., Tracy, M., Vlahov, D., Galea, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1059,Alcohol use trajectories among adults in an urban area after a disaster: Evidence from a population-based cohort study,"Alcohol use increased in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area in the first months after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. Aims: To investigate alcohol use trajectories in the NYC metropolitan area in the 3 years after 11 September and examine the relative contributions of acute exposure to the attacks and ongoing stressors to these trajectories. Design: We used a population-based cohort of adults recruited through a random-digit-dial telephone survey in 2002; participants completed three follow-up interviews over 30 months. Setting: The NYC metropolitan area. Participants: A total of 2752 non-institutionalized adult residents of NYC. Measurements: We used growth mixture models to assess trajectories in levels of total alcohol consumption and bingeing in the past 30 days, and predictors of these trajectories. Findings: We identified five trajectories of alcohol consumption levels and three bingeing trajectories. Predictors of higher levels of use over time included ongoing stressors, traumatic events and lower income. Ongoing exposure to stressors and low income also play a central role in bingeing trajectories. Conclusions: While point-in-time mass traumatic events may matter in the short term, their contribution subsides over time. Accumulated stressors and traumatic events, in contrast, lead to higher levels of consumption among respondents already vulnerable to high alcohol use. Interventions to mitigate post-disaster stressors may have substantial benefit in reducing alcohol abuse in the medium- to long term. © 2008 The Authors.","Alcohol use, Bingeing, Disasters, Growth mixture, Stressors, Trajectories, Trauma","Cerda, M., Vlahov, D., Tracy, M., Galea, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1060,Suicide-bereaved children and adolescents: A controlled longitudinal examination,"Objective: The current study examined emotional and behavioral sequelae in children who have experienced parental suicide by completing a secondary analysis of data from the Grief Research Study, a longitudinal study of childhood bereavement. Method: Twenty-six suicide-bereaved (SB) children, aged 5 to 17 years, were compared with 332 children bereaved from parental death not caused by suicide (NSB) in interviews 1,6, 13, and 25 months after the death. Children's emotional reactions to the death, psychiatric symptomatology, and psychosocial functioning after the parent's death were determined. Results: Grief emotions were common in both groups. SB children were more likely to experience anxiety, anger, and shame than NSB children. SB children were more likely to have preexisting behavioral problems and more behavioral and anxiety symptoms throughout the first 2 years compared with NSB children. Indices of depression, suicidality, and psychosocial functioning differed minimally between groups. Conclusions: SB children experience some 'common' elements of bereavement. In addition, they demonstrate some lifetime risk factors as well as subsequent pathology that suggests a negative behavioral trajectory. As these cohorts have not yet passed through the age of risk, long-term follow-up is critical.","Bereavement, Suicide, Survivor","Cerel, J., Fristad, M. A., Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1061,The Rorschach and traumatic loss: can the presence of traumatic loss be detected from the Rorschach?,"Loss, an expected part of everyone's life, can be a catalyst promoting significant growth. But all losses are not the same or affect everyone in like manner. Some losses are of such magnitude and intensity that individuals cannot cope, and, therefore, they keep reliving them (posttraumatic stress syndrome) as if through repeated attempts (Freud, 1923-1922/1961) they might master what had been initially so overwhelming. This study, using an inpatient hospital sample, examines the Rorschach protocols of individuals who had experienced traumatic loss in childhood or early adolescence and compares them with a control group of individuals who appear to have no such history. Our hypotheses that victims of early trauma have a distinguishing Rorschach profile was validated in the exploratory study. Further study is needed to clarify whether factors other than traumatic loss may be contributing to this profile.","Adult, Child, Child Abuse/psychology, Child Abuse, Sexual/psychology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, *Grief, Humans, Pilot Projects, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, *Rorschach Test, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology","Cerney, M. S.",1990.0,Winter,10.1080/00223891.1990.9674112,0,0,
1062,"Motor vehicle accidents and adolescents: An empirical study on their emotional and behavioral profiles, defense strategies and parental support","Background: Research has limitedly focused on adolescents' emotional-behavioral functioning preceding road collisions and on the role of family support. Objective: To verify whether the rates of motorbikes collisions among adolescents are associated with their emotional-behavioral functioning, their use of specific defense strategies and family support. Method: N = 150 adolescents who visited an emergency department for road accidents were selected and completed self-report questionnaires assessing emotional-behavioral functioning, difficulty in identifying and describing emotions, use of defense strategies and perceived family support. Results: Higher rates of motorbike collisions are associated with more maladaptive emotional-behavioral functioning. Higher perceived family support is associated with lower rates of collisions. Conclusions: Recidivism of motor vehicle collision among adolescents can be considered as a form of acting-out caused by their psychological difficulties. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Adolescence, Emotional-behavioral functioning, Motorbikes collisions","Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., Ballarotto, G., Casini, E., Ferrari, A., Carbone, P., Cersosimo, M.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.trf.2015.09.002,0,0,
1063,The factor structure of traumatic stress in parents of children with cancer: A longitudinal analysis,"[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 38(2) of Journal of Pediatric Psychology (see record 2013-09665-013). When this manuscript was first submitted to JPP, analyses were run in the AMOS software. However, in the revision, Mplus software was used instead in order to be able to adjust to dependency in data. Owing to Mplus handling missing data differently than AMOS, the dataset used in the final analyses was corrupted and based on the wrong number of participants. The authors regret this mistake. They have rerun the analyses in Mplus with a correct dataset and some corrections were made. The corrections are present in the erratum.] Objectives: To determine the factor structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and assess its stability over time among parents of children diagnosed with cancer. Methods: Parents of children with cancer included in a longitudinal study completed the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version 2 weeks (n = 249) and 2 (n = 234) and 4 (n = 203) months after their child's diagnosis. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess 3 models of the underlying dimensions of PTSD and invariance tests were used to assess stability over time. Results: A longitudinal CFA with the factors reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal provided best fit to the data. Invariance testing suggested that the pattern and size of loadings were equivalent across the three assessments. Discussions: Findings tentatively suggest that PTSS among parents of children with cancer consist of four factors. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neoplasms, *Parents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Symptoms, Factor Structure, Health Promotion","Cernvall, Martin, Alaie, Iman, von Essen, Louise",2012.0,,,0,0,
1064,"""The factor structure of traumatic stress in parents of children with cancer: A longitudinal analysis"": Erratum","Reports an error in ""The factor structure of traumatic stress in parents of children with cancer: A longitudinal analysis"" by Martin Cernvall, Iman Alaie and Louise von Essen (Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2012[May], Vol 37[4], 448-457). When this manuscript was first submitted to JPP, analyses were run in the AMOS software. However, in the revision, Mplus software was used instead in order to be able to adjust to dependency in data. Owing to Mplus handling missing data differently than AMOS, the dataset used in the final analyses was corrupted and based on the wrong number of participants. The authors regret this mistake. They have rerun the analyses in Mplus with a correct dataset and some corrections were made. The corrections are present in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-10988-009). Objectives: To determine the factor structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and assess its stability over time among parents of children diagnosed with cancer. Methods: Parents of children with cancer included in a longitudinal study completed the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version 2 weeks (n = 249) and 2 (n = 234) and 4 (n = 203) months after their child's diagnosis. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess 3 models of the underlying dimensions of PTSD and invariance tests were used to assess stability over time. Results: A longitudinal CFA with the factors reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal provided best fit to the data. Invariance testing suggested that the pattern and size of loadings were equivalent across the three assessments. Discussions: Findings tentatively suggest that PTSS among parents of children with cancer consist of four factors. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neoplasms, *Parents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Symptoms, Factor Structure, Health Promotion","Cernvall, Martin, Alaie, Iman, von Essen, Louise",2013.0,,,0,0,
1065,MDMA assisted psychotherapy found to have a large effect for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder,"Comments on an article by Peter Oehen et al. (see record 2012-34703-005). Oehen et al. (2013) reported a well-designed, randomized, double-blind, active placebo controlled trial of MDMA assisted psychotherapy in a small sample (N=12) of participants with resistant, chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given that the sample is small, the statistical power of the study using analysis of variance is low. A potential solution is to express the findings in terms of effect sizes using Cohen's d, which is a way of estimating the magnitude of the difference between two means that is independent of the sample size. In that case, a d value of 0.20 is considered to be a small effect, 0.50 a medium effect and 0.80 a large effect. Thus, given than the full dose group had higher baseline levels of both clinician-observed and self-reported PTSD symptoms than the active placebo group, authors can say that these subjects with resistant, chronic PTSD showed, on average, a substantial improvement in PTSD symptoms over the course of MDMA assisted psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chronicity (Disorders), *Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Resistant Disorders","Chabrol, Henri, Oehen, Peter",2013.0,,,0,0,
1066,Dimensional complexity of the EEG in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Recent electrophysiological studies have reported evidence of information processing abnormalities in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study is to examine dynamical complexity of the EEG in PTSD patients, which is thought to reflect information processing of the brain. Resting EEG recordings (32 800 data points acquired continuously from 82 s of an EEG record) were obtained in 16 channels of 27 patients with PTSD from a mixed civilian trauma population and 14 healthy subjects. The correlation dimension (D2) of the EEG was used to quantify the complexity of the cortical dynamics underlying the EEG signal. The PTSD patients were found to have lower D2 values than those of the healthy subjects in most channels (Fpl, F8, C4, P4, T3, T4, T5, T6, and Ol), indicating that PTSD patients have globally reduced complexity in their EEG waveforms. This study supports the hypotheses that PTSD patients exhibit disturbed cortical information processing, and that non-linear dynamical analysis of the EEG can be a tool for detecting changes in neurodynamics of the brain in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Processes, *Electroencephalography, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Chae, Jeong-Ho, Jeong, Jaeseung, Peterson, Bradley S., Kim, Dai-Jin, Bahk, Won-Myong, Jun, Tae-Youn, Kim, Soo-Yong, Kim, Kwang-Soo",2004.0,,,0,0,
1067,Alexithymia and psychic trauma: Analysis of the utterances of subjects suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder,"Studied verbalizations of 11 male and female adults (aged 25-50 yrs) suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in France. Ss had suffered trauma many yrs previously due to war, physical abuse, or accident. Ss were asked to describe the traumatic events and their immediate and late emotional events. Interview transcripts were evaluated using qualitative and quantitative discourse analysis techniques. The results do not reveal lack of ability to verbalize emotions but rather a dissociation in emotional expression, with emotional words more frequently associated with symptoms of the traumatic event than with the event itself. The results are discussed in relation to alexithymia symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Alexithymia, *Comorbidity, *Emotional Trauma, *Oral Communication, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Responses, Injuries, Physical Abuse, Psychiatric Symptoms, War","Chahraoui, K., Besche, C., Lacassagne, M. F.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1068,Comparative analysis of behavioral cues and brain functionality associated with mice in a model simulating aspects of PTSD,"One of the essential characteristics of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the manifestation of a cluster of behavioral symptoms including avoidance of stimuli, emotional numbing and hyperarousal. The objective of this study is to establish an effective murine model of PTSD and to correlate the temporal shift of behavioral traits with brain functionality. The motivation of the proposed model attributes to the successful role of social defeat (SD) as an important source of stress. A 10-day and 5-day long SD was designed for C57/BL male mice kept for 6 hrs daily in small wire-mesh cages inside the aggressor-home cages and were directly exposed to the aggressors intermittently. Control mice were put in the same environments without any contact with aggressors. Partition tests carried out at 24hrs and at a delayed time post-SD showed temporal remission of barrier-avoidance, locomotion and displacement behaviors among the defeated mice. Analysis of golgi-stained murine brain samples revealed significant changes in dendritic spine density and volume of medial prefrontal cortex. Appearing as a strong candidate for PTSD, our study presents a model that can potentially offer insights on brain functionality and temporal shift of behavioral evidences related to PTSD.","brain, model, mouse, posttraumatic stress disorder, remission, motivation, stimulus, environment, density, locomotion, displacement behavior, dendritic spine, male, prefrontal cortex, behavior","Chakraborty, N., De Lima, T., Meyerhoff, J., Muhie, S., Gautam, A., Jibitu, M., Jett, M., Hammamieh, R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1069,Time-dependent development of social stress caused by repeated exposures to aggressors simulating features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"A utility criterion of a PTSD mouse model is recruiting a stressor with systematically variable intensity. An ideal stressor should maintain a 'dose-response relationship' with the subjects' behavioral shift. A typical PTSD model includes a brief exposure to foot or tail shock. We developed a model that involves repeated exposures (either 5-day or 10-day) to trained conspecific aggressors (Agg). A contextual reminder study evaluating a cluster of ethogram identified PTSD-like (acute- and persistent-) syndromes such as incubation, extinction and desensitization of fear responses. Pathophysiological consequences supported the model. This model reflects the combat-like situation where life-threatening events occur repeatedly and randomly. The direct relationship of PTSD-risk with deployment frequency further justifies the model. Agg induced stress intensity can only be elevated by prolonging the exposure. The risk of habituation can thereby defeat the 'dose-response' relationship. We addressed this concern by evaluating the time-dependent behavioral shift of the subject mice (C57BL/6j). Subsets of subject mice were withdrawn from the Agg-exposure (Agg-E) schedule at regular intervals and their psycho-patho-physiological characters were evaluated. A regression model elucidated the temporal relationship of Agg-E stress with the psychological alteration.","exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, social stress, model, mouse, dose response, risk, fear, desensitization, human, habituation, animal model","Chakraborty, N., Meyerhoff, J., Gautam, A., Muhie, S., Hammamieh, R., Jett, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1070,"Psychometric Properties of the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia: Convergent, Discriminant, and Criterion-Related Validity","Aims of this study were (a) to summarize the psychometric literature on the Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia (MIA), (b) to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the MIA's Avoidance Alone and Avoidance Accompanied rating scales relative to clinical severity ratings of anxiety disorders from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS), and (c) to establish a cutoff score indicative of interviewers' diagnosis of agoraphobia for the Avoidance Alone scale. A meta-analytic synthesis of 10 published studies yielded positive evidence for internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity of the scales. Participants in the present study were 129 people with a diagnosis of panic disorder. Internal consistency was excellent for this sample, α =.95 for AAC and .96 for AAL. When the MIA scales were correlated with interviewer ratings, evidence for convergent and discriminant validity for AAL was strong (convergent r with agoraphobia severity ratings =.63 vs. discriminant rs of .10-.29 for other anxiety disorders) and more modest but still positive for AAC (.54 vs. .01-.37). Receiver operating curve analysis indicated that the optimal operating point for AAL as an indicator of ADIS agoraphobia diagnosis was 1.61, which yielded sensitivity of .87 and specificity of .73. © 2011.","Agoraphobia, Mobility Inventory, Panic disorder, Reliability, Validity","Chambless, D. L., Sharpless, B. A., Rodriguez, D., McCarthy, K. S., Milrod, B. L., Khalsa, S. R., Barber, J. P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1071,The valence of attentional bias and cancer-related rumination in posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among women with breast cancer,"OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of self-reported attentional bias on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) through the potential mediator of cancer-related rumination. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey design was used and women with breast cancer (N=170) were recruited. MEASURES: Attentional biases, cancer-related ruminations, PTSD symptoms, and PTG were assessed. RESULTS: Negative attentional bias and negative cancer-related rumination were positively related to PTSD symptoms following cancer diagnosis and treatments, but they were not related to PTG. Positive attentional bias and positive cancer-related rumination were positively related to PTG, but positive attentional bias was not related to PTSD symptoms. Findings showed that negative cancer-related rumination partially mediated the relationship between negative attentional bias and PTSD symptoms, while positive cancer-related rumination partially mediated the relationship between positive attentional bias and PTG. CONCLUSION: Findings support that there are differential trajectories to PTSD symptoms and PTG with respect to different valence of habitual attentional style and cancer-related rumination. They may serve as potential therapeutic leverages in the alleviation of PTSD symptoms and facilitation of PTG following cancer diagnosis and treatments.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Analysis of Variance, *Attention, Breast Neoplasms/*psychology, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology/*psychology","Chan, M. W., Ho, S. M., Tedeschi, R. G., Leung, C. W.",2011.0,May,10.1002/pon.1761,0,0,
1072,The valence of attentional bias and cancer-related rumination in posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among women with breast cancer,"Objective: To examine the effects of self-reported attentional bias on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) through the potential mediator of cancer-related rumination. Design: A cross-sectional survey design was used and women with breast cancer (N = 170) were recruited. Measures: Attentional biases, cancer-related ruminations, PTSD symptoms, and PTG were assessed. Results: Negative attentional bias and negative cancer-related rumination were positively related to PTSD symptoms following cancer diagnosis and treatments, but they were not related to PTG. Positive attentional bias and positive cancer-related rumination were positively related to PTG, but positive attentional bias was not related to PTSD symptoms. Findings showed that negative cancer-related rumination partially mediated the relationship between negative attentional bias and PTSD symptoms, while positive cancer-related rumination partially mediated the relationship between positive attentional bias and PTG. Conclusion: Findings support that there are differential trajectories to PTSD symptoms and PTG with respect to different valence of habitual attentional style and cancer-related rumination. They may serve as potential therapeutic leverages in the alleviation of PTSD symptoms and facilitation of PTG following cancer diagnosis and treatments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Attentional bias, Breast cancer, Oncology, Posttraumatic growth, Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","Chan, M. W. C., Ho, S. M. Y., Tedeschi, R. G., Leung, C. W. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,1071
1073,The effects of distal traumas on posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and co-morbid psychopathology: An integrative memory processing model,"Exposure to a traumatic event is a necessary condition in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies have also suggested the presence of intervening variables in its development. However, little research has been reported on the relationships among these intervening factors. This study sought to address this by proposing a mediational model on PTSD and validating it empirically. The proposed Integrative Memory Processing Model specified the effect paths among traumatic events, memory network, appraisal, coping and social support in predicting PTSD. The Model was tested with a sample of one hundred and eleven (111) Cambodian refugees in Toronto, Canada, who survived the Khmer Rogue holocaust in the 1970's. The results were largely supportive of the Model. Other major research questions that this study sought to explain were about the issues of co-morbidity with PTSD, a common clinical phenomenon with little systematic study. In the present study, the specific symptomatic overlap and etiological sharing propositions were investigated with three co-morbid disorders, i.e. anxiety, depression and somatization. The results were supportive of rejecting the specific symptomatic overlap hypothesis and accepting the generalized psychopathology (P) factor proposition. In regard to etiological sharing, the anxiety was found to be predicted by the distal traumatic events whereas both the depression and somatization were only predicted by the current life stress. Implications of the findings in PTSD theory, research and clinical intervention were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Chan, Raymond Won Shing",2001.0,,,0,0,
1074,Origin of chordate peptides by horizontal protozoan gene transfer in early metazoans and protists: Evolution of the teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP),"The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP) are found at the extracellular face in C-terminal region of the teneurin transmembrane proteins. One of these peptides, TCAP-1 is independently transcribed as a smaller bioactive peptide that possesses a number of stress response-attenuating activities. The teneurin-TCAP system appears to be the result of a horizontal gene transfer from a prokaryotic proteinaceous polymorphic toxin to a choanoflagellate. In a basal metazoan, the TCAP region has been modified from a toxin to a soluble intercellular signaling system. New studies indicate that the teneurin-TCAP system form a complex signaling system associated with adhesion, cytoskeletal regulation and intracellular signaling. TCAP-1 is highly conserved in all vertebrates and in mammals, inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-associated stress. Using the TCAP-teneurin system as a model, it is likely that numerous peptide systems in the Chordata began as a result of horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes early in metazoan ancestry. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Genes, Peptides, Phylogeny, Prokaryotes, Stress, Toxins","Chand, D., de Lannoy, L., Tucker, R., Lovejoy, D. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1075,Can post-traumatic stress disorder be prevented?,"In the 20-odd years since the cluster of symptoms known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been studied, we have learned a great deal about treating the distress that accompanies trauma in its many forms. We will only know whether or not we have succeeded in preventing the disorder when we have access to long-term studies of people who received intervention immediately following a traumatic event. We do know, however, much more about the impact of trauma on victims and witnesses of traumatic events, sometimes long past the event itself. We know, for example, that 'triggers'-events reminiscent of the original event-play an extraordinarily important role in the development of symptoms. Removing those triggers is one method for alleviating distress. But a growing interest in the relationship between body, mind, and spirit points toward another possibility: counteracting the stressful triggers with equally powerful images that contain the seeds of recovery. Nurses are continually exposed to pain and suffering, stress and trauma, are themselves vulnerable to PTSD, and perhaps as much as the patients they care for, need hope and healing. We may not be able to prevent stress or distress. But we can alter the intensity and duration of stress related to trauma by naming our demons, daring to struggle with them, and by creating healing communities for ourselves as well as our patients. © 1993.",,"Chandler, E.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1076,Resilience Intervention for Young Adults With Adverse Childhood Experiences,"BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are correlated with risk behaviors of smoking, disordered eating, and alcohol and substance abuse. Such behaviors can lead to significant public health problems of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, liver disease, and hypertension, yet some individuals do not appear to suffer negative consequences but rather bounce back. OBJECTIVE: To pilot the feasibility and potential efficacy of the Empower Resilience Intervention to build capacity by increasing resilience and health behaviors and decreasing symptoms and negative health behaviors with young adults in an educational setting who have had ACEs. DESIGN: A two-group pre–post repeated measures design to compare symptoms, health behaviors, and resilience and written participant responses. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant cohort by time interaction for physical activity in the intervention group. There was no significant change in risk behaviors or resilience score by cohort. Young adults in the intervention group reported building strengths, reframing resilience, and creating support connections. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in health behavior is theoretically consistent with this strengths-based intervention. Evaluating this intervention with a larger sample is important. Interrupting the ACE to illness trajectory is complex. This short-term empower resilience intervention, however, holds promise as an opportunity to reconsider the negative effects of the trauma of the past and build on strengths to develop a preferred future. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.","abuse, adolescents/adolescence, child, patient education, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychoeducation","Chandler, G. E., Roberts, S. J., Chiodo, L.",2015.0,,10.1177/1078390315620609,0,0,
1077,Localization of pain and self-reported rape in a female community sample,"Objective. Studies suggest that rape increases risk of medically unexplained pain in women. At present it is not clear whether rape is associated with pain at specific locations or at multiple locations. In this study we tested the hypothesis that rape was associated with a preferential increase in risk of pelvic pain that was not explained by pain at other sites. Design. We relied on an existing community study that oversampled women with fibromyalgia and major depression. Localization was assessed by asking about pain at four sites: pelvic region; jaw/face; headache; and lower back. Three groups were identified using a structured telephone interview: Abuse Only (sexual/physical abuse excluding rape); Rape + Abuse (rape in addition to other sexual/physical abuse); and No Abuse. Results. Compared with the No Abuse group, the Rape + Abuse group was eight times more likely to have pelvic pain and 3.7 times more likely to have jaw/face pain after we controlled for the effect of widespread pain. Rape was not associated with lower back pain or headache. The Abuse Only group did not show a preferential increase in risk of pain at any of the four locations that were assessed. After controlling for pain at other locations, we found that the Rape + Abuse group was 10 times more likely to report pelvic pain than the No Abuse group (P < 0.005). Discussion. In accord with the localization hypothesis, self-reported rape was uniquely associated with pelvic pain. Future efforts to account for pain in the aftermath of rape must specify a mechanism that can simultaneously cause widespread pain as well as increase risk of localized pain. (copyright) 2006 American Academy of Pain Medicine.","adult, article, depression, disease association, face pain, female, fibromyalgia, headache, human, hypothesis, interview, low back pain, major clinical study, pain assessment, pelvis pain syndrome, rape, risk assessment, sampling, self report, sexual abuse, Sickness Impact Profile, telephone, violence","Chandler, H. K., Ciccone, D. S., Raphael, K. G.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1078,"MMPI results: A comparison of trauma victims, psychogenic pain, and - patients with organic disease","Made comparison using MMPI T scores on three private psychiatric - subpopulations: Post-trauma patients, patients with organically based illness, and patients with psychogenic pain (complaints functional in origin) (N=78). The standard 3 validity and 10 clinical scales were used to evaluated possible differences among the groups. Differences were presented among the groups on scales 3 (HY), 9 (MA), and (F). Individual profiles also were assessed. In patients with a 1-3/3-1 profile, the psychogenic group has significantly higher elevation over the post-trauma and organic groups. In patients with 8 (SC) or 9 (MA) high both with and without 1-3/3-1 high, differences were found; the post-trauma and organic groups showed marked elevation over those in the psychogenetic groups. Results indicate the MMPI to be a viable aid in distinguishing - between patients with post-trauma stress disorder vs. those with functional disorders. The data suggest that MMPI profiles of patients with - post-trauma stress disorder more closely resemble the MMPI profiles of - patients who have organic disease with pain caused by organic pathology than the profiles of patients with psychogenic pain and/or hypochondriasis.","adult, central nervous system, clinical article, diagnosis, human, hypochondriasis, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychogenesis, psychological aspect","Chaney, H. S., Williams, S. G., Cohn, C. K., Vincent, K. R.",1984.0,,,0,0,
1079,No association between ADCYAP1R1 and post-traumatic stress disorder in two independent samples,"Presents a study which aims to replicate genetic association between single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2267735 and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in two independent samples. The first sample consisted of women from the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) and second sample contained 6074 individuals recruited for genetic studies of substance dependence at five US sites. The authors were unable to replicate the association between rs2267735 and PTSD in these two large independent samples. The findings do not, however, exclude the possibility that the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-ligand type 1 receptor (PACAP-PACl1) receptor pathway has a role in the production of PTSD. Further research is needed to understand how selection factors, demographic characteristics and social context influence the role of the PACAP-PACl receptor pathway in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Nucleotides, *Peptides, *Polymorphism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Ligand","Chang, S. C., Xie, P., Anton, R. F., De Vivo, I., Farrer, L. A., Kranzler, H. R., Oslin, D., Purcell, S. M., Roberts, A. L., Smoller, J. W., Uddin, M., Gelernter, J., Koenen, K. G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1080,"A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, panic disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in men","Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occur. The authors investigated whether and to what degree genetic and environmental contributions overlap among symptoms of GAD, symptoms of PD and PTSD. Ss were 3,327 monozygotic and dizygotic male-male twin pair members (aged 33-53 yrs) of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who participated in a 1992 telephone administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version 3 Revised. Genetic model fitting was performed to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental contributions to the lifetime co-occurrence of GAD symptoms, PD symptoms and PTSD. The liability for GAD symptoms was due to a 37.9% additive genetic contribution common to PD symptoms and PTSD. Liability for PD symptoms was due to a 20.7% additive genetic contribution common to GAD symptoms and PTSD, and a 20.1% additive genetic influence specific to PD symptoms. Additive genetic influences common to symptoms of GAD and PD accounted for 21.3% of the genetic variance in PTSD. Additive genetic influences specific to PTSD accounted for 13.6% of the genetic variance in PTSD. Remaining variance for all three disorders was due to unique environmental factors both common and specific to each phenotype. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Nature Nurture, *Panic Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Twins, Environment, Genetics, Heterozygotic Twins, Human Males, Monozygotic Twins, Phenotypes, Psychiatric Symptoms","Chantarujikapong, Sunanta I., Scherrer, Jeffrey F., Xian, Hong, Eisen, Seth A., Lyons, Michael J., Goldberg, Jack, Tsuang, Ming, True, William R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1081,Neurogenetics of emotional reactivity to stress in animals,"There is much evidence for the involvement of central monoaminergic systems, the key targets of stress, in the regulation of mood. Animal and human findings indicate that genetics play a role in the etiology of mood disorders, and so we selected divergent inbred rat strains according to their anxiety-related behaviors on exposure to novel environments. We compared these strains for psychoneuroendocrine response to stressors and/or antidepressants. Molecular genetic studies were also performed to localize the genomic regions associated with these strain-dependent anxiety profiles. We then examined human results indicating that allelic variations in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) may play a role in the etiology of neuroticism and depression. Thus, we compared inbred rat strains for the 5-HTT, with regard to central and peripheral (platelet) protein expression and function, and the consequences of local application of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels. Our results indicate that spontaneously hypertensive rats and Lewis rats (LEW) selectively diverge in terms of anxiety-related behaviors and that this divergence is located on chromosome 4. The use of social defeat in LEW and the analysis of its psychoneuroendocrine consequences strongly suggest that such a paradigm, which is sensitive to repeated SSRI treatment, models posttraumatic stress disorder. The Wistar-Kyoto rat may be an adequate model to study the consequences of a genetically driven hypersensitivity to stress and noradrenergic antidepressants. Our most recent findings show that the Fischer 344 and LEW strains differ in protein expression and function of hippocampal and platelet 5-HTT; the divergence in protein expression is not due to allelic variations in the gene-coding sequences and leads to marked differences in extracellular 5-HT levels under basal conditions or SSRI. These examples illustrate how the use of inbred rat strains may complement our knowledge on the genetics of behavior, in the same way as the use of transgenic mice.","Antidepressant, Anxiety, Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, Inbred rat strain, Serotonin, Serotonin transporter and receptor, Stress","Chaouloff, F.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1082,Violence exposure in home and community: Influence on posttraumatic stress symptoms in army recruits,"This study assessed the levels and types of violence exposure, levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms, and the relationship among exposure to violence, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and early discharge in U.S. Army recruits at Basic Combat Training (BCT). The study applied a modified ABCX model of family stress adaptation developed by McCubbin, Thompson, and McCubbin (1996). A sample of 779 BCT recruits were surveyed before training began. At the end of training, data was collected on those recruits who had been discharged before completion of training. Statistical measures of association were used to assess the relationship between the variables. Results supported all three of the hypotheses tested. Significant positive relationships were found between violence exposure and trauma symptoms, as well as levels of trauma symptoms and odds of early discharge. Patterns of association were found between types of exposure to community versus home violence and specific symptom clusters of traumatic stress. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",,"Chapin, M. G.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1083,The effectiveness of art therapy interventions in reducing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pediatric trauma patients,"Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children has been studied extensively during the past 15 yrs, little research exists regarding the efficacy of treatment interventions. This report describes an outcome-based art therapy research project currently conducted at a large urban hospital trauma center. Included are the theoretical rationale and overview of an art therapy treatment intervention called the Chapman Art Therapy Treatment Intervention (CATTI) designed to reduce PTSD symptoms in pediatric trauma patients. CATTI was evaluated for efficacy in measuring the reduction of PTSD symptoms for 7-17 yr olds who had been admitted for traumatic injuries. The Ss were evaluated at intervals of 1 wk, 1 mo, and 6 mo after discharge from the hospital. An early analysis of the data does not indicate statistically significant differences in the reduction of PTSD symptoms between the experimental and control groups; there was no significant overall difference in scores on a PTSD measure between patients receiving the CATTI and those receiving standard hospital treatment. However, there is evidence that the children receiving the art therapy intervention did show a reduction in acute stress symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Art Therapy, *Injuries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Pediatrics","Chapman, Linda, Morabito, Diane, Ladakakos, Chris, Schreier, Herbert, Knudson, M. Margaret",2001.0,,,0,0,
1084,Exploring Combat-Related Loss and Behavioral Health Among OEF/OIF Veterans With Chronic PTSD and mTBI,"While combat-related loss is likely to result in the development of lingering stress responses, little is known about its impact on behavioral health. The purpose of this study was to present preliminary results on war-related losses and behavioral health among Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedomveterans. Veterans who suffered losses, to include noncombat losses (relationships back home) that occurred while the combatant was in the combat theater, reported more stress, depressive symptoms, and combat experiences. Outcomes were worse for veterans reporting two losses. Most notable was the decline in social support as losses increased. Also of note, avoidance and arousal symptom clusters were the most endorsed. While the pattern was more pronounced for those experiencing loss, results were consistent regardless of number of losses. © The Author(s) 2012.","combat-related loss, OEF/OIF, PTSD","Chapman, P., Elnitsky, C., Thurman, R., Spehar, A., Siddharthan, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1085,"Mental health, help seeking, and stigma and barriers to care among 3- and 12-month postdeployed and never deployed U.S. Army Combat Medics","U.S. Army Combat Medic serves as both Soldier and provider of combat casualty care, often in the heat of battle and with limited resources. Yet little is known about their help-seeking behavior and perceived stigma and barriers to care. Participants were three groups of U.S. Army Combat Medics surveyed at 3- and 12-months postdeployment from assignment with line units vs. those Medics who had never deployed to combat. The primary data source was surveys of mental health service utilization, perceived stigma and barriers to care, and depression and posttraumatic stress disorder screens. Medics who received help in the past year from a mental health professional ranged from 18% to 30%, with 18% to 30% seeking mental health assistance from other sources. Previously deployed Medics were more likely to obtain assistance than those who never deployed. Those meeting a mental health screening criteria were more likely to report associated stigma and barriers to care. Findings indicate that Medics in need of assistance report greater perceived barriers to mental health care, as well as stigma from seeking treatment, and that depression may be a salient issue for Medics. The longitudinal nature of the ongoing study will help determine the actual trajectory and onset of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.",,"Chapman, P. L., Elnitsky, C., Pitts, B., Figley, C., Thurman, R. M., Unwin, B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1086,Survivors of a kamikaze attack: PTSD and perceived adjustment to civilian life,"30 survivors of the U.S.S. Emmons (M age = 81.3 yr., SD = 2.3), which was sunk by kamikaze attacks during World War II, were given an adapted form of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian and a set of questions regarding the effects of their World War II experiences on seven clusters of 42 interpersonal and personal characteristics (Adjustment Characteristics). Participants were categorized into two groups, those who served on the Emmons at any given time during World War II (Any Service), and those who were serving on the Emmons when it was sunk during the battle for Okinawa (Okinawa). Analyses using Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that the Okinawa group reported higher checklist scores, but the scores were unrelated to 41 of the 42 Adjustment Characteristics. Also, Spearman rank-order correlations were statistically insignificant for all comparisons between checklist scores and Adjustment Characteristic clusters, and the total number of positive responses to the 42 characteristics. In contrast, Mann-Whitney U and chi square analyses comparing the Any Service and Okinawa groups indicated statistically significant differences for 14 Adjustment Characteristics, 4 clusters of those characteristics, and the total number of positive responses: The Okinawa group reported poorer outcomes in each comparison. Many of these differences were among Adjustment Characteristics evocative of the attributes of Lee's Agape love style. The findings suggest that for the survivors of the Emmons, the presence or absence of a traumatic event was a better predictor of adjustment to civilian life than the reported severity of PTSD symptoms. © Psychological Reports 2006.",,"Chara Jr, P. J., Chara, K. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1087,Assessing the Latent Factor Association Between the Dysphoria Model of PTSD and Positive and Negative Affect in Trauma Victims from India,"The recent release of the DSM-5 comes with the division of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms across four symptom clusters (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This division is based on the support garnered by two four-factor models; Emotional Numbing (King et al., 1998) and Dysphoria (Simms et al., 2002) and a five-factor model; Dysphoric Arousal (Elhai et al., 2011). Much debate centered on the validity of the Dysphoria factor as a non-specific factor of PTSD within the Dysphoria model. In line with this, we assessed relations between the four factors of the Dysphoria model (Simms et al., 2002) and positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) in natural disaster victims (N = 200) from Leh, India, using the PTSD checklist (PCL-S) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS short form). Confirmatory factor analysis was implemented to assess the best-fitting model for both the PCL (PTSD) and the PANAS (affect). Two optimal models (the Dysphoria model and a two-factor model for affect) were subsequently used to assess latent variable associations across constructs. It was hypothesized that differential associations between latent factors would be evident with the Dysphoria factor being highly correlated with negative affect compared to alternative PTSD factors. Significant correlations were found between factors of the Dysphoria model and NA (0.52-0.65, p < 0.001). Comparing the association of pairs of PTSD factors with NA and PA, Wald's tests revealed that no single PTSD factor was more related to NA than the other. Avoidance and Hyperarousal factors were correlated with PA. Results are discussed in line with literature questioning Dysphoria factor's unique association with general distress. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Differential relation, Dysphoria, India, Negative affect, PTSD","Charak, R., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Koot, H. M., Elhai, J. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1088,"Selective serotonin receptor (reuptake) inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs, SRI-5HT)","Depression is a frequent mental disorder in the general population. Approximately 3.7% of the population will suffer a major depressive episode throughout life. Pharmacological treatment with selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) is useful to treat this condition and other mental disorders. Citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline, which constitute this group, are characterized by having an easy way of administration and a very extensive security profile. Objectives: The objectives in this revision were: 1. To establish current indications of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors, using as basis those authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States of America. 2. To describe the mechanisms that explain antidepressant action. Initially, the SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the synaptic cleft; later there is a downregulation of the 5HT1A receptors; and finally antidepressants raise the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). 3. To present its way of administration and dosage. 4. To describe frequent collateral effects and those specifically associated to this group of antidepressants and the recommended treatment. Results: SSRIs antidepressants are the first choice treatment in depression, in the anxiety disorder, the obsessive-compulsive disorder, the posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa and the premenstrual dysphoric disorder. At present, SSRIs displace benzodiacepines in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, just as they displaced tricyclic antidepressants in the past. Depressed patients show less activity than normal of the serotonin neurotransmitter (serotonergic hypothesis of depression) and the reuptake blockade at the site of the serotonergic presinaptic receptors 5HT1A, 5HT2C and 5HT3C increases neurotransmission in this system. Desensitization of autoreceptors 5HT1A and the downregulation of the 5HT2 receptors coupled to the G protein, a late effect of the SSRIs, result in the improvement of the depressive symptoms. The mechanism that explains the relatively late antidepressant effect seems to be different to the acute and fast serotonergic effect responsible of improvement in the premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Moreover, these antidepressants, in the same way than mood stabilizers and electroconvulsive therapy, increase serum levels of the brain-derived neuronal growth factor, as well as other neurotrophic factors. Although the SSRIs dosages are variable, it is possible to start antidepressant treatment with therapeutic doses in the majority of cases; at the same time, if necessary, it is possible to augment them gradually up to the largest dose, with a wide security margin. Their most frequent collateral effects occur in the gastrointestinal system, in the sexual response and on bone density. Nevertheless, there are collateral effects specifically related to the use of these antidepressant medications: 1. The serotonergic syndrome, characterized by changes in the mental status, autonomic hyperactivity and neuromuscular anomalies. 2. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, which occurs in 25% of the elder depressed patients treated, and which is characterized by a high serum osmolarity, low urinary osmolarity and hyponatremia. Its manifestations are malaise, myalgias, drowsiness and headache, but it may produce also confusion, convulsions and coma. 3. Gastrointestinal bleeding mainly and cutaneous bleeding: Use of SSRIs raises 2 to 4 times the risk of bleeding. When the patient takes aspirin it is raised up to 7 times, and with the concomitant use of anti-inflammatory drugs, by nearly 16 times. Other risk factors are age, the antecedent of bleeding and the potency of SSRIs to inhibit the serotonin reuptake. 4. The discontinuation syndrome, lesser with fluoxetine, and greater with paroxetine and sertraline. It appears by the second day and it lasts two weeks. Its manifestations are nausea, headache, paresthesias, nasal congestion and general malaise. They are due to th decrease in serotonin levels at the synaptic cleft. 6. Effects on the newborn when the SSRIs are used during pregnancy consist in specific congenital malformations. Sertraline has been associated to omphalocele, ventricular septum heart defects and anencephaly. Fluoxetine is associated to craniosynostosis and paroxetine to heart defects, gastroschisis, neural tube defects, omphalocele and anencephaly also. Its use also increases the range of spontaneous abortions up to 1.45 times, premature delivery and low birth weight, problems in the early newborn period (respiratory problems and hypotony), hypoglycemia, cyanosis, restlessness, convulsions and low Apgar. Its use during the third trimester can cause persistent lung hypertension. Although it is a rare condition, it is associated to a mortality range of 10% to 20%. 8) Little is known about the effects caused by the use of SSRIs during breastfeeding. In the case of sertraline and paroxetine, these antidepressant drugs are not detected in the child's serum; on the other hand, serum levels of citalopram were 1.9 nmol/L, fluoxetine 47 nmol/L, and venlafaxine 91 nmol/L. In the available studies, neither behavioral effects nor effects in the development of the newborn were observed. 9) Suicide risk or suicidality. Although the antidepressant treatment lowers both, ideation and the frequency of suicides in the patients treated, the FDA has established a series of general recommendations for the management of patients who start the treatment with antidepressants. To start with the lowest dose, to make an appointment weekly during six consecutive weeks, to recommend and facilitate contact via telephone, to prohibit the use of alcohol and drugs, to ask on each date about suicidal thoughts or behaviors or about self-mutilation, to document the information in the file and to use supportive psychotherapy or cognitive, behavioral or interpersonal therapies.","Antidepressants, Bleeding, Breastfeeding, Major depression, Pregnancy, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Serotonergic syndrome, Suicide, Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone","Chávez-León, E., Uribe, M. P. O., Serrano Gómez, C.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1089,Impact of conjoined exposure to the world trade center attacks and to other traumatic events on the behavioral problems of preschool children,"Objectives: To examine the long-term behavioral consequences of exposure to the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks in preschool children and to evaluate whether conjoined exposure to disaster and to other traumatic events has additive effects. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Lower Manhattan, New York. Participants: A total of 116 preschool children directly exposed to the WTC attacks. Main Exposures: High-intensity WTC attack-related trauma exposure indexed by the child experiencing 1 or more of the following: seeing people jumping out of the towers, seeing dead bodies, seeing injured people, witnessing the towers collapsing, and lifetime history of other trauma exposure. Main Outcome Measure: Clinically significant behavioral problems as measured using the Child Behavioral Checklist. Results: Preschool children exposed to high-intensity WTC attack-related events were at increased risk for the sleep problems and anxious/depressed behavioral symptom clusters. Conjoined exposure to high-intensity WTC attack-related events and to other trauma was associated with clinically significant emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, and sleep-related behavioral problems. Children without a conjoined lifetime history of other trauma did not differ from nonexposed children. Risk of emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, and attention problems in preschool children exposed to conjoined high-intensity WTC attack-related events and other trauma increased synergistically. Conclusions: Conjoined other trauma exposure seems to amplify the impact of high-intensity WTC attack-related events on behavioral problems. Preschool children exposed to high-intensity events who had no other trauma exposure did not have increased clinically significant behavioral problems. The additive effects of trauma exposure are consistent with an allostatic load hypothesis of stress. More vigorous outreach to trauma-exposed preschool children should become a postdisaster public health priority. ©2008 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., Abramovitz, R. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1090,Anger regulation deficits in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"We describe a typology of regulatory deficits associated with anger in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive, arousal, and behavioral domain deficits in anger regulation were observed clinically in PTSD patients with high levels of anger who were participating in a multi-year trial of a structured anger treatment. We also describe a category of patients whose anger type we have termed 'ball of rage'. These patients exhibit regulatory deficits in all three domains of anger regulation. We offer a conceptual framework to advance the understanding of anger associated with PTSD and to guide its effective treatment.","anger, combat-related PTSD, regulatory deficits","Chemtob, C. M., Novaco, R. W., Hamada, R. S., Gross, D. M., Smith, G.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1091,Effect of high ambient temperature and naked neck genotype on performance of dwarf brown-egg layers selected for improved clutch length,"1. Two experimental lines of dwarf brown-egg layers selected on clutch length were reciprocally crossed. In total, 288 hens, from three genotypes: L1, purebred normally feathered (121 hens), F1, crossbred and heterozygous for the NA mutation (99 hens) or L2, purebred homozygous for NA (68 hens) were housed in three climatic rooms at 22°C and three climatic rooms at 32°C. 2. Body weight, daily egg production records, feed intake and some anatomical and physiological traits were recorded. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to examine the relationships among all measured traits and to compare the experimental groups as defined by genotype and temperature. 3. Heterosis effects were observed on body weight, feed intake, egg mass and some anatomical traits at 22°C, but were negligible for most of the traits measured at 32°C except for body weight at 34 weeks, clutch length and some anatomical traits. 4. Genotype by temperature interactions were observed for egg production, egg mass and feed intake. The temperature stress was severe, with a marked decrease in egg production. The naked neck gene could limit the negative effect of long-term heat stress. Egg weight was increased by the NA gene, as usually observed in layers. 5. The first three canonical variates explained altogether 97.4% of the variance. The first canonical variate was associated almost exclusively with ambient temperature. The second was associated with genotype. The third was associated with heterozygous genotype for NA mutation and genotype by temperature interaction. Stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that 12 traits out of 20 were effective at detecting the differences among the genotype and temperature combinations.",,"Chen, C. F., Bordas, A., Gourichon, D., Tixier-Boichard, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1092,The Psychological Impact of Exposure to the 2008 Snowstorms on Migrant Workers in China,"This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to identify associated risk factors among migrant workers 4 years after the 2008 snowstorm in China. A cross-sectional survey of 528 respondents was conducted to collect data in Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province. A multistage cluster sampling method was applied in selecting subjects from migrant workers' gathering areas. Association between the independent variables and PTSD was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PTSD was 17.42% among migrant workers in Changsha. Being male, being older than 35 years, being an electrician, having dependent children, suffering property damage, being without medical insurance, and having low social support were risk factors significantly related to the development of PTSD. Effective and sustainable mental health services should be directed particularly to the migrant workers, who are among the groups most vulnerable to the direct impact of snowstorms.",,"Chen, G., Shen, H., Chen, G., Kerr, N., Zhao, J.",2013.0,Apr 9,10.1177/1010539513481800,0,0,
1093,The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in earthquake survivors one month after a mudslide in southwest China,"The psychological impact of a mudslide on survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China and the risk factors for development of disaster-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were investigated. The study design was cross-sectional and included 1321 survivors who had endured both an earthquake and a mudslide. Participants filled out a self-report questionnaire. One month after the mudslide, the rate of PTSD symptoms was 18.7%. Females, the elderly, those with lower educational levels, those that lacked social support, those who did not take precautionary measures, those living with children below 6 years of age, and those who had higher exposure to traumatic events experienced a higher level of PTSD symptoms. Results indicated that timely rescue, abundant material help, and mental rehabilitation after a disaster play important roles in recovery, and that there are still some high-risk groups that need attention, care, and effective intervention from healthcare professionals and society.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, China/epidemiology, Cluster Analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disaster Planning, *Earthquakes, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, *Landslides, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Rescue Work/standards, Self Report, Sex Factors, Social Class, *Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/rehabilitation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Survivors/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, China, earthquake, mudslide, multiple natural disaster experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder","Chen, H., Chen, Y., Au, M., Feng, L., Chen, Q., Guo, H., Li, Y., Yang, X.",2014.0,Mar,10.1111/nhs.12127,0,0,
1094,Post-traumatic stress symptoms and post- traumatic growth: Evidence from a longitudinal study following an earthquake disaster,"Objective: The current longitudinal study aims to examine the bidirectional relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Method: One hundred twenty-two adults in the most severely affected area were investigated by self-report questionnaires at 12 months and 18 months after the Wenchuan Earthquake occurred in China. Results: The autoregressive cross-lagged structure equation analysis revealed that PTG at 12 months post-earthquake could negatively predict PTSS at 18 months post-earthquake above and beyond PTSS stability, whereas PTSS at 12 months post-earthquake could not significantly predict subsequent PTG. Moreover, PTG at 12 months post-earthquake could predict fewer subsequent intrusions, numbing and hyper-arousal symptoms but not avoidance symptoms. Conclusion: Growth can play a role in reducing long-term post-traumatic stress symptoms, and the implication of a positive perspective in post-trauma circumstance is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Posttraumatic Growth","Chen, Jieling, Zhou, Xiao, Zeng, Min, Wu, Xinchun",2015.0,,,0,0,
1095,Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Floods,"OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence and determinants of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood victims. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014 among individuals who had experienced the 1998 floods and had been diagnosed with PTSD in 1999 in Hunan, China. Cluster sampling was used to select subjects from the areas that had been surveyed in 1999. PTSD was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, social support was measured according to a Social Support Rating Scale, coping style was measured according to a Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and personality was measured by use of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Scale for Chinese. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by use of a structured questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to reveal the determinants of chronic PTSD. RESULTS: A total of 123 subjects were interviewed, 17 of whom (14.4%) were diagnosed with chronic PTSD. Chronic PTSD was significantly associated with disaster stressors (odds ratio [OR]: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.47), nervousness (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.17), and social support (OR: 0.85; 95 CI%: 0.74-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic PTSD in flood victims is significantly associated with disaster stressors, nervousness, and social support. These factors may play important roles in identifying persons at high risk of chronic PTSD.","floods, mental disorders, post-traumatic, stress disorders","Chen, L., Tan, H., Cofie, R., Hu, S., Li, Y., Zhou, J., Yang, T., Tang, X., Cui, G., Liu, A.",2015.0,Oct,10.1017/dmp.2015.64,0,0,
1096,Risk of stroke among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Nationwide longitudinal study,"Background: Previous evidence has shown positive associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, which are all risk factors for stroke, but the role of PTSD in the subsequent development of stroke is still unknown. Aims: To investigate the temporal association between PTSD and the development of stroke. Method: Identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 5217 individuals aged >18 years, with PTSD but with no history of stroke, and 20 868 age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled between 2002 and 2009, and followed up until the end of 2011 to identify the development of stroke. Results: Individuals with PTSD had an increased risk of developing any stroke (hazard ratio (HR) 3.37, 95% CI 2.44-4.67) and ischaemic stroke (HR = 3.47, 95% CI 2.23-5.39) after adjusting for demographic data and medical comorbidities. Sensitivity tests showed consistent findings (any stroke HR = 3.02, 95% CI 2.13-4.28; ischaemic stroke HR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.79-4.66) after excluding the first year of observation. Conclusions: Individuals with PTSD have an increased risk of developing any stroke and ischaemic stroke. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cerebrovascular Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Risk Factors","Chen, Mu-Hong, Pan, Tai-Long, Li, Cheng-Ta, Lin, Wei-Chen, Chen, Ying-Sheue, Lee, Ying-Chiao, Tsai, Shih-Jen, Hsu, Ju-Wei, Huang, Kai-Lin, Tsai, Chia-Fen, Chang, Wen-Han, Chen, Tzeng-Ji, Su, Tung-Ping, Bai, Ya-Mei",2015.0,,,0,0,
1097,The use of psychosocial stress scales in preterm birth research,"Psychosocial stress has been identified as a potential risk factor for preterm birth. However, an association has not been found consistently, and a consensus on the extent to which stress and preterm birth are linked is still lacking. A literature search was performed with a combination of keywords and MeSH terms to detect studies of psychosocial stress and preterm birth. Studies were included in the review if psychosocial stress was measured with a standardized, validated instrument and if the outcomes included either preterm birth or low birthweight. Within the 138 studies that met inclusion criteria, 85 different instruments were used. Measures that had been designed specifically for pregnancy were used infrequently, although scales were sometimes modified for the pregnant population. The many different measures that have been used may be a factor that accounts for the inconsistent associations that have been observed. © 2011 Mosby, Inc.","instrument, pregnancy, preterm birth, psychosocial stress, scale","Chen, M. J., Grobman, W. A., Gollan, J. K., Borders, A. E. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1098,Early fear as a predictor of avoidance in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Exposure of humans and animals to an intensely fearful experience can lead to an enduring behavioral profile involving fear and avoidance. The present study examined if rats that show more fear to a novel tone one day after exposure to footshocks exhibit more avoidance-like responses over a 4-week period. Rats were exposed to an episode of moderately intense footshock (5 × 2 s episodes of 1.5 mA presented randomly over 3 min). Shock rats that exhibited a high level of fear (HR) to a novel tone one day after the shock exposure showed more avoidance of open spaces and novel rats when compared to shock rats that exhibited a lower level of fear to the novel tone (LR). Similarly, HR emitted more ultrasonic vocalization in the dysphoric range (20-30. kHz) when placed in a novel chamber or the chamber in which shock was given. This study highlights the importance of early fear as a contributing factor for the development of lasting changes in avoidance. These results also support the view that the presence of an intense peritraumatic stress response may be a predictor of the subsequent development of a lasting negative emotional state in humans exposed to trauma. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.","Avoidance, Fear, Footshock, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Rat, Stress","Chen, X., Li, Y., Li, S., Kirouac, G. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1099,"Organophosphate-induced brain damage: Mechanisms, neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences, and potential therapeutic strategies","Organophosphate (OP)-induced brain damage is defined as progressive damage to the brain, resulting from the cholinergic neuronal excitotoxicity and dysfunction induced by OP-induced irreversible AChE inhibition. This delayed secondary neuronal damage that occurs mainly in the cholinergic regions of the brain that contain dense accumulations of cholinergic neurons and the majority of cholinergic projection, might be largely responsible for persistent profound neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments (memory, cognitive, mental, emotional, motor and sensory deficits) in the victims of OP poisoning. Neuroprotective strategies for attenuating OP-induced brain damage should target different development stages of OP-induced brain damage, and may include but not limited to: (1) Antidote therapies with atropine and related efficient anticholinergic drugs; (2) Anti-excitotoxic therapies targeting attenuation of cerebral edema and inflammatory reaction, blockage of calcium influx, inhibition of apoptosis program, and the control of seizures; (3) Neuroprotective strategies using cytokines, antioxidants and NMDAR antagonists (a single drug or a combination of drugs) to slow down the process of secondary neuronal damage; and (4) Therapies targeting individual symptoms or clusters of chronic neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. These neuroprotective strategies may help limit or prevent secondary neuronal damage at the early stage of OP poisoning and attenuate the subsequent neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments, thus reducing the long-term disability caused by exposure to OPs. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Acetylcholinesterase, Cholinergic neuronal excitotoxicity, Nerve agents, Neurological impairments, Neuroprotective strategies, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Organophosphates, Secondary neuronal damage","Chen, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1100,"Do people turn to religion in times of stress? An examination of change in religiousness among elderly, medically III patients",,,"Chen, Y. Y., Koenig, H. G.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000198143.63662.fb,0,0,
1101,"Influence of educational status, burn area and coping behaviors on the complication of psychological disorders in severely burned patients","Objective: To discuss how the educational status, burn area and coping behaviors influence the psychological disorders in severely burned patients. Methods: Sixty-four severely burned patients hospitalized in Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, and Guangdong General Hospital were enrolled with cluster random sampling method. Data of their demography and situation of burns were collected. Then their coping behavior, psychological disorders including anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) plus its core symptoms of flashback, avoidance, and hypervigilance were assessed by medical coping modes questionnaire, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C) respectively. Correlation was analyzed between demography, burn area, coping behavior and psychological disorders. The predictive powers of educational status, burn area and coping behaviors on the psychological disorders were analyzed. The qualitative variables were assigned values. Data were processed with t test, Spearman rank correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: (1) The patients scored (19.0 ± 3.4) points in confrontation coping behavior, which showed no statistically significant difference from the domestic norm score (19.5 ± 3.8) points (t = -1.13, P > 0.05). The patients scored (16.6 ± 2.4) and (11.0 ± 2.2) points in avoidance and resignation coping behaviors, which were significantly higher than the domestic norm score (14.4 ± 3.0), (8. 8 ± 3.2) points (with t values respectively 7.06 and 7.76, P values both below 0.01). The patients' standard score of SAS, SDS, PCL-C were (50 ± 11), (54 ± 11), and (38 ± 12) points. Respectively 89.1% (57/64), 60.9% (39/64), 46.9% (30/64) of the patients showed anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. (2) Four independent variables: age, gender, marital status, and time after burns, were correlated with the psychological disorders, but the correlativity was not statistically significant (with r values from -0.089 to 0.245, P values all above 0.05). Educational status was significantly negatively correlated with anxiety, depression, PTSD and its core symptoms of flashback, avoidance (with r, values from -0.361 to -0.253, P values all below 0.05). Educational status was negatively correlated with hypervigilance, but the correlativity was not statistically significant (r, = -0.187, P > 0.05). Burn area was significantly positively correlated with the psychological disorders (with r, values from 0.306 to 0.478, P values all below 0.05). Confrontation coping behavior was positively correlated with the psychological disorders, but the correlativity was not statistically significant (with r, values from 0.121 to 0.550, P values all above 0.05). Avoidance coping behavior was correlated with the psychological disorders, but the correlativity was not statistically significant (with r, values from -0.144 to 0.193, P values all above 0.05). Resignation coping behavior was significantly positively correlated with the psychological disorder with r, values from 0.377 to 0.596, P values all below 0.01). (3) Educational status had predictive power on the anxiety, PTSD and flash back symptoms of patients (with values from -2.19 to -2.02, P values all below 0.05), but not on depression, avoidance and hypervigilance (with values from -1.95 to -0.99, P values all above 0.05). Burn area had no predictive power on the psychological disorders (with values from 0.55 to 1.78, P values all above 0.05). Resignation coping behavior had predictive power on the psychological disorders (with t values from 3.10 to 6.46, P values below 0.01). Confrontation and avoidance coping behaviors had no predictive power on the psychological disorders (with t values from 0.46 to 2.32 and -0.89 and 1.75 respectively, P values all above 0.05). Conclusions: The severely burned patients with lower educational status, larger burn area, and the more frequently adapted resignation coping behavior are mor likely to suffer from anxiety, depression, and PTSD.","Anxiety, Body surface area, Burns, Coping behavior, Depression, Educational status, Post-traumatic, Stress disorders","Cheng, H., Li, X. J., Cao, W. J., Chen, L. Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, Z. H., Yi, X. F., Lai, W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1102,The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder,"OBJECTIVES: Topiramate, a structurally novel anticonvulsant, is being evaluated for other neurological conditions such as migraine, neuropathic pain, and essential tremor, and also for psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizoaffective disorder, in addition to obesity. This article will focus on the use of topiramate for bipolar disorder. METHODS: The pharmacological profile of topiramate is compared to other established and putative mood stabilizers, and a rationale for its use in bipolar disorder is presented. Data from open clinical trials of topiramate for depression, mania, and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder are summarized. Preliminary data from one pilot dose-finding, double-blind, random-assignment, placebo-controlled, 3-week parallel group study of two doses of topiramate for acute bipolar I mania is reported. Safety data regarding topiramate was reviewed. Finally, the potential place of this agent in bipolar illness is considered. RESULTS: The pharmacological advantages for topiramate are low protein binding, minimal hepatic metabolism and mainly unchanged renal excretion, a 24-h half-life, and minimal drug interactions. Open clinical studies suggest a 50-65% response for refractory bipolar mania, and a 40-56% response for refractory bipolar depression in mainly add-on treatment. Open clinical studies of topiramate for rapid-cycling subjects and those for comorbid bulimia, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress, migraine, and obesity report effectiveness. The primary efficacy endpoint data (change from baseline Y-MRS total scores) of the placebo-controlled, random assignment parallel group phase II dose-finding study were not statistically significant. However, once the antidepressant-associated manias (28 of the sample, of 97 subjects) were excluded from the controlled study, the post-hoc analyses indicated the higher dose (512 mg/day) topiramate treatment group showed a statistically significant reduction in endpoint Y-MRS change scores as compared to placebo (p < 0.03). Adverse effects of topiramate in bipolar subjects include attention, concentration and memory problems, fatigue, sedation, transient paraesthesias, nausea, and anorexia. Some subjects experience word-finding difficulty. Weight loss may be seen in several topiramate-treated subjects with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Topiramate appears to show promise as an addition to the agents available to treat bipolar disorder. More definitive controlled data on the efficacy of topiramate in the acute and continuation phases as well as for the prophylaxis either as monotherapy or as combination treatment of bipolar disorder are ongoing, and the results are awaited.","Acetates/therapeutic use, Acute Disease, *Amines, Anticonvulsants/*therapeutic use, Antimanic Agents/therapeutic use, Bipolar Disorder/*drug therapy, Carbamazepine/therapeutic use, *Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids, Fructose/analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use, Humans, Lithium/therapeutic use, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Triazines/therapeutic use, Valproic Acid/therapeutic use, *gamma-Aminobutyric Acid","Chengappa, K. N., Gershon, S., Levine, J.",2001.0,Oct,,0,0,
1103,The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder,"Objectives: Topiramate, a structurally novel anticonvulsant, is being evaluated for other neurological conditions such as migraine, neuropathic pain, and essential tremor, and also for psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizoaffective disorder, in addition to obesity. This article will focus on the use of topiramate for bipolar disorder. Methods: The pharmacological profile of topiramate is compared to other established and putative mood stabilizers, and a rationale for its use in bipolar disorder is presented. Data from open clinical trials of topiramate for depression, mania, and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder are summarized. Preliminary data from one pilot dose-finding, double-blind, random-assignment, placebo-controlled, 3-week parallel group study of two doses of topiramate for acute bipolar I mania is reported. Safety data regarding topiramate was reviewed. Finally, the potential place of this agent in bipolar illness is considered. Results: The pharmacological advantages for topiramate are low protein binding, minimal hepatic metabolism and mainly unchanged renal excretion, a 24-h half-life, and minimal drug interactions. Open clinical studies suggest a 50-65% response for refractory bipolar mania, and a 40-56% response for refractory bipolar depression in mainly add-on treatment. Open clinical studies of topiramate for rapid-cycling subjects and those for comorbid bulimia, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress, migraine, and obesity report effectiveness. The primary efficacy endpoint data (change from baseline Y-MRS total scores) of the placebo-controlled, random assignment parallel group phase II dose-finding study were not statistically significant. However, once the antidepressant-associated manias (28 of the sample, of 97 subjects) were excluded from the controlled study, the post-hoc analyses indicated the higher dose (512 mg/day) topiramate treatment group showed a statistically significant reduction in endpoint Y-MRS change scores as compared to placebo (p < 0.03). Adverse effects of topiramate in bipolar subjects include attention, concentration and memory problems, fatigue, sedation, transient paraesthesias, nausea, and anorexia. Some subjects experience word-finding difficulty. Weight loss may be seen in several topiramate-treated subjects with bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Topiramate appears to show promise as an addition to the agents available to treat bipolar disorder. More definitive controlled data on the efficacy of topiramate in the acute and continuation phases as well as for the prophylaxis either as monotherapy or as combination treatment of bipolar disorder are ongoing, and the results are awaited.","acetazolamide, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, barbituric acid derivative, benzodiazepine, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor, ethinylestradiol, felbamate, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, loop diuretic agent, nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, olanzapine, oral contraceptive agent, phenytoin, placebo, quetiapine, tetracycline, thiazide diuretic agent, tiagabine, topiramate, unindexed drug, valproate semisodium, valproic acid, vigabatrin, zonisamide, acute disease, alopecia, amnesia, animal experiment, anorexia, attention deficit disorder, bulimia, clinical trial, cognitive defect, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, diabetes insipidus, dose response, double blind procedure, drug blood level, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug metabolism, drug potentiation, drug protein binding, drug safety, drug urine level, essential tremor, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptom, hematologic disease, human, hyponatremia, hypothyroidism, mania, bipolar disorder, migraine, myasthenia gravis, nausea, neurologic disease, neuropathy, nonhuman, obesity, ovary polycystic disease, paresthesia, polyuria, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, rat, review, schizoidism, scoring system, sedation, skin disease, statistical analysis, substance abuse, teratogenicity, weight gain, weight reduction","Chengappa, K. N. R., Gershon, S., Levine, J.",2001.0,,,0,0,1102
1104,Long-term psychological outcomes in older adults after disaster: Relationships to religiosity and social support,"Objectives: Natural disasters are associated with catastrophic losses. Disaster survivors return to devastated communities and rebuild homes or relocate permanently, although the long-term psychological consequences are not well understood. The authors examined predictors of psychological outcomes in 219 residents of disaster-affected communities in south Louisiana. Method: Current coastal residents with severe property damage from the 2005 Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, and exposure to the 2010 British Petroleum Deepwater Horizon oil spill were compared and contrasted with former coastal residents and an indirectly affected control group. Participants completed measures of storm exposure and stressors, religiosity, perceived social support, and mental health. Results: Non-organizational religiosity was a significant predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Follow-up analyses revealed that more frequent participation in non-organizational religious behaviors was associated with a heightened risk of PTSD. Low income and being a coastal fisher were significant predictors of depression symptoms in bivariate and multivariate models. Perceived social support had a protective effect for all mental health outcomes, which also held for symptoms of depression and GAD in multivariate models. Conclusion: People who experienced recent and severe trauma related to natural and technological disasters are at risk for adverse psychological outcomes in the years after these events. Individuals with low income, low social support, and high levels of non-organizational religiosity are also at greater risk. Implications of these data for current views on the post-disaster psychological reactions and the development of age-sensitive interventions to promote long-term recovery are discussed. © 2015 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","British Petroleum oil spill, environmental loss, long-term recovery, natural and technological disasters, post-disaster mental health, post-traumatic stress","Cherry, K. E., Sampson, L., Nezat, P. F., Cacamo, A., Marks, L. D., Galea, S.",2015.0,,10.1080/13607863.2014.941325,0,0,
1105,"The Millennium Cohort Study: A 21-year prospective cohort study of 140,000 military personnel",,,"Chesbrough, K. B., Ryan, M. A. K., Amoroso, P., Boyko, E. J., Gackstetter, G. D., Hooper, T. I., Riddle, J. R., Gray, G. C., Blazer Ii, D., Koenig, H. M., ""ORourke, M. J."", Palinkas, L. A., Pavich, A., Peddecord, M., Potter, J. D., Sharpe Jr, J. C., Simpson, A., Spahr, L., Swanson, G. M., Weiss, N.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1106,Profiles of emotion regulation: Understanding regulatory patterns and the implications for posttraumatic stress,"Trauma survivors often experience posttraumatic stress (PTS) and report concurrent difficulties with emotion regulation (ER). Although individuals typically use multiple regulatory strategies to manage emotion, no studies yet examine the influence of a constellation of strategies on PTS in a community sample. We assessed six ER strategies and investigated whether specific profiles of ER (i.e. the typical pattern of regulation, determined by how often each strategy is used) were related to PTS. A hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that four distinct profiles were present: Adaptive Regulation, Active Regulation, Detached Regulation, and Maladaptive Regulation. Further analyses revealed that an individual's profile was not related to frequency of past trauma, but had the power to differentiate symptom severity for overall PTS and each symptom cluster of posttraumatic stress disorder. These findings highlight how profiles characterising multiple regulatory strategies offer a more complete understanding of the ways ER can account for PTS.","Emotion regulation, posttraumatic stress, regulatory profiles, trauma","Chesney, S. A., Gordon, N. S.",2016.0,Jan 8,10.1080/02699931.2015.1126555,0,1,
1107,Climate change and thermal comfort in Hong Kong,"Thermal comfort is a major issue in cities and it is expected to change in the future due to the changing climate. The objective of this paper is to use the universal thermal comfort index (UTCI) to compare the outdoor thermal comfort in Hong Kong in the past (1971-2000) and the future (2046-2065 and 2081-2100). The future climate of Hong Kong was determined by the general circulation model (GCM) simulations of future climate scenarios (A1B and B1) established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Three GCMs were chosen, GISS-ER, GFDL-CM2.1 and MRI-CGCM2.3.2, based on their performance in simulating past climate. Through a statistical downscaling procedure, the future climatic variables were transferred to the local scale. The UTCI is calculated by four predicted climate variables: air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and solar radiation. After a normalisation procedure, future UTCI profiles for the urban area of Hong Kong were created. Comparing the past UTCI (calculated by observation data) and future UTCI, all three GCMs predicted that the future climate scenarios have a higher mode and a higher maximum value. There is a shift from 'No Thermal Stress' toward 'Moderate Heat Stress' and 'Strong Heat Stress' during the period 2046-2065, becoming more severe for the later period (2081-2100). Comparing the two scenarios, B1 exhibited similar projections in the two time periods whereas for A1B there was a significant difference, with both the mode and maximum increasing by 2 °C from 2046-2065 to 2081-2100. © 2012 ISB.","Future climate scenario, General circulation model, Statistical downscaling, Thermal comfort, Universal thermal comfort index","Cheung, C. S. C., Hart, M. A.",2014.0,,10.1007/s00484-012-0608-9,0,0,
1108,The way I make you feel: Social exclusion enhances the ability to manage others' emotions,"Original conceptions of social exclusion focused upon the negative impact of exclusion on intelligent thought (Baumeister, Twenge, & Nuss, 2002). We propose that although exclusion may impair cognitive forms of intelligence, exclusion should enhance more socially relevant forms of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence. Specifically, we examined whether exclusion would enhance performance in one branch of emotional intelligence: the ability to manage others' emotions. Social exclusion heightened the number and breadth of strategies that participants used for managing others' emotions when responding to hypothetical scenarios (Study 1) and when responding to online pen pals (Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, excluded participants were more effective at energizing an interaction partner in a face-to-face coaching interaction (Study 2) and were rated as more effective at managing their pen pal's emotions in an online pen pal exchange (Studies 3 and 4). Although exclusion heightened the number and breadth of emotion management strategies generated in a social task, exclusion did not heighten the number or breadth of nonsocial strategies (creative uses for common household items) generated in a comparison task (Study 4). Lastly, we found preliminary evidence suggesting that this enhanced emotion management after exclusion may serve to facilitate reconnection; excluded participants were liked more by their interaction partners (Study 2) and were rated to be more likable by objective coders (Studies 3 and 4). Altogether, these findings suggest that individuals may be more effective at managing others' emotions following social exclusion, and this greater effectiveness may promote reconnection. © 2015.","Belonging, Emotion regulation, Emotional intelligence, Social exclusion","Cheung, E. O., Gardner, W. L.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.003,0,0,
1109,"Baksbat (Broken Courage): The Development and Validation of the Inventory to Measure Baksbat, a Cambodian Trauma-based Cultural Syndrome of Distress","This article outlines the development and validation of an inventory measuring a Cambodian cultural syndrome of distress called 'baksbat' (broken courage). The inventory development phase involved ethnographic interviews with a preliminary group of 53 experts having knowledge or experience of baksbat. The initial ethnographically derived inventory with 32 items was developed and administered to a second group of 390 consecutive patients to assess factor loadings. The validation phase used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test goodness-of-fit of four hypothesized factor models of the newly developed inventory in a third group of 159 participants. CFA confirms three-factor models that have the best goodness-of-fit, thus a 24-item baksbat inventory clustering of three-symptom categories was developed. Multiple regression, which assesses the relationship between the dependent variable (PTSD) and a subcluster of baksbat inventory (predictors), shows baksbat inventory accounts for 47 % of the total variance of symptoms in PTSD (R2 =.47). Of the three-symptom clusters, 'psychological distress' shows significant contribution to the total variance of symptoms in PTSD (β = .63, p &lt; .001). Of significance, some symptoms of baksbat were independent from symptoms of PTSD with isolated symptoms that are culturally specific. These preliminary findings suggest that baksbat could be a potential Cambodian trauma-based syndrome with its own culturally validated inventory. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Cambodian cultural syndrome of distress, Development and validation, Inventory, PTSD","Chhim, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1110,"Trajectories and associated factors of quality of life, global outcome, and post-concussion symptoms in the first year following mild traumatic brain injury","Purpose: To investigate the associated factors and change trajectories of quality of life (QoL), global outcome, and post-concussion symptoms (PCS) over the first year following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study of 100 participants with mTBI from neurosurgical outpatient departments in Chiayi County District Hospitals in Taiwan. The checklist of post-concussion syndromes (CPCS) was used to assess PCS at enrollment and at 1, 3, and 12 months after mTBI; the glasgow outcome scale extended (GOSE), the quality of life after brain injured (QOLIBRI), Chinese version, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), Taiwan version, were used to assess mTBI global outcome and QoL at 1, 3, and 12 months after mTBI.Results: Latent class growth models (LCGMs) indicated the change trajectories of QOLIBRI, PCS SF-36, MCS SF-36, GOSE, and PCS. Classes of trajectory were associated with age >40 years, unemployment at 1 month after injury, and educational level <12 years. Univariate analysis revealed that employment status at 1 month post-injury was correlated with the trajectories of QOLIBRI, PCS SF-36, MCS SF-36, and GOSE, but not PCS.Conclusions: Employment status was the most crucial associated factor for QoL in individuals with mTBI at the 1-year follow-up. Future studies should explore the benefits of employment on QoL of individuals with mTBI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Chiang, Chia-Chen, Guo, Su-Er, Huang, Kuo-Chang, Lee, Bih- O., Fan, Jun-Yu",2015.0,,,0,1,
1111,Predictors of outcome following a short multimodal rehabilitation program for patients with whiplash associated disorders,"Background. Patients with whiplash associated disorders (WAD) may present with physical and psychological symptoms which persist long after the initial onset of pain. Several studies have shown that therapeutic exercise for motor and sensorimotor control combined with manual therapy in a multimodal rehabilitation (MMR) program is effective at improving pain and disability in patients with neck disorders. To date, no studies have investigated which self-reported physical or psychological symptoms are predictive of response to this MMR program. Aim. To determine which baseline features can predict outcome following a 3-week MMR program in patients with WAD. Design. Observational prospective cohort study. Setting. Outpatient rehabilitation clinic. Population. Thirty-seven patients aged >18 years with a diagnosis of WAD grade II or III. Methods. The MMR program included manual therapy, motor control and sensorimotor control training according to the clinical impairments of each patient. Patients were assessed before and after treatment for their physical and psychological symptoms by means of self-reported questionnaires. Regression models were estimated with pain intensity, disability and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as outcomes. Results. After treatment, patients exhibited significant improvements in all evaluated outcomes (all P<0.01). Regression models accounting for 35% and 36% of the variance in pain intensity outcomes included average pain intensity over the previous week and pain catastrophizing as significant predictors. Disability and pain catastrophizing were predictors of changes in disability following the MMR program explaining 49% of the variance in the model. Furthermore, higher PTSS at baseline was a significant predictor of PTSS after treatment, explaining 55% of the variance in the model. Conclusion. Improved outcomes on pain intensity, disability and PTSS following a MMR program could be partially predicted based on the patient's initial presentation. Clinical Rehabilitation Impact. This knowledge may assist clinicians in predicting outcome following a MMR program inclusive of specific exercise therapy and manual therapy in patients with WAD.","Exercise therapy, Musculoskeletal manipulations, Whiplash injuries","Chiarotto, A., Fortunato, S., Falla, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1112,"Mental health, educational and social needs of young offenders in custody and in the community","PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to highlight recent findings from research on mental health, educational and social needs of young offenders and the implications for key agencies that commission or provide services. RECENT FINDINGS: Young offenders have high levels of morbidity in a number of areas, including mental health. A substantial number of young offenders have learning disabilities, which has implications for educational provision and delivering interventions. Other learning problems, such as low reading and comprehension ages, also have consequences for society in a number of areas, including occupational functioning and the associated development of a skilled workforce. There is some evidence that female offenders and persistent offenders are particularly at risk of psychosocial problems. Need is often unmet due to the lack of adequate assessment. Other reasons include inaccessibility of services and difficulties experienced in engaging young people in treatment. Young offenders in the community and those from ethnic minorities are particularly at risk of having poor access to services. SUMMARY: Providing services for young offenders requires investment from all the agencies in prioritising their needs. Research can continue to contribute by informing policy and practice, although further understanding of the developmental trajectories of high-risk groups is still needed. (copyright) 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","attention deficit disorder, behavior therapy, child, cognitive therapy, comprehension, custodial care, depression, drug abuse, dyslexia, education, ethnic group, health care access, health care cost, health care delivery, health service, human, learning disorder, longitudinal study, mental health, morbidity, needs assessment, offender, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosocial disorder, racism, review, social aspect","Chitsabesan, P., Bailey, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1113,Evaluating risk factors and possible mediation effects in posttraumatic depression and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity,"Objectives. On September 11, 2001 (9/11), attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) killed 341 Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) firefighters and injured hundreds more. Previous WTC-related studies reported high rates of comorbid depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), identifying disability retirement, alcohol use, and early arrival at the WTC site as correlates. However, those studies did not evaluate risk factors that could have mediated the observed comorbidity. We identified unique risk factors for each condition in an effort to better understand comorbidity. Methods. We screened retired WTC-exposed firefighters using self-administered questionnaires including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. We performed regression analyses to compare independent predictors of elevated depression and PTSD risk, and also tested a mediation hypothesis. Results. From December 2005 to July 2007, 23% and 22% of 1,915 retirees screened positive for elevated depression and PTSD risk, respectively, with comorbidity >70%. Controlling for comorbidity, we identified unique risk factors for (1) depression: problem alcohol use and (2) PTSD: early arrival at the WTC site. Conclusions. Our data support the premise that PTSD and depression are different responses to trauma with unique risk factors. The data also suggest a hypothesis that PTSD mediates the relationship between early WTC arrival and depression, while depression mediates the relationship between alcohol use and PTSD, a more complex relationship than shown in previous studies. Clinicians should consider these factors when evaluating patients for depression and PTSD. ©2011 Association of Schools of Public Health.",,"Chiu, S., Niles, J. K., Webber, M. P., Zeig-Owens, R., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Rizzotto, L., Kelly, K. J., Cohen, H. W., Prezant, D. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1114,Analysis of kinase gene expression in the frontal cortex of suicide victims: Implications of fear and stress,"Suicide is a serious public health issue that results from an interaction between multiple risk factors including individual vulnerabilities to complex feelings of hopelessness, fear, and stress. Although kinase genes have been implicated in fear and stress, including the consolidation and extinction of fearful memories, expression profiles of those genes in the brain of suicide victims are less clear. Using gene expression microarray data from the Online Stanley Genomics Database 1 and a quantitative PCR, we investigated the expression profiles of multiple kinase genes including the calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase (CAMK), the cyclin-dependent kinase, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the protein kinase C (PKC) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mood disorder patients died with suicide (N = 45) and without suicide (N = 38). We also investigated the expression pattern of the same genes in the PFC of developing humans ranging in age from birth to 49 year (N = 46). The expression levels of CAMK2B, CDK5, MAPK9, and PRKCI were increased in the PFC of suicide victims as compared to non-suicide controls (false discovery rate, FDR-adjusted p &lt; 0.05, fold change &gt;1.1). Those genes also showed changes in expression pattern during the postnatal development (FDR-adjusted p &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that multiple kinase genes undergo age-dependent changes in normal brains as well as pathological changes in suicide brains. These findings may provide an important link to protein kinases known to be important for the development of fear memory, stress associated neural plasticity, and up-regulation in the PFC of suicide victims. More research is needed to better understand the functional role of these kinase genes that may be associated with the pathophysiology of suicide. Copyright © 2011 Choi, Le, Xing, Johnson and Ursano.","Anxiety disorder, Bioinformatics, Brain development, Frontal cortex, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychiatric genomics","Choi, K., Le, T., Xing, G., Johnson, L. R., Ursano, R. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1115,"PTSD Is a chronic, fluctuating disorder affecting the mental quality of life in older adults","OBJECTIVES: Examine the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults and its influence on mental health quality of life (MHQoL). DESIGN: Evaluation performed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months postrandomization as part of a longitudinal trial. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: A total of 1,185 participants, with a mean ((plus or minus)SD) age of 73.53 ((plus or minus)5.98) years, at seven primary care sites (including five Veterans Affairs clinics), were divided into four groups, namely, no trauma (n = 661), trauma only (n = 319), partial PTSD (n = 114), and PTSD (n = 81), based on reports of trauma and associated PTSD symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: The prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders, assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, criteria and changes in MHQoL, as assessed by the Short Form-36 mental component score. RESULTS: At baseline, the PTSD group had higher frequencies of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and worse MHQoL than the other groups. Both chronic (participants diagnosed with PTSD at all three assessments) and fluctuating (participants moving to or from one of the other groups) trajectories of PTSD's course were observed during the follow-up period, which appeared to be separate from that of the comorbid disorders. Even after accounting for those comorbid disorders, PTSD had an independent association with poorer MHQoL at multiple time points, especially in men, whereas trauma without PTSD symptoms (trauma only) had better MHQoL. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD had chronic and fluctuating courses, with negative effects on MHQoL, while partial PTSD might represent a transitional state, underscoring the need to better identify and treat PTSD at any phase in later life.","diseases, adult, quality of life, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, injury, prevalence, hospital, mental health, Short Form 36, follow up, veteran, alcohol use disorder, primary medical care, anxiety, diagnosis, book, anxiety disorder, male","Chopra, M. P., Zhang, H., Kaiser, A. P., Moye, J. A., Llorente, M. D., Oslin, D. W., Spiro, Iii A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1116,"PTSD is a chronic, fluctuating disorder affecting the mental quality of life in older adults","Objectives: Examine the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults and its influence on mental health quality of life (MHQoL). Design: Evaluation performed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months postrandomization as part of a longitudinal trial. Participants and settings: A total of 1,185 participants, with a mean ((plus or minus)SD) age of 73.53 ((plus or minus)5.98) years, at seven primary care sites (including five Veterans Affairs clinics), were divided into four groups, namely, no trauma (n = 661), trauma only (n = 319), partial PTSD (n = 114), and PTSD (n = 81), based on reports of trauma and associated PTSD symptoms. Measurements: The prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders, assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, criteria and changes in MHQoL, as assessed by the Short Forme36 mental component score. Results: At baseline, the PTSD group had higher frequencies of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and worse MHQoL than the other groups. Both chronic (participants diagnosedwith PTSD at all three assessments) and fluctuating (participants moving to or from one of the other groups) trajectories of course were observed during the follow-up period, which appeared to be separate from that of the comorbid disorders. Even after accounting for those comorbid disorders, PTSD had an independent association with poorer MHQoL at multiple time points, especially in men, whereas trauma without PTSD symptoms (trauma only) had better MHQoL. Conclusions: PTSD had chronic and fluctuating courses,with negative effects onMHQoL, while partial PTSD might represent a transitional state, underscoring the need to better identify and treat PTSD at any phase in later life. (copyright) 2014 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.","aged, alcohol use disorder, anxiety, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, depression, DSM-IV, female, follow up, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, quality of life, scoring system, very elderly","Chopra, M. P., Zhang, H., Kaiser, A. P., Moye, J. A., Llorente, M. D., Oslin, D. W., Spiro, Iii A.",2014.0,,,0,0,1115
1117,"PTSD Is a chronic, fluctuating disorder affecting the mental quality of life in older adults","OBJECTIVES: Examine the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults and its influence on mental health quality of life (MHQoL). DESIGN: Evaluation performed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months postrandomization as part of a longitudinal trial. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: A total of 1,185 participants, with a mean (±SD) age of 73.53 (±5.98) years, at seven primary care sites (including five Veterans Affairs clinics), were divided into four groups, namely, no trauma (n = 661), trauma only (n = 319), partial PTSD (n = 114), and PTSD (n = 81), based on reports of trauma and associated PTSD symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: The prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders, assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, criteria and changes in MHQoL, as assessed by the Short Form-36 mental component score. RESULTS: At baseline, the PTSD group had higher frequencies of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and worse MHQoL than the other groups. Both chronic (participants diagnosed with PTSD at all three assessments) and fluctuating (participants moving to or from one of the other groups) trajectories of PTSD's course were observed during the follow-up period, which appeared to be separate from that of the comorbid disorders. Even after accounting for those comorbid disorders, PTSD had an independent association with poorer MHQoL at multiple time points, especially in men, whereas trauma without PTSD symptoms (trauma only) had better MHQoL. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD had chronic and fluctuating courses, with negative effects on MHQoL, while partial PTSD might represent a transitional state, underscoring the need to better identify and treat PTSD at any phase in later life.",,"Chopra, M. P., Zhang, H., Kaiser, A. P., Moye, J. A., Llorente, M. D., Oslin, D. W., Spiro Iii, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,1115
1118,"PTSD Is a chronic, fluctuating disorder affecting the mental quality of life in older adults","OBJECTIVES: Examine the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults and its influence on mental health quality of life (MHQoL). DESIGN: Evaluation performed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months postrandomization as part of a longitudinal trial. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: A total of 1,185 participants, with a mean (±SD) age of 73.53 (±5.98) years, at seven primary care sites (including five Veterans Affairs clinics), were divided into four groups, namely, no trauma (n = 661), trauma only (n = 319), partial PTSD (n = 114), and PTSD (n = 81), based on reports of trauma and associated PTSD symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: The prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders, assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, criteria and changes in MHQoL, as assessed by the Short Form-36 mental component score. RESULTS: At baseline, the PTSD group had higher frequencies of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and worse MHQoL than the other groups. Both chronic (participants diagnosed with PTSD at all three assessments) and fluctuating (participants moving to or from one of the other groups) trajectories of PTSD's course were observed during the follow-up period, which appeared to be separate from that of the comorbid disorders. Even after accounting for those comorbid disorders, PTSD had an independent association with poorer MHQoL at multiple time points, especially in men, whereas trauma without PTSD symptoms (trauma only) had better MHQoL. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD had chronic and fluctuating courses, with negative effects on MHQoL, while partial PTSD might represent a transitional state, underscoring the need to better identify and treat PTSD at any phase in later life.",,"Chopra, M. P., Zhang, H., Kaiser, A. P., Moye, J. A., Llorente, M. D., Oslin, D. W., Spiro Iii, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,1115
1119,"PTSD is a chronic, fluctuating disorder affecting the mental quality of life in older adults","Objectives: Examine the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults and its influence on mental health quality of life (MHQoL). Design: Evaluation performed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months postrandomization as part of a longitudinal trial. Participants and settings: A total of 1,185 participants, with a mean (±SD) age of 73.53 (±5.98) years, at seven primary care sites (including five Veterans Affairs clinics), were divided into four groups, namely, no trauma (n = 661), trauma only (n = 319), partial PTSD (n = 114), and PTSD (n = 81), based on reports of trauma and associated PTSD symptoms. Measurements: The prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders, assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, criteria and changes in MHQoL, as assessed by the Short Forme36 mental component score. Results: At baseline, the PTSD group had higher frequencies of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and worse MHQoL than the other groups. Both chronic (participants diagnosedwith PTSD at all three assessments) and fluctuating (participants moving to or from one of the other groups) trajectories of course were observed during the follow-up period, which appeared to be separate from that of the comorbid disorders. Even after accounting for those comorbid disorders, PTSD had an independent association with poorer MHQoL at multiple time points, especially in men, whereas trauma without PTSD symptoms (trauma only) had better MHQoL. Conclusions: PTSD had chronic and fluctuating courses,with negative effects onMHQoL, while partial PTSD might represent a transitional state, underscoring the need to better identify and treat PTSD at any phase in later life. © 2014 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.","Course, Geriatric, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Quality of life, Trajectory","Chopra, M. P., Zhang, H., Kaiser, A. P., Moye, J. A., Llorente, M. D., Oslin, D. W., Spiro Iii, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,1115
1120,"PTSD is a chronic, fluctuating disorder affecting the mental quality of life in older adults","OBJECTIVES: Examine the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in older adults and its influence on mental health quality of life (MHQoL). DESIGN: Evaluation performed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months postrandomization as part of a longitudinal trial. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: A total of 1,185 participants, with a mean (+/-SD) age of 73.53 (+/-5.98) years, at seven primary care sites (including five Veterans Affairs clinics), were divided into four groups, namely, no trauma (n = 661), trauma only (n = 319), partial PTSD (n = 114), and PTSD (n = 81), based on reports of trauma and associated PTSD symptoms. MEASUREMENTS: The prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders, assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, criteria and changes in MHQoL, as assessed by the Short Form-36 mental component score. RESULTS: At baseline, the PTSD group had higher frequencies of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and worse MHQoL than the other groups. Both chronic (participants diagnosed with PTSD at all three assessments) and fluctuating (participants moving to or from one of the other groups) trajectories of course were observed during the follow-up period, which appeared to be separate from that of the comorbid disorders. Even after accounting for those comorbid disorders, PTSD had an independent association with poorer MHQoL at multiple time points, especially in men, whereas trauma without PTSD symptoms (trauma only) had better MHQoL. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD had chronic and fluctuating courses, with negative effects on MHQoL, while partial PTSD might represent a transitional state, underscoring the need to better identify and treat PTSD at any phase in later life.","Aged, Aging/*psychology, Alcohol-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Anxiety/epidemiology, Chronic Disease/epidemiology/psychology, Comorbidity, Depression/epidemiology, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Quality of Life/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, United States/epidemiology, Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/psychology, Course, geriatric, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, trajectory","Chopra, M. P., Zhang, H., Pless Kaiser, A., Moye, J. A., Llorente, M. D., Oslin, D. W., Spiro, A., 3rd",2014.0,Jan,10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.064,0,0,1115
1121,Mapping Evidence-Based Treatments for Children and Adolescents: Application of the Distillation and Matching Model to 615 Treatments From 322 Randomized Trials,"This study applied the distillation and matching model to 322 randomized clinical trials for child mental health treatments. The model involved initial data reduction of 615 treatment protocol descriptions by means of a set of codes describing discrete clinical strategies, referred to as practice elements. Practice elements were then summarized in profiles, which were empirically matched to client factors (i.e., observed problem, age, gender, and ethnicity). Results of a profile similarity analysis demonstrated a branching of the literature into multiple problem areas, within which some age and ethnicity special cases emerged as higher order splits. This is the 1st study to aggregate evidence-based treatment protocols empirically according to their constituent treatment procedures, and the results point both to the overall organization of therapy procedures according to matching factors and to gaps in the current child and adolescent treatment literature. (copyright) 2009 American Psychological Association.","adolescent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, autism, bipolar disorder, child, child psychiatry, clinical practice, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, depression, disruptive behavior, eating disorder, ethnicity, evidence based medicine, female, human, infant, major clinical study, male, newborn, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, randomized controlled trial, school child, substance abuse, tic","Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1122,Predictive factors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder 6 months after a road traffic accident,"Background: This study sets out to identify risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a road traffic accident with a view to improving prevention. Methods: The study used a prospective cohort of road traffic accident casualties. All subjects over 15 years of age were recruited in the course of an interview conducted while they were receiving care in a hospital of the Rhone area administrative departement. Six months after their accident, they answered a self-administered postal questionnaire that included the Post-traumatic Check-List Scale (PCLS) in order to evaluate PTSD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare those subjects with a PCLS score of 44 or over with those with a lower score, in order to identify factors that might be associated with PTSD. Results: 592 subjects (out of 1168) returned the 6-month questionnaire and 541 completed the PCLS test. One hundred subjects had a PCLS score >44, suggesting PTSD, and 441 subjects did not. The factors associated with PTSD were initial injury severity, post-traumatic amnesia, the feeling of not being responsible for their accident and persistent pain 6 months after it. A lower odds-ratio was associated with users of two-wheel than four-wheel motor vehicles (OR = 0.4; 0.2-0.9). Conclusion: Besides predictive factors for PTSD (injury severity, post-traumatic amnesia and the feeling of not being responsible for their accident), our study suggested a reduced risk of PTSD among two-wheel motor vehicle users. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Chossegros, Laetitia, Hours, Martine, Charnay, Pierrette, Bernard, Marlene, Fort, Emmanuel, Boisson, Dominique, Sancho, Pierre-Olivier, Yao, Sai Nan, Laumon, Bernard",2011.0,,,0,0,
1123,The relationship between quality of life and psychiatric impairment for a Taiwanese community post-earthquake,"This purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between quality of life and psychiatric impairment in a Taiwanese community located near the epicenter of the 1999 earthquake, as assessed four to six months after the natural catastrophe. Trained assistants interviewed the 4223 respondents using the disaster-related psychological screening test (DRPST), an instrument specifically designed and validated by senior psychiatrists for assessment of psychiatric impairment after natural catastrophe. Additionally, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate quality of life. The collected results were analyzed using Windows SPSS 10.0 software. Psychiatric impairment rated moderate to severe was assessed for 1448 (34.3%) of the responding residents. The 4223 respondents were divided into 4 psychiatric-impairment groups based on DPRST score: healthy (n = 952); mild impairment (n = 1823); moderate impairment (n = 1126); and, severe impairment (n = 322). The four groups were compared for a number of salient factors, including gender, age, current marital status and psychiatricimpairment score, to determine impact on quality of life. Respondents assessed as psychiatrically impaired tended to be older, female, divorced/widowed, and less educated, and they were more likely to have experienced major familial financial loss as an immediate consequence of the earthquake. Further, the greater the severity of the psychiatric impairment, the lower the scores for quality of life, for both the physical and mental aspects of this important general indicator.","36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Disaster-related psychological screening test (DRPST), Earthquake, Quality of life","Chou, F. H. C., Chou, P., Lin, C., Su, T. T. P., Ou-Yang, W. C., Chien, I. C., Su, C. Y., Lu, M. K., Chen, M. C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1124,"Three-year incidence and predictors of first-onset of DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in older adults: Results from wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders in older adults and to identify sociodemographic, psychopathological, health-related, and stress-related predictors of onset of these disorders. Method: A nationally representative sample of 8,012 community-dwelling adults aged 60 and above was interviewed twice over a period of 3 years, in 2000-2001 and 2004-2005. First incidence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders was assessed over a period of 3 years using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Results: The 3-year incidence rates of DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders were highest for nicotine dependence (3.38%) and major depressive disorder ([MDD] 3.28%) and lowest for drug use disorder (0.29%) and bipolar II disorder (0.34%). Incidence rates were significantly greater among older women for MDD (99% CI, 1.22-3.13) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; 99% CI, 1.20-4.26) and greater among older men for nicotine dependence and alcohol abuse and dependence. Posttraumatic stress disorder predicted incidence of MDD, bipolar I disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, and GAD, while Cluster B personality disorders predicted incident MDD, bipolar I and II disorders, panic disorder, social phobia, GAD, nicotine dependence, and alcohol dependence. Poor self-rated health increased the risk for the onset of MDD, whereas obesity decreased the incidence of nicotine dependence. Conclusions: Information about disorders that are highly incident in late life and risk factors for the onset of psychiatric disorders among older adults are important for effective early intervention and prevention initiatives. © Copyright 2011 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Chou, K. L., Mackenzie, C. S., Liang, K., Sareen, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1125,Beacon: A web portal to high-quality mental health websites for use by health professionals and the public,"Objective: To describe the Beacon web portal, which lists and rates quality health websites, collects user characteristics and publishes user feedback; and to report summary data on Beacon's highest-rated (best evidence-based) sites for mental health. Data sources: A systematic search was undertaken in February 2009 for potentially relevant websites through a review of research papers and a recently published book, an internet search of Open Directory Project medical categories, a review of material on a high-profile mental health portal, and a survey of international researchers. Selection criteria: All sites were ranked on a 7-point scale from -1 to 5, with negative scores indicating evidence of no effect and scores of 2 or more indicating evidence of efficacy based on reports in the scientific literature. Results: By March 2010, 183 sites had been identified, of which 122 focused on physical health or wellbeing, 40 targeted anxiety, and 23 targeted depression. Of the eight generalised anxiety disorder sites identified, four achieved ratings of 2 or above. Two social anxiety disorder sites achieved scores higher than 2. Ten panic disorder sites were identified, with three achieving ratings of 2 or above; and five post-traumatic stress disorder sites were identified, with two achieving ratings of 2 or above. Of the 23 identified depression sites, four achieved a rating of 2 or above. Conclusions: There are a number of high-quality mental health websites on the internet, and Beacon provides a portal to enable the wide dissemination of these resources.","anxiety, article, controlled study, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, health care quality, health practitioner, health survey, human, information dissemination, Internet, medical information, medical research, mental health, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, public health, quality of life, rating scale, scoring system, social phobia, wellbeing","Christensen, H., Murray, K., Calear, A. L., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Griffiths, K. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1126,Risk factors predict post-traumatic stress disorder differently in men and women,"Background: About twice as many women as men develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even though men as a group are exposed to more traumatic events. Exposure to different trauma types does not sufficiently explain why women are more vulnerable. Methods: The present work examines the effect of age, previous trauma, negative affectivity (NA), anxiety, depression, persistent dissociation, and social support on PTSD separately in men and women. Subjects were exposed to either a series of explosions in a firework factory near a residential area or to a high school stabbing incident. Results: Some gender differences were found in the predictive power of well known risk factors for PTSD. Anxiety predicted PTSD in men, but not in women, whereas the opposite was found for depression. Dissociation was a better predictor for PTSD in women than in men in the explosion sample but not in the stabbing sample. Initially, NA predicted PTSD better in women than men in the explosion sample, but when compared only to other significant risk factors, it significantly predicted PTSD for both men and women in both studies. Previous traumatic events and age did not significantly predict PTSD in either gender. Conclusion: Gender differences in the predictive value of social support on PTSD appear to be very complex, and no clear conclusions can be made based on the two studies included in this article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Age Differences, *Anxiety, *Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Emotional Trauma, Negativism","Christiansen, Dorte M., Elklit, Ask",2008.0,,,0,0,
1127,Clinical efficacy of a Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus mixture on satiety,,,"Chrubasik, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1128,Chronic social defeat stress disrupts regulation of lipid synthesis,"Several psychiatric disorders increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, including posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. While the precise mechanism for this association has not yet been established, it has been shown that certain disorders promote an unfavorable lipid profile. To study the interaction of stress and lipid dysregulation, we utilized chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a mouse model of chronic stress with features of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Following exposure to CSDS, mice were given access to either regular chow or a Western-style diet high in fat and cholesterol (HFD). The combination of social stress and HFD resulted in significant perturbations in lipid regulation, including two key features of the metabolic syndrome: increased plasma levels of non - HDL cholesterol and intrahepatic accumulation of triglycerides. These effects were accompanied by a number of changes in the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid regulation. Transcriptional activity of LXR, SREBP1c, and ChREBP were significantly affected by exposure to HFD and CSDS. We present CSDS as a model of social stress induced lipid dysregulation and propose that social stress alters lipid metabolism by increasing transcriptional activity of genes involved in lipid synthesis. Copyright (copyright) 2010 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.","beta adrenergic receptor, binding protein, carbohydrate response element binding protein, cholesterol, corticosterone, glucagon, glucocorticoid, glucose 6 phosphatase, glucose transporter 2, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, insulin receptor substrate 2, lipid, liver X receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP), pyruvate kinase, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, triacylglycerol, unclassified drug, animal experiment, animal food, animal model, animal tissue, article, body composition, brown adipose tissue, cholesterol diet, chronic stress, controlled study, dyslipidemia, experimental model, genetic transcription, lipid diet, lipid metabolism, lipogenesis, major depression, male, metabolic syndrome X, mouse, muscle tissue, nonhuman, polymerase chain reaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, protein expression, signal transduction, social stress, white adipose tissue","Chuang, J. C., Cui, H., Mason, B. L., Mahgoub, M., Bookout, A. L., Yu, H. G., Perello, M., Elmquist, J. K., Repa, J. J., Zigman, J. M., Lutter, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1129,Brain cortical thickness in male adolescents with serious substance use and conduct problems,"Background: Adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD) and conduct problems exhibit high levels of impulsivity and poor self-control. Limited work to date tests for brain cortical thickness differences in these youths. Objectives: To investigate differences in cortical thickness between adolescents with substance use and conduct problems and controls. Methods: We recruited 25 male adolescents with SUD, and 19 male adolescent controls, and completed structural 3T magnetic resonance brain imaging. Using the surface-based morphometry software FreeSurfer, we completed region-of-interest (ROI) analyses for group cortical thickness differences in left, and separately right, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and insula. Using FreeSurfer, we completed whole-cerebrum analyses of group differences in cortical thickness. Results: Versus controls, the SUD group showed no cortical thickness differences in ROI analyses. Controlling for age and IQ, no regions with cortical thickness differences were found using whole-cerebrum analyses (though secondary analyses co-varying IQ and whole-cerebrum cortical thickness yielded a between-group cortical thickness difference in the left posterior cingulate/precuneus). Secondary findings showed that the SUD group, relative to controls, demonstrated significantly less right > left asymmetry in IFG, had weaker insular-to-whole-cerebrum cortical thickness correlations, and showed a positive association between conduct disorder symptom count and cortical thickness in a superior temporal gyrus cluster. Conclusion: Functional group differences may reflect a more nuanced cortical morphometric difference than ROI cortical thickness. Further investigation of morphometric differences is needed. If replicable findings can be established, they may aid in developing improved diagnostic or more targeted treatment approaches.","psychedelic agent, adolescent, adult, age, aggression, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, article, attention deficit disorder, cannabis addiction, cocaine dependence, conduct disorder, controlled study, cortical thickness (brain), drug dependence, human, imaging software, impulsiveness, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, intelligence quotient, left hemisphere, male, neuroimaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance scanner, orbital cortex, posterior cingulate, posttraumatic stress disorder, precuneus, right hemisphere, substance abuse, superior temporal gyrus, voxel based morphometry","Chumachenko, S. Y., Sakai, J. T., Dalwani, M. S., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., Dunn, R., Tanabe, J., Young, S., McWilliams, S. K., Banich, M. T., Crowley, T. J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1130,The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder: Tests of invariance by gender and trauma type,"Background. Measurement invariance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criterion symptoms was tested by gender and trauma type, assaultive and non-assaultive. Method. Analysis was conducted using latent class analysis (LCA), based on findings that the three-class LCA model from Breslau et al. (Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62, 1343-1351) fits the data across the four groups best. The classes represent three levels of PTSD-related disturbance: no disturbance, intermediate disturbance and pervasive disturbance, with the last one approximating the DSM-IV PTSD diagnosis. Results. Analysis of measurement invariance showed that, with respect to gender, there was no evidence of differential symptom reporting within the same disturbance class. DSM-IV symptom indicators represent the latent structure of PTSD equally in males and females. We found that more female than male victims of assaultive violence experienced pervasive disturbance. In the absence of measurement variability associated with gender, the finding is likely to reflect a gender difference in susceptibility. The analysis of measurement invariance detected evidence of variability associated with trauma type. Victims of assaultive violence in the pervasive disturbance class report more severe distress (especially emotional numbing) than do victims of non-assaultive violence in the same class. Conclusions. The finding of measurement bias associated with type of trauma raises questions about the applicability of a single definition for PTSD associated with assaultive violence and PTSD associated with traumatic events of lesser magnitude. (copyright) 2008 Cambridge University Press.","adult, article, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, distress syndrome, female, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, sex difference, victim, violence","Chung, H., Breslau, N.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1131,"Dynamics of in vivo release of molt-inhibiting hormone and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the shore crab, carcinus maenas","Very little is known regarding the release patterns or circulating titers of neuropeptides in crustaceans, in particular those concerned with regulation of molting hormone (ecdysteroid) synthesis, molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), which is also an adaptive hormone, centrally important in carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the currently accepted model of molt control is founded on an untested hypothesis suggesting that molting can proceed only after decline in MIH titer. Accordingly, we measured simultaneous circulating neuropeptide profiles for both MIH and CHH by RIA of purified hemolymph during the molt cycle at fine temporal scale during day/night cycles and seasonally. For CHH we additionally determined release patterns after physiologically relevant stress. Results show that both hormones are released exclusively and episodically, rather than continuously, with notably short half-lives in circulation, suggesting dynamic and short-lived variations in levels of both hormones. During the molt cycle, there are no overt changes in MIH titer, except a massive and unprecedented increase in MIH during late premolt, just before ecdysis. The function of this hormone surge is unknown. Treatment with various stressors (hypoxia, temperature shock) showed that CHH release occurs extremely rapidly, within minutes of stress. Release of CHH after stressful episodes during premolt (when gut endocrine cells synthesize large quantities of CHH) is exclusively from the sinus gland: CHH from the gut is never involved in the stress response. The results show a hitherto unsuspected dynamism in release of MIH and CHH and suggest that currently accepted models of molt control must be reconsidered. Copyright © 2005 by The Endocrine Society.",,"Chung, J. S., Webster, S. G.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1132,"The impact of self-efficacy, alexithymia and multiple traumas on posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity following epileptic seizures: A moderated mediation analysis","This study investigated the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity following epileptic seizure, whether alexithymia mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and psychiatric outcomes, and whether the mediational effect was moderated by the severity of PTSD from other traumas. Seventy-one (M = 31, F = 40) people with a diagnosis of epilepsy recruited from support groups in the United Kingdom completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. They were compared with 71 people (M = 29, F = 42) without epilepsy. For people with epilepsy, 51% and 22% met the diagnostic criteria for post-epileptic seizure PTSD and for PTSD following one other traumatic life event respectively. For the control group, 24% met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD following other traumatic life events. The epilepsy group reported significantly more anxiety and depression than the control. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis showed that self-efficacy was significantly correlated with alexithymia, post-epileptic seizure PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Alexithymia was also significantly correlated with post-epileptic seizure PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Mediation analyses confirmed that alexithymia mediated the path between self-efficacy and post-epileptic seizure PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Moderated mediation also confirmed that self-efficacy and PTSD from one other trauma moderated the effect of alexithymia on outcomes. To conclude, people can develop posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychiatric co-morbidity following epileptic seizure. These psychiatric outcomes are closely linked with their belief in personal competence to deal with stressful situations and regulate their own functioning, to process rather than defend against distressing emotions, and with the degree of PTSD from other traumas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Epileptic Seizures, *Mental Disorders, *Self Efficacy, Alexithymia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Chung, Man Cheung, Allen, Rachel D., Dennis, Ian",2013.0,,,0,0,
1133,"Trauma exposure characteristics, past traumatic life events, coping strategies, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychiatric comorbidity among people with anaphylactic shock experience","Objectives: This study investigated the interrelationship between trauma exposure characteristics, past traumatic life events, coping strategies, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and psychiatric comorbidity among people after anaphylactic shock experience. Method: The design was cross-sectional in that 94 people with anaphylactic shock experience responded to a postal survey. They completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, the General Health Questionnaire 28, and the COPE Scale. They also answered questions on trauma exposure characteristics. The control group comprised 83 people without anaphylaxis. Results: Twelve percent of people with anaphylactic shock experience fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for full PTSD. As a group, people with anaphylaxis reported significantly more past traumatic life events and psychiatric comorbidity than did the control. Partial least squares analysis showed that trauma exposure characteristics influenced postanaphylactic shock PTSD symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity, which, in turn, influenced coping strategies. Conclusions: People could develop PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity symptoms after their experience of anaphylactic shock. The way they coped with anaphylactic shock was affected by the severity of these symptoms. Past traumatic life events had a limited role to play in influencing outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anaphylactic Shock, *Comorbidity, *Coping Behavior, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma","Chung, Man Cheung, Walsh, Aisling, Dennis, Ian",2011.0,,,0,0,
1134,Conceptual and methodological issues in developmental psychopathology research,,,"Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1135,"Emergency workers quality of life: The protective role of sense of community, efficacy beliefs, and coping strategies",,,"Cicognani, E., Pietrantoni, L., Palestini, L., Prati, G.",2009.0,2009,,0,0,
1136,Developmental trajectories of adolescent popularity: A growth curve modelling analysis,"Growth curve modelling was used to examine developmental trajectories of sociometric and perceived popularity across eight years in adolescence, and the effects of gender, overt aggression, and relational aggression on these trajectories. Participants were 303 initially popular students (167 girls, 136 boys) for whom sociometric data were available in Grades 5-12. The popularity and aggression constructs were stable but non-overlapping developmental dimensions. Growth curve models were run with SAS MIXED in the framework of the multilevel model for change [Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press]. Sociometric popularity showed a linear change trajectory; perceived popularity showed nonlinear change. Overt aggression predicted low sociometric popularity but an increase in perceived popularity in the second half of the study. Relational aggression predicted a decrease in sociometric popularity, especially for girls, and continued high-perceived popularity for both genders. The effect of relational aggression on perceived popularity was the strongest around the transition from middle to high school. The importance of growth curve models for understanding adolescent social development was discussed, as well as specific issues and challenges of growth curve analyses with sociometric data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Development, *Aggressive Behavior, *Popularity, *Psychosocial Development, Schools","Cillessen, Antonius H. N., Borch, Casey",2006.0,,,0,0,
1137,Women Reentering the Community: Understanding Addiction and Trauma-Related Characteristics of Recidivism,"Women represent 26% of those arrested for serious crimes; many have posttraumatic stress and co-occurring substance use disorders, which may influence recidivism. This study examined 57 women residing in a community re-entry program after exiting prison. Participants completed the Trauma Symptom Inventory and Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory. A discriminant function analysis accounted for 34% of between-group variability and provided a profile of women who recidivated. Women who recidivated had greater alcohol dependence and lower rates of sexual dysfunction and sexual concerns. Practitioners should consider potential links between substance abuse, trauma, and sexual behavior in treatment settings. © , Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","community reentry, recidivism, Substance abuse, trauma","Cimino, A. N., Mendoza, N., Thieleman, K., Shively, R., Kunz, K.",2015.0,,10.1080/10911359.2014.983257,0,0,
1138,Treatment of post traumatic stress disorder in hurricane survivors: A program design,"For survivors affected by a natural disaster, there can be a number of psychological factors associated with the trauma of experiencing one. Post traumatic stress, depression, suicidal ideations, anxiety, and shock are some of the symptoms associated with such a natural disaster. These symptoms can lead to social problems, unemployment status, psychiatric hospitalization, and permanent disability. Natural disasters can include hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions. For thousands of years people have been experiencing these natural phenomena, but it has only been within the past fifty years that scientists, researchers, and mental health professionals have been able to study and treat the complex issues of individuals ""surviving"" such an act of nature (VandenBos & Bryant, 1987). The goal of this program is to alleviate the chronic symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) experienced from a particular natural disaster, a hurricane, in which the individual would return to a pre-symptomatic mental state and improve his/her quality of life. The program will be based in South Florida and will be designed to reduce the potential for decompensation and hospitalization by giving the ""survivor"" effective coping strategies for handling the long-term effects of the psychological trauma. This partial hospitalization program (PHP) will foster a positive, educational, and supportive environment for adults, and its aim will be to stabilize the target population. The program will focus on one population of interest: adult, (18-55 yrs. old) chronic sufferers of PTSD who display symptoms lasting more than 3 months and require cognitive-behavioral psychoeducational/group therapy, psychopharmacological treatment, case management, and social support services. The program evaluation results will demonstrate that the program will meet its goals and objectives and will illustrate that it is cost effective and consumer oriented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mental Health Programs, *Natural Disasters, *Partial Hospitalization, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Program Development, Coping Behavior, Emotional Trauma","Cipriano, Robert Joseph",2003.0,,,0,0,
1139,Long-term effects of acute perinatal asphyxia on rat maternal behavior,"In this study we used a rat model of graded perinatal asphyxia to study the long-term consequences of this manipulation on rat maternal behavior at adulthood. Rats were delivered by cesarean (C) section and the pups, still in the uterus horns, were placed into a water bath at 37(degrees)C for periods of 0 (controls) or 20 min (asphyxia). Subsequently, female pups were given to surrogate mothers, weaned at 21 days postnatally and then left undisturbed until adulthood, when they were mated. Once they gave birth, on postnatal days (Pnds) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 they were observed in the home cage five times per day to assess their maternal behavior in an undisturbed condition. In addition, maternal behavior was observed for 30 min in a novel cage on Pnds 4 and 8. Perinatal asphyxia affected maternal behavior in the home cage, hypoxic females being more often found outside the nest area and performing more often behaviors such as self-grooming. Principal component analysis confirmed a more 'active' behavioral profile for hypoxic females. Hypoxic mothers were characterized by a longer latency to perform on-nest behavior and by a reduced frequency of pup retrieval and licking in the novel cage. No significant differences in corticosterone secretion in response to an acute stressor were found in dams belonging to the different treatments or in the body weights of the offspring. These results are suggestive of an arousal deficit due to perinatal hypoxia and point to the dopaminergic system as a potential neurochemical target for an early hypoxic insult. (copyright) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","dopamine, acute stress disorder, animal model, arousal, article, behavior, body weight, cesarean section, controlled study, corticosteroid release, dopaminergic system, female, hypoxia, male, maternal behavior, nonhuman, perinatal asphyxia, postnatal care, priority journal, progeny, rat, reduction","Cirulli, F., Bonsignore, L. T., Venerosi, A., Valanzano, A., Chiarotti, F., Alleva, E.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1140,"PTSD symptoms, potentially traumatic event exposure, and binge drinking: A prospective study with a national sample of adolescents","Research demonstrates substantial comorbidity between PTSD and alcohol use disorders. Evidence for functional relationships between PTSD and problematic alcohol use has not always been consistent, and there have been few investigations with adolescent samples. Further, research has not consistently controlled for cumulative potentially traumatic event (PTE) exposure when examining prospective relationships between PTSD and problematic alcohol use (i.e., binge drinking). This study examines the prospective relationships between PTSD symptoms, problematic alcohol use, and cumulative PTE exposure measured at three time points over approximately three years among a nationally representative sample of adolescents exposed to at least one PTE (n= 2399 and age range = 12-17 at Wave 1). Results from parallel process latent growth curve models demonstrated that increases in cumulative PTE exposure over time positively predicted increases in both PTSD symptoms and binge drinking, whereas increases in PTSD symptoms and increases in binge drinking were not related when controlling for the effect of cumulative PTE exposure. Further analyses suggested that these relationships are specific to assaultive PTEs and are not found with non-assaultive PTEs. Theoretical implications are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Adolescents, Assault, Binge drinking, PTSD, Trauma","Cisler, J. M., Amstadter, A. B., Begle, A. M., Resnick, H. S., Danielson, C. K., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1141,Genetic and Environmental Influences on Posttrauma Adjustment in Children and Adolescents: The Role of Personality Constructs,"The prevalence of exposure to traumatic events in childhood and adolescence is high and is associated with a host of mental health difficulties. However, not all trauma-exposed youth develop mental health difficulties in the wake of trauma, suggesting that other factors, such as personality and genetic influences, may play a role in posttrauma adjustment. In the present article, we provide an overview of how personality factors influence posttrauma trajectories and how both personality and posttrauma adjustment may be influenced by genetic factors. We first review major personality constructs, with a focus on developmental and assessment considerations in trauma-exposed youth. Next, we provide a discussion of genetic influences on personality, exposure to traumatic events, and the development of mental health disorders following traumatic event exposure. Lastly, recommendations for future research are provided. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","adolescents, children, depression, genetics, personality, PTSD, trauma","Cisler, J. M., Amstadter, A. B., Nugent, N. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1142,Amygdala response predicts trajectory of symptom reduction during Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy among adolescent girls with PTSD,"Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is the gold standard treatment for pediatric PTSD. Nonetheless, clinical outcomes in TF-CBT are highly variable, indicating a need to identify reliable predictors that allow forecasting treatment response. Here, we test the hypothesis that functional neuroimaging correlates of emotion processing predict PTSD symptom reduction during Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) among adolescent girls with PTSD. Thirty-four adolescent girls with PTSD related to physical or sexual assault were enrolled in TF-CBT, delivered in an approximately 12 session format, in an open trial. Prior to treatment, they were engaged in an implicit threat processing task during 3T fMRI, during which they viewed faces depicting fearful or neutral expressions. Among adolescent girls completing TF-CBT (n = 23), slopes of PTSD symptom trajectories during TF-CBT were significantly related to pre-treatment degree of bilateral amygdala activation while viewing fearful vs neutral images. Adolescents with less symptom reduction were characterized by greater amygdala activation to both threat and neutral images (i.e., less threat-safety discrimination), whereas adolescents with greater symptom reduction were characterized by amygdala activation only to threat images. These clinical outcome relationships with pre-treatment bilateral amygdala activation remained when controlling for possible confounding demographic or clinical variables (e.g., concurrent psychotropic medication, comorbid diagnoses). While limited by a lack of a control group, these preliminary results suggest that pre-treatment amygdala reactivity to fear stimuli, a component of neurocircuitry models of PTSD, positively predicts symptom reduction during TF-CBT among assaulted adolescent girls, providing support for an objective measure for forecasting treatment response in this vulnerable population.","Adolescence, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Neuroimaging, Ptsd","Cisler, J. M., Sigel, B. A., Kramer, T. L., Smitherman, S., Vanderzee, K., Pemberton, J., Kilts, C. D.",2015.0,Dec,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.011,0,0,
1143,Lifetime trauma exposure in veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Association with current symptomatology,,,"Clancy, C. P., Graybeal, A., Tompson, W. P., Badgett, K. S., Feldman, M. E., Calhoun, P. S., Erkanli, A., Hertzberg, M. A., Beckham, J. C.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1144,An examination of the synergy of pain and PTSD on quality of life: Additive or multiplicative effects?,"Although models have been proposed to explain common factors that maintain comorbid pain and PTSD [Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clin Psychol Rev 2001; 21: 857-77], the exact nature of the relationship between these two conditions and their impact on quality of life (QOL) is unknown. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the unique and interactive effects of PTSD and pain on role functioning and life satisfaction - two important domains of QOL. The study utilized a help-seeking sample of motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors whose accidents resulted in symptoms of comorbid PTSD and pain (N = 192). Hierarchical regression models were used to examine the relationship between four PTSD symptom clusters, pain, and the interaction of each cluster and pain on role functioning and life satisfaction separately. Results of these analyses revealed a significant interaction of pain and emotional numbing on role functioning, suggesting a multiplicative effect on this domain of QOL. Decomposition of this interaction revealed a negative association between numbing and functioning at low levels of pain but no relationship at higher levels. A marginal interaction of pain and hyperarousal also was noted for life satisfaction. Decomposition of the interaction effect revealed a marginal association between hyperarousal and decreased satisfaction only at high levels of pain. A main effect of emotional numbing on decreased life satisfaction also was observed in this model, suggesting a unique influence of numbing. The results of the current research indicate that the synergistic relationship of pain and PTSD may vary across domains of QOL. (copyright) 2008 International Association for the Study of Pain.","adult, arousal, article, comorbidity, emotionality, female, functional status, human, life satisfaction, major clinical study, male, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, quality of life, traffic accident","Clapp, J. D., Beck, J. G., Palyo, S. A., Grant, D. M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1145,"Attachment, personality characteristics, and posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan","U.S. veterans of Iraq and/or Afghanistan (N = 116) completed an Internet survey with questions related to attachment style in intimate relationships, personality factors, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the PTSD Checklist-Military, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Short Form, and the International Personality Item Pool Big Five Short Form Questionnaire. Most participants were male and Caucasian. Hierarchical linear regression analysis results indicated that emotional stability ( = -.46, p < .001) and attachment avoidance ( = .20, p < .05) were associated with PTSD symptom severity (adjusted R2 = .63). An interaction between conscientiousness and attachment anxiety was found ( = -.26, p < .001; R2 = .06), with secure attachment moderating the relationship between conscientiousness and PTSD symptom severity. Results of this study indicate that emotional stability, conscientiousness, and secure relationship attachment styles (low attachment anxiety and avoidance) are important for postcombat mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attachment Behavior, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans, Interpersonal Relationships","Clark, Allison A., Owens, Gina P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1146,A Review of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may fail to achieve adequate relief despite treatment with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or complementary medicine treatments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation procedure that can alter neuronal activity through administration of various pulse sequences and frequencies. TMS may theoretically have promise in correcting alterations observed in patients with PTSD. While the precise treatment location and pulse sequences remain undefined, current evidence suggests two promising targets, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex. The beneficial effects may be due to the secondary or indirect regulation of other brain structures that may be involved in the mood regulatory network. TMS may be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program for PTSD, although significant work remains to define optimal treatment parameters and clarify how it fits within a broader traditional treatment program.","anxiety, avoidance behavior, clinical effectiveness, disease severity, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, electric current, GABAergic tone, glutamatergic tone, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, human, medial prefrontal cortex, memory test, Mississippi Scale of Combat Severity, nervous system function, posttraumatic stress disorder, Profile of Mood States, psychologic test, randomized controlled trial (topic), review, transcranial magnetic stimulation, treatment duration, treatment response, University of Southern California Repeatable Episodic Memory test","Clark, C., Cole, J., Winter, C., Williams, K., Grammer, G.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1147,Gender and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with alcohol dependence,"OBJECTIVE: Although several mental disorders have been shown to be common in adolescents with substance use disorders, prior studies have not specifically focused on alcohol dependence and have not had sufficient sample sizes to examine gender effects. This study contrasts mental disorder diagnoses and symptoms between a sample of adolescents with alcohol dependence and a community control sample of adolescents and incorporates gender analyses. METHOD: Adolescents (aged 14 years 0 months to 18 years 0 months) with alcohol dependence (females: n = 55; males: n = 78) and community-dwelling control adolescents without substance use disorders (females: n = 44; males: n = 42) were assessed by means of a semistructured interview for DSM-III-R. RESULTS: While cannabis and hallucinogen use disorders were common in the alcohol dependence group, females and males had similar rates. Conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depression (MD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had significantly higher rates in the alcohol dependence than in the community control group. Depression and PTSD symptoms were more strongly associated with alcohol dependence in females than in males. A configural frequency analysis showed that CD and MD tended to occur together in both female and male adolescents with alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS: While alcohol-dependent females and males similarly exhibited more comorbid disorders than control adolescents, gender affects the relationship of alcohol dependence to MD and PTSD. Rather than reflecting distinct types, the comorbid disorders of CD and MD jointly characterize many adolescents with alcohol dependence.","Adolescent, Age of Onset, Alcoholism/*epidemiology, Analysis of Variance, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Child, Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology, Cluster Analysis, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Odds Ratio, Pennsylvania/epidemiology, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology","Clark, D. B., Pollock, N., Bukstein, O. G., Mezzich, A. C., Bromberger, J. T., Donovan, J. E.",1997.0,Sep,10.1097/00004583-199709000-00011,0,0,
1148,"Developing new treatments: On the interplay between theories, experimental science and clinical innovation","It is often argued that behaviour therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy have a sound theoretical and experimental basis. In the early days of behaviour therapy, the learning theory accounts that were the basis of treatment made clear suggestions about the procedures that were likely to be effective in treatment. In contrast, more recent cognitive-behavioural models tend to specify targets for therapy, but not the procedures that might be optimal for changing the targets. As a consequence, a considerable amount of work has to be done in order to create an effective cognitive-behavioural treatment from a promising cognitive-behavioural model. The process by which cognitive-behavioural treatments are developed is rarely discussed in the literature. For this reason, the way in which one group has used a mixture of phenomenological, experimental and treatment development studies to create effective cognitive therapy programmes for anxiety disorders is described. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","article, behavior therapy, cognition, cognitive therapy, human, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, theory","Clark, D. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1149,Low emotional response to traumatic footage is associated with an absence of analogue flashbacks: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 16 trauma film paradigm experiments,"Most people will experience or witness a traumatic event. A common occurrence after trauma is the experience of involuntary emotional memories of the traumatic event, herewith “flashbacks”. Some individuals, however, report no flashbacks. Prospective work investigating psychological factors associated with an absence of flashbacks is lacking. We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis on 16 experiments (n = 458) using the trauma film paradigm to investigate the association of emotional response to traumatic film footage and commonly collected baseline characteristics (trait anxiety, current depression, trauma history) with an absence of analogue flashbacks. An absence of analogue flashbacks was associated with low emotional response to the traumatic film footage and, to a lesser extent, low trait anxiety and low current depression levels. Trauma history and recognition memory for the film were not significantly associated with an absence of analogue flashbacks. Understanding why some individuals report an absence of flashbacks may aid preventative treatments against flashback development. © 2014, © 2014 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.","Flashbacks, Intrusions, Mental imagery, Peritraumatic emotions, Trauma film paradigm","Clark, I. A., Mackay, C. E., Holmes, E. A.",2015.0,,10.1080/02699931.2014.926861,0,0,
1150,Predicting post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans: Interaction of traumatic load with COMT gene variation,"Background: Because post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by definition can occur only after exposure to a traumatic event, military veterans who are at high risk for trauma exposure are a particularly relevant population for studying the interaction of trauma with genetic factors that may predispose for the disorder. A number of studies have implicated specific genes as possible risk factors in developing PTSD, including the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT). Methods: Data from Iraq War veterans (n = 236) were used to examine the interaction between COMT and traumatic experiences in predicting later development of PTSD symptoms. Subjects were assessed for exposure to traumatic events both before and during deployment. Results: The interaction between trauma load and COMT was a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms. Those with the heterozygous genotype (Val/Met) showed fewer symptoms associated with trauma exposure compared to those with either homozygous genotype. This interaction remained significant after controlling for other risk factors for PTSD, including personality dimensions of Internalizing and Externalizing. Conclusions: COMT genotype affects risk for development of PTSD symptoms following exposure to trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Genes, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Enzymes, Exposure","Clark, Rachel, DeYoung, Colin G., Sponheim, Scott R., Bender, Tricia L., Polusny, Melissa A., Erbes, Christopher R., Arbisi, Paul A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1151,Update in mental health 2010: Understanding the brain - Symptom & disorder clusters in clinical practice,"The DSM models psychiatric diagnosis on the premise that, if the patient fulfills certain criteria, mainly relating to Symptom Clusters, a mental health disorder is confirmed. It is evident within the current mental health crisis that more often than not, 'a psychiatric disorder exists in the presence of additional conditions, some of which remain undiagnosed and influence patient outcomes' Many patients, even when correctly diagnosed with a disorder such as depression, often fail to respond to medication and treatment. This may result in the labeling of patients as nulltreatment resistantnull or patients presenting to other mental health specialists in an effort to resolve their problems. Could it be that the patients, unbeknown to themselves or the clinician, may have other conditions, which have failed to be recognized? The unresponsive depressive patient is a common scenario. However, often once their undiagnosed PTSD or adult ADHD is additionally treated, their depression stabilizes. Update in Mental Health 2010 is designed to enable health professionals to build on their existing knowledge of neuroscience, brain imaging and neural signatures and pathways in understanding patient symptom and disorder clusters. Attention will be given to the Mind Screen (a patient computerized internet enabled diagnostic psychiatric tool) to demonstrate symptom clusters and cluster disorders, as they present in day-to-day clinical practice. This interactive workshop encourages audience participation through questions and case discussion.","mental health, psychiatrist, college, brain, clinical practice, patient, psychiatric diagnosis, mental disease, drug therapy, imaging, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention deficit disorder, medical specialist, adult, health practitioner, Internet, workshop, model, diagnosis","Clarkson, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1152,Supportive-expressive group therapy and distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer: A randomized clinical intervention trial,"Background: Metastatic breast cancer carries with it considerable psychosocial morbidity. Studies have shown that some patients with metastatic breast cancer experience clinically significant anxiety and depression and traumatic stress symptoms. Supportive-expressive group psychotherapy was developed to help patients with cancer face and adjust to their existential concerns, express and manage disease-related emotions, increase social support, enhance relationships with family and physicians, and improve symptom control. Methods: Of 125 women with metastatic breast cancer recruited into the study, 64 were randomized to the intervention and 61 to the control condition. Intervention women were offered 1 year of weekly supportive-expressive group therapy and educational materials. Control women received educational materials only. Participants were assessed at baseline and every 4 months during the first year. Data at baseline and from at least 1 assessment were collected from 102 participants during this 12-month period, and these participants compose the study population. Results: Primary analyses based on all available data indicated that participants in the treatment condition showed a significantly greater decline in traumatic stress symptoms on the Impact of Event Scale (effect size, 0.25) compared with the control condition, but there was no difference in Profile of Mood States total mood disturbance. However, when the final assessment occurring within a year of death was removed, a secondary analysis showed a significantly greater decline in total mood disturbance (effect size, 0.25) and traumatic stress symptoms (effect size, 0.33) for the treatment condition compared with the control condition. Conclusion: Supportive-expressive therapy, with its emphasis on providing support and helping patients face and deal with their disease-related stress, can help reduce distress in patients with metastatic breast cancer.","adult, aged, anxiety, article, breast cancer, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, emotional stress, female, group therapy, human, major clinical study, metastasis, mood, psychotherapy, randomized controlled trial, support group","Classen, C., Butler, L. D., Koopman, C., Miller, E., DiMiceli, S., Giese-Davis, J., Fobair, P., Carlson, R. W., Kraemer, H. C., Spiegel, D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1153,"Serum chemical profile of feeder pigs, as influenced by market stress and feeding regimen","Two hundred eighty-eight crossbred feeder pigs were used in 2 trials to determine the effects of feed and/or water deprivation at an auction market, and the effects of restricting the intake of the receiving diet on their serum chemical profile. The study also was designed to assess the value of the serum chemical profile as a diagnostic data base for stress disorders in feeder pigs. Performance data indicated that feeder pigs provided water only at the auction facilities lost significantly more weight than did those provided feed and water. Feeder pigs deprived of both feed and water were not significantly different in body weight from either group. Several serum chemical values (creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and lactate dehydrogenase) were significantly influenced by feed deprivation, but not by feed and water deprivation. However, only the serum creatinine values were significantly different after the 24-hour posttransport period. There were no significant differences in pig weight or serum chemical values 84 days after pigs had arrived at the finishing unit. The serum chemical profile, widely used in human medicine, appears not to provide a reliable marker for identification of short-term nutritional deprivation, nor for transport stress in feeder pigs.",,"Clemens, E. T., Schultz, B. D., Brumm, M. C., Jesse, G. W., Mayes, H. F.",1989.0,,,0,0,
1154,A pilot study of acute stress symptoms in parents and youth following diagnosis of type i diabetes,"The primary aims of this exploratory study were to determine the rate of occurrence of acute stress disorder (ASD) in children newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes and their parents, to examine relationships with demographic and psychosocial factors, and to examine the relationships between ASD symptom clusters and early adherence behavior (clinic attendance). The sample consisted of 102 parents of children ages 0-17 years and 40 youth ages 11-17 who were evaluated within three days of diabetes diagnosis. Eighteen percent of parents and 17% of youth reported subthreshold symptoms of ASD. Acute stress symptoms and demographic variables predicted clinic attendance, with a differential pattern evident in the responses of youth and their parents. These findings reinforce the importance of screening symptoms of ASD in youth with newly diagnosed diabetes and their parents to assist in identifying families who may be in need of additional support. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.","Acute stress disorder, Adherence, Pediatrics, Traumatic stress, Type 1 diabetes","Cline, G. D., Schwartz, D. D., Axelrad, M. E., Anderson, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1155,The aging veteran of World War II: Psychiatric and life course insights,,,"Clipp, E. C., Elder, G. H.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1156,Treatment of complex PTSD: Results of the ISTSS expert clinician survey on best practices,"This study provides a summary of the results of an expert opinion survey initiated by the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Complex Trauma Task Force regarding best practices for the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ratings from a mail-in survey from 25 complex PTSD experts and 25 classic PTSD experts regarding the most appropriate treatment approaches and interventions for complex PTSD were examined for areas of consensus and disagreement. Experts agreed on several aspects of treatment, with 84% endorsing a phase-based or sequenced therapy as the most appropriate treatment approach with interventions tailored to specific symptom sets. First-line interventions matched to specific symptoms included emotion regulation strategies, narration of trauma memory, cognitive restructuring, anxiety and stress management, and interpersonal skills. Meditation and mindfulness interventions were frequently identified as an effective second-line approach for emotional, attentional, and behavioral (e.g., aggression) disturbances. Agreement was not obtained on either the expected course of improvement or on duration of treatment. The survey results provide a strong rationale for conducting research focusing on the relative merits of traditional trauma-focused therapies and sequenced multicomponent approaches applied to different patient populations with a range of symptom profiles. Sustained symptom monitoring during the course of treatment and during extended follow-up would advance knowledge about both the speed and durability of treatment effects.. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B. C., Green, B. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1157,Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis,"BACKGROUND: The WHO International Classification of Diseases, 11th version (ICD-11), has proposed two related diagnoses, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD within the spectrum of trauma and stress-related disorders. OBJECTIVE: To use latent profile analysis (LPA) to determine whether there are classes of individuals that are distinguishable according to the PTSD and complex PTSD symptom profiles and to identify potential differences in the type of stressor and severity of impairment associated with each profile. METHOD: An LPA and related analyses were conducted on 302 individuals who had sought treatment for interpersonal traumas ranging from chronic trauma (e.g., childhood abuse) to single-incident events (e.g., exposure to 9/11 attacks). RESULTS: THE LPA REVEALED THREE CLASSES OF INDIVIDUALS: (1) a complex PTSD class defined by elevated PTSD symptoms as well as disturbances in three domains of self-organization: affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal problems; (2) a PTSD class defined by elevated PTSD symptoms but low scores on the three self-organization symptom domains; and (3) a low symptom class defined by low scores on all symptoms and problems. Chronic trauma was more strongly predictive of complex PTSD than PTSD and, conversely, single-event trauma was more strongly predictive of PTSD. In addition, complex PTSD was associated with greater impairment than PTSD. The LPA analysis was completed both with and without individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) yielding identical results, suggesting the stability of these classes regardless of BPD comorbidity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data support the proposed ICD-11 distinction between PTSD and complex PTSD and support the value of testing the clinical utility of this distinction in field trials. Replication of results is necessary.","Complex PTSD, Icd-11, Who, posttraumatic stress disorder","Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Maercker, A.",2013.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706,0,0,
1158,"Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis","BACKGROUND: There has been debate regarding whether Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) is distinct from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) when the latter is comorbid with PTSD. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the patterns of symptoms endorsed by women seeking treatment for childhood abuse form classes that are consistent with diagnostic criteria for PTSD, Complex PTSD, and BPD. METHOD: A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on an archival dataset of 280 women with histories of childhood abuse assessed for enrollment in a clinical trial for PTSD. RESULTS: THE LCA REVEALED FOUR DISTINCT CLASSES OF INDIVIDUALS: a Low Symptom class characterized by low endorsements on all symptoms; a PTSD class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD but low endorsement of symptoms that define the Complex PTSD and BPD diagnoses; a Complex PTSD class characterized by elevated symptoms of PTSD and self-organization symptoms that defined the Complex PTSD diagnosis but low on the symptoms of BPD; and a BPD class characterized by symptoms of BPD. Four BPD symptoms were found to greatly increase the odds of being in the BPD compared to the Complex PTSD class: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable sense of self, unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, and impulsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Findings supported the construct validity of Complex PTSD as distinguishable from BPD. Key symptoms that distinguished between the disorders were identified, which may aid in differential diagnosis and treatment planning.","Borderline Personality Disorder, Complex PTSD, Icd-11, Who, posttraumatic stress disorder","Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Weiss, B., Carlson, E. B., Bryant, R. A.",2014.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097,0,0,
1159,"Event Trauma in Early Childhood: Symptoms, Assessment, Intervention","Expanding research over the last two decades has documented that very young children's responses to an event trauma will involve the same three basic categories of posttraumatic symptomatology observed in older children and adults that is, reexperiencing, numbing/avoidance, and hyperarousal. The ways in which these three symptom clusters will be manifested in very young children and recent progress in the establishment of developmentally sensitive and reliable criteria for the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this age group are described. In addition to PTSD symptomatology, three additional factors that differentiate young children's responses to a trauma from those of older children and adults-their cognitive immaturity, their developmental vulnerability, and the relational context of early trauma given young children's dependence on caregivers-also are discussed. Principles of assessment and treatment are then described. These discussions emphasize the importance of normalizing traumatic responses, supporting the parent-child relationship and restoring trust, desensitizing the child's distress to traumatic reminders, helping the child and parents to process and develop a meaningful narrative of the traumatic event through expressive therapeutic techniques, and promoting effective strategies of restoration and repair. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Assessment, Attachment, Early childhood, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma, Treatment","Coates, S., Gaensbauer, T. J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1160,Involving Parents in Indicated Early Intervention for Childhood PTSD Following Accidental Injury,"Accidental injuries represent the most common type of traumatic event to which a youth is likely to be exposed. While the majority of youth who experience an accidental injury will recover spontaneously, a significant proportion will go on to develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). And yet, there is little published treatment outcome research in this area. This review focuses on two key issues within the child PTSD literature-namely the role of parents in treatment and the timing of intervention. The issue of parental involvement in the treatment of child PTSD is a question that is increasingly being recognized as important. In addition, the need to find a balance between providing early intervention to at risk youth while avoiding providing treatment to those youth who will recover spontaneously has yet to be addressed. This paper outlines the rationale for and the development of a trauma-focused CBT protocol with separate parent and child programs, for use with children and adolescents experiencing PTSD following an accidental injury. The protocol is embedded within an indicated intervention framework, allowing for the early identification of youth at risk within a medical setting. Two case studies are presented in order to illustrate key issues raised in the review, implementation of the interventions, and the challenges involved. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Accidental injury, Children, PTSD","Cobham, V. E., March, S., de Young, A., Leeson, F., Nixon, R., McDermott, B., Kenardy, J.",2012.0,,10.1007/s10567-012-0124-9,0,0,
1161,Screening for PTSD in motor accident survivors using the PSS-SR and IES,,,"Coffey, S., Gudmundsdottir, B., Beck, J. G., Palyo, S., Miller, L.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
1162,Changes in PTSD symptomatology during acute and protracted alcohol and cocaine abstinence,"Previous research with substance users has demonstrated, across a variety of psychiatric disorders, significant decreases in psychological symptoms during early substance abstinence. To build on this literature, the current study prospectively assessed trauma symptomatology over 28 days during acute and protracted cocaine and alcohol abstinence. Participants were 162 male and female cocaine and/or alcohol dependent outpatients who reported a history of trauma. Trauma-related symptoms and substance use were assessed at 2, 5, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days following last substance use. For participants who were known to relapse, assessments began again after the last day of substance use. Latent growth modeling was employed to estimate changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Consistent with studies of other psychiatric syndromes, PTSD symptoms declined across the 28-day study period regardless of withdrawal substance (i.e., cocaine or alcohol). The majority of change in trauma symptoms occurred within 2 weeks of last substance use. Moreover, while trauma symptoms for the PTSD participants were more severe than those reported by the non-PTSD participants, trauma symptoms declined across the study period at the same rate irrespective of PTSD status. (copyright) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","alcohol, cocaine, abstinence, adolescent, adult, alcohol abstinence, anamnesis, article, controlled study, experimental model, female, human, latent period, major clinical study, male, mental disease, outpatient, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, relapse, school child, substance abuse, symptomatology","Coffey, S. F., Schumacher, J. A., Brady, K. T., Cotton, B. D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1163,Factors associated with post-traumatic growth after the loss of a loved,"Aim: People exposed to the loss of a loved one run greater risk of experiencing mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, and subsequent mourning can represent a risk factor for psychiatric morbidity. However, many people exposed to a traumatic event experience positive changes in their relationships with others, self-concept and in the philosophy of life. Such cases are defined as cases of post-traumatic growth (PTG), a salutogenic approach favored by a number of factors. This article examines positive changes, social and personal resources that promote PTG in a sample of 201 people, aged 18-69 years, who have suffered bereavement. Methods: Respondents completed the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, the Brief Cope and Basic Empathy Scale. Information regarding factors considered to be possible moderators of PTG were also requested. The interviews took place from February to May, 2013. Results: Scores of PTG were low and related to the time since the event, the employment at the time of the study and the age of the deceased. There were adaptive active coping strategies and the affective dimension of empathy. The main effects on PTG were due to the deceased's age, the time elapsed since the loss, the former location of psychotherapy, some coping strategies (religion and positive restructuring) and affective empathy. Conclusion: The results have important implications for the promotion of PTG, improving the quality of life and the prevention of mental disorders associated with mourning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Empathy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Self Concept, *Morbidity","Cofini, V., Cecilia, M. R., Petrarca, F., Bernardi, R., Mazza, M., Di Orio, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1164,"Cognitive function, mental health, and health-related quality of life after lung transplantation","Rationale: Cognitive and psychiatric impairments are threats to functional independence, general health, and quality of life. Evidence regarding these outcomes after lung transplantation is limited. Objectives: Determine the frequency of cognitive and psychiatric impairment after lung transplantation and identify potential factors associated with cognitive impairment after lung transplantation. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, we assessed cognitive function, mental health, and health-related quality of life using a validated battery of standardized tests in 42 subjects posttransplantation. The battery assessed cognition, depression, anxiety, resilience, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, a validated screening test with a range of 0 to 30. We hypothesized that cognitive function post-transplantation would be associated with type of transplant, cardiopulmonary bypass, primary graft dysfunction, allograft ischemic time, and physical therapy posttransplantation. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the relationship between candidate risk factors and cognitive function post-transplantation. Measurements and Main Results: Mild cognitive impairment (score, 18-25) was observed in 67% of post-transplant subjects (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50-80%) and moderate cognitive impairment (score, 10-17) was observed in 5% (95% CI, 1-16%) of post-transplant subjects. Symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and depression were observed in 21 and 3% of post-transplant subjects, respectively. No transplant recipients reported symptoms of PTSD. Higher resilience correlated with less psychological distress in the domains of depression (P < 0.001) and PTSD (P = 0.02). Prolonged graft ischemic time was independently associated with worse cognitive performance after lung transplantation (P = 0.001). The functional gain in 6-minute-walk distance achieved at the end of post-transplant physical rehabilitation (P = 0.04) was independently associated with improved cognitive performance post-transplantation. Conclusions: Mild cognitive impairment was present in the majority of patients after lung transplantation. Prolonged allograft ischemic time may be associated with cognitive impairment. Poor physical performance and cognitive impairment are linked, and physical rehabilitation post-transplant and psychological resilience may be protective against the development of long-term impairment. Further study is warranted to confirm these potential associations and to examine the trajectory of cognitive function after lung transplantation. Copyright © 2014 by the American Thoracic Society.","Cognitive function, Critical illness, Lung transplantation, Psychological function, Quality of life","Cohen, D. G., Christie, J. D., Anderson, B. J., Diamond, J. M., Judy, R. P., Shah, R. J., Cantu, E., Bellamy, S. L., Blumenthal, N. P., Demissie, E., Hopkins, R. O., Mikkelsen, M. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1165,Mental health among reserve component military service members and veterans,,,"Cohen, G. H., Fink, D. S., Sampson, L., Galea, S.",2015.0,,10.1093/epirev/mxu007,0,0,
1166,Autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder and in post-traumatic stress disorder: Application of power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability at rest and in response to recollection of trauma or panic attacks,"Power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate variability (HRV) offers reliable assessment of cardiovascular autonomic responses, providing a window onto the interaction of peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. Previous studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found lower resting HRV in patients compared to controls, suggesting increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic tone. This article describes the analysis of HRV at rest and after psychological stress in 11 panic disorder (PD) patients, 14 PTSD patients, and 25 healthy controls (all Ss aged 19-48 yrs). ECG recordings were made while Ss were resting, while recalling the trauma implicated in PTSD, or the circumstances of a severe panic attack, as appropriate, and again while resting. Controls were asked to recall a stressful life event during recall. While both patient groups had elevated HR and low frequency (LF) components of HRV at baseline (suggesting increased sympathetic activity), PTSD patients, unlike PD patients and controls, failed to respond to the recall stress with increases in HR and LF. HRV analysis demonstrates significant differences in autonomic regulation of PTSD and PD patients compared to each other and to controls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Heart Rate, *Panic Attack, *Panic Disorder, *Physiological Correlates, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Trauma, Panic, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System","Cohen, Hagit, Benjamin, Jonathan, Geva, Amir B., Matar, Mike A., Kaplan, Zeev, Kotler, Moshe",2000.0,,,0,0,
1167,Post-traumatic stress behavioural responses in inbred mouse strains: can genetic predisposition explain phenotypic vulnerability?,"Clinical studies of twin pairs and families of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients raise questions as to possible genetic predisposition to PTSD. Studies using isogenic animal populations exposed to a stress paradigm could elucidate the relative contributions of genotype and environment to endophenotypic expression. The prevalence of individuals displaying severely compromised behavioural responses to predator scent stress (PSS) was assessed in six inbred strains of mice in an animal model of PTSD that classifies individuals into groups according to the degree of their behavioural response. The choice of strains was based on the frequent use of these mice in transgenic research. The prevalence of extreme behavioural response in the elevated plus maze and the acoustic startle response paradigms, performed in sequence, was assessed at baseline and 7 d after PSS exposure between and within strains, and compared to differences in circulating corticosterone levels. Narrow-sense trait heritability was determined by comparing the between-strain variance to the total variance. Although strain-specific differences in anxiety-like behaviours were demonstrated, the results revealed a significant degree of individual variability in response patterns within each of the inbred strains, yielding a baseline heritability factor for anxiety-like behaviours of 30%, but only 10% for response to stress exposure. Baseline anxiety-like behaviours were found not to be predictive of post-exposure behavioural responses. The response of the individual to stress is multifactorial and environmental factors play a predominant role in characterizing the individual response to stress exposure, although there are significant genetic underpinnings.","Acoustic Stimulation/methods, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anxiety/etiology/genetics/psychology, Behavior, Animal/*physiology, Cluster Analysis, Corticosterone/blood, Disease Models, Animal, Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics, Male, Maze Learning, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Odors, *Phenotype, Reflex, Acoustic/genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/blood/*genetics/*physiopathology, Time Factors","Cohen, H., Geva, A. B., Matar, M. A., Zohar, J., Kaplan, Z.",2008.0,May,10.1017/s1461145707007912,0,0,
1168,Analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients in response to a trauma-related reminder,"To examine the dynamics of the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in baseline autonomic hyperarousal state in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Ss, standardized heart rate analysis was carried out in 9 PTSD Ss (mean age 38 yrs) compared to a matched control group. 20-min electrocardiogram recording in response to a trauma-related cue as opposed to a resting state were performed and analyzed. The PTSD Ss were asked to recount the presumed triggering traumatic event and the control Ss were asked to recount a significant stressful negative life event. Results show that, whereas the controls demonstrated significant autonomic responses to the stressogenic stimulus supplied by the recounting of a major stressful experience, the PTSD Ss demonstrated almost no autonomic response to the recounting of the triggering stressful event. The PTSD Ss demonstrated a degree of autonomic dysregulation at rest which was comparable to that seen in the controls' reaction to the stress model. The lack of response to the stress model applied in the study appears to imply that PTSD patients experience so great a degree of autonomic hyperactivation at rest that they are unable to marshal a further stress response to the recounting of the triggering trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Autonomic Nervous System, *Heart Rate, *Physiological Arousal, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Stress, Stimulus Parameters","Cohen, Hagit, Kotler, Moshe, Matar, Mike A., Kaplan, Zeev, Loewenthal, Uri, Miodownik, Hanoch, Cassuto, Yair",1998.0,,,0,0,
1169,Animal model for PTSD: From clinical concept to translational research,"In humans, the diagnosis of PTSD is made only if an individual exhibits a certain number of symptoms from each of three quite well defined symptom clusters over a certain period of time. Animal behavioral studies, however, have generally tended to overlook this aspect and have commonly regarded the entire group of animals subjected to certain study conditions as homogeneous. Thus, in an attempt to develop animal models of long-term chronic behavioral responses to stress (i.e. PTSD) in a comparable manner to human diagnosis, we applied cut-off inclusion/exclusion criteria to behavioral data for a cohort of animals exposed to a stress paradigm. This grouped them as behaviorally affected or unaffected by the stress. This model takes into account the variability in degree of the individual's response to the stress paradigm, thereby modeling the fact that not all humans exposed to traumatic stress respond with affective disorder. This article will present and discuss findings from a series of studies employing a model of individual behavioral response classification. This article will discuss the concept of the model and its background and present a selection of studies employing and examining the model, alongside the underlying translational rationale of each. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Animal model, Benzodiazepine, Corticosterone, Cut-off behavioral criteria (CBC), Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Propranolol, Secondary prevention","Cohen, H., Kozlovsky, N., Alona, C., Matar, M. A., Joseph, Z.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1170,An association between stress-induced disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disordered glucose metabolism in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Retrospective clinical reports suggesting that traumatic stress populations display an increased propensity for glucose metabolism disorders were examined in a controlled prospective animal model. Stress-induced behavioural and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response patterns were correlated to central and peripheral parameters of glucose metabolism and signalling, and to body measurements in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to predator scent stress. Forty days post-exposure, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, oral glucose tolerance test, body weight and white adipose tissue mass, systemic corticosterone levels and brain expression of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein levels were evaluated. In a second experiment inbred strains with hyper- (Fischer) and hypo- (Lewis) reactive HPA axes were employed to assess the association of metabolic data with behavioural phenomenology versus HPA axis response profile. For data analysis, animals were classified according to their individual behavioural response patterns (assessed at day 7) into extreme, partial and minimal response groups. The exposed Sprague-Dawley rats fulfilling criteria for extreme behavioural response (EBR) (20.55%) also exhibited significant increases in body weight, abdominal circumference and abdominal white adipose tissue mass; a hyperglycaemic oral glucose tolerance test; and fasting hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hypercorticosteronemia, whereas minimal responders (MBR) and control animals displayed no such disturbances. Hippocampal and hypothalamic expression of IR and GLUT4 protein were significantly lower in EBR than in MBR and control rats. The inbred strains showed no metabolic differences at baseline. Exposed Fischer rats displayed hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, whereas Lewis rats did not. A significant protracted disorder of glucose metabolism was induced by exposure to a stress paradigm. This metabolic response was associated with the characteristic pattern of HPA axis (corticosterone) response, which underlies the behavioural response to stress. (copyright) 2009 The Authors. Journal Compilation (copyright) 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","corticosterone, glucose, glucose transporter 4, insulin, insulin receptor, animal behavior, animal cell, animal experiment, animal model, animal tissue, anthropometry, article, body weight, controlled study, corticosterone blood level, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, Fischer 344 rat, glucose blood level, hippocampus, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypothalamus, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, insulin blood level, Lewis rat, long term exposure, male, nonhuman, oral glucose tolerance test, phenomenology, posttraumatic stress disorder, predator stress, priority journal, protein expression, rat, signal transduction, Sprague Dawley rat, strain difference, white adipose tissue","Cohen, H., Kozlovsky, N., Savion, N., Matar, M. A., Loewenthal, U., Loewenthal, N., Zohar, J., Kaplan, Z.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1171,Maintaining the clinical relevance of animal models in translational studies of post-traumatic stress disorder,"The diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is conditional on directly experiencing or witnessing a significantly threatening event and the presence of a certain minimal number of symptoms from each of four symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognition and mood, and hyperarousal) at least one month after the event (DSM 5) (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Only a proportion of the population exposed develops symptoms fulfilling the criteria. The individual heterogeneity in responses of stress-exposed animals suggested that adapting clearly defined and reliably reproducible ""diagnostic"", i.e. behavioral, criteria for animal responses would augment the clinical validity of the analysis of study data. We designed cut-off (inclusion/exclusion) behavioral criteria (CBC) which classify study subjects as being severely, minimally or partially affected by the stress paradigm, to be applied retrospectively in the analysis of behavioral data. Behavioral response classification enables the researcher to correlate (retrospectively) specific anatomic, bio-molecular and physiological parameters with the degree and pattern of the individual behavioral response, and also introduces ""prevalence rates"" as a valid studyparameter. The cumulative results of our studies indicate that, by classifying the data from individual subjects according to their response patterns, the animal study can more readily be translated into clinical ""follow-up"" studies and back again. This article will discuss the concept of the model and its background, and present a selection of studies employing and examining the model, alongside the underlying translational rationale of each.","Animal model, Anxiety, Behavioral criteria, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Translation research","Cohen, H., Matar, M. A., Zohar, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1172,Toward animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) The development of animal models for PTSD and other traumatic stress related brain changes is an important part of advancing our neurobiological understanding of the disease process as well as recovery, resilience, and possible therapeutic targets. Although animal models for PTSD are limited to the assessment of measurable and observable behavioral parameters and cannot assess complex psychological symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, meaning and dreams, valid and reliable animal models offer a means for researching biomolecular, pathophysiological, and pharmacological features of the disorder in ways that are not feasible in human studies. Trauma/stress-based Models were developed in an attempt to induce in the animal a state similar to PTSD by exposing animals to an equivalent of a traumatic experience. Mechanism-based models were developed considering potential brain mechanisms that may underlay the disorder. The most studied are enhanced fear conditioning, impaired extinction and more recently, impaired contextualization. Another important line of research addresses the question of additional factors that contribute to the susceptibility to develop PTSD. Genetic background and environmental factors have been studied and have led to the recognition of the importance of individual differences in susceptibility to develop the disorder. This chapter presents and discusses findings from various animal models, with the understanding that no single model encompasses in full the complexity of the disorder but that each of these models contributes to our understanding of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Animal Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Brain, Neurobiology","Cohen, Hagit, Richter-Levin, Gal",2009.0,,,0,0,
1173,Unsupervised fuzzy clustering analysis supports behavioral cutoff criteria in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Unsupervised fuzzy clustering (UFC) analysis is a mathematical technique that groups together objects in the multidimensional feature space according to a specified similarity measurement, thereby yielding clusters of similar data points that can be represented by a set of prototypes or centroids. Methods: Since clinical studies of mental disorders distinguish between affected and unaffected individuals, we designed an inclusion/exclusion criteria (cutoff behavioral criteria [CBC]) approach for animal behavioral studies. The effect of classifying the study population into clearly affected versus clearly unaffected individuals according to behaviors on two behavioral paradigms was statistically significant. Results: Here the raw data from previous studies were subjected to UFC algorithms as a means of objectively testing the validity of the concept of the CBC for our experimental model. The first UFC algorithm yielded two clearly discrete clusters, found to consist almost exclusively of the exposed animals in the one and unexposed animals in the other. The second algorithm yielded three clusters corresponding to animals designated as clearly affected, partially affected, and clearly unaffected. The algorithm for physiological data in addition to behavioral data failed to elicit discrete clusters. Conclusions: The UFC analysis yielded data that support the conceptual contention of the CBC and lends additional validity to our previous behavioral studies. (copyright) 2005 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","algorithm, animal behavior, animal experiment, animal model, anxiety, article, cluster analysis, data analysis, male, mental disease, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rat, statistical significance, stress","Cohen, H., Zohar, J., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Geva, A. B.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1174,Setting apart the affected: the use of behavioral criteria in animal models of post traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects about 20-30% of exposed individuals. Clinical studies of PTSD generally employ stringent criteria for inclusion in study populations, and yet in animal studies the data collection and analysis are generally expressed as a function of exposed vs nonexposed populations, regardless of individual variation in response. Prior data support an approach to animal models analogous to inclusion criteria in clinical studies. This series of studies sought to assess prevalence rates of maladaptive vs adaptive responses determined according to a more stringent approach to the concept of inclusion/exclusion criteria (cutoff behavioral criteria-CBC), consisting of two successive behavioral tests (elevated plus maze and acoustic startle response tests). The rats were exposed to stressors in two different paradigms; exposure to a predator and underwater trauma. The prevalence rates of maladaptive responses to stress in these two distinct models dropped overtime from 90% in the acute phase to 25% enduring/maladaptive response at 7 days, to remain constant over 30 days. As setting the affected individuals apart from the unaffected approximates clinical studies, it might also help to clarify some of the pending issues in PTSD research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Rats","Cohen, Hagit, Zohar, Joseph, Matar, Michael A., Zeev, Kaplan, Loewenthal, Uri, Richter-Levin, Gal",2004.0,,,0,0,
1175,Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences,,,"Cohen, J.",1988.0,,,0,0,
1176,Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and parents,"Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) for children and parents is an evidence based treatment approach for traumatised children. Evaluation of TF-CBT includes several randomised controlled trials, effectiveness studies and ongoing studies for children experiencing sexual abuse, domestic violence, traumatic grief, terrorism, disasters and multiple traumas. The model of TF-CBT described here is a flexible, components-based model that provides children and parents with stress management skills prior to encouraging direct discussion and processing of children's traumatic experiences. TF-CBT components are summarised by the acronym PRACTICE: Psychoeducation, Parenting skills, Relaxation skills, Affective modulation skills, Cognitive coping skills, Trauma narrative and cognitive processing of the traumatic event(s), In vivo mastery of trauma reminders, Conjoint child-parent sessions, and Enhancing safety and future developmental trajectory. Currently this model of TF-CBT is being adapted and implemented both within the USA and internationally. © 2008 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","Adolescents, Children, Cognitive behavioural therapy, Parents, Posttraumatic stress, Trauma","Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1177,Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled trial,"Objective: To evaluate community-provided traumafocused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) compared with usual community treatment for children with intimate partner violence (IPV)-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Design: Randomized controlled trial conducted using blinded evaluators. Setting: Recruitment, screening, and treatment were conducted at a community IPV center between September 1, 2004, and June 30, 2009. Participants: Of 140 consecutively referred 7- to 14- year-old children, 124 participated. Interventions: Children and mothers were randomly assigned to receive 8 sessions of TF-CBT or usual care (child-centered therapy). Main Outcome Measures: Total child PTSD symptoms assessed using child and parent structured interview (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime Version [K-SADS-PL]) and self-report (University of California at Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index [RI]). Secondary child outcomes were scores on the K-SADS-PL (PTSD symptom clusters), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) (anxiety), Children's Depression Inventory (depression), Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (cognitive functioning), and Child Behavior Checklist (total behavior problems). Results: Intent-to-treat analysis using last observation carried forward showed superior outcomes for TF-CBT on the total K-SADS-PL (mean difference, 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-2.82), RI (mean difference, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.37-9.63), K-SADS-PL hyperarousal (mean difference, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.22-1.20), K-SADS-PL avoidance (0.55; 0.07-1.03), and SCARED (mean difference, 5.13; 95% CI, 1.31-8.96). Multiple imputation analyses confirmed most of these findings. The TF-CBT completers experienced significantly greater PTSD diagnostic remission (X2 = 4.67, P=.03) and had significantly fewer serious adverse events. Conclusions: Community TF-CBT effectively improves children's IPV-related PTSD and anxiety. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00183326. © 2011 American Medical Association.",,"Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Iyengar, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1178,Transforming trajectories for traumatized children,,,"Cohen, J. A., Scheid, J., Gerson, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1179,Endocrine levels at the start of treatment are associated with subsequent psychological adjustment in cancer patients with metastatic disease,"Objective: This study examined the association between hormonal profiles at the start of cancer treatment and subsequent psychological symptomatology. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and 18 patients with metastatic melanoma completed three assessments during the course of treatment: At the start of treatment (baseline), at the end of treatment (3 weeks after baseline), and at a follow-up appointment 1 month later. Cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels were measured at baseline using 15-hour urine samples. At each assessment, patients completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Results: Patients reported moderate levels of distress throughout treatment as measured by the IES and BSI. Norepinephrine levels at the start of treatment were positively associated with IES total scores at the end of treatment and at follow-up, and cortisol levels were positively associated with IES total scores at follow-up after adjusting for baseline IES and overall distress scores. Norepinephrine levels were also positively associated with depression scores at follow-up, and cortisol levels were positively associated with depression scores at the end of treatment and at follow-up after adjusting for baseline depression and overall distress scores. Conclusions: Hormonal profiles at the start of cancer treatment are associated with subsequent psychological adjustment.","Cancer, Cortisol, Depression, Intrusive thoughts, Norepinephrine","Cohen, L., De Moor, C., Devine, D., Baum, A., Amato, R. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1180,Does Repressive Coping Promote Resilience? Affective-Autonomic Response Discrepancy During Bereavement,,,"Coifman, K. G., Bonanno, G. A., Ray, R. D., Gross, J. J.",2007.0,,10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.745,0,0,
1181,Race and incarceration in an aging cohort of Vietnam veterans in treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Cross sectional studies have addressed the incarceration of Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but no studies have examined changes in incarceration as they age. This study examines patterns of incarceration among Vietnam veterans treated in specialized veterans affairs (VA) intensive PTSD programs over time. Data was drawn from admission data from the initial episode of treatment of Caucasian and African American Vietnam veterans entering VA specialized intensive PTSD programs between 1993 and 2011 (N = 31,707). Bivariate correlations and logistic regression were used to examine associations among race and incarceration over time and the potentially confounding influence of demographic and clinical covariates on this relationship. Rates of reported incarceration declined from 63 to 43 %. Over time, African American veterans were 34 % more likely than Caucasian veterans to have a lifetime history of incarceration while interaction analysis showed steeper declines for Caucasians than African Americans. Rates of incarceration among these Vietnam veterans declined as they aged. Furthermore, African American veterans were substantially more likely than Caucasian veterans to have been incarcerated and showed less decline as the cohort aged. While reduced, needs for clinical PTSD services remain among aging combat veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Care Services, *Incarceration, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Racial and Ethnic Differences, Aging","Coker, Kendell L., Rosenheck, Robert",2014.0,,,0,0,
1182,Primary Major Depression versus posttraumatic Brain Injury Major Depression: Psychopathological and neuropsychological differences,"A significant body of evidence suggests that Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) results in an increased relative risk of developing various psychiatric disorders including mood and anxiety disorders, and in a minority of cases psychotic syndromes. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most frequent psychiatric complication after TBI, with best estimates suggesting that 14-77% of individuals with TBI develop a depressive episode within 6-12 months of their injury. Nevertheless clinical and neuropsychological differences between primary MDD and Post-TBI MDD are still unclear. The aim of this study is to analyse the clinical evolution post-TBI and to characterise the neuropsychological and psychopatological correlates of post-TBI MDD, with regard to the differences between Post-TBI MDD and Primary MDD. The study was performed by according to a longitudinal, prospectic, case-control design. The study group consisted of 16 patients (10 M, 6 F; age 18-65, mean 40.44) with closed head injury with a lesion visible by TC, admitted to the Neurosurgery Institute of Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico. Furthermore, 6 patients with MDD (without TBI) were included as control group. All patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) at 1 (T1), 3 (T2), and 6(T3) months after dismissal from the Neurosurgery Department. Psychiatric symptomatology was evaluated using Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA),Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Instrumental Activity Daily Leaving (IADL). Neuropsychological test consisted in Coloured Matrices of Raven (PM48), Visual Search Test, Trail Making Test (A and B), Test of Prose Memory, Digit Span, Corsi's Span, Verbal Fluency Test (Phonemic and Semantic), Token Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of London Test. Computerised Tomography was obtained for all the patients with TBI immediately after trauma. Severity of the TBI was assessed using the 24-hour Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). MDD was the most frequent diagnosis at T1: 10 (62.5%) patients presented MDD. Furthermore 12.5% of patients were affected by Mood Disorders with maniacal characteristics and 6.5% had a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. At T3 and T6 MDD was present in 8 (50%) and 6 (37.5%) cases respectively. Regarding to the type of lesion, observed among the sample of the recruited patients, 50% of subjects had a pattern of focal lesions, and 50% had diffused lesions. A left frontal lesion was observed in 2 of 10 subjects with MDD, 2 patients presented a right frontal lesion and one had a bilateral lesion. Comparing symptomatology of Post-TBI MDD and Primary MDD patients, subjects with Post-TBI MDD exhibited a mild depressive symptomatological profile (according to HRSD and BDI results), characterized by hostility and social isolation. This study suggests a high prevalence of MDD after a TBI and underlines that Post-TBI MDD presents a specific neuropsychological pattern, significantly associated with deficits in cognitive functions. Furthermore Post-TBI MDD is characterized by a graver neurocognitive deficit and different psychopathological profile than primary MDD.","major depression, brain injury, patient, neurosurgery, injury, symptomatology, Hamilton scale, head injury, control group, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, psychiatry, rating scale, Beck Depression Inventory, anxiety, neuropsychological test, psychologic test, memory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, United Kingdom, tomography, Glasgow coma scale, diagnosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, hostility, social isolation, mood disorder, prevalence, traumatic brain injury, risk factor, mental disease, mood, anxiety disorder, depression, psychosis, cognition","Colasanti, A., Mauri, M. C., Paletta, S., Natoli, A., Moliterno, D., Miserocchi, G., Altamura, A. C.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1183,Simultaneous treatment of neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: A pilot study of mindfulness-based stress reduction,"Treating patient populations with significant psychiatric and neurocognitive symptomatology can present a unique clinical dilemma: progress in psychotherapy can be significantly fettered by cognitive deficits, whereas neurocognitive rehabilitation efforts can be ineffective because of psychiatric overlay. Application of mindfulness-based interventions to address either cognitive or psychiatric symptoms in isolation appears efficacious in many contexts; however, it remains unclear whether this type of intervention might help address simultaneous neurocognitive and psychiatric symptomatology. In a pre-post mixed methods design pilot study, nine Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a history of mild traumatic brain injury with chronic cognitive complaints participated in Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Clinical interview, questionnaires, and attention and PTSD measures were administered immediately before, immediately after, and 3 months after MBSR completion. Qualitative and quantitative findings suggest high levels of safety, feasibility, and acceptability. Measurement of attention revealed significant improvement immediately following MBSR (p < 0.05, d = 0.57) and largely sustained improvement 3 months after completion of MBSR (p < 0.10, d = 0.48). Significant reduction in PTSD symptoms was found immediately after MBSR (p < 0.05, d = -1.56), and was sustained 3 months following MBSR completion (p < 0.05, d = -0.93). These results warrant a randomized controlled trial follow-up. Potential mechanisms for the broad effects observed will be explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Psychotherapy, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Mindfulness, Military Veterans, Neurocognition","Cole, Michael A., Muir, James J., Gans, Jennifer J., Shin, Lisa M., ""DEsposito, Mark"", Harel, Brian T., Schembri, Adrian",2015.0,,,0,0,
1184,Patterns of healthcare service utilisation following severe traumatic brain injury: An idiographic analysis of injury compensation claims data,"Background: The rate and extent of recovery after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is heterogeneous making prediction of likely healthcare service utilisation (HSU) difficult. Patterns of HSU derived from nomothetic samples do not represent the diverse range of outcomes possible within this patient group. Group-based trajectory model is a semi-parametric statistical technique that seeks to identify clusters of individuals whose outcome (however measured) follows a similar pattern of change over time. Aim: To identify and characterise patterns of HSU in the 5-year period following severe TBI. Methods: Detailed healthcare treatment payments data in 316 adults with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score 3-8) from the transport accident compensation system in the state of Victoria, Australia was accessed for this analysis. A semi-parametric group-based trajectory analytical technique for longitudinal data was applied to monthly observation counts of HSU data to identify distinct clusters of participants' trajectories. Comparison between trajectory groups on demographic, injury, disability and compensation relevant outcomes was undertaken. Results: Four distinct patterns (trajectories) of HSU were identified in the sample. The first trajectory group comprised 27% of participants and displayed a rapid decrease in HSU in the first year post-injury. The second group comprised 24% of participants and showed a sharp peak in HSU during the first 12 months post-injury followed by a decline over time. The third group comprised 32% of participants and showed a slight peak in HSU in the first few months post-injury and then a slow decline over time. The fourth group comprised 17% of participants and displayed a steady rise in HSU up to 30 months post-injury, followed by a gradual decline to a level consistent with that received in the first months post-injury. Significant differences were observed between groups on factors such as age, injury severity, and use of disability services. Conclusions: There is substantial variation in patterns of HSU following severe TBI. Idiographic analysis can provide rich information for describing and understanding the resources required to help people with TBI. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Brain injury, Health service use, Idiographic, Trajectory, Transport","Collie, A., Prang, K. H.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2013.03.006,0,0,
1185,Sexual orientation and gender identity/expression related peer victimization in adolescence: a systematic review of associated psychosocial and health outcomes,"This article reviews research on psychosocial and health outcomes associated with peer victimization related to adolescent sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. Using four electronic databases and supplementary methods, we identified 39 relevant studies. These studies were published between 1995 and 2012 and conducted in 12 different countries. The studies were diverse in terms of their approaches to sampling participants, assessing participants' sexual orientation, operationalizing peer victimization, and with regard to the psychosocial and health outcomes studied in relation to peer victimization. Despite the methodological diversity across studies, there is fairly strong evidence that peer victimization related to sexual orientation and gender identity or expression is associated with a diminished sense of school belonging and higher levels of depressive symptoms; findings regarding the relationship between peer victimization and suicidality have been more mixed. Peer victimization related to sexual orientation and gender identity or expression is also associated with disruptions in educational trajectories, traumatic stress, and alcohol and substance use. Recommendations for future research and interventions are discussed.","Adolescent, Adolescent Development/*physiology, Bullying/*psychology, Crime Victims/*psychology, *Gender Identity, Humans, *Peer Group, Sexual Behavior/*psychology","Collier, K. L., van Beusekom, G., Bos, H. M., Sandfort, T. G.",2013.0,,10.1080/00224499.2012.750639,0,0,
1186,Sexual orientation and gender identity/expression related peer victimization in adolescence: A systematic review of associated psychosocial and health outcomes,"This article reviews research on psychosocial and health outcomes associated with peer victimization related to adolescent sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. Using four electronic databases and supplementary methods, we identified 39 relevant studies. These studies were published between 1995 and 2012 and conducted in 12 different countries. The studies were diverse in terms of their approaches to sampling participants, assessing participants' sexual orientation, operationalizing peer victimization, and with regard to the psychosocial and health outcomes studied in relation to peer victimization. Despite the methodological diversity across studies, there is fairly strong evidence that peer victimization related to sexual orientation and gender identity or expression is associated with a diminished sense of school belonging and higher levels of depressive symptoms; findings regarding the relationship between peer victimization and suicidality have been more mixed. Peer victimization related to sexual orientation and gender identity or expression is also associated with disruptions in educational trajectories, traumatic stress, and alcohol and substance use. Recommendations for future research and interventions are discussed. © 2013 The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.",,"Collier, K. L., Van Beusekom, G., Bos, H. M. W., Sandfort, T. G. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,1185
1187,Media exposure and dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: differential associations with PTSD symptom clusters,"The present investigation examined the impact of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and media exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Reactions from 143 undergraduate students in Hamilton, Ontario were assessed in the Fall of 2003 to gather information on anxiety, media coverage, and PTSD symptoms related to exposure to a remote traumatic event (September 11th). Regression analyses revealed that the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; [Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety Sensitivity Index manual, 2nd ed. Worthington, Ohio: International Diagnostic Systems]) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait form (STAI-T; [Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press]) total scores were significant predictors of PTSD symptoms in general. The ASI total score was also a significant predictor of hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms. Subsequent analyses further demonstrated differential relationships based on subscales and symptom clusters. Specifically, media exposure and trait anxiety predicted hyperarousal and re-experiencing symptoms, whereas the ASI fear of somatic sensations subscale significantly predicted avoidance and overall PTSD symptoms. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.","Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders/*psychology, Arousal/physiology, Cluster Analysis, Fear/psychology, Female, Humans, *Life Change Events, Male, *Mass Media, Models, Psychological, Personality Inventory/*statistics & numerical data, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Questionnaires, Sensation/physiology, September 11 Terrorist Attacks/psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Students/psychology, Television","Collimore, K. C., McCabe, R. E., Carleton, R. N., Asmundson, G. J.",2008.0,Aug,10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.11.002,0,0,
1188,Media exposure and dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Differential associations with PTSD symptom clusters,"The present investigation examined the impact of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and media exposure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Reactions from 143 undergraduate students in Hamilton, Ontario were assessed in the Fall of 2003 to gather information on anxiety, media coverage, and PTSD symptoms related to exposure to a remote traumatic event (September 11th). Regression analyses revealed that the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; [Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety Sensitivity Index manual, 2nd ed. Worthington, Ohio: International Diagnostic Systems]) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait form (STAI-T; [Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press]) total scores were significant predictors of PTSD symptoms in general. The ASI total score was also a significant predictor of hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms. Subsequent analyses further demonstrated differential relationships based on subscales and symptom clusters. Specifically, media exposure and trait anxiety predicted hyperarousal and re-experiencing symptoms, whereas the ASI fear of somatic sensations subscale significantly predicted avoidance and overall PTSD symptoms. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Anxiety sensitivity, Media exposure, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Collimore, K. C., McCabe, R. E., Carleton, R. N., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2008.0,,,0,0,1187
1189,Too tired to care? The psychological effects of working with trauma,,,"Collins, S., Long, A.",2003.0,2003,,0,0,
1190,Predictors of long-term prognosis of depression,,,"Colman, I., Naicker, K., Zeng, Y., Ataullahjan, A., Senthilselvan, A., Patten, S. B.",2011.0,,10.1503/cmaj.110676,0,0,
1191,Psychiatric diagnoses and treatment outcomes in children with neurometabolic disorders: CIPP experience,"Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) affecting the central nervous system lead to defects in the synthesis, metabolism, transportation and storage of biochemical compounds, leading to tissue intoxication or energy deficiency in vital organs. Little is known about mental health diagnoses and treatment in IEMs. Aim: To describe the psychiatric diagnoses and treatment outcomes of children with neurometabolic disorders seen in CIPP. Methods: Retrospective clinical case note review. Psychiatric diagnoses made through clinical assessment, psychiatric interview and completion of questionnaires (Development and Well-Being Assessment, Profile of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms). The Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity and Improvement ratings measured outcome at 6-12 months following the start of medication and at the last review. Preliminary results: Sixteen children (10 boys, mean age of 13 (plus or minus) 4 years) with neurometabolic disorders [Sanfilippo (n = 7), Hurler (n = 3), Hunter (n = 3), Osteopetrosis (n = 1), Fucosidosis (n = 1) and Niemann-Pick type C (n = 1)] were identified. They had ICD-10 diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (n = 11), Hyperki-netic Disorder (n = 10), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (n = 7), Affective Disorder (n = 5), Behaviour Disorder secondary to Organic Brain Disease (n = 2), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (n = 1), and Mental Retardation (n = 9). Target symptoms were treated pharmacologically using the Minimum Effective Dosage Strategy (MEDS). At the last follow-up, 11 kids were on monotherapy, 1 on polytherapy and 4 off medication. At 6-12 months post-treatment, behavior symptoms improved in 6 (CGI-I score of 2 or 1), and worsened in 1 (CGI-I score of 5). At the last review (mean 45 (plus or minus) 25 months post-treatment) 6 patients showed significant improvement. Conclusion: Preliminary findings suggest that psychopathology in children with IEMs is treatment responsive and the data will contribute to the understanding and treatment of these children, and initiate the development of an evidence base.","child, human, society, psychiatric diagnosis, child psychiatry, treatment outcome, diagnosis, drug therapy, metabolism, autism, mood disorder, organic brain syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, mental deficiency, follow up, oppositional defiant disorder, monotherapy, therapy, patient, mental disease, central nervous system, synthesis, traffic and transport, storage, tissues, mental health, clinical assessment, interview, questionnaire, wellbeing, Clinical Global Impression scale, boy, male, Albers Schoenberg disease, fucosidosis, intoxication","Colonnelli, M. C., Ahmed, R., Santosh, P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1192,Test - Retest stability of injured workers' MMPI - 2 profiles,"Ninety-four workers completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2 (MMPI-2) on 2 separate occasions, with an average lag of 21.3 months (SD = 14.1, range = 2-75), within the context of a psychological assessment after suffering an injury due to crime or accident. MMPI-2 profiles were moderately consistent, with correlation coefficients ranging from .61 to .73 for clinical scales, from .52 to .80 for supplementary scales, from .65 to .78 for content scales, and from .32 to .73 for the Personality Psychopathology Five scales (A. R. Harkness, J. L. McNulty, & Y. S. Ben-Porath, 1995). The results suggest that the MMPI-2 provides consistent and stable results across time in injured workers.",,"Colotla, V. A., Bowman, M. L., Shercliffe, R. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1193,Post-traumatic growth in parents after a child's admission to intensive care: maybe Nietzsche was right?,"OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study was to establish the degree to which parents report post-traumatic growth after the intensive care treatment of their child. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). SUBJECTS: A total of 50 parents of children, admitted to PICU for >12 h. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Parents provided stress ratings as their child was discharged from PICU and, 4 months later, completed postal questionnaires rating their anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth. As much as 44 parents (88%) indicated on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) [1] that they had experienced a positive change to a great degree as a result of their experiences in PICU. Parents of children who were ventilated (P = 0.024) reported statistically higher post-traumatic growth as did parents of older children (P = 0.032). PTGI scores were positively correlated with post-traumatic stress scores at 4 months (P = 0.021), but on closer inspection this relationship was found to be curvilinear. CONCLUSIONS: Post-traumatic growth emerged as a salient concept for this population. It was more strongly associated with moderate levels of post-traumatic stress, than high or low levels.","Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Germany, History, 19th Century, Humans, Infant, Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, *Parents, Patient Admission/*statistics & numerical data, Prospective Studies, *Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Sickness Impact Profile, *Social Adjustment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology, Young Adult","Colville, G., Cream, P.",2009.0,May,10.1007/s00134-009-1444-1,0,1,
1194,"The effects of mild traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and combined mild traumatic brain injury/post-traumatic stress disorder on returning veterans","United States veterans of the Iraqi (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]) conflicts have frequently returned from deployment after sustaining mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and enduring stressful events resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A large number of returning service members have been diagnosed with both a history of mTBI and current PTSD. Substantial literature exists on the neuropsychological factors associated with mTBI and PTSD occurring separately; far less research has explored the combined effects of PTSD and mTBI. The current study employed neuropsychological and psychological measures in a sample of 251 OIF/ OEF veterans to determine whether participants with a history of mTBI and current PTSD (mTBI + PTSD) have poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes than participants with mTBI only (mTBI-o), PTSD only (PTSD-o), or veteran controls (VC), when groups are comparable on intelligence quotient, education, and age. The mTBI + PTSD group performed more poorly than VC, mTBI-o, and PTSD-o groups on several neuropsychological measures. Effect size comparisons suggest small deleterious effects for mTBI-o on measures of processing speed and visual attention and small effects for PTSD-o on measures of verbal memory, with moderate effects for mTBI + PTSD on the same variables. Additionally, the mTBI + PTSD group was significantly more psychologically distressed than the PTSD-o group, and PTSD-o group was more distressed than VC and mTBI-o groups. These findings suggest that veterans with mTBI + PTSD perform significantly lower on neuropsychological and psychiatric measures than veterans with mTBI-o or PTSD-o. The results also raise the possibility of mild but persisting cognitive changes following mTBI sustained during deployment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Conflict, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Visual Attention, Freedom","Combs, Hannah L., Berry, David T. R., Pape, Theresa, Babcock-Parziale, Judith, Smith, Bridget, Schleenbaker, Randal, Shandera-Ochsner, Anne, Harp, Jordan P., High, Walter M., Jr.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1195,Sertraline: A review of its therapeutic use in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Reviewed sertraline's therapeutic use in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It has recently shown efficacy in most, although not all, clinical trials in patients with PTSD. In 2 of 3 randomised, double-blind trials in civilian patients, once daily oral sertraline 50 to 200mg significantly reduced symptoms of PTSD compared with placebo over 12 wks. Response rates were 53 and 60% for sertraline compared with 32 and 39% for placebo. The quality of life of patients receiving sertraline was significantly improved compared with those receiving placebo in 1 trial. Post-hoc subgroup analysis of pooled results from the 2 trials showed that sertraline has significant efficacy in women with PTSD but efficacy in men was not clearly established. The efficacy of sertraline in combat-induced PTSD has not been clearly established. Sertraline has shown efficacy in 2 longer-term trials of 24 (nonblind, noncomparative) and 28 (double-blind, placebo-controlled) weeks' duration. Sertraline is generally well tolerated. Adverse events associated significantly more frequently with sertraline than placebo in clinical trials of patients with PTSD were insomnia, diarrhoea and nausea. Discontinuation of treatment occurred in approximately the same number of sertraline- and placebo-treated patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sertraline","Comer, Alison M., Figgitt, David P.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1196,Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication,"Subjects on an addiction treatment unit who had been exposed to severe combat conditions in Vietnam were screened for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Of 24 with PTSD, 58.3% carried the D2A1 allele. Of the remaining eight who did not meet PTSD criteria, 12.5% carried the D2A1 allele (p = 0.04). In a replication study of 13 with PTSD, 61.5% carried the D2A1 allele. Of the remaining 11 who did not meet criteria for PTSD, 0% carried the D2A1 allele (p = 0.002). For the combined group 59.5% of those with PTSD carried the D2A1 allele versus 5.3% of those who did not have PTSD (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that a DRD2 variant in linkage disequilibrium with the D2A1 allele confers an increased risk to PTSD, and the absence of the variant confers a relative resistance to PTSD.","Adult, Aged, Alcoholism/genetics/psychology, Alleles, Cluster Analysis, Combat Disorders/psychology, Genotype, Heterozygote Detection, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Receptors, Dopamine D2/*genetics/metabolism, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*genetics/metabolism, Substance-Related Disorders/genetics/psychology, United States, Veterans","Comings, D. E., Muhleman, D., Gysin, R.",1996.0,Sep 1,10.1016/0006-3223(95)00519-6,0,0,
1197,Ambulatory Medical Assistance - After Cancer (AMA-AC): A model for an early trajectory survivorship survey of lymphoma patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy,"Background: Cancer survivorship has emerged as an important aspect of oncology due to the possibility of physical and psychosocial complications. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the Ambulatory Medical Assistance for After Cancer (AMA-AC) procedure for monitoring lymphoma survivorship during the first year after chemotherapy. Methods: AMA-AC is based on systematic general practitioner (GP) consultations and telephone interventions conducted by a nurse coordinator (NC) affiliated to the oncology unit, while an oncologist acts only on demand. Patients are regularly monitored for physical, psychological and social events, as well as their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Inclusion criteria were patients newly diagnosed with non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphomas, who had been treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy and were in complete remission after treatment. Results: All 115 patients and 113 collaborating GPs agreed to participate in the study. For patients who achieved one year of disease-free survival (n = 104) their assessments (438 in total) were fully completed. Eleven were excluded from analysis (9 relapses and 2 deaths). The most frequent complications when taking into account all grades were arthralgia (64.3 %) and infections (41.7 %). About one third of patients developed new diseases with cardiovascular complications as the most common. Psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder were diagnosed in 42.6 % of patients. The data collected showed that Hodgkin lymphoma patients, females, and patients with lower HRQoL (mental component) at study entry were at greater risk for developing at least one psychological disorder. Conclusion: This study showed that AMA-AC is a feasible and efficient procedure for monitoring lymphoma survivorship in terms of GP and patient participation rates and adherence, and provides a high quality of operable data. Hence, the AMA-AC procedure may be transferable into clinical daily practice as an alternative to standard oncologist-based follow-up. © 2015 Compaci et al.","Anthracycline-based chemotherapy, Cancer survivorship, Lymphoma, Shared care model","Compaci, G., Rueter, M., Lamy, S., Oberic, L., Recher, C., Lapeyre-Mestre, M., Laurent, G., Despas, F.",2015.0,,10.1186/s12885-015-1815-7,0,0,
1198,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional processing and Inappropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Shocks: Clinical consideration by a single case report","Introduction. Even though an overwhelming amount of evidence supports the clinical efficacy and safety of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), inappropriate shocks for atrial arrhythmias with rapid ventricular conduction or for abnormal sensing results in multiple adverse effects Presentation. In this study we present the case of a 59- year-old woman who was admitted to hospital for ICD implantation with a past medical history that was positive for non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure (NYHA class III), atrial fibrillation, essential hypertension and a recent episode of syncope. Since in the 18 months follow-up the patient suffered many inappropriate shocks, we investigated the association of the presence of a PTSD (Post- Traumatic-Stress-Disorder) prior to implantation and a specific profile of cognitive processing emotions, with the effectiveness of the ICD. Emotional distress states and cognitive thoughts preceding ICD shock inappropriate episode were recorded by structured mobile diary (eMotional-ICDiary). We outlined how the presence of a highly traumatic event which had occurred 6 years previously was related to a recurrence of a combination of moderate distress and cognitive thoughts, associated with episodes of Inappropriate Shock. A psycho-diagnostic examination and the administration of the Emotional Processing Scale (EPS-25) and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) outlined that the patient presented a profile of cognitive processing of emotions characterized by elevated levels of unprocessed emotions, low appraisal and high suppression emotional regulation strategy. Conclusion. The observations gathered in this single case are a good starting point for further research in order to check if the post-traumatic stress disorder and a specific cognitive profile connected to the processing of emotions are associated with the presence of inappropriate ICD shocks. Further larger sample studies are required in this area.","Emotional regulation, Implantable cardioverter- defibrillator, Inappropriate shocks, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Compare, A., Del Forno, D., Callus, E., Giallauria, F., Vitelli, A., Buccelli, C., Vigorito, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1199,0429 Chronic Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Police Registrants in the World Trade Centre Health Registry Ten Years after 9/11/01,"OBJECTIVES: The World Trade Centre Health Registry (WTCHR) prospectively follows a cohort of over 71 000 individuals who reported being directly exposed to the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Among police registrants at Survey Wave 2, 5-6 years after 9/11/01, four unique trajectories of probable PTSD symptoms were identified: resilient (83%), recovered (2.5%), delayed onset (11.2%) and chronic (5.3%). The current study documents the longitudinal trajectories of PTSD in police officers exposed to the WTC attacks at Wave 3 (2011-2012), over 10 years since the WTC attack. METHOD: We examined the prevalence of probable PTSD at the Wave 3 survey using a cut-off score of 44 or greater on the event-specific Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) and at least one re-experiencing symptom (DSM-IV criterion B), three avoidance or numbing symptoms (DSM-IV criterion C), and two hyperarousal symptoms (DSM-IV criterion D). RESULTS: Probable PTSD was 14.4% (95% CI 13.0-15.9%) at Wave 2 and 12.9% (95% CI, 11.6-14.3%) at Wave 3. Significant predictors of chronic probable PTSD 10 years post-disaster (n = 59/2241, 2.6%) include age 45-69 (aOR 3.16, 95% CI, 1.7-6.0), number of stressful events witnessed on 9/11/01 (aOR 3.00, 1.6-5.8), five or more stressful life events since 9/11/01 (aOR 5.42, 1.9-15.2), and unmet mental health care needs (aOR 6.86, 3.3-14.1). Protective factors include social support (aOR 0.34, 0.1-0.97) and number of close friends or relatives (aOR 0.92, 0.87-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic probable PTSD among police responders continues to be a significant problem, associated both with intervening stressful life events and unmet mental health care needs.",,"Cone, J., Bowler, R., Li, J., Kornblith, E., Shaikh, A., Gocheva, V.",2014.0,Jun,10.1136/oemed-2014-102362.172,0,1,
1200,Chronic probable posttraumatic stress disorder among police registrants in the world trade centre health registry ten years after 9/11/01,"Objectives The World Trade Centre Health Registry (WTCHR) prospectively follows a cohort of over 71 000 individuals who reported being directly exposed to the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Among police registrants at Survey Wave 2, 5-6 years after 9/11/01, four unique trajectories of probable PTSD symptoms were identified: resilient (83%), recovered (2.5%), delayed onset (11.2%) and chronic (5.3%). The current study documents the longitudinal trajectories of PTSD in police officers exposed to the WTC attacks at Wave 3 (2011-2012), over 10 years since the WTC attack. Method We examined the prevalence of probable PTSD at the Wave 3 survey using a cut-off score of 44 or greater on the event-specific Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) and at least one re-experiencing symptom (DSM-IV criterion B), three avoidance or numbing symptoms (DSM-IV criterion C), and two hyperarousal symptoms (DSM-IV criterion D). Results Probable PTSD was 14.4% (95% CI 13.0-15.9%) at Wave 2 and 12.9% (95% CI, 11.6-14.3%) at Wave 3. Significant predictors of chronic probable PTSD 10 years post-disaster (n = 59/2241, 2.6%) include age 45-69 (aOR 3.16, 95% CI, 1.7-6.0), number of stressful events witnessed on 9/11/01 (aOR 3.00, 1.6-5.8), five or more stressful life events since 9/11/01 (aOR 5.42, 1.9-15.2), and unmet mental health care needs (aOR 6.86, 3.3-14.1). Protective factors include social support (aOR 0.34, 0.1-0.97) and number of close friends or relatives (aOR 0.92, 0.87-0.98). Conclusions Chronic probable PTSD among police responders continues to be a significant problem, associated both with intervening stressful life events and unmet mental health care needs.","human, epidemiology, register, health, occupational health, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, DSM-IV, mental health care, life event, health care need, prevalence, friend, protection, laryngeal mask, social support, checklist, terrorism","Cone, J., Bowler, R., Li, J., Kornblith, E., Shaikh, A., Gocheva, V.",2014.0,,,0,1,
1201,Chronic probable PTSD in police responders in the world trade center health registry ten to eleven years after 9/11,"Background: Police enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) demonstrated increased probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the terrorist attack of 9/11/2001. Methods: Police enrollees without pre-9/11 PTSD were studied. Probable PTSD was assessed by Posttraumatic Stress Check List (PCL). Risk factors for chronic, new onset or resolved PTSD were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Half of police with probable PTSD in 2003-2007 continued to have probable PTSD in 2011-2012. Women had higher prevalence of PTSD than men (15.5% vs. 10.3%, P=0.008). Risk factors for chronic PTSD included decreased social support, unemployment, 2+ life stressors in last 12 months, 2+ life-threatening events since 9/11, 2+ injuries during the 9/11 attacks, and unmet mental health needs. Conclusion: Police responders to the WTC attacks continue to bear a high mental health burden. Improved early access to mental health treatment for police exposed to disasters may be needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:483-493, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","9/11 disaster, DSM-IV diagnosis, Mental health, Police, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Cone, J. E., Li, J., Kornblith, E., Gocheva, V., Stellman, S. D., Shaikh, A., Schwarzer, R., Bowler, R. M.",2015.0,,10.1002/ajim.22446,0,0,
1202,Depression in Holocaust survivors: Profile and treatment outcome in a geriatric day hospital program,"The profile of depressive symptoms and the outcome of treatment in Holocaust Survivors (HS) versus non-Holocaust Survivors (NS), attending a Psychiatric Day Hospital Program for depression, were evaluated retrospectively using a clinical database. Approximately 24% of the study population were Holocaust Survivors (HS). The HS group was more likely to receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or episode as one of their diagnoses. The HS group, in particular those survivors who had been in ghettos or in concentration camps, were more likely to be given a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. Both groups showed improvement from baseline in their ratings of depression on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Geriatric Depression Scale at the time of discharge (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of their ratings of depression either at admission, at discharge or in their degree of improvement. Likewise, there was no significant difference between the groups in the profile of their depression, as per the sub-scales of the HDRS, with the exception that the HS group displayed more 'insight' than the NS group (p = 0.002). The NS group scored higher on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale compared to the HS group (119.1 versus 125.4, p < 0.001), even when level of education was covaried; however, language may be an important confound. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in the profile or outcome of depression between groups. However, the HS group was more likely to receive a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, displayed more 'insight', and appear to differ in their cognitive profile. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","benzodiazepine, lithium, neuroleptic agent, psychotropic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, aged, article, cognition, depression, female, health program, human, language, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, retrospective study, treatment outcome, war","Conn, D. K., Clarke, D., Van Reekum, R.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1203,Growth Mixture Modelling in Developmental Psychology: Overview and Demonstration of Heterogeneity in Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Antisocial Behaviour,"Recent advances in statistical techniques for longitudinal data analysis have provided increased capabilities for elucidating individual differences in trajectories of change in child behaviours and abilities. However, most techniques still assume that there is a single underlying distribution with respect to changes over time, about which children are normally distributed. If there are multiple subgroups of youth following distinct developmental trajectories with unique predictors, however, the results of these statistical techniques may provide an incomplete analysis of the data. A newer class of statistical techniques, latent growth mixture modelling, provides a robust framework for examining heterogeneity in patterns of development. This paper illustrates the use of latent growth mixture modelling for examining heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of adolescent antisocial behaviour. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Development, *Antisocial Behavior, *Behavior Problems, *Developmental Psychology, *Models, Individual Differences","Connell, Arin M., Frye, Alice A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1204,Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide in 5.9 million individuals receiving care in the veterans health administration health system,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts but a link with suicide is not yet established. Prior analyses of users of the Veterans health administration (VHA) Health System suggest that other mental disorders strongly influence the association between PTSD and suicide in this population. We examined the association between PTSD and suicide in VHA users, with a focus on the influence of other mental disorders. Methods: Data were based on linkage of VA National Patient Care Database records and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Death Index, with data from fiscal year 2007-2008. Analyses were based on multivariate logistic regression and structural equation models. Results: Among users of VHA services studied (N = 5,913,648), 0.6% (N = 3620) died by suicide, including 423 who had had been diagnosed with PTSD. In unadjusted analysis, PTSD was associated with increased risk for suicide, with odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, 95% CI) = 1.34 (1.21, 1.48). Similar results were obtained after adjustment for demographic variables and veteran characteristics. After adjustment for multiple other mental disorder diagnoses, PTSD was associated with decreased risk for suicide, OR (95% CI) = 0.77 (0.69, 0.86). Major depressive disorder (MDD) had the largest influence on the association between PTSD and suicide. Limitations: The analyses were cross-sectional. VHA users were studied, with unclear relevance to other populations. Conclusion: The findings suggest the importance of identifying and treating comorbid MDD and other mental disorders in VHA users diagnosed with PTSD in suicide prevention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicidal Ideation, Attempted Suicide, Health Care Services, Major Depression, Risk Factors, Suicide","Conner, Kenneth R., Bossarte, Robert M., He, Hua, Arora, Jyoti, Lu, Naiji, Tu, Xin M., Katz, Ira R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1205,An open-label study of guanfacine extended release for traumatic stress related symptoms in children and adolescents,"Objective: The purpose of this open-label pilot study was to investigate the effectiveness and tolerability of guanfacine extended release (GXR) 1-4 mg given in the evening, on the symptoms of traumatic stress (reexperiencing, avoidance, overarousal), generalized anxiety, and functional impairment in children and adolescents with a history of traumatic stress with or without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As many of our sample had associated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, we also assessed whether the presence of traumatic stress symptoms impaired the effectiveness of GXR in the treatment of comorbid ADHD symptoms. Methods: Participants were 19 children and adolescents 6-18 years of age, with current traumatic stress symptoms. In an 8 week open-label design, each patient's scores on parent-, child-, and clinician-reported symptom rating scales assessing traumatic stress symptoms, generalized anxiety, ADHD symptoms, functional impairment, and global symptom severity and improvement (n=17) were evaluated off and on GXR using χ2 goodness-of-fit tests, paired t tests, and repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs). To examine patterns of change in outcome measures across treatment, MPlus software was used to conduct linear growth curves modeled with individual-varying times of observation (i.e., random slopes). Results: Using an average GXR daily dose of 1.19 mg±0.35 mg and an average weight-adjusted daily dose of 0.03 mg/kg±0.01 mg/kg, significant differences were found on all symptom severity measures. Parent reported UCLA Reaction Index scores assessing cluster B (reexperiencing), C (avoidant), and D (overarousal) symptoms significantly improved. In the presence of PTSD symptoms, children with ADHD experienced significantly improved ADHD symptom scores, suggesting that comorbidity does not attenuate an ADHD symptom response to GXR therapy. Medication was generally well tolerated. Conclusions: Within the limits of an open-label, hypothesis-generating pilot study, our results suggest that the α2A-adrenoceptor agonist GXR may have therapeutic effects in the treatment of PTSD symptoms in traumatically stressed children and adolescents. The effective dose may be lower than that found for ADHD. Our pilot study supports the need for further controlled research on the effects of GXR and other α2A-adrenoceptor agonists in pediatric disorders of traumatic stress. © 2013, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Connor, D. F., Grasso, D. J., Slivinsky, M. D., Pearson, G. S., Banga, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1206,Practical assessment and evaluation of mental health problems following a mass disaster,,,"Connor, K. M., Foa, E. B., Davidson, J. R. T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1207,Stress-induced alterations in anxiety-like behavior and adaptations in plasticity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,"In vulnerable individuals, exposure to stressors can result in chronic disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The extended amygdala is critically implicated in mediating acute and chronic stress responsivity and anxiety-like behaviors. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a subregion of the extended amygdala, serves as a relay of corticolimbic information to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to directly influence the stress response. To investigate the influence of the corticosteroid milieu and housing conditions on BNST function, adult C57Bl/6J were either acutely or chronically administered corticosterone (CORT, 25. mg/kg in sesame oil) or vehicle (sesame oil) or were group housed or socially isolated for 1. day (acute) or 6-8. weeks (chronic). To ascertain whether these stressors could influence anxiety-like behavior, studies were performed using the novel open-field (NOF) and the elevated zero maze (EZM) tests. To investigate potential associated changes in plasticity, alterations in BNST function were assessed using ex vivo extracellular field potential recordings in the (dorsal-lateral) dlBNST and a high frequency stimulus protocol to induce long-term potentiation (LTP). Our results suggest that chronic CORT injections and chronic social isolation housing conditions lead to an increase in anxiety-like behavior on the EZM and NOF. Chronically stressed mice also displayed a parallel blunting of LTP in the dlBNST. Conversely, acute social isolation housing had no effect on anxiety-like behavior but still resulted in a blunting of LTP in the dlBNST. Collectively, our results suggest acute and chronic stressors can have a distinct profile on plasticity in the BNST that is not uniformly associated with an increase in anxiety-like behavior. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.","Anxiety, Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, Corticosterone, Housing, Isolation, Plasticity, Stress","Conrad, K. L., Louderback, K. M., Gessner, C. P., Winder, D. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1208,"Latent profiles of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and the ""Big Five"" personality traits","Typologies of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and personality traits were evaluated in regard to coping styles and treatment preferences using data from 1266 trauma-exposed military veterans of which the majority were male (n=1097; weighted 89.6%). Latent profile analyses indicated a best-fitting 5-class solution; PTSD asymptomatic and emotionally stable (C1); predominant re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms and less emotionally stable (C2); subsyndromal PTSD (C3); predominant negative alterations in mood/cognitions and combined internalizing-externalizing traits (C4); and high PTSD severity and combined internalizing-externalizing traits (C5). Compared to C5, C1 members were less likely to use self-distraction, denial, and substance use and more likely to use active coping; C2 and C4 members were less likely to use denial and more likely to use behavioral disengagement; C3 members were less likely to use denial and instrumental coping and more likely to use active coping; most classes were less likely to seek mental health treatment. Compared to C1, C2 members were more likely to use self-distraction, substance use, behavioral disengagement and less likely to use active coping; C3 members were more likely to use self-distraction, and substance use, and less likely to use positive reframing, and acceptance; and C4 members were more likely to use denial, substance use, emotional support, and behavioral disengagement, and less likely to use active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance; all classes were more likely to seek mental health treatment. Emotional stability was most distinguishing of the typologies. Other implications are discussed.","Big-five personality dimensions, Coping, Dsm-5 ptsd, Latent profile analyses, Mental health treatment","Contractor, A. A., Armour, C., Shea, M. T., Mota, N., Pietrzak, R. H.",2016.0,Jan,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.005,0,1,
1209,"Latent profile analyses of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed soldiers","Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD; Kessler et al., 1995) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Brown et al., 2001). We aimed to (1) assess discrete patterns of post-trauma PTSD-depression-GAD symptoms using latent profile analyses (LPAs), and (2) assess covariates (gender, income, education, age) in defining the best fitting class solution. The PTSD Checklist (assessing PTSD symptoms), GAD-7 scale (assessing GAD symptoms), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (assessing depression) were administered to 1266 trauma-exposed Ohio National Guard soldiers. Results indicated three discrete subgroups based on symptom patterns with mild (class 1), moderate (class 2) and severe (class 3) levels of symptomatology. Classes differed in symptom severity rather than symptom type. Income and education significantly predicted class 1 versus class 3 membership, and class 2 versus class 3. In conclusion, there is heterogeneity regarding severity of PTSD-depression-GAD symptomatology among trauma-exposed soldiers, with income and education predictive of class membership.","Depression, Gad, Latent profile analyses, Ptsd, Trauma-exposed soldiers","Contractor, A. A., Elhai, J. D., Fine, T. H., Tamburrino, M. B., Cohen, G., Shirley, E., Chan, P. K., Liberzon, I., Galea, S., Calabrese, J. R.",2015.0,Sep,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.014,0,1,
1210,PTSD's underlying symptom dimensions and relations with behavioral inhibition and activation,"Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) stipulates that individuals have a behavioral activation system (BAS) guiding approach (rewarding) behaviors (Gray, 1971, 1981), and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) guiding conflict resolution between approach and avoidance (punishment) behaviors (Gray & McNaughton, 2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity overall relates to both BIS (e.g., Myers, VanMeenen, & Servatius, 2012; Pickett, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2011) and BAS (Pickett et al., 2011). Using a more refined approach, we assessed specific relations between PTSD's latent factors (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002) and observed variables measuring BIS and BAS using 308 adult, trauma-exposed primary care patients. Confirmatory factor analysis and Wald chi-square tests demonstrated a significantly greater association with BIS severity compared to BAS severity for PTSD's dysphoria, avoidance, and re-experiencing factors. Further, PTSD's avoidance factor significantly mediated relations between BIS/BAS severity and PTSD's dysphoria factor. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Avoidance behavior, Behavioral activation, Behavioral inhibition, Factor analysis, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Contractor, A. A., Elhai, J. D., Ractliffe, K. C., Forbes, D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1211,Do gender and age moderate the symptom structure of PTSD? Findings from a national clinical sample of children and adolescents,"A substantial body of evidence documents that the frequency and intensity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are linked to such demographic variables as female sex (e.g., Kaplow et al., 2005) and age (e.g., Meiser-Stedman et al., 2008). Considerably less is known about relations between biological sex and age with PTSD's latent factor structure. This study systematically examined the roles that sex and age may play as candidate moderators of the full range of factor structure parameters of an empirically supported five-factor PTSD model (Elhai et al., 2011). The sample included 6591 trauma-exposed children and adolescents selected from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's Core Data Set. Confirmatory factor analysis using invariance testing (Gregorich, 2006) and comparative fit index difference values (Cheung and Rensvold, 2002) reflected a mixed pattern of test item intercepts across age groups. The adolescent subsample produced lower residual error variances, reflecting less measurement error than the child subsample. Sex did not show a robust moderating effect. We conclude by discussing implications for clinical assessment, theory building, and future research. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Adolescent, Age, Biological sex, Child, Factor analysis, Invariance testing, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Contractor, A. A., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., Ostrowski, S. A., Ford, J. D., Elhai, J. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1212,The burn patient: Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and directions for intervention,"Aim: Starting from the evidence that not all burn patients develop a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the aim of this overview was to describe variables, which favour the development of the disorder following to burn injury and to delineate directions for a treatment. Methods: We searched articles in English related to PTSD in the population suffering from burns in the PubMed database, using the key word 'burn' in combination with: PTSD, traumatic event, trauma, ASD, and psychological factors. We concentrated our attention on articles published in the last decade (January 1998-March 2010). Results: We found 32 articles. The risk factors concurring in the onset of PTSD are the presence of post-traumatic symptoms in the first following weeks to the burn, the avoidant coping, nevroticism, the presence of psychiatric disorder before the trauma, and the degree of disfigurement. The principal protective factors emerged from the review are the search of social or emotional support and extraversion. Information related to the treatment of these patients is scarce. Conclusions: The literature underlines the importance of the individual vulnerability to the development of PTSD in burn patients, besides the experience itself of a traumatic event. These patients must face peculiar and specific problems, therefore, with the purpose to develop a suitable intervention, it would be useful to appraise, besides the physical and psychosocial implications of the burn, the psychological characteristics of each patient, to articulate a treatment that may account for the complexity of the burn patient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Burns, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Conversano, Ciro, Lensi, Elena, Testi, Chiara, Gremigni, Paola",2010.0,,,0,0,
1213,"The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version: Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure in a Nonclinical Sample","Objectives: We examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the posttraumatic stress diorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C; Blanchard, Jones-Alexander, Buckley, & Forneris, 1996) among unselected undergraduate students. Participants: Participants were 471 undergraduate students at a large university in the Eastern United States and were not preselected based on trauma history or symptom severity. Results: The PCL-C demonstrated good internal consistency and retest reliability. Compared with alternative measures of PTSD, the PCL-C showed favorable patterns of convergent and discriminant validity. In contrast to previous research using samples with known trauma exposure, we found support for both 1-factor and 2-factor models of PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Overall, the PCL-C appears to be a valid and reliable measure of PTSD symptoms, even among nonclinical samples, and is superior to some alternative measures of PTSD. The factor structure among nonclinical samples may not reflect each of the PTSD symptom ""clusters"" (i.e., reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Assessment, PTSD, Trauma","Conybeare, D., Behar, E., Solomon, A., Newman, M. G., Borkovec, T. D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1214,Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder,"OBJECTIVES: External stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (eTNS) is an emerging neuromodulation therapy for epilepsy and depression. Preliminary studies suggest it has an excellent safety profile and is associated with significant improvements in seizures and mood. Neuroanatomical projections of the trigeminal system suggest eTNS may alter activity in structures regulating mood, anxiety, and sleep. In this proof-of-concept trial, the effects of eTNS were evaluated in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for these commonly co-occurring conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve adults with PTSD and MDD were studied in an eight-week open outpatient trial (age 52.8 [13.7 sd], 8F:4M). Stimulation was applied to the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves for eight hours each night as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Changes in symptoms were monitored using the PTSD Patient Checklist (PCL), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-C), and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q). RESULTS: Over the eight weeks, eTNS treatment was associated with significant decreases in PCL (p = 0.003; median decrease of 15 points; effect size d 1.5), HDRS-17 (p < 0.001; 42% response rate, 25% remission; d 2.1), and QIDS-C scores (p < 0.001; d 1.8), as well as an improvement in quality of life (Q-LES-Q, p < 0.01). eTNS was well tolerated with few treatment emergent adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in PTSD and depression severity were achieved in the eight weeks of acute eTNS treatment. This novel approach to wearable brain stimulation may have use as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in these disorders if efficacy and tolerability are confirmed with additional studies.","external stimulation of the trigeminal nerve, major depressive disorder, neuromodulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, posttraumatic stress disorder, trigeminal nerve stimulation","Cook, I. A., Abrams, M., Leuchter, A. F.",2016.0,Jan 28,10.1111/ner.12399,0,0,
1215,Influence of PTSD symptom clusters on smoking status among help-seeking Iraq and Afghanistan veterans,"Introduction: Despite the strong association between smoking and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mechanisms influencing smoking in this population remain unclear. Previous smoking research has largely examined PTSD as a homogenous syndrome despite the fact that PTSD is composed of four distinct symptom clusters (i.e., reexperiencing, effortful avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal). Examination of the relationship between smoking and PTSD symptom clusters may increase understanding of mechanisms influencing comorbidity between smoking and PTSD. The goals of the present study were to (a) examine the influence of overall PTSD symptom severity on likelihood of smoking and smoking heaviness and (b) examine the influence of each PTSD symptom cluster on smoking. Methods: Participants (N = 439) were Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom combat veterans referred to VA mental health services. Results: Multinomial logistic regression was chosen to accommodate a three-level outcome, in which the likelihood of being a nonsmoker was compared with (a) light smoking (1-9 cigarettes/day), (b) moderate smoking (10-19 cigarettes/day), and (c) heavy smoking ((greater-than or equal to)20 cigarettes/day). Results: showed that veterans with higher levels of overall PTSD symptomatology were more likely to endorse heavy smoking (Wald = 4.56, p = .03, odds ratio [OR] = 1.65). Veterans endorsing high levels of emotional numbing were also more likely to endorse heavy smoking (Wald = 6.49, p = .01, OR = 1.81); all other PTSD symptom clusters were unrelated to smoking. Discussion: The association between emotional numbing and heavy daily smoking suggests that veterans with PTSD may smoke to overcome emotional blunting following trauma exposure. (copyright) The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.","adult, Afghanistan, age, alertness, article, avoidance behavior, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, disease severity, emotional disorder, emotionality, female, help seeking behavior, human, Iraq, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotrauma, risk factor, self report, smoking habit, symptom, veteran","Cook, J., Jakupcak, M., Rosenheck, R., Fontana, A., McFall, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1216,Personality profiles of women in multiple abusive relationships,"Personality profiles of women with multiple abusive relationship histories (N = 42) were compared to either abused women with 1 abusive relationship (N = 33) or a control group (N = 52) on the Coolidge Axis II Inventory (Coolidge & Merwin, 1992, J. Pers. Assess. 59: 223-238), a self-report measure based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Women with multiple abusive relationships had higher rates and greater levels of dependent, paranoid, and self-defeating personality disorders than women in the other 2 groups. Women in multiple abusive relationships had significantly more depression, and women in this group with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had significantly more personality disorders than women with single abusive relationships with PTSD. Women in single abusive relationships did not exhibit more psychopathology than women in the control group with matched marital status. Theoretical and methodological issues, and treatment recommendations are discussed.","Battered women, Multiple abusive relationships, Personality disorders, Personality profiles, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Coolidge, F. L., Anderson, L. W.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1217,The vicarious experience of posttraumatic stress disorder or symptoms in family members of trauma patients: Differences between ICU and non-ICU families,"This dissertation is part of a larger study investigating the degree to which family members and trauma patients experience early symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD/S). This data was gathered for a protocol approved by the Stanford University Medical Center Institutional Review Board, under the direction of principle investigator, Eve Carlson, PhD. This dissertation's primary question investigated the differences between family members of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and family members of less critical inpatients with regard to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms (PTSD/S). Also examined were PTSD/S differences between males and females, those with advanced degrees and those without, those with happy childhoods and unhappy childhoods, and those who reported greater socioeconomic status and those who had less resources. Thirty-six family members of ICU patients and family members of less medically critical inpatients participated in this study. They completed self-report questionnaires; a demographic survey, the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory-revised (PTCI-R) and the Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Questionnaire (SPTSS). Participants were not invited to participate if they were exceedingly distressed, did not speak English well enough to give or understand the consent form, or if their loved one was not expected to recover to pre-injury health. The main limitation for this dissertation was the small participant pool. Also the PTCI-R was revised again by the principle investigator, reducing generalizability from this sample to other groups. The data gathered pertaining to financial security, educational achievement, and childhood experiences came from the larger study's specific demographic questionnaire, and varied in sensitivity. Participants were assessed almost immediately after the traumatic event, making the term ""post traumatic stress"" somewhat inaccurate. More specific and valid measures may have been useful to increase the reliability of this dissertation's findings, as would multiple time points after the trauma. Clinical implications include the need for staff education about family members. ICU and non-ICU families endure similar levels of stress, despite vastly different medical prognoses of their loved ones. Also family history may be an important factor in individual resilience to acute stress. Future research in the field of vicarious trauma could benefit this and other previously overlooked populations exposed to traumas of others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Family Members, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Intensive Care, Stress, Vicarious Experiences","Coots, Abbey-Robin",2007.0,,,0,0,
1218,Trends in posttraumatic stress disorder research,"(create) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, is a psychiatric disorder that can occur following the experience or witnessing of life-threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults like rape. People who suffer from PTSD often relive the experience through nightmares and flashbacks, have difficulty sleeping, and feel detached or estranged, and these symptoms can be severe enough and last long enough to significantly impair the person's daily life. This new book presents leading research from around the world. Chapter 1 summarizes current progress in research related to the recognition, diagnosis and treatment for PTSD. In chapter 2, a brief review of the neurosteroids is presented along with published studies and preliminary reports on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its sulphated metabolite DHEAS in PTSD. A revised associative functional analysis (AFA) model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is outlined in chapter 3. The persistent physiological effects of an unhealed injury and impairment are reflected in mood disorders, cognitive dysfunctions, and impairment which are discussed in chapter 4. In chapter 5, two cohorts of Cuban refugee children and adolescents who migrated with their parents by sea and were later confined to refugee camps were assessed for symptoms of Post-traumatic stress disorder during refugee camp confinement. The long-term effects of Holocaust survivors who were children during the war is the focus of chapter 6. Chapter 7 rethinks the role of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis in mental health services for refugees. Chapter 8 describes an eclectic brief treatment that takes into account cultural factors. A brief review on the impact of trauma on domains of psychosocial functioning (occupational, social, recreational/leisure, sexual) is offered in chapter 9. Chapter 10 reviews several issues related to, as well as important considerations in the initial and ongoing assessment of a critical incident in a hospital setting, team member selection, logistics concerns unique to these settings, and the subsequent planning of the Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) response. The purpose of chapter 11 is to examine associations between two forms of recalled childhood maltreatment (physical abuse and serious neglect), and 19 different adult psychiatric disorders, comorbidity of disorders, and suicide variables in a large nationally representative mental health survey. Chapter 12 discusses seven important areas that are currently being investigated, and remain to be further studied, in order to improve the efficacy and availability of cognitive-behavioral interventions for PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Accidents, Child Abuse, Hallucinations, Holocaust Survivors, Mental Health Services, Natural Disasters, Nightmares, Psychodiagnosis, Rape, Refugees, Sociocultural Factors, Stress, Terrorism","Corales, Thomas A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1219,Subthreshold post traumatic stress disorder in the survivors of Marmara earthquake,"This study was conducted in order to determine the symptom profile and risk factors associated with subthreshold post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It was conducted in 1316 subjects who had experienced the Marmara Earthquake. The data collected included socio-demographic features, experiences during the earthquake and risk factors associated with trauma. The subjects who have at least one symptom in each of the B, C or D clusters in DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic criteria were accepted as ""subthreshold PTSD"". It was found that the prevalence of full PTSD and subthreshold PTSD was 13.8% and 28.0%, respectively. Female gender, excessive horror during the earthquake, damage to the home, being trapped under the rubble, loss of loved ones, and preexisting alcohol abuse were found to be the risk factors both for full PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. People with subthreshold PTSD seem to have similarities with full PTSD patients, as regards socio-demographic features, risk factors and functional impairment. It is concluded that the need for treatment of subthreshold PTSD patients should be considered. (copyright) 2004 Librapharm Limited.","adult, alcohol abuse, article, controlled study, data analysis, demography, destruction, earthquake, female, gender, housing, human, male, mental patient, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, risk factor, social aspect, symptom, Turkey (republic)","Corapcioglu, A., Tural, U., Yargic, I., Kocabasoglu, N.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1220,Subthreshold post traumatic stress disorder in the survivors of Marmara earthquake,"This study was conducted in order to determine the symptom profile and risk factors associated with subthreshold post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It was conducted in 1316 subjects who had experienced the Marmara Earthquake. The data collected included socio-demographic features, experiences during the earthquake and risk factors associated with trauma. The subjects who have at least one symptom in each of the B, C or D clusters in DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic criteria were accepted as ""subthreshold PTSD"". It was found that the prevalence of full PTSD and subthreshold PTSD was 13.8% and 28.0%, respectively. Female gender, excessive horror during the earthquake, damage to the home, being trapped under the rubble, loss of loved ones, and preexisting alcohol abuse were found to be the risk factors both for full PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. People with subthreshold PTSD seem to have similarities with full PTSD patients, as regards socio-demographic features, risk factors and functional impairment. It is concluded that the need for treatment of subthreshold PTSD patients should be considered. © 2004 Librapharm Limited.","Earthquake, Post traumatic stress disorder, Functional impairment, Prevalence, Risk factors, Subthreshold, Symptom profile","Çorapçioǧlu, A., Tural, Ü, Yargiç, I., Kocabaşoǧlu, N.",2004.0,,,0,0,1219
1221,"The prevalence of trauma and childhood adversity in an urban, hospital-based violence intervention program","Hospitals represent a promising locus for preventing recurrent interpersonal violence and its psychological sequella. We conducted a cross- sectional analysis to assess the prevalence of post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among victims of interpersonal violence participating in a hospital- based violence intervention program. Participants completed PTSD and ACE screenings four to six weeks aft er violent injury, and data were exported from a case management database for analysis. Of the 35 program participants who completed the ACE and/or PTSD screenings, 75.0% met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD, with a larger proportion meeting diagnostic criteria for symptom- specific clusters. For the ACE screening, 56.3% reported three or more ACEs, 34.5% reported five or more ACEs, and 18.8% reported seven or more ACEs. The median ACE score was 3.5. These findings underscore the importance of trauma- informed approaches to violence prevention in urban hospitals and have implications for emergency medicine research and policy. © Meharry Medical College.","Adverse childhood experiences, Emergency medicine, PTSD, Urban, Violence, Violence prevention","Corbin, T. J., Purtle, J., Rich, L. J., Rich, J. A., Adams, E. J., Yee, G., Bloom, S. L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1222,Interaction of fear and stress: From healthy population samples to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Fear and stress are two closely related psychological concepts. At the biological level, activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) measured through galvanic skin response (GSR) is considered as a marker of fear in humans. In parallel, the secretion of cortisol consequent to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been identified as a reliable marker of stress. However, few human studies have investigated the interaction of endogenous cortisol and GSR in a pavlovian fear-conditioning design. Further, fear-conditioning has been used as a model for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder is thought to be a failure to suppress exaggerated fearful reactions acquired at the time of trauma. Cortisol, as the main stress hormone, has been hypothesized as a potential modulator of the fearful reactions observed in PTSD. However, it remains unclear if PTSD is mostly a fear-based disorder or if symptoms may be associated to other factors, such as cortisol and brain structures, that are not part of the fear network. The work presented in this thesis followed two parallel lines. The two first chapters investigated the interaction between cortisol and GSR reactivity in healthy volunteers. We demonstrated that exposing subjects to a fear-conditioning paradigm was not enough to induce a cortisol response. Further, we observed a greater reactivity in women. In our second study, our results showed that an endogenous cortisol rise induced prior to extinction was associated with a faster decrease of the GSR response to the conditioned stimulus. Replicating our first study, we found that women reacted more to the conditioning paradigm compared to men. Lastly, while cortisol secretion was correlated with childhood adversity and anxiety trait, GSR reactivity did not correlate with personality measures. Our second line of investigation targeted civilians exposed to trauma. In our third study, we observed that increased levels of cortisol in response to awakening were associated with resilience to trauma. Furthermore, based on previous work investigating central nervous regulators of the HPA-axis and fear reactivity, our investigation of cortical thickness of individuals recently exposed to trauma confirmed the expected thinner ACC. We also highlighted the association between ventral temporal cortex and frontal pole with symptoms severity. These regions add a cognitive and social dimension to PTSD severity that may share more with stress than fear itself. These two studies argued for a more comprehensive model of PTSD that includes both fear-conditioning and stress reactivity to better account for the wide scope of symptoms. I conclude this thesis by re-examining the current proposed model for interaction between cortisol and peripheral measures of fear. I review the influence of sex as a mediator of fear acquisition, reactivity to stress and extinction of fear. Finally, I extend these findings to our PTSD studies to evaluate the use of pure fear-conditioning as a model for PTSD symptoms emergence and maintenance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Fear, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Sympathetic Nervous System, *Symptoms","Corbo, Vincent",2013.0,,,0,0,
1223,Effects of early life trauma on affective executive control and white matter integrity in veterans with and without PTSD,"Background: Prior studies have illustrated the impact of early life trauma (ELT) and adult onset PTSD on affective executive control. We aimed at examining the interaction between a history of ELT and current PTSD diagnosis on performance on an affective executive control task and white matter integrity. Methods: 225 Veterans from TRACTS of the VABHS were grouped for current PTSD diagnosis (PTSD+ = 134 / PTSD- = 91) and for a history of ELT (ELT+ = 65, ELT- = 160). All subjects performed the Affective Go/No-Go task of the CANTAB and errors, as well as reaction time, were the variables of interest. Participants also underwent a diffusion-tensor imaging scan. Results: There was no significant interaction between ELT and PTSD on AGN. ELT+ subjects showed a significantly greater number of errors on the AGN [F (1,219) = 8.46, p. < .004]. There was no main effect of ELT on FA, however there was a significant interaction (p. <.05, corrected) between ELT and reaction time on FA for both positive (widespread clusters) and negative targets (left cingulate bundle). Conclusions: PTSD diagnosis is not associated with impaired performance in our study, though individuals with a history of ELT showed greater number of errors across both positive and negative valence. The interaction between FA and reaction time in the ELT group suggests altered neurodevelopmental trajectories leading to potential deficits in behavior. This may constitute a risk factor for later psychopathology.","human, injury, veteran, white matter, psychiatry, childhood, society, executive function, posttraumatic stress disorder, processing, reaction time, diagnosis, risk factor, adult, diffusion tensor imaging, mental disease","Corbo, V.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1224,Serotonin and Sensitivity to Trauma-Related Exposure in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors-Recovered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Serotonergic (5HT) attenuation of stress sensitivity is postulated from SSRIs' effects in other anxiety disorders, and we studied this in PTSD. Methods: Ten patients with PTSD fully recovered on SSRIs (Clinical Global Impression Scale-I 1 and 2) were enrolled in the study. Patients were tested on two occasions 1 week apart; in each session, they received a drink containing large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) either with (sham tryptophan depletion [STD], control) or without (acute tryptophan depletion [ATD]) tryptophan. At 5.5 hours after the drink, subjects were exposed to a trauma-related exposure challenge. Self-reports of PTSD (visual analogue scales [VAS] and the Davidson Trauma Scale [DTS]), anxiety (Spielberger State Inventory [STAI] Form Y-1), and mood (Profile of Mood States [POMS]) were obtained. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were also measured. Results: The trauma-related exposure challenge induced anxiety on both days, with more marked responses on the ATD day according to VAS, DTS, POMS, and DBP (p < .05). A trend of significance (.1 > p > .05) was observed for STAI Form Y-1, HR, and SBP. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that ATD accentuates responses to trauma-related stimuli in SSRI-recovered PTSD. They also suggest that SSRI-induced increases in serotonin function restrain PTSD symptoms, especially under provocation, supporting a role for serotonin in mediating stress resilience. (copyright) 2009 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","alpha tocopherol, citalopram, desogestrel, ethinylestradiol, fluoxetine, levothyroxine, paroxetine, serotonin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tryptophan, adult, anxiety, anxiety disorder, article, blood pressure monitoring, clinical article, controlled study, diastolic blood pressure, drug effect, female, heart rate, hormonal regulation, human, male, mental stress, mood change, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, protein blood level, protein depletion, provocation test, psychologic assessment, rating scale, self report, systolic blood pressure, visual analog scale","Corchs, F., Nutt, D. J., Hood, S., Bernik, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1225,Symptom structure of PTSD following breast cancer,"Identification of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and diagnoses in survivors of cancer is a growing area of research, but no published data exist regarding the symptom structure of PTSD in survivors of malignant disease. Findings from investigations of the PTSD-symptom structure in other trauma populations have been inconsistent and have not been concordant with the reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal symptom clusters specified in DSM-IV. The present study employed confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the extent to which the implied second-order factor structure of PTSD was replicated in a sample of 142 breast cancer survivors. PTSD symptoms were measured using the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL- C). Fit indices reflected a moderate fit of the symptom structure implied by the DSM-IV. These findings provide some tentative support for the DSM-IV clustering of PTSD symptoms and for the validity of cancer-related PTSD.","Breast cancer, Confirmatory factor analysis, PCL-C, PTSD, Symptom structure","Cordova, M. J., Studts, J. L., Hann, D. M., Jacobsen, P. B., Andrykowski, M. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1226,Exposure to traumatic incidents and prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban firefighters in two countries,"Urban firefighters are at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due in part to their exposure to duty-related trauma. This study compared duty-related trauma exposures and the prevalances of posttraumatic stress in U.S. and Canadian firefighters. Both samples reported relatively numerous and frequent posttrauma symptoms, and the rates of self-reported PTSD prevalence did not differ significantly. However, analysis of departmental records for respondents' previous year on duty revealed significant differences in both frequencies and categories of traumatic incident exposures. Some of the vulnerability and moderating risk factors associated with PTSD cases differed between the U.S. and Canadian samples. Potential explanations for the observed differences in risk factors for PTSD in these 2 firefighter samples are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cross Cultural Differences, *Emotional Trauma, *Fire Fighters, *Occupational Stress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology, Psychiatric Symptoms, Urban Environments","Corneil, Wayne, Beaton, Randal, Murphy, Shirley, Johnson, Clark, Pike, Ken",1999.0,,,0,0,
1227,Mental health problems,"Adolescent's mental health should be a topic of special interest. Signs and symptoms are not always well defined, often leading to confusion with the adolescence's crisis itself. The basis for the adolescent mental health problems assistance are a good clinical history, some excellent abilities for the interview, evolution observation and team work capacity. In this work, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders on adolescents and the different classifications are reviewed. In a more detailed way, disorders related to anxiety, including posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive disorders, self aggression behaviours and suicide, conduct and antisocial disorders and schizophrenia are described. Diagnostic basis and treatment guides are exposed for each disorder. It is pointed out the importance of knowing the typology of adaptation disorders on adolescents since, with a good orientation and an opportune treatment, evolution toward more serious disorders can be avoidable.","Adolescence, Anxiety, Depression, Psychiatry, Schizophrenia, Stress, Suicide","Cornellà I Canals, J., Llusent Guillamet, A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1228,Heart rate measured in the acute aftermath of trauma can predict post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective study in motor vehicle accident survivors,"Objective: To determine whether increased physiological arousal immediately after trauma or at emergency admission can predict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors with physical injuries. Methods: We included 119 MVA survivors with physical injuries. In this prospective cohort study, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed during ambulance transport (T1) and at hospital admission (T2). One and four months after the accident, we assessed patients for PTSD (Davidson trauma scale, confirmed with the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders). Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the relationship between HR or BP and PTSD. Results: PTSD was diagnosed in 54 (45.4%) patients at 1 month and in 39 (32.8%) at 4 months. In the multivariate analysis, HR at T1 or at T2 predicted PTSD at 1 month (OR=1.156, 95% CI [1.094;1.221] p < 0.0001). Only HR at T1 (not at T2) predicted PTSD at 4 months (OR = 1.059, 95% CI [1.013; 1.108] p = 0.012). Injury severity predicted PTSD at 4 months (OR = 1.207, 95% CI [1.085; 1.342] p = 0.001). A cut-off of 84 beats per minute yielded a sensitivity of 62.5% and a specificity of 75.0% for PTSD. Conclusions: HR measured at the scene of MVA and severity of injury predicted PTSD 4 months later. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Blood Pressure, *Heart Rate, *Survivors, *Trauma, Physical Disorders","Coronas, R., Gallardo, O., Moreno, M. J., Suarez, D., Garcia-Pares, G., Menchon, J. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1229,"A computerized, self-administered questionnaire to evaluate posttraumatic stress among firefighters after the World Trade Center collapse",,,"Corrigan, M., McWilliams, R., Kelly, K. J., Niles, J., Cammarata, C., Jones, K., Wartenberg, D., Hallman, W. K., Kipen, H. M., Glass, L., Schorr, J. K., Feirstein, I., Prezant, D. J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1230,Olfactory challenge test in combat veterans: Evidence for enhanced olfactory-visual functional connectivity with avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD,"Background: According to DSM-IV criteria, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by re-experiencing with intrusive images, thoughts, or perceptions of the trauma, avoidance of stimuli and contextual reminders, as well as hyperarousal or increased startle, vigilance, and focused attention to potential threat cues. While task-based functional connectivity studies in PTSD have mainly focused on emotion processing (e.g. amygdala-prefrontal circuitry), little is known about primary sensory processing of trauma cues and how that relates to PTSD symptomatology. We previously reported that burning-related odors elicit significant distress in combat veterans with PTSD (Cortese et al., 2015), who compared to healthy combat veterans, show a blunted odor-elicited BOLD response in olfactory cortex (Cortese et al., 2014). In this odor challenge test, we sought to extend those findings by assessing the relationship between burned rubber odor-elicited functional connectivity between olfactory cortex and other brain areas as a function of PTSD symptomatology. Methods: Twenty Operation Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/ New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) combat veterans (CV) with PTSD (CV+PTSD) and 24 healthy combat-trauma controls (CV-PTSD) participated in an fMRI odor challenge test. An odor specific to traumatic combat experiences (burned rubber, BR) and odorless propylene glycol (PG) were systematically delivered by an MRI-compatible olfactometer. Task-based functional connectivity analyses were conducted using SPM12 and the CONN 14 toolbox. The mean time course across voxels within 4 anatomically-defined olfactory seed regions of interest [ROIs: bilateral piriform (primary olfactory) and orbitofrontal (secondary olfactory) cortices; Seubert et al., 2013] were determined during BR and PG. Activation contrasts (BR minus PG) for each of the ROIs were covaried to all other voxels within the whole brain mask to derive connectivity estimates for each individual and then entered into group-level as well as symptom severity correlational analyses. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons at the cluster-level using p <.005/ p <.05 FWE clusterlevel. Results: Demographics: The Participants were nearly all male (CV+PTSD: 19 M/1 F, CV-PTSD: 23M/1 F) and of similar age [CV+PTSD: M=31.4 (SD=9.6), CV-PTSD: M=31.0 (SD=7.1)]. The groups differed significantly on the total score of the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) [CV+PTSD: M=59.9 (SD=23.0), CV-PTSD: M=14.8 (SD=12.7), p<0.01], but did not differ with respect to the level of combat exposure [CV+PTSD: M=21.6 (SD=8.5), CV-PTSD: M=19.7 (SD=10.1), p>0.1], the number of additional traumatic events experienced during their lifetime [CV+PTSD: M=2.8 (SD=2.1), CV-PTSD: M=2.4 (SD=1.5), p>0.1], or years of education [CV+PTSD: M=14.0 (SD=1.3), CV-PTSD: M=14.6 (SD=2.4), p>0.1]. Functional Connectivity: Group analyses revealed no evidence of enhanced BR odor-elicited connectivity between the olfactory ROIs and any other brain region in CV+PTSD compared to CV-PTSD. However, CV+PTSD, compared to CV-PTSD, demonstrated reduced odor task-based connectivity between right anterior piriform cortex and left middle (z = 4.27, x, y, z = 62, 4, 15, k = 604, pcorr <.05) and right inferior (z = 3.74, x, y, z =-54, 0,-4, k = 971, pcorr <.01) frontal gyri. Regression analyses showed that CAPS re-experiencing and hyperarousal severity inversely related to BR odor-elicited connectivity between right anterior piriform cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus (z = 4.09, x, y, z =-46, 34,-10, k = 1038, pcorr <.01; z = 4.14, x, y, z =-42, 10, 16, k = 925, pcorr <.01, respectively). Conversely, CAPS re-experiencing was positively related to connectivity between left orbitofrontal olfactory cortex and a cluster encompassing posterior cingulate (e.g. retrosplenial cortex) and precuneous (z = 4.46, x, y, z =-15,-42, 18, k = 1172, pcorr <.01), while higher CAPS avoidance and hyperarousal scores related to greater connectivity between right orbitofrontal olfactory and primary visual cortices (z = 4.56, x, y, z =-12,-102,- 6, k = 1121, pcorr <.01; z = 3.79, x, y, z =-28,-94,-14, k = 823, pcorr <.01, respectively). Conclusions: While these olfactory task-based connectivity results add to a consistent finding of dysregulated (e.g. reduced coupling) prefrontal circuits in PTSD, they also point toward other important brain circuits. Specifically, results showed PTSD-related increased functional coupling between secondary olfactory cortex and retrosplenial cortex, a brain region involved in self-referential processing and the establishment of autobiographical, including trauma, memories (Sartory et al., 2013). Moreover, increased olfactory-retrosplenial functional connectivity was directly related to increased severity of re-experiencing. While olfactory-visual functional connectivity was not significantly related to re-experiencing as initially hypothesized, connectivity between these sensory processing cortices increased as a function of avoidance and hyperarousal. These results extend the dysregulated amygdalaprefrontal circuits traditionally associated with PTSD and suggest that sensory circuits might be targeted as either a risk factor for developing PTSD or as a functional consequence of PTSD that perpetuates symptoms.","rubber, propylene glycol, veteran, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, provocation test, psychopharmacology, college, American, odor, olfactory cortex, processing, brain, pyriform cortex, brain region, retrosplenial cortex, symptomatology, amygdaloid nucleus, emotion, posterior cingulate, memory, functional magnetic resonance imaging, regression analysis, stimulus, frontal gyrus, education, lifespan, alertness, exposure, male, plant seed, olfactometer, inferior frontal gyrus, striate cortex, risk factor, BOLD signal, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging","Cortese, B., McConnell, P., Froeliger, B., Leslie, K., Yang, Q., Uhde, T.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1231,Olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in combat veterans: Brain reactivity to trauma-related odor cues,"Background: Case reports suggest that trauma-related odors can trigger PTSD symptoms. However, little empirical data exists on this topic. Methods: Twelve Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 11 healthy OEF/OIF combat veterans (HV) participated in this study, which consisted of 2 phases: 1) documentation of combat history, clinical assessment, and baseline odor ratings, and 2) olfactory fMRI. During baseline odor testing, veterans were systematically presented with a combat-related odor (burned rubber, BR), and 2 non combat-related odors [lavender (LAV) and propylene glycol (PG, an odorless control)]. Visual analog scales (100 mm) were used to measure the degree to which odors evoked positive and negative emotions, as well as memories of their traumatic combat experiences. All participants then underwent olfactory fMRI during which BR, LAV, and PG were systematically delivered. Contrast maps for BR and LAV were derived against PG, as well as each other. All fMRI analyses were conducted in FSL. Results: Demographics and odor trauma history: The PTSD and HV groups were nearly all male (PTSD: 9 M/1 F, HV: 13 M) and of similar age [PTSD: M=31.1 (SD=9.6), HV: M=30.5 (SD=8.3)]. The groups differed significantly on the total score of the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) [PTSD: M=63.3 (SD=21.6), HV: M=13.2 (SD=7.4), p<0.05], but did not differ with respect to the level of combat exposure [PTSD: M=18.1 (SD=10.8), HV: M=21.4 (SD=9.0), p>0.1], or the number of additional traumatic events experienced during their lifetime [PTSD: M=3.5 (SD=1.5), HV: M=2.8 (SD=1.2), p>0.1]. Nearly all participants (490%) associated odors with their combat-related experiences. The most commonly reported odors were burned rubber/tires and burning waste/burn pit. There was no difference in associating BR with combatrelated events between those with versus without PTSD. Baseline odor ratings: Repeated measures ANOVA on the subjective odor ratings revealed significant main effects of odor condition. As expected, BR was rated significantly less pleasant than either LAV or PG (p<0.05). And, consistent with their odor trauma history, BR, administered under blind conditions, evoked significantly greater feelings of being 'irritated' (p<0.05), and was significantly more effective at evoking traumatic combat memories than either LAV or PG (p<0.05). Further analysis revealed a significant 'BR-evoked memories' by 'diagnosis' interaction (p<0.05), which was a consequence of mainly the combat veterans with PTSD reporting BR-evoked memories of trauma. Olfactory fMRI: As a group (collapsed across diagnosis), combat veterans demonstrated significant activation in response to BR (BR minus LAV contrast) in the anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyrus, as well as left insula that extended into left orbitofrontal cortex (clusters determined by Z42.3, corrected cluster threshold p=0.05). Conversely, no significant activation was demonstrated in response to LAV (LAV minus BR contrast, clusters determined by Z42.3, corrected cluster threshold p=0.05). Conclusions: A clear dissociation between the effects of lavender and burned rubber odors on self-reported measures related to combat trauma and fMRI BOLD response in OEF/OIF combat veterans was demonstrated in this study. Despite the fact that burned rubber was rated more negatively than lavender for all participants, only those veterans diagnosed with PTSD reported BR-evoked traumatic memories. Group differences (PTSD versus HV) in BR-elicited regional BOLD activation, as well as the relationship between BR-elicited regional BOLD activation and the baseline odor ratings, are currently being explored. Funding: This research was supported by NIMH K01 MH090548 (BMC).","rubber, propylene glycol, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, odor, veteran, psychopharmacology, college, injury, brain, posttraumatic stress disorder, memory, Human immunodeficiency virus, lavender, BOLD signal, diagnosis, clinical assessment, visual analog scale, documentation, case report, emotion, funding, dissociation, orbital cortex, insula, anterior cingulate, lifespan, exposure, male, analysis of variance","Cortese, B. M., Yang, Q. X., Acierno, R., Leslie, K., Uhde, T. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1232,Fear of dying and fear of guilt: Panic disorder/agoraphobia comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder,"Background: Psychiatric comorbidity is the rule rather than the exception in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies indicate that 32-90% of OCD patients have at least one additional diagnosis [1-3]. Although depression is the most frequent axis I disorder among OCD patients, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent group of co-occurring conditions. Panic Disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the correlates of the occurrence of these two comorbidities in OCD are fairly unknown. The study aims were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of PD (with or without AG) and AG without panic in a large clinical sample of OCD patients and 2) to compare the characteristics of individuals with and without these two related conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 1,001 patients of the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders using a wide range of assessment instruments, including the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Natural History Questionnaire, the Sensory Phenomena Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. The statistical analyses were performed using the STATA 10.0 software (Stata Corporation, 2007). Initially, current and lifetime prevalence of the two outcomes of interest (comorbid PD and AG) were estimated, as well as the frequencies of all explanatory categorical variables and means with standard deviations of quantitative variables. Next, bivariate analyses were conducted to compare the demographic and clinical profile of OCD patients with and without lifetime PD or AG, using the Pearson Chi-square test for categorical variables and the Student t test or Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables (with normal or non-normal distribution, respectively). Finally, due to the exploratory nature of the study, two backward stepwise logistic regression analyses was performed (one for PD and another for AG comorbidity), to adjust the crude associations for possible confounders. The regression models were built including all variables with a p-value (greater-than or equal to) 0.05 in the bivariate analyses of each outcome, except those presenting multicollinearity, as determined by Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values exceeding 10. One by one, the least significant variables were removed from the model at each stage, until all explanatory variables retained statistical significance at a 5% level. Results: The lifetime prevalence of PD was 15.4% (N= 154) and of AG, 4.9% (N = 49). The following variables remained associated with PD comorbidity after logistic regression: higher severity of anxious symptoms, having children, comorbid major depression, bipolar I disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and hypochondriasis. Conversely, the independent correlates of AG comorbidity were: dysthymia, bipolar II disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, impulsive-compulsive internet use, hypochondriasis, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Conclusion: Mainly distinct correlates were obtained for PD and AG comorbidities in OCD patients, indicating the need for more specific and tailored treatment strategies for individuals with each of these clinical profiles.","silver, fear, comorbidity, college, obsessive compulsive disorder, guilt, psychopharmacology, human, patient, prevalence, lifespan, diseases, social phobia, logistic regression analysis, statistical significance, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, model, bivariate analysis, hypochondriasis, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, agoraphobia, questionnaire, history, panic, rank sum test, anxiety, Student t test, anxiety disorder, chi square test, cross-sectional study, binge eating disorder, normal distribution, bulimia, Internet, diagnosis, explanatory variable, child, bipolar II disorder, dysthymia, computer program, posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, statistical analysis, generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar depression, major depression","Costa, D. L. C., Diniz, J. B., Ferrao, Y. A., Rosario- Campos, M. C., Miguel, E. C., Shavitt, R. G., Torres, A. R., Fontenelle, L. F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1233,Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Brazilian primary care patients: an examination of seven alternative models,"The DSM-IV-TR postulates that PTSD symptoms are organized into 3 clusters. This assumption has been challenged by growing number of factor analytical studies, which tend to favor 4-factor, first-order models. Our objective was to investigate whether the clusters of PTSD symptoms identified in North American and European studies could be replicated in a Brazilian sample composed of 805 primary care patients living in hillside slums. Volunteers were asked to fill out the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version and a confirmatory factor analysis of this scale was conducted with the software LISREL 8.80. Seven models were tested and a 4-factor, first-order solution including an emotional numbing cluster was found to provide the best fit. Although PTSD has been characterized by some critics as a Western culture-specific disorder lacking universal validity, our results seem to uphold the cross-cultural validity of the 4-factor, first-order model.","Brazil, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, *Models, Psychological, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology","Costa, M. F., Mendlowicz, M. V., Vasconcelos, A. G., Berger, W., Luz, M. P., Figueira, I., Garcia Rosa, M. L.",2011.0,Oct,10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.002,0,0,
1234,Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Brazilian primary care patients: An examination of seven alternative models,"The DSM-IV-TR postulates that PTSD symptoms are organized into 3 clusters. This assumption has been challenged by growing number of factor analytical studies, which tend to favor 4-factor, first-order models. Our objective was to investigate whether the clusters of PTSD symptoms identified in North American and European studies could be replicated in a Brazilian sample composed of 805 primary care patients living in hillside slums. Volunteers were asked to fill out the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version and a confirmatory factor analysis of this scale was conducted with the software LISREL 8.80. Seven models were tested and a 4-factor, first-order solution including an emotional numbing cluster was found to provide the best fit. Although PTSD has been characterized by some critics as a Western culture-specific disorder lacking universal validity, our results seem to uphold the cross-cultural validity of the 4-factor, first-order model. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Confirmatory factor analysis, Cross-cultural validity, DSM-IV-TR, Numbing, PCL-C, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Costa, M. F., Mendlowicz, M. V., Vasconcelos, A. G. G., Berger, W., Luz, M. P. D., Figueira, I., Garcia Rosa, M. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,1233
1235,The NEO-PI/NEO-FFI Manual Supplement,,,"Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R.",1989.0,,,0,0,
1236,An epidemiological profile of cashiers holders carpal tunnel syndrome in a grocery store chain,"Occupational diseases are those acquired in the work. Statistics show an increase number of cases, victims like typists, telephone's operators, cashiers and many others with varied levels of involvement. It is composed of disorders affecting the upper limbs being recognized by the Ministry of Social Welfare. Among these diseases stands out for its high occurrence Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). It has been considered a disease of the century, because its incidence has increased in 40.8% of repetitive stress disorders, with prevalence in females, and predominant age ranging from 25 to 40 years. It is characterized by pain and paresthesia in the first four fingers and wrists, and arm pain, weakness, numbness in the territory of the median nerve, preserving or not the palmar sensation and numbness in the median sensory distribution. This study aims to assess functional capacity and severity of symptoms presented by cashiers diagnosed with CTS. It is a descriptive and quantitative in nature. The population consists of 13 grocery store cashiers of both sexes, with a workload of 42 hours. We will be used as an instrument called the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. That purports to be an effective means of measuring the numbness and pain in hands and wrists. Exclusion criteria we consider the subjects who have other diseases associated with CTS. The collection is with the possibility of partial results to be entered in a spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel for data analysis and subsequent discussion and correlation with the current literature. © 2012 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.","Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Cashiers, Occupational Diseases and Repetitive Strain","Costa, R., Barros, R., Campos, D., Lima, D., Barbosa, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1237,A one-year follow-up of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and perceived social support in cancer,"Aims: Diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in cancer patients fluctuates over the course of cancer according to the timing of assessment. In this longitudinal study, the prevalence of PTSD symptoms and the association between PTSD symptoms and the buffering variable of perceived social support were examined at one year follow-up. Procedure: People with different types of cancer were assessed (breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and colorectal tumor) on four occasions: pre-treatment, at the end of cancer treatment, at six months post-treatment, and at one year posttreatment. Multivariate analyses were used to assess associations of perceived social support in patients with PTSD symptoms at the aforementioned four time points. Results: No significant differences in perceived social support were found at the various follow-up times. However, diagnosis of PTSD symptoms showed differences based on the time of assessment (F = 5.50, p = 0.02). At pre- and post-treatment, social support was negatively related to re-experiencing (p < 0.00) and numbing (p < 0.00) PTSD symptoms. At six months post-treatment, social support was negatively related to all symptoms of PTSD (p < 0.00). Finally, at one year post-treatment, perceived social support was negatively related only to numbing symptoms (p < 0.00) of PTSD. Conclusion: Over the course of cancer, buffering effect of perceived social support had a specific influence on PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, *Symptoms","Costa-Requena, G., Ballester-Arnal, R., Qureshi, A., Gil, F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1238,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in cancer: Psychometric analysis of the Spanish posttraumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version,"Objective: The PTSD Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) was used as a screening tool to assess the presence of PTSD symptoms. The aim of this study was to explore the factorial structure of the Spanish version of the PCL-C and calculate the correlation of PTSD symptoms with distress and health-related quality of life. Method: The sample included 494 cancer outpatients. In order to validate the PCL-C, a principal component analysis was applied. The association between variable was measured by Pearson correlation. Results: Findings evidenced three symptoms clusters on the PCL-C version, defined as Hyperarousal/Re-experiencing, Numbing and Avoidance. About 10% of the total sample met clinical PTSD symptoms. In addition, PTSD symptoms were related negatively to health-related quality of life and positively related with distress. Conclusion: The conceptualization of PTSD symptoms for cancer patients is supported by the specific symptom clusters identified on PCL-C. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Cancer, Oncology, PCL-C version, PTSD symptoms, Quality of life","Costa-Requena, G., Gil, F.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1239,Connecting combat-related mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms through brain imaging,"Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may share common symptom and neuropsychological profiles in military service members (SMs) following deployment; while a connection between the two conditions is plausible, the relationship between them has been difficult to discern. The intent of this report is to enhance our understanding of the relationship between findings on structural and functional brain imaging and symptoms of PTSD. Within a cohort of SMs who did not meet criteria for PTSD but were willing to complete a comprehensive assessment within 2 months of their return from combat deployment, we conducted a nested case-control analysis comparing those with combat-related mTBI to age/gender-matched controls with diffusion tensor imaging, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and a range of psychological measures. We report degraded white matter integrity in those with a history of combat mTBI, and a positive correlation between the white matter microstructure and default mode network (DMN) connectivity. Higher clinician-administered and self-reported subthreshold PTSD symptoms were reported in those with combat mTBI. Our findings offer a potential mechanism through which mTBI may alter brain function, and in turn, contribute to PTSD symptoms. © 2014.","Combat-related posttraumatic stress, Default mode network, Diffusion tensor imaging, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Mild traumatic brain injury","Costanzo, M. E., Chou, Y. Y., Leaman, S., Pham, D. L., Keyser, D., Nathan, D. E., Coughlin, M., Rapp, P., Roy, M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1240,Psychophysiological Response to Virtual Reality and Subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Recently Deployed Military,"OBJECTIVE: Subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has garnered recent attention because of the significant distress and functional impairment associated with the symptoms as well as the increased risk of progression to full PTSD. However, the clinical presentation of subthreshold PTSD can vary widely and therefore is not clearly defined, nor is there an evidence-based treatment approach. Thus, we aim to further the understanding of subthreshold PTSD symptoms by reporting the use of a virtual combat environment in eliciting distinctive psychophysiological responses associated with PTSD symptoms in a sample of subthreshold recently deployed US service members. METHODS: Heart rate, skin conductance, electromyography (startle), respiratory rate, and blood pressure were monitored during three unique combat-related virtual reality scenarios as a novel procedure to assess subthreshold symptoms in a sample of 78 service members. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale was administered, and linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between symptom clusters and physiological variables. RESULTS: Among the range of psychophysiological measures that were studied, regression analysis revealed heart rate as most strongly associated with Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale–based measures hyperarousal (R = 0.11, p = .035,) reexperiencing (R = 0.24, p = .001), and global PTSD symptoms (R = 0.17, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the use of a virtual reality environment in eliciting physiological responses associated with subthreshold PTSD symptoms.",,"Costanzo, M. E., Leaman, S., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Rizzo, A. A., Taylor, P., Roy, M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1241,Initial patterns of clinical care and recovery from whiplash injuries: A population-based cohort study,,,"Côté, P., Hogg-Johnson, S., Cassidy, J. D., Carroll, L., Frank, J. W., Bombardier, C.",2005.0,,10.1001/archinte.165.19.2257,0,0,
1242,Gender differences in risk factors for trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among inner-city drug abusers in and out of treatment,"Examined, in a population of drug users, the role of gender in (1) predicting the nature of the traumatic event and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, (2) pattern of substance use disorders in relation to trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, (3) comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders with trauma exposure and PTSD, and (4) the temporal association of substance use disorder, exposure to trauma, and PTSD. 464 drug abusers were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module. Although more women than men met criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) PTSD, there were no gender differences on endorsement for a traumatic event. Adult antisocial behavior, affective disorder, schizophrenia, other anxiety disorder and polysubstance use predicted exposure to an event, whereas only schizophrenia and other anxiety disorder predicted PTSD. In men, drug use preceded the exposure to an event, while in women, the onset age for both drug use and exposure to an event were nearly identical. Implications for gender-based education and prevention interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Mental Disorders","Cottler, Linda B., Nishith, Pallavi, Compton, William, III",2001.0,,,0,0,
1243,A Prospective Examination of PTSD Symptoms as Risk Factors for Subsequent Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events Among Women,"Previous research has suggested that both exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and emotional reactions to such events act as risk factors for subsequent exposure. Although some studies have implicated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as risk factors, extant research suffers from a number of methodological limitations, including the use of cross-sectional designs and student populations. The present study sought to address these limitations using a 2-year, 3-wave national probability household sample of 2,863 adult women. After controlling for demographic characteristics, prior exposure to PTEs, and Wave 1 depression and substance abuse, PTSD reexperiencing symptoms at Wave 1 predicted subsequent exposure to interpersonal violence victimization (IPVV) perpetrated by a nonintimate perpetrator; however, PTSD symptoms did not predict intimate partner IPVV. In addition, PTSD hyperarousal symptoms were unique predictors of subsequent exposure to other traumatic stressors. Findings suggest that efforts to prevent PTEs should focus attention on both prior exposure and PTSD symptoms in response to such exposure. © 2009 American Psychological Association.","hyperarousal, posttraumatic stress disorder, reexperiencing, revictimization, risk factors for trauma exposure","Cougle, J. R., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2009.0,,10.1037/a0015370,0,0,
1244,"PTSD, depression, and their comorbidity in relation to suicidality: Cross-sectional and prospective analyses of a national probability sample of women",,,"Cougle, J. R., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2009.0,,10.1002/da.20621,0,0,
1245,Factors associated with chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective analysis of a national sample of women,"The current study sought to identify factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) chronicity over a 2-year time period in a national sample of adult women selected via random-digit dialing. Participants meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD (n = 190) at the initial assessment were interviewed and certain baseline predictors of chronicity 2 years later were examined. Number of PTSD reexperiencing symptoms, rape history, and childhood history of physical assault were all predictive of chronicity at the follow-up assessment. No relationship emerged between remission status and treatment seeking, though approximately half who remitted did so without professional treatment. These risk factors for chronicity may help identify those individuals with PTSD who are most in need of intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Chronicity (Disorders), *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Comorbidity, Remission (Disorders), Risk Factors","Cougle, Jesse R., Resnick, Heidi, Kilpatrick, Dean G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1246,The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) family workshop: A pilot study of preliminary outcomes and effect sizes of an attachment-based intervention for family members of veterans with combat-related PTSD,"Objective. Social support and secure attachment confer protection against the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma exposure. Yet there are few empirically-supported interventions for PTSD that address the impact on the family and significant relationships. This research is an intervention development study for ""The PTSD Family Workshop,"" an attachment-based group intervention for family members of veterans with combat-related PTSD. The study examines preliminary outcomes and treatment effect sizes and tests research hypotheses. Methods. Research hypotheses were tested through an adaptation of a partial crossover design. All research was conducted at the Stratton VA Medical Center and all participants were family members of veterans receiving treatment for combat-related PTSD. Intervention content includes PTSD psycho-education, a description of the impact of PTSD on their veterans and their important others and the factors that influence resilience and readjustment. Participants were recruited for participation in 4 group; each group being composed of an Immediate (n=17) and a Delay (n=11) condition. Participants completed standardized pre-test, post-delay and post-intervention assessments. Study domains included knowledge of PTSD, caregiver empathic concern, caregiver adaptive coping behavior and caregiver burden. Results. Data analyses revealed that participants who completed the PTSD Family Workshop reported a significant increase in their knowledge of PTSD, their empathic concern and their adaptive coping behaviors as compared to wait-list participants. Analyses of caregiver burden were not significant. Treatment effect sizes were calculated at d=1.66, d=.50 and d=.60 for knowledge of PTSD, caregiver empathic concern and caregiver adaptive coping behaviors respectively. Conclusion. Research findings support the development and study of innovative treatments for veterans with combat-related PTSD. Results are encouraging and suggest that brief intervention can be of benefit for family members of veterans with PTSD. Overall, this work increased access for psycho-education and support for family members of veterans in the VA system and provided preliminary data for a larger scale controlled study to test intervention efficacy and examine its relationship to outcomes for veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Family Intervention, *Family Members, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Attachment Behavior, Coping Behavior","Courtney, Jennifer M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1247,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptomatology in family caregivers of persons with recent traumatic brain injuries: An exploratory] study,"A cross-sectional non-random study assessed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in a sample of 60 adult family members of persons with recently acquired moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to an inpatient brain injury rehabilitation unit. Hypotheses included (a) the majority of subjects will self-report moderate to high levels of PTSD symptoms; (b) the more extensive the patient's injury and deficits, the higher the caregiver PTSD symptomatology; and (c) PTSD symptoms will be significantly mediated by caregivers' coping behaviors, age and income, as well as age of the patient. Using a stress and coping framework, stressors (intervening variables) were measured using severity of and time since injury, patient deficits in independent living skills (ILS), memory, and behavior; mediators (intervening variables) were measured by Frequency of Family Coping Behaviors rating form (Kosciulek, 1994), and selected family demographics; and outcomes (dependent variables) were measured using the Purdue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PPTSD) scale (Harris, 1988), the Impact of Event Scale (IES) (Horowitz, Wilner, and Alvarez, 1979), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Y form) S-Anxiety (Spielberger, 1983). The PPTSD and STAI S-Anxiety were not strongly correlated, implying differentiation of two types of anxiety. Concurrent validity of the PPTSD and the IES was confirmed (r=.78, p<.001). Eleven (18%) of the 60 caregivers reported low levels of PTSD, 33 (55%) reported medium levels, and 16 (27%) scored in the high range. A multiple regression model revealed two significant predictors of PTSD: patient's ILS deficits (20%) and patient's age (7%). The younger the patient and the higher rate of ILS dependency, the higher the rate of caregiver PTSD symptomatology. Positive appraisal was the only significant in-hospital coping behavior. Post-discharge interviews of 15 subjects noted increased use of physical resources and social supports and decreased use of positive appraisal. Implications for use of the PPTSD and the IES as screening instruments in the early detection of PTSD in family caregivers of persons with TBI, the expanded role of social workers in TBI rehabilitation, and the need for post-discharge family caregiver follow-up were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Age Differences, *Caregivers, *Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Income Level, Symptoms","Courtney, Linda Jean",1997.0,,,0,0,
1248,Human recreational MDMA/ecstasy use is associated with altered amygdala and hippocampus activation during novelty detection,"Background: Recreational use of MDMA/Ecstasy, an established serotonergic neurotoxin, continues unabated in Western countries. Recent findings suggest that MDMA may have utility as a psychotherapeutic adjunct in refractory posttraumatic stress disorder, yet recreational MDMA use has been associated with increased anxiety and depression. The amygdala and hippocampus are critically involved in the genesis of anxiety and both receive an extensive serotonergic innervation. Some types of anxiety are related to the brain's reaction to novel situations or stimuli. We therefore used the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) method in conjunction with a novelty detection paradigm to examine amygdala/hippocampal neurophysiology in MDMA users and controls. Methods: We enrolled 16 abstinent MDMA users (6 Females; 21.88(plus or minus)2.00 years old) and 16 control subjects (10 Females; 22.25(plus or minus)4.39 years old) with no history of DSM-IV mood or anxiety disorders. We used a block design to test amygdala and hippocampal BOLD responses to three types of images: Familiar, Novel Common, and Novel Uncommon. The Familiar images were images that are often seen in real life. Novel Common images represented contextual novelty because the images are common objects (e.g., chair, book) but are novel in the context of the scanner. The Novel Uncommon images represented categorical novelty because the images were unlikely to have been seen before in any context (e.g., fractals). All images had a neutral valence, low arousal ratings, and no human faces. The fMRI paradigm consisted of a familiarization phase in which subjects were shown each of the six Familiar images 16 times. The test phase followed and consisted of two runs in which the order of blocks was counterbalanced across both runs. A 3-T scanner was used to collect EPI images using a sequence optimized for the amygdala and hippocampus. SPM5 and Matlab were used to preprocess the fMRI data, and SPM5 was used to model the experimental design and create contrasts for Novel Common > Familiar, Novel Uncommon > Familiar and Novel Uncommon > Novel Common. Analyses were restricted to the amygdala and hippocampus regions using aal templates. Cluster-based thresholding was used to control for Type I error due to multiple comparisons. Based on simulations calculated with AlphaSim, an uncorrected voxel p-value of 0.05 and cluster sizes of 46 (amygdala) and 94 (hippocampus), provided a corrected p=0.05 for each region. Marsbar was used to extract the stimulus-evoked change in signal intensity for each significant cluster. A t-test of means was used to calculate differences in signal intensity between MDMA users and Controls. To test MDMA dose response effects, a linear regression analysis was performed with MDMA lifetime use (milligrams) as the regressor and amygdala and hippocampus BOLD signal intensity change as the outcome. Results: MDMA users versus Controls: MDMA users had a larger increase in BOLD signal for the Novel Common images relative to the Familiar images in the both the amygdala (left: p=0.02; right: p=0.01) and the hippocampus (left: p=0.01, right: p=0.02). For the Novel Uncommon versus Familiar contrast, the left hippocampus exhibited significantly greater increase in signal intensity for MDMA users versus Controls (p=0.02). For the Novel Uncommon versus Novel Common contrast, the right amygdala exhibited a significant difference in signal intensity with Controls > MDMA users (p=0.02), as did the left and right hippocampus (L: p=0.02; R: p=0.03); in this case, MDMA users actually exhibited a decrease in signal intensity for the Novel Uncommon versus Novel Common contrast, while the opposite result was found for the Controls. The left hippocampus also exhibited greater signal intensity increase relative to baseline for Controls than MDMA users in the Familiar versus baseline contrast (p=0.02). Dose-Dependent Effects: Lifetime MDMA use was positively correlated with BOLD signal intensity for both the Novel Common vs. Familiar contrast (r=0.52, p=0.04) and the Novel Uncommon vs. Familiar contrast (r=0.58, p=0.02) in the right amygdala.","3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, neurotoxin, human, psychopharmacology, college, hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus, BOLD signal, functional magnetic resonance imaging, anxiety, stimulus, female, lifespan, simulation, experimental design, model, arousal, fractal analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, mood, face, brain, linear regression analysis, statistical significance, neurophysiology, innervation, dose response, blood oxygenation, Student t test, anxiety disorder","Cowan, R., Mortensen, P., Benningfield, M., Blackford, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1249,Risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder within emergency medical service personnel,"The current study examined the relationship between risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Emergency Medical Service (EMS) personnel. It was hypothesized that EMS workers who were female; older; single; had less social support; reported more life stressors, depression, peritraumatic dissociation, history of trauma, negative cognitions; and experienced more life-threatening critical incidents would report a greater number of PTSD symptoms. The participants completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ), the Traumatic Events Questionnaire (TEQ), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Life Experiences Survey (LES), and a researcher-created EMS Demographic Questionnaire. To access predictor variables related to PTSD, all eight predictor variables were entered into a multiple regression in their continuous form. The criterion variable was the participants' score on the PCL-C. Preliminary Pearson product-moment correlations revealed that six of the eight predictor variables yielded statistically significant correlations with the PCL-C total score. Overall, these eight predictor variables were able to account for 64% of the variability in PTSD (adjusted R2 = .64, p < .001). Upon further examination, depression, traumatic events, negative cognitions, and sex all significantly contributed to the regression equation. The results of this study indicate that this combination of predictor variables is related to PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emergency Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Health Personnel, Service Personnel","Cowan, Ronda Pendergrass",2013.0,,,0,0,
1250,Resilience in highly stressed urban children: concepts and findings,"'The Rochester Child Resilience Project is ti coordinated set of studies of the correlates and antecedents of outcomes relating to resilience among profoundly stressed urban children. The studies have been conducted over the course of the past decade. Based on child test data, purent, teacher, and self rulings of child adjustment, and in-depth individual interviews with parents and children, a cohesive picture has developed of child and family milieu variables that consistent/)' differentiate children -with resilient versus stress-affected outcomes mithin this highly stressed sample. Resilient children are characterized by an easy temperament and higher 10; sound parentlehild relationships; a parent's sense of efficacy; the parent's tm'/i wellness. especial/)' mental health; and the child's perceived competence, realistic control, empathy, and social problem-solving.",,"Cown, E. L., Wyman, P. A., Work, W. C.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1251,Neuroticism and self-criticism associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample,"Broad and specific psychological traits may uniquely differentiate trauma victims with PTSD from trauma victims without PTSD, but there is a need for representative, population-based research. We investigated elevated neuroticism and self-criticism in association with the presence versus absence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a nationally representative sample of adults who experienced a traumatic stressor. Respondents were from the National Comorbidity Survey Part II (N=5877). Individuals who experienced one or more traumatic events were selected (N=3238). In separate regression analyses, elevated levels of neuroticism and self-criticism were each significantly associated with PTSD among men and women who had experienced one or more traumatic events. After controlling for types of traumas experienced and other previously identified factors, neuroticism remained significantly associated with PTSD in women and both neuroticism and self-criticism remained significant in men. Evidence from this nationally representative sample of adults who experienced traumatic events suggests that self-criticism and especially the broad personality domain of neuroticism may represent robust psychological dimensions associated with the presence of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Neuroticism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Criticism, *Statistical Analysis, Stress","Cox, Brian J., MacPherson, Paula S. R., Enns, Murray W., McWilliams, Lachlan A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1252,The symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Replication Survey,"Previous research has provided mixed findings for the validity of various three- and four-factor models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. However, much of this research has been restricted to clinical samples rather than nationally representative community-based samples. The current study employed confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the validity of three competing models of PTSD symptom structure using the DSM-IV-based National Comorbidity Replication Survey (part II of the NCS-R: N=5692). Individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD (N=588) were selected and symptom assessment was based on the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Strong support was found for both the DSM-IV three-factor model and a four-factor model of PTSD symptoms by King et al. [King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment,10, 90-96], a variation of the DSM-IV model in which avoidance and numbing are viewed as separate factors. There was some evidence, however, that the King et al. [King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment,10, 90-96] model demonstrated a significantly superior fit over the DSM-IV three-factor model. Because this study provided support for both the DSM-IV three-factor model and the King et al., four-factor model of PTSD symptoms, further research is still necessary to provide more definitive conclusions in this area.","Adolescent, Cluster Analysis, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Health Surveys, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult","Cox, B. J., Mota, N., Clara, I., Asmundson, G. J.",2008.0,Dec,10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.009,0,0,
1253,The symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Replication Survey,"Previous research has provided mixed findings for the validity of various three- and four-factor models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. However, much of this research has been restricted to clinical samples rather than nationally representative community-based samples. The current study employed confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the validity of three competing models of PTSD symptom structure using the DSM-IV-based National Comorbidity Replication Survey (part II of the NCS-R: N = 5692). Individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD (N = 588) were selected and symptom assessment was based on the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Strong support was found for both the DSM-IV three-factor model and a four-factor model of PTSD symptoms by King et al. [King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90-96], a variation of the DSM-IV model in which avoidance and numbing are viewed as separate factors. There was some evidence, however, that the King et al. [King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD scale: evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90-96] model demonstrated a significantly superior fit over the DSM-IV three-factor model. Because this study provided support for both the DSM-IV three-factor model and the King et al., four-factor model of PTSD symptoms, further research is still necessary to provide more definitive conclusions in this area. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Confirmatory factor analysis, DSM-IV, National Comorbidity Replication Survey, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD symptoms","Cox, B. J., Mota, N., Clara, I., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2008.0,,,0,0,1252
1254,Questioning Psychosocial Resilience After Flooding and the Consequences for Disaster Risk Reduction,"This paper questions George Bonanno's concept of resilience as ""relatively stable, healthy levels of psychological and physiological functioning"" (Bonanno in Am Psychol 59(1):20-28, 2004) following potentially traumatic events (PTE). It agrees with Bonanno's claim that significant numbers of people may suffer from mental disorders following a PTE, but disagrees that the majority of people are resilient. Furthermore it argues that we should not see PTEs as one event, but as involving a number of stressors and having a variety of consequences. Drawing on fieldwork carried out in Rajni village, Bihar following the 2008 Kosi River flooding, it documents, 18 months post flood, that flood onset gave rise to symptoms related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (primarily re-experiencing). The villagers' primary concern was livelihood loss which, together with their lack of hope for the future, led to symptoms of depression. It argues that mental health issues should be fully integrated into Disaster Risk Reduction plans and policies, which are likely to be included in the Post-2015 Millennium Development Goals. In addition to supporting mental health interventions, the paper suggests that deep socio-cultural changes are necessary to ensure improvements in mental health. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.","Disaster risk reduction, Flooding, India, Livelihood loss, MDGs, Mental health, Resilience","Crabtree, A.",2013.0,,10.1007/s11205-013-0297-8,0,0,
1255,Mapping family stress: The application of family adaptation theory to post-traumatic stress disorder,"Presents a model for conceptualizing family reactions to posttraumatic stress based on family adaptation theory (FADT). The role of interpersonal factors in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is discussed, and the need for clinicians to conceptualize PTSD within a family systems context is suggested. A case study of a family of 10 in which the father is receiving treatment for PTSD and a 10-yr-old daughter is seeking help for encopresis, illustrates the use of FADT as a model for assessment and intervention. FADT provides a format for guiding assessment of family functioning in the face of stressors and indicating specific areas for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Family Relations, *Family Therapy, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Family, Fecal Incontinence","Craine, Michael H., Hanks, Richard, Stevens, Hal",1992.0,,,0,0,
1256,Surveying Treatment Preferences in U.S. Iraq-Afghanistan Veterans With PTSD Symptoms: A Step Toward Veteran-Centered Care,"This study examined health care barriers and preferences among a self-selected sample of returning U.S. veterans drawn from a representative, randomly selected frame surveyed about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and mental health utilization in the prior year. Comparisons between treated (n = 160) and untreated (n = 119) veterans reporting PTSD symptoms were conducted for measures of barriers and preferences, along with logistic models regressing mental health utilization on clusters derived from these measures. Reported barriers corroborated prior research findings as negative beliefs about treatment and stigma were strongly endorsed, but only privacy concerns were associated with lower service utilization (B = -0.408, SE = 0.142; p = .004). The most endorsed preference (91.0%) was for assistance with benefits, trailed by help for physical problems, and particular PTSD symptoms. Help-seeking veterans reported stronger preferences for multiple interventions, and desire for services for families (B = 0.468, SE = 0.219; p = .033) and specific PTSD symptoms (B = 0.659, SE = 0.302; p = .029) were associated with increased utilization. Outcomes of the study suggested PTSD severity drove help-seeking in this cohort. Results also support the integration of medical and mental health services, as well as coordination of health and benefits services. Finally, the study suggested that outreach about privacy protections and treatment options could well improve engagement in treatment. Copyright © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.",,"Crawford, E. F., Elbogen, E. B., Wagner, H. R., Kudler, H., Calhoun, P. S., Brancu, M., Straits-Troster, K. A.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.21993,0,0,
1257,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Some diagnostic and clinical issues,"The development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a group of 42 individuals exposed to a multiple homicide was examined. A comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R indicated that 74% qualified for a diagnosis of PTSD using DSM-III, but only 33% met the criteria outlined in DSM-III-R. The most commonly reported symptoms were found to be intrusive recollections of the event and exaggerated startle response. In general, those symptoms that are new additions in the revised version were the least frequently reported, whilst guilt, which has been excluded from DSM-III-R, was experienced by 38% of the sample. It is suggested that the new criteria may not cluster with the core syndrome of PTSD.","adult, article, clinical article, guilt, homicide, human, legal aspect, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, startle reflex","Creamer, M.",1989.0,,,0,0,
1258,Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study using assessment measures,,,"Creamer, M.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1259,Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised,,,"Creamer, M., Bell, R., Failla, S.",2003.0,2003,,0,0,
1260,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Post-traumatic stress disorder is a relatively new diagnosis and there is much still to learn about the aetiology, assessment and management of this complex condition. Equally, there has been an enormous increase in the quantity of research output over the last decade and considerable progress has been made. The last five years, in particular, have seen a growth in the number of well-conducted, treatment outcome studies such that there is now a strong evidence base from which to recommend cognitive-behavioural interventions as the psychological treatment of choice for PTSD. It is to be hoped that the next decade will see further development and refinement of effective treatments to better manage the mental health effects of trauma and to reduce the human and financial costs associated with post-traumatic mental health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Cognitive Behavior Therapy","Creamer, Mark, Carty, Jessica",2006.0,,,0,0,42
1261,A profile of help-seeking Australian veterans,"While considerable information is available regarding American Vietnam veterans, surprisingly little has appeared concerning veterans of other nationalities who served in the Vietnam war. This paper provides a preliminary profile of help-seeking Australian veterans in order to afford a comparison with the available American data. Collected in the context of a review of the Vietnam Veterans Counselling Service (VVCS), demographic data suggest that the client population is similar in many ways to that of the American posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Clinical Teams. Problems commonly reported by clients of VVCS included posttraumatic stress, relationship difficulties, anxiety, depression, and problems with pensions and benefits. A postal survey of a sub- sample of current clients revealed a mean score on the Combat Exposure Scale of 19.27 and a mean score on the Mississippi Scale for PTSD of 118.43. Again, these findings are broadly comparable with those of American help-seeking veterans.","adult, anxiety, article, Australia, controlled study, depression, human, human relation, major clinical study, mental disease, pension, posttraumatic stress disorder, self help, soldier","Creamer, M., Jackson, A., Ball, R.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1262,The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in severely injured trauma survivors,"This prospective longitudinal study was designed to investigate the relationship between acute stress disorder (ASD) and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a population of severely injured hospitalised trauma survivors. Symptoms of ASD were assessed just prior to discharge in 307 consecutive admissions to a Level 1 Trauma Centre, with PTSD assessments completed at 3 and 12 months post-injury. A well-established structured clinical interview was adopted for both assessments. Only 1% of the sample met criteria for an ASD diagnosis (at a mean of 8 days post-injury), while the incidence of PTSD was 9% at 3 months and 10% at 12 months. Although all ASD symptom clusters contributed to the prediction of subsequent PTSD severity, logistic regression indicated that only re-experiencing and arousal predicted a categorical PTSD diagnosis. The dissociative symptoms that form the core of ASD were rarely endorsed and showed high specificity but low sensitivity, resulting in a high proportion of false negative diagnoses. Reducing the number of dissociative symptoms required for a diagnosis ameliorated, but did not resolve, the problem. In this particular population, the low sensitivity of the ASD diagnosis renders it a poor screening test for use in identifying high risk individuals for early intervention and prevention strategies. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Acute stress disorder, ASD, Dissociation, DSM-IV criteria, PTSD","Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M. L."", Pattison, P.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1263,PTSD among military personnel,"Although symptoms characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been noted in military personnel for many centuries, it was not until 1980 that the disorder was formally recognized and became the focus of legitimate study. This paper reviews our current state of knowledge regarding the prevalence and course of this complex condition in past and present members of the defence forces. Although rates vary across conflicts and countries, there is no doubt that PTSD affects substantial numbers of personnel and results in considerable impairment in functioning and quality of life. The paper goes on to discuss recent attempts to build resilience and to promote adjustment following deployment, noting that there is little evidence at this stage upon which to draw firm conclusions. Finally, effective treatment for PTSD is reviewed, with particular reference to the challenges posed by this population in a treatment setting. © 2011 Institute of Psychiatry.",,"Creamer, M., Wade, D., Fletcher, S., Forbes, D.",2011.0,,10.3109/09540261.2011.559456,0,0,
1264,"Epigenetics, brain, behavior, and the environment","Early experiences can modify regulatory factors affecting gene expression in such a way that, although the DNA sequence itself is not changed, the individual's physiology and behavior is substantially influenced. In some instances these epigenetic effects are exerted upon exposure, while in other instances they are transmitted across generations via incorporation into the germline. Examples of both types of epigenetic effects are presented. First, experience with siblings (littermates) organizes behaviors and their underlying neural substrates in such a way that, as adults, rats and knockout mice behave differently. Second, exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin early in pregnancy imprints the male lineage in such a manner that rats exhibit distinct behavioral profiles as well as unique patterns of gene expression in relevant brain regions. Taken together, this work demonstrates that present and past environments alike modify both social and affiliative related behaviors and their related metabolic activity in specific brain nuclei as well as influencing the abundance of specific genes altering the epigenome in the target brain areas.","Behavior, Environmental influences, Epigenetics","Crews, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1265,Neuropsychological dysfunction in severe accidental electrical shock: Two case reports,"There has been a relative absence of studies that have longitudinally examined the neuropsychological profiles of women who have sustained severe accidental electrical shocks. A case is reported of a college-educated woman who received an estimated 120-V electrical shock. Neuropsychological assessments conducted at 2 months, and at 1 and 2 years postinjury, revealed a diversity of deficits indicative of diffuse, mild to moderate neurocognitive dysfunction, as well as symptomatology consistent with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. For comparison, a second case of a man who received a 69,000-V electrical injury is also presented. Although only minimal neurocognitive deficits were observed in this individual, he exhibited a similar psychological profile. The results of this study are discussed in light of the contrasting neurocognitive findings but consistent psychological presentations across the two cases. Copyright 1997 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.","Electric shock, Neuropsychology, Women","Crews Jr, W. D., Barth, J. T., Brelsford, T. N., Francis, J. P., McArdle, P. A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1266,Neuropsychological dysfunction in severe accidental electrical shock: two case reports,"There has been a relative absence of studies that have longitudinally examined the neuropsychological profiles of women who have sustained severe accidental electrical shocks. A case is reported of a college-educated woman who received an estimated 120-V electrical shock. Neuropsychological assessments conducted at 2 months, and at 1 and 2 years postinjury, revealed a diversity of deficits indicative of diffuse, mild to moderate neurocognitive dysfunction, as well as symptomatology consistent with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. For comparison, a second case of a man who received a 69,000-Velectrical injury is also presented. Although only minimal neurocognitive deficits were observed in this individual, he exhibited a similar psychological profile. The results of this study are discussed in light of the contrasting neurocognitive findings but consistent psychological presentations across the two cases.",,"Crews, W. D., Jr., Barth, J. T., Brelsford, T. N., Francis, J. P., McArdle, P. A.",1997.0,,10.1207/s15324826an0404_2,0,0,1265
1267,Attachment and psychopathology,,,"Crittenden, P.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1268,"Psychiatry in World War One. Clinical features, pathogenical options and therapeutical doctrines","During World War I, the rate of psychical losses in combat (only the US expeditionary corps has evaluated it with precision) was raised at 28 for thousand, constituting ""loss divisions"". The clinical profiles described correspond to the four periods of the war: battle hypnosis for the movement war in august 1914 (Milian), then shell-shock (Myers, Chavigny, Gaupp, 1915), with the stabilisation of the front and the artillery bombing over the trenchs, then war neurasthenia and war hysteria with the bogging down of the conflict and the break down of the soldiers's morale (Lepine, 1917), then war neurosis and war psychoneuroses, or even traumatic neuroses, diagnoses that more exactly reflect the reality (Roussy et Lhermitte, Milligan, Ferenczi, 1917-1918). Pathogenic hypothesis have followed the same evolution: first, organic and biologic hypothesis, in which the one of the war mental confusion by intoxication (Capgras), and the one of the nervous reflex paralysis (Babinski, Oppenheim), then the postconcussion hypothesis (Mott, Mairet, Sarbo), then the postemotional hypothesis (Lepine, Birnbaum), by fright and autosuggestion, and in last the psychodynamic hypothesis of the complex of fear, narcissic breakdown and libidinal regression (Adrian, Ferenczi, Abraham, Freud). Therapeutics have in first used the usual means (rest, sedatives, tonics), and then the suggestion, eventually armed with aversive faradic excitation (Vincent, Kauffmann), process which led to failure because systematic relapses. Forward psychiatry, early preconised (Grasset, 1915), was established only later, by Italians (Morselli, 1917), then by the French (Damaye, 1917) and English (Casualty Clearing Stations), and codified by the American Salmon, edicting his five principles: immediacy, proximity, expectancy, simplicity and centrality. At last, the abreactions under hypnosis or narcosis (Proctor, Chiadini) have gained efficacity as cathartic methods, confirmed by the applications of psychoanalysis (Abraham, Simmel).","Battle hypnosis, Faradic torpedoing, Fear complex, Forward psychiatry, Shell-shock, Traumatic neurosis, War neurosis","Crocq, L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1269,Social factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans,"(from the introduction) discusses special problems and issues involving this pivotal group [Vietnam veterans] / addresses some of the factors that continue to separate the Vietnam veteran from others who have experienced severe and/or multiple stressors description of post-traumatic stress disorder / problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder concept / prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam, Korean, and World War II veterans / the Vietnam trauma / the post-traumatic stress disorder-resentment continuum / forensic application (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology, Legal Processes","Cross, Herbert J.",1990.0,,,0,0,
1270,Olanzapine/fluoxetine: A review of its use in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder,"Olanzapinefluoxetine (Symbyax(registered trademark)) is an oral, once-daily, fixed-dose combination of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine. It is indicated, in adult patients, for the acute treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder and treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.In adult patients with treatment-resistant depression (major depressive disorder in adults who do not respond to two separate trials of different antidepressants of adequate dose and duration in the current episode), olanzapine plus fluoxetine combination therapy was generally more effective than either drug as monotherapy based on an integrated analysis of clinical trials of 812 weeks duration. More limited data also indicate that longer-term treatment for 76 weeks with olanzapine plus fluoxetine was efficacious in this patient group. Combination therapy was generally well tolerated, with a tolerability profile similar to that of olanzapine monotherapy, although fluoxetine monotherapy was generally better tolerated than olanzapine plus fluoxetine. The combination of olanzapine plus fluoxetine, as a fixed-dose formulation, offers a useful treatment option in this difficult-to-treat patient group. (copyright) 2010 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.","alprazolam, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, clozapine, diazepam, fluoxetine, fluoxetine plus olanzapine, fluvoxamine, haloperidol, lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nortriptyline, olanzapine, omeprazole, phenytoin, pimozide, rifampicin, thioridazine, tricyclic antidepressant agent, trimipramine, venlafaxine, adult, akathisia, anxiety, area under the curve, attention disturbance, bipolar disorder, bradycardia, cholesterol blood level, clinical trial, diarrhea, volume of distribution, dizziness, drug absorption, drug antagonism, drug bioavailability, drug blood level, drug clearance, drug contraindication, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug half life, drug induced headache, drug mechanism, drug metabolism, drug protein binding, drug tolerability, drug treatment failure, drug withdrawal, dyskinesia, dyspepsia, dysthymia, electroconvulsive therapy, extrapyramidal symptom, fatigue, glucose blood level, human, hypersomnia, increased appetite, major depression, maximum plasma concentration, monotherapy, nonhuman, orthostatic hypotension, parkinsonism, peripheral edema, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, pulse rate, QT interval, review, rhinitis, schizophrenia, sedation, side effect, somnolence, suicidal ideation, faintness, tachycardia, time to maximum plasma concentration, treatment duration, tremor, weight gain, xerostomia, symbyax","Croxtall, J. D., Scott, L. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1271,The millennium cohort family study: A prospective evaluation of the health and well-being of military service members and their families,"The need to understand the impact of war on military families has never been greater than during the past decade, with more than three million military spouses and children affected by deployments to Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Understanding the impact of the recent conflicts on families is a national priority, however, most studies have examined spouses and children individually, rather than concurrently as families. The Department of Defense (DoD) has recently initiated the largest study of military families in US military history (the Millennium Cohort Family Study), which includes dyads of military service members and their spouses (n>10,000). This study includes US military families across the globe with planned follow-up for 21+ years to evaluate the impact of military experiences on families, including both during and after military service time. This review provides a comprehensive description of this landmark study including details on the research objectives, methodology, survey instrument, ancillary data sets, and analytic plans. The Millennium Cohort Family Study offers a unique opportunity to define the challenges that military families experience, and to advance the understanding of protective and vulnerability factors for designing training and treatment programs that will benefit military families today and into the future. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Deployments, Epidemiology, Family, Mental health, Military, Psychology","Crum-Cianflone, N. F., Fairbank, J. A., Marmar, C. R., Schlenger, W.",2014.0,,10.1002/mpr.1446,0,0,
1272,Implications of neuroscientific evidence for the cognitive models of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Brewin's dual representation theory, Ehlers and Clark's cognitive appraisal model, and Dalgleish's schematic, propositional, analogue and associative representational systems model are considered in the light of recent evidence on the neural substrates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The models' proposals about the cognitive mechanism of memory dysfunction in PTSD are described and evaluated against current knowledge about the neural pathways and functions disrupted in PTSD. A dual pathway model of memory is consistent with neuroscience of memory. The appraisal model also provides an account of the top-down modulation of memory and arousal problems consistent with current neuroscientific evidence of PTSD. Dalgleish's model is less consistent with the evidence because it relies upon assumptions that cannot yet be tested neuroscientifically. All three models under-specify the causal and maintaining influence of hyperarousal relative to the role it plays in current neuroscientific models of PTSD. Implications of the evidence for improving treatment and prevention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Cognitive Neuroscience, Models","Cruwys, Tegan, ""OKearney, Richard""",2008.0,,,0,0,
1273,A Realistic Perspective on Pattern Representation in Growth Data: Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003),,,"Cudeck, R., Henly, S. J.",2003.0,,10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.378,0,0,
1274,HIV/AIDS cost study: Construct validity and factor structure of the PTSD checklist in dually diagnosed HIV-seropositive adults,"Published findings are mixed regarding the underlying factor structure of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Studies have found two-, three-, and four-factor solutions, which are only partially consistent with DSM-IV-defined PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal). The current study examined the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the PCL in a sample of dually diagnosed (substance use disorder and other psychiatric disorder) participants living with HIV/AIDS. Results supported the robust psychometric properties of the PCL, with high reliability and validity. Using confirmatory factor analysis, two models, a second-order (two-factor) and a first-order (four- factor) solution were supported. The utility of the PCL and implications for the dimensionality of PTSD in this population are discussed. © 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","CFA, Confirmatory factor analysis, HIV, PCL, Psychometric properties, PTSD Checklist","Cuevas, C. A., Bollinger, A. R., Vielhauer, M. J., Morgan, E. E., Sohler, N. L., Brief, D. J., Miller, A. L., Keane, T. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1275,Juvenile delinquency and victimization: A theoretical typology,"It is a widely voiced notion that juvenile delinquency and victimization co-occur extensively in the youth population, in particular because delinquent youth engage in risky activities. But theory from the bullying and traumatic stress literatures suggests that there may be additional pathways by which delinquency and victimization are connected. This analysis looks for possible subtypes of delinquents and victims consistent with such pathways. Using the Developmental Victimization Survey, a national sample of 1,000 youth aged 10 to 17 were interviewed over the phone. Support emerges for three distinct types of delinquent-victims, who are termed bully-victims, delinquent sex/maltreatment- victims, and property delinquent-victims. There is also evidence for substantial groups of youth who are primarily delinquent but not seriously victimized, as well as youth who are primarily victimized but not delinquent. © 2007 Sage Publications.","Abuse, Bully-victims, Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, JVQ","Cuevas, C. A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Ormrod, R. K.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1276,An epidemical investigation on the posttraumatic stress disorder among police officers,"Aim: To analyze the positive rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the influencing factors in the police officers of different ranks and categories, so as to provide scientific basis for the diagnosis and intervention of PTSD. Methods: From March to July in 2004, a cluster sampling investigation and scale assessment was conducted among 364 police officers in a district of Dalian city by using self-designed questionnaires of basic information, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI), PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C) and trait coping style questionnaire (TCSQ). SPSS 10.0 database was established with the collected data, which was processed with rank sum assessment, Spearman correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis. Results: Totally 364 questionnaires were sent out, and all were collected back, 300 of them were valid. 1 The score of PCL-C was 29.39(plus or minus)10.85, and it showed normal skewed distribution. 2 The score of PCL-C was positively correlated with age, marriage years and number of family members (r=-0.118, -0.115, -0.178, P=0.041, 0.047, 0.002). 3 The score of PCL-C > 42 was primarily screened as positive PSTD, 33 out of the 300 objects were detected to be positive PTSD, and the positive rate was 11%, the positive rate was the highest in the polices graduated from universities (14%, 24/179), and the lowest in those from senior middle schools or secondary specialised school (3%, 1 /33). 4 The PCL-C score was obviously higher in the police officers with higher stress intensity than in those with lower one. Being misunderstood, schizophrenia and negative coping style were the risk factors for the positive rate of PTSD screening. Conclusion: The correlation analysis on PCL-C score and positive condition of PTSD suggested that the PTSD risk factors of police officers included personality character, stress intensity and coping style, etc.","adult, article, checklist, China, city, cluster analysis, controlled study, coping behavior, correlation analysis, data analysis, data base, family size, female, human, logistic regression analysis, male, marriage, middle school, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, risk factor, scoring system, stress, university, validity","Cui, Q. L., Jiang, C., Jia, S. H., Liu, Q. G.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1277,"Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in utility workers deployed to the World Trade Center following the attacks of September 11, 2001","Background: Recent attention has begun to be focused on the effects of disaster recovery work on nonrescue workers. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related symptoms in a population of utility workers deployed to the World Trade Center (WTC) site in the aftermath of 9/11. Methods: Utility workers deployed to the WTC site were screened at their place of employment between 10 and 34 months following the WTC attacks, utilizing both structured interviews and self-report measures. PTSD symptoms were assessed by the CAPS and the PCL; co-morbid disorders were also assessed. 2,960 individuals with complete CAPS and PCL data were included in the analyses. Results: Eight percent of participants had symptoms consistent with full PTSD, 9.3% with subthreshold PTSD, 6% with MDD, 3.5% with GAD, and 2.5% with panic disorder. Although risk factors included psychiatric and trauma history, 51% of individuals with probable PTSD had neither; subjective perception of threat to one's life was the best predictor of probable PTSD. Extent of exposure predicted 89% of PTSD cases in those without a psychiatric or trauma history, but only 67% of cases among those with both. Conclusions: Nonrescue workers deployed to a disaster site are at risk for PTSD and depression. Extent of exposure affected the most vulnerable workers differently than the least vulnerable ones. These results suggest that the relationship among predictors of PTSD may be different for different vulnerability groups, and underscore the importance of screening, education, and prevention programs for disaster workers. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","9/11, Disaster workers, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Predictors, PTSD, September 11, 2001, World trade center","Cukor, J., Wyka, K., Jayasinghe, N., Weathers, F., Giosan, C., Leck, P., Roberts, J., Spielman, L., Crane, M., Difede, J.",2011.0,,10.1002/da.20776,0,0,
1278,The longitudinal course of PTSD among disaster workers deployed to the World Trade Center following the attacks of September 11th,"This study examined the long-term mental health outcomes of 2,960 nonrescue disaster workers deployed to the World Trade Center site in New York City following the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks. Semistructured interviews and standardized self-report measures were used to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychopathology 4 and 6 years after the attacks. Clinician-measured rates of PTSD and partial PTSD 4-years posttrauma were 8.4% and 8.9%, respectively, in a subsample of 727 individuals. Rates decreased to 5.8% and 7.7% for full and partial PTSD 6 years posttrauma. For the larger sample, self-report scores revealed probable PTSD and partial PTSD prevalence to be 4.8% and 3.6% at 4 years, and 2.4% and 1.8% at 6 years. Approximately 70% of workers never met criteria for PTSD. Although PTSD rates decreased significantly over time, many workers remained symptomatic, with others showing delayed-onset PTSD. The strongest predictors of ongoing PTSD 6 years following 9/11 were trauma history (odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.06, 4.85]); the presence of major depressive disorder 1-2 years following the trauma (OR = 2.80, 95% CI [1.17, 6.71]); and extent of occupational exposure (OR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.13, 1.51]). The implications of the findings for both screening and treatment of disaster workers are discussed. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Cukor, J., Wyka, K., Mello, B., Olden, M., Jayasinghe, N., Roberts, J., Giosan, C., Crane, M., Difede, J.",2011.0,,10.1002/jts.20672,0,0,
1279,Profile of 50 women with midlife-onset eating disorders,"The aim of this study was to present a detailed profile of 50 women eating disorder (ED) inpatients who reported first ED onset at age 40 or above. We assessed patients' sociodemographics, severity-of-illness, comorbid diagnoses, personality profiles, and short-term treatment outcomes. Compared to patients of more traditional young adult ages, results revealed unique features of midlife-onset ED inpatients, including less severe and less common self-reported ED symptomology measured by the EDI-2; a predominance of pure restricting behaviors and rarity of bulimia; similar rates of co-occurring depression and anxiety but of less severity; fewer substance use disorders with a predominance of sedating/calming substance usage; many fewer Cluster C diagnoses on Axis II; substantially greater histories of sexual abuse; and different MMPI-2 profiles emphasizing much greater denial. The corresponding needs among midlife-onset ED inpatients for specialized assessment and treatment interventions are considered.","alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, opiate, phencyclidine, psychedelic agent, sedative agent, adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, bulimia, clinical article, clinical assessment, clinical feature, comorbidity, demography, depression, disease severity, eating disorder, female, hospital patient, human, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, onset age, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, self report, sexual abuse, social status, substance abuse, symptomatology","Cumella, E. J., Kally, Z.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1280,Longitudinal pathways between political violence and child adjustment: The role of emotional security about the community in Northern Ireland,"Links between political violence and children's adjustment problems are well-documented. However, the mechanisms by which political tension and sectarian violence relate to children's well-being and development are little understood. This study longitudinally examined children's emotional security about community violence as a possible regulatory process in relations between community discord and children's adjustment problems. Families were selected from 18 working class neighborhoods in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Participants (695 mothers and children, M=12.17, SD=1.82) were interviewed in their homes over three consecutive years. Findings supported the notion that politically-motivated community violence has distinctive effects on children's externalizing and internalizing problems through the mechanism of increasing children's emotional insecurity about community. Implications are considered for understanding relations between political violence and child adjustment from a social ecological perspective. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Child adjustment, Community violence, Emotional security, Political violence","Cummings, E. M., Merrilees, C. E., Schermerhorn, A. C., Goeke-Morey, M. C., Shirlow, P., Cairns, E.",2011.0,,10.1007/s10802-010-9457-3,0,0,
1281,The Use of Latent Trajectory Models in Psychopathology Research,,,"Curran, P. J., Hussong, A. M.",2003.0,,10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.526,0,0,
1282,"Racial discrimination, post traumatic stress, and gambling problems among urban aboriginal adults in Canada","Little is known about risk factors for problem gambling (PG) within the rapidly growing urban Aboriginal population in North America. Racial discrimination may be an important risk factor for PG given documented associations between racism and other forms of addictive behaviour. This study examined associations between racial discrimination and problem gambling among urban Aboriginal adults, and the extent to which this link was mediated by post traumatic stress. Data were collected via in-person surveys with a community-based sample of Aboriginal adults living in a mid-sized city in western Canada (N = 381) in 2010. Results indicate more than 80 % of respondents experienced discrimination due to Aboriginal race in the past year, with the majority reporting high levels of racism in that time period. Past year racial discrimination was a risk factor for 12-month problem gambling, gambling to escape, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in bootstrapped regression models adjusted for confounders and other forms of social trauma. Elevated PTSD symptoms among those experiencing high levels of racism partially explained the association between racism and the use of gambling to escape in statistical models. These findings are the first to suggest racial discrimination may be an important social determinant of problem gambling for Aboriginal peoples. Gambling may be a coping response that some Aboriginal adults use to escape the negative emotions associated with racist experiences. Results support the development of policies to reduce racism directed at Aboriginal peoples in urban areas, and enhanced services to help Aboriginal peoples cope with racist events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavior Disorders, *Gambling, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Race and Ethnic Discrimination, Response Parameters, Risk Factors","Currie, Cheryl L., Wild, T. Cameron, Schopflocher, Donald P., Laing, Lory, Veugelers, Paul, Parlee, Brenda",2013.0,,,0,0,
1283,Attachment and mental health symptoms among U.S. Afghanistan and Iraq veterans seeking health care services,"Attachment theory has become a primary framework for understanding adjustment to traumas. In a convenience sample of 157 U.S. service members from the Afghanistan and Iraq wars seeking health care services at a Veterans Administration (VA) hospital, this study examined (a) the impact of attachment characteristics on several key mental health symptoms in this new generation of veterans, (b) the relative frequencies of prominent attachment styles in the sample, and (c) how these higher order orientations related to study outcomes. First, with demographic and military background factors in the model, attachment-related anxiety and avoidance were each uniquely associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), psychiatric distress, and alcohol misuse, βs = .25 to .60. Second, latent class analysis highlighted the underrepresentation of avoidant veterans of a dismissive type in the sample. Third, of the different possible types of attachment insecurities, veterans with a fearful disorganized orientation were also shown to be particularly vulnerable to PTSS and other problems, even when compared to preoccupied-dependent persons. These findings yield further support for the protective benefit of attachment security, while also suggesting the importance of both attachment anxiety and avoidance in the context of postdeployment adjustment. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Allen, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1284,Residential treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Identifying trajectories of change and predictors of treatment response,"Background: Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a difficult condition to treat and has been associated with serious medical and economic issues among U.S. military veterans. Distinguishing between treatment responders vs. non-responders in this population has become an important public health priority. This study was conducted to identify pre-treatment characteristics of U.S. veterans with combat-related PTSD that might contribute to favorable and unfavorable responses to high value treatments for this condition. Method: This study focused on 805 patients who completed a VHA PTSD residential program between 2000 and 2007. These patients completed the PTSD Clinical Checklist at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and a four-month follow-up assessment. Latent growth curve analysis (LCGA) was incorporated to determine trajectories of changes in PTSD across these assessments and whether several key clinical concerns for this population were associated with their treatment responses. Study Findings: LCGA indicated three distinct trajectories in PTSD outcomes and identified several clinical factors that were prospectively linked with changes in veterans' posttraumatic symptomatology. When compared to a group with high PTSD symptom severity that decreased over the program but relapsed at follow-up (41%), the near half (48.8%) of the sample with an improving trajectory had less combat exposure and superior physical/mental health. However, when compared to a minority (10.2%) with relatively low symptomatology that also remained somewhat stable, patients in the improving group were younger and also reported greater combat exposure, poorer physical/mental health status, and more problems with substance abuse before the start of treatment. Conclusions: Findings suggest that veterans are most likely to benefit from residential treatment in an intermediate range of symptoms and risk factors, including PTSD symptom severity, history of combat exposure, and comorbid issues with physical/mental health. Addressing these factors in an integrative manner could help to optimize the effectiveness of treatments of combat-related PTSD in many cases. © 2014 Currier et al.",,"Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Drescher, K. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1285,Therapist traumatization from exposure to clients with post-traumatic stress disorder,"This study was designed to explore the notion that psychotherapists who treat trauma survivors are themselves subject to traumatization through a vicarious or secondary process. ""Secondary Traumatization"" is a term used by Figley (1983) to describe a process by which those who are in close contact with trauma survivors may become indirectly traumatized by the trauma. While some authors conceptualize therapist traumatization with the larger context of burnout (Doyle & Bauer, 1989) or countertransference (Newbury, 1985; Kinzie & Boehnlein, 1993), others argue that it is a distinct process (McCann & Pearlman, 1990). This study relationship between therapists' exposure to six major diagnostic categories drawn from DSM-1V (Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Substance Abuse, Borderline Personality Disorder, Adjustment Disorders) and the therapists' own PTSD Symptomatology as measured by the Impact of Events Scale (Horowitz, Wilner & Alvarez, 1979) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis & Spencer, 1982). Sixty therapists in outpatient and inpatient urban mental health centers in the Northeastern United States completed self-report instruments. Therapists' level of PTSD symptomatology was found to be significantly related to their degree of exposure to schizophrenic clients. Other variables found to be related to therapists' symptoms were: (1) support from personal therapist, (2) perceived effectiveness with adjustment disorders, (3) years of experience as a therapist, (4) education level, and (5) field of study. PTSD symptomatology was not found to be related to exposure to other difficult client populations including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The results suggested that working with schizophrenic clients may result in PTSD symptomatology in therapists and that other factors such as years of experience, education level, and social support may be important. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Client Characteristics, *Countertransference, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapists","Curtis, Albert Bruce",1997.0,,,0,0,
1286,Neuroendocrine findings in anxiety disorders,"Overaching hypotheses are probably premature at this point. However, it is at least possible to propose one that would accommodate many of the accumulated observations. So far, there is little to suggest neuroendocrine features specific to any of the anxiety disorder syndromes as defined in the DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnostic systems. Most of the accumulated observations appear interpretable either as state anxiety with highly muted and variable neuroendocrine stress responses or as receptor and enzyme changes that might be secondary to chronic or repetitive stress and which might serve to mute or damp the hormonal aspects of the stress response. Perhaps the most striking overall impression from a review of the data is the paucity of the robust endocrine stress responses that one might intuitively expect where behavioral evidences of stress and distress are so marked. Not that endocrine manifestations of stress are missing entirely, but they are muted, variable, and often completely absent when they would seem most probable on the basis of behavioral evidence of intense distress. A frequent assumption, often unspoken, is that distress without the expected physiologic components is not 'real'. Although this idea arises in part from attitudinal sources, its intellectual component represents an uncritical overgeneralization from acute stress experiments in animals, ignoring the weight of much careful research with psychiatric patients and normal human subjects. Results of receptor studies and neuroendocrine challenge tests are as profuse and confusing as those of blood and urine hormone levels. However, most point in the general direction of downregulation of just those receptors, or of induction of just those enzymes, that one might expect to be downregulated or induced by increased drive of the adrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal systems from higher central nervous system centers. These include evidence of reduced alpha-2-adrenergic receptor number on blood platelets; reduced function of beta-adrenergic receptors in heart and lymphocytes; possible induction of monoamine oxidase, which is a major degradation pathway for catecholamines; reduced function of hypothalamic alpha-2-noradrenergic receptors; reduced function of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors, and increased responsiveness of the adrenal cortex to ACTH, perhaps due to hyperplasia. Upregulation and downregulation, sensitization and desensitization occur in central nervous circuits as well as in peripheral hormonal systems. The altered growth hormone and MHPG responses to clonidine suggest changes in noradrenergic receptor function within the central nervous system. Perhaps changes such as those throughout the neural and endocrine stress control systems, and which might be secondary or adaptive, can go some way toward explaining the weakness and variability of hormonal stress changes in the anxiety disorders. It is, of course, possible that any one of the apparent receptor and enzyme changes could instead be primary, but it is unlikely that they all are. Issues of specificity to particular psychiatric syndromes remain to be worked out. Broadly similar, although not necessarily identical, evidences of noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal overdrive with peripheral adaptation are also found in other psychiatric illnesses, most notably depression. Most depressed patients also have anxiety symptoms, and depressive episodes are common in patients with anxiety disorders, either concurrently or at separate times. It is thus difficult within this cluster to know which biologic findings to associte with which psychiatric symptom profile.",,"Curtis, G. C., Glitz, D. A.",1988.0,,,0,0,
1287,Geographies of health and climate change,"Climate change presents significant challenges for human health and well-being and geography is contributing a growing field of knowledge relating to these processes. We outline here key dimensions of the debate, pointing to areas where human geographers can make a particularly strong contribution. These include: issues of adaptation and resilience; sustainability; environmental justice and socially unequal impacts of climate change; and psychological as well as physical impacts of environment on health. Key themes in the emerging research agenda include the significance of affect and emotion for the perception and communication of hazard and risk associated with the health impacts of climate change. Also, understanding exposure to health risks of climate change requires knowledge of complex and individually variable daily action spaces and residential mobility over the lifecourse. We argue for research that considers complex processes operating at various geographical scales, linking arguments about 'global health' with the more local and individual processes that contribute to health determinants. Much of the literature on health impacts of climate change demonstrates socially and geographically unequal effects, which often exacerbate existing health disparities. This highlights the links between this field of health geography and other geographical research concerned with sustainability and environmental justice. © The Author(s) 2012.","climate change, environmental justice, geography, health and well-being, sustainability","Curtis, S. E., Oven, K. J.",2012.0,,10.1177/0309132511423350,0,0,
1288,Blood pressure among immigrants to Israel from areas affected by the Chernobyl disaster,"OBJECTIVES: To validate and analyze apparent association of hypertension with exposures to radiation at Chernobyl among immigrants to Israel from the contaminated areas. METHODS: Data were collected in 1991 and 1994 from two samples of persons who immigrated to Israel from the contaminated zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The first sample were self-referred for evaluation in a clinic by whole-body cesium measurement, physical examination, and questionnaire (N = 756, 328 from less exposed and 438 from more exposed areas). The second wave data were collected in 1994 during home interviews for evaluation of psychosocial factors associated with their experience (N = 708, 121 from more exposed and 253 from less exposed areas). In the second study a referent group was included (n = 334) who were matched by age, sex, and year of immigration who immigrated from other areas outside of the contaminated zone. Estimates of exposure were based on the IAEA map of ground-level cesium isotope (137Cs) contamination. RESULTS: In the 1991 sample, 21% from high exposure areas and 16% from less exposed areas had elevated systolic blood pressure (> 140 mmHg). Elevated diastolic blood pressure (> 90 mmHg) had a similar difference between more and less exposed groups (21% and 16%). Age- and sex-specific analyses showed that statistically different levels were found in the older age groups. In the 1994 sample, we confirmed a relationship between exposure and elevated blood pressure. 33% of those from the more exposed areas and 34% of those from less exposed areas had elevated systolic blood pressure, compared with 23% of the comparison group, with a similar trend found in diastolic blood pressure. The relationship between exposure and blood pressure was accentuated in the group of respondents who had high scores on PTSD symptoms. Of the psychological variables analyzed, systolic blood pressure was most strongly related to cancer-related anxiety and somatization. A discriminant function analysis showed that three variables: age, reporting a significant loss from the Chernobyl accident, and fear of cancer correctly differentiated 72% of those with normal and high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between exposure to Chernobyl and high blood pressure, partly due to the psychological reactions to the accident.","Adolescent, Adult, Body Burden, Case-Control Studies, Discriminant Analysis, *Emigration and Immigration, Female, Humans, Hypertension/*etiology/psychology, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires, *Radioactive Hazard Release, Ukraine/ethnology","Cwikel, J. G., Goldsmith, J. R., Kordysh, E., Quastel, M., Abdelgani, A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1289,Disaggregating the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and chronic orofacial pain: Implications for the prediction of health outcomes with PTSD symptom clusters,"Background: Research has established a significant relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain; however, very little research has examined the differential role of PTSD symptom clusters on pain outcomes. Purpose: (a) To confirm the most appropriate PTSD symptom factor structure for an orofacial pain population and (b) to test a model of prediction of pain outcomes with PTSD symptom clusters. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, retrospective case series of 411 female patients with orofacial pain (mean 41.0 years, SD 13.1). A series of structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to examine five competing models of PTSD symptom clusters. Results: Two four-factor models of PTSD symptom clusters fit the data reasonably well, and differing PTSD symptom clusters predicted different components of pain. Conclusions: To increase predictive utility for pain and for a wide range of health disorders, researchers should examine the unique predictive power of PTSD symptom clusters rather than examining a one-factor model of PTSD symptoms. © 2010 The Society of Behavioral Medicine.","Chronic pain, Factor analysis, Orofacial pain, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Structural equation modeling","Cyders, M. A., Burris, J. L., Carlson, C. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1290,Burnout in crisis line volunteers,,,"Cyr, C., Dowrick, P. W.",1991.0,1991,,0,0,
1291,Somatic symptoms and health-related quality of life among treatment-seeking Canadian Forces personnel with PTSD,"This study examined the association between somatic complaints and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in treatment-seeking Canadian military personnel with military-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Current and former Canadian Forces (CF) members attending the Parkwood Hospital Operational Stress Injury Clinic in London, Ontario (N=291) were administered self-report questionnaires assessing number and severity of somatic complaints, PTSD and depressive symptom severity, and mental and physical health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) prior to commencing treatment. Regression analyses were used to identify the role of somatic complaints on physical and mental HR-QoL, after controlling for PTSD symptom cluster and depressive symptom severity. Somatic symptom severity accounted for only a small amount of the variance in mental HR-QoL after accounting for PTSD symptom cluster and depressive symptom severity, but accounted for a larger proportion of the variance in physical HR-QoL after accounting for PTSD cluster and depressive symptom severity. Understanding the role of somatization in the symptom-presentation of military personnel with PTSD may provide additional avenues for treatment with this population. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Major depressive disorder, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Symptom severity","Cyr, K. S., McIntyre-Smith, A., Contractor, A. A., Elhai, J. D., Richardson, J. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1292,Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder,"OBJECTIVE: To thoroughly and critically review the pharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to review the symptomatology, diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and assessment of PTSD. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966-October 1999) in the English language specifying PTSD drug treatment as the search term was used to identify articles. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles identified were reviewed; emphasis was given to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: It appears that a five-week medication trial is necessary to assess clinical effects on PTSD symptoms. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors appear to be superior to the tricyclic antidepressants in improving reexperiencing and avoidance symptoms. Most studies used assessment tools that neglected hyperarousal symptoms; therefore, no conclusions regarding this symptom cluster can be drawn. Other pharmacotherapeutic interventions reported in open-label trials have yielded varying success. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature does not bear a sufficient number of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies using assessment tools that evaluate the three symptom clusters of PTSD to allow for a definite treatment modality to be formulated. Nonetheless, a treatment hierarchy appears to be in order based on the greatest number of double- blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluating antidepressants. Alternate modalities such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and adrenergic blockers should not be considered the mainstays of therapy.","alprazolam, amfebutamone, amitriptyline, brofaromine, buspirone, carbamazepine, desipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, lithium, mirtazapine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, paroxetine, phenelzine, sertraline, temazepam, tricyclic antidepressant agent, valproate semisodium, article, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug tolerability, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotherapy, risk benefit analysis, treatment outcome","Cyr, M., Farrar, M. K.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1293,(beta)2 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Availability of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing (beta)2 subunits ((beta)2-nAChRs) was studied in unmedicated, symptomatic patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy control subjects, all current non-smokers. A subgroup of participants had a history of smoking. Availability of (beta)2-nAChRs in the mesiotemporal cortex, prefrontal cortex, thalamus and striatum was determined using the radiotracer [123I]5-IA-85380 ([123I]5-IA) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Never-smoking PTSD patients compared to never-smoking healthy controls showed significantly higher [ 123I]5-IA binding in the mesiotemporal cortex (ANOVA: F=6.21, d.f.=1, 11, p=0.030). Among all PTSD patients, there was a significant correlation between the re-experiencing symptom cluster and thalamic [123I]5-IA binding (R2=0.66, p=0.019, Bonferroni corrected). These findings not only suggest an involvement of (beta)2-nAChRs in the pathophysiology of PTSD but also raise the possibility that this receptor may be a novel molecular target for drug development. (copyright) 2008 Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum.","beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, iodine 123, nicotinic receptor, tracer, unclassified drug, adult, article, beta chain, clinical article, cluster analysis, control group, controlled study, corpus striatum, correlation analysis, female, gene targeting, history, human, male, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, rating scale, single photon emission computer tomography, smoking, statistical significance, temporal cortex, thalamus","Czermak, C., Staley, J. K., Kasserman, S., Bois, F., Young, T., Henry, S., Tamagnan, G. D., Seibyl, J. P., Krystal, J. H., Neumeister, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1294,β2 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Availability of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing β2 subunits (β2-nAChRs) was studied in unmedicated, symptomatic patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy control subjects, all current non-smokers. A subgroup of participants had a history of smoking. Availability of β2-nAChRs in the mesiotemporal cortex, prefrontal cortex, thalamus and striatum was determined using the radiotracer [123I]5-IA-85380 ([123I]5-IA) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Never-smoking PTSD patients compared to never-smoking healthy controls showed significantly higher [ 123I]5-IA binding in the mesiotemporal cortex (ANOVA: F=6.21, d.f.=1, 11, p=0.030). Among all PTSD patients, there was a significant correlation between the re-experiencing symptom cluster and thalamic [123I]5-IA binding (R2=0.66, p=0.019, Bonferroni corrected). These findings not only suggest an involvement of β2-nAChRs in the pathophysiology of PTSD but also raise the possibility that this receptor may be a novel molecular target for drug development. © 2008 Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum.","Brain imaging, Nicotinic receptors, PTSD, SPECT","Czermak, C., Staley, J. K., Kasserman, S., Bois, F., Young, T., Henry, S., Tamagnan, G. D., Seibyl, J. P., Krystal, J. H., Neumeister, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1295,2 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Availability of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing 2 subunits (2-nAChRs) was studied in unmedicated, symptomatic patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy control subjects, all current non-smokers. A subgroup of participants had a history of smoking. Availability of 2-nAChRs in the mesiotemporal cortex, prefrontal cortex, thalamus and striatum was determined using the radiotracer [2I]5-IA-85380 ([2I]5-IA) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Never-smoking PTSD patients compared to never-smoking healthy controls showed significantly higher [2I]5-IA binding in the mesiotemporal cortex (ANOVA: F = 6.21, d.f. = 1, 11, p = 0.030). Among all PTSD patients, there was a significant correlation between the re-experiencing symptom cluster and thalamic [2I]5-IA binding (R2 = 0.66, p = 0.019, Bonferroni corrected). These findings not only suggest an involvement of 2-nAChRs in the pathophysiology of PTSD but also raise the possibility that this receptor may be a novel molecular target for drug development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acetylcholine, *Brain, *Cholinergic Receptors, *Nicotine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Tobacco Smoking","Czermak, Christoph, Staley, Julie K., Kasserman, Sue, Bois, Frederic, Young, Theresa, Henry, Shannan, Tamagnan, Gilles D., Seibyl, John P., Krystal, John H., Neumeister, Alexander",2008.0,,,0,0,1294
1296,"Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, with and without comorbid epilepsy","Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe similarities and differences in epidemiological, psychiatric and semiologic variables between patients with psychogenic none epileptic seizures (PNES) and comorbid epilepsy (mixed PNES), and patients with PNES without comorbid epilepsy (pure PNES). Results: Forty-three patients with PNES diagnosed by Video-EEG were included. Twenty-four had pure PNES, and ninteen mixed PNES. Female population, age, duration of PNES, psychiatric institutionalization, psychopharmacotherapy, dissociative disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were significantly higher in the pure PNES patients. Suicide attempts, antiepileptic therapy, conversive, affective and personality disorders were frequent in both groups. In the analysis of seizure semiology, the total lack of responsiveness was significantly higher in the mixed PNES group. Conclusions: Pure PNES patients showed similarities and differences in the psychiatric profile, with a greater prevalence of dissociative disorders and PTSD, factors related to psychiatric severity. © 2006 British Epilepsy Association.","Conversion, Dissociation, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychiatric institutionalization, Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, Psychopharmacotherapy","""DAlessio, L."", Giagante, B., Oddo, S., Silva W, W., Solís, P., Consalvo, D., Kochen, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1297,"Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, with and without comorbid epilepsy","Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe similarities and differences in epidemiological, psychiatric and semiologic variables between patients with psychogenic none epileptic seizures (PNES) and comorbid epilepsy (mixed PNES), and patients with PNES without comorbid epilepsy (pure PNES). Results: Forty-three patients with PNES diagnosed by Video-EEG were included. Twenty-four had pure PNES, and ninteen mixed PNES. Female population, age, duration of PNES, psychiatric institutionalization, psychopharmacotherapy, dissociative disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were significantly higher in the pure PNES patients. Suicide attempts, antiepileptic therapy, conversive, affective and personality disorders were frequent in both groups. In the analysis of seizure semiology, the total lack of responsiveness was significantly higher in the mixed PNES group. Conclusions: Pure PNES patients showed similarities and differences in the psychiatric profile, with a greater prevalence of dissociative disorders and PTSD, factors related to psychiatric severity. (copyright) 2006 British Epilepsy Association.","age distribution, anticonvulsant therapy, article, clinical article, comorbidity, controlled study, conversion disorder, disease duration, disease severity, dissociative disorder, electroencephalogram, epidemiological data, epilepsy, female, human, institutionalization, male, mental disease, mood disorder, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, seizure, sex difference, symptomatology, treatment response, videorecording","""DAlessio, L."", Giagante, B., Oddo, S., Silva, W. W., Solis, P., Consalvo, D., Kochen, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,1296
1298,"Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, with and without comorbid epilepsy","Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe similarities and differences in epidemiological, psychiatric and semiologic variables between patients with psychogenic none epileptic seizures (PNES) and comorbid epilepsy (mixed PNES), and patients with PNES without comorbid epilepsy (pure PNES). Results: Forty-three patients with PNES diagnosed by Video-EEG were included. Twenty-four had pure PNES, and ninteen mixed PNES. Female population, age, duration of PNES, psychiatric institutionalization, psychopharmacotherapy, dissociative disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were significantly higher in the pure PNES patients. Suicide attempts, antiepileptic therapy, conversive, affective and personality disorders were frequent in both groups. In the analysis of seizure semiology, the total lack of responsiveness was significantly higher in the mixed PNES group. Conclusions: Pure PNES patients showed similarities and differences in the psychiatric profile, with a greater prevalence of dissociative disorders and PTSD, factors related to psychiatric severity. © 2006 British Epilepsy Association.","age distribution, anticonvulsant therapy, article, clinical article, comorbidity, controlled study, conversion disorder, disease duration, disease severity, dissociative disorder, electroencephalogram, epidemiological data, epilepsy, female, human, institutionalization, male, mental disease, mood disorder, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychiatry, psychopharmacology, seizure, sex difference, symptomatology, treatment response, videorecording","""DAlessio, L."", Giagante, B., Oddo, S., Silva, W. W., Solís, P., Consalvo, D., Kochen, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,1296
1299,Linguistic predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following 11 September 2001,"Prior research has linked content analysis drawn from text narratives to psychopathology in trauma survivors. This study used a longitudinal design to determine whether linguistic elements of narrative memories of first hearing about the events of 11 September 2001 predict later post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Narratives and self-report PTSD symptoms were collected within 1 week and again 5 months after 9/11 in 40 undergraduates. People who used more ""we"" words at Time 1 had fewer acute PTSD symptoms. Use of more cognitive mechanism words, more religion words, more first-person singular pronouns, and fewer anxiety words at Time 1 were related to more chronic PTSD symptoms. Linguistic characteristics accounted for variance in chronic PTSD symptoms above and beyond acute PTSD symptoms. This study provides evidence that lasting PTSD symptoms can be predicted through language in the immediate aftermath of the trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Linguistics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, Symptoms","""DAndrea, Wendy"", Chiu, Pearl H., Casas, Brooks R., Deldin, Patricia",2012.0,,,0,0,
1300,"How many latent classes of deliquent/criminal careers? Results from mixed Poisson regression analyses of the London, Philadelphia, and Racine cohorts studies",,,"D’Unger, A., Land, K., McCall, P., Nagin, D.",1998.0,1998,,0,0,
1301,The severity of childhood abuse and neglect in relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder among female sex workers in the Netherlands,"In this article, the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood is examined in a sample of 123 female indoor sex workers in the Netherlands. It was hypothesized that the severity of childhood abuse and neglect is associated with the severity of PTSD. In this study, a substantial number of sex workers had experienced abuse, neglect, or both during childhood. Furthermore, a substantial number suffered from PTSD. Results show significant differences between sex workers suffering from PTSD and sex workers not suffering from PTSD, in the extent to which they have experienced abuse or neglect. Logistic regression analysis shows emotional abuse contributes significantly to the prediction of PTSD. Our findings suggest that the high rate of PTSD among sex workers might be partially related to childhood experiences, indicating that a number of sex workers might be traumatized before entering sex work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prostitution, Child Neglect, Human Females, Severity (Disorders)","Daalder, Annelies L., Bogaerts, Stefan, Bijleveld, Catrien C. J. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1302,Comprehensive care of the child with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The essential feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to a traumatic event that arouses - intense fear, helplessness, or horror, or in children - disorganized or agitated behaviour. Symptoms are categorized into three clusters: persistent re-experiencing of the stressor, persistent avoidance of reminders and emotional numbing, and persistent symptoms of increased arousal. Childhood PTSD confers increased risk for a number of problems in later childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Among psychotherapies there is convincing evidence that trauma-focused therapies, that is that specifically address the child's traumatic experiences, are superior to nonspecific or nondirective therapies in resolving PTSD symptoms. Among the trauma-focused psychotherapies, TF-CBT has received the most empirical support for the treatment of childhood PTSD. The first step in the psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in children is helping the child gain a sense of mastery over the trauma and helping the child to feel safe again. In older children, gaining a sense of mastery includes the ability to recall, relate, narrate, and reconsider the trauma without feeling overwhelmed and without dissociating. Relaxation training and medication may be helpful in enabling the child to do this. In younger children, play provides an opportunity to work through the trauma. The victims of domestic violence especially required long-term psychological and psychiatric treatment. © PSYCHIATR. PSYCHOL.","Children, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychotherapy, Trauma, Treatment","Dąbkowska, M.",2014.0,,10.15557/PiPK.2014.0019,0,0,
1303,Personality profile of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,"Objectives. The present study was carried out aiming to identify the personality profile of parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods. This study is of a descriptive, analytic, cross-sectional type in which parents of 6-12-year-old children with ADHD who were referred to the Bozorgmehr Psychiatric Clinic, affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, were enrolled. ADHD was diagnosed according to the criteria of DSM-IV-TR and a quasi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS-PL). The personality profile of the parents was assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Results. According to the findings of this study, the most common personality problems based on the assessment scales in the MCMI-III belonged to the clinical patterns of depressive personality in 43 persons (25.3%), histrionic personality in 34 persons (20%), and compulsive personality in 29 persons (17.1%). According to discriminant analysis, four scales of somatoform, sadistic, dependence, and though disorder were direct and antisocial scale was reverse significant predictors of membership in the women group. Conclusion. According to the findings of this pilot study, personality disorders are prevalent in parents of ADHD children and mothers suffer from personality disorders more than fathers.",,"Dadashzadeh, H., Amiri, S., Atapour, A., Abdi, S., Asadian, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1304,A review of health-related quality of life in adult traumatic brain injury survivors in the context of combat veterans,"Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) research in traumatic brain injury (TBI) populations is beginning to emerge in the literature. Because rehabilitation and reintegration issues are complex with TBI, especially with new combat veterans, it is critical that future HRQOL research be designed to consider these issues. Utilizing explicit definitions and a conceptual model of HRQOL can provide researchers with a holistic base on which to build interventions for successful patient outcomes. The conceptual model of HRQOL of C.E. Ferrans, J.J. Zerwic, J.E. Wilbur, and J.L. Larson (2005) is an exemplar model that presents clear definitions and encompasses domains of HRQOL relevant to TBI survivors and their families. This review was organized utilizing the model of HRQOL of Ferrans et al. The objective of this review was to identify gaps in current knowledge of HRQOL and TBI. These findings were then used to develop recommendations for future research with combat veterans who have sustained a TBI.","adult, attitude to health, brain injury, convalescence, cost of illness, daily life activity, family, health status, hospitalization, human, methodology, nursing assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological model, quality of life, questionnaire, review, satisfaction, Sickness Impact Profile, social support, survivor, veteran","Daggett, V., Bakas, T., Habermann, B.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1305,Link between personality and cancer,"Personality refers to an individuals enduring and pervasive personal motivation, emotion, interpersonal style, attitudes and behavior that are stable over a long time after young adulthood. In relation to the cancer trajectory, three basic and one other personality traits have been studied with some frequency, namely neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness and optimism. The considerable stability of personality over time makes it a potential long-acting etiological factor for the development of cancer. However, the studies performed so far do not give much support to personality as a causative factor for cancer. Some studies of cancer survival have found significant associations between lower optimism and higher neuroticism with shorter survival. More mental distress and fatigue and poorer quality of life is significantly associated with higher neuroticism and lower optimism at cancer screening, diagnosis and primary treatment, short- and long-term follow-up and towards the end of life. Neuroticism is a strong predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder triggered by cancer as a life-threatening experience eventually leading to negative personality changes. To what extent cancer leads to positive personality changes (post-traumatic growth) is currently unsettled. Basic personality traits are strongly associated with lifestyle, which is considered an important etiological factor for the development of cancer. The methodological problems in the study of personality and cancer are considerable, and many research designs used so far may have been too simplistic. Studies of potential biomarkers for personality traits combined with inflammation markers of cellular carcinogenesis in longitudinal designs could be promising for the future. High neuroticism is important for the clinical management of cancer patients and should gain more attention from oncologists in the future. © 2010 Future Medicine Ltd.","Cancer, Carcinogenesis, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Lifestyle, Mental distress, Neuroticism, Optimism, Personality","Dahl, A. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1306,Comparison of long-term outcomes following traumatic injury: What is the unique experience for those with brain injury compared with orthopaedic injury?,"Objective Whilst it has been well-demonstrated that traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in long-term cognitive, behavioural and emotional difficulties, less is understood about how these outcomes differ from those following traumatic orthopaedic injury (TOI). The aim of this study was to compare self-reported outcomes at 5-10 years post-injury for those with TBI, TOI, and uninjured controls. It was hypothesised that participants with TBI would have greater cognitive difficulties; participants with TOI and TBI would have similar functional and physical outcomes, both being poorer than controls; and participants with TBI would have poorer psychosocial outcomes than those with TOI. Participants and methods Eighty-eight individuals with complicated mild to severe TBI and 96 with TOI recruited during inpatient rehabilitation were followed up 5-10 years post-injury, together with 48 controls followed over a similar period. Self-report measures of global functioning (GOS-E), quality of life (SF-36), psychological wellbeing (SCL-90-R, HADS, PCL-S), psychosocial difficulties (SIP), cognitive difficulties (SF-36 COG), pain (BPI), and fatigue (FSS) were administered. Results Outcomes for individuals with TBI and TOI differed significantly from controls, with poorer global functioning, and greater psychological distress and interference from pain. Only participants with TBI reported greater cognitive difficulties and anxiety than controls, and were less likely to be employed or in a relationship. Participants with TBI reported greater anxiety, PTSD, psychological distress and psychosocial difficulties than those with TOI. Conclusions Both TOI and TBI cause long-term disability, interference from pain, and psychological distress. However, cognitive impairments, unemployment, lack of long-term relationships, anxiety and PTSD are more substantial long-term problems following TBI. Findings from this study have implications for managing risks associated with these injury groups and tailoring rehabilitation to improve long-term outcomes.","Comparative study, Orthopaedic trauma, Outcomes, Traumatic brain injury","Dahm, J., Ponsford, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1307,A profile of long term psychological effects of sexual abuse in women,"Psychopathological changes in sexually abused girls are analysed through clinical history of four cases and their Rorschach protocols, at a distance from one to forty years from the traumatic situation. The impact of trauma is traceable in structural elements of personality, and in altered development or refuse of gender identity, aside of different degrees of involvement in psychiatric symptomatology. Rorschach test shows emotional closure of dyscontrol, and the tendency toward individual mode of thought, as failure of rationalisation mechanisms.","article, clinical feature, defense mechanism, depression, emotion, female, gender identity, human, mental disease, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, sexual abuse, somatoform disorder","Daini, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1308,"""Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder part II: How theoretical models fit the empirical evidence and recommendations for modifying the diagnostic criteria for PTSD"": Correction to Dalenberg and Carlson (2012)","Reports an error in ""Dissociation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Part II: How Theoretical Models Fit the Empirical Evidence and Recommendations for Modifying the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD"" by Constance Dalenberg and Eve B. Carlson (Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, Advanced Online Publication, May 14, 2012, np). There was an error in the section, ""Models 5 and 5a: The Component and Subtype Models."" The paragraph that began, ""Taxometric studies of dissociation in PTSD are also relevant to the Subtype model . . ."" has been replaced with a paragraph that begins, ""One taxometric study of dissociation in PTSD is also relevant to the Subtype model . . ."" (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-12663-001.) The purpose of this article is to examine how closely six theoretical models fit the empirical evidence reviewed in Part 1 on the relationship between trauma and dissociation and to apply the resulting conclusions to make recommendations about diagnostic criteria for PTSD. We describe six models for the relationships among traumatic stress, dissociation, and PTSD, including models for fantasy-proneness, mediation, comorbidity, interactional comorbidity, component, and subtype. The research reviewed strongly supports component and subtype models of the relationship between dissociation and PTSD, and recommendations are made for including dissociative symptoms in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD in ICD-11 and DSM-5 and adding either a dissociative subtype or a complex PTSD diagnosis in both diagnostic systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Dissociation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Clinical Models, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, International Classification of Diseases, Trauma","Dalenberg, Constance, Carlson, Eve B.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1309,Statistical support for subtypes in posttraumatic stress disorder: The how and why of subtype analysis,"A number of researchers have argued for the existence of different subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the current paper we present criteria by which to assess these putative subtypes, clarify potential pitfalls of the statistical methods employed to determine them, and propose alternative methods for such determinations. Specifically, three PTSD subtypes are examined: (1) complex PTSD, (2) externalizing/internalizing PTSD, and (3) dissociative/nondissociative PTSD. In addition, three criteria are proposed for subtype evaluation, these are the need for (1) reliability and clarity of definition, (2) distinctions between subtypes either structurally or by mechanism, and (3) clinical meaningfulness. Common statistical evidence for subtyping, such as statistical mean difference and cluster analysis, are presented and evaluated. Finally, more robust statistical methods are suggested for future research on PTSD subtyping. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","diagnostic classification, Dissociation, latent class analysis, subtyping, taxometrics","Dalenberg, C. J., Glaser, D., Alhassoon, O. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1310,Cognitive Approaches to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Evolution of Multirepresentational Theorizing,"The evolution of multirepresentational cognitive theorizing in psychopathology is illustrated by detailed discussion and analysis of a number of prototypical models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Network and schema theories, which focus on a single, explicit aspect/format of mental representation, are compared with theories that focus on 2 or more explicit representational elements. The author argues that the latter theories provide a more complete account of PTSD data, though are not without their problems. Specifically, it is proposed that at least 3 separate representational elements-associative networks, verbal/propositional representations, and schemas-are required to generate a comprehensive cognitive theory of PTSD. The argument that the development of multirepresentational cognitive theory in PTSD is a paradigm case for the development of similar theories in other forms of psychopathology is elaborated, and a brief agenda is proposed promoting 2 levels of theorizing-deep, formal theory alongside more localized, applied theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Processes, *Mental Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Theories, Models, Schema","Dalgleish, Tim",2004.0,,,0,0,
1311,Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: the evolution of multirepresentational the- orizing,,,"Dalgleish, T.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,1310
1312,Emotion-specific and emotion-non-specific components of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Implications for a taxonomy of related psychopathology,"Many cognitive theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including our own SPAARS model, propose that one basis of the disorder is the cognitive system's persistent failure to resolve discrepancies between trauma-related information and the content of pre-existing mental representations, such as schemas. This leads to the characteristic PTSD symptom pattern of re-experiencing and avoidance of trauma-related material. Furthermore, the nature of this unresolved discrepancy revolves around appraisals of threat and the corresponding emotion profile in PTSD is therefore predominantly intense fear and anxiety. This paper argues that this general framework can be extended to discrepancies around other appraisal dimensions such as loss, and consequently to other emotions such as sadness. A localized taxonomy is therefore proposed comprising emotional disorders that resemble PTSD in their basic patterns of re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms - what we call their 'emotion-non-specific component' - but that differ from PTSD in terms of the core emotions involved - what we call their 'emotion-specific component'. The clinical and nosological implications of this argument are discussed. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","anger, clinical feature, disease classification, emotion, emotional disorder, fear, human, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, theory","Dalgleish, T., Power, M. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1313,The role of environmental hazard in mothers' beliefs about appropriate supervision,"Understanding factors that influence mothers' beliefs about appropriate levels of supervision for their children may assist in efforts to reduce child injury rates. This study examined the interaction of child (i.e. age, gender, and injury risk behavior) and maternal perception of environmental hazard (i.e. hazard level, injury likelihood, and potential injury severity) variables in predicting mothers' beliefs about appropriate levels of supervision for their children. Participants were 58 mothers of 2- to 8-year-old community children who were interviewed about their beliefs regarding child injury risk and appropriate supervision. Results indicated that perceived environmental hazard level interacted with child age, gender, and injury risk behavior to predict mothers' beliefs about supervision. Perceived injury likelihood also interacted with child injury risk behavior to predict beliefs about supervision. Findings underscore the complexity of factors influencing mothers' beliefs about appropriate supervision and indicate the importance of environmental hazard level in such beliefs. © The Author(s) 2013.","child injury prevention, maternal supervision","Damashek, A., Borduin, C., Ronis, S.",2014.0,,10.1177/1476718X13498336,0,0,
1314,Risk and protective factors for suicide among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The current study examined suicide risk and protective factors among combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a population that is at an increased risk for suicide. The study utilized archival data from a sample of 438 male combat veterans with PTSD who were patients in the residential treatment program at the National Center for PTSD, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 1996 and 2004. Results of logistic regression analyses suggest that depressive symptomatology and a family history of suicide attempts predict suicide thoughts and attempts in this population. In addition, an inverse relationship between suicidal ideation and extrinsic-social religious orientation was identified in the correlational analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Protective Factors, *Risk Factors, *Suicide","Damm, Nadia",2007.0,,,0,0,
1315,Secondary traumatization in the adolescent offspring of Vietnam veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"This study investigated the effects of a father's combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on his offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that intrafamiliar transmission of war-related trauma from the father to the child occurs. This study examined 70 sons and daughters of Vietnam veterans between 12-18 years of age diagnosed with PTSD for the presence of PTSD symptoms using the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index-Revised (CPTSD-RI-Rev.), depression using the Children's Depression Index (CDI), anxiety using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), behavior problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR). The target group (Group One) was compared to a control group of 20 sons and daughters between 12-18 years whose veteran fathers had a diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence but did not have PTSD (Group Two). Both groups were compared to published norms. The CPTSD-RI-Rev. was designed to ascertain a PTSDWAR score, symptoms of PTSD referable to father's war experience, and a PTSDDAD score, PTSD referable to father's behavior at home. Both groups had scores that were significantly higher than published norms for PTSDWAR and PTSDDAD (p <); neither group PTSD means correlated with clinical PTSD. Principal components analysis distinguished Group One from Group Two on two factors of the PTSDWAR subscale: intrusive thoughts and acknowledges stressor/inattention/avoidance. The results provide strong evidence for differences on most dimensions of the CBCL that distinguish the children of veterans with PTSD from those with veteran fathers without PTSD, (p <). There was no significant differences between the two group and norms on measures of anxiety and depression. According to the CBCL, Group One had significantly more somatic complaints, social problems, attention problems, and more aggression than Group Two. Group One are not distinguished from Group Two on measures of anxiety o (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Emotional Trauma, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Father Child Relations","Dan, Elisheva",1996.0,,,0,0,
1316,Role of Zolpidem in the Management of Insomnia,"Insomnia is a common condition that affects one's ability to sleep comfortably and consequently to work effectively. Its etiology is multifactorial and involves plethora of risk factors. Consequences can vary from mild sleepiness to more sever psychiatric disturbances and ischemic stroke. Despite several diagnostic criteria it is poorly diagnosed and less often treated. Benzodiazepines formed the mainline therapy for many years till the advent of newer nonbenzodiazepine group of drugs including zolpidem. Zolpidem is an imidazo-pyridine compound that enhances the GABA A receptor function by interaction with Omega-1 receptor subtype. Its pharmacokinetic profile allows the patients to use it later in the night when having trouble falling asleep without any residual cognitive impairment the next morning. It has rapid onset of action, improves total sleep duration, and reduces night-time awakenings. Its adverse effect profile is satisfactory as it appears to have low addiction potential. This review will focus on the current role of zolpidem in the management of insomnia. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Insomnia, Management, Zolpidem","Dang, A., Garg, A., Rataboli, P. V.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1317,Impact of short-term heat stress on physiological responses and expression profile of HSPs in Barbari goats,"Six, nonpregnant, Barbari goats aged 4–5 years were selected for the study. For the first 6 days, the animals were kept in psychrometric chamber at thermoneutral temperature for 6 h each day to make them acclimated to climatic chamber. On the 7th day, the animals were exposed to 41 °C temperature for 3 h and then to 45 °C for the next 3 h. Cardinal physiological responses were measured, and blood samples (3 ml) were collected at 1-h interval during the heat exposure period and then once after 6 h of the heat exposure. The rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) increased significantly (P < 0.05) during the heat exposure compared to pre- and postexposure. The relative messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of heat shock protein (HSP)60, HSP70, and HSP90 increased significantly (P < 0.05) within 1 h after exposure to heat stress at 41 and 45 °C and decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in next 2 h but remain significantly (P < 0.05) elevated from preexposure. HSP105/110 relative mRNA expression level remained unchanged during the first 4 h, and thereafter, it increased significantly (P < 0.05) and reached the peak at 6 h. Relative protein expression pattern of HSPs during exposure to heat stress showed similar trend as observed for the relative mRNA expression. Given the response sensitivity and intensity of HSP genes to environmental stresses, HSP70 was found to be the most sensitive to temperature fluctuation, and it could be used as an important molecular biomarker to heat stress in animals. © 2014, ISB.","Goat, Heat stress, HSP, Physiological response, THI","Dangi, S. S., Gupta, M., Nagar, V., Yadav, V. P., Dangi, S. K., Shankar, O., Chouhan, V. S., Kumar, P., Singh, G., Sarkar, M.",2014.0,,10.1007/s00484-014-0809-5,0,0,
1318,White matter integrity and its relationship to PTSD and childhood trauma - A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Recent reviews and meta-analyses reported structural gray matter changes in patients suffering from adult-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in subjects with and without PTSD who experienced childhood trauma. However, it remains unclear if such structural changes are also affecting the white matter. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive overview of all empirical investigations measuring white matter integrity in populations affected by PTSD and/or childhood trauma. To this end, results from different methodological approaches were included. Twenty-five articles are reviewed of which 10 pertained to pediatric PTSD and the effects of childhood trauma measured during childhood, seven to the effects of childhood trauma measured during adulthood, and eight to adult-onset PTSD. Overall, reductions in white matter volume were reported more often than increases in these populations. However, the heterogeneity of the exact locations indicates only a weak overlap across published studies. In addition, a meta-analysis was carried out on seven whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in adults. Significant clusters of both increases and decreases were identified in various structures, most notably the cingulum and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Future research directions are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","childhood maltreatment, diffusion tensor imaging, fractional anisotropy, posttraumatic stress disorder, white matter","Daniels, J. K., Lamke, J. P., Gaebler, M., Walter, H., Scheel, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1319,Assessment of social support among veterans with military-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A study of the social support questionnaire,"Numerous studies in the past 20 years have found an inverse correlation between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the social support literature is encumbered by a wide-spread inconsistency of social support measurement, with many studies not using existing validated measures. Identifying a valid social support measure with clinical utility among veterans diagnosed with war-related (PTSD) would be a helpful resource for clinicians. Using data from 689 veterans seeking treatment from a VA PTSD program, the reliability, factor structure, and construct validity of the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ; Sarason, Levine, Basham, & Sarason, 1983) were evaluated. The hypothesis of this study was based on the theoretical assumption that social support (as measured by the SSQ), would be inversely correlated with severity of PTSD symptoms (as measured by the Mississippi Scale for War-related PTSD; Keane, Caddell & Taylor, 1988) and depression (as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory; Beck, 1961). In this study, the SSQ scores were found to inversely correlate at a low, but statistically significant level, with both PTSD and depression scores. Principal axes factor analysis found that the two subscales of the SSQ were each measuring one factor. The correlation between the SSQ ""N"" scores and ""S"" scores suggest that these subscales are measuring different components of social support. Numerous implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. This study is the first to psychometrically evaluate a measure of current social support for use among war veterans diagnosed with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, Depression (Emotion), Stress","Daniels, Lori Rae",2003.0,,,0,0,
1320,Youth offspring of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder have altered stress reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor,"Parental Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), particularly maternal PTSD, confers risk for stress-related psychopathology among offspring. Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning is one mechanism proposed to explain transmission of this intergenerational risk. Investigation of this mechanism has been largely limited to general stress response (e.g., diurnal cortisol), rather than reactivity in response to an acute stressor. We examined cortisol reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor among offspring of mothers with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD (n=36) and age- and gender- matched control offspring of mothers without PTSD (n=36). Youth (67% girls; mean age=11.4, SD=2.6) participated in a developmentally sensitive laboratory stressor and had salivary cortisol assessed five times (one pre-stress, one immediate post-stress, and three recovery measures, spaced 15min apart). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that offspring of mothers with PTSD would exhibit a dysregulated, blunted cortisol reactivity profile, and control offspring would display the expected adaptive peak in cortisol response to challenge profile. Findings were maintained after controlling for youth traumatic event history, physical anxiety symptoms, and depression, as well as maternal depression. This finding contributes to the existing literature indicating that attenuated HPA axis functioning, inclusive of hyposecretion of cortisol in response to acute stress, is robust among youth of mothers with PTSD. Future research is warranted in elucidating cortisol reactivity as a link between maternal PTSD and stress-related psychopathology vulnerability among offspring.","Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child of Impaired Parents/*psychology, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone/*metabolism, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism/physiopathology, Male, Middle Aged, Mother-Child Relations, *Mothers, Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism/physiopathology, Saliva/*chemistry, *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Physiological/*physiology, Stress, Psychological/*metabolism/physiopathology/psychology, Intergenerational transmission, Psychopathology, Salivary cortisol, Traumatic stress","Danielson, C. K., Hankin, B. L., Badanes, L. S.",2015.0,Mar,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.001,0,0,
1321,The Challenges of Reintegration for Service Members and Their Families,"The ongoing wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have posed a number of reintegration challenges to service members. Much of the research focuses on those service members experiencing psychological problems and being treated at the VA. In this article, we contend that much of the distress service members experience occurs following deployment and is a consequence of the difficulties encountered during their efforts to successfully reintegrate into their families and communities. We propose a new conceptual framework for intervening in this reintegration distress that is psycho-educational in nature as well as a new delivery model for providing such services. An example of this new intervention framework is presented. © 2013 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Combat stress, Combat veterans, Deployment, Military culture, Military families, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Reintegration, Veterans Administration, Wounded U.S. service members","Danish, S. J., Antonides, B. J.",2013.0,,10.1111/ajop.12054,0,0,
1322,Protective factors and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with spinal cord injury,"This study examined the effects of putative protective factors, including current family structure (marital status and children), level of education, and perceived social support, upon posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI). Participants were 124 male veterans (mean age 48.78 yrs) with traumatic spinal cord injuries, recruited from SCI services at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the Bronx, NY, Castle Point, NY, and East Orange, NJ. The study found that the most consistent predictor of PTSD symptomatology was perceived social support from friends. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, it predicted current level of PTSD symptoms. Level of education was also a significant predictor of current PTSD symptoms in multivariate analyses. In contrast to the significant findings, perceived social support from family, marital status, and having children did not significantly correlate with the PTSD variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Severity (Disorders), *Spinal Cord Injuries, Educational Background, Family Structure, Protective Factors, Social Support, Symptoms","Danner, Gina, Radnitz, Cynthia L.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1323,"The comorbidity of self-reported chronic fatigue syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and traumatic symptoms","Background: Data from primary care and community samples suggest higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Objective: This study investigated the co-occurrence of CFS, PTSD, and trauma symptoms and assessed the contribution of familial factors to the association of CFS with lifetime PTSD and current traumatic symptoms. Method: Data on lifetime CFS and PTSD, as measured by self-report of a doctor's diagnosis of the disorder, and standardized questionnaire data on traumatic symptoms, using the Impact of Events Scale (IES), were obtained from 8544 female and male twins from the community-based University of Washington Twin Registry. Results: Lifetime prevalence of CFS was 2% and lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4%. Participants who reported a history of PTSD were over eight times more likely to report a history of CFS. Participants with scores > 26 on the IES were over four times more likely to report CFS than those who had scores < 25. These associations were attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for familial factors through within-twin pair analyses. Conclusion: These results support similar findings that a lifetime diagnosis of CFS is strongly associated with both lifetime PTSD and current traumatic symptoms, although familial factors, such as shared genetic and environmental contributions, played a limited role in the relationship between CFS, PTSD, and traumatic symptoms. These findings suggest that future research should investigate both the familial and the unique environmental factors that may give rise to both CFS and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, *Comorbidity, *Diagnosis, *Fatigue, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Dansie, Elizabeth J., Heppner, Pia, Furberg, Helena, Goldberg, Jack, Buchwald, Dedra, Afari, Niloofar",2012.0,,,0,0,
1324,Use of self-report measures of crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder with substance use disordered patients,"Researchers have documented that approximately three-quarters of all patients in treatment for a substance use disorder (SUD) report a history of sexual or physical assault and that at least 25% of treatment-seeking SUD patients suffer from crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD). To address the pressing need to accurately evaluate symptoms associated with victimization, a battery of self-report instruments and a semi-structured interview were administered to 114 SUD patients. More than 90% of the SUD patients reported some type of victimization and approximately 38% met criteria for current CR-PTSD. The self-report battery correctly classified CR-PTSD status in 79% of the respondents with a sensitivity rate of 82% and a specificity rate of 74%. The results indicate that: (a) there is a high prevalence of CR-PTSD in SUD patients, (b) CR-PTSD should be evaluated in every SUD patient, and (c) the self-report battery utilized in the present study may serve as a valid tool for an initial CR-PTSD screening or to supplement a clinical interview.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Comorbidity, *Crime, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory/*statistics & numerical data, Predictive Value of Tests, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology, Substance-Related Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology","Dansky, B. S., Saladin, M. E., Coffey, S. F., Brady, K. T.",1997.0,Sep-Oct,,0,0,
1325,"Ecosystem services and urban heat riskscape moderation: Water, green spaces, and social inequality in Phoenix, USA","Urban ecosystems are subjected to high temperatures-extreme heat events, chronically hot weather, or both-through interactions between local and global climate processes. Urban vegetation may provide a cooling ecosystem service, although many knowledge gaps exist in the biophysical and social dynamics of using this service to reduce climate extremes. To better understand patterns of urban vegetated cooling, the potential water requirements to supply these services, and differential access to these services between residential neighborhoods, we evaluated three decades (1970-2000) of land surface characteristics and residential segregation by income in the Phoenix, Arizona, USA metropolitan region. We developed an ecosystem service trade-offs approach to assess the urban heat riskscape, defined as the spatial variation in risk exposure and potential human vulnerability to extreme heat. In this region, vegetation provided nearly a 25°C surface cooling compared to bare soil on low-humidity summer days; the magnitude of this service was strongly coupled to air temperature and vapor pressure deficits. To estimate the water loss associated with land-surface cooling, we applied a surface energy balance model. Our initial estimates suggest 2.7 mm/d of water may be used in supplying cooling ecosystem services in the Phoenix region on a summer day. The availability and corresponding resource use requirements of these ecosystem services had a strongly positive relationship with neighborhood income in the year 2000. However, economic stratification in access to services is a recent development: no vegetation-income relationship was observed in 1970, and a clear trend of increasing correlation was evident through 2000. To alleviate neighborhood inequality in risks from extreme heat through increased vegetation and evaporative cooling, large increases in regional water use would be required. Together, these results suggest the need for a systems evaluation of the benefits, costs, spatial structure, and temporal trajectory for the use of ecosystem services to moderate climate extremes. Increasing vegetation is one strategy for moderating regional climate changes in urban areas and simultaneously providing multiple ecosystem services. However, vegetation has economic, water, and social equity implications that vary dramatically across neighborhoods and need to be managed through informed environmental policies. © 2011 by the Ecological Society of America.","Climate change, Economic stratification, Ecosystem services, Extreme heat events, Urban heat riskscape, Vegetated cooling","Darrel Jenerette, G., Harlan, S. L., Stefanov, W. L., Martin, C. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1326,Rape-related psychotraumatic syndromes,"Objective: This study took place in a forensic center for rape victims. Our aims were: first, to explore the longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prevalence of disorders over the 6-month period following rape, then second, to group these disorders into syndromes related to chronic PTSD whilst remaining distinct from it, and third, to establish some predictive factors for chronic PTSD. Study design: 92 rape victims consecutively admitted to the center were regularly interviewed over a 6-month period by a psychiatrist. Results: The paper confirms that rape leads to a high proportion of PTSD. Generally speaking, the psychopathology following rape is severe. PTSD at 6 months is associated with phobic and dissociative disorders. It is further associated with a cluster of symptoms arising after rape that we term borderline-like. Incestuous rape is a predictive factor for PTSD at 6 months. Conclusion: In the aftermath of rape several semiologically distinct psychotraumatic syndromes exist.","adolescent, adult, article, borderline state, disease course, disease severity, female, human, incest, major clinical study, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotrauma, rape, sexual abuse","Darves-Bornoz, J. M.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1327,Post-traumatic stress disorder and addiction,"Studied childhood sexual and physical abuse, rape, and addictive behavior (e.g., alcohol abuse, drug use, repeated suicide attempts, and eating disorders) as risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Human Ss: 90 female French adults (aged 18-84 yrs) (psychotic disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and alcohol-related disorders) (inpatients). Ss were interviewed using structural clinical instruments. Tests used: The Structured Interview for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Davidson), the Global Assessment Scale and a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Child Abuse, *Drug Addiction, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rape, Etiology, Human Females, Physical Abuse, Psychiatric Patients, Risk Assessment","Darves-Bornoz, J. M., Delmotte, I., Benhamou, P., Degiovanni, A., Gaillard, P.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1328,Predictive factors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims,"Investigated the psychological disorders following rape as well as the course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and determined clinical factors predictive of chronic PTSD. 73 rape victims were observed in a systematic follow-up study over 1 yr following rape, using structured interview schedules. The frequency of PTSD was massive. The early disorders predicting PTSD 1 yr after rape included somatoform and dissociative disorders, agoraphobia and specific phobias as well as depressive and gender identity disorders and alcohol abuse. Through stepwise logistic regressions, the following were found to be good models of prediction of chronic PTSD 1 yr after rape: for the characteristics of the traumas, intrafamily rape, being physically assaulted outside rape, and added physical violence during rape; for the early psychological and behavioral attitudes, low self-esteem, permanent feelings of emptiness and running away; and for early mental disorders, agoraphobia and depressive disorders. Finally, among all these predictive factors, added physical violence during rape, low self-esteem, permanent feelings of emptiness and agoraphobia were shown to constitute a strong model of predictors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Rape, *Victimization, Chronic Illness, Client Attitudes, Client Characteristics, Emotional Trauma, Mental Disorders","Darves-Bornoz, J. M., Lepine, J. P., Choquet, M., Berger, C., Degiovanni, A., Gaillard, P.",1998.0,,,0,0,
1329,Expression profiling associates blood and brain glucocorticoid receptor signaling with trauma-related individual differences in both sexes,"Delineating the molecular basis of individual differences in the stress response is critical to understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, 7 d after predator-scent-stress (PSS) exposure, male and female rats were classified into vulnerable (i.e., ""PTSD-like"") and resilient (i.e.,minimally affected) phenotypes on the basis of their performance on a variety of behavioral measures. Genome-wide expression profiling in blood and two limbic brain regions (amygdala and hippocampus), followed by quantitative PCR validation, was performed in these two groups of animals, as well as in an unexposed control group. Differentially expressed genes were identified in blood and brain associated with PSSexposure and with distinct behavioral profiles postexposure. There was a small but significant between-tissue overlap (4-21%) for the genes associated with exposure-related individual differences, indicating convergent gene expression in both sexes. To uncover convergent signaling pathways across tissue and sex, upstream activated/deactivated transcription factorswere first predicted for each tissue and then the respective pathways were identified. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling was the only convergent pathway associatedwith individual differences when using the most stringent statistical threshold. Corticosterone treatment 1 h after PSS-exposure prevented anxiety and hyperarousal 7 d later in both sexes, confirming the GR involvement in the PSS behavioral response. In conclusion, genes and pathways associated with extreme differences in the traumatic stress behavioral response can be distinguished from those associated with trauma exposure. Blood-based biomarkers can predict aspects of brain signaling. GR signaling is a convergent signaling pathway, associated with trauma-related individual differences in both sexes.",,"Daskalakis, N. P., Cohen, H., Cai, G., Buxbaum, J. D., Yehuda, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1330,"Trauma, PTSD and personality: the relationship between prolonged traumatization and personality impairments","OBJECTIVE: Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with personality impairments involving externalized and internalized psychopathology. This study has explored the association between PTSD symptoms as consequences of prolonged torture experiences or early childhood trauma exposure and personality traits. METHOD: One hundred and sixty-one men were included: 36 Iraqi men refugees (mean age = 43.9, SD = 8.7) who had longstanding torture experiences as adults; 42 Swedish prisoners (mean age = 33.8, SD = 7), with early childhood trauma exposure; 31 Arab men refugees (mean age = 41.8, SD = 8.9) without self-reported torture or violence experiences; 52 non-traumatized Swedish males (mean age = 39.3, SD = 5.5). They were assessed for symptoms of PTSD or PTSD hypothetical clusters. Personality profile was assessed by the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Factor analysis with varimax rotation was conducted and yielded three factors: externalized, internalized and avoidance domains. RESULTS: Individuals who suffered prolonged torture experiences or had early childhood trauma exposure showed impaired personality profiles in internalized and externalized domains. Individuals with or without PTSD showed significant differences p < 0.05 concerning: internalized, externalized and avoidance. ANOVA and post-hoc analysis according to Scheffe showed that the prolonged torture group > early childhood trauma exposure > nontraumatized group. CONCLUSION: Prolonged torture experiences or early trauma exposure may impair personality formation by enhancing the effects of cognitive, affective and behavioural vulnerabilities.","Adult, Arabs, Humans, Iraq/ethnology, Male, Middle Aged, *Personality Disorders/classification/etiology/physiopathology, Personality Inventory, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Sweden/ethnology, Wounds and Injuries/*psychology","Daud, A., af Klinteberg, B., Rydelius, P. A.",2008.0,Sep,10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00532.x,0,0,
1331,"Trauma, PTSD and personality: The relationship between prolonged traumatization and personality impairments","Objective: Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with personality impairments involving externalized and internalized psychopathology. This study has explored the association between PTSD symptoms as consequences of prolonged torture experiences or early childhood trauma exposure and personality traits. Method: One hundred and sixty-one men were included: 36 Iraqi men refugees (mean age = 43.9, SD = 8.7) who had longstanding torture experiences as adults; 42 Swedish prisoners (mean age = 33.8, SD = 7), with early childhood trauma exposure; 31 Arab men refugees (mean age = 41.8, SD = 8.9) without self-reported torture or violence experiences; 52 non-traumatized Swedish males (mean age = 39.3, SD = 5.5). They were assessed for symptoms of PTSD or PTSD hypothetical clusters. Personality profile was assessed by the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Factor analysis with varimax rotation was conducted and yielded three factors: externalized, internalized and avoidance domains. Results: Individuals who suffered prolonged torture experiences or had early childhood trauma exposure showed impaired personality profiles in internalized and externalized domains. Individuals with or without PTSD showed significant differences p < 0.05 concerning: internalized, externalized and avoidance. anova and post-hoc analysis according to Scheffe showed that the prolonged torture group > early childhood trauma exposure > nontraumatized group. Conclusion: Prolonged torture experiences or early trauma exposure may impair personality formation by enhancing the effects of cognitive, affective and behavioural vulnerabilities. (copyright) 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation (copyright) 2008 Nordic College of Caring Science.","adult, Arab, article, classification, ethnology, human, injury, Iraq, male, middle aged, pathophysiology, personality disorder, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, Sweden","Daud, A., Klinteberg, B. A., Rydelius, P. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,1330
1332,Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder after termination of pregnancy and reproductive loss: A systematic review,"Objective. The aims of this systematic review were to integrate the research on posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after termination of pregnancy (TOP), miscarriage, perinatal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, and failed in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Methods. Electronic databases (AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PubMEd, ScienceDirect) were searched for articles using PRISMA guidelines. Results. Data from 48 studies were included. Quality of the research was generally good. PTS/PTSD has been investigated in TOP and miscarriage more than perinatal loss, stillbirth, and neonatal death. In all reproductive losses and TOPs, the prevalence of PTS was greater than PTSD, both decreased over time, and longer gestational age is associated with higher levels of PTS/PTSD. Women have generally reported more PTS or PTSD than men. Sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., younger age, lower education, and history of previous traumas or mental health problems) and psychsocial factors influence PTS and PTSD after TOP and reproductive loss. Conclusions. This systematic review is the first to investigate PTS/PTSD after reproductive loss. Patients with advanced pregnancies, a history of previous traumas, mental health problems, and adverse psychosocial profiles should be considered as high risk for developing PTS or PTSD following reproductive loss. © 2015 Viltė Daugirdaitė et al.",,"Daugirdaite, V., Van Den Akker, O., Purewal, S.",2015.0,,10.1155/2015/646345,0,0,
1333,Development of the arabic versions of the impact of events scale-revised and the posttraumatic growth inventory to assess trauma and growth in middle eastern refugees in australia,"Abstract Background The current study reports on the development of an Arabic version of the Revised version of the Impact of Events Scale (IES-R). The IES-R was developed to assist in exploring the relationship between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among a sample of 40 Middle Eastern participants from a refugee background. Method The psychometric properties were investigated on two recently translated Arabic versions of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) and the adapted IES-R. The current IES-R was developed using World Health Organization (WHO) principles in establishing the comprehensibility, reliability, and validity of translated scales. Results Good discriminant validity and good reliability for the scale were identified. Factors analysis supported a four-factor solution for the PTGI and a three-factor solution for the IES-R; however, the small sample size suggests the obtained factor structure is likely unstable. Conclusion The Arabic version of the IES-R is a promising scale to assess posttraumatic stress symptoms in Middle Eastern Refugees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Davey, Carine, Heard, Robert, Lennings, Chris",2014.0,,,0,0,
1334,Depressive symptoms after trauma: Is self-esteem a mediating factor?,"Traumatic events have predicted depressive symptoms. Despite this consensus, it remains unclear as to whether the relationship between trauma and depression is consistently mediated by a negative cognitive schema, such as low self-esteem, or whether trauma influences mood independently of low self-esteem. This study tested these relationships while considering depressive symptom types. One hundred thirty-two students reported the number of traumatic events experienced and self-esteem and depression levels. Results indicated 2 depressive symptom types: ""cognitive-affective"" and ""somatic."" Structural Equation Modeling tested an unmediated path from trauma to depressive symptoms and a path mediated by self-esteem. Results supported the unmediated relationship between trauma and ""cognitive- affective"" depressive symptoms, and did not support mediation by self-esteem. Findings are discussed in view of a dimensional rather than categorical approach to depression, and in consideration of alternative symptom clusters resulting from trauma in addition to those captured by posttraumatic stress disorder. © 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Depression, PTSD., Self-esteem, Trauma","David, M., Ceschi, G., Billieux, J., Van Der Linden, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1335,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: A 6-month randomized controlled trial,"Context: No large-scale posttraumatic stress disorder drug trials have been conducted to evaluate treatment effects beyond 12 weeks outside of those with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of venlafaxine extended release (ER), a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, in posttraumatic stress disorder. Design: 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: International study at 56 sites. Patients: Adult outpatients (N = 329) with a primary diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder as defined in the DSM-IV, symptoms for 6 months or longer, and a 17-item Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale score of 60 or higher. Intervention: Patients randomly assigned to receive flexible doses of venlafaxine ER (37.5-300 mg/d) or placebo for 24 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: Primary measure was the change from baseline in the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale score. Secondary measures included remission, defined as a Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale score of 20 or lower, and changes in symptom cluster scores, frequency of remission, and time to remission. Measures of stress vulnerability, resilience, depression, quality of life, functioning, and global illness severity were also taken. Results: Mean changes from baseline in Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale total scores at end point were -51.7 for venlafaxine ER and -43.9 for placebo (P = .006). Improvement was significantly greater for the venlafaxine ER group than for the placebo group in cluster scores for reexperiencing (P = .008) and avoidance/numbing (P = .006), but not for hyperarousal. Remission rates were 50.9% for venlafaxine ER and 37.5% for placebo (P = .01). The venlafaxine ER group also showed significantly greater improvement at end point than the placebo group (P = .05) on all other reported outcome measures. The mean maximum daily dose of venlafaxine ER was 221.5 mg/d. Withdrawal rates were similar between groups with no significant difference in dropouts attributable to adverse events. Conclusion: In this study, venlafaxine ER was effective and well tolerated in short-term and continuation treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. (copyright)2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","noradrenalin uptake inhibitor, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, adult, article, clinical trial, constipation, controlled clinical trial, controlled drug release, controlled study, demography, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, dizziness, dose response, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug formulation, drug safety, drug tolerability, fatigue, female, headache, human, hyperhidrosis, insomnia, libido disorder, major clinical study, male, mental function, nausea, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, rhinopharyngitis, somnolence, tremor, vomiting, xerostomia","Davidson, J., Baldwin, D., Stein, D. J., Kuper, E., Benattia, I., Ahmed, S., Pedersen, R., Musgnung, J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1336,"Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of posttraumatic stress disorder: Results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study","Objective: The study examined the efficacy of sertraline, compared with placebo, in sustaining improvement and preventing relapse over 28 weeks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who had completed a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled acute treatment study and a subsequent 24-week open-label study of continuation treatment with sertraline. Method: Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned, in a double-blind design, to 28 weeks of maintenance treatment with sertraline (50-200 mg, N=46; 78% were women) or placebo (N=50; 62% were women). Measures used in biweekly assessments included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, the Impact of Event Scale, and the Clinical Global Impression severity and improvement ratings. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate time to discontinuation from the study due to relapse, relapse or study discontinuation due to clinical deterioration, and acute exacerbation. Results: Continued treatment with sertraline yielded lower PTSD relapse rates than placebo (5% versus 26%). Patients who received placebo were 6.4 times as likely to experience relapse as were patients who received sertraline. Kaplan-Meier analyses confirmed the protective effect of sertraline in significantly extending time in remission. The ability of sertraline to sustain improvement was comparable across the three core PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing/intrusion, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal). A regression analysis found early response during acute treatment to be associated with a more than 16-fold reduced risk of relapse after placebo substitution. Sertraline, at a mean endpoint dose of 137 mg, was well tolerated, with no sertraline-related adverse events observed at a rate of 10% or higher. Conclusions: The results provide evidence for the ability of sertraline both to sustain improvement in PTSD symptoms and to provide prophylactic protection against relapse.",,"Davidson, J., Pearlstein, T., Londborg, P., Brady, K. T., Rothbaum, B., Bell, J., Maddock, R., Hegel, M. T., Farfel, G.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1337,Venlafaxine extended release in posttraumatic stress disorder: A sertraline- and placebo-controlled study,"This 12-week, double-blind, multicenter trial evaluated the efficacy of venlafaxine extended release (ER), sertraline, and placebo in adult outpatients (N = 538) with a primary diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, symptoms for 6 months or more and 17-item Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-SX17) score of 60 or more. Patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or flexible doses of venlafaxine ER (37.5-300 mg/d) or sertraline (25-200 mg/d) for 12 weeks or less. The primary outcome was the baseline-to-end point change in total CAPS-SX17 score (last observation carried forward). Secondary measures included CAPS-SX17 symptom cluster scores for reexperiencing/intrusion, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal; frequency of remission (CAPS-SX17 (less-than or equal to)20); and changes in Davidson Trauma Scale total score and symptom cluster scores for avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal, and reexperiencing/intrusion. Mean changes in CAPS-SX17 scores were -41.8, -39.4, and -33.9 for venlafaxine ER (P < 0.05 vs. placebo), sertraline, and placebo, respectively. Mean changes for venlafaxine ER, sertraline, and placebo in CAPS-SX17 cluster scores were -13.0, -11.7, and -11.0 for reexperiencing; -17.1, -16.8, and -13.7 (P < 0.05 both active treatments vs. placebo) for avoidance/numbing; and -11.8, -10.9, and -9.2 (P < 0.05 venlafaxine vs. placebo) for hyperarousal. Week 12 remission rates were venlafaxine ER 30.2% (P < 0.05 vs. placebo), sertraline 24.3%, and placebo 19.6%. The venlafaxine ER group had significantly better Davidson Trauma Scale total and cluster scores than placebo. Mean maximum daily doses were 225-mg venlafaxine ER and 151-mg sertraline. Both treatments were generally well tolerated. Study results suggest that venlafaxine ER is effective and well tolerated in the short-term treatment of PTSD. Copyright (copyright) 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","monoamine oxidase inhibitor, placebo, psychotropic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressant agent, triptan derivative, venlafaxine, zaleplon, adult, article, avoidance behavior, clinical trial, constipation, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, decreased appetite, diarrhea, dizziness, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug tolerability, fatigue, female, headache, human, insomnia, major clinical study, male, multicenter study, nausea, outpatient, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, short course therapy, somnolence, sustained release preparation, symptomatology, xerostomia","Davidson, J., Rothbaum, B. O., Tucker, P., Asnis, G., Benattia, I., Musgnung, J. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1338,Family response to critical illness: Postintensive care syndrome-family,"Background: The family response to critical illness includes development of adverse psychological outcomes such as anxiety, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress, depression, and complicated grief. This cluster of complications from exposure to critical care is now entitled postintensive care syndrome-family. Adverse psychological outcomes occur in parents of neonatal and pediatric patients and in family members of adult patients, and may be present for >4 yrs after intensive care unit discharge. Psychological repercussions of critical illness affect the family member's ability to fully engage in necessary care-giving functions after hospitalization. Prevention: It has been suggested that the manner in which healthcare workers communicate with family members and the way in which families are included in care and decision-making, may affect long-term outcomes. Preventive strategies for optimal communication and inclusion in care are reviewed. Assessment: Many tools are available to assess the risk for and to diagnose postintensive care syndrome-family conditions during hospitalization and at intervals after discharge. Treatment: Visits after discharge, support groups, and clinics have been proposed for assessing the need for professional referrals as well as for treating family members when psychological illness persists. Studies evaluating these measures are reviewed. Copyright © 2012 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","anxiety, depression, family, intensive care unit, posttraumatic stress disorder","Davidson, J. E., Jones, C., Bienvenu, O. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1339,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with nefazodone,"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but have a number of side-effects which limit their acceptability. A newer serotonergic compound, nefazodone, has a different side-effect profile, thus making it a potentially promising compound to study. Seventeen private practice patients with PTSD were treated with nefazodone up to 600 mg/day for a maximum total treatment period of 12 weeks. All subjects were civilians, and were monitored for efficacy and side-effects at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12. Nefazodone was associated with statistically significant improvement in mean scores on all six rating scales used to assess change from baseline in PTSD symptoms. Additionally, statistically significant improvement from baseline were seen for the intrusive, avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal clusters on a global PTSD scale. Early improvements in nightmares and general sleep disturbance were observed. Overall, there was a 43% response rate at endpoint, or 60% in treatment completers, by observer rating. Side-effects (assessed on the Medication Effects Scale) were generally benign. Nefazodone was associated with clinical improvement in this population, and now needs to be studied in double-blind, placebo controlled, protocols.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, Arousal/drug effects, Chronic Disease, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*drug therapy/psychology, Treatment Outcome, Triazoles/adverse effects/*therapeutic use","Davidson, J. R., Weisler, R. H., Malik, M. L., Connor, K. M.",1998.0,May,,0,0,
1340,"Remission in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Effects of sertraline as assessed by the Davidson trauma scale, clinical global impressions and the clinician-administered PTSD scale","Rates of remission were examined in two controlled 12-week studies of sertraline and placebo for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The performance of three scales was evaluated: the self-rated Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), and two interviewer scales: the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). Sertraline proved significantly superior to placebo with respect to remission on all three ratings. Rates of remission were very similar for all scales, ranging from 23.1 -26.3% for sertraline and 13.9-14.9% for placebo. Traditional thresholds for the CAPS and DTS were tested relative to the CGI and to each other. The CAPS and DTS thresholds of < 20 and < 18 were found to be valid. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sertraline, Stress","Davidson, Jonathan R. T.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1341,The eight-item treatment-outcome post-traumatic stress disorder scale: A brief measure to assess treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder,"This preliminary report describes a new brief interview based assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder using an 8-item treatment-outcome post-traumatic stress disorder scale (TOP-8). The TOP-8 was developed from a larger post-traumatic stress disorder evaluation scale based on items which occurred frequently in the population and which responded substantially to treatment across time. The 8 resultant items were drawn from all three symptom clusters for post-traumatic stress disorder, and showed an improved ability to detect drug versus placebo differences in comparison with the original scale. The eight-item treatment-outcome post-traumatic stress disorder scale also correlated significantly with a self rated measure of post-traumatic stress disorder and distinguished at a highly significant level between responders and non-responders on an independently judged Clinical Global Impressions measure. The results of this study are discussed and future directions suggested.","Interview, PTSD, Sensitive to treatment effects","Davidson, J. R. T., Colket, J. T.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1342,Characterizing the effects of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background. Sertraline has a proved efficacy in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it is unknown which symptoms respond or in what sequence this occurs. Such information might be useful clinically and heuristically. Method. The study examined the effects of sertraline on the individual symptoms of PTSD. It also examined whether early changes in anger explained drug-induced change in other symptoms over time. Mixed models analysis was applied to datasets from two 12-week placebo-controlled trials of sertraline. A validated self-rating scale (DTS) was used to assess treatment efficacy. Results. Sertraline was superior to placebo on 15 of 17 symptoms, especially in the numbing and hyperarousal clusters. A strong effect was found on anger from week 1, which partly explained the subsequent effects of sertraline on other symptoms, some of which began to show significantly greater response to drug than to placebo at week 6 (emotional upset at reminders, anhedonia, detachment, numbness, hypervigilance) and week 10 (avoidance of activities, foreshortened future). Conclusions. Sertraline exercises a broad spectrum effect in PTSD. Effects are more apparent on the psychological rather than somatic symptoms of PTSD, with an early modulation of anger and, perhaps, other affects, preceding improvement in other symptoms.",,"Davidson, J. R. T., Landerman, L. R., Farfel, G. M., Clary, C. M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1343,"Trauma, resilience and saliostasis: Effects of treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder","There has been growing interest in the concept of resilience and the question as to whether psychotropic medications or psychosocial treatments might have resilience-enhancing effects. This pilot study investigates resilience in a sample of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) before and after treatment. Effects of treatment with tiagabine, fluoxetine, sertraline alone, and sertraline with cognitive behavioural therapy on resilience were assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Changes in resilience after treatment were measured and response to treatment was predicted from demographic, resilience and baseline disability measures. Changes in resilience following treatment were statistically significant. Items that showed the greatest change related to confidence, control, coping, knowing where to turn for help and adaptability. Items showing the least change related to religious and existential aspects of resiliency, effort, acting on a hunch, decision-making and goals. In linear and logistic regression models, gender, baseline CD-RISC score, baseline Sheehan Disability Scale score and an individual item from the CD-RISC scale, 'Sense of Humor', were significant predictors of response to treatment. Treatment of PTSD significantly improved resilience and reduced symptoms in this sample. Further controlled studies are indicated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Drug Therapy, *Multimodal Treatment Approach, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), Emotional Trauma","Davidson, Jonathan R. T., Payne, Victoria M., Connor, Kathryn M., Foa, Edna B., Rothbaum, Barbara O., Hertzberg, Michael A., Weisler, Richard H.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1344,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with nefazodone,"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but have a number of side-effects which limit their acceptability. A newer serotonergic compound, nefazodone, has a different side-effect profile, thus making it a potentially promising compound to study. Seventeen private practice patients with PTSD were treated with nefazodone up to 600 mg/day for a maximum total treatment period of 12 weeks. All subjects were civilians, and were monitored for efficacy and side- effects at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12. Nefazodone was associated with statistically significant improvement in mean scores on all six rating scales used to assess change from baseline in PTSD symptoms. Additionally, statistically significant improvement from baseline were seen for the intrusive, avoidant/numbing, and hyperarousal clusters on a global PTSD scale. Early improvements in nightmares and general sleep disturbance were observed. Overall, there was a 43% response rate at endpoint, or 60% in treatment completers, by observer rating. Side-effects (assessed on the Medication Effects Scale) were generally benign. Nefazodone was associated with clinical improvement in this population, and now needs to be studied in double-blind, placebo controlled, protocols.","nefazodone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, adult, aged, article, clinical article, clinical trial, drug efficacy, drug response, female, human, male, nightmare, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, scoring system, sleep disorder","Davidson, J. R. T., Weisler, R. H., Malik, M. L., Connor, K. M.",1998.0,,,0,0,1339
1345,A meta-analysis of neurocognitive performance in mild-moderate traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder,"The presence and persistence of neuropsychological impairment in mild trauma is brain injury (TBI) is the subject of considerable debate. This debate is fueled by inconsistency in the diagnosis of mild-moderate TBI and in the results of individual neuropsychological studies. The cognitive impairments seen in some individuals with mild-moderate TBI have been attributed to organic damage and to stress reactions. PTSD represents a disorder with ongoing emotional distress in the absence of cerebral trauma. The comparison of individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild-moderate TBI may help to elucidate the potential impact of stress and distress on cognitive functioning after mild-moderate TBI. The present investigation represents the first meta-analytic study to conduct a comprehensive moderator variable analysis of potential factors that might influence neuropsychological performance in individuals with mild-moderate TBI, and to compare this to the performance of individuals with PTSD. In addition, the present study is the first quantitative synthesis of neuropsychological performance in PTSD. In this meta-analysis, 77 studies on neuropsychological performance in mild-moderate TBI were synthesized, reflecting results from 2,230 individuals with TBI and 2,044 normal controls. Thirty-three studies on neuropsychological performance in PTSD were synthesized, reflecting results from 1424 patients with PTSD and 3276 normal controls. Cohen's d was used to quantify case-control differences in neuropsychological performance across nine domains. Moderator variable analysis indexed the association of clinical and demographic factors to the magnitude of these differences. Cognitive impairment relative to controls was evident in a minority of patients with mild-moderate TBI and PTSD. Effect sizes in the TBI literature were not significantly different from those in the PTSD literature for any neuropsychological domain. The neuropsychological performance of mild-moderate TBI groups was related to the cognitive function measured, type of control group, age, education, time since injury, Glasgow Coma Scale score, presence of loss of consciousness, neurosurgical interventions, and positive imaging findings. The neuropsychological performance of PTSD groups was related to the cognitive function measured, gender, education, type of trauma, severity of PTSD symptoms, and a comorbid diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The meta-analytic results from the PTSD literature suggest that chronic stress in and of itself may cause cognitive impairment in a vulnerable minority of individuals. Cognitive impairment is neither a necessary nor a sufficient component for a diagnosis of mild-moderate TBI and when present, may reflect both the effects of a psychological trauma and/or pathophysiology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Brain, *Cognitive Impairment, *Neurocognition, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Neuropsychology","Davidson, Lara",2006.0,,,0,0,
1346,Public Access Defibrillation: Psychological consequences in responders,"Background: Adverse psychological reactions are relatively frequent in professional ambulance crews who attend traumatic events, yet appear unusual in lay persons who attempt resuscitation of victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest. Aim: To investigate the psychological profile of first responders to gain insight into possible factors that might protect them against such reactions. Methods: Qualitative study of first responders in a community scheme in Barry, South Wales. In depth semi-structured interviews with six subjects were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: The study identified a resilience phenomenon in first responders accounted for by certain enabling core beliefs about their role, their capacity, and about the meaning of negative and positive outcomes for themselves. A realistic appreciation of their own limitations, confidence in their ability to perform as trained and being able to handle positive and negative outcomes were prominent features. The ability to act with emotional detachment appears a further protective mechanism. This mindset, loosely described as 'a philosophy', protects against the development of adverse reactions to stress or from becoming unduly concerned about negative outcomes. The responders had altruistic motives for undertaking the role yet were capable of operating with a high degree of naturally occurring resilience to stress or undermining anxiety. It is the combination of being motivated by altruism coupled with an inherent resilience that appears to be the crucial protective mechanism. Conclusions: The group demonstrated an apparently innate resilience to the adverse psychological effects of responding with an AED in a PAD scheme. This enables them to operate optimally in stressful situations without experiencing the negative psychological consequences that might otherwise arise. This information may be used to raise awareness about the psychological requirements for the role and to assist screening or selection processes. (copyright) 2008.","adult, altruism, anxiety, article, controlled study, defibrillation, emotion, health care access, heart arrest, human, mental stress, normal human, phenomenology, priority journal, rescue personnel attitude, resuscitation, semi structured interview","Davies, E., Maybury, B., Colquhoun, M., Whitfield, R., Rossetti, T., Vetter, N.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1347,Effects of trauma on children: Occupational therapy to support recovery,"Each year millions of the world's children witness, are victimized by or participate in traumatic events, placing them at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder. If this disorder is left untreated, a child's developmental trajectory can be compromised. Occupational therapists are in key positions to recognize the signs and symptoms of post-traumatic stress in children that interfere with functioning. Expressive therapies, long used in occupational therapy practice, are well suited to help children achieve an adaptive response to trauma. Two briefcase studies are presented, describing the application of occupational therapy using expressive media with children who experienced post-traumatic stress disorders. The results of this preliminary investigation suggest that occupational therapists working in early intervention programmes can be helpful in identifying children in need and in providing treatment based on expressive therapies, stress management and cognitive-behavioural modalities. Further research is recommended to examine the efficacy of different occupational therapy frames of reference in treating children with post-traumatic stress disorder. © Whurr Publishers Ltd.","Cognitive-behavioural therapy, Expressive media, Paediatric occupational therapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Davis, J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1348,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A review and analysis,"Only recently has the mental health community recognized the applicability of diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents, including a consideration of specific age-related features. This paper provides a current review of the literature on PTSD pertaining to children and adolescents. Following a discussion of issues on diagnostic criteria and assessment of this affective disorder in this population, there is an overview of the existing literature on prevalence, comorbidity, risk factors, parental and family factors, and issues of gender and age of onset. The remainder of the paper focuses on the range of traumatic stressors in children and adolescents that can result in PTSD, including natural or human disasters, war and violence, chronic or life-threatening medical conditions, community violence and the witnessing of traumatic events, and physical and/or sexual abuse and other forms of interpersonal violence. Throughout the paper, there is an emphasis on the importance of considering developmental factors. Finally, implications of the existing literature for future areas of research are addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, At Risk Populations, Comorbidity, Epidemiology, Measurement, Stress","Davis, Lori, Siegel, Lawrence J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1349,"Divalproex in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a veteran population","OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of divalproex for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) hyperarousal symptom cluster. METHOD: Under double-blind conditions, 85 US military veterans with PTSD were randomized to treatment with divalproex or placebo for 8 weeks. All patients who received at least 1 dose of medication and 1 postbaseline assessment (n = 82) were included in the efficacy population. The primary outcome measure was the hyperarousal subscale of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. RESULT: There were no significant intergroup differences in primary or secondary end points. The final mean (SD) divalproex dose and serum valproic acid level were 2309 +/- 507 mg/d and 82 +/- 30 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Divalproex monotherapy was not effective in the treatment of chronic PTSD in predominantly older male combat veterans. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of divalproex in the management of PTSD in women or civilians or in combination with antidepressants.","Chronic Disease, Combat Disorders/*drug therapy/psychology, Delayed-Action Preparations, Double-Blind Method, Female, GABA Agents/blood/*therapeutic use, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*drug therapy/psychology, Treatment Outcome, Valproic Acid/blood/*therapeutic use, Veterans","Davis, L. L., Davidson, J. R., Ward, L. C., Bartolucci, A., Bowden, C. L., Petty, F.",2008.0,Feb,10.1097/JCP.0b013e318160f83b,0,0,
1350,"Divalproex in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in a veteran population","OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of divalproex for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) hyperarousal symptom cluster. METHOD: Under double-blind conditions, 85 US military veterans with PTSD were randomized to treatment with divalproex or placebo for 8 weeks. All patients who received at least 1 dose of medication and 1 postbaseline assessment (n = 82) were included in the efficacy population. The primary outcome measure was the hyperarousal subscale of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. RESULT: There were no significant intergroup differences in primary or secondary end points. The final mean (SD) divalproex dose and serum valproic acid level were 2309 (plus or minus) 507 mg/d and 82 (plus or minus) 30 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Divalproex monotherapy was not effective in the treatment of chronic PTSD in predominantly older male combat veterans. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of divalproex in the management of PTSD in women or civilians or in combination with antidepressants. (copyright) 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","NCT00108576, placebo, valproate semisodium, abnormal vision, adult, aged, army, arousal, article, clinical trial, Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, diarrhea, dizziness, double blind procedure, drowsiness, drug blood level, drug dose increase, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, gastrointestinal symptom, headache, human, major clinical study, memory disorder, monotherapy, nausea, patient compliance, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, rating scale, side effect, symptomatology, treatment outcome, treatment response, United States, urinary frequency, veteran, depakote","Davis, L. L., Davidson, J. R. T., Ward, L. C., Bartolucci, A., Bowden, C. L., Petty, F.",2008.0,,,0,0,1349
1351,Long-Term Pharmacotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"This article reviews the literature on the long-term pharmacological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A PUBMED search was conducted; only studies on the effects of long-term (> 14-weeks) pharmacological treatment for PTSD in adults or children were considered. Our search identified three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (one each for sertraline, fluoxetine and risperidone), four open-label studies (one each for sertraline, paroxetine, nefazodone and valproate), one retrospective case series (clozapine) and one pooled analysis (sertraline). All studies involved adult populations, with the exception of the study of clozapine. The studies demonstrate that long-term treatment of PTSD with SSRIs effectively maintains the previous treatment response and improvement in quality of life, converts more patients to responder status and accounts for one-third of overall treatment gains. Greater PTSD severity predicts a longer time to response to these drugs. Discontinuation of SSRI treatment after 12 weeks results in a greater risk of relapse and symptom exacerbation compared with extended treatment. In addition to improved PTSD symptoms, extended treatment with paroxetine improves verbal declarative memory and increases hippocampal volume. Long-term treatment of PTSD with atypical antipsychotics (risperidone and clozapine), non-SSRI antidepressants (nefazodone) and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs; valproate) also appears to result in significant improvements in PTSD symptoms. In conclusion, long-term treatment of PTSD with SSRIs improves the psychiatric and clinical outcome of patients with the disorder and prevents relapse and symptom exacerbation. The effect of other agents (atypical antipsychotics, AEDs and other psychotropic medications) requires further controlled study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Long Term Care, *Pharmacology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clozapine, Fluoxetine, Nefazodone, Paroxetine, Risperidone, Sertraline","Davis, Lori L., Frazier, Elizabeth C., Williford, Raela B., Newell, Jason M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1352,The use of multi-sensory trauma processing to treat post-traumatic stress disorder in law enforcement officers,"(from the chapter) Describes Multi-sensory Trauma Processing (MTP), a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in law enforcement officers developed by the author to treat performance-related dysfunction. MTP follows the model of short-term counseling offered by many law enforcement agencies, while merging and expanding many therapeutic models and treatments found effective in reducing or eliminating the debilitating symptoms of PTSD. MTP has evolved through treating hundreds of officers traumatized by exposure to multiple critical incidents. The problems and their solutions specific to treating law enforcement officers are outlined; the nature of multiple linked traumatic incidents is noted; and an example of both job-related problems and physical problems caused by linked traumas is presented. Finally, an illustrative case history is described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Intersensory Processes, *Law Enforcement Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Techniques, *Treatment","Davis, Nancy",2002.0,,,0,0,
1353,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and life stress among African-American women","Robust data document the strong association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and problematic alcohol use in female psychiatric patients. Reasons for this frequent co-morbidity remain unclear, highlighting the value of investigating factors common to both disorders to gain additional clarity. The current study examined whether the psychosocial factor, life stress, mediated the link between PTSD symptomatology and alcohol use in a sample of African-American women from low-income backgrounds with a history of intimate partner violence and suicidality (n = 143). Bootstrapping analysis demonstrated that life stress fully mediated the effect of PTSD symptoms on alcohol use. Consistent with the self-medication hypothesis of addiction, our findings indicate that life stress may be a causal mechanism in the development of subsequent alcohol problems among women with existing PTSD symptomatology. Prevention and treatment implications concerning the target population are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Blacks, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Drug Abuse, Stress","Davis, Telsie A., Carr, Erika R., Hickman, Enith, Rosenberg, Amy, Kaslow, Nadine J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1354,Posttraumatic stress disorder in organ transplant recipients: A systematic review,"Objective: To summarize and critically review the existing literature on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following organ transplantation, risk factors for posttransplantation PTSD and the relationship of posttransplant PTSD to other clinical outcomes including health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and mortality. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, CINAHL Plus, the Cochrane Library and PsycInfo and a search of the online contents of 18 journals. Results: Twenty-three studies were included. Posttransplant, the point prevalence of clinician-ascertained PTSD ranged from 1% to 16% (n = 738), the point prevalence of questionnaire-assessed substantial PTSD symptoms ranged from 0% to 46% (n = 1024) and the cumulative incidence of clinician-ascertained transplant-specific PTSD ranged from 10% to 17% (n = 482). Consistent predictors of posttransplant PTSD included history of psychiatric illness prior to transplantation and poor social support posttransplantation. Posttransplant PTSD was consistently associated with worse mental HRQOL and potentially associated with worse physical HRQOL. Conclusions: PTSD may impact a substantial proportion of organ transplant recipients. Future studies should focus on transplant-specific PTSD and clarify potential risk factors for, and adverse outcomes related to, posttransplant PTSD. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.","Organ transplantation, Outcome assessment (health care), Posttraumatic stress disorder, Quality of life","Davydow, D. S., Lease, E. D., Reyes, J. D.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.05.005,0,0,
1355,Resilience in adults: A theoretical review,"The objective of this study is to make a theoretical review on resilience in adults between the year 2000 and 2011. A search of papers published in the databases Scopus, Psyclnfo, Psicodoc, Web of Science and summaries Dialnet and ISOC (Social Sciences and Humanities) was performed. In total, 418 items were found that met the inclusion criteria. We conclude that in the studies published between 200 and 2011 on resilience in adults prevail cross-sectional studies, published in English, quantitative, and using samples from USA. Resilience is related psychological disorders. It is emphasized the need to include resilience in health education programs to improve ways of coping in the context of risk and adversity. © Sociedad Chilena de Psicología Clínica 2015.","Adult, Resilience, Theoretical review","de Araújo, L. F., Teva, I., de la Paz Bermúdez, M.",2015.0,,10.4067/S0718-48082015000300009,0,0,
1356,A pilot longitudinal study of hippocampal volumes in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with decreased hippocampal volumes; however, decreased hippocampal volumes were not seen in pediatric maltreatment-related PTSD. The authors examined hippocampal volumes longitudinally to determine if a history of childhood traumatic stress alters hippocampal growth during puberty. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure temporal lobes, amygdala, and hippocampal volumes in nine prepubertal maltreated subjects with pediatric maltreatment-related PTSD and nine sociodemographically matched healthy nonmaltreated yoked control subjects at baseline and after at least 2 years follow-up (during the later stages of pubertal development) using identical equipment and measurement methodology. Temporal lobe, amygdala and hippocampal volumes did not differ between groups at baseline, follow-up, or across time. Whereas these data are from a small sample, the results do not support hippocampal changes in pediatric maltreatment-related PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Childhood Development, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Adolescent Development","De Bellis, Michael D., Hall, Julie, Boring, Amy M., Frustaci, Karin, Moritz, Grace",2001.0,,,0,0,
1357,Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls,"Objective: The objective of this study was to examine urinary catecholamine excretion in a self-selected sample of sexually abused and demographically matched control girls recruited from a prospective, longitudinal study. Method: Twenty-four-hour urinary catecholamine and metabolite concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, 3- methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, metanephrine, normetanephrine, vanillylmandelic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid were measured in 12 sexually abused and 9 control girls, aged 8 to 15 years. Psychiatric profiles also were obtained. Results: The abused subjects excreted significantly greater amounts of metanephrine, vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillic acid, and total catecholamine synthesis as measured by the sum of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and their metabolites compared to values from control subjects. When the means of all significant biochemical measures were adjusted by the covariate effect of height, only homovanillic acid and group interaction remained significant. There were positive trends toward significantly higher urinary excretion of metanephrine, vanillylmandelic acid, and total catecholamine synthesis. Sexually abused girls also had a greater incidence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and dysthymia than control girls. Conclusions: These findings support the idea that sexually abused girls show evidence of higher catecholamine functional activity compared with controls. The clinical significance of these findings is their similarity to the psychobiology of both post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Results from this pilot study may be of value in understanding the mechanisms of depressive and anxiety disorders and in the clinical treatment of maltreated children.","3-methoxy-4- hydroxyphenylglycol, dopamine, epinephrine, homovanillic acid, metanephrine, norepinephrine, normetanephrine, sexual abuse in girls, urinary catecholamine and metabolite concentrations","De Bellis, M. D., Lefter, L., Trickett, P. K., Putnam Jr, F. W.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1358,Childhood Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Overview,"This article presents an overview of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it relates to children and adolescents. The authors provide a critical review of the pediatric PTSD literature regarding the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, assessment, neurobiologic foundation, and treatment of PTSD. The importance of developmental and neurobiologic factors and the uniqueness of these factors to children are emphasized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychiatry, *Child Psychiatry, *Epidemiology, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment","De Bellis, Michael D., Van Dillen, Thomas",2005.0,,,0,0,
1359,PTSD and depression among displaced Chinese workers after the World Trade Center attack: A follow-up study,"We conducted a follow-up assessment to assess the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression among Chinese immigrants after the World Trade Center attack. Sixty-five Chinese displaced workers who were originally interviewed in May 2002 were re-interviewed in March 2003. Whereas depression scores decreased over time, average PTSD scores remained unchanged. The trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms was more complex, with an increasing number of individuals who show no or little emotional health problems and another increasing group of individuals with exacerbated posttraumatic stress symptoms. Although the mean values of the re-experiencing and hypervigilance cluster did not change over time, the mean value of the avoidance/numbing cluster increased significantly from time 1 (M = 4.60, SD = 4.98) to time 2 (M = 6.34, SD = 4.24), (F1.61 = 5.69, P = .02). A higher proportion of subjects met diagnostic criteria of PTSD at time 2 (27%) than at time 1 (21%). The study highlights the importance of ongoing mental health surveillance of diverse cultural and linguistic groups after a major traumatic event. (copyright) The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the New York Academy of Medicine. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, alertness, article, Chinese, cluster analysis, depression, disease exacerbation, emotional disorder, emotional stability, experience, female, follow up, health survey, human, immigrant, interview, linguistics, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, scoring system, symptom, terrorism, time, worker","De Bocanegra, H. T., Moskalenko, S., Chan, P.",2005.0,,,0,1,
1360,"Work-related critical incidents in hospital-based health care providers and the risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression: A meta-analysis","This meta-analysis reviewed existing data on the impact of work-related critical incidents in hospital-based health care professionals. Work-related critical incidents may induce post-traumatic stress symptoms or even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression and may negatively affect health care practitioners' behaviors toward patients. Nurses and doctors often cope by working part time or switching jobs. Hospital administrators and health care practitioners themselves may underestimate the effects of work-related critical incidents. Relevant online databases were searched for original research published from inception to 2009 and manual searches of the Journal of Traumatic Stress, reference lists, and the European Traumatic Stress Research Database were conducted. Two researchers independently decided on inclusion and study quality. Effect sizes were estimated using standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Consistency was evaluated, using the I2-statistic. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model. Eleven studies, which included 3866 participants, evaluated the relationship between work-related critical incidents and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Six of these studies, which included 1695 participants, also reported on the relationship between work-related critical incidents and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Heterogeneity among studies was high and could not be accounted for by study quality, character of the incident, or timing of data collection. Pooled effect sizes for the impact of work-related critical incidents on post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression were small to medium. Remarkably, the effect was more pronounced in the longer than in the shorter term. In conclusion, this meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that work-related critical incidents are positively related to post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression in hospital-based health care professionals. Health care workers and their supervisors should be aware of the harmful effects of critical incidents and take preventive measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Major Depression, *Occupational Stress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Health Personnel, Hospitals, Symptoms, Working Conditions","de Boer, Jacoba, Lok, Anja, ""vant Verlaat, Ellen"", Duivenvoorden, Hugo J., Bakker, Arnold B., Smit, Bert J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1361,Trauma and victims: Epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Presents a comprehensive review of the studies assessing the frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population, in clinical populations and among subjects at risk. An extensive search was made using the Excerpta Medica Psychiatry CD-ROM 1980-1993 (October) and the MEDLINE CD-ROM 1988-1993. A manual search was also performed for all issues of the Journal of Traumatic Stress. A total of 135 studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected for this review. 86 of these studies were carried out in the US; only 8 studies have been carried out in developed countries. The sample sizes range from a low of 11 Ss up to a high of 22,463 Ss. The mean sample size is 500 and the median is 108. In terms of assessment methods, in 45 of the studies the investigators used a PTSD symptom checklist based on DSM criteria, to generate a diagnosis. In 44 of the studies, a structured interview was administered, while in the remaining surveys the diagnostic evaluation was based either on an unstructured clinical assessment or on the administration of other specific assessment instruments. A substantial amount of information is now available about the frequency, risk factors, symptom patterns, and natural history of PTSD. However, a number of important limitations are to be noted and should be addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","de Girolamo, Giovanni, Marchiori, Elisabetta",1995.0,,,0,0,
1362,Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI-GER),"Dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The psychometric properties of the German version of the Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI-GER) were assessed in a sample of 223 children and adolescents (7-16 years) with a history of different traumatic events. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the original two-factor structure-permanent and disturbing change (CPTCI-PC) and fragile person in a scary world (CPTCI-SW). The total scale and both subscales showed good internal consistency. Participants with PTSD had significantly more dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions than those without PTSD. Dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions correlated significantly with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS; r = .62), depression (r = .71), and anxiety (r = .67). The CPTCI-GER has good psychometric properties and may facilitate evaluation of treatments and further research on the function of trauma-related cognitions in children and adolescents. (Partial) correlations provide empirical support for the combined DSM-5 symptom cluster negative alterations in cognitions and mood.","Cptci, Children and adolescents, Posttraumatic cognitions, Posttraumatic stress disorder","de Haan, A., Petermann, F., Meiser-Stedman, R., Goldbeck, L.",2016.0,Feb,10.1007/s10578-015-0552-0,0,0,
1363,Zolpidem-induced galactorrhea via gabaergic inhibition of dopamine: A case report,"Introduction: Insomnia, which can be defined as difficulty in falling and/or remaining asleep or simply reduced quality of sleep, can be secondary to a physical or psychiatric condition. The prevalence of insomnia has been estimated to be as high as 32 to 33% of the population. Non-benzodiazepines such as zolpidem have become more commonly used due to their more favorable adverse effect profile. In this report, we will describe a case of zolpidem-induced galactorrhea. We will also explore the mechanism leading to galactorrhea in this patient. Case report: The patient is a 29-year-old woman with a history of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as alcohol abuse in sustained remission who presented with PTSD associated insomnia. She was started on zolpidem 5 mg po qhs. Two months after the initiation of zolpidem treatment, the patient presented with breast tenderness and galactorrhea. Zolpidem was discontinued and the galactorrhea resolved after two weeks. A serum prolactin level was drawn shortly after discontinuation of zolpidem and was measured to be 15.67 mg/ml. Discussion: Zolpidem has a high affinity and is a full agonist at the (alpha)1 containing GABAA receptors, with reduced affinity for those containing the (alpha)2- and (alpha)3- GABAA receptor subunits and minimal affinity for (alpha)5 receptor subunit. Due to its selective binding, zolpidem has been found to have very weak anxiolytic, muscle relaxing and anticonvulsant properties while having very strong hypnotic properties. Psychotropic drugs have been well recognized to produce hyperprolactinemia. However, there has been no reported case of zolpidem-induced hyperprolactinemia. Specifically, zolpidem has been noted to activate GABAergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where there is a sizable population of GABAergic neurons. These GABAergic neurons regulate the firing of dopaminergic counterparts, also located in the VTA, which send projections throughout the brain. This inhibition results in a decrease in the dopaminergic inhibitory influence on prolactin and an increase in prolactin releasing factors which act on the anterior pituitary, leading to hyperprolactinemia and thus galactorrhea . Conclusion: Pharmacologically induced hyperprolactinemia may be a problem of underestimated prevalence due to the lack of externally visible symptoms as well potential shame associated with reporting of symptoms. However, more research is needed in this area to definitively associate zolpidem with hyperprolactinemia and its related symptoms.","zolpidem, dopamine, 4 aminobutyric acid receptor, receptor subunit, prolactin releasing factor, benzodiazepine derivative, psychotropic agent, hypnotic agent, anticonvulsive agent, anxiolytic agent, prolactin, receptor, galactorrhea, human, case report, psychosomatics, society, hyperprolactinemia, patient, insomnia, prevalence, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, breast tenderness, sleep, remission, adenohypophysis, alcohol abuse, prolactin blood level, female, ventral tegmentum, adverse drug reaction, muscle, brain, agonist, shame","De Jesus, D., Alao, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1364,"Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context",,,"De Jong, J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1365,Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings,,,"De Jong, J. T. V. M., Komproe, I. H., Van Ommeren, M., El Masri, M., Araya, M., Khaled, N., Van De Put, W., Somasundaram, D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1366,Psychological trauma exposure and trauma symptoms among individuals with high and low levels of dental anxiety,"This questionnaire-based study investigated the traumatic background and trauma-related symptomatology among 141 treatment-seeking individuals with high levels of dental anxiety and among a low-anxious reference group consisting of 99 regular dental patients. The highly anxious individuals reported a significantly higher number of traumatic events, both within and outside the dental or medical setting, than those in the reference group (73% vs. 21%). Horrific experiences in the dental setting were the most common traumatic events reported. Of the highly anxious individuals, 46.1% indicated suffering from one or more of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, loss of interest, and insomnia), while in the reference group this percentage was 6%. Severity of dental anxiety was significantly associated with number of screening criteria for specific phobia and the extent to which the anxious subjects displayed symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Two variables were uniquely predictive for positive diagnostic screens for dental phobia and PTSD: having experienced a horrific dental treatment and having been a victim of a violent crime. In conclusion, post-traumatic symptoms are common accompaniments of severe forms of dental anxiety and are experienced even when dental treatment is not imminent. © 2006 The Authors.","Dental anxiety, Fear, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Specific phobia, Trauma symptoms","De Jongh, A., Fransen, J., Oosterink-Wubbe, F., Aartman, I.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1367,Anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms following wisdom tooth removal,"The purpose of the present study was to determine the psychological impact of wisdom teeth removal and to identify the psychological risk factors for the development of dental anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Participants were 34 consecutive elective patients referred for surgical removal of a wisdom tooth under local anesthesia. Frequency of previous distressing dental events and general traumatic life events were assessed at baseline (t1), and emotional distress (pain, state anxiety and disturbance) immediately after treatment (t2). Post-traumatic stress responses were determined three days after treatment (t3), and at four weeks follow-up (t4), while severity of dental trait anxiety was assessed at t1 and at t4. Two patients (8%) met screening criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) at t4. Multivariate analysis revealed that previous exposure to distressing dental events and preoperative anxiety level predicted anxiety level at t4, accounting for 71% of the variance. Severity of pain during treatment was a significant predictor variable of PTSD symptom severity at t4 (25% explained variance). The findings underline the importance of pain-free treatments and awareness of patients' individual predisposition to anxiety or trauma-related symptoms to reduce the risk of iatrogenic psychological harm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Risk Factors, *Teeth (Anatomy)","de Jongh, Ad, Olff, Miranda, van Hoolwerff, Hans, Aartman, Irene H. A., Broekman, Birit, Lindauer, Ramon, Boer, Frits",2008.0,,,0,0,
1368,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, social support and the role of ideology as evident in the war narratives of Israeli soldiers","The detrimental effects of war exposure on soldiers' wellbeing have been documented since the dawn of written narrative. However, the negative impact of trauma, and particularly war trauma, on soldiers' mental health functioning and wellbeing has historically been overlooked by the psychiatric field at best, and met with antipathy and contempt at worst. This, along with various other social and cultural factors, has shaped the understanding and treatment of veterans for decades. At present, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as related mental health difficulties are well recognized as possible outcomes of war exposure among military personnel, yet the role of potential protective and risk factors in this population calls for further exploration. The ongoing rise in political conflict worldwide, along with the large numbers of soldiers impacted by war, emphasizes the need for studies that offer a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of soldiers' experiences at war and upon homecoming. Israel, a country facing ongoing political turmoil, serves as a paradigm for understanding the complex interaction of personal, cultural, religious, and political factors that are thought to contribute to one's ability to cope with traumatic events. The current study aimed to contribute to the existing literature documenting the impact of war experience on soldiers' wellbeing by gaining insight into the lived experiences of soldiers. Specifically, this study sought to examine post-traumatic symptoms and mental health functioning in Israeli veterans of the 2006 Second Lebanon War, assessing participants' post war mental health functioning, as well as their perception of various potential sources of support and the degree to which social factors played a role in soldiers' motivation to fight, at-war coping, and adjustment post-war. Given the unique climate of military service in Israel, the study also sought to understand the role of religious, spiritual and political ideologies in motivating soldiers and allowing them to cope with war-related experiences. To this end, participants completed semi-structured interviews targeting these questions. Participants' narratives were analyzed utilizing a qualitative method of analysis (Le., Consensual Qualitative Research) from which emerged many domains and categories capturing the most frequent topics and content of participants' responses. Results of the current study captured the most prevalent experiences described by participants. The majority of participants reported experiencing some PTSD symptoms, yet denied feeling anger or irritability. Participants differentiated between various sources of support and most denied that ideologies played a significant role in their war experiences. Social support, and particularly relationships with fellow soldiers, was found to offer greater motivation to fight, and to serve as a greater source of coping both during and after war than did ideological beliefs. Nevertheless, many participants described post war change related to spiritual beliefs and existential growth. These findings are important in guiding clinical intervention for soldiers participate in war. Findings are preliminary and lead to the emergence of a multitude of follow up questions; thus, future research assessing soldiers' experiences during and following war is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Personnel, *Narratives, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Ideology","de la fontaine, Naama",2014.0,,,0,0,
1369,A distinct neurochemical profile in WKY rats at baseline and in response to acute stress: Implications for animal models of anxiety and depression,"Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exhibit hyperresponsive neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress that exceed normal controls and are especially prone to develop stress-induced depressive disorder. Pharmacological studies indicate altered serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems functioning in WKY rats, yet no attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive assessment of the neurochemical profile for WKY rats as compared to the outbred progenitor controls, Wistar rats. To this end, male, WKY and Wistar rats (N=6/group) were exposed to an acute forced-swim stress or were left untreated as controls. The prefrontal cortex (PFCtx), striatum, nucleus accumbens (NAS), and amygdala were assayed for levels of NE, DA and 5-HT, as well as major metabolites, by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. In a separate experiment, designed to assess baseline and stress-induced neuroendocrine activation, male, Wistar and WKY rats (N=6/group) were exposed to an acute forced-swim stress of 15 min or were left untreated as controls. Animals were killed immediately after the test (T=0), 30 min after the test (T=30) or 60 min after the test (T=60), and control animals were killed immediately after weighing. After decapitation, trunk blood was collected and plasma was isolated by centrifugation and analyzed for corticosterone by immunoassay. The neurochemical results demonstrate distinct patterns of baseline and stress-induced monoamine turnover in WKY rats, including alterations to DA and 5-HT turnovers in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, two critical brain areas implicated in anxiety, depression and drug reward. The neuroendocrine results indicate that WKY rats exhibited a sustained corticosterone response to acute stress, as compared to Wistar controls. Overall, these data are predicted to be useful for understanding the anxiety- and depressive-like behavioral phenotype exhibited by these animals and for increased understanding of the role genetic background in altering neurochemical function. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Depression, Dopamine, HPLC, Neurochemistry, Serotonin, WKY rat","De La Garza Ii, R., Mahoney Iii, J. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1370,A distinct neurochemical profile in WKY rats at baseline and in response to acute stress: Implications for animal models of anxiety and depression,"Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exhibit hyperresponsive neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress that exceed normal controls and are especially prone to develop stress-induced depressive disorder. Pharmacological studies indicate altered serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems functioning in WKY rats, yet no attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive assessment of the neurochemical profile for WKY rats as compared to the outbred progenitor controls, Wistar rats. To this end, male, WKY and Wistar rats (N=6/group) were exposed to an acute forced-swim stress or were left untreated as controls. The prefrontal cortex (PFCtx), striatum, nucleus accumbens (NAS), and amygdala were assayed for levels of NE, DA and 5-HT, as well as major metabolites, by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. In a separate experiment, designed to assess baseline and stress-induced neuroendocrine activation, male, Wistar and WKY rats (N=6/group) were exposed to an acute forced-swim stress of 15 min or were left untreated as controls. Animals were killed immediately after the test (T=0), 30 min after the test (T=30) or 60 min after the test (T=60), and control animals were killed immediately after weighing. After decapitation, trunk blood was collected and plasma was isolated by centrifugation and analyzed for corticosterone by immunoassay. The neurochemical results demonstrate distinct patterns of baseline and stress-induced monoamine turnover in WKY rats, including alterations to DA and 5-HT turnovers in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, two critical brain areas implicated in anxiety, depression and drug reward. The neuroendocrine results indicate that WKY rats exhibited a sustained corticosterone response to acute stress, as compared to Wistar controls. Overall, these data are predicted to be useful for understanding the anxiety- and depressive-like behavioral phenotype exhibited by these animals and for increased understanding of the role genetic background in altering neurochemical function. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","corticosterone, dopamine, noradrenalin, serotonin, acute stress disorder, amygdaloid nucleus, animal model, anxiety, article, behavior, centrifugation, controlled study, corpus striatum, depression, disease course, dopaminergic system, electrochemical detection, high performance liquid chromatography, immunoassay, male, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology, nonhuman, nucleus accumbens, outbreeding, phenotype, priority journal, rat, rat strain, stem cell, stress","De La Garza, Ii R., Mahoney, Iii J. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,1369
1371,"A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: Lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals","Over the years, the prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) has been documented across the lifespan in varied contexts, and with a range of potential long-term outcomes. Initially the emphasis focused on whether AVHs conferred risk for psychosis. However, recent research has identified significant differences in the presentation and outcomes of AVH in patients compared to those in non-clinical populations. For this reason, it has been suggested that auditory hallucinations are an entity by themselves and not necessarily indicative of transition along the psychosis continuum. This review will examine the presentation of auditory hallucinations across the life span. The stages described include childhood, adolescence, adult non-clinical populations, hypnaogogic/hypnopompic experiences, high schizotypal traits, schizophrenia, substance induced AVH, AVH in epilepsy and AVH in the elderly. In children, need for care depends upon whether the child associates the voice with negative beliefs, appraisals and other symptoms of psychosis. This theme appears to carry right through to healthy voice hearers in adulthood, in which a negative impact of the voice usually only exists if the individual has negative experiences as a result of their voice(s). This includes features of the voices such as the negative content, frequency and emotional valence as well as anxiety and depression, independently or caused by voices presence. It seems possible that the mechanisms which maintain AVH in non-clinical populations are different from those which are behind AVH presentations in psychotic illness. For example; the existence of maladaptive coping strategies in patient populations is one significant difference between clinical and non-clinical groups which is associated with a need for care. Whether or not these mechanisms start out the same and have differential trajectories is not yet evidenced. Future research needs to focus on the comparison of underlying factors and mechanisms that lead to the onset of AVH in both patient and non-clinical populations. © 2013 De_leede-smith and Barkus.","Adolescent, Auditory hallucinations, Child, Hallucinations, Non-clinical, Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Schizotypy","de Leede-Smith, S., Barkus, E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1372,Traumatic Stressors and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Headache Patients,"Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of significant traumatic stressors and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a headache population. Background: Several recent publications have emphasized the relationship between life stressors and/or daily hassles and recurrent headaches. However, little is known about the prevalence and impact of major traumatic stressors in patients with recurrent headaches. Methods: Eighty patients with either migraine or tension-type headache completed a PTSD checklist. Data were compared with those from patients with chronic masticatory muscle pain of similar intensity and duration. Results: Almost 64% of the headache patients reported one or more major traumatic stressors. This percentage was not significantly different from that of the comparison group, and fell within the broad range reported for exposure to traumatic stressors in epidemiologic studies with nonpatient populations. One out of 6 patients in the total headache sample, and 1 out of 4 of those reporting a traumatic stressor, reported symptoms suggestive of current PTSD. The prevalence of current PTSD-like symptomatology reported by the headache patients was comparable to that of the comparison group of the present study, but higher than that reported for the general population in the available literature printed in English. Traumatic stressors most often reported were not related to direct physical trauma, but rather associated with loss or serious illness of a loved one. Conclusion: Exposure to traumatic events in patients with a primary diagnosis of recurrent headaches is similar to that reported for chronic masticatory muscle pain patients or nonpatient populations. However, symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current PTSD appear to be more frequent in patients with recurrent headaches than reported in the scientific literature printed in English for nonpatient populations. Screening for PTSD symptomatology is recommended as part of the routine clinical evaluation of headache. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Headache, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Symptoms","de Leeuw, Reny, Schmidt, John E., Carlson, Charles R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1373,Age at onset in Canadian OCD patients: Mixture analysis and systematic comparison with other studies,"Objective: This study aimed to determine the distributions of the age at onset (AAO) using mixture analysis and better develop the understanding of AAO as a clinical feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: Mixture analysis was used to identify sub-groups characterized by differences in AAO. Clinical features were analyzed for differences in AAO sub-groups using mixture analysis. Comparisons were made with AAO cut-offs used in previous studies using the 2-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test. Results: Mixture analysis of our sample (n = 196) yielded a combination of 2 normal theoretical distributions with means (SD) of 9.66 (3.12) for the early-onset sub-group and 21.1 (8.36) years for the late-onset sub-group. The sub-groups were divided by a cut-off of 15 years. As expected, a negative correlation was found between AAO and duration of illness. The early-onset subjects had significantly lower age at the time of the assessment and they tended to have more often panic attacks but were treated less often with benzodiazepines and other anti-anxiety medications. The comparison analysis showed significant difference in the AAO distribution between our sample and four other study samples. Conclusions: Our findings support the notion that different AAO sub-groups correspond with differences in clinical presentations of obsessive-compulsive disorder. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Age at onset, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, OCD","De Luca, V., Gershenzon, V., Burroughs, E., Javaid, N., Richter, M. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1374,Trajectory in obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidities,"The main goal of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the trajectory of comorbid disorders associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) according to the first manifested psychiatric disorder and its impact in the clinical course of OCD and subsequent psychiatric comorbidities. One thousand and one OCD patients were evaluated at a single time point. Standardized instruments were used to determine the current and lifetime psychiatric diagnoses (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I and for impulse-control disorders) as well as to establish current obsessive-compulsive, depressive and anxiety symptom severity (Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories and the OCD Natural History Questionnaire). To analyze the distribution of comorbidities according to age at onset Bayesian approach was used. Five hundred eight patients had the first OC symptom onset till the age of 10 years old. The first comorbidity to appear in the majority of the sample was separation anxiety disorder (17.5%, n = 175), followed by ADHD (5.0%, n = 50) and tic disorders (4.4%, n = 44). OCD patients that presented with separation anxiety disorder as first diagnosis had higher lifetime frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (p = 0.003), higher scores in the Sexual/Religious dimension (p = 0.04), Beck Anxiety (p < 0.001) and Depression (p = 0.005) Inventories. OCD patients that initially presented with ADHD had higher lifetime frequencies of substance abuse and dependence (p < 0.001) and worsening OCD course (p = 0.03). OCD patients that presented with tic disorders as first diagnosis had higher lifetime frequencies of OC spectrum disorders (p = 0.03). OCD is a heterogeneous disorder and that the presence of specific comorbid diagnoses that predate the onset of OCD may influence its clinical presentation and course over the lifetime. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP.","Age at onset, Comorbidity, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Phenotype","de Mathis, M. A., Diniz, J. B., Hounie, A. G., Shavitt, R. G., Fossaluza, V., Ferrão, Y., Leckman, J. F., de Bragança Pereira, C., do Rosario, M. C., Miguel, E. C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1375,Post-traumatic stress disorder in an anxiety disorder unit and in a victims support association,"The post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents an original and frequent pathological entity concerning people confronted with one or more significant traumatic events. We present here a comparative study concerning subjects who present a post-traumatic stress disorder received in an anxiety disorder unit (ADD) or in a victims support association (VSA). One hundred and twenty seven people have been included in the study, according to DSM-IV for PTSD, during three years. Fifty-seven came from a victim support association, 54 came from an anxiety disorder unit and 16 were common to both structures. The PCL-S (PTSD Checklist Scale) was used to rate the intensity of the PTSD. Age, sex, marital status, type of traumatism, comorbidity and previous traumatisms were compared. PCLS scores were equivalent in the two settings. More women, younger subjects and more aggression were received in the victim support association. In the anxiety disorder unit more psychiatric comorbidity and more frequent antecedents of traumatism were seen. In the whole sample, two thirds of the people lived alone. Our results show that a victim support association receives people suffering from a definite post-traumatic stress disorder as intense on the PCL-S as in an anxiety disorder unit. More work has to be done on support association in the community, as they are confronted with significant PTSD problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Comorbidity, *Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, Emotional Trauma, Stress","de Mey-Guillard, C., Yao, S. N., Cottraux, J., Martin, R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1376,Postintensive care unit psychological burden in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and informal caregivers: A multicenter study,"Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their relatives after an intensive care unit stay. Design: Prospective multicenter study. Setting: Nineteen French intensive care units. Subjects: One hundred twenty-six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who survived an intensive care unit stay and 102 relatives. Intervention: None. Measurements and main results: Patients and relatives were interviewed at intensive care unit discharge and 90 days later to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale (IES). At intensive care unit discharge, 90% of patients recollected traumatic psychological events in the intensive care unit. At day 90, we were able to conduct telephone interviews with 53 patients and 47 relatives. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores indicated symptoms of anxiety and depression in 52% and 45.5% of patients at intensive care unit discharge and in 28.3% and 18.9% on day 90, respectively. Corresponding prevalence in relatives were 72.2% and 25.7% at intensive care unit discharge and 40.4% and 14.9% on day 90, respectively. The Impact of Event Scale indicated posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in 20.7% of patients and 29.8% of relatives on day 90. Peritraumatic dissociation assessed using the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire was independently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in the patients and relatives. Previous intensive care unit experience and recollection of bothersome noise in the intensive care unit predicted posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in the patients. Conclusions: Psychiatric symptoms were found to be common in a group of 126 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who survived an intensive care unit stay and their relatives at intensive care unit discharge and 90 days later. Peritraumatic dissociation at intensive care unit discharge was found to independently predict posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in this sample of patients and relatives. Copyright © 2010 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","end of life, family members, ICU burden","De Miranda, S., Pochard, F., Chaize, M., Megarbane, B., Cuvelier, A., Bele, N., Gonzalez-Bermejo, J., Aboab, J., Lautrette, A., Lemiale, V., Roche, N., Thirion, M., Chevret, S., Schlemmer, B., Similowski, T., Azoulay, E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1377,"Factor structure, internal consistency and reliability of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL): An exploratory study","Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder resulting from exposure to traumatic events. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a self-report measure largely used to evaluate the presence of PTSD. Objective: To investigate the internal consistency, temporal reliability and factor validity of the Portuguese language version of the PCL used in Brazil. Methods: A total of 186 participants were recruited. The sample was heterogeneous with regard to occupation, sociodemographic data, mental health history, and exposure to traumatic events. Subjects answered the PCL at two occasions within a 15 days' interval (range: 5-15 days). Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated high internal consistency for the total scale (0.91) and for the theoretical dimensions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) (0.83, 0.81, and 0.80). Temporal reliability (test-retest) was high and consistent for different cutoffs. Maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted and oblique rotation (Promax) was applied. The Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index (0.911) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (2 = 1,381.34, p < 0.001) indicated that correlation matrices were suitable for factor analysis. The analysis yielded three symptom clusters which accounted for 48.9% of the variance, namely, intrusions, avoidance, and numbing-hyperarousal. Conclusion: Our findings provide additional data regarding the psychometric properties of the PCL, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factor validity. Results are discussed in relation to PTSD theoretical models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity","de Paula Lima, Eduardo, Barreto, Sandhi Maria, Assuncao, Ada Avila",2012.0,,,0,0,
1378,"Factor structure, internal consistency and reliability of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist (PCL): An exploratory study","Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder resulting from exposure to traumatic events. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is a self-report measure largely used to evaluate the presence of PTSD. Objective: To investigate the internal consistency, temporal reliability and factor validity of the Portuguese language version of the PCL used in Brazil. Methods: A total of 186 participants were recruited. The sample was heterogeneous with regard to occupation, sociodemographic data, mental health history, and exposure to traumatic events. Subjects answered the PCL at two occasions within a 15 days' interval (range: 5-15 days). Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated high internal consistency for the total scale (0.91) and for the theoretical dimensions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) (0.83, 0.81, and 0.80). Temporal reliability (test-retest) was high and consistent for different cutoffs. Maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted and oblique rotation (Promax) was applied. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index (0.911) and Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ2= 1,381.34, p &lt; 0.001) indicated that correlation matrices were suitable for factor analysis. The analysis yielded three symptom clusters which accounted for 48.9% of the variance, namely, intrusions, avoidance, and numbing-hyperarousal. Conclusion: Our findings provide additional data regarding the psychometric properties of the PCL, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factor validity. Results are discussed in relation to PTSD theoretical models. © APRS.","Posttraumatic stress disorders, Reproducibility of results, Statistical factor analysis, Validity of tests","de Paula Lima, E., Barreto, S. M., Assunção, A. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,1377
1379,Clinical and cognitive correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in delusional disorder outpatients,"Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence, as well as the clinical, cognitive, and functional correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with delusional disorder (DD). Methods: Eighty-six outpatients with DSM-IV DD were evaluated for psychiatric comorbidity on Axis I disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI). The following instruments were administered: the Standardized Assessment of Personality (SAP), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), a neuropsychological battery (consisting of measures for attention, verbal and working memory, and executive functions), the Sheehan Disability Inventory (SDI), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. A socio-demographic and clinical questionnaire was also completed. Results: Forty-six percent of the subjects had at least one additional lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being depressive disorders (N = 16, 32.6%), followed by anxiety disorders (N = 8, 14%). DD with comorbid Axis I disorders (N = 40, 46.5%) was associated with a specific syndromic constellation (more common cluster C personality psychopathology, somatic delusions, olfactory and gustatory hallucinations, and suicide risk), and greater severity of the psychopathology, particularly as regards emotional dysregulation (total and general PANSS scales, MADRS, and perceived stress SDI scoring). In contrast, DD without psychiatric comorbidity ""pure"" DD (N = 46, 53.5%) was associated with worse overall neurocognitive performance, mainly in working memory. There were no differences in functionality between the two groups (as per the GAF and SDI total, work, social and family life disability scores). Conclusions: Our findings reveal one type of DD with associated psychiatric comorbidity with greater emotion-related psychopathology and another ""pure"" DD, without psychiatric comorbidity, related to worse global cognitive functioning. Treatment for DD should address both types of processes. (copyright) 2011 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","neuroleptic agent, adult, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, attention, cognition, controlled study, delusional disorder, depression, disease association, disease severity, dose response, dysthymia, eating disorder, executive function, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hypomania, learning, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, mental performance, mood disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacotherapy, recurrent disease, response time, social phobia, substance abuse, verbal memory, working memory","De Portugal, E., Martinez, C., Gonzalez, N., Del Amo, V., Haro, J. M., Cervilla, J. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1380,Clinical and cognitive correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in delusional disorder outpatients,"Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence, as well as the clinical, cognitive, and functional correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with delusional disorder (DD). Methods: Eighty-six outpatients with DSM-IV DD were evaluated for psychiatric comorbidity on Axis I disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI). The following instruments were administered: the Standardized Assessment of Personality (SAP), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), a neuropsychological battery (consisting of measures for attention, verbal and working memory, and executive functions), the Sheehan Disability Inventory (SDI), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. A socio-demographic and clinical questionnaire was also completed. Results: Forty-six percent of the subjects had at least one additional lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being depressive disorders (N = 16, 32.6%), followed by anxiety disorders (N = 8, 14%). DD with comorbid Axis I disorders (N = 40, 46.5%) was associated with a specific syndromic constellation (more common cluster C personality psychopathology, somatic delusions, olfactory and gustatory hallucinations, and suicide risk), and greater severity of the psychopathology, particularly as regards emotional dysregulation (total and general PANSS scales, MADRS, and perceived stress SDI scoring). In contrast, DD without psychiatric comorbidity ""pure"" DD (N = 46, 53.5%) was associated with worse overall neurocognitive performance, mainly in working memory. There were no differences in functionality between the two groups (as per the GAF and SDI total, work, social and family life disability scores). Conclusions: Our findings reveal one type of DD with associated psychiatric comorbidity with greater emotion-related psychopathology and another ""pure"" DD, without psychiatric comorbidity, related to worse global cognitive functioning. Treatment for DD should address both types of processes. © 2011 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","Cognition, paranoia, paranoid psychosis, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, symptoms","De Portugal, E., Martínez, C., González, N., Del Amo, V., Haro, J. M., Cervilla, J. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,1379
1381,Acquisition of resistance to butyrate enhances survival after stress and induces malignancy of human colon carcinoma cells,"Acquired resistance to apoptosis by tumor cells remains a major obstacle for cancer treatment, and hence the analysis of resistance to apoptosis constitutes a major goal in the development of antitumoral drugs. We have established a butyrate-resistant human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (BCS-TC2.BR2) from nontumorigenic BCS-TC2 cells to analyze whether the acquisition of such phenotype confers resistance to apoptosis and stress. Although BCS-TC2.BR2 cells exhibited a more differentiated phenotype than the parental BCS-TC2 cells, higher butyrate concentrations remained capable of additionally enhancing their differentiation without inducing apoptosis. Survival rates of BCS-TC2.BR2 cells after glucose deprivation and heat shock were higher than those of parental cells, revealing a stress-resistant phenotype. These findings were accompanied by key differences between parental and butyrate-resistant cells in gene expression profiles and the acquisition of in vivo tumorigenicity. In conclusion, cells gaining resistance to an endogenous physiological modulator of growth, differentiation, and apoptosis concurrently acquired resistance to other agents that influence cell survival.",,"De Silanes, I. L., Olmo, N., Turnay, J., González De Buitrago, G., Pérez-Ramos, P., Guzmán-Aránguez, A., García-Díez, M., Lecona, E., Gorospe, M., Lizarbe, M. A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1382,Review of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care,"Reviews the book, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care by No Author (2005). This book comes as the National Clinical Practice Guideline No. 26, and was commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. A guidelines development group, including some international experts on PTSD, worked together to produce this. In this era of evidence-based medicine, this work on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is very welcome. It fulfils a major need in the field. As so many different approaches have been offered for the treatment of PTSD, clear guidelines of what works - and therefore what the clients should be offered - were badly needed. Here the experts have reviewed the evidence and given their verdict. Cognitive-behaviour therapy is the first line of recommended treatment. Eye Movement Densensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is also recommended. There are also useful comments on various issues related to PTSD treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Childhood Development, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Primary Health Care, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Guidelines","de Silva, Padmal",2005.0,,,0,0,
1383,Degree of exposure and peritraumatic dissociation as determinants of PTSD symptoms in the aftermath of the Ghislenghien gas explosion,"Background This paper investigates risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the different survivor groups involved in a technological disaster in Ghislenghien (Belgium). A gas explosion instantly killed five firefighters, one police officer and 18 other people. Moreover, 132 people were wounded among which many suffered severe burn injuries. Methods In the framework of a large health survey of people potentially involved in the disaster, data were collected from 3,448 households, of which 7,148 persons aged 15 years and older, at 5 months (T1) and at 14 months (T2) after the explosion. Hierarchical regression was used to determine the significant predictors and to assess their proportion in variance accounted for. Results The degree of exposure to the disaster was a predictor of the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Peritraumatic dissociation appeared to be the most important predictor of the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms at T1. But at T2, posttraumatic stress symptoms at T1 had become the most important predictor. Dissatisfaction with social support was positively linked to development of posttraumatic stress symptoms at T1 and to the maintenance of these symptoms at T2. Survivors who received psychological help reported significant benefits. Conclusions In harmony with the findings from studies on technological disasters, at T1 6,0% of the respondents showed sufficient symptoms to meet all criteria for a full PTSD. At T2, 6,6% still suffered from posttraumatic stress symptoms. The symptoms of the different victim categories clearly indicated the influence of the degree of exposure on the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Problems inherent to retrospective scientific research after a disaster are discussed. © 2015 De Soir et al.","Peritraumatic dissociation, Psychological help, PTSD symptoms, Social support, Technological disaster","De Soir, E., Zech, E., Versporten, A., Van Oyen, H., Kleber, R., Mylle, J., van der Hart, O.",2015.0,,10.1186/s13690-015-0069-9,0,0,
1384,Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with hepatitis C and its treatment (interferon alpha): a review,"The hepatitis C virus is a major public health problem. The prevalence of serum antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in the world is estimated at 3% of the population. Although the incidence of new infection is declining, a large asymptomatic population with chronic hepatitis C exists. This infection often affects persons with psychiatric and substance use problems. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, and its treatment by interferon-alpha. During hepatitis C infection, discomfort, fatigue, and depressive symptoms are frequently reported, before IFN-a treatment. Many side effects are reported during the IFN-a treatment. Neuropsychiatric symptoms frequently occur in hepatitis C patients treated with IFN-a. These side effects are troublesome and frequently account for dose reduction or treatment discontinuation. These symptoms include cognitive, affective, and behavioural components. The cognitive changes include impaired concentration, decreased alertness, deficits in verbal memory and mental slowing. These cognitive changes can be related to the IFN-a treatment or to the action of the hepatitis C virus on the brain. Depression is the most common psychiatric side effect. The reported rates of depressive symptoms range from 10 to 40%. The rates are higher in studies that used specific tools to assess for depression and in prospective studies. Depressive symptoms associated to the IFN-a treatment are particular: irritability, emotional lability, insomnia, behavioural disorders, impulsivity, fatigue, loss of interest. Occasional cases of mania and psychosis have been reported. There have been reports of anxiety disorders, including phobias, obsessive thoughts and rituals, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Several studies have shown that patients with chronic hepatitis C have a reduced quality of life. The impact of IFN-a is not clear. The quality of life may be related to the cognitive change or to the stage of the liver disease according to the authors. A large study showed that successful therapy with IFN-a improves quality of life. Studies of mechanisms of IFN-a neuropsychiatric effects are preliminary, so theories remain speculative. IFN-a may directly affect the central nervous system and affects neuroendocrine, cytokine, and neurotransmitter pathways. Identification and treatment of chronic hepatitis C infections are likely to become more aggressive with the improved prognosis offered by combination therapy (IFN-a and ribavirin). Psychiatrists will increasingly be involved in the care of such patients. Psychiatrists are often involved in the care of intravenous drug users and alcoholics, both of whom have high rates of hepatitis C infection. Depression may also be the visible symptom of a chronic hepatitis C infection, early detection of hepatitis C might lead to secondary prevention and improved outcomes. Recognition of depression associated to IFN-a is important, for treatment and for the possibility of improving adherence to IFN-a. The nature and severity of the neuropsychiatric adverse effects are, in part, dose dependent, though there is significant variability. No risk factor of psychiatric effects is clearly identified. All patients who receive interferon should be considered at some risk of developing neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Baseline assessments of mood and cognitive functions will help the clinician determine if behavioural symptoms are interferon-related. In clinical practice, SSRIs appear to be used commonly and to be helpful. The choice of therapy is based on the visible mood symptoms and the adverse effect profile of the antidepressants. The antidepressants drugs recommended are citalopram, sertraline, tianeptine, milnacipram and viloxazine. The efficacy of prophylactic antidepressant treatment is a matter of clinical debate. Non-pharmacological interventions are also useful. Education regarding the possible neuropsychiatric changes secondary to interferon treatment may prepare patients and make earlier interventions possible. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of neuro-psychiatric symptoms and their treatment may help patients with chronic hepatitis C sustain treatment, which will ultimately prolong their life and improve their quality of life. Research should include patients with psychiatric problems so that they are not excluded from effective treatments for hepatitis C. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.","alpha interferon, antidepressant agent, citalopram, cytokine, hepatitis C antibody, milnacipran, neurotransmitter, paroxetine, ribavirin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tianeptine, viloxazine, alcoholism, alertness, anorexia, anxiety disorder, article, behavior disorder, brain function, central nervous system, chronic hepatitis, clinical practice, cognition, cognitive defect, concentration loss, confusion, depression, disease association, disease course, disease severity, dose response, drug dose reduction, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug withdrawal, early diagnosis, emotional disorder, fatigue, hepatitis C, Hepatitis C virus, human, impulsiveness, incidence, infection rate, insomnia, intravenous drug abuse, irritability, libido disorder, lifespan, liver disease, mania, memory disorder, mental capacity, mental concentration, mental disease, mood, mood disorder, neuroendocrine system, neurological complication, neuropsychiatry, neuropsychological test, neurotoxicity, obsession, patient care, patient compliance, patient education, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, prophylaxis, psychiatrist, psychologic assessment, psychosis, public health, quality of life, risk factor, ritual, secondary prevention, seroprevalence, side effect, somnolence, substance abuse, suicidal ideation, symptom, thought disorder, treatment outcome, unspecified side effect, variance, verbal memory, deroxat, ixel, seropram, stablon, vivalan, zoloft","De Stoppeleire, C., Adida, M., Labrune, N., Lancon, Ch",2006.0,,,0,0,
1385,Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with hepatitis C and its treatment (interferon alpha): a review,"The hepatitis C virus is a major public health problem. The prevalence of serum antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in the world is estimated at 3% of the population. Although the incidence of new infection is declining, a large asymptomatic population with chronic hepatitis C exists. This infection often affects persons with psychiatric and substance use problems. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, and its treatment by interferon-alpha. During hepatitis C infection, discomfort, fatigue, and depressive symptoms are frequently reported, before IFN-a treatment. Many side effects are reported during the IFN-a treatment. Neuropsychiatric symptoms frequently occur in hepatitis C patients treated with IFN-a. These side effects are troublesome and frequently account for dose reduction or treatment discontinuation. These symptoms include cognitive, affective, and behavioural components. The cognitive changes include impaired concentration, decreased alertness, deficits in verbal memory and mental slowing. These cognitive changes can be related to the IFN-a treatment or to the action of the hepatitis C virus on the brain. Depression is the most common psychiatric side effect. The reported rates of depressive symptoms range from 10 to 40%. The rates are higher in studies that used specific tools to assess for depression and in prospective studies. Depressive symptoms associated to the IFN-a treatment are particular: irritability, emotional lability, insomnia, behavioural disorders, impulsivity, fatigue, loss of interest. Occasional cases of mania and psychosis have been reported. There have been reports of anxiety disorders, including phobias, obsessive thoughts and rituals, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Several studies have shown that patients with chronic hepatitis C have a reduced quality of life. The impact of IFN-a is not clear. The quality of life may be related to the cognitive change or to the stage of the liver disease according to the authors. A large study showed that successful therapy with IFN-a improves quality of life. Studies of mechanisms of IFN-a neuropsychiatric effects are preliminary, so theories remain speculative. IFN-a may directly affect the central nervous system and affects neuroendocrine, cytokine, and neurotransmitter pathways. Identification and treatment of chronic hepatitis C infections are likely to become more aggressive with the improved prognosis offered by combination therapy (IFN-a and ribavirin). Psychiatrists will increasingly be involved in the care of such patients. Psychiatrists are often involved in the care of intravenous drug users and alcoholics, both of whom have high rates of hepatitis C infection. Depression may also be the visible symptom of a chronic hepatitis C infection, early detection of hepatitis C might lead to secondary prevention and improved outcomes. Recognition of depression associated to IFN-a is important, for treatment and for the possibility of improving adherence to IFN-a. The nature and severity of the neuropsychiatric adverse effects are, in part, dose dependent, though there is significant variability. No risk factor of psychiatric effects is clearly identified. All patients who receive interferon should be considered at some risk of developing neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Baseline assessments of mood and cognitive functions will help the clinician determine if behavioural symptoms are interferon-related. In clinical practice, SSRIs appear to be used commonly and to be helpful. The choice of therapy is based on the visible mood symptoms and the adverse effect profile of the antidepressants. The antidepressants drugs recommended are citalopram, sertraline, tianeptine, milnacipram and viloxazine. The efficacy of prophylactic antidepressant treatment is a matter of clinical debate. Non-pharmacological interventions are also useful. Education regarding the possible neuropsychiatric changes secondary to interferon treatment may prepare patients and make earlier interventions possible. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of neuro-psychiatric symptoms and their treatment may help patients with chronic hepatitis C sustain treatment, which will ultimately prolong their life and improve their quality of life. Research should include patients with psychiatric problems so that they are not excluded from effective treatments for hepatitis C. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.","C hepatitis, Cognitive function, Interferon alfa, Psychiatric symptoms, Quality of life","De Stoppeleire, C., Adida, M., Labrune, N., Lançon, Ch",2006.0,,,0,0,1384
1386,Prospective evaluation of parent distress following pediatric burns and identification of risk factors for young child and parent posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Early childhood is a high-risk time for exposure to potentially traumatic medical events. We have previously reported that 10% of young children continue to have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months after burn injury. This study aimed to 1) document the prevalence and prospective change in parental psychological distress over 6 months following their child's burn injury and 2) identify risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in young children and their parents. Methods: Participants were 120 parents of 1-6-year-old children with unintentional burn injuries. Data were collected within 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months of burn injury using developmentally sensitive diagnostic interviews and questionnaires. Results: Within the first month,~25% of parents had a probable PTSD diagnosis, and moderate to extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Distress levels decreased significantly over time; however, 5% of parents still had probable PTSD at 6 months. Hierarchical multiple regression and path analyses indicated that parent posttraumatic stress reactions contributed significantly to the development and maintenance of child PTSS. Other risk factors for child PTSS included premorbid emotional and behavioral difficulties and larger burn size. Risk factors identified for parent PTSS included prior trauma history, acute distress, greater number of child invasive procedures, guilt, and child PTSS. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that parents' responses to a traumatic event may play a particularly important role in a young child's psychological recovery. However, further research is needed to confirm the direction of the relationship between child and parent distress. This study identified variables that could be incorporated into screening tools or targeted by early intervention protocols to prevent the development of persistent child and parent PTSS following medical trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Burns, *Distress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Parents, Pediatrics, Risk Factors","De Young, Alexandra C., Hendrikz, Joan, Kenardy, Justin A., Cobham, Vanessa E., Kimble, Roy M.",2014.0,,,0,1,
1387,"Prevalence, comorbidity and course of trauma reactions in young burn-injured children","Background: Infants, toddlers and preschoolers are the highest risk group for burn injury. However, to date this population has been largely neglected. This study examined the prevalence, onset, comorbidity and recovery patterns of posttrauma reactions in young children with burns. Methods: Parents of 130 unintentionally burned children (1-6 years) participated in the study. The Diagnostic Infant Preschool Assessment was conducted with parents at 1 and 6 months postinjury. Results: The majority of children were resilient. However, 35% were diagnosed with at least one psychological disorder, there was a high rate of comorbidity with posttraumatic stress disorder, and 8% of children did not experience recovery in distress levels over the course of 6 months. Conclusions: These outcomes are likely to have serious repercussions for a young child's medical and psychosocial recovery as well as their normal developmental trajectories. It is recommended that screening, prevention and early intervention resources are incorporated into paediatric health care settings to optimise children's psychological adjustment following burn injury. © 2011 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","burns, comorbidity, onset, posttraumatic stress disorder, Preschool children, prevalence, psychological disorder, trauma","De Young, A. C., Kenardy, J. A., Cobham, V. E., Kimble, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1388,Borderline personality disorder as seen from an attachment perspective: A review,"There is increasing evidence that both borderline personality disorder and PTSD can be partly understood as damage to the attachment system. Research on primates has shown how severe are the effects of a damaged attachment system. Distress symptoms produced by separation are similar to those seen in narcotic withdrawal and involve aggressive behaviour. Chronic stress in children can cause dysregulation of the normal stress response and maladaptive brain activities. Secure, avoidant, anxious-ambivalent attachment in childhood can now be measured. Insecure children show needless aggression; avoidant children can become either abusers or victims. Disorganized attachment is a mixture of avoidant and anxious-ambivalent behaviour and may lead to adult borderline personality disorder. Patterns of attachment are self-perpetuating and may be transmitted across generations. PTSD is a syndrome resulting from a terrifying state of helplessness. Its manifestations are similar to those seen with disorganized attachment behaviours. Individuals can appear to cut themselves off from memories and feelings that are too painful to acknowledge. As a result trauma can become organized at a sensory and somatic level which is difficult to change. PTSD appears to alter neurophysiology and neuroanatomy. Traumatogenic stimuli may produce abnormal brain activity and, for example, an inability to speak. 'Flips' of mental state have been recorded both in patients who have been through childhood abuse and in borderline patients. The goal of treatment for borderline personality disorder should include the integration of dissociated self-states.","aggression, avoidance behavior, borderline state, distress syndrome, emotional attachment, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, review","De Zulueta, F.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1389,A systematic review of the comorbidity between PTSD and alcohol misuse,"Purpose This systematic review aimed to assess (1) the level of comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol misuse reported in research studies since 2007 and (2) any associations found between specific PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol misuse. Methods A literature search was carried out to capture any papers published from 2007 to the end of July 2012. Six hundred and twenty abstracts were identified and reviewed, and 42 papers were included in the final review after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The prevalence of comorbid alcohol misuse in those with PTSD ranged from 9.8 to 61.3 %. The prevalence of comorbid PTSD in those with alcohol misuse ranged from 2.0 to 63.0 %, and the majority of prevalence rates were over 10.0 %. Almost all of the odds ratios representing the strength of association between the conditions across a variety of populations were significant, and those ranged from 1.1 to 4.87. Of the different PTSD symptom clusters, this review found most evidence for associations between alcohol misuse and both avoidance/numbing symptoms and hyperarousal symptoms. Conclusions Given that comorbidity appears to be common, the evidence from this systematic review supports the use of routine screening for comorbidity in populations who are known to have PTSD or alcohol misuse. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Alcohol misuse, Alcohol use disorder, Comorbidity, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Debell, F., Fear, N. T., Head, M., Batt-Rawden, S., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., Goodwin, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1390,Maternal factors associated with sexually abused children’s psychosocial adjustment,,,"Deblinger, E., Steer, R., Lippmann, J.",1999.0,1999,,0,0,
1391,Two subjective factors as moderators between critical incidents and the occurrence of post traumatic stress disorders: Adult attachment and perception of social support,"This paper presents the result of a research which investigated the influence of the subjective factors 'adult attachment style' and 'perception of social support' in the occurrence of post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in a population of 544 subjects working for a security company and the Belgian Red Cross. The analysis of the results suggests that 'adult attachment style' and 'perception of social support' moderate between a critical incident and the occurrence of a PTSD. In other words, these independent variables differentiate between individuals who are more, and who are less prone, to suffer from a PTSD after having experienced a critical incident. The results of this research shed light on subjective risk factors related to PTSD. The findings can also suggest guidelines for the treatment of individuals suffering from a PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attachment Behavior, *Perception, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Social Support, Stress","Declercq, Frederic, Palmans, Vicky",2006.0,,,0,0,
1392,Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress: Subscales and symptom clusters,"This study examined the relationship between the emotion-regulating factor alexithymia and the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after critical incidents in a nonclinical sample of 136 nurses and ambulance personnel working in military facilities. The results showed that alexythima accounts for variance in PTSD symptoms. Breaking PTSD into its 4 symptom clusters, alexithymia was found to predict numbing and hyperarousal symptoms but not avoidance or reexperiencing symptoms. Finally, the rarely investigated, but clinically relevant, distinctive subdimensions of alexithymia were examined in relation to the 4 PTSD clusters. The difficulty identifying feelings subscale contributed most to the numbing and hyperarousal PTSD subscales. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Alexithymia, Military ambulance personnel, Military nurses, Posttraumatic stress","Declercq, F., Vanheule, S., Deheegher, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1393,Ecological momentary assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during a smoking quit attempt,"Introduction: Smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) tend to lapse more quickly following a quit attempt, which might be explained by changes in PTSD symptoms during a quit attempt. The present study examines changes in PTSD symptoms, negative affect, and craving before and during a quit attempt. Methods: Participants in this study were 52 smokers with PTSD who completed random-alarm ecological momentary assessments of PTSD symptoms, negative affect, cigarette craving, and smoking behavior throughout a prequit phase of ad hoc smoking, a phase of abstinence from smoking, and a postlapse phase. Results: Relative to the prequit phase, the abstinent phase was marked by decreases in PTSD reexperiencing, avoidance, and numbing clusters (ps ≤ .01). The odds of PTSD symptom or negative affect variability from one reading in the ecological momentary assessment (EMA)to the next reading was decreased in PTSD reexperiencing, avoidance, and numbing clusters (ps ≤ .02). Smoking cravings were also mildly decreased in the abstinent and postlapse phases (ps < .01), although some cravings in both phases were rated at the maximum intensity. Increased craving was predicted by the previous EMA reading of PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Results suggested that smoking abstinence is not associated with exacerbation of PTSD symptoms, but PTSD symptoms during abstinence were related to craving levels during the quit attempt.",,"Dedert, E. A., Dennis, P. A., Swinkels, C. M., Calhoun, P. S., Dennis, M. F., Beckham, J. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1394,"Association of trauma exposure with psychiatric morbidity in military veterans who have served since September 11, 2001",,,"Dedert, E. A., Green, K. T., Calhoun, P. S., Yoash-Gantz, R., Taber, K. H., Mumford, M. M., Tupler, L. A., Morey, R. A., Marx, C. E., Weiner, R. D., Beckham, J. C.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.004,0,0,
1395,Unique patterns of comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder from different sources of trauma,"While there are many studies of comorbidity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), studies of PTSD from other sources of trauma (e.g., disasters, crimes, and civil violence) are just beginning to emerge. This is the first formal review comparing patterns of comorbidity in PTSD from different sources of trauma. Specific attention is given to the relative frequencies of substance abuse, depression, generalized anxiety, phobic, panic, somatization, psychotic, and personality disorders. The findings reveal that although similarities exist, the cornorbidity profiles differ according to the type of trauma experienced and the population studied. Additionally, the evidence suggests that the associated psychiatric disorders are not truly comorbid, but are interwoven with the PTSD.",,"Deering, C. G., Glover, S. G., Ready, D., Eddleman, H. C., Alarcon, R. D.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1396,Chronic post-traumatic headache: Clinical findings and possible mechanisms,"Chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTHA), the most frequent complaint after traumatic brain injury (TBI), dramatically affects quality of life and function. Despite its high prevalence and persistence, the mechanism of CPTHA is poorly understood. This literature review aimed to analyze the results of studies assessing the characteristics and sensory profile of CPTHA in order to shed light on its possible underlying mechanisms. The search for English language articles published between 1960 and 2013 was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed. Studies assessing clinical features of headache after TBI as well as studies conducting quantitative somatosensory testing (QST) in individuals with CPTHA and in individuals suffering from other types of pain were included. Studies on animal models of pain following damage to peripheral tissues and to the peripheral and central nervous system were also included. The clinical features of CPTHA resembled those of primary headache, especially tension-type and migraine headache. Positive and negative signs were prevalent among individuals with CPTHA, in both the head and in other body regions, suggesting the presence of local (cranial) mechanical hypersensitivity, together with generalized thermal hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia. Evidence of dysfunctional painmodulationwas also observed. Chronic post-traumatic headache can result from damage to intra- and pericranial tissues that caused chronic sensitization of these tissues. Alternatively, although not mutually exclusive, CPTHA might possibly be a form of central pain due to damage to brain structures involved in pain processing. These, other possibilities, as well as risk factors for CPTHA are discussed at length. © W. S. Maney & Son Ltd 2014.","Chronic pain, Headache, Mechanisms, Traumatic brain injury","Defrin, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1397,The long term effect of captivity torture on pain perception,"Background and Aims: Recent studies suggest that both physical and psychological torture provoke severe and chronic effects including chronic pain, emotional suffering and mental-health problems.However, given the scarcity of comprehensive systematic longitudinal studies of the long term multifaceted sequel of war captivity and torture, the long term trajectories of psychological and physical pain are poorly understood.To fill this gap this study aimed to investigate pain perception and psychological status among former prisoners of war (exPOWs) 35 years after the war. Methods: Participants were 60 exPOWs and 44 matched controls. All participants underwent evaluation of heat-pain threshold, mechanical temporal summation of pain and continuous pain modulation (CPM) and filled out questionnaires assessing PTSD, psychiatric symptomatology and chronic pain. Results: exPOWs exhibited increased temporal summation (p < 0.01), decreased CPM (p < 0.001) and greater magnitude of chronic pain (p < 0.001) in more body regions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the former exhibited higher levels of PTSD (p < 0.0001) pain catastrophizing (CAT) (p < 0.05) and anxiety sensitivity (AS) (p < 0.05).Chronic pain intensity significantly correlated with CAT (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and AS (r = 0.30, p < 0.05). Conclusions: It appears that war captivity and torture inflict a long term dysfunction of pain inhibitory pathways.This dysfunction along with the emotional consequences might underlie the high rates of severe chronic pain among torture survivors.","pain, torture, Europe, nociception, chronic pain, war, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, temporal summation, longitudinal study, prisoner, pain threshold, modulation, questionnaire, symptomatology, body regions, catastrophizing, anxiety, torture survivor, mental health, heat","Defrin, R., Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1398,Quantitative testing of pain perception in subjects with PTSD - Implications for the mechanism of the coexistence between PTSD and chronic pain,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with chronic pain. Neither the underlying mechanism of this comorbidity nor the nature of pain perception among subjects with PTSD is well defined. This study is the first systematic and quantitative evaluation of pain perception and chronic pain in subjects with PTSD. The study group consisted of 32 outpatients with combat- and terror-related PTSD, 29 outpatients with anxiety disorder and 20 healthy controls. Quantitative somatosensory testing included the measurement of warm, cold, light touch and heat-pain thresholds and responses to acute suprathreshold heat and mechanical stimuli. Chronic pain was characterized, and levels of PTSD and anxiety symptomatology were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Subjects with PTSD exhibited higher rates of chronic pain, more intense chronic pain and more painful body regions compared with the other two groups. PTSD severity correlated with chronic pain severity. Thresholds of subjects with PTSD were significantly higher than those of subjects with anxiety and healthy controls, but they perceived suprathreshold stimuli as being much more intense than the other two groups. These results suggest that subjects with PTSD exhibit an intense and widespread chronic pain and a unique sensory profile of hyposensitivity to pain accompanied by hyper-reactivity to suprathreshold noxious stimuli. These features may be attributed to the manner with which PTSD subjects emotionally interpret and respond to painful stimuli. Alternatively, but not mutually exclusive, the findings may reflect altered sensory processing among these subjects. (copyright) 2008 International Association for the Study of Pain.","adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, chronic pain, clinical article, comorbidity, controlled study, female, human, male, mechanical stimulation, nociception, pain assessment, pain threshold, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, quantitative analysis, somatosensory stimulation, tactile stimulation, thermal stimulation","Defrin, R., Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z., Polad, E., Bloch, M., Govezensky, M., Schreiber, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1399,Quantitative testing of pain perception in subjects with PTSD--implications for the mechanism of the coexistence between PTSD and chronic pain,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with chronic pain. Neither the underlying mechanism of this comorbidity nor the nature of pain perception among subjects with PTSD is well defined. This study is the first systematic and quantitative evaluation of pain perception and chronic pain in subjects with PTSD. The study group consisted of 32 outpatients with combat- and terror-related PTSD, 29 outpatients with anxiety disorder and 20 healthy controls. Quantitative somatosensory testing included the measurement of warm, cold, light touch and heat-pain thresholds and responses to acute suprathreshold heat and mechanical stimuli. Chronic pain was characterized, and levels of PTSD and anxiety symptomatology were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Subjects with PTSD exhibited higher rates of chronic pain, more intense chronic pain and more painful body regions compared with the other two groups. PTSD severity correlated with chronic pain severity. Thresholds of subjects with PTSD were significantly higher than those of subjects with anxiety and healthy controls, but they perceived suprathreshold stimuli as being much more intense than the other two groups. These results suggest that subjects with PTSD exhibit an intense and widespread chronic pain and a unique sensory profile of hyposensitivity to pain accompanied by hyper-reactivity to suprathreshold noxious stimuli. These features may be attributed to the manner with which PTSD subjects emotionally interpret and respond to painful stimuli. Alternatively, but not mutually exclusive, the findings may reflect altered sensory processing among these subjects.","Adult, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain/*complications/physiopathology/*psychology, Pain Measurement/*methods/standards, Pain Threshold/physiology/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*complications/physiopathology/*psychology","Defrin, R., Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z., Polad, E., Bloch, M., Govezensky, M., Schreiber, S.",2008.0,Aug 31,10.1016/j.pain.2008.05.006,0,0,1398
1400,Quantitative somatosensory testing of subjects with chronic post-traumatic headache: Implications on its mechanisms,"Background: Chronic headache is one of the most prominent symptoms among subjects with traumatic head injury (THI). Despite the relatively high prevalence of chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTHA) and its enormous effect on the already poor quality of life of subjects with THI, its mechanisms has not been studied in depth. Objective: To conducted quantitative somatosensory testing in THI subjects with and without chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTHA) in order to shed light on the yet, unknown pathophysiology of CPTHA. Methods: THI subjects with and without CPTHA and healthy controls underwent thermal and mechanical threshold measurements in painful and pain-free regions in the head and in their hands (a remote pain-free region) and filled out and the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inventory. In addition, the THI and CPTHA filled out the Mc'Gill pain questionnaire (MPQ). Results: THI subjects with CPTHA had significantly higher thermal thresholds in both the head and hand indicating central damage to the pain and temperature system and in addition, a significantly lower pressure-pain threshold in the head as well as more severe PTSD symptomatology than the pain-free THI subjects and healthy controls. Conclusions: The sensory profile of subjects with CPTHA suggests that CPTHA may be a form of central pain. The cranial mechanical hyperalgesia may originate from peripheral tissue damage accompanying the THI. Psychological factors may contribute to the development, and maintenance of CPTHA in susceptible individuals. (copyright) 2010 European Federation of International Association for the Study of Pain Chapters. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, article, brain damage, chronic daily headache, chronic post traumatic headache, clinical article, controlled study, female, hand, head, head injury, human, male, Mc Gill pain questionnaire, mechanical stimulation, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, pain assessment, pain receptor, pain threshold, priority journal, quantitative somatosensory testing, quantitative study, sensory analysis, somatosensory system, thermal stimulation","Defrin, R., Gruener, H., Schreiber, S., Pick, C. G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1401,Paradoxical Pain Perception in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Unique Role of Anxiety and Dissociation,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain often co-occur and exacerbate each other. Elucidating the mechanism of this co-occurrence therefore has clinical importance. Previously, patients with PTSD with chronic pain were found to demonstrate a unique paradoxical pain profile: hyperresponsiveness together with hyposensitivity to pain. Our aim was to examine whether 2 seemingly paradoxical facets of PTSD (anxiety and dissociation) underlie this paradoxical profile. Patients with PTSD (n = 32) and healthy control individuals (n = 43) underwent psychophysical testing and completed questionnaires. Patients with PTSD had higher pain thresholds and higher pain ratings to suprathreshold stimuli than control individuals. Pain thresholds were positively associated with dissociation levels and negatively associated with anxiety sensitivity levels. Experimental pain ratings were positively associated with anxiety sensitivity and negatively related to dissociation levels. Chronic pain intensity was associated with anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and pain catastrophizing. It appears that reduced conscious attention toward incoming stimuli, resulting from dissociation, causes delayed response in pain threshold measurement, whereas biases toward threatening stimuli and decreased inhibition, possibly caused by increased anxiety, are responsible for the intensification of experimental and chronic pain. The paradoxical facets of PTSD and their particular influences over pain perception seem to reinforce the coexistence of PTSD and chronic pain, and should be considered when treating traumatized individuals. PERSPECTIVE: This article provides new information regarding the underlying mechanism of the coexistence of PTSD and chronic pain. This knowledge could help to provide better management of PTSD and chronic pain among individuals in the aftermath of trauma.","Chronic pain, anxiety, dissociation, hyperresponsiveness, hypoalgesia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychophysics","Defrin, R., Schreiber, S., Ginzburg, K.",2015.0,Oct,10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.010,0,0,
1402,Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic distress: A longitudinal study,"This longitudinal study examined the course and bidirectional relation between posttraumatic distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG). A sample of Israeli ex-prisoners of war and matched controls were followed over 17 years. Participants' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms were measured at three time-points. PTG was assessed twice. Applying an autoregressive cross-lagged modeling strategy, initial PTSD predicted subsequent PTG above and beyond PTG stability, but not vice versa. Cross-lagged relations of PTG to depression and anxiety were not significant. Moreover, analysis of PTG trajectory revealed that individuals with PTSD reported higher PTG levels across times than those without PTSD. Thus, growth is facilitated and maintained by endorsement rather than absence of PTSD. The findings are discussed in the context of the illusionary versus adaptive notion of PTG. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","longitudinal study, positive illusion, posttraumatic distress, posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress disorder","Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T., Solomon, Z.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1403,Shared and unique predictors of post-traumatic growth and distress,"This prospective longitudinal study compared pretraumatic, peritraumatic, and post-traumatic predictors of post-traumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A total of 103 Israeli former prisoners of the Yom Kippur War were followed over 30 years. Sociodemographic variables, trauma exposure, reactions in captivity, world assumptions, social support, and personality factors were assessed in 1991, and PTG and PTSD symptoms in 2003. Hierarchical regression modeling showed that although some predictors, namely, loss of control and active coping during captivity, predicted both PTG and PTSD, others predicted one outcome and not the other. Self-controllability predicted PTG while sociodemographic factors predicted PTSD when controlling for PTSD and PTG, respectively. The findings indicate that salutary and pathogenic trauma outcomes share some but not all precursors, underscoring their multifaceted relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Control, Internal External Locus of Control, Social Support","Dekel, Sharon, Mandl, Christine, Solomon, Zahava",2011.0,,,0,0,
1404,Posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms: Joined or independent sequelae of trauma?,"Objective: The nature of co-morbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression has been the subject of much controversy. This study addresses this issue by investigating associations between probable PTSD and depressive symptoms in a prospective, longitudinal sample of combat veterans. Method: Symptoms of PTSD and depression were assessed at 3 points of time (i.e., 1991, 2003, 2008) over a period of 17 years utilizing the PTSD Inventory and the SCL-90 (Derogatis, 1977). Two groups of combat veterans, 275 former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and 219 matched combatants (controls), were assessed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, latent variable modeling, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: A series of χ2 tests revealed that the prevalence proportions of depressive symptoms and probable PTSD were higher among ex-POWs compared to controls at all time points. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher than the prevalence of PTSD symptoms in both groups at the each of the times. Latent Trajectories Modeling (LTM) indicated that while ex-POWs' PTSD symptom severity increased over time, the severity of symptoms remained stable among controls. Parallel Process Latent Growth Modeling (PLGM) revealed a positive bi-directional relationship whereby PTSD symptoms mediated the affect of captivity on depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms mediated the affect of captivity on PTSD symptoms over time. Utilizing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), a single factor model emerged for depressive and PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: The findings suggest that while depression and PTSD seem to be different long-term manifestations of traumatic stress, accounted for in part by the severity of the trauma, they both may be parts of a common general traumatic stress construct. Clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Captivity, Combat trauma, Depression, Longitudinal study, POWs, PTSD","Dekel, S., Solomon, Z., Horesh, D., Ein-Dor, T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1405,Up Close and Personal: Temporal Variability in the Drinking of Individual College Students during Their First Year,,,"Del Boca, F. K., Darkes, J., Greenbaum, P. E., Goldman, M. S.",2004.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.155,0,0,
1406,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, poor physical health and substance use behaviors in a national trauma-exposed sample","Both experiencing a traumatic event and PTSD are related to physical health problems (e.g., Schnurr and Jankowski, 1999) and health-risk behavior (e.g., Stewart, 1996). Using structural equation modeling analyses, we examined the interrelationships among number of distinct traumatic event exposures, PTSD diagnosis, physical health, and substance use behavior using epidemiological data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R; Kessler et al., 2004). Results provide some evidence that PTSD mediates the relationship between: (a) number of distinct traumatic event exposures and poor physical health defined by clusters of difficulties with gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and/or cardiovascular health, and (b) number of distinct traumatic event exposures and substance use behaviors. However, substance use behaviors did not significantly mediate the relationship between PTSD and poor physical health. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Physical health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Structural equation modeling, Trauma","Del Gaizo, A. L., Elhai, J. D., Weaver, T. L.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1407,Enhancing self-report assessment of PTSD: Development of an item bank,"The authors report results of work to enhance self-report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment by developing an item bank for use in a computer-adapted test. Computer-adapted tests have great potential to decrease the burden of PTSD assessment and outcomes monitoring. The authors conducted a systematic literature review of PTSD instruments, created a database of items, performed qualitative review and readability analysis, and conducted cognitive interviews with veterans diagnosed with PTSD. The systematic review yielded 480 studies in which 41 PTSD instruments comprising 993 items met inclusion criteria. The final PTSD item bank includes 104 items representing each of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994), PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal), and 3 additional subdomains (depersonalization, guilt, and sexual problems) that expanded the assessment item pool. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Del Vecchio, N., Elwy, A. R., Smith, E., Bottonari, K. A., Eisen, S. V.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1408,A comparison between survival from cancer before and after a physical traumatic injury: Physical trauma before cancer is associated with decreased survival,"Background: Prior traumatic experiences have been associated with poorer coping strategies, greater distress, and more posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following a subsequent cancer diagnosis affecting their survival. However, the impact of prior physical traumatic injury on cancer survival has not been examined. Methods: The present study matched patients from the same Level 1 Trauma center who appeared in both the trauma and cancer registries. A total of 498 patients met the criteria between 1998 and 2014 who have experienced both a diagnosis of cancer and a physical traumatic injury. The survival between the patients who had physical trauma before cancer (TBC) versus those that had physical trauma after the cancer diagnosis (TAC) were compared. Results: The TBC group had a higher percentage of males (48 % vs 33 % p = 0.001) and motor vehicle collisions (18 % vs 7 %, p < 0.001), than the TAC group. TBC patients were also significantly younger than TAC patients at the time of the physical traumatic event (68.7 ± 14.6 vs 76.2 ± 12.0 years, p < 0.001), and longer length of time between the cancer diagnosis and physical traumatic injury (2.9 ± 2.9 vs 1.7 ± 2.6 years, p < 0.001). The overall probability of survival for the entire sample was 68 %. Percent survival for the TBC (n = 251) and TAC (n = 247) groups was 56 and 80 % respectively (p < 0.001). Results were consistent regardless of stage of cancer at diagnosis (hazard ratio (HR (Standard Error)). After adjusting for comorbidities Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (HR = 1.2 (0.06), p = 0.009)), cancer stage (HR = 2.8 (0.12), p < 0.001)), lung cancer (HR = 1.7 (0.25), p < 0.001) and bladder cancer (HR = 3.5 (0.55), p = 0.02), experiencing a prior physical traumatic injury was associated with an increased HR for mortality of 4.6 (0.93), p < 0.001). Conclusions: A physical traumatic episode before cancer diagnosis (TBC) increased the risk of death 4.6 fold compared to the TAC group even after adjusting for CCI, stage of cancer at diagnosis, lung cancer, and bladder cancer. These findings suggest considering a history of physical traumatic injury in cancer patients as a possible risk factor for faster cancer progression and mortality. © 2015 Delahanty et al.","Cancer, Injury, Physical trauma, Prognosis, Survival","Delahanty, D. L., Marley, R., Fenton, A., Salvator, A., Woofter, C., Erck, D., Coleman, J., Muakkassa, F.",2015.0,,10.1186/s13032-015-0029-y,0,0,
1409,The multidimensional inventory of dissociation (MID) a comprehensive measure of pathological dissociation,"This article describes the development and validation of the Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID). The MID is a 218-item, self-administered, multiscale instrument that comprehensively assesses the phenomenological domain of pathological dissociation and diagnoses the dissociative disorders. The MID measures 14 major facets of pathological dissociation; it has 23 dissociation diagnostic scales that simultaneously operationalize (1) the subjective/phenomenological domain of pathological dissociation and (2) the hypothesized dissociative symptoms of dissociative identity disorder (Dell, 2001a). The MID was designed for clinical research and for diagnostic assessment of patients who present with a mixture of dissociative, posttraumatic, and borderline symptoms. The MID demonstrated internal reliability, temporal stability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity. The MID also exhibited incremental validity over the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) by predicting an additional 18% of the variance in weighted abuse scores on the Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire (TEQ). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) did not support a one-factor model of the MID's clinical scales (i.e., the 14 facets and the 23 diagnostic symptoms). In contrast, however, CFA of the MID's factor scales (Dell & Lawson, 2005) has strongly supported a one-factor model. It was concluded that both the MID's 168 dissociation items and the construct of pathological dissociation have a second-order, unifactorial structure. Copyright (copyright) by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","adult, analysis of variance, article, child sexual abuse, clinical research, construct validity, controlled study, correlation analysis, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic value, discriminant validity, dissociative disorder, factorial analysis, female, human, intermethod comparison, major clinical study, male, Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation, multiple personality, personal experience, phenomenology, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal, psychological rating scale, psychometry, questionnaire, reliability, self report, social psychology, statistical model, symptom, validation process","Dell, P. F.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1410,Brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder,"In both animals and humans, stress has been demonstrated to reduce the expression of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin (NT) which promotes the proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons. Although traumatic events have been found to be associated with lower BDNF plasma levels in affective disorders, no study has explored this parameter in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We, therefore, measured BDNF plasma level in 18 patients with PTSD and in 18 healthy control subjects. Diagnoses were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, while the specific symptoms were examined in the patients by means of the Impact of Event Scale for PTSD and the traumas experienced were assessed by using the Life Events Checklist. BDNF plasma levels were evaluated by means of a standardized Elisa method. The results, while showing significantly lower BDNF levels in PTSD patients, as compared with those of healthy subjects (p=0.001), although obtained in a small sample size, would suggest that this NT may be involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Pathophysiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor","""DellOsso, Liliana"", Carmassi, Claudia, Del Debbio, Alessandro, ""DellOsso, Mario Catena"", Bianchi, Carolina, da Pozzo, Eleonora, Origlia, Nicola, Domenici, Luciano, Massimetti, Gabriele, Marazziti, Donatella, Piccinni, Armando",2009.0,,,0,0,
1411,A multidimensional spectrum approach to post-traumatic stress disorder: Comparison between the Structured Clinical Interview for Trauma and Loss Spectrum (SCI-TALS) and the Self-Report instrument (TALS-SR),"Dimensional approaches to psychiatric disorders have shown an increased relevance in the ongoing debate for the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. In line with previously validated instruments for the assessment of different mood, anxiety, eating and psychotic spectra, we tested the validity and reliability of a newly developed Structured Clinical Interview for Trauma and Loss Spectrum (SCI-TALS). The instrument is based on a multidimensional approach to post-traumatic stress spectrum that includes a range of threatening or frightening experiences, as well as a variety of potentially significant losses, to which an individual can be exposed. Furthermore, it explores the spectrum of the peritraumatic reactions and post-traumatic symptoms that may ensue from either type of life events, targeting soft signs and subthreshold conditions, as well as temperamental and personality traits that may constitute risk factors for the development of the disorder. The aim of the present study is to describe the reliability of the self-report version of the SCI-TALS: the TALS-SR.Thirty patients with PTSD and thirty healthy control subjects were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Half of the patients and controls received the TALS-SR first and the SCI-TALS after 15 days; for the other half of the sample, the order of administration was reversed.Agreement between the self-report and the interview formats was substantial. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.934 to 0.994, always exceeding the threshold of 0.90. Our findings provide substantial support for the reliability of the TALS-SR questionnaire. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, *Trauma","""DellOsso, Liliana"", Carmassi, Claudia, Rucci, Paola, Conversano, Ciro, Shear, M. Katherine, Calugi, Simona, Maser, Jack D., Endicott, Jean, Fagiolini, Andrea, Cassano, Giovanni B.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1412,Lifetime manic-hypomanic symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder: Relationship with the 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein density,"Initially explored in military settings, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has shown increasing prevalence in the general population. The high comorbidity rates between bipolar disorder (BD) and PTSD have raised the issue of whether some characteristics of BD could represent risk factors for PTSD. In combat-related PTSD, the 18 kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), essential for steroid synthesis, was found to be decreased. Aims of the present study were: 1) the assessment of the TSPO mitochondrial density in lymphomonocytes from civilian patients with non-combat-related PTSD, without current or lifetime Axis I mood comorbidity, versus controls; 2) the exploration of the correlations between TSPO density and the presence of comorbid manic/hypomanic lifetime spectrum symptoms. Assessments included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and the lifetime Mood Spectrum Self-Report (MOODS-SR). Blood samples were processed to assess TSPO binding parameters in lymphomonocyte mitochondrial membranes. PTSD patients showed a significant decrease in TSPO density, without changes in mitochondrial citrate synthase activity. Further, TSPO density correlated with the number of lifetime manic/hypomanic spectrum symptoms. For the first time, TSPO density was found to be decreased in non-war-related PTSD and such decreases correlated with comorbid manic/hypomanic spectrum symptoms, indicating a possible role of sub-threshold bipolar comorbidity in PTSD-related neurobiological dysregulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bipolar Disorder, *Comorbidity, *Mania, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology, Proteins, Symptoms, Mitochondria","""DellOsso, Liliana"", Da Pozzo, Eleonora, Carmassi, Claudia, Trincavelli, Maria Letizia, Ciapparelli, Antonio, Martini, Claudia",2010.0,,,0,0,
1413,Life events (Loss and traumatic) and emotional responses to them in acute catastrophe survivors and long-lasting heroin use disorder patients never exposed to catastrophic events,"Background. Symptoms of PTSD denote alterations in several neurobiological systems, including the opioid system. In a previous study on methadone-treated heroin use disorder (HUD) patients, we demonstrated strong correlations between the severity and progression of HUD and the subsequently greater severity of PTSD spectrum symptoms, so suggesting a unitary perspective. Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate post-traumatic spectrum reactivity to loss and traumatic events in three groups: acute catastrophic event survivors experiencing (N=77) and the same number not experiencing PTSD (N=77), and a third group, of long-lasting HUD subjects who had never been exposed to catastrophic events (N=77). Results. To obtain an index of the magnitude of emotional response to losses and traumatic events, we conducted a preliminary ROC analysis on the TALS-SR total scores observed in our L’Aquila 2009 earthquake database, after having classified subjects as PTSD and No-PTSD (according to the SCID-questionnaire). That analysis determined the cut-off value required to ensure the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. The percentage of subjects who were over the threshold in the HUD group proved to be very similar to that observed in the PTSD earthquake survivors group [51 (66.2%) vs 56 (72.7%), Chi-square=0.49, p=.484], whereas it turned out to be significantly higher than that observed in the No-PTSD earthquake survivors group [51 (66.2%) vs 11 (14.3%), Chisquare= 41.07, p<.001]. Furthermore, the discriminant analysis utilizing TALS-SR domain scores as predictive variables failed to discriminate between the HUD group and the PTSD earthquake group, whereas it appears to clearly differentiate the No-PTSD earthquake group from the other two. Conclusions. This study, besides providing evidence of similarities in the type of reaction shown to loss and to traumatic events between HUD patients and earthquake survivors with PTSD, also supports the probable implication of the opioid system in the aetio(patho)logy of PTSD.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, comparative study, controlled study, coping behavior, cross-sectional study, disaster, disease severity, earthquake, emotion, female, grief, heroin dependence, human, life event, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, receiver operating characteristic, risk assessment, risk factor, scoring system, self report, sensitivity and specificity, survivor, symptom, trauma and loss spectrum self report","Dell’Osso, L., Massimetti, E., Rugani, F., Carmassi, C., Fareed, A., Stratta, P., Rossi, A., Massimetti, G., Maremmani, I.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1414,Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist and DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Set in a Long-Term Postearthquake Cohort in Armenia,"Psychometric properties of the Armenian-language posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist–Civilian version (PCL-C) and the DSM-5 PTSD symptom set were examined in a long-term cohort of earthquake survivors. In 2012, 725 survivors completed the instruments. Item-/scale-level analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed for both scales. In addition, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted for DSM-5 symptoms. Also, the differential internal versus external specificity of PTSD symptom clusters taken from the most supported PTSD structural models was examined. Both scales had Cronbach’s alpha greater than.9. CFA of PCL-C structure demonstrated an excellent fit by a four-factor (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) model known as numbing model; however, a superior fit was achieved by a five-factor model (Elhai et al.). EFA yielded a five-factor structure for DSM-5 symptoms with the aforementioned four domains plus a negative state domain. This model achieved an acceptable fit during CFA, whereas the DSM-5 criteria-based model did not. The Armenian-language PCL-C was recommended as a valid PTSD screening tool. The study findings provided support to the proposed new classification of common mental disorders, where PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety are grouped together as a subclass of distress disorders. Recommendations were made to further improve the PTSD diagnostic criteria. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","DSM-5, factor structure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychometric properties, PTSD Checklist–Civilian version (PCL-C)","Demirchyan, A., Goenjian, A. K., Khachadourian, V.",2015.0,,10.1177/1073191114555523,0,0,
1415,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology among american indian vietnam veterans: Mediators and moderators of the stress-illness relationship,"Results from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVSRS) reported high rates of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam Theater veterans compared to rates in the Vietnam Era and others of the veterans' generation. Prevalence rates were even higher among minority groups, specifically Blacks and Hispanics. Results from the American Indian Vietnam Veterans Project (AIVVP) suggested that American Indian Vietnam veterans were also at increased risk for PTSD. However, not all American Indian veterans with high levels of trauma exposure developed PTSD, which suggests that other contributing factors specific to American Indian populations may also affect their vulnerability to PTSD outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify potential predictors of PTSD symptomatology across three military timeframes and to examine the relationships among personal resources, trauma, and PTSD symptomatology in American Indian Vietnam veterans. It was hypothesized that high levels of social support and ethnic identity may enhance one's psychosocial resilience to stress, resulting in positive health outcomes. This study was based on AIVVP data collected by the National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research (NCAIANMHR) at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. Interviews with 621 American Indian Vietnam veterans living on or near their reservations assessed predisposing factors, characteristics of military service, military and nonmilitary trauma, personal resources, and PTSD symptomatology. The results of hierarchical linear regression analyses showed a strong relationship between social support and PTSD symptomatology across all time flames. Although results did not support the stress-buffering hypothesis, combat trauma and social support during the military interacted significantly. In addition, post-military social support appeared to mediate the relationship between trauma and PTSD symptomatology. Identifying a relationship between social support and PTSD has implications for the development of interventions used to treat PTSD in ethnic minorities. The impact of personal resources on PTSD symptomatology may be important for traumatic survivors and long-term strategies for victims of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*American Indians, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Dempsey, Catherine Lisle",2002.0,,,0,0,
1416,Post-traumatic stress disorder related to birth: A prospective longitudinal study in a French population,"The objective of the current study is to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following birth in a French sample, as well as to examine predictive variables. This study collected data from women at four different times: 48 h, 1 month, 4 months and 9 months post-partum. PTSD symptoms were measured using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R). Predictive variables were examined with four questionnaires: the Labor Agentry Scale (LAS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a researcher-designed personal information form. PTSD rates varied from 5% (1 month post-partum) to 2.9% (9 months post-partum). Primiparity, birth preparation classes, transfer to a tertiary care centre, perception of external control, feeling of pain during birth and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of the global IES-R score. Results provide a basis for considering changes in healthcare delivery and prevention programs within the French perinatal healthcare system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depression, Stress","Denis, Anne, Parant, Olivier, Callahan, Stacey",2011.0,,,0,0,
1417,"Posttraumatic stress, heart rate variability, and the mediating role of behavioral health risks","Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to reduced heart rate variability (HRV), which is in turn a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. Although hyperarousal and anxiety are thought to underlie this association, behavioral health risks, including smoking, alcohol dependence, obesity, and sleep disturbance, represent potential mechanisms linking PTSD and HRV. Methods: To test this hypothesis, short-term laboratory-based and 24-hour ambulatory measures of HRV were collected from 227 young adults (18Y39 years), 107 of whom were diagnosed as having PTSD. Latent variable modeling was used to assess the relationship of PTSD symptoms with HRV along with potential behavioral health mediators. Results: PTSD symptoms were associated with reduced HRV ( = -0.21, p = .002). However, this association was reduced in models that adjusted for cigarette consumption and history of alcohol dependence and was rendered nonsignificant in a model adjusting for sleep disturbance. Independent mediation effects were deemed significant via bootstrapping analysis. Together, the three behavioral health factors (cigarette consumption, history of alcohol dependence, and sleep disturbance) accounted for 94% of the shared variance between PTSD symptoms and HRV. Abdominal obesity was not a significant mediator. Conclusions: These results indicate that behavioral factors-specifically smoking, alcohol overuse, and sleep disturbance-mediate the association between PTSD and HRV-based indices of autonomic nervous system dysregulation. Benefits from psychiatric and psychological interventions in PTSD may therefore be enhanced by including modification of health behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Heart Rate, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Health Behavior, Tobacco Smoking","Dennis, Paul A., Watkins, Lana L., Calhoun, Patrick S., Oddone, Ania, Sherwood, Andrew, Dennis, Michelle F., Rissling, Michelle B., Beckham, Jean C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1418,Conducting applied research on Vietnam combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Describes the shift in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research to contextual and organistic research designs that feature multi-category, multi-cause, and multi-effect interactional models. Changes in diagnostic and treatment outcome research involve methodological issues such as (1) measuring types of traumas and stressors; (2) measuring PTSD symptoms and subtypes; (3) measuring dispositional characteristics (e.g., ethnic differences); (4) assessing concurrent and/or pre-existing psychiatric (Axis I) disorders; (5) classifying personality styles and personality (Axis II) disorders; (6) evaluating phases in the development of PTSD; (7) measuring current environmental stresses and interpersonal interactions; and (8) assessing secondary gains and readiness for treatment. (40 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Experimental Methods, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Experimental Design, War","Denny, Nathan, Robinowitz, Ralph, Penk, Walter",1987.0,,,0,0,
1419,A general propensity to psychological distress affects cardiovascular outcomes: Evidence from research on the type D (distressed) personality profile,,"anger, anxiety, cardiovascular risk, clinical assessment, coronary stent, depression, diabetes mellitus, disease association, distress syndrome, dyslipidemia, emotional stress, graft failure, heart death, heart infarction, human, hypertension, mental health, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prognosis, review, type D behavior, unstable angina pectoris","Denollet, J., Schiffer, A. A., Spek, V.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1420,Using Bayesian statistics for modeling PTSD through Latent Growth Mixture Modeling: implementation and discussion,"BACKGROUND: After traumatic events, such as disaster, war trauma, and injuries including burns (which is the focus here), the risk to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is approximately 10% (Breslau & Davis, 1992). Latent Growth Mixture Modeling can be used to classify individuals into distinct groups exhibiting different patterns of PTSD (Galatzer-Levy, 2015). Currently, empirical evidence points to four distinct trajectories of PTSD patterns in those who have experienced burn trauma. These trajectories are labeled as: resilient, recovery, chronic, and delayed onset trajectories (e.g., Bonanno, 2004; Bonanno, Brewin, Kaniasty, & Greca, 2010; Maercker, Gabler, O'Neil, Schutzwohl, & Muller, 2013; Pietrzak et al., 2013). The delayed onset trajectory affects only a small group of individuals, that is, about 4-5% (O'Donnell, Elliott, Lau, & Creamer, 2007). In addition to its low frequency, the later onset of this trajectory may contribute to the fact that these individuals can be easily overlooked by professionals. In this special symposium on Estimating PTSD trajectories (Van de Schoot, 2015a), we illustrate how to properly identify this small group of individuals through the Bayesian estimation framework using previous knowledge through priors (see, e.g., Depaoli & Boyajian, 2014; Van de Schoot, Broere, Perryck, Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, & Van Loey, 2015). METHOD: We used latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM) (Van de Schoot, 2015b) to estimate PTSD trajectories across 4 years that followed a traumatic burn. We demonstrate and compare results from traditional (maximum likelihood) and Bayesian estimation using priors (see, Depaoli, 2012, 2013). Further, we discuss where priors come from and how to define them in the estimation process. RESULTS: We demonstrate that only the Bayesian approach results in the desired theory-driven solution of PTSD trajectories. Since the priors are chosen subjectively, we also present a sensitivity analysis of the Bayesian results to illustrate how to check the impact of the prior knowledge integrated into the model. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude with recommendations and guidelines for researchers looking to implement theory-driven LGMM, and we tailor this discussion to the context of PTSD research.","Bayesian estimation, Latent Growth Mixture Modeling, Ptsd, delayed onset, sensitivity analysis","Depaoli, S., van de Schoot, R., van Loey, N., Sijbrandij, M.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.27516,0,0,
1421,Stress-induced neuroplasticity: (Mal)adaptation to adverse life events in patients with PTSD - A critical overview,"Stress is an adaptive response to demands of the environment and thus essential for survival. Exposure to stress triggers hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activation and associated neurochemical reactions, following glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands, accompanied by rapid physiological responses. Stimulation of this pathway results in the activation of specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex which are enriched with glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Recent findings indicate that the activation of GRs mediates the regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is crucial for neural plasticity, as it promotes cellular growth and synaptic changes. Hence stress-induced activation of these pathways leads to neuroplastic changes, including the formation of long-lasting memories of the experiences. As a consequence, organisms can learn from stressful events and respond in an adaptive manner to similar demands in the future. Whereas an optimal stress level leads to enhancement of memory performance, the exposure to extreme, traumatic or chronic stressors is a risk factor for psychopathologies which are associated with memory impairment and cognitive deficits such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this review article, we will outline the implications of stress exposure on memory formation involving the role of glucocorticoids and BDNF. Within this context, potential adverse effects of neuroplastic alterations will be discussed using the example of PTSD.","brain derived neurotrophic factor, corticotropin, corticotropin releasing factor, glucocorticoid, glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid, adaptation, allostatic load, amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus, homeostasis, hormonal regulation, hormone action, hormone release, human, hypothalamus hypophysis system, life event, life stress, long term potentiation, maladjustment, memory, memory consolidation, memory reconsolidation, mental dissociation, negative feedback, nerve cell plasticity, neuromodulation, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, psychotrauma, recall, review, stress induced neuroplasticity","Deppermann, S., Storchak, H., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1422,Specificity of abnormal brain volume in major depressive disorder: a comparison with borderline personality disorder,"BACKGROUND: Abnormal brain volume has been frequently demonstrated in major depressive disorder (MDD). It is unclear if these findings are specific for MDD since aberrant brain structure is also present in disorders with depressive comorbidity and affective dysregulation, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). In this transdiagnostic study, we aimed to investigate if regional brain volume loss differentiates between MDD and BPD. Further, we tested for associations between brain volume and clinical variables within and between diagnostic groups. METHODS: 22 Females with a DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD, 17 females with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BPD and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder, and 22 age-matched female healthy controls (HC) were investigated using magnetic resonance imaging. High-resolution structural data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS: A significant (p<0.05, cluster-corrected) volume decrease of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was found in MDD compared to HC, as opposed to volume decreases of the amygdala in BPD compared to both HC and MDD. Sensitivity and specificity of regional gray matter volume for a diagnosis of MDD were modest to fair. Amygdala volume was related to depressive symptoms across the entire patient sample. LIMITATIONS: Potential limitations of this study include the modest sample size and the heterogeneous psychotropic drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: ACC volume reduction is more pronounced in MDD with an intermediate degree of volume loss in BPD compared to HC. In contrast, amygdala volume loss is more pronounced in BPD compared to MDD, yet amygdala volume is associated with affective symptom expression in both disorders.","Adult, Amygdala/pathology, Borderline Personality Disorder/*diagnosis/pathology, Brain/*pathology, Case-Control Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis/pathology, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Gray Matter/pathology, Gyrus Cinguli/pathology, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Sensitivity and Specificity, Amygdala, Anterior cingulate, Borderline personality disorder, Mri, Major depressive disorder, Voxel-based morphometry","Depping, M. S., Wolf, N. D., Vasic, N., Sambataro, F., Thomann, P. A., Christian Wolf, R.",2015.0,Mar 15,10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.059,0,0,
1423,Co-Occurring PTSD and mild TBI among combat veterans associated with abnormal grey matter volume: Reductions predicted by decreased control over negative memory information,"Objective: To investigate whether volume differences (assessed by structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI], analyzed by Voxel Based Morphometry [VBM]) could be predicted by a task that examines the control over memory information (Think/No- Think task). Methods: Eighteen United States combat Veterans from recent conflicts with co-occurring PTSD and mild TBI were assessed using structural MRI and a cognitive neuroscience measure. Results: Preliminary results indicate that reductions in grey matter volume in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), right lateralized insular cortex and right inferior frontal gyrus were associated with reduced control over negative, but not neutral memory information. Reductions were also found in the right parahippocampal gyrus, though these did not pass cluster thresholding. Conclusions: These results are consistent with recent literature showing grey matter reductions in individuals with PTSD, in the insular cortex (Chen et al., 2006), the hippocampus (Zhang et al., 2011; Kasai et al., 2008) and medial prefrontal regions (Kasai et al., 2008). Taken together, these findings suggest that among combat Veterans co-occurring PTSD and mild TBI may involve abnormal brain changes in regions associated with general inhibitory control (rIFG), control over emotional processing (VMPFC), physiological awareness of emotion (insula) and regions associated with memory retrieval (parahippocampal gyrus).","brain injury, human, memory, veteran, gray matter, posttraumatic stress disorder, insula, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, parahippocampal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, United States, voxel based morphometry, emotion, processing, brain, hippocampus, inferior frontal gyrus","Depue, B., Banich, M., Olson-Madden, J., Roesch, E., Brenner, L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1424,"Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual",,,"Derogatis, L. R.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1425,Meaning-making appraisals relevant to adjustment for veterans with spinal cord injury,"The purpose of the present study was to conduct a mixed-methods investigation of meaning-making appraisals generated from spinal cord injury survivors' narratives of their injury experience. The sample consisted of 79 participants from an urban midwestern Veterans Affairs facility. The study design was cross-sectional and incorporated semistructured, face-to-face interviews, taking approximately 1 hr to complete. Measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, psychological well-being, and purpose in life were completed as part of the interview. A data analytic approach based on grounded theory that allowed qualitative themes to be transformed to quantitative data was employed. Seven salient meaningmaking themes were identified. Significant relationships were identified between certain meaningmaking themes (e.g., identity integration positively related to positive growth), and certain themes were also significantly related to postinjury psychological health and distress separately (e.g., perceived burden on others was significantly related to greater depression scores). Findings are discussed within the context of clinical interventions that foster positive posttrauma outcomes.","Depression, Meaning making, Psychological well-being, PTSD, Spinal cord injury","DeRoon-Cassini, T. A., De St. Aubin, E., Valvano, A. K., Hastings, J., Brasel, K. J.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0030963,0,0,
1426,Psychopathology and Resilience Following Traumatic Injury: A Latent Growth Mixture Model Analysis,"Objective: To investigate trajectories of PTSD and depression following traumatic injury using latent class growth curve modeling. Method: A longitudinal study of 330 injured trauma survivors was conducted and participants were assessed during hospitalization, and at 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was assessed during hospitalization using the Acute Stress Disorder Interview (ASD-I), PTSD was measured at all follow-up with the Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and depression was measured at hospitalization with the (BSI) and at follow-up with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESDS). Covariates were explored, including coping self-efficacy, anger, education level, and mechanism of injury. Results: Four latent classes were identified for PTSD and Depression symptoms: chronic distress, delayed distress, recovered, and resilience. When compared to the resilient group, individuals with chronic distress were more likely to have been assaulted, had higher levels of anger, and had less coping self-efficacy. The delayed distress group had lower education levels, higher levels of coping self-efficacy, and higher levels of anger. Individuals in the recovered group had fewer years of education, and higher levels of anger. Conclusion: The majority of the injured trauma sample demonstrated resiliency, with those exhibiting distress doing so as a delayed, chronic, or recovered trajectory. Coping self efficacy, education, assaultive trauma type, and anger were important covariates of depression and PTSD trajectories. These results are similar to studies of individuals who experienced a major health threat and with survivors from the World Trade Center attacks in the U.S. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","acute stress disorder, Acute Stress Disorder Interview, adult, aged, anger, article, Brief Symptom Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, controlled study, coping behavior, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease classification, distress syndrome, educational status, female, growth curve, hospitalization, human, latent period, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, mental disease, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychologic assessment, self concept, survivor","deRoon-Cassini, T. A., Mancini, A. D., Rusch, M. D., Bonanno, G. A.",2010.0,,,1,1,
1427,Impact of the seeking safety program on clinical outcomes among homeless female veterans with psychiatric disorders,"Objective: Seeking Safety is a manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention that is designed to treat clients with comorbid substance abuse and trauma histories. This study examined its effectiveness when used with homeless women veterans with psychiatric or substance abuse problems at 11 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers that had Homeless Women Veterans Programs. Methods: The intervention consists of 25 sessions that cover topics to help build safety in clients' lives and is present-focused, offering psychoeducation and coping skills. A cohort of homeless women veterans (N=359) was recruited before Seeking Safety was implemented (phase I). After clinicians were trained and certified in Seeking Safety, a postimplementation cohort was recruited and offered Seeking Safety treatment (phase II, N=91). Phase I lasted from January 2000 to June 2003. Phase II lasted from June 2003 to December 2005. The intervention lasted for six months. All participants were interviewed every three months for one year and received intensive case management and other services during the study. Mixed models were used to compare one-year clinical outcomes across phases. Results: There were few differences across groups at baseline. All women entering the Homeless Women Veterans Programs showed significant improvement on most clinical outcome measures over one year. The Seeking Safety cohort reported significantly better outcomes over one year in employment, social support, general symptoms of psychiatric distress, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, particularly in the avoidance and arousal clusters. However, the Seeking Safety cohort was significantly more likely to have used drugs in the past 30 days. Conclusions: Seeking Safety appears to have had a moderately beneficial impact on several clinical outcomes. Although the nonequivalent comparison groups and low follow-up rates limit the internal validity of these results, availability of Seeking Safety may be of benefit for homeless female veterans. It is noteworthy that it could be delivered and implemented by case managers with little or no prior counseling experience.",,"Desai, R. A., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Najavits, L. M., Rosenheck, R. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1428,Differences in patterns of depression after treatment for breast cancer,,,"Deshields, T., Tibbs, T., Fan, M. Y., Taylor, M.",2006.0,,10.1002/pon.962,0,0,
1429,Post traumatic stress disorder: Variations in symptom structures in high risk youth,"The nosology for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was investigated among adolescents exposed to chronic violence. The present study examined ways that PTSD is experienced among youth exposed to multiple traumatic events. Researchers have questioned the effectiveness of the taxonomy to accurately detect the disorder within this specialized population. Diagnostic interviews were conducted with 192 students surveyed from both high schools and alternative schools. Three methods for assessing PTSD were implemented to examine the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) compared DSM-IV-TR's three-factor model to one-factor, two-factor, and four-factor models. In addition, exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted across two samples: a sub-sample of students diagnosed with PTSD; and a total sample of students consisting of both diagnosed and non-diagnosed youth. Prevalence data revealed limitations in the way that DSM-IV-TR conceptualizes diagnostic Criterion A. Findings support the theory that symptoms should be combined from different traumatic events when diagnosing the disorder among youth exposed to multiple events. Currently, DSM-IV-TR suggests that symptoms should be anchored on a single traumatic event. Consistent with prior adult studies, CFA results did not support DSM-IV-TR's current three-factor model. In addition, CFA findings revealed a trend towards the four-factor model. However, EFA results indicated that two-factor models fit the data better, with avoidant and numbing symptoms clustering on separate factors. Results in this study provide further evidence that youth exposed to chronic violence may experience the disorder differently than youth exposed to a single traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, High Schools, Stress","Devich-Navarro, Mona",2006.0,,,0,0,
1430,Predictors of temporal patterns of psychiatric distress during 10 years following the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island,"The present study examines psychiatric symptom levels during a 10-year period in a community sample of mothers of young children. All were identified in the early aftermath of the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident, and followed through the accident's 1989 anniversary. Cluster analysis was used to identify long-term distress profiles during the study period; women's temporal profiles were found to be either (a) stable and at low, clinically nonsignificant levels of distress across all measurement points or (b) at consistently elevated, clinically significant levels that varied with the timing of postaccident events such as the restart of the undamaged reactor and the 10th anniversary. Subsequent multivariate analyses indicated that preaccident characteristics, as well as parameters reflecting respondents' initial involvement with, and reactions to the accident, were important for distinguishing between women within the two temporal profile groups. Implications of the results for both policy formulation and continued research on significant environmental stressors is discussed.",,"Dew, M. A., Bromet, E. J.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1431,The impact of ecological momentary assessment on posttraumatic stress symptom trajectory,"Ecological momentary assessment includes continuous, real-time gathering of self-report data in a participant's natural environment. The current study evaluated the possible impact of this assessment strategy on severity of posttraumatic stress (PTS) in a sample of participants who reported experiencing a past traumatic event. Participants with clinically elevated PTS symptoms reported symptom severity at three time-points: during an initial screening, following an unmonitored period, and following two weeks of monitoring. During the monitoring period, participants carried an Android device which prompted them to report PTS symptoms and negative emotions six times daily. PTS severity scores were then compared across these three time-points. Results indicated that participating in the ecological momentary assessment protocol was associated with a significant reduction in PTS severity, whereas significant changes were not noted over the unmonitored control condition. The authors conclude that ecological momentary assessment may have therapeutic value even when not combined with formal intervention, and it may be a useful tool for improving the efficiency of a stepped-care approach to treating PTS symptoms. © 2015.","Ecological momentary assessment, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Self-monitoring, Traumatic stress","Dewey, D., McDonald, M. K., Brown, W. J., Boyd, S. J., Bunnell, B. E., Schuldberg, D.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.009,0,0,
1432,Do peritraumatic emotions differentially predict ptsd symptom clusters? Initial evidence for emotion specificity,"This study investigated whether specific peritraumatic emotions differentially predict PTSD symptom clusters in individuals who have experienced stressful life events. Hypotheses were developed based on the SPAARS model of PTSD. It was predicted that the peritraumatic emotions of anger, disgust, guilt, and fear would significantly predict re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms, while only fear would predict hyperarousal. Undergraduate students (N = 144) participated in this study by completing a packet of self-report questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with PCL-S symptom cluster scores as dependent variables and peritraumatic fear, guilt, anger, shame, and disgust as predictor variables. As hypothesized, peritraumatic anger, guilt, and fear all significantly predicted re-experiencing. However, only fear predicted avoidance, and anger signifi-cantly predicted hyperarousal. Results are discussed in relation to the theoretical role of emotions in the etiology of PTSD following the experience of a stressful life event. © Psychological Reports 2014.",,"Dewey, D., Schuldberg, D., Madathil, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1433,Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among chemically dependent adolescents,"This study ascertained the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among chemically dependent adolescents and identified factors that influence the risk of PTSD after a qualifying trauma. Ss were 297 chemically dependent 15-19 yr olds who were receiving treatment. Data on risk factors were collected by an interview schedule. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 29.6% (24.3% for males and 45.3% for females), and the current prevalence was 19.2% (12.2% for males and 40.0% for females). These prevalences reflect a high occurrence of traumatic exposures and a high case rate among those who experienced trauma. The risk of PTSD varied with the nature of the trauma, the number of traumas experienced, psychiatric comorbidity, and familial characteristics. The higher rate of PTSD among females was due to a greater frequency of rape, which carries a high risk of PTSD development, and to a high rate of comorbid conditions. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD among Ss is 5 times that reported for a community sample of adolescents. This extremely high rate provides new understanding of the etiologic connection between PTSD and chemical dependence and has implications for their treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Dependency, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders), At Risk Populations","Deykin, Eva Y., Buka, Stephen L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1434,"Victimization Profiles, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Suicide Attempt, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomology: Application of Latent Class Analysis","Few studies have incorporated multiple dimensions of victimization or examined whether victimization profiles differ by gender. Consequently, the present study sought to extend prior research by using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify naturally occurring subgroups of individuals who have experienced victimization, and to test for sex differences. Data from 4,016 females and 3,032 males in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) were analyzed. Evidence of the existence of similar victimization subtypes for both males and females emerged, with a three-class solution providing the best fit to the data for both sexes. Furthermore, the classes were labeled ""low victimization"" (the baseline class; Class 3), the ""high victimization class"" (Class 1), and ""the bullying and domestic violence class"" (Class 2) for both males and females. Multinomial logistic regression was used to interpret the nature of the latent classes, or groups, by estimating the associations with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) dimensions, suicide attempt, and non-suicidal self-injury. Although different constellations of victimization experiences did not emerge through the gender-specific analyses, the nature of the associations between class membership and external variables differed between males and females. Findings highlight the heterogeneity of victimization experiences and their relations to functioning, and have implications for policy and practice implications.","Ptsd, latent class analysis, non-suicidal self-injury, sex differences, suicide, violence victimization","Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., Sharratt, K.",2015.0,Mar 27,10.1177/0886260515576967,0,1,
1435,Post traumatic stress psychopathology 8 years after a flooding in Italy,"Objective: Post Traumatic Stress Psychopathology (PTSP) was assessed among village's inhabitants 8 years after the 1996 Versilia flooding in Italy. Methods: The sample was formed by 61 subjects. The Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) was used to evaluate PTSP. Gender and two class of age (young and old subjects) were considered as demographic characteristics. Results: No significant differences resulted on DTS total and factor scores between female and male subjects. On the contrary, significant differences emerged on Hyperarousal Total and Hyperarousal Frequency between young and old subjects. People considered having enough symptoms for full Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were 45.9% (N=28), while 35.8% (N=20) had subthreshold PTSD, and 21.3% (N=13) had no PTSD. In the full PTSD subgroup old subject had a mean Hyperarousal Frequency significantly higher than young subjects, while in the subthreshold PTSD subgroup old subjects have a mean score on Intrusion Frequency, Intrusion Severity, Total Intrusion, Total Frequency and Total score significantly higher than young subjects. Conclusion: This study confirms that the traumatic impact of a flooding on a population hit some years before is not time-limited, showing the persistence of a high level of PTSP 8 years later. Old subjects showed on Hyperarousal Total and Hyperarousal Frequency within the whole sample, on Hyperarousal Frequency within the full PTSD subgroup, and on all Intrusion clusters, Total Frequency and Total score in the subthreshold PTSD subgroup, significantly higher scores than young subjects. Further specific research is needed in the elderly, in order to facilitate a better understanding of PTSP that is present in this unique population.",,"Di Fiorino, M., Massimetti, G., Corretti, G., Paoli, R. A.",2005.0,,,0,1,
1436,The neurobiological basis of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing efficacy: An EEG monitoring study,"Background. A neurobiological basis for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been recently demonstrated. The aim of this study was to compare before and after EMDR therapy the electric signals deriving from the electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring during bilateral ocular stimulation (BS). Methods. A 37-channel EEG was used to record neuronal activation during whole EMDR sessions. Twenty- eight victims of psychological traumas were investigated at the first EMDR session (T0) and at the last one performed after processing the index trauma (T1). Comparisons between the EEG signals during the BS period at T0 and T1 were performed. Electrical source images were analyzed for each EEG band by eLORETA using nonparametric statistics. Betweengroup differences were evaluated by the exceedence proportion test at P < .01, F value over 2 z-score, and a cluster extent major than 27 voxels. Results. As compared to T0, EEG during bilateral ocular stimulation at T1 showed a significantly decreased neuronal activity in the visual cortex in all bands with the exception of gamma band in which the electric signal in left prefrontal and bilateral superior parietal cortex was significantly diminished. The opposite comparison showed increased activity post-EMDR in right dorsolateral frontal cortex and fusifom gyrus (delta band), right dorsolateral frontal cortex (theta band) and left temporal lobe, fusiform gyrus, and right temporofrontal cortex (gamma band). Conclusions. The implemented methodology made possible to monitor the specific activations associated with bilateral ocular stimulation during EMDR therapy. In the largest group of victims of psychological traumas investigated hitherto by EEG, the analyses demonstrated following EMDR a shift of the maximal electric activity from visual cortex to frontal and temporo-parietal regions. These findings suggest that processing of the traumatic event moves from areas elaborating the pathological images of the index trauma to regions with an established cognitive and associative role. Furthermore, the activation post-EMDR of dorso-lateral frontal cortex speaks in favor of a restored function of such area in inhibiting pathological amygdalar function, responsible of the cortical hyperactivation state in trauma-related disorders, as PTSD. Processing the traumatic events following successful EMDR therapy resulted in distinct neurobiological patterns of brain activations during bilateral ocular stimulation associated with a significant relieve from negative emotional experiences.","society, monitoring, multimodal imaging, behavior therapy, neuroimaging, psychiatry, imaging, electroencephalogram, stimulation, frontal cortex, processing, injury, therapy, visual cortex, victim, psychotrauma, nonparametric test, brain, diseases, electric activity, methodology, fusiform gyrus, temporal lobe, parietal cortex, posttraumatic stress disorder","Di Lorenzo, G., Pagani, M., Monaco, L., Daverio, A., Verardo, A. R., Giannoudas, I., La Porta, P., Niolu, C., Fernandez, I., Siracusano, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1437,Can Psychosocial Intervention Improve Peer and Sibling Relations Among War-affected Children? Impact and Mediating Analyses in a Randomized Controlled Trial,"Social resources are considered important protectors in traumatic conditions, but few studies have analyzed their role in psychosocial interventions among war-affected children. We examined (1) whether a psychosocial intervention (teaching recovery techniques, TRT) is effective in improving peer and sibling relations, and (2) whether these potentially improved relations mediate the intervention's impacts on children's mental health. Participants were 428 Palestinian children [10-13 (mean = 11.29, standard deviation SD = .68)-year-old girls (49.4 percent) and boys (50.6 percent)], who were cluster-randomized into the TRT and wait-list control groups. They reported the quality of peer (friendship and loneliness) and sibling (intimacy, warmth, conflict, and rivalry) relations, and posttraumatic stress, depressive and psychological distress symptoms, as well as psychosocial well-being at baseline (T1), postintervention (T2), and six month follow-up (T3). Results showed gender-specific TRT intervention effects: Loneliness in peer relations reduced among boys and sibling rivalry reduced among girls. The TRT prevented the increase in sibling conflict that happened in the control group. The mediating hypothesis was partially substantiated for improved peer relations, and beneficial changes in sibling relations were generally associated with improved mental health. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Intervention, Peer relations, Siblingship, War","Diab, M., Punamäki, R. L., Palosaari, E., Qouta, S. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1438,Power of latent growth curve models to detect piecewise linear trajectories,"Latent curve models (LCMs) have been used extensively to analyze longitudinal data. However, little is known about the power of LCMs to detect nonlinear trends when they are present in the data. This simulation study was designed to investigate the Type I error rates, rates of nonconvergence, and the power of LCMs to detect piecewise linear growth and mean differences in the slopes of the 2 joined longitudinal processes represented by the piecewise model. The impact of 7 design factors was examined: number of time points, growth magnitude (slope mean), interindividual variability, sample size, position of the turning point, and the correlation of the intercept and the second slope as well between the 2 slopes. The results show that previous results based on linear LCMs cannot be fully generalized to a nonlinear model defined by 2 linear slopes. Interestingly, design factors specific to the piecewise context (position of the turning point and correlation between the 2 growth factors) had some effects on the results, but these effects remained minimal and much lower than the effects of other design factors. Similarly, observed rates of inadmissible solutions are comparable to those previously reported for linear LCMs. The major finding of this study is that a moderate sample size (N = 200) is needed to detect piecewise linear trajectories, but that much larger samples (N = 1,500) are required to achieve adequate statistical power to detect slope mean difference of small magnitude. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Linear Regression, *Statistical Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling, Type I Errors","Diallo, Thierno M. O., Morin, Alexandre J. S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1439,Dysfunctional or hyperfunctional? The amygdala in posttraumatic stress disorder is the bull in the evolutionary China shop,"Our motivation in writing this Review arose not only from the great value in contributing to this special issue of the Journal of Neuroscience Research but also from the desire to express our opinion that the description of the amygdala as ""dysfunctional"" in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might not be appropriate. We acknowledge that excessive activation of the amygdala contributes to the cluster of PTSD symptoms, including hypervigilance, intrusive memories, and impaired sleep, that underlies the devastating mental and physical outcomes in trauma victims. The issue that we address is whether the symptoms of PTSD represent an impaired (dysfunctional) or sensitized (hyperfunctional) amygdala status. We propose that the amygdala in PTSD is hyperfunctional rather than dysfunctional in recognition of the fact that the individual has already survived one life-threatening attack and that another may be forthcoming. We therefore consider PTSD to be a state in which the amygdala is functioning optimally if the goal is to ensure a person's survival. The misery caused by a hyperfunctional amygdala in PTSD is the cost of inheriting an evolutionarily primitive mechanism that considers survival more important than the quality of one's life. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Ptsd, amygdala, evolution, hippocampus, hyperfunctioning","Diamond, D. M., Zoladz, P. R.",2015.0,Oct 29,10.1002/jnr.23684,0,0,
1440,Nonpathological response to ongoing traumatic stress,"For individuals faced with ongoing traumatic stress, a range of adverse reactions are possible. Carrying over models from acute trauma, developed for soldiers suffering months and years after returning from combat, and for victims of rape and other community violence, most psychological literature emphasizes psychopathological syndromes, especially posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The implicit assumption is that reactions that entail significant suffering must be explained by a diagnosable disorder. Ironically, this locates the mechanisms that explain ongoing suffering within the mind of the victim rather than in the stressful context in which s/he is forced to live. We present a description and venture theoretical consideration of an alternative phenomenon, which we refer to as ongoing traumatic stress response (OTSR). OTSR is not a diagnosis nor label, but an alternative framework through which to make sense of intense psychological suffering in the increasingly common situation of ongoing traumatic stress. In this article, we consider conceptual boundaries that distinguish pathologic reactions such as PTSD from nonpathologic reactions better captured by OTSR. We draw a distinction between PTSD, which is conceptualized as a disorder because it is driven primarily by internal psychological effects of a past trauma, and OTSR, which is determined by real and external environmental factors in the present. To illustrate these boundaries, we provide examples of how experiences and behaviors that may appear to reflect symptoms of PTSD or other disorders are actually adaptive and normative under extreme conditions, despite their causing clinical levels of distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Trauma","Diamond, Gary M., Lipsitz, Joshua D., Hoffman, Yaakov",2013.0,,,0,0,
1441,The effects of gabapentin and pregabalin in the consolidation and reconsolidation of auditory threat memory in rats,"Background: Exposure to traumatic events is a common experience, with prospective studies indicating that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are almost universal in the immediate aftermath of trauma. The majority of individuals will have symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyper-arousal initially following the trauma that will extinguish over time. For some individuals, however, their symptoms persist and cause impairment in functioning, which leads to a diagnosis of PTSD. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in identifying interventions that prevent trauma survivors from developing PTSD or ameliorate symptoms once PTSD has appeared. Clinicians still need a treatment strategy that can alleviate normal trauma reactions, decrease rates of PTSD or treat this incapacitating disorder. In daily life, stimuli acquire significance as threats by their association with harmful events, in other words, through Pavlovian conditioning. These conditioned threats elicit automatic reactions that are called conditioned responses (CR), such as freezing behavior, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and the release of stress hormones. Threat conditioning is a good experimental paradigm by which to study the neural mechanisms engaged in the emotional learning and memory processes. In this procedure a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS), often a tone, is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), typically a footshock. This paradigm is widely used as a model system for understanding how the brain forms and stores information about aversive emotional experiences. Moreover, alterations of fear learning, processing and memory seem to account for the appearance of PTSD, hence drugs that prevent the consolidation of threat memories are potential targets for preventing PTSD. Clinical epidemiologists has recently suggested expanding the notion of translational research to include bidirectional bedside to bench translational epidemiology in order to inform more tractable intervention approaches.These epidemiologic methods have determined which medications with strong theoretical support in animal models for the secondary prevention of PTSD, are already in widespread use in trauma center settings. The most highly used drugs are the opiate and the non-opiate analgesics. Opiates have been identified as potent anxiolytics in animal models, and pain responses appear to be regulated in part by centrally mediated catecholamine metabolism. Also, opiates may prevent memory consolidation through a beta-adrenergic mechanism. Adequate levels of opiate pain control are associated with the development of lower PTSD symptom levels among burn injury survivors who are children. Thus opiate analgesics may be important agents to consider for future acute care efficacy trials targeting PTSD prevention. The use of narcotic analgesics may be very problematic in most of the populations receiving emergency care after a traumatic event, thus compounds with combined analgesic and anxiolytic properties but without a narcotic profile may hold promise as early PTSD-preventive agents. Gabapentine and Pregabalin are two drugs that accomplish these properties but they have never been tested in auditory threat conditioning. Testing the effect of these drugs in the consolidation of threat memories should be the first step to in order to elucidate their potential effect in preventing and/ or treating PTSD. Methods: Rats are habituated to the conditioning context for 15 min, as well as to handling and weighing. Threat conditioning will occur the next day, during which rats will be trained in a single conditioning trial consisting of two pairings of a tone (5 kHz, 80 dB) with a footshock (0.5 sec, 0.7 mA). Immediately after conditioning animals will be intra-peritoneally injected with the different doses of Gabapentine and Pregabalin or its vehicle. Afterwards rats will be returned to their home cage. Long term memory test will be performed 24 hours after conditioning with 10 presentations of the 20-sec tone alone in a modified context. Resul s: Rats treated with Gabapentine and Pregabaline showed significantly less freezing during long-term memory test than the rats treated with its vehicle, thus suggesting an impairment of threat memory consolidation. Conclusions: These results may represent the first step to acutely treat patients after a trauma with drugs that prevent the development of subsequent trauma-associated psychiatric disorders.","gabapentin, pregabalin, opiate, analgesic agent, anxiolytic agent, narcotic agent, narcotic analgesic agent, stress hormone, memory, exposure, injury, rat, psychopharmacology, college, American, conditioning, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, stimulus, survivor, freezing, pain, epidemiology, memory consolidation, animal model, footshock, long term memory, memory test, learning, emergency care, blood pressure, adrenergic system, catecholamine metabolism, heart rate, emergency health service, secondary prevention, conditioned reflex, drug therapy, translational research, diseases, processing, fear, brain, burn, child, diagnosis, mental disease, patient, model, population, procedures, prevention, arousal, prospective study","Diaz-Mataix, L., Le Doux, J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1442,Neural correlates and predictors of recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may be understood as a failure of the mechanisms for psychological recovery following trauma. Thus, examination of the recovery process is critical for an understanding of PTSD. This thesis addressed this issue from a neural perspective. Functional and structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was employed to examine brain activity and structure in severely symptomatic PTSD patients at the beginning of therapy (Time 1) and then six-to-nine months later (Time 2), when the majority no longer met diagnostic criteria for the disorder. At Time 1, as participant's encoded fearful and neutral faces in preparation for a memory test, memory encoding related activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and emotional memory encoding related activity in the amygdala correlated with the severity of PTSD symptoms. These effects were replicated, in the same participants, at Time 2, after PTSD symptoms had diminished substantially, suggesting that amygdala and vmPFC function may be markers of current PTSD symptomatic states. The neuroimaging data from both timepoints, using the same task, were analyzed in order to reveal potential neural correlates of the recovery process. That is, changes in brain activity that correspond to changes in symptom severity scores. Two markers of interest were identified using this analysis: hippocampal activity related to memory encoding for all items and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) activity related to emotional memory. Interestingly, subsequent analyses found that the activity of these areas at Time 1 correlated with the symptom improvement the patients would later experience and not their current symptoms states, suggesting that task related activity in the hippocampus and sgACC may be markers of the recovery process. Lastly, automated calculations of gray matter structure using the Time 1 structural scans were performed and analyzed to search for potential predictors of recovery from PTSD. Increased cortical thickness within the sgACC was found to predict increased symptom improvement, again suggesting that the sgACC may play an important particular role in recovery from PTSD. The results observed within the amygdala, hippocampus, vmPFC and sgACC are interpreted within the context of the highly discussed fear conditioning model of PTSD pathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neurochemistry, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, *Recovery (Disorders), *Trauma","Dickie, Erin W. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1443,Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence from the primary care setting,"Sexual abuse is a common problem among female primary care medical patients. There is a wide spectrum of long-term sequelae, ranging from mild to the complex symptom profiles consistent with the theories of a posttraumatic sense of identity. Generally, the latter occurs in the context of severe, chronic abuse, beginning in childhood and often compounded by the presence of violence, criminal behavior, and substance abuse in the family of origin. In this study we search for empirical evidence for the existence of a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome in 99 women patients at 3 family practice outpatient clinics who report a history of sexual abuse. A structured interview was administered by trained female interviewers to gather data on family history and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses. Empirical evidence from cluster analysis of the data supports the theory of a complex posttraumatic syndrome. The severity gradient based on symptoms roughly parallels the severity gradient based on childhood abuse and sociopathic behavior and violence in the family of origin, with the most severely abused subjects characterized by symptom patterns that fit the description of a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome.","Adult, Analysis of Variance, Chi-Square Distribution, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/*psychology, Cluster Analysis, Depression/etiology, Dissociative Disorders/etiology, Family Health, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data, Retrospective Studies, Somatoform Disorders/etiology, *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/classification/etiology, Survivors/*psychology, Syndrome, ""Womens Health""","Dickinson, L. M., deGruy, F. V., 3rd, Dickinson, W. P., Candib, L. M.",1998.0,Jul,,0,0,
1444,Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the primary care setting,"Sexual abuse is a common problem among female primary care medical patients. There is a wide spectrum of long-term sequelae, ranging from mild to the complex symptom profiles consistent with the theories of a posttraumatic sense of identity. Generally, the latter occurs in the context of severe, chronic abuse, beginning in childhood and often compounded by the presence of violence, criminal behavior, and substance abuse in the family of origin. In this study we search for empirical evidence for the existence of a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome in 99 women patients at 3 family practice outpatient clinics who report a history of sexual abuse. A structured interview was administered by trained female interviewers to gather data on family history and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses. Empirical evidence from cluster analysis of the data supports the theory of a complex posttraumatic syndrome. The severity gradient based on symptoms roughly parallels the severity gradient based on childhood abuse and sociopathic behavior and violence in the family of origin, with the most severely abused subjects characterized by symptom patterns that fit the description of a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome.","adult, article, child abuse, cluster analysis, disease severity, family violence, female, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, sexual abuse, antisocial personality disorder, symptomatology","Dickinson, L. M., DeGruy, Iii F. V., Dickinson, W. P., Candib, L. M.",1998.0,,,0,0,1443
1445,Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the primary care setting,"Sexual abuse is a common problem among female primary care medical patients. There is a wide spectrum of long-term sequelae, ranging from mild to the complex symptom profiles consistent with the theories of a posttraumatic sense of identity. Generally, the latter occurs in the context of severe, chronic abuse, beginning in childhood and often compounded by the presence of violence, criminal behavior, and substance abuse in the family of origin. In this study we search for empirical evidence for the existence of a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome in 99 women patients at 3 family practice outpatient clinics who report a history of sexual abuse. A structured interview was administered by trained female interviewers to gather data on family history and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses. Empirical evidence from cluster analysis of the data supports the theory of a complex posttraumatic syndrome. The severity gradient based on symptoms roughly parallels the severity gradient based on childhood abuse and sociopathic behavior and violence in the family of origin, with the most severely abused subjects characterized by symptom patterns that fit the description of a complex posttraumatic stress syndrome.",,"Dickinson, L. M., DeGruy Iii, F. V., Dickinson, W. P., Candib, L. M.",1998.0,,,0,0,1443
1446,Relationship between menopausal stage and PTSD symptoms in HIV- infected and HTV-uninfected women,"Objective: Reports suggest that sex hormones might contribute to the higher risk of PTSD in women compared to men. HIV-infected and at-risk seronegative women have high rates of PTSD and PTSD symptoms. We evaluated the relationship between menopausal stage and PTSD symptoms, including symptom cluster scores likely to reflect a probable PTSD diagnosis in HIV-infected and HTV-uninfected women. We hypothesized that PTSD symptom burden would be greatest during the perimenopausal stage. Design: Participants included 765 HIV-infected and 354 HW-uninfected women (age 30-65 years; 64% African American) from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a prospective study of women with and at risk for HIV in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington DC areas. Four menopausal stages were defined according to the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop: (1) premenopause, (2) early perimenopause, (3) late perimenopause, and (4) postmenopause. PTSD symptoms were measured cross- sectionally between October 2009 and March 2011 using the PTSD Checkhst-Civihan (PCL-C) and were considered most likely to reflect a probable PTSD diagnosis if: DSM- IV symptom criteria were met (>1 B item, >3 C items, & >2 D items) and total severity score exceeded 44. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the effects of menopausal stage on a probable PTSD diagnosis. Results: A probable diagnosis of PTSD was evident in 17% of the sample. In unadjusted analyses, the prevalence of probable PTSD differed significantly by menopausal status (pre-13%, early peri- 24%, late peri- 11%, postmenopausal 21%, p<0.001) but not by HIV serostatus. In adjusted analyses, with premenopausal women as the reference group, women in the early perimenopause (OR 1.77,95%CI 1.05-2.97), but not late perimenopause (OR 0.71,95%CI 0.25-1.95) or postmenopause (OR 1.30, 95%CI 0.76-2.22) were more likely to have elevated PTSD symptoms. The relationship between menopausal stage and elevated PTSD symptoms did not vary as a function of serostatus. Unemployment, being Hispanic, smoking, site, and no previous pregnancy also predicted elevated symptoms in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Regardless of HIV serostatus, among a sample of low income, minority women, PTSD symptoms are more common during the early perimenopausal stage when women begin to experience changes in menstrual cycling. Longitudinal studies are underway to confirm this finding.","sex hormone, human, female, menopause, society, Human immunodeficiency virus, posttraumatic stress disorder, United States, climacterium, diagnosis, risk, postmenopause, premenopause, workshop, regression analysis, aging, prospective study, male, prevalence, lowest income group, African American, multivariate analysis, pregnancy, smoking, longitudinal study, Hispanic, unemployment","Dickson, K., Weber, K., Rubin, L., Cook, J., Levin, S., Taylor, T., Warren-Jeanpiere, L., Levine, A., Meffert, S., Golub, E., Maki, P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1447,Heterogeneity in the course of posttraumatic stress disorder: trajectories of symptomatology,"Unconditional and conditional trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology were examined using a sample of U.S. soldiers deployed on a NATO-led peacekeeping mission to Kosovo. Data were collected at 4 time points, ranging from the weeks leading up to deployment to 9-months post deployment. Latent class growth analysis revealed 4 unique symptom trajectories: resilience, recovery, delayed, and unrealized anxiety. Variables identified as significant predictors of trajectory class included previous traumatic events, combat exposure, peacekeeping daily hassles, depression, alcohol use, aggressive behavior, stress reactivity, and military rank. Results from this study add to the literature detailing the variability in PTSD course, as well as to the literature pertaining to predictors of PTSD onset and course.","adaptive behavior, adult, article, female, hospitalization, human, male, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, soldier, theoretical model, United States, Yugoslavia","Dickstein, B. D., Suvak, M., Litz, B. T., Adler, A. B.",2010.0,,,1,1,
1448,Molecular and therapeutic potential and toxicity of valproic acid,"Valproic acid (VPA), a branched short-chain fatty acid, is widely used as an antiepileptic drug and a mood stabilizer. Antiepileptic properties have been attributed to inhibition of Gamma Amino Butyrate (GABA) transaminobutyrate and of ion channels. VPA was recently classified among the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, acting directly at the level of gene transcription by inhibiting histone deacetylation and making transcription sites more accessible. VPA is a widely used drug, particularly for children suffering from epilepsy. Due to the increasing number of clinical trials involving VPA, and interesting results obtained, this molecule will be implicated in an increasing number of therapies. However side effects of VPA are substantially described in the literature whereas they are poorly discussed in articles focusing on its therapeutic use. This paper aims to give an overview of the different clinical-trials involving VPA and its side effects encountered during treatment as well as its molecular properties. (copyright) 2010 Sbastien Chateauvieux et al.","acetylsalicylic acid, antiretrovirus agent, azacitidine, benzoic acid, buprenorphine, caffeine, carbamazepine, cilastatin, clonidine, dextropropoxyphene, doripenem, ertapenem, fulvestrant, glyceryl trinitrate, hydralazine, imipenem, lamotrigine, letrozole, meropenem, olanzapine, oxybate sodium, paracetamol, placebo, propranolol, raloxifene, retinoic acid, risperidone, tamoxifen, unindexed drug, valproic acid, acute granulocytic leukemia, addiction, alcoholism, alopecia, Alzheimer disease, anencephalus, aplastic anemia, appetite, asthma, attention deficit disorder, autism, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, bipolar disorder, blood clotting factor 13 deficiency, borderline state, brain disease, brain ischemia, brain tumor, breast cancer, cancer cell, cancer combination chemotherapy, cannabis addiction, central nervous system tumor, cholesterol blood level, chronic lymphatic leukemia, clinical trial, cluster headache, cocaine dependence, communication disorder, craniofacial malformation, daytime somnolence, dementia, depression, detoxification, disruptive behavior, drowsiness, drug formulation, drug half life, drug mechanism, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, fibrosarcoma, glucose blood level, heart disease, highly active antiretroviral therapy, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, Human T cell leukemia virus infection, Huntington chorea, hypersplenism, hypoalbuminemia, hypofibrinogenemia, insulin resistance, intelligence quotient, Kaposi sarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, liver toxicity, mania, migraine, nasopharynx carcinoma, nausea, neuropathic pain, nonhuman, outcome assessment, Parkinson disease, parkinsonism, photosensitive epilepsy, posttraumatic stress disorder, prenatal growth, progressive supranuclear palsy, prostate cancer, psoriasis, review, sarcoma, schizophrenia, seizure, side effect, signal transduction, sleep disorder, solid tumor, spinal dysraphism, spinal muscular atrophy, Stevens Johnson syndrome, stomatitis, thrombocyte dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, toxic epidermal necrolysis, triacylglycerol blood level, unsteadiness, vitamin K deficiency, von Willebrand disease, weight gain, withdrawal syndrome","Diederich, M., Chateauvieux, S., Morceau, F., Dicato, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1449,"Relationships between impact on employment, working conditions, socio-occupational categories and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the industrial disaster in Toulouse, France","Objectives: The aims of this paper were (1) to analyze the prevalence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (S-PTSD) in a population of workers 1 year after an industrial disaster; and (2) to assess the role of factors of vulnerability such as the occupational impact of a disaster and economic conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey assessing the relationships between socio-occupational category, impact on employment and S-PTSD was conducted by the self-administered impact of event scale-revised. Results: The prevalence of S-PTSD in workers in the peripheral zone (<3 km around the explosion site) was 12% in men and 18% in women. Factors significantly associated with S-PTSD in men were non-managerial socio-occupational category: employees (ORa = 4.3; [2.3; 7.8]), factory workers/laborers (ORa = 3.7; [1.8; 7.6]), intermediate professions (ORa = 3.3; [1.9; 5.9]), and artisans (ORa = 3; [1.3; 7.7]); and layoff (ORa = 2.6; [1.5; 4.5]) or unusable workplace after the explosion (ORa = 1.8; [1.1; 2.8]). In women, factors significantly associated with S-PTSD were the socio-occupational categories of employees and factory workers (ORa = 2.2; [1.4; 3.5]), artisans (ORa = 2.7; [1.3; 5.7]) and intermediate professions, (ORa = 1.5; [1; 2.3]) and reporting of an occupational accident (ORa = 1.5; [1.1; 2.2]). Conclusion: Impact on the workplace and socioeconomic conditions were associated with S-PTSD. The epidemiological approach in disaster situations needs to be improved, particularly in the social and occupational dimension when economically active populations are involved. Vulnerable subgroups, defined by occupational impact and low socioeconomic category, should be taken into account. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disasters, *Employment Status, *Industrial Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Working Conditions","Diene, Eloi, Agrinier, Nelly, Albessard, Artus, Cassadou, Sylvie, Schwoebel, Valerie, Lang, Thierry",2012.0,,,0,0,
1450,Familial psychiatric illness and posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a family study of substance abuse and anxiety disorders,"Background: Aside from the possibility of a direct relationship between individual and familial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there is accumulating evidence that implicates a family history of psychiatric and substance use disorders as an important risk factor in the development of PTSD and associated symptoms. Method: The familial risk of DSM-III-R PTSD was examined within a family study of clinical-and community-ascertained probands (N = 263) and their 1206 adult first-degree relatives. Results: Although PTSD among probands was not found to significantly elevate the risk of PTSD among first-degree relatives, an elevated rate of PTSD was found among the relatives of drug abusing probands compared with the relatives of probands with alcoholism, other anxiety disorders, and normal controls. Additionally, affective disorders were significantly associated with PTSD in relatives (p < .01). When these familial and individual associations were examined according to gender, drug disorders in probands were significantly associated with PTSD only among male relatives (p < .01), while the association between PTSD and comorbid affective disorders was seen primarily among female relatives (p < .01). Conclusion: Although probands in the present family study were not selected specifically for PTSD, the data afforded a unique opportunity to examine the profile of familial psychopathology as a part of the complex picture of susceptibility for PTSD. Future family study research will be able to determine the generalizability of the present findings through more complete measurement of diverse forms of trauma.","alprazolam, diazepam, adult, anxiety neurosis, article, disease association, disease classification, disease predisposition, family study, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, risk factor, substance abuse, valium, xanax","Dierker, L. C., Merikangas, K. R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1451,Cortisol response to social stress in parentally bereaved youth,"Background: Parental bereavement is associated with increased risk for psychiatric illness and functional impairment in youth. Dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning may be one pathway through which bereaved children experience increased risk for poor outcomes. However, few studies have prospectively examined the association between parental bereavement and cortisol response while accounting for psychiatric disorders in both youth and their caregivers. Methods: One-hundred and eighty-one bereaved and nonbereaved offspring and their caregivers were assessed at multiple time points over a 5-year period after parental death. Offspring participated in an adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST), and salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after exposure to social stressors. Mixed models for repeated measures were used to analyze the effects of bereavement status, psychiatric disorder in both offspring and caregiver, and demographic indices on trajectories of cortisol response. Results: After controlling for demographic variables and offspring depression, bereaved offspring demonstrated significantly different trajectories of cortisol response compared with nonbereaved offspring, characterized by higher total cortisol output and an absence of cortisol reactivity to acute social stress. Within the bereaved group, offspring of parents who died by sudden natural death demonstrated significant cortisol reactivity to social stress compared with offspring whose parents died by suicide, who demonstrated more blunted trajectory of cortisol response. Conclusions: Parentally bereaved youth demonstrate higher cortisol output than nonbereaved youth but are less able to mount an acute response in the face of social stressors. © 2013 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","Adolescent, bereavement, cortisol, depression, HPA axis, TSST","Dietz, L. J., Stoyak, S., Melhem, N., Porta, G., Matthews, K. A., Walker Payne, M., Brent, D. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1452,Acute stress disorder after burn injury: A predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder?,"Objectives: The principal goals of this study were to determine whether ASD predicted chronic PTSD and whether dissociation is more characteristic of the acute-trauma period than PTSD symptoms. Methods: Eighty-three hospitalized adult burn patients were assessed with structured interviews and self-report measures within 2 weeks of injury and again at least 6 months postburn. Results: Nineteen percent had ASD. Dissociative symptoms were not more common or more severe than PTSD symptoms. Thirty-six percent had chronic PTSD. While ASD predicted chronic PTSD, meeting the symptom criteria for PTSD within 2 weeks postburn also predicted chronic PTSD. Conclusions: Our data support the inclusion of an ASD diagnosis in the DSM, which would allow the diagnosis of symptoms in the first month posttrauma as a psychiatric disorder but questions whether dissociation is more characteristic of the acute trauma period than the PTSD symptom clusters.","Acute stress disorder, Burn injury, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Difede, J., Ptacek, J. T., Roberts, J., Barocas, D., Rives, W., Apfeldorf, W., Yurt, R.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1453,"Post-traumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center tower survivors of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks","Objective. Epidemiological research has examined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11) in the general population. However, there is a paucity of work documenting the consequences among those most directly affected by the disaster. This dissertation determined the prevalence of PTSD among tower survivors and examined whether social structure and direct exposure were PTSD risk factors. Methods. The sample included 3,271 adults who evacuated WTC Towers 1 and 2 on 9/11. Purposive sampling via employer and security badge lists was used along with self-enrollment via telephone or web. Baseline data was collected between 9/2003 and 11/2004. Probable PTSD was measured using the PTSD Checklist. Direct exposure was operationalized through details of respondents' experiences on September 11. Univariate procedures were used to describe the prevalence of PTSD. Logistic regression was used to identify the independent effects of social structure and direct exposure on PTSD. A score was created and tested to describe the cumulative effect of direct exposures on PTSD. Results. Prevalence estimates of current PTSD ranged from 15.0% (based on a PCL score=50+) to 22.3% (based on DSM-IV criteria). Women and minorities were more likely to screen positive. After controlling for other risk factors, a strong inverse relationship was observed between household income and PTSD. Direct exposure stressors predicting PTSD in a multivariable model included late evacuation, dust cloud exposure, witnessing horror, injury, and working for a company with 9/11 fatalities. A cumulative effect of direct exposure was observed in which an increase of life threat stressors experienced on 9/11 resulted in an increase of post-traumatic stress symptoms and PTSD. Conclusion. A few years after the WTC attacks, significant amounts of post-traumatic stress symptoms and PTSD were observed among tower survivors. While survivors shared a collective experience on 9/11, individuals who were of lower social status or exposed to the most life threatening or disturbing stressors were at the greatest risk for PTSD. These findings suggest the effect of 9/11 is long-lasting. Further research is warranted on the course of PTSD and comorbidity with other sequelae. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Disasters, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Terrorism, Threat","Digrande, Laura",2008.0,,,0,0,
1454,"Olfactory identification dysfunction, aggression and impulsivity in war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","Background: Due to neuropsychological conceptualizations of orbitoprefrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction underpinning impulsive aggression and the incidence of such behaviour in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study aimed to explore olfactory identification (OI) ability in war veterans with PTSD as a probe of putative OFC dysfunction; and to explore the utility of OI ability in predicting aggressive and impulsive behavior in this clinical population. Method: Participants comprised 31 out-patient male war veterans with PTSD (mean = 58.23 years, s.d. = 2.56) recruited from a Melbourne Veterans Psychiatry Unit, and 31 healthy age- and gender-matched controls (mean = 56.84 years, s.d. = 7.24). All participants were assessed on clinical measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and alcohol misuse; olfactory identification; neurocognitive measures of dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral prefrontal and mesial temporal functioning; and self-report measures of aggression and impulsivity. Results: War veterans with PTSD exhibited significant OI deficits (OIDs) compared to controls, despite uncompromised performance on cognitive measures. OIDs remained after covaring for IQ, anxiety, depression and alcohol misuse, and were significant predictors of aggression and impulsivity. Conclusions: This research contributes to emerging evidence of orbitoprefrontal dysfunction in the pathophysiology underlying PTSD. This is the first study to report OIDs as a predictor of aggression and impulsivity in this clinical population. It prompts further exploration of the potential diagnostic utility of OIDs in the assessment of PTSD. Such measures may help delineate the clinical complexity of PTSD, and support more targeted interventions for individuals with a greater susceptibility to aggressive and impulsive behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Damage, *Military Veterans, *Olfactory Perception, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Aggressive Behavior, Impulsiveness, Prefrontal Cortex, Stress","Dileo, J. F., Brewer, W. J., Hopwood, M., Anderson, V., Creamer, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1455,"Conduct disorder, war zone stress, and war-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in American Indian Vietnam veterans","This study examined whether conduct disorder (CD) was associated with war zone stress and war-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in American Indian (AI) Vietnam veterans. Cross-sectional lay-interview data was analyzed for 591 male participants from the American Indian Vietnam Veterans Project. logistic regression evaluated the association of CD with odds of high war zone stress and linear regression evaluated the association of CD and PTSD symptom severity. Childhood CD was not associated with increased odds of high war zone stress. Conduct disorder was associated with elevated war-related PTSD symptoms among male AI Vietnam Veterans independent of war zone stress level and other mediators. Future efforts should examine reasons for this association and if the association exists in other AI populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*American Indians, *Conduct Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *War, Severity (Disorders), Symptoms","Dillard, Denise, Jacobsen, Clemma, Ramsey, Scott, Manson, Spero",2007.0,,,0,0,
1456,Post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents with bipolar disorder and its relationship to suicidality,"Objectives: The aims of this cross-sectional pilot study were to ascertain the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents with bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) relative to a comparison group comprised of non-affectively ill patients, and to determine whether PTSD is related to suicidal ideation and attempts. The impetus for the study was born of clinical impressions derived in the course of routine clinical practice. Methods: Patients were screened by a single interviewer for BPD, MDD and PTSD, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and social phobia using the apposite modules from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and histories of suicidal ideation and attempts. The data were subjected to analysis using a logistic regression model. Results: The database included 34 patients with BPD, 79 with MDD and 26 with a non-affective disorder. The risk for PTSD for a patient with BPD significantly exceeded that for a patient with MDD [odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9-12.2, p = 0.001]. Patients with PTSD had an insignificantly increased risk for suicidal ideation (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 0.9-8.9, p = 0.069), and a 4.5-fold significantly increased risk of having had a suicide attempt (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.7-11.7, p = 0.002). The relationship between PTSD and suicide attempts remained significant even after controlling for the confounding effects of concurrent panic disorder, OCD and social phobia (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.1-10.0, p = 0.023). Conclusions: Patients with BPD have a greater risk for PTSD than those with MDD. Post-traumatic stress disorder is significantly related to history of suicide attempts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychiatry, *Attempted Suicide, *Bipolar Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicidal Ideation, Major Depression","Dilsaver, Steven C., Benazzi, Franco, Akiskal, Hagop S., Akiskal, Kareen K.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1457,A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD,"Based on the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there are 636,120 ways for an individual to qualify for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Galatzer-Levy & Bryant, 2013). To unravel this heterogeneity, we examine the historical trajectory of trauma-related diagnoses. Our review addresses four traumas (i.e., combat, natural disaster, life-threatening accident and sexual assault) that have contributed the most to conceptual models of PTSD. Although these trauma types are all subsumed under the same diagnostic label, our literature review indicates that the psychological consequences of different traumatic experiences are traditionally studied in isolation. Indeed, most research addresses hypotheses regarding specific trauma types using samples of individuals selected for their experience with that specific event. We consider the possibility that PTSD is not a single, unified construct and what this means for future research and clinical applications.","Combat, Diagnosis, Life-threatening accidents, Natural disasters, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sexual assault","DiMauro, J., Carter, S., Folk, J. B., Kashdan, T. B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1458,A systematic review on the mental health of children and adolescents in areas of armed conflict in the Middle East. Child: Care,,,"Dimitry, L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1459,Posttraumatic reactions to an earthquake: Multidimensional scaling profile analysis of adolescent survivors,"The current study examined the prototypical profiles of posttraumatic stress reactions among a sample of 282 adolescent survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Based on a dimensional perspective, the results of profile analysis via multidimensional scaling (PAMS) model revealed a two-dimensional solution corresponding to four profiles: intrusion, avoidance/arousal, partial avoidance, and hyperarousal. These profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms equally manifested across gender. In addition, the Intrusion Profile was found to be associated with more elevated psychological distress symptoms. Results are discussed with respect to the typical posttraumatic stress symptoms following the earthquake.","adolescence, anxiety, multidimensional scaling model, psychological distress symptoms, well-being","Ding, C., Xia, L.",2013.0,May 17,10.1177/1359105313483644,0,0,
1460,Posttraumatic reactions to an earthquake: Multidimensional scaling profile analysis of adolescent survivors,"The current study examined the prototypical profiles of posttraumatic stress reactions among a sample of 282 adolescent survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Based on a dimensional perspective, the results of profile analysis via multidimensional scaling (PAMS) model revealed a two-dimensional solution corresponding to four profiles: intrusion, avoidance/arousal, partial avoidance, and hyperarousal. These profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms equally manifested across gender. In addition, the Intrusion Profile was found to be associated with more elevated psychological distress symptoms. Results are discussed with respect to the typical posttraumatic stress symptoms following the earthquake. © The Author(s) 2013.","Adolescence, Anxiety, Multidimensional scaling model, Psychological distress symptoms, Well-being","Ding, C., Xia, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,1459
1461,Post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults: A systematic review of the psychotherapy treatment literature,"Objectives: Older adults represent the fastest growing segment of the US and industrialized populations. However, older adults have generally not been included in randomized clinical trials of psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review examined reports of psychological treatment for trauma-related problems, primarily PTSD, in studies with samples of at least 50% adults aged 55 and older using standardized measures.Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted on psychotherapy for PTSD with older adults using PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, CINAHL, PILOTS, and Google Scholar. Results: A total of 42 studies were retrieved for full review; 22 were excluded because they did not provide at least one outcome measure or results were not reported by age in the case of mixed-age samples. Of the 20 studies that met review criteria, there were: 13 case studies or series, three uncontrolled pilot studies, two randomized clinical trials, one non-randomized concurrent control study and one post hoc effectiveness study. Significant methodological limitations in the current older adult PTSD treatment outcome literature were found reducing its internal validity and generalizability, including non-randomized research designs, lack of comparison conditions and small sample sizes.Conclusion: Select evidence-based interventions validated in younger and middle-aged populations appear acceptable and efficacious with older adults. There are few treatment studies on subsets of the older adult population including cultural and ethnic minorities, women, the oldest old (over 85), and those who are cognitively impaired. Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Geriatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, Aging, Treatment Outcomes","Dinnen, Stephanie, Simiola, Vanessa, Cook, Joan M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1462,The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among aging military veterans,"This study examined the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among two samples of Dutch aging military veterans: 576 veterans with a military disability pension and 198 community sample veterans, who fought in World War II, the former Dutch East Indies, and Korea. Both samples were investigated in 1992 and in 1998 with a standardized and validated instrument measuring PTSD symptoms. In 1992, 27% of the veterans with a military disability pension met the criteria for a PTSD diagnosis; in 1998, this was 29%. Of the community sample veterans, 9% reported a PTSD diagnosis in 1992, in 1998 this was 8%. The results provide strong support for the long-term persistence of PTSD symptoms. In addition, PTSD caseness at one time point was associated with significantly elevated PTSD symptom severity at the time of no PTSD diagnosis. No evidence was found for an aggravation of PTSD due to stressors associated with aging.",,"Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Bramsen, I., Van Der Ploeg, H. M.",2001.0,,10.1097/00005053-200112000-00006,0,0,
1463,Risk factors for psychological and physical health problems after a man-made disaster: Prospective study,,,"Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Grievink, L., Van Der Velden, P. G., Yzermans, C. J.",2006.0,,10.1192/bjp.bp.105.017855,0,0,
1464,Investigating subtypes of child development: A comparison of cluster analysis and latent class cluster analysis in typology creation,,,"DiStefano, C., Kamphaus, R. W.",2006.0,,10.1177/0013164405284033,0,0,
1465,The combined effect of gender and age on post traumatic stress disorder: Do men and women show differences in the lifespan distribution of the disorder?,"Background: The aim of the study was to examine the combined effect of gender and age on post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to describe a possible gender difference in the lifespan distribution of PTSD. Methods: Data were collected from previous Danish and Nordic studies of PTSD or trauma. The final sample was composed of 6,548 participants, 2,768 (42.3%) men and 3,780 (57.7%) women. PTSD was measured based on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, part IV (HTQ-IV). Results: Men and women differed in lifespan distribution of PTSD. The highest prevalence of PTSD was seen in the early 40s for men and in the early 50s for women, while the lowest prevalence for both genders was in the early 70s. Women had an overall twofold higher PTSD prevalence than men. However, at some ages the female to male ratio was nearly 3:1. The highest female to male ratio was found for the 21 to 25 year-olds. Conclusions: The lifespan gender differences indicate the importance of including reproductive factors and social responsibilities in the understanding of the development of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Age Differences, *Human Sex Differences, *Life Span, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Ditlevsen, Daniel N., Elklit, Ask",2010.0,,,0,0,
1466,Psychopathology in female juvenile offenders,"Background: The aim was to document the spectrum of present and lifetime psychological disorders in female juvenile offenders, and to examine the relations between mental health status and socio-demographic, family and trauma variables. Method: One hundred juvenile offenders were matched with a comparison group of 100 females on age and socioeconomic status (SES). Psychological profiles and trauma histories of both groups were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and family functioning was assessed with the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale II (FACES II) self-report measure. Results: Rates of psychopathology were higher for offenders than non-offenders (p < .001), with particularly high levels of conduct disorder (91% v. 1%, p < .001), substance abuse disorders (85% v. 5%, p < .001), depression (55% v. 25%, p < .001) and posttraumatic stress disorder (37% v. 4%, p < .001). In the offenders, 78% met the criteria for three or more diagnoses. The number of psychiatric diagnoses was the most significant factor associated with offender status (OR = 21.26, p < .001). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of psychological disorder in females in juvenile justice custody and this has a very strong association with offender status. Because these co-morbid disorders are treatable, there is a clear opportunity to intervene to decrease psychological distress. © Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2004.","Adolescent, Delinquency, Female, Psychopathology, Risk factors","Dixon, A., Howie, P., Starling, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1467,"Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and psychiatric comorbidity in female juvenile offenders","Objective: To document the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female juvenile offenders and its relationship to trauma history, comorbid diagnoses, attributional style, and family functioning. Method: The psychological profiles and trauma histories of 100 incarcerated female juvenile offenders (ages 13.5-19 years) were assessed using a semistructured interview. Two self-report measures were used to assess family functioning and attributional style. Results: High rates of PTSD were reported by offenders (37%), with sexual abuse the precipitant in 70% of cases. Offenders with PTSD had significantly more comorbid diagnoses than those without (PTSD = 5.4, no PTSD = 3.1, p < .001). The majority (73%) of comorbid diagnoses appeared concurrently with or after PTSD onset. The presence of four or more psychiatric diagnoses (OR = 14.48, p < .001) and a history of sexual abuse (OR = 7.91, p < .001) were independently associated with a diagnosis of PTSD among female juvenile offenders. Conclusions: These results suggest a link among trauma, PTSD, and the development of further psychopathology in female juvenile offenders. This link highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of this and other comorbid disorders to ensure the effectiveness of interventions designed to treat antisocial behavior. © 2005 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","Delinquency, Female, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sexual abuse, Trauma","Dixon, A., Howie, P., Starling, J.",2005.0,,,0,1,
1468,"Alcohol use motives among traumatic event-exposed, treatment-seeking adolescents: Associations with posttraumatic stress",,,"Dixon, L. J., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Ham, L. S., Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.06.008,0,0,
1469,Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of potential moderators,"Background: Despite increasing evidence for a relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-injurious behaviors (SIB), limited research has examined the factors that may moderate the associations between PTSD and both nonsuicidal SIB (deliberate self-harm; DSH) and suicidal SIB (suicide attempts). Nonetheless, research suggests that characteristics of the traumatic event, co-occurring borderline personality disorder (BPD), and emotion dysregulation may influence the relations between PTSD and SIB. Methods: Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of these factors in the association between PTSD and SIB (including history and frequency of DSH and suicide attempts, and DSH versatility) among a sample of substance use disorder inpatients with (n = 116) and without (n = 130) a history of PTSD. Results: Results from stepwise regression analyses indicate that sexual assault-related PTSD predicted suicide attempt frequency and DSH versatility among those with PTSD. Furthermore, results from hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses suggest that co-occurring BPD moderates the relationship between PTSD and both DSH history and versatility and emotion dysregulation moderates the relationship between PTSD and DSH frequency. Specifically, the relations between PTSD and DSH outcomes were stronger among participants with co-occurring BPD and higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on cross-sectional, self-report data. Conclusions: Despite limitations, findings suggest distinct risk factors for suicide attempts and DSH, and highlight the importance of examining characteristics of the trauma and associated BPD and emotion dysregulation in assessing risk for SIB in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Self Injurious Behavior, Attempted Suicide, Borderline Personality Disorder, Drug Abuse, Sexual Abuse","Dixon-Gordon, Katherine L., Tull, Matthew T., Gratz, Kim L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1470,The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and time perspective,"The study aims to explore the lack of harmony in implementing the content of the time record from past, present and future, and their dimensions, following the exposure to traumatic events. A pilot study of 162 students who were exposed to the danger of flood is used to study the psychometric characteristics of Impact of Event Scale-Revised IES-R-Arabic version. The main sample consist of 108 persons (Age 18 to 30, m=25.58, sd= 3.34, 56.5 % female) composed from three subgroups with 36 participant for each. The First subgroup: with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosed by psychiatrists. The second subgroup: without PTSD. The third subgroup: have not been exposed to traumatic events which influenced their psychological life. They all completed the test of Impact of Event Scale-Revised IES-R and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). The factor analysis of the IES-R Arabic version showed that all items belong to their own factors. Reliability score of all subscales exceed 0.69. The first subgroup shows high scores in Past-Negative and Present-fatalistic dimensions, and low scores in Future and Past-Positive dimensions, but the second and third subgroups scored the contrary. One Way-ANOVA test showed significant differences between the three subgroups in all time perspective (TP) dimensions except in Present-pleasant orientation. The linear regression model showed that there is a linear relationship between the dependent variable PTSD and TP as predictor (R2 = 0.73, F (2, 106) = 58.63, p < 0.001). The results: the study suggests the balance in implementing the content of time record may help to protect against PTSD and other psychological effects after the exposure to traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rating Scales, *Time Perspective, Test Reliability, Test Validity","Djarallah, Slimane, Chorfi, Mohamed Seghir",2012.0,,,0,0,
1471,Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder in female Veteran's Affairs patients: Validation of the PTSD Checklist,"Evaluated the screening validity of a self-report measure for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the PTSD Checklist (PCL), in female Veterans Affairs (VA) patients. All women seen for care at the VA Puget Sound Health Care system from October 1996 to January 1999 (n=2,545) were invited to participate in a research interview. Participants (n=282; mean age 48 yrs) completed the 17-item PCL, followed by a gold standard diagnostic interview for PTSD, the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). 36% of the participants (n=100) met CAPS diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the screening performance of the PCL. The area under the ROC curve was 0.86. A PCL score of 38 optimized the performance of the PCL as a screening test. The PCL performed well as a screening measure for the detection of PTSD in female VA patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Screening, *Self Report, *Test Validity, Human Females, Military Veterans","Dobie, Dorcas J., Kivlahan, Daniel R., Maynard, Charles, Bush, Kristen R., McFall, Miles, Epler, Amee J., Bradley, Katharine A.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1472,"Rationale, design, and baseline findings from a randomized trial of collaborative care for chronic musculoskeletal pain in primary care","Objective. This article describes the rationale, design, and baseline findings from an ongoing study of collaborative care for chronic musculoskeletal pain and comorbid depression. Design. Cluster randomized clinical trial. Participants and Setting. Forty-two clinicians and 401 patients from five Veterans Affairs primary care clinics. Intervention. The intervention was based on the chronic care model, and included patient and provider activation and education, patient assessment, outcomes monitoring, and feedback to providers over 12 months. The intervention team consisted of a full-time psychologist care manager and a part-time physician internist. Approaches included goal setting emphasizing function, patient activation and educating about fear avoidance, and care management. Outcome Measures. Main outcomes are Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score, depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and pain severity (Chronic Pain Grade Severity subscale) at 6 and 12 months. Baseline Results. Fifteen percent of primary care patients mailed a study advertisement letter requested screening for the study. The mean age of enrolled patients was 62. Back and neck or joint pain diagnoses were present in 67% and 65% of patients, respectively. Mean pain duration was 15 years, and mean RMDQ score (range 0-24) was 14.7 (standard deviation=4.4). Sixty-five percent of patients were receiving disability. Eighteen percent of patients met criteria for major depression, 17% for posttraumatic stress disorder, and 9% for alcohol misuse. Thirty-nine percent of patients felt strongly that experiencing pain was a sign of damage, and 60% reported strong avoidance of painful activities. Conclusions. These baseline data support the rationale to develop a multifaceted approach to treat chronic pain in primary care that includes detection and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity. (copyright) 2008 by American Academy of Pain Medicine.","analgesic agent, opiate, adjuvant therapy, adult, alcohol abuse, arthralgia, article, avoidance behavior, backache, chronic pain, clinical trial, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, disease duration, disease severity, doctor patient relation, female, functional status, health belief, health personnel attitude, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, musculoskeletal pain, neck pain, outcome assessment, pain assessment, patient assessment, patient attitude, patient care, patient education, patient monitoring, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, randomized controlled trial, treatment response","Dobscha, S. K., Corson, K., Leibowitz, R. Q., Sullivan, M. D., Gerrity, M. S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1473,Relationship of quality of life and perceived control with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms 3 to 6 months after myocardial infarction,"PURPOSE: This study examined whether psychological variables were associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 3 to 6 months after myocardial infarction. METHODS: The sample included 52 patients with myocardial infarction. A structured interview was used to obtain information about PTSD symptoms, quality of life, and ratings of perceived control, danger, and predictability, as well as information about stressful events that occurred during hospitalization. RESULTS: Four patients (7.7%) met criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD. Elevated PTSD scores were associated with poorer quality of life (r = -0.32 to -0.79). Lower perceived control was associated with higher PTSD symptom scores (r = -0.30 to -0.52). Finally, PTSD scores were significantly correlated with the number of times patients were readmitted to the hospital (r = 0.35-0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 8% of patients experienced PTSD 3 to 6 months following MI. Increasing levels of PTSD symptoms were correlated with poorer quality of life. Perceived lack of control during the MI and multiple hospitalizations may be related to the severity of PTSD symptoms.","Acute Disease, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interviews as Topic, *Life Change Events, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction/*psychology, Perception, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life/*psychology, *Self Efficacy, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*physiopathology","Doerfler, L. A., Paraskos, J. A., Piniarski, L.",2005.0,May-Jun,,0,0,
1474,Toward a typology of high-risk major stressful events and situations in posttraumatic stress disorder and related psychopathology,"The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was introduced in 1980 with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, Third Edition (DSM-III). DSM-III put forward a novel syndrome consisting of intrusive, avoidance/numbing, and arousal symptoms as distinctive psychopathology following exposure to traumatic events. The traumatic stressors, although expanded in later editions published in 1987 (DSM-III-R) and 1994 (DSM-IV), focus on life-threatening events and situations. However, at least 12 studies, most of them recent, have found associations between the PTSD symptoms and the PTSD symptom syndrome with stressors, such as unemployment and divorce that would not qualify, even in the broadened DSM-IV diagnosis, as traumatic stressors. These findings challenge the basic assumption on which the PTSD diagnosis is based, the assumption that exposure to life-threatening stressors is the primary cause of a unique set of stress response symptoms. The purpose of this paper is to show how to confront this challenge by developing a typology of stressful situations and events that can be tested systematically for their relation to the PTSD symptom syndrome and other relevant variables. The typology includes but is not limited to the types of situations and events defined as ""traumatic"" in the DSMs. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","DSM-III, DSM-IV, PTSD, Stressor","Dohrenwend, B. P.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1475,The psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: A revisit with new data and methods,,,"Dohrenwend, B. P., Turner, J. B., Turse, N. A., Adams, B. G., Koenen, K. C., Marshall, R.",2006.0,,10.1126/science.1128944,0,0,
1476,Stressful life events: Their nature and effects,,,"Dohrenwend, B. S., Dohrenwend, B. P.",1974.0,,,0,0,
1477,Relief of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor induced sexual dysfunction with low-dose mianserin in patients with traumatic brain injury,"Rationale: Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are commonly used in the treatment of many psychiatric disorders. Although possessing a relatively mild side effect profile, these drugs can cause a number of difficulties, including sexual dysfunction. A variety of strategies have been reported in the management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, including dose reduction, drug holidays, substitution of another antidepressant drug, and various augmentation strategies, including use of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), buspirone, and others. Objectives: We aimed to examine the effect of adding another medication, mianserin, a mainly postsynaptic serotonin 2A agonist, to ongoing SSRI treatment in order to alleviate sexual side effects caused by SSRIs. Methods: The patients included in this study suffered from traumatic brain injury and from psychiatric complications that necessitated the use of SSRIs. Seventeen patients were included in this study, all were being treated with SSRIs, and all complained of sexual dysfunction. Mianserin was added to on-going treatment at low doses, 7.5-15 mg/day. Patients were followed for at least 3 months. Results: Fifteen of the 17 patients (88%) included in this study reported improvement in sexual dysfunction following this intervention. Ten (59%) reported that sexual function achieved pretreatment level. Five (29%) reported ""significant improvement,"" and two (12%) did not respond to this intervention and were given sildenafil citrate, with good results. Side effects were minimal and included dry mouth, drowsiness, headaches, and agitation. Conclusions: The use of low-dose mianserin as an add-on treatment to SSRIs appears to be an effective and well tolerated intervention for sexual dysfunction caused by SSRIs.","citalopram, fluoxetine, mianserin, paroxetine, serotonin 2A agonist, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, adult, agitation, article, brain injury, clinical article, controlled study, depression, dose response, drowsiness, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug tolerability, erectile dysfunction, female, follow up, headache, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, sexual dysfunction, sexual function, side effect, treatment outcome, xerostomia","Dolberg, O. T., Klag, E., Gross, Y., Schreiber, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1478,Trajectories of adjustment in mothers of children with newly diagnosed cancer: a natural history investigation,"OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were (a) to assess negative affectivity and posttraumatic symptomatology in mothers following the diagnosis of cancer in their children; (b) to examine sociodemographic and psychosocial variables associated with change in distress over time; and (c) to identify distinct subgroups of mothers whose patterns and trajectories of adjustment can be distinguished according to available predictor data. METHODS: Two hundred and twelve mothers at seven sites were assessed just following their child's diagnosis, and again 3 months and 6 months later. Primary outcomes included measures of mood disturbance, depressive symptoms, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. RESULTS: Overall, mothers demonstrated a pattern of mildly elevated negative affectivity and posttraumatic symptomatology initially, with steady improvements evident at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Distinct adjustment trajectories were evident within the sample as a whole, indicating subgroups of mothers with high-declining, moderate-stable, and low-stable distress levels. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight considerable resilience among mothers facing the stress of childhood cancer. Intervention efforts aimed at reducing maternal distress might best be targeted towards the subgroup of mothers who may be predicted to exhibit the highest level of distress.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Child, Chronic Disease, *Disabled Children, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, *Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Time Factors","Dolgin, M. J., Phipps, S., Fairclough, D. L., Sahler, O. J., Askins, M., Noll, R. B., Butler, R. W., Varni, J. W., Katz, E. R.",2007.0,Aug,10.1093/jpepsy/jsm013,0,0,
1479,Trajectories of adjustment in mothers of children with newly diagnosed cancer: A natural history investigation,"Objectives: The objectives of this study were (a) to assess negative affectivity and posttraumatic symptomatology in mothers following the diagnosis of cancer in their children; (b) to examine sociodemographic and psychosocial variables associated with change in distress over time; and (c) to identify distinct subgroups of mothers whose patterns and trajectories of adjustment can be distinguished according to available predictor data. Methods: Two hundred and twelve mothers at seven sites were assessed just following their child's diagnosis, and again 3 months and 6 months later. Primary outcomes included measures of mood disturbance, depressive symptoms, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Results: Overall, mothers demonstrated a pattern of mildly elevated negative affectivity and posttraumatic symptomatology initially, with steady improvements evident at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Distinct adjustment trajectories were evident within the sample as a whole, indicating subgroups of mothers with high-declining, moderate-stable, and low-stable distress levels. Conclusions: These findings highlight considerable resilience among mothers facing the stress of childhood cancer. Intervention efforts aimed at reducing maternal distress might best be targeted towards the subgroup of mothers who may be predicted to exhibit the highest level of distress. (copyright) The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved.","adjustment, adult, article, child, childhood cancer, depression, emotional stress, female, human, maternal attitude, maternal behavior, mood disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder","Dolgin, M. J., Phipps, S., Fairclough, D. L., Sahler, O. J. Z., Askins, M., Noll, R. B., Butler, R. W., Varni, J. W., Katz, E. R.",2007.0,,,0,0,1478
1480,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters predicting substance abuse in adolescents,"The majority of studies exploring the mental health disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (substance abuse (SA) and dependence), have shown high co-morbidity rates in adolescents, indicating a well-established relationship. However, only a few studies have attempted to examine the functional mechanisms believed to underlie this common form of co-morbidity, and no studies have been carried out in adolescent samples. Knowledge is thus lacking on how specific PTSD symptom clusters may account for the development of specific types of problematic substance use in adolescents. Therefore, we studied this issue in relation to alcohol abuse (AA) and drug abuse (DA) in a probability sample of Danish 15-18-year-olds (n = 1988) in the form of an online survey using self-report questionnaires following the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition [DSM-IV; APA. (1994). Washington, DC: Author]. After demographic and substance-related variables were controlled for, hierarchical multiple regression models revealed that a significant proportion of variance in AA severity was explained positively by arousal symptoms and negatively by re-experiencing symptoms, whereas DA severity was significantly increased by avoidance symptoms and decreased by arousal symptoms. Current findings suggest that specific PTSD symptom clusters to some extent are independently related to AA and DA, providing this research field with a better understanding of the interrelationship between these two mental health disorders in adolescents while underpinning the importance of acknowledging the specific functional mechanisms underlying the common co-occurrence of PTSD and SA in adolescence.","adolescence, co-morbidity, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD symptoms, substance abuse","Donbaek, D. F., Elklit, A., Pedersen, M. U.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1481,Partial least squares based gene expression analysis in posttraumatic stress disorder,"OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an adverse psychological response to traumatic events. Microarray technology for large-scale gene expression analysis facilitates the identification of signatures that underlie the pathogenesis of PTSD. Previous studies mostly used variance/regression analysis without considering array specific factors. We aim to investigate the underlying mechanism of PTSD through partial least squares (PLS) based analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With a gene expression profile data set for 17 chronic PTSD patients and 16 controls recovered from psychological trauma from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we performed Partial Least Square (PLS) based analysis. RESULTS: We acquired 230 down-regulated genes and 335 up-regulated genes. Significantly increased representations of dysregulated genes in immune, endocrine and nervous pathways were identified. Among the top 5 hub genes in the network, PRKCA has been reported to be related with PTSD before. Three other genes, TP53, EP300 and CALM1 might also contribute to the pathogenesis of PTSD since they are all related with other neuronal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings shed light on expression signatures of PTSD with the hope to give further theoretical supports for future therapeutic study.",,"Dong, K., Zhang, F., Zhu, W., Wang, Z., Wang, G.",2014.0,Aug,,0,0,
1482,Psychopharmacology of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: To review the current knowledge of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as it applies to children and adolescents and to provide a rational approach to medication use in Pediatric PTSD. Method: The literature on the psychopharmacology of Pediatric PTSD is reviewed. Additionally, literature is reviewed on the neurobiological systems presumptively involved in trauma as well as studies in the pharmacology of adult PTSD, as they pertain to the treatment of Pediatric PTSD. Results: There are too few studies in the current Pediatric PTSD literature to confirm treatment recommendations. Downward extrapolation from the adult literature combined with an understanding of the neurobiology of PTSD and its comorbid conditions may serve as the basis for a rational pharmacotherapy of PTSD in childhood. The effectiveness of targeting pharmacological agents at PTSD symptom clusters and associated comorbid conditions remains to be verified in controlled clinical trials. Conclusions: The state of psychopharmacology for Pediatric PTSD is in its earliest stages. While there are insufficient numbers of controlled pharmacological trials to make firm recommendations, the field requires a starting point for a rational psychopharmacological approach. Pharmacotherapy may provide symptom relief of both the debilitating primary symptoms and the comorbid conditions in children suffering from PTSD.",,"Donnelly, C. L., Amaya-Jackson, L., March, J. S.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1483,"Complex trauma and intimate relationships: The impact of shame, guilt and dissociation","Background: This study examined dissociation, shame, guilt and intimate relationship difficulties in those with chronic and complex PTSD. Little is known about how these symptom clusters interplay within the complex PTSD constellation. Dissociation was examined as a principle organizing construct within complex PTSD. In addition, the impact of shame, guilt and dissociation on relationship difficulties was explored. Methods: Sixty five treatment-receiving adults attending a Northern Irish service for conflict-related trauma were assessed on measures of dissociation, state and trait shame, behavioral responses to shame, state and trait guilt, complex PTSD symptom severity and relationship difficulties. Results: Ninety five percent (n=62) of participants scored above cut-off for complex PTSD. Those with clinical levels of dissociation (n=27) were significantly higher on complex PTSD symptom severity, state and trait shame, state guilt, withdrawal in response to shame and relationship preoccupation than subclinical dissociators (n=38). Dissociation and state and trait shame predicted complex PTSD. Fear of relationships was predicted by dissociation, complex PTSD and avoidance in response to shame, while complex PTSD predicted relationship anxiety and relationship depression. Limitations: The study was limited to a relatively homogeneous sample of individuals with chronic and complex PTSD drawn from a single service. Conclusions: Complex PTSD has significant consequences for intimate relationships, and dissociation makes an independent contribution to these difficulties. Dissociation also has an organizing effect on complex PTSD symptoms. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Complex PTSD, Dissociation, Intimate relationships, Shame","Dorahy, M. J., Corry, M., Shannon, M., Webb, K., McDermott, B., Ryan, M., F.w. Dyer, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1484,Assessing markers of working memory function in dissociative identity disorder using neutral stimui: A comparison with clinical and general population samples,"Objectives: Memory functioning is a central conceptual and phenomenological aspect of dissociative identity disorder (DID). Most empirical work on memory functions in DID has focused on retrieval deficits either within or between dissociated identities. The current study attempted to remedy the scant attention given to working memory functioning. Method: In samples representing the DID, non-clinical, depressed, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychosis populations (n = 10 per group), neutral stimuli were used to examine three markers of working memory functioning: one measuring inhibition; one assessing facilitation; and one measuring interference. Results: With the exception of the psychosis sample all groups displayed significant negative priming in the distractor inhibition condition. Facilitation effects were demonstrated by the DID and PTSD groups only. Interference effects were evident in all samples, though the DID and non-clinical groups demonstrated significantly more interference than the psychosis cohort. Distractor inhibition was related to overall schizotypy scores, and dissociation was related to scores in the facilitation condition. Conclusions: The DID sample displayed a completely distinct functional working memory profile to the psychosis sample when assessed with emotionally neutral stimuli. However, the working memory profile in the DID sample was not entirely dissimilar to the other comparison groups.","adult, article, clinical article, cognitive defect, cohort analysis, comparative study, controlled study, depression, emotion, facilitation, female, human, inhibition (psychology), male, multiple personality, phenomenology, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, sample, schizotypal personality disorder, scoring system, stimulation, working memory","Dorahy, M. J., Irwin, H. J., Middleton, W.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1485,Assessing markers of working memory function in dissociative identity disorder using neutral stimuli: a comparison with clinical and general population samples,"OBJECTIVES: Memory functioning is a central conceptual and phenomenological aspect of dissociative identity disorder (DID). Most empirical work on memory functions in DID has focused on retrieval deficits either within or between dissociated identities. The current study attempted to remedy the scant attention given to working memory functioning. METHOD: In samples representing the DID, non-clinical, depressed, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychosis populations (n = 10 per group), neutral stimuli were used to examine three markers of working memory functioning: one measuring inhibition; one assessing facilitation; and one measuring interference. RESULTS: With the exception of the psychosis sample all groups displayed significant negative priming in the distractor inhibition condition. Facilitation effects were demonstrated by the DID and PTSD groups only. Interference effects were evident in all samples, though the DID and non-clinical groups demonstrated significantly more interference than the psychosis cohort. Distractor inhibition was related to overall schizotypy scores, and dissociation was related to scores in the facilitation condition. CONCLUSIONS: The DID sample displayed a completely distinct functional working memory profile to the psychosis sample when assessed with emotionally neutral stimuli. However, the working memory profile in the DID sample was not entirely dissimilar to the other comparison groups.","Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis/psychology, Female, Humans, Inhibition (Psychology), Male, Memory Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology, *Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Multiple Personality Disorder, *Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics, Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis/psychology, Reproducibility of Results, Schizophrenia/diagnosis, Schizophrenic Psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology","Dorahy, M. J., Irwin, H. J., Middleton, W.",2004.0,Jan-Feb,,0,0,
1486,DSM-5's Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Dissociative Symptoms: Challenges and Future Directions,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, formally recognizes a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD with dissociative symptoms). This nomenclative move will boost empirical and theoretical efforts to further understand the links between dissociation, trauma, and PTSD. This article examines the empirical literature showing that patients with PTSD can be divided into 2 different groups based on their neurobiology, psychological symptom profile, history of exposure to early relational trauma, and depersonalization/derealization symptoms. It then explores the conceptual and empirical challenges of conceiving 1 of these types as reflecting a ""dissociative"" type of PTSD. First, this classification is based on the presence of a limited subset of dissociative symptoms (i.e., depersonalization, derealization). This sets aside an array of positive and negative psychoform and somatoform dissociative symptoms that may be related to PTSD. Second, empirical evidence suggests heightened dissociation in PTSD compared to many other disorders, indicating that dissociation is relevant to PTSD more broadly rather than simply to the so-called dissociative subtype. This article sets out important issues to be examined in the future study of dissociation in PTSD, which needs to be informed by solid conceptual understandings of dissociation.","dissociation, dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, positive and negative dissociative symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder","Dorahy, M. J., van der Hart, O.",2015.0,January-February,10.1080/15299732.2014.908806,0,0,
1487,DSM–5’s Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Dissociative Symptoms: Challenges and Future Directions,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, formally recognizes a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD with dissociative symptoms). This nomenclative move will boost empirical and theoretical efforts to further understand the links between dissociation, trauma, and PTSD. This article examines the empirical literature showing that patients with PTSD can be divided into 2 different groups based on their neurobiology, psychological symptom profile, history of exposure to early relational trauma, and depersonalization/derealization symptoms. It then explores the conceptual and empirical challenges of conceiving 1 of these types as reflecting a “dissociative” type of PTSD. First, this classification is based on the presence of a limited subset of dissociative symptoms (i.e., depersonalization, derealization). This sets aside an array of positive and negative psychoform and somatoform dissociative symptoms that may be related to PTSD. Second, empirical evidence suggests heightened dissociation in PTSD compared to many other disorders, indicating that dissociation is relevant to PTSD more broadly rather than simply to the so-called dissociative subtype. This article sets out important issues to be examined in the future study of dissociation in PTSD, which needs to be informed by solid conceptual understandings of dissociation.","article, depersonalization, dissociative disorder, DSM-5, human, neurobiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, symptomatology","Dorahy, M. J., van der Hart, O.",2015.0,,,0,0,1486
1488,Coping strategies in daily life as protective and risk factors for post traumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors,"To investigate the role of a general coping style in the development and maintainance of PTSD-like symptoms, we investigated 44 survivors of severe motor vehicle accidents. Coping was assessed using a German instrument. We also included personality traits such as neuroticism and extraversion, peritraumatic and cognitive factors that are linked to both PTSD and coping in daily life. Stepwise regressions were computed to explain overall PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters (intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal). Extraversion and neuroticism, cognitive factors, and subjective trauma characteristics predicted total PTSD severity and the symptom clusters, respectively. Additionally, the results indicate that the coping of a person in daily life plays a role in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms. We identified both protective factors such as situation control and self-aggrandizement and risk factors such as avoidance and self-blame.",,"Dörfel, D., Rabe, S., Karl, A.",2008.0,,,0,1,
1489,Temporal Associations Among Chronic PTSD Symptoms in U.S. Combat Veterans,"The present study examined fluctuation over time in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 34 combat veterans (28 with diagnosed PTSD, 6 with subclinical symptoms) assessed every 2 weeks for up to 2 years (range of assessments = 13-52). Temporal relationships were examined among four PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal) with particular attention to the influence of hyperarousal. Multilevel cross-lagged random coefficients autoregression for intensive time series data analyses were used to model symptom fluctuation decades after combat experiences. As anticipated, hyperarousal predicted subsequent fluctuations in the 3 other PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing) at subsequent 2-week intervals (rs =45,.36, and.40, respectively). Additionally, emotional numbing influenced later reexperiencing and avoidance, and reexperiencing influenced later hyperarousal (rs =44,.40, and.34, respectively). These findings underscore the important influence of hyperarousal. Furthermore, results indicate a bidirectional relationship between hyperarousal and reexperiencing as well as a possible chaining of symptoms (hyperarousal → emotional numbing → reexperiencing → hyperarousal) and establish potential internal, intrapersonal mechanisms for the maintenance of persistent PTSD symptoms. Results suggested that clinical interventions targeting hyperarousal and emotional numbing symptoms may hold promise for PTSD of long duration. © 2015 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Doron-Lamarca, S., Niles, B. L., King, D. W., King, L. A., Pless kaiser, A., Lyons, M. J.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.22039,0,0,
1490,"Pretrauma problems, prior stressor exposure, and gender as predictors of change in posttraumatic stress symptoms among physically injured children and adolescents","Objective: This study addressed predictors of change in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among youths who had experienced physical injuries. The influences of pretrauma internalizing and externalizing problems, prior stressor exposure, and gender were investigated. Additionally, gender was examined as a moderator of the associations between internalizing problems and PTSS, externalizing problems and PTSS, and prior stressor exposure and PTSS. Method: Participants were 157 children and adolescents (75 male; age M = 13.30 years, SD = 3.60; 44 Caucasian, 39 African American, 13 Hispanic, and 4 other) admitted to 2 hospitals for physical injuries. Youths and their parents completed measures of PTSS (Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index), internalizing and externalizing problems (Child Behavior Checklist), and prior stressor exposure (Coddington Life Events Scale, Child) during the hospital stay; youths completed up to 3 additional PTSS assessments targeted at 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed a significant average decline in PTSS over time (p < .05) that followed a curvilinear trajectory. Externalizing problems, prior stressor exposure, and female gender predicted higher initial PTSS levels (p < .05). Gender moderated the influence of internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and prior stressor exposure on decline in PTSS over time (p < .05). Patterns of recovery for those with high and low levels of each characteristic differed for girls and boys. Conclusions: Findings suggest targets for clinical consideration, both with respect to identifying subgroups of children and adolescents that may warrant early assessment and monitoring and timing of more directed PTSS treatment intervention. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","gender, internalizing and externalizing problems, life stressors, posttraumatic stress symptoms","Doron-LaMarca, S., Vogt, D. S., King, D. W., King, L. A., Saxe, G. N.",2010.0,,,0,1,
1491,Clinical phenomenology of childhood abuse-related complex PTSD in a population of female patients: patterns of personality disturbance,"OBJECTIVE: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves a variety of personality disturbances presumed to result from repeated interpersonal trauma such as child abuse. As Complex PTSD patients are a heterogeneous population, we searched for clinically relevant personality-based subtypes. METHOD: This study used a cluster analysis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), Axis II features within a sample of 71 female outpatients with systematically assessed child abuse-related Complex PTSD. RESULTS: Two main subtypes were found: adaptive and nonadaptive. The latter was further differentiated into withdrawn, alienated, suffering, and aggressive subtypes, characterized by different levels of introversion and disinhibition. Among the nonadaptive subtypes, the severity of Complex PTSD symptoms was lowest in the withdrawn (introverted only) subtype. The subtypes differed in their level of dissociation and depression but did not differ regarding PTSD symptoms, trauma history, or parental bonding characteristics. CONCLUSION: Confirming earlier findings, our study found personality-based Complex PTSD subtypes, which could implicate differential treatment needs and results.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse/*psychology, Cluster Analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Personality Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Statistics, Nonparametric, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology","Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., Hoogendoorn, A., Veltman, D. J., van Balkom, A. J., Draijer, N.",2012.0,,10.1080/15299732.2011.641496,0,0,
1492,Clinical Phenomenology of Childhood Abuse-Related Complex PTSD in a Population of Female Patients: Patterns of Personality Disturbance,"Objective: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves a variety of personality disturbances presumed to result from repeated interpersonal trauma such as child abuse. As Complex PTSD patients are a heterogeneous population, we searched for clinically relevant personality-based subtypes. Method: This study used a cluster analysis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), Axis II features within a sample of 71 female outpatients with systematically assessed child abuse-related Complex PTSD. Results: Two main subtypes were found: adaptive and nonadaptive. The latter was further differentiated into withdrawn, alienated, suffering, and aggressive subtypes, characterized by different levels of introversion and disinhibition. Among the nonadaptive subtypes, the severity of Complex PTSD symptoms was lowest in the withdrawn (introverted only) subtype. The subtypes differed in their level of dissociation and depression but did not differ regarding PTSD symptoms, trauma history, or parental bonding characteristics. Conclusion: Confirming earlier findings, our study found personality-based Complex PTSD subtypes, which could implicate differential treatment needs and results. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","adult survivors of child abuse, child abuse, personality assessment, posttraumatic stress disorders","Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., Hoogendoorn, A., Veltman, D. J., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Draijer, N.",2012.0,,,0,0,1491
1493,Treatment compliance and effectiveness in complex PTSD patients with co-morbid personality disorder undergoing stabilizing cognitive behavioral group treatment: a preliminary study,"BACKGROUND: In the empirical and clinical literature, complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and personality disorders (PDs) are suggested to be predictive of drop-out or reduced treatment effectiveness in trauma-focused PTSD treatment. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate if personality characteristics would predict treatment compliance and effectiveness in stabilizing complex PTSD treatment. METHOD: In a randomized controlled trial on a 20-week stabilizing group cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for child-abuse-related complex PTSD, we included 71 patients of whom 38 were randomized to a psycho-educational and cognitive behavioral stabilizing group treatment. We compared the patients with few PD symptoms (adaptive) (N=14) with the non-adaptive patients (N=24) as revealed by a cluster analysis. RESULTS: We found that non-adaptive patients compared to the adaptive patients showed very low drop-out rates. Both non-adaptive patients, classified with highly different personality profiles ""withdrawn"" and ""aggressive,"" were equally compliant. With regard to symptom reduction, we found no significant differences between subtypes. Post-hoc, patients with a PD showed lower drop-out rates and higher effect sizes in terms of complex PTSD severity, especially on domains that affect regulation and interpersonal problems. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our expectations, these preliminary findings indicate that this treatment is well tolerated by patients with a variety of personality pathology. Larger sample sizes are needed to study effectiveness for subgroups of complex PTSD patients.","Personality disorders, child abuse, cognitive behavioral treatment, complex PTSD, dissociative subtype, posttraumatic stress disorder, treatment outcome","Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., Smit, J. H., Veltman, D. J., Hoogendoorn, A. W., van Balkom, A. J., Draijer, N.",2013.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21171,0,0,
1494,Psychosocial Outcomes of Telephone-Based Counseling for Adults With an Acquired Physical Disability: A Meta-Analysis,"Background: The delivery of mental health services by telephone, referred to as telecounseling, has the potential to improve the health outcomes of adults with an acquired physical disability in a cost-effective way. However, the efficacy of this form of treatment requires further evaluation before it is used on a larger scale. Aim: This meta-analysis provides a critical and quantitative evaluation of the impact of telephone-administered psychological interventions on the psychosocial functioning of adults with an acquired physical disability caused by spinal cord injury, limb amputation, severe burn injury, stroke, or multiple sclerosis. Method: A comprehensive search of eight electronic databases identified eight studies (N = 658 participants) that compared treatment efficacy to that of matched control groups. Differences in the psychosocial outcomes of treatment and control participants were examined using Cohen's d effect sizes. Fail-safe Ns and 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the significance of these results. Results: Significant improvements in coping skills and strategies (overall d = 0.57), community integration (overall d = 0.45), and depression (overall d = 0.44) were observed immediately after telecounseling, with modest improvements in quality of life maintained at 12 months post-intervention (overall d = 0.37). Conclusions: The results suggest that telecounseling is an effective treatment modality for adults adjusting to a physical disability; however, further trials are needed to establish the long term psychosocial benefits. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Meta-analysis, Multiple sclerosis, Spinal cord injuries, Telephone, Treatment outcome","Dorstyn, D. S., Mathias, J. L., Denson, L. A.",2011.0,,10.1037/a0022249,0,0,
1495,"Mothers of adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer: Health beliefs, post-traumatic stress, growth and caregiving practices","Mothers of adolescent and young adult (AYA) childhood cancer survivors often continue to experience psychosocial challenges related to their child's illness and treatment long after the successful treatment of cancer. Such challenges may affect mothers' personal wellbeing and caregiving practices. Three studies were conducted to explore mothers' beliefs regarding their current and future health concerns, how they manage medical issues, relationships, and health-promoting behaviors. A new self-report scale, the Parental Health Competence Beliefs Inventory (pHCBI), was developed (Study 1) to examine the relationship between these beliefs and mothers' psychological well-being (Study 2) and caregiving behavior (Study 3). Eighty-six mothers of AYA childhood cancer survivors were recruited during their child's regularly scheduled clinic visits. Mothers completed the pHCBI and measures of psychosocial wellbeing, including the Perception of Changes in Self questionnaire (PCS) and Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL-C). Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) identified pHCBI scale factors (Study 1) and domains of posttraumatic growth (PTG) (Study 2). Correlational and regression analyses examined the relationships between beliefs, PTG, and posttraumatic stress (PTS). In Study 3, mixed method analyses were used to identify reasons for attending clinic with their child and to explore relationships between these reasons, mothers' beliefs, and demographic and medical variables. The Study 1 EFA revealed a 23-item four-factor solution for the pHCBI: (a) Social Competence, (b) Health Perceptions, (c) Satisfaction with Healthcare, and (d) Health Apprehension. In Study 2, EFA identified three domains of PTG: (a) Interpersonal Relationships, (b) Life Satisfaction, and (c) Life Outlook. Social Competence was correlated with PTG with respect to Interpersonal Relationships and Life Satisfaction. Health Apprehension moderated the linear relationship between PTS and PTG-Life Satisfaction. Qualitative data revealed 10 reasons mothers give for accompanying their child to their follow-up clinic visit (Study 3). Mothers who report lower Satisfaction with Healthcare continued to attend the survivorship clinic out of Concern for Their Child's Health and Wellbeing. The better understanding of mothers' health-related beliefs and caregiving provided by the results of these studies may be useful in promoting mothers' wellbeing and in helping them to adjust to their AYA survivors' growing independence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mothers, *Neoplasms, *Survivors, *Interpersonal Relationships, Health","Doshi, Kinjal",2013.0,,,0,0,
1496,Similarity of prior trauma exposure as a determinant of chronic stress responding to an airline disaster,,,"Dougall, A. L., Herberman, H. B., Delahanty, D. L., Inslicht, S. S., Baum, A.",2000.0,,10.1037//0022-006X.68.2.290,0,0,
1497,Healing with Plant Intelligence: A Report from Ayahuasca,"Numerous and diverse reports indicate the efficacy of shamanic plant adjuncts (e.g., iboga, ayahuasca, psilocybin) for the care and treatment of addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer, cluster headaches, and depression. This article reports on a first-person healing of lifelong asthma and atopic dermatitis in the shamanic context of the contemporary Peruvian Amazon and the sometimes digital ontology of online communities. The article suggests that emerging language, concepts, and data drawn from the sciences of plant signaling and behavior regarding ""plant intelligence"" provide a useful heuristic framework for comprehending and actualizing the healing potentials of visionary plant ""entheogens"" (Wasson 1971) as represented both through first-person experience and online reports. Together with the paradigms and practices of plant signaling, biosemiotics provides a robust and coherent map for contextualizing the often reported experience of plant communication with ayahuasca and other entheogenic plants. The archetype of the ""plant teachers"" (called Doctores in the upper Amazon) is explored as a means for organizing and interacting with this data within an epistemology of the ""hallucination/perception continuum (Fischer 1975). ""Ecodelic"" is offered as a new linguistic interface alongside ""entheogen"" (Wasson 1971). © 2012 by the American Anthropological Association.","Asthma, Ayahuasca, Consciousness, Eczema, Healing, Plant intelligence","Doyle, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1498,Baseline functioning among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence,"Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol dependence (AD) may lead to a complicated and potentially severe treatment profile. Our study examined 167 individuals with both PTSD and AD compared with 105 individuals with PTSD without an alcohol use disorder (AUD) and 240 individuals with AD without PTSD on baseline psychosocial functioning. We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD/AD would be more socially and functionally impaired than individuals with only one disorder. Results indicated that participants with PTSD/AD were more likely to be unemployed, have less education, and report less income and were less likely to live with a partner than the participants with only a single disorder. However, they did not differ on symptom severity within these disorders (drinking frequency/quantity, PTSD, and anxiety symptoms) with the exception of depression and alcohol craving. This contradicts clinical lore that comorbid patients are more impaired at treatment initiation and adds support for concurrent treatment as not only feasible but also possibly ideal for these patients. © 2011.","Alcohol dependence, Comorbidity, PTSD, Treatment","Drapkin, M. L., Yusko, D., Yasinski, C., Oslin, D., Hembree, E. A., Foa, E. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1499,Use of prescription drugs and future delinquency among adolescent offenders,"Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) by adolescents is a significant public health concern. The present study investigated the profile of NMUPD in 1349 adolescent offenders from the Pathways to Desistance project, and whether NMUPD predicted future delinquency using longitudinal data. Results indicated that increased frequency and recency of NMUPD in adolescent offenders are related to some demographic factors, as well as increased risk for violence exposure, mental health diagnoses, other drug use, and previous delinquency, suggesting that severity of NMUPD is important to consider. However, ANCOVA analyses found that NMUPD was not a significant predictor of drug-related, non-aggressive, or aggressive delinquency 12. months later beyond other known correlates of delinquency. Age, sex, exposure to violence, lower socioeconomic status, more alcohol use, and having delinquency histories were more important than NMUPD in predicting future delinquency. These findings suggest that although NMUPD is an important risk factor relating to many correlates of delinquency, it does not predict future delinquency beyond other known risk factors. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.","Adolescence, Delinquency, Offenders, Prescription drugs, Substance abuse","Drazdowski, T. K., Jäggi, L., Borre, A., Kliewer, W. L.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.008,0,0,
1500,The deepwater horizon oil spill and the mississippi gulf coast: Mental health in the context of a technological disaster,"A significant percentage of disaster survivors experience negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes after a disaster. The current study advances the literature concerning the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (the Gulf Oil Spill) while addressing weaknesses of previous research. The current study includes a clinical sample of 1,119 adults receiving mental health services in the coastal counties of Mississippi after the Gulf Oil Spill. The levels of clinical symptoms reported on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and PTSD Checklist (PCL-S) were examined in relation to other domains of functioning potentially affected by the spill (finances, social relationships, and physical health). Participants reported substantial worsening of their functioning across each life domain. Furthermore, chronic problems in living related to the Gulf Oil Spill were significantly associated with higher levels of psychological distress, although the pattern differed somewhat for persons living above and below the poverty line, with lower income individuals reporting a higher level of overall distress. These data support the perspective that the experience of the Gulf Oil Spill is strongly associated with a deleterious effect on mental health symptoms. © 2014 American Orthopsychiatric Association.",,"Drescher, C. F., Schulenberg, S. E., Veronica Smith, C.",2014.0,,10.1037/h0099382,0,0,
1501,What can we learn from the first community-based epidemiological study on stalking in Germany?,"There is a lack of community-based studies on prevalence rates of stalking and the impact of stalking on victims in continental European countries. The authors published the first community-based epidemiological study on stalking in Germany. The purpose of this paper is to discuss possible implications of these epidemiological data for the mental health system, forensic psychiatry and legal regulations in Germany. For these reasons some data of our epidemiological study are outlined and reanalyzed. To examine lifetime and point prevalence rates of stalking, behavioural and psychological consequences for victims and the impact of stalking on current psychological well-being in a German community sample, a postal survey was conducted with 2000 inhabitants randomly selected from Mannheim (response rate 34.2%, n = 679). The survey included a stalking questionnaire and the WHO-5 well-being scale. Almost 12% of the respondents reported having been stalked. This study identified a high lifetime prevalence of stalking in the community. Effects on victims' psychological health were significant and there was a high rate of physical (31%) and sexual (19%) violence in the context of stalking. Our data suggest that the phenomenon deserves more attention in future forensic psychiatric research and practice. Implications for forensic psychiatric assessment and treatment of stalkers as well as for management of stalking victims are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Assessment, Stalker typologies, Stalking, Stalking victimization","Dressing, H., Gass, P., Kuehner, C.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1502,Stalking behavior - An overview of the problem and a case report of male-to-male stalking during delusional disorder,"Stalking is a widespread phenomenon describing a pattern of intrusive and threatening behavior leading to the victim's perception of being harassed and rendered fearful. This paper outlines relevant aspects of the stalking concept and reviews the historical development of this categorization, different typologies of stalking behavior, associated psychiatric diagnoses, frequency and demographic data, psychomedical impact on the victims and therapeutic approaches. Special gender aspects are discussed by presenting a case history of male-to-male stalking. Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Erotomania, Stalking","Dressing, H., Henn, F. A., Gass, P.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1503,"Brain-derived neurotropic factor polymorphisms, traumatic stress, mild traumatic brain injury, and combat exposure contribute to postdeployment traumatic stress","Background: In addition to experiencing traumatic events while deployed in a combat environment, there are other factors that contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military service members. This study explored the contribution of genetics, childhood environment, prior trauma, psychological, cognitive, and deployment factors to the development of traumatic stress following deployment. Methods: Both pre- and postdeployment data on 231 of 458 soldiers were analyzed. Postdeployment assessments occurred within 30 days from returning stateside and included a battery of psychological health, medical history, and demographic questionnaires; neurocognitive tests; and blood serum for the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) genes. Results: Soldiers who screened positive for traumatic stress at postdeployment had significantly higher scores in depression (d = 1.91), anxiety (d = 1.61), poor sleep quality (d = 0.92), postconcussion symptoms (d = 2.21), alcohol use (d = 0.63), traumatic life events (d = 0.42), and combat exposure (d = 0.91). BDNF Val66 Met genotype was significantly associated with risk for sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and screening positive for traumatic stress. Predeployment traumatic stress, greater combat exposure and sustaining an mTBI while deployed, and the BDNF Met/Met genotype accounted for 22% of the variance of postdeployment PTSD scores (R2 = 0.22, P &lt; 0.001). However, predeployment traumatic stress, alone, accounted for 17% of the postdeployment PTSD scores. Conclusion: These findings suggest predeployment traumatic stress, genetic, and environmental factors have unique contributions to the development of combat-related traumatic stress in military service members. Traumatic stress and gene × environmental factors contribute to PTSD in soldiers. The overall model accounted for 24% of the variance of PTSD in returning service members. BDNF Val66 Met genotype was associated with risk for mild traumatic brain injury and PTSD. Predeployment traumatic stress accounted for 16% of the postdeployment PTSD scores. © 2016 Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","BDNF, Deployment, Genetics, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological health, Traumatic brain injury","Dretsch, M. N., Williams, K., Emmerich, T., Crynen, G., Ait-Ghezala, G., Chaytow, H., Mathura, V., Crawford, F. C., Iverson, G. L.",2016.0,,10.1002/brb3.392,0,0,
1504,Is the borderline personality disorder a complex post-traumatic stress disorder? -- The state of research,"Regarding the high prevalence of traumatic experiences in patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD), we review the available literature focussing on the hypothesis that BPD is a subtype of trauma associated disorders. The criteria of BPD, of complex post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and of disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS) substantially overlap. Research of the long-term course of BPD and PTSD, trauma research, and research of vulnerability in both disorders yielded converging results. Neuropsychological deficits in BPD and PTSD as well as psychoendocrinological and neuroimaging studies in BPD und PTSD also revealed common features. A pathogenetic specificity of individual etiologic factors does not appear to exist, however the assumption of a diathesis-stress model with traumatisation as a necessary but etiologically insufficient condition seems justified. Further research will have to prove BPD as a complex and early-onset post-traumatic stress disorder after multiple and/or chronic (type II) traumatic experiences during childhood and/or youth. Definitive conclusions require further research efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Borderline Personality Disorder, *Neuropsychological Assessment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Etiology, Stress","Driessen, M., Beblo, T., Reddemann, L., Rau, H., Lange, W., Silva, A., Berea, R. C., Wulff, H., Ratzka, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1505,Is legal status impacting outcomes of group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder with male asylum seekers and refugees from Iran and Afghanistan?,"Background: Legal status and other resettlement stressors are known to impact mental health of asylum seekers and refugees. However, the ways in which they interact with treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with these populations is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine whether legal status and other resettlement stressors influence outcomes of a trauma-focused group PTSD treatment within a day-treatment setting with asylum seekers and refugees. Methods: Sixty six male Iranian and Afghan patients with PTSD residing in the Netherlands were assessed with self-rated symptom checklists for PTSD, anxiety and depression, and a demographic questionnaire one week before and two weeks after the treatment. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the impact of legal status and living arrangements on the treatment outcomes per symptom domain. Results: The results suggest that both asylum seekers and refugees can be helped with their mental health complaints with a trauma-focused group therapy for PTSD regardless of their legal status. Obtaining a refugee status in a course of the treatment appears to improve the treatment outcomes. Conclusions: Legal status is impacting outcomes of group therapy for PTSD with male asylum seekers and refugees. Asylum seekers may benefit from group treatment regardless of unstable living conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Citizenship, *Group Psychotherapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, Human Males, Living Arrangements, Mental Health, Stress, Trauma","Drozdek, Boris, Kamperman, Astrid M., Tol, Wietse A., Knipscheer, Jeroen W., Kleber, Rolf J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1506,Influences of comorbid disorders on personality assessment inventory profiles in women with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The present study describes Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) profiles for women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Four groups of women were sampled: single Axis I diagnosis of PTSD; PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD); PTSD, MDD, at least one other Axis I disorder; and controls with no Axis I disorder. Higher comorbidity rates were associated with higher mean profile elevations and broader range of endorsed symptoms. The group with the highest rate of comorbidity produced profiles most similar to previously published reports of patients with PTSD. This is in contrast to women with a single diagnosis of PTSD, who produced relative mean elevations only on subscales measuring distress caused by trauma and physiological symptoms of depression. Thus, published profiles may be more reflective of PTSD with comorbidity than a single diagnosis of PTSD. (copyright) 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","adult, article, clinical article, comorbidity, controlled study, distress syndrome, female, human, major depression, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test","Drury, P., Calhoun, P. S., Boggs, C., Araujo, G., Dennis, M. F., Beckham, J. C.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1507,Campus Attacks: Targeted Violence Affecting Institutions of Higher Education,,,"Drysdale, D., Modzeleski, W., Simons, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1508,"""Black Saturday"" and its Aftermath: Reflecting on Postdisaster Social Work Interventions in an Australian Trauma Hospital","Social workers at The Alfred, a major tertiary referral teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia, played a key role in providing psychosocial support to patients and their families following the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in the State of Victoria. Faced with the highest number of casualties ever admitted simultaneously, and the media and community involvement surrounding the national disaster, new practice challenges emerged that led to tensions when compared to everyday practice. This article examines three challenges identified in the team's critical reflections-managing privacy and publicity; negotiating the boundaries of professional practice; and managing the impact of the work. These practice challenges are considered in light of relevant trauma and disaster literature that addresses the importance of promoting self-efficacy, hope, and connectedness; forming collective narratives of survivorship and resilience; negotiating the ethical questions of service intimacy and intensity; and implementing both active and avoidant self-care strategies. These challenges are relevant to disaster work that social workers and other health professionals will respond to in the future, and therefore they can inform disaster planning responses. © 2013 © 2013 Australian Association of Social Workers.","Bushfires, Disasters, Hospital, Social Work","Du Plooy, L., Harms, L., Muir, K., Martin, B., Ingliss, S.",2014.0,,10.1080/0312407X.2013.862558,0,0,
1509,Medical students’ experience and perceptions of their final rotation in psychiatry,"Background. Evaluation of specific courses, rotations or attachments in medical education is common practice. Objective. To evaluate medical students’ perceptions of their final psychiatry rotation of 7 weeks. Methods. A questionnaire was developed for medical students to give feedback on their psychiatry rotation at Weskoppies Hospital in Tshwane, South Africa. Four scores were developed: (i) a clinical exposure score for psychiatric conditions encountered during the rotation; (ii) an ethics exposure score comprising confidentiality and informed consent; (iii) an admissions exposure score for different admission options; and (iv) a perception score related to students’ experience of the rotation. The evaluation took place over a period of 4 years, between 2006 and 2009. Results. Over the study period, 87% of 708 students completed the questionnaire. The higher number of female respondents (63%) was in accordance with the general student profile. The four resulting scores were: clinical exposure 67%; ethics exposure 78%; admissions exposure 86%; and perceptions 75%. The main strengths of the rotation were identified as the positive learning environment, exposure to patients, discussions and ward conferences, and approaches followed. Conclusions. The conceptualisation of the tool to elicit specific scores was useful for presenting the findings. The student feedback provided valuable information for the psychiatry curriculum planners and teachers, and led to further adaptations to the structure of the rotations and the learning opportunities provided.","adjustment disorder, alcoholism, article, bipolar I disorder, confidentiality, controlled study, curriculum, education program, female, human, informed consent, learning environment, male, medical education, medical ethics, medical student, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, psychosis, questionnaire, schizophrenia, sex difference, social phobia, South Africa, student attitude, substance abuse","du Preez, R., Bergh, A. M., Grimbeek, J., van der Linde, M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1510,The Relationship between Cortisol Activity during Cognitive Task and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters,"BACKGROUND: The latest development in the dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a novel 6-factor model, which builds on the newly released DSM-5. One notable gap in the literature is that little is known about how distinct symptom clusters of PTSD are related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity when people perform a relatively less stressful cognitive task. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cortisol activity when individuals perform cognitive tasks in the laboratory and a contemporary phenotypic model of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in earthquake survivors. METHODS: Salivary cortisol while performing cognitive tasks was collected and analyzed in 89 adult earthquake survivors. The PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to assess the severity of total PTSD as well as six distinct symptom clusters. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the six distinct PTSD symptom clusters and cortisol profiles. RESULTS: The results showed that the score of the negative affect symptom cluster, but not anhedonia or other clusters, was positively associated with cortisol levels before and during the cognitive tasks. CONCLUSION: The results showed that higher cortisol levels before and during cognitive tasks might be specifically linked to a distinct symptom cluster of PTSD-negative affect symptomatology. This suggests that a distinction should be made between negative affect and anhedonia symptom clusters, as the 6-factor model proposed.",,"Duan, H., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Zhang, K., Wu, J.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0144315,0,0,
1511,"Relationships among trait resilience, virtues, post-traumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth","The present study aims to examine the relationship between trait resilience and virtues in the context of trauma. A total of 537 participants who attended the preliminary investigation and completed the Life Events Checklist were screened. Of these participants, 142 suffered from personal traumatic experiences in the past year; these individuals were qualified and invited to respond to online questionnaires to assess trait resilience, virtues (i.e., Conscientiousness, Vitality, and Relationship), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and post-traumatic growth (PTG). The following questionnaires were used: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-Revised, Chinese Virtues Questionnaire, PTSD Checklist-Specific, and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Chinese. Only 95 participants who manifested self-reported PTSD symptoms and PTG were involved in the current analyses. Trauma was positively and significantly correlated with PTSD in the current sample. Results indicated that trait resilience was positively associated with virtues and PTG; by contrast, PTSD scores were negatively but not significantly related to most of these factors. The three virtues contributed to PTG to a greater extent than trait resilience in non-PTSD and PTSD groups. However, trait resilience remained a significant predictor in the PTSD group even when the three virtues were controlled. The relationship between trait resilience and PTG was moderated by PTSD type (non-PTSD group vs. PTSD group). Our results further suggested that trait resilience and virtues were conceptually related but functionally different constructs. Trait resilience and virtues are positively related; thus, these factors contributed variances to PTG in the context of trauma; however, trait resilience is only manifested when virtues are controlled and when individuals are diagnosed as PTSD. Furthermore, implications and limitations of this study are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Resilience (Psychological), Trauma, Virtue","Duan, Wenjie, Guo, Pengfei, Gan, Pei",2015.0,,,0,0,
1512,Psychometric properties of the dissociative experiences scale,,,"Dubester, K. A., Braun, B. G.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1513,Household survey of psychiatric morbidity in Cambodia,"Aims: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in the Kampong Cham province and to determine the association between these symptoms and an impaired social functioning. Methods: Cross-sectional cluster sample survey conducted among adults randomly selected within 50 clusters distributed over the province. Results: Of the respondents, 42.4% reported symptoms that met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria for depression, 53% displayed high anxiety symptoms and 7.3% met posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria. Posttraumatic symptoms of intrusion and avoidance were present in 47.8% and 45.4% respectively. When reviewing comorbidities, 29.2% had depression and anxiety symptoms, 16.5% anxiety symptoms, 6.1% depression and 7.1% had triple comorbidity (PTSD, depression and anxiety). Regarding social functioning, 25.3% reported being socially impaired. Respondents with comorbid symptoms for depression, anxiety and PTSD were associated with an increased risk for social impairment compared with others. Being over 65 years and having experienced violent events were other factors associated with social impairment. Conclusion: Five years after the return of a more stable context in Cambodia, the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in the community remains high. In addition, these symptoms are strongly associated with social impairment. This suggests that beyond psychosocial programs, the implementation of adapted clinical psychiatric care should be considered as a priority. Copyright (copyright) 2004 Sage Publications.","adult, age, aged, anxiety disorder, article, avoidance behavior, Cambodia, cluster analysis, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, diagnostic procedure, disease association, experience, female, frequency analysis, geographic distribution, health care planning, health program, health survey, high risk population, household, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health care, morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychosocial care, randomization, risk factor, social disability, social interaction, symptomatology, violence","Dubois, V., Tonglet, R., Hoyois, P., Sunbaunat, K., Roussaux, J. P., Hauff, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1514,Exposure to Political Conflict and Violence and Posttraumatic Stress in Middle East Youth: Protective Factors,"We examine the role of family- and individual-level protective factors in the relation between exposure to ethnic-political conflict and violence and posttraumatic stress among Israeli and Palestinian youth. Specifically, we examine whether parental mental health (lack of depression), positive parenting, children's self-esteem, and academic achievement moderate the relation between exposure to ethnic-political conflict/violence and subsequent posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. We collected three waves of data from 901 Israeli and 600 Palestinian youths (three age cohorts: 8, 11, and 14 years old; approximately half of each gender) and their parents at 1-year intervals. Greater cumulative exposure to ethnic-political conflict/violence across the first 2 waves of the study predicted higher subsequent PTS symptoms even when we controlled for the child's initial level of PTS symptoms. This relation was significantly moderated by a youth's self-esteem and by the positive parenting received by the youth. In particular, the longitudinal relation between exposure to violence and subsequent PTS symptoms was significant for low self-esteem youth and for youth receiving little positive parenting but was non-significant for children with high levels of these protective resources. Our findings show that youth most vulnerable to PTS symptoms as a result of exposure to ethnic-political violence are those with lower levels of self-esteem and who experience low levels of positive parenting. Interventions for war-exposed youth should test whether boosting self-esteem and positive parenting might reduce subsequent levels of PTS symptoms. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., Boxer, P., Landau, S., Dvir, S., Shikaki, K., Ginges, J.",2012.0,,10.1080/15374416.2012.684274,0,0,
1515,The relation between stressful life events and adjustment in elementary school children: the role of social support and social problem-solving skills,"This study investigated the relation between stressful life events and adjustment in elementary school children, with particular emphasis on the potential main and stress-buffering effects of social support and social problem-solving skills. Third through fifth graders (N = 361) completed social support and social problem-solving measures. Their parents provided ratings of stress in the child's environment and ratings of the child's behavioral adjustment. Teachers provided ratings of the children's behavioral and academic adjustment. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed significant stress-buffering effects for social support and problem-solving skills on teacher-rated behavior problems, that is, higher levels of social support and problem-solving skills moderated the relation between stressful life events and behavior problems. A similar stress-buffering effect was found for problem-solving skills on grade-point average and parent-rated behavior problems. In terms of children's competent behaviors, analyses supported a main effect model of social support and problem-solving. Possible processes accounting for the main and stress-buffering effects are discussed.",,"Dubow, E. F., Tisak, J.",1989.0,,,0,0,
1516,Exposure of French EMS providers to violence,"Objectives: Evaluate the problem of violence in French EMS system and characterize assaults. Study design: Multicentric, descriptive, open study. Patients and methods: A questionnaire was given to a sample of prehospital care providers in Paris area. People were asked about assaults during their careers, typology of the assaults and consequences. Results are presented in percentage and means. Results: Two hundred seventy-six questionnaires were returned. One or more assaults were recounted by 23% (61/271) of the sample (median of 8 ± 7 years experience on the job). The injuries were bruises in 40% (17/43), wounds in 9% (4/43) and fractures in 2% (1/43). Only 4% of assaults were followed by sick leave, 15% by a complaint. After the assaults, 4% (2/45) reported having got therapy against post-traumatic stress disorder. Eighty-eight per cent reported verbal threat and 41% physical threat. Thirteen per cent (25/200) were threatened with a knife and 12% (23/200) with a gun. Only 9% (24/270) had a formal training for management of violence. Conclusion: Formal training in the management of violent encounters and prevention of post-traumatic stress should be developed. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.","Prehospital, Violence","Duchateau, F. X., Bajolet-Laplante, M. F., Chollet, C., Ricard-Hibon, A., Marty, J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1517,Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress symptoms in litigating motor vehicle accident victims,"Objective: There has been little research examining chronic pain and posttraumatic stress symptoms in persons injured in motor vehicle accidents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in physical injury and impairment, psychological distress, and pain coping strategies in litigating chronic pain patients low and high in motor vehicle accident-related posttraumatic stress symptoms. Design: A total of 160 consecutive chronic pain patients referred for psychological-legal assessment underwent semistructured interview and testing. The testing battery included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, the Sickness Impact Profile, and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Using the sample-specific median split of 18 posttraumatic stress symptoms on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder scale, chronic pain patients were categorized as evidencing low or high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results: The findings indicate that participants evidencing high posttraumatic stress symptoms had more physical impairment, psychological distress, and maladaptive pain coping strategies and were more likely to be treated with antidepressants, other medications, and psychological management than participants evidencing low posttraumatic stress symptoms. A discriminant function analysis was performed using the full combination of physical injury and impairment, psychological distress, and pain coping variables in the prediction of posttraumatic stress symptom-defined group membership. The resulting discriminant function accounted for 61% of the between-group variance and correctly classified 92% of participants who were low in posttraumatic stress symptoms and 88% of participants who were high in posttraumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress symptoms in litigating motor vehicle accident victims are associated with increased physical and psychological morbidity. Copyright (copyright) 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, homeopathic agent, muscle relaxant agent, neuroleptic agent, nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, opiate, adolescent, adult, aged, article, chronic pain, coping behavior, discriminant analysis, distress syndrome, female, health status, human, injury, law suit, lifestyle, major clinical study, maladjustment, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, pain assessment, physical disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotherapy, questionnaire, symptomatology, traffic accident, victim","Duckworth, M. P., Iezzi, T.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1518,MPI profile classifications and associated clinical findings among litigating motor vehicle collision patients,"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in precollision, pericollision, and postcollision clinical variables across litigating motor vehicle collision (MVC) patients who were classified as Dysfunctional (DYS), Interpersonally Distressed (ID), or Adaptive Copers (ACs) based on Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) profile classifications. Materials and Methods: A sample of 240 MVC patients who sustained serious physical injuries and experienced MVC-related chronic pain completed the MPI and provided responses to a semistructured psycholegal interview designed to elicit injuryrelated and pain-related symptoms and treatments, determine the presence and impact of precollision experiences, and render psychiatric diagnoses and ratings of psychological disability. Results: A significant multivariate effect of MPI profile group on postcollision variables was revealed, with the DYS and ID groups reporting more pain sites than the AC group and the DYS group receiving more recommendations for treatment than the AC group. Larger proportions of the DYS and ID groups were diagnosed as experiencing major depressive disorder than the AC group. A rating of total psychological disability was applied most often to members of the ID group, with partial psychological disability applied most often to members of the DYS group, and no psychological disability applied most often to members of the AC group. Discussion: This study extends the MPI literature by establishing the usefulness of the measure in determining those reports of MVCrelated pain and emotional distress that are most likely to be associated with postcollision psychological disability. The current study supports the usefulness of MPI profile classifications in identifying MVC patients who are likely to require and benefit from intensive psychological and other rehabilitative interventions. © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","MPI classifications, Psychiatric diagnoses, Psychological disability, Treatment","Duckworth, M. P., Iezzi, T., Cherup-Leslie, S., Shearer, E. M., Renqvist, J. G.",2014.0,,10.1097/AJP.0000000000000052,0,0,
1519,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic depression and major depressive disorder: About literature","Although they are likely to add their effects, physical and psychic traumata (or traumas) can provoke in different ways the appearence of depressive symptoms sometimes common. Post-traumatic depression, reactional depression, major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder represent different clinical and nosographic disorders in despite of their occasionally common symptomatic core. Historically, it is interesting to note during the XXth century the true semantic change of the terms of trauma from the somatic field to the psychic sphere. Physical traumatism is often represented by a material shock for the subject and by its organic consequences. It is defined as an event that leaves its mark which itself inflects and handicaps the vital trajectory of the subject. It primarily comprises brain and rachis injuries, whose evolution is frequently characterized by the occurrence/appearance of a depressive disorder, whose genesis rests on psychological but also neurobiologic and physical arguments. Thus major depressive disorders are often present in the course of various physical traumatisms mainly related to nervous system. In accordance with several studies, the prevalence of major depressive disorders ranges from 25 % to 50 %. These mood disorders occur in the year which follows the accidental event. Their average time of revelation is estimated at four months and their average duration lies between three and six months. Lastly, although these depressive illnesses present clinical symptoms comparable with those observed in other contexts, some nuances can be raised. Nonetheless, they confine sometimes with true clinical forms depending on the intensity, the form, the circumstances or the consequences of the trauma. Psychic traumatism doesn't have the same profile and rests for much dedicated with the reexperiencing. Thus for some authors, depression illness represents a disorder that occurs after a traumatic event whereas others see a differential diagnosis which exludes or which represents a comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder. The review of the literature allows us to emphasize the complexity of the links as well as the clinical and epidemiologic differences between stress disorder and major depressive disorder. From the clinical point of view, the major features of PTSD are articulated around a triad of symptoms. They include the reexperiencing symptoms of the traumatic event such as intrusive memories and recurrent nightmares, the protective reactions such as avoidance of the stimuli associated with the trauma and emotional numbing, and the arousal symptoms such as the startled response and hypervigilance. The complexity of this syndrom is due to the frequent combination of these symptoms with other nonspecific ones. As far as the mood is concerned (the mood symptoms are concerned), the regrouping of some of these symptoms allows the clinician to sometimes releave a depressive symptomatology without being able to assess the DSM diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Epidemiologic studies dealing with the risk of installation of a PTSD after a traumatic event reveal differences in the prevalence depending on the nature of the traumatic events : ranging from 1 % in general population to 80 % following some situations of extreme and durable psychic suffering. Between both poles, one finds a prevalence ranging between 20 and 50 % following other events such as serious accidents, natural disasters or criminal assaults. The clinical features of depressive episodes comorbid or associated with PTSD have some characteristics making it possible to individualize various clinical forms as a function of traumatic event type : asthenic, characterial or with somatic symptoms. According to the majority of authors, the co-occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder is high although differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult. However, conceptual differences remain and two conceptions are distinguished. For some authors, like Bleich and Shalev, there would not be true chro ological evolution from PTSD to MDD. Moreover the presence of symptoms considered as pertaining to the mood register within the criteria of PTSD would be clearly predictive of the occurrence and the severity of the diagnosis but not of the chronicity. For others, there would be a continuity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. It is the case in many studies of veterans but also for civilian traumatic events. It is also the case for the American national study of comorbidity in which Kessler concludes that for 78 % of the subjects who present a comorbidity PTSD/MDD (comorbidity raised for 48 % of the 5 877 subjects included), the mood disorder is secondary to PTSD. In spite of these conceptual differences on the etiology and on the chronology of installation of both disorders, authors agree to affirm and to show a very high level of instantaneous or lifetime comorbidity between them, going until more than 60 % in some studies. In conclusion, we have firstly proved that it is possible to individualize a high proportion of depressive syndroms secondary to physical traumatisms. Next we have insisted on the significant frequency of the diagnosis of PTSD in the subjects exposed to a traumatic event in which they experienced or were confronted with actual or threatened death or severe injury. We have then raised the differences of prevalence as a function of the event type. Finally, we have approached the complexity of the links between PTSD and MDD from a psychopathological point of view as well as from an epidemiologic one. A rigorous evaluation of those links remains difficult because of the disparities of clinical forms, of symptomatic combinations and of orders of appearance.","affective neurosis, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, clinical feature, comorbidity, depression, hyperactivity, memory, nightmare, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, startle reflex, symptomatology","Ducrocq, F., Vaiva, G., Cottencin, O., Molenda, S., Bailly, D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1520,"[Post-traumatic stress, post-traumatic depression and major depressive episode: literature]","Although they are likely to add their effects, physical and psychic traumata (or traumas) can provoke in different ways the appearance of depressive symptoms sometimes common. Post-traumatic depression, reactional depression, major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder represent different clinical and nosographic disorders in despite of their occasionally common symptomatic core. Historically, it is interesting to note during the XXth century the true semantic change of the terms of trauma from the somatic field to the psychic sphere. Physical traumatism is often represented by a material shock for the subject and by its organic consequences. It is defined as an event that leaves its mark which itself inflicts and handicaps the vital trajectory of the subject. It primarily comprises brain and rachis injuries, whose evolution is frequently characterized by the occurrence/appearance of a depressive disorder, whose genesis rests on psychological but also neurobiologic and physical arguments. Thus major depressive disorders are often present in the course of various physical traumatisms mainly related to nervous system. In accordance with several studies, the prevalence of major depressive disorders ranges from 25% to 50%. These mood disorders occur in the year which follows the accidental event. Their average time of revelation is estimated at four months and their average duration lies between three and six months. Lastly, although these depressive illnesses present clinical symptoms comparable with those observed in other contexts, some nuances can be raised. Nonetheless, they confine sometimes with true clinical forms depending on the intensity, the form, the circumstances or the consequences of the trauma. Psychic traumatism doesn't have the same profile and rests for much dedicated with the reexperiencing. Thus for some authors, depression illness represents a disorder that occurs after a traumatic event whereas others see a differential diagnosis which exludes or which represents a comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder. The review of the literature allows us to emphasize the complexity of the links as well as the clinical and epidemiologic differences between stress disorder and major depressive disorder. From the clinical point of view, the major features of PTSD are articulated around a triad of symptoms. They include the reexperiencing symptoms of the traumatic event such as intrusive memories and recurrent nightmares, the protective reactions such as avoidance of the stimuli associated with the trauma and emotional numbing, and the arousal symptoms such as the startled response and hypervigilance. The complexity of this syndrom is due to the frequent combination of these symptoms with other nonspecific ones. As far as the mood is concerned (the mood symptoms are concerned), the regrouping of some of these symptoms allows the clinician to sometimes releave a depressive symptomatology without being able to assess the DSM diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Epidemiologic studies dealing with the risk of installation of a PTSD after a traumatic event reveal differences in the prevalence depending on the nature of the traumatic events: ranging from 1% in general population to 80% following some situations of extreme and durable psychic suffering. Between both poles, one finds a prevalence ranging between 20 and 50% following other events such as serious accidents, natural disasters or criminal assaults. The clinical features of depressive episodes comorbid or associated with PTSD have some characteristics making it possible to individualize various clinical forms as a function of traumatic event type: asthenic, characterial or with somatic symptoms. According to the majority of authors, the co-occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder is high although differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult. However, conceptual differences remain and two conceptions are distinguished. For some authors, like Bleich and Shalev, there would not be true chronological evolution from PTSD to MDD. Moreover the presence of symptoms considered as pertaining to the mood register within the criteria of PTSD would be clearly predictive of the occurrence and the severity of the diagnosis but not of the chronicity. For others, there would be a continuity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. It is the case in many studies of veterans but also for civilian traumatic events. It is also the case for the American national study of comorbidity in which Kessler concludes that for 78% of the subjects who present a comorbidity PTSD/MDD (comorbidity raised for 48% of the 5,877 subjects included), the mood disorder is secondary to PTSD. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)","Comorbidity, Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis/psychology, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology","Ducrocq, F., Vaiva, G., Cottencin, O., Molenda, S., Bailly, D.",2001.0,Mar-Apr,,0,0,
1521,Epigenetic mechanisms mediating vulnerability and resilience to psychiatric disorders,"The impact that stressful encounters have upon long-lasting behavioural phenotypes is varied. Whereas a significant proportion of the population will develop ""stress-related"" conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression in later life, the majority are considered ""resilient"" and are able to cope with stress and avoid such psychopathologies. The reason for this heterogeneity is undoubtedly multi-factorial, involving a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Both genes and environment are of critical importance when it comes to developmental processes, and it appears that subtle differences in either of these may be responsible for altering developmental trajectories that confer vulnerability or resilience. At the molecular level, developmental processes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, with recent clinical and pre-clinical data obtained by ourselves and others suggesting that epigenetic differences in various regions of the brain are associated with a range of psychiatric disorders, including many that are stress-related. Here we provide an overview of how these epigenetic differences, and hence susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, might arise through exposure to stress-related factors during critical periods of development. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Development, Epigenetics, Resilience, Vulnerability","Dudley, K. J., Li, X., Kobor, M. S., Kippin, T. E., Bredy, T. W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1522,Relationship Between Toxoplasma gondii and Mood Disturbance in Women Veterans,"BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite with zoonotic potential that causes acute and chronic diseases, which has been associated with schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and suicidal behavior. Military personnel may be at increased risk for exposure to the parasite when deployed to countries with high prevalence rates. METHODS: Women Veterans were recruited to participate in the study at an event to recognize women Veterans and later through e-mails. Blood samples were collected from 70 women Veterans (mean age: 47 years) and analyzed for T. gondii IgG titer. Participants completed a demographic instrument, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military. RESULTS: The infectivity rate was lower than the rate in the United States (11.4% [8 out of 70 were seropositive], but 6 of the 8 [75%] had been deployed outside the United States. Pearson correlations and t tests showed significant relationships between T. gondii seropositivity and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score), POMS-depression, POMS-confusion, and POMS-anger subscale scores, and total mood disturbance score. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to describe biobehavioral relationships between chronic T. gondii infection, depression, and dysphoric moods in a military veteran population.",,"Duffy, A. R., Beckie, T. M., Brenner, L. A., Beckstead, J. W., Seyfang, A., Postolache, T. T., Groer, M. W.",2015.0,Jun,10.7205/milmed-d-14-00488,0,0,
1523,A Community Study of the Psychological Effects of the Omagh Car Bomb on Adults,"Background:The main aims of the study were to assess psychological morbidity among adults nine months after a car bomb explosion in the town of Omagh, Northern Ireland and to identify predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.Method:A questionnaire was sent to all adults in households in The Omagh District Council area. The questionnaire comprised established predictors of PTSD (such as pre-trauma personal characteristics, type of exposure, initial emotional response and long-term adverse physical or financial problems), predictors derived from the Ehlers and Clark (2000) cognitive model, a measure of PTSD symptoms and the General Health Questionnaire.Results:Among respondents (n = 3131) the highest rates of PTSD symptoms and probable casesness (58.5%) were observed among people who were present in the street when the bomb exploded but elevated rates were also observed in people who subsequently attended the scene (21.8% probable caseness) and among people for whom someone close died (11.9%). People with a near miss (left the scene before the explosion) did not show elevated rates. Exposure to the bombing increased PTSD symptoms to a greater extent than general psychiatric symptoms. Previously established predictors accounted for 42% of the variance in PTSD symptoms among people directly exposed to the bombing. Predictors derived from the cognitive model accounted for 63%.Conclusions:High rates of chronic PTSD were observed in individuals exposed to the bombing. Psychological variables that are in principle amenable to treatment were the best predictors of PTSD symptoms. Teams planning treatment interventions for victims of future bombings and other traumas may wish to take these results into account. © 2013 Duffy et al.",,"Duffy, M., Bolton, D., Gillespie, K., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1524,"Steroids, psychosis and poly-substance abuse","Objective. To review consequences of the changing demographic profile of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. Method. Case report and review of key papers. Results. We report here a case of a 19-year-old Irish male presenting with both medical and psychiatric side effects of methandrostenolone use. The man had a long-standing history of harmful cannabis use, but had not experienced previous psychotic symptoms. Following use of methandrostenolone, he developed rhabdomyolysis and a psychotic episode with homicidal ideation. Discussion. Non-medical AAS use is a growing problem associated with medical, psychiatric and forensic risks. The population using these drugs has changed with the result of more frequent poly-substance misuse, potentially exacerbating these risks. Conclusion. A higher index of suspicion is needed for AAS use. Medical personnel need to be aware of the potential side effects of their use, including the risk of violence. Research is needed to establish the magnitude of the problem in Ireland.","benzodiazepine, cannabis, creatine kinase, diazepam, haloperidol, metandienone, olanzapine, opiate, adult, anxiety, article, auditory hallucination, cannabis addiction, case report, fasciculation, grandiose delusion, homicide, human, hypomania, male, mania, pain, paranoia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, rhabdomyolysis, substance abuse, visual hallucination, weight lifting, young adult","Duffy, R. M., Kelly, B. D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1525,Construct validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist in cancer survivors: Analyses based on two samples,"The measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is critically important for the identification and treatment of this disorder. The PTSD Checklist (PCL; F. W. Weathers & J. Ford, 1996) is a self-report measure that is increasingly used. In this study, the authors investigated the factorial validity of the PCL with data from 236 cancer survivors who received a bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. The authors examined the fit of these data with the clinical model of 3 symptom clusters for PTSD, as proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and alternative models tested in prior research. By using confirmatory factor analysis the authors found that a 4-first-order-factor model of PTSD provided the best fit. The relations of PTSD symptoms with sociodemographic and medical variables were also explored.",,"DuHamel, K. N., Ashman, T., Keane, T. M., Vickberg, S. M. J., Scigliano, E., Ostroff, J., Winkel, G., Mundy, E. A., Morasco, B. J., Hurley, K., Burkhalter, J., Chhabra, R., Papadopoulos, E., Moskowitz, C., Redd, W.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1526,Hypnotizability and trauma symptoms after burn injury,"This study investigated the association of trauma symptoms and hypnotizability in 43 hospitalized survivors of burn injury. Three to 17 days after the injury, participants rated the frequency of intrusive and avoidance symptoms and were interviewed with the posttraumatic stress disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-R. The Hypnotic Induction Profile was also administered at the postburn, hospital stage of recovery. Results indicated that when participants were divided into low, mid-range, and high hypnotizability categories, high hypnotizability was associated with more intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. Although causal relations cannot be assessed in this cross-sectional study, these results suggest that, as compared to the low and mid-range categories, high hypnotizables may experience a greater frequency of trauma symptoms after burn injury.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, burn, clinical article, controlled study, disease association, female, human, hypnosis, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factor, survival, traumatic shock","DuHamel, K. N., Difede, J., Foley, F., Greenleaf, M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1527,Longitudinal mental health screening results among postdeployed U.S. soldiers preparing to deploy again,,,"Duma, S. J., Reger, M. A., Canning, S. S., McNeil, J. D., Gahm, G. A.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20484,0,0,
1528,Cluster analysis as a method of recovering types of intraindividual growth trajectories: A Monte Carlo study,"Notes that there has been interest in and application of cluster analysis in longitudinal applications to identify distinctive developmental patterns of intraindividual change. This article used Monte Carlo experiments to evaluate the adequacy of cluster analysis to recover group membership based on simulated latent growth curve (LGC) models. The simulated LGC models were manipulated by varying growth parameters (e.g., elevation, dispersion, and shape) for subpopulation growth curves (e.g., linear and quadratic growth models). The evaluation of cluster analysis to recover individual membership in these growth curve subpopulations was completed via the Kappa statistics. Cluster analysis failed to recover adequately growth subtypes when the difference between growth curves was shape only. It was much more successful when the distance between initial mean levels was large (e.g., difference of two standard deviations), independent of difference in the shape of the growth curves. Tentative guidelines were proposed to facilitate the evaluation of the adequacy of a cluster analytic solution to recover subtype heterogeneity in longitudinal (intraindividual) growth curves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cluster Analysis, *Development, *Experimentation","Dumenci, Levent, Windle, Michael",2001.0,,,0,1,
1529,"Associations between body mass index, post-traumatic stress disorder, and child maltreatment in young women","The objective of this study was to examine interrelationships between child maltreatment, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and body mass index (BMI) in young women. We used multinomial logistic regression models to explore the possibility that PTSD statistically mediates or moderates the association between BMI category and self-reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA), physical abuse (CPA), or neglect among 3,699 young women participating in a population-based twin study. Obese women had the highest prevalence of CSA, CPA, neglect, and PTSD (p < .001 for all). Although all three forms of child maltreatment were significantly, positively associated with overweight and obesity in unadjusted models, only CSA was significantly associated with obesity after adjusting for other forms of maltreatment and covariates (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.63, 3.00). CSA and neglect, but not CPA, were associated with underweight in unadjusted models; however, after adjusting for other forms of maltreatment and covariates, the associations were no longer statistically significant (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.90-2.28 and OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 0.90-5.16 for CSA and neglect, respectively). Further adjustment for PTSD generally resulted in modest attenuation of effects across associations of child maltreatment forms with BMI categories, suggesting that PTSD may, at most, be only a weak partial mediator of these associations. Future longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms linking CSA and obesity and to further evaluate the role of PTSD in associations between child maltreatment and obesity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Body Mass Index, *Body Weight, *Child Abuse, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Human Body","Duncan, Alexis E., Sartor, Carolyn E., Jonson-Reid, Melissa, Munn-Chernoff, Melissa A., Eschenbacher, Michaela A., Diemer, Elizabeth W., Nelson, Elliot C., Waldron, Mary, Bucholz, Kathleen K., Madden, Pamela A. F., Heath, Andrew C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1530,"Risk of lipid abnormality with haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in a veterans affairs population","Second-generation antipsychotics can cause lipid elevations at a greater rate than older typical antipsychotics. This risk may not be equivalent amongst the second-generation antipsychotics. We conducted a computerized, retrospective, nonrandomized, case-control analysis of 6331 patients receiving antipsychotics. For each patient, the first prescription for at least 60 continuous days for four antipsychotics [haloperidol (HALD), olanzapine (OLANZ), quetiapine (QUET), or risperidone (RISP)] was analyzed for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TGL). Mean HDL was lower during OLANZ treatment than with RISP (P = 0.03) or QUET (P = 0.001). TGL were higher during OLANZ (P = 0.0007) or QUET treatment (P = 0.006) than RISP. In dichotomous analyses, odds ratios on the percentage of participants having abnormal cholesterol (P = 0.0003), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.001), or TGL (P = 0.0001) during medication were in the order: OLANZ > QUET > RISP > HALD. For HDL, the results were less robust but the percentage of participants were in the order: OLANZ>RISP = HALD = QUET. In treatment-emergent analyses of patients without lipid abnormalities during an unmedicated baseline period, there was a greater risk of developing new HDL abnormality with OLANZ than RISP (P<0.05). In conclusion, treatment with RISP or HALD was associated with a more favorable lipid profile than with OLANZ or QUET. (copyright) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","cholesterol, haloperidol, high density lipoprotein, lipid, low density lipoprotein, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, triacylglycerol, adult, anxiety disorder, article, female, human, major clinical study, male, mood disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prescription, priority journal, retrospective study, risk assessment, schizoaffective psychosis, schizophrenia, side effect","Duncan, E. J., Woolson, S. L., Hamer, R. M., Dunlop, B. W.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1531,"An Introduction to Latent Variable Growth Curve Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications",,,"Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Strycker, L. A., Li, F., Alpert, A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1532,Evaluation of a corticotropin releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist in women with posttraumatic stress disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial,"Background: Pharmacologic treatment options for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are limited in number and effectiveness. Medications currently in use to treat PTSD were originally approved based on their efficacy in other disorders, such as major depression. Substantial research in PTSD suggests that increased activity of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-containing circuits are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. This Phase II trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of a CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1) antagonist in the treatment of PTSD.Methods/design: Currently untreated adult women, ages 18 to 65 years, with a primary psychiatric diagnosis of PTSD of at least 3 months' duration, are being enrolled in a parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of GSK561679, a novel CRHR1 receptor antagonist. GSK561679 (or matching placebo) is prescribed at a fixed dose of 350 mg nightly for six weeks. The primary trial hypothesis is that GSK561679 will reduce symptoms of PTSD, as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), significantly more than placebo after six weeks of treatment. Putative biological markers of PTSD which may influence treatment response are measured prior to randomization and after five weeks' exposure to the study medication, including: fear conditioning and extinction using psychophysiological measures; variants of stress-related genes and gene expression profiles; and indices of HPA axis reactivity. In addition, the impact of PTSD and treatment on neuropsychological performance and functional capacity are assessed at baseline and after the fifth week of study medication. After completion of the six-week double blind treatment period, subjects enter a one-month follow-up period to monitor for sustained response and resolution of any adverse effects.Discussion: Considerable preclinical and human research supports the hypothesis that alterations in central nervous system CRH neuronal activity are a potential mediator of PTSD symptoms. This study is the first to assess the efficacy of a specific antagonist of a CRH receptor in the treatment of PTSD. Furthermore, the biological and neuropsychological measures included in this trial will substantially inform our understanding of the mechanisms of PTSD.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01018992.Registered 6 November 2009. First patient randomized 14 January 2010. © 2014 Dunlop et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Anxiety disorders, Clinical Research Protocol, CRH, Drugs, Fear conditioning, Fear-potentiated startle, HPA Axis, Investigational, Neuropsychological tests, Placebo, Psychophysiology","Dunlop, B. W., Rothbaum, B. O., Binder, E. B., Duncan, E., Harvey, P. D., Jovanovic, T., Kelley, M. E., Kinkead, B., Kutner, M., Iosifescu, D. V., Mathew, S. J., Neylan, T. C., Kilts, C. D., Nemeroff, C. B., Mayberg, H. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1533,Cognitive factors in persistent versus recovered post-traumatic stress disorder after physical or sexual assault: A pilot study,"Cognitive models have linked individual differences in the appraisal of traumatic events and their sequelae to the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This pilot study investigated the proposal with victims of assault. 11 assault victims suffering from persistent PTSD and 9 victims who had recovered from PTSD were interviewed retrospectively and compared on potentially relevant cognitive factors. Groups were comparable in terms of characteristics of the assault, gender, age, and initial PTSD severity. Ss with persistent PTSD were less likely than those who had recovered to have engaged in mental planning during the assault and more likely to have experienced mental defeat, and to indicate negative appraisals of their actions during the assault, of others' reactions after the assault, and of their initial PTSD symptoms. They were also more likely to indicate global negative beliefs concerning their perception of themselves, their world or their future. These cognitive factors may maintain PTSD symptoms either directly or by motivating the individual to engage in behavior that prevents change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Processes, *Experiences (Events), *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Recovery (Disorders)","Dunmore, Emma, Clark, David M., Ehlers, Anke",1997.0,,,0,0,
1534,Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault,"Investigated cognitive factors hypothesized to influence the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 92 assault victims (64 with PTSD, mean age 37, and 28 without PTSD, mean age 40.2) completed questionnaires assessing a range of cognitive variables, including the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report (E.B. Foa et al, 1993), and the Beck Depression Inventory. Factors relating to onset of PTSD were investigated by comparing victims who did and who did not suffer PTSD. Factors relating to maintenance of PTSD were investigated by comparing victims who had recovered from PTSD with victims who had persistent PTSD. Cognitive factors associated with both onset and maintenance of PTSD were: appraisal of aspects of the assault itself; appraisal of the sequelae of the assault; dysfunctional strategies; and global beliefs impacted by assault. Cognitive factors that were associated only with the onset of PTSD were: detachment during assault; failure to perceive positive responses from others; and mental undoing. Relationships between the cognitive variables and PTSD remained significant when variations in perceived and objective assault severity were controlled. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chronicity (Disorders), *Cognitions, *Crime Victims, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cognitive Style, Physical Abuse, Recovery (Disorders), Sex Offenses, Victimization","Dunmore, Emma, Clark, David M., Ehlers, Anke",1999.0,,,0,0,
1535,A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault,"A. Ehlers and D. M. Clark (2000) recently proposed a cognitive model of maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study aimed to investigate several cognitive factors highlighted in Ehlers and Clark's model using a prospective design. 57 victims (mean age 35.4 yrs) of physical or sexual assault participated in the study. Cognitive factors were assessed within 4 mo of assault and victims were followed-up 6 and 9 mo after the assault. Cognitive variables which significantly predicted PTSD severity at both follow-ups were: cognitive processing style during assault (mental defeat, mental confusion, detachment); appraisal of assault sequelae (appraisal of symptoms, perceived negative responses of others, permanent change); negative beliefs about self and world; and maladaptive control strategies (avoidance/safety seeking). Relationships between early appraisals, control strategies, and processing styles and subsequent PTSD severity remained significant after statistically controlling for gender and perceived assault severity. These findings support the cognitive model of PTSD proposed by Ehlers and Clark and suggest that effective treatment will need to address these cognitive factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attack Behavior, *Cognitions, *Physical Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, Attitudes, Cognitive Processes, Coping Behavior, Victimization","Dunmore, Emma, Clark, David M., Ehlers, Anke",2001.0,,,0,0,
1536,A prospec- tive investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persis- tent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault,,,"Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A.",2001.0,2001,,0,0,1535
1537,A cross-sectional analysis of clinical outcomes following chiropractic care in veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder,"This study was a cross-sectional analysis of clinical outcomes for 130 veteran patients with neck or low back complaints completing a course of care within the chiropractic clinic at the VA of Western New York in 2006. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was utilized, comparing baseline and discharge scores for both the neck and low back regions and for those patients with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients with PTSD (n = 21) experienced significantly lower levels of score improvement than those without PTSD (n = 119) on self-reported outcome measures of neck and low back disability. These findings, coupled with the theorized relationships between PTSD and chronic pain, suggest that the success of conservative forms of management for veteran patients with musculoskeletal disorders may be limited by the presence of PTSD. Further research is warranted to examine the potential contributions of PTSD on chiropractic clinical outcomes with this unique patient population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Care Services, *Military Veterans, *Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, Back Pain, Neck (Anatomy), Patients","Dunn, Andrew S., Passmore, Steven R., Burke, Jeanmarie, Chicoine, David",2009.0,,,0,0,
1538,Interaction between genetic variants and exposure to Hurricane Katrina on post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth: A prospective analysis of low income adults,"Background: There is considerable variation in psychological reactions to natural disasters, with responses ranging from relatively mild and transitory symptoms to severe and persistent posttraumatic stress (PTS). Some survivors also report post-traumatic growth (PTG), or positive psychological changes due to the experience and processing of the disaster and its aftermath. Gene-environment interaction (GxE) studies could offer new insight into the factors underlying variability in post-disaster psychological responses. However, few studies have explored GxE in a disaster context. Methods: We examined whether ten common variants in seven genes (BDNF, CACNA1C, CRHR1, FKBP5, OXTR, RGS2, SLC6A4) modified associations between Hurricane Katrina exposure and PTS and PTG. Data were from a prospective study of 205 low-income non-Hispanic Black parents residing in New Orleans prior to and following Hurricane Katrina. Results: We found a significant association (after correction) between RGS2 (rs4606; p=0.0044) and PTG, which was mainly driven by a cross-over GxE (p=0.006), rather than a main genetic effect (p=0.071). The G (minor allele) was associated with lower PTG scores for low levels of Hurricane exposure and higher PTG scores for moderate and high levels of exposure. We also found a nominally significant association between variation in FKBP5 (rs1306780, p=0.0113) and PTG, though this result did not survive correction for multiple testing. Limitations: Although the inclusion of low-income non-Hispanic Black parents allowed us to examine GxE among a highly vulnerable group, our findings may not generalize to other populations or groups experiencing other natural disasters. Moreover, not all participants invited to participate in the genetic study provided saliva. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify GxE in the context of post-traumatic growth. Future studies are needed to clarify the role of GxE in PTS and PTG and post-disaster psychological responses, especially among vulnerable populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Genetics, Lower Income Level, Natural Disasters, Survivors, Susceptibility (Disorders)","Dunn, Erin C., Solovieff, Nadia, Lowe, Sarah R., Gallagher, Patience J., Chaponis, Jonathan, Rosand, Jonathan, Koenen, Karestan C., Waters, Mary C., Rhodes, Jean E., Smoller, Jordan W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1539,Exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older veterans attending primary care: Comorbid conditions and self-rated health status,"OBJECTIVES: Assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and its association with health characteristics in a geriatric primary care population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional screening assessments during a multisite trial for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and at-risk drinking. SETTING: Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)-based primary care clinics across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen thousand two hundred five veterans aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic information, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), questions about death wishes and suicidal ideation, quantity and frequency of alcohol use, smoking, exposure to traumatic events, and PTSD symptom clusters. RESULTS: Twelve percent (2,041/17,205) of participants screened endorsed PTSD symptoms. Veterans with PTSD symptoms from some (partial PTSD) or each (PTSD all clusters) of the symptom clusters were significantly more likely to report poor general health, currently smoke, be divorced, report little or no social support, and have a higher prevalence of mental distress, death wishes, and suicidal ideation than those with no trauma history or those with trauma but no symptoms. Group differences were most pronounced for mental distress and least for at-risk drinking. Presence of PTSD all clusters was associated with poorer outcomes on all of the above-mentioned health characteristics than partial PTSD. CONCLUSION: PTSD symptoms are common in a substantial minority of older veterans in primary care, and careful inquiry about these symptoms is important for comprehensive assessment in geriatric populations. © 2011, The American Geriatrics Society.","geriatric, older, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary care, PTSD), veterans","Durai, U. N. B., Chopra, M. P., Coakley, E., Llorente, M. D., Kirchner, J. E., Cook, J. M., Levkoff, S. E.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1540,Long-term outcome of eight clinical trials of CBT for anxiety disorders: Symptom profile of sustained recovery and treatment-resistant groups,"Background: Few clinical trials of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders have conducted follow-up beyond one year post-treatment. This paper summarises the long-term outcome of eight clinical trials of CBT for anxiety disorders in terms of diagnostic status, healthcare usage and symptom severity and compares the symptom profile of participants with the best and worst outcomes relative to chronic depression and the normal population. Methods: Follow-up at 2-14 years with 396 patients (51% of those available to contact) employed structured diagnostic interview, assessment of healthcare usage and self-report measures of symptom severity. This paper concerns 336 participants who had either no disorder or at least one anxiety disorder and information on healthcare usage over the follow-up period. Results: Only 38% recovered with little or no treatment over the follow-up period while 30% had a very poor outcome despite extensive treatment for anxiety over many years. The symptom profile of this 'treatment-resistant' group was comparable to 76 patients with chronic depression and significantly worse than normative data for psychiatric outpatients. Chronic anxiety disorder with co-morbid depression has a more severe symptom profile than chronic anxiety disorder alone. Limitations: The follow-up sample, although broadly representative, may have a bias towards a more favourable picture of overall outcome. Conclusions: The long-term outcome of anxiety disorders, irrespective of diagnosis or active treatment, is diverse but with a tendency towards chronicity. Distinctions between acute and chronic presentations of common mental disorders are more important than distinctions between chronic anxiety and chronic depression. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety disorders, Chronic anxiety, Chronic depression, Long-term follow-up","Durham, R. C., Higgins, C., Chambers, J. A., Swan, J. S., Dow, M. G. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1541,White matter microstructure alterations: A study of alcoholics with and without post-traumatic stress disorder,"Many brain imaging studies have demonstrated reductions in gray and white matter volumes in alcoholism, with fewer investigators using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine the integrity of white matter pathways. Among various medical conditions, alcoholism and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are two comorbid diseases that have similar degenerative effects on the white matter integrity. Therefore, understanding and differentiating these effects would be very important in characterizing alcoholism and PTSD. Alcoholics are known to have neurocognitive deficits in decision-making, particularly in decisions related to emotionally-motivated behavior, while individuals with PTSD have deficits in emotional regulation and enhanced fear response. It is widely believed that these types of abnormalities in both alcoholism and PTSD are related to fronto-limbic dysfunction. In addition, previous studies have shown cortico-limbic fiber degradation through fiber tracking in alcoholism. DTI was used to measure white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), which provides information about tissue microstructure, possibly indicating white matter integrity. We quantitatively investigated the microstructure of white matter through whole brain DTI analysis in healthy volunteers (HV) and alcohol dependent subjects without PTSD (ALC) and with PTSD (ALC + PTSD). These data show significant differences in FA between alcoholics and non-alcoholic HVs, with no significant differences in FA between ALC and ALC + PTSD in any white matter structure. We performed a post-hoc region of interest analysis that allowed us to incorporate multiple covariates into the analysis and found similar results. HV had higher FA in several areas implicated in the reward circuit, emotion, and executive functioning, suggesting that there may be microstructural abnormalities in white matter pathways that contribute to neurocognitive and executive functioning deficits observed in alcoholics. Furthermore, our data do not reveal any differences between ALC and ALC + PTSD, suggesting that the effect of alcohol on white matter microstructure may be more significant than any effect caused by PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Brain Size, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *White Matter","Durkee, Caitlin A., Sarlls, Joelle E., Hommer, Daniel W., Momenan, Reza",2013.0,,,0,0,
1542,An atypical self-mutilation: Skin-burn with a lighter,"Non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) or self mutilation is deliberate self harming behavior to body tissue for the purpose of emotional relieving, punishment, getting attention or escaping a compelling situation. Estimated NSSI prevalence is %4 of general population whereas the rate is higher in adolescents and among individuals with psychiatric history as well as alcohol/substance abuse. Psychiatric comorbidities are common among individuals who are prone to self-harm. Bipolarity, personality disorders, particularly borderline and antisocial personality disorder are the risk factors for NSSI. There are different methods of NSSI including cutting, biting, hitting and skin picking or burning. Cutting is considered to be the most encountered form of self-mutilation in clinical practice. In this case report, we present a 21-year-old male with the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder, who burnt some parts of his body by using a lighter for self mutilation. Our patient was referred to outpatient clinic with restlessness, sleeplessness, racing and reference thoughts, and increased psychomotor activity. In his history, he had the diagnosis of Cluster B Personality Disorder before his last referral and had no current medication. In clinical evaluation, in addition to his mood disorder symptoms, conduct problems and substance use have been investigated due to his self-mutilation and substance abuse history. He reported no recent and current substance use while in his examination some red areas were seen on his forearms, neck and pectoral region. He reported that he had burnt his skin via a lighter to relieve his anxiety but he couldn't have remembered how and when he had made these lesions. His prior form of self-mutilations was cutting his skin whereas he had no burning type of self-harm before. He had no current suicidal thought and no suicidal attempt before. After clinical assessment, risperidone 2 mg/day and valproate sodium 1000 mg/day were administered as medication. Self-mutilation is increasingly becoming a more remarkable clinical condition in psychiatric practice. Whereas it was described as criteria of borderline personality disorder in DSM-IV TR, there is a tendency to consider it as distinct clinical entity. Several forms of self- harm have been reported in literature such as genital self-injury. Self-mutilation is not only a clinical symptom of personality disorders but also associated with mood disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders such as PTSD, OCD and a range of psychotic spectrum disorders. As self mutilation may be seen as in uncommon form like burning, clinicians should be aware of its probability in assessing individuals, particularly those with the diagnosis of mood disorders and personality disorders and evaluation should include all forms of self injury, rather than common forms such as cutting and hitting, only.","isoprenaline, risperidone, valproic acid, automutilation, burn, psychopharmacology, human, personality disorder, skin, mood disorder, diagnosis, drug therapy, substance use, punishment, population, adolescent, case report, prevalence, bite, risk factor, substance abuse, clinical practice, anxiety, diseases, male, antisocial personality disorder, insomnia, restlessness, psychomotor activity, outpatient department, clinical evaluation, patient, bipolar II disorder, abuse, examination, forearm, neck, suicide attempt, clinical assessment, borderline state, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, psychosis, tissues, posttraumatic stress disorder","Durmaz, O., Tutuncu, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1543,Women at war: Implications for mental health,"Few studies have investigated the impact of deployment stressors on the mental health outcomes of women deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This pilot study examined exposure to combat experiences and military sexual harassment in a sample of 54 active duty women and assessed the impact of these stressors on post-deployment posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and depressive symptoms. Within 3 months of returning from deployment to Iraq, participants completed (a) the Combat Experiences Scale and the Sexual Harassment Scale of the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory, (b) the Primary Care PTSD Screen, and (c) an abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. Approximately three quarters of the sample endorsed exposure to combat experiences, and more than half of the sample reported experiencing deployment- related sexual harassment, with nearly half of the sample endorsing both stressors. Approximately one third of the sample endorsed clinical or subclinical levels of PTSD symptoms, with 11% screening positive for PTSD and 9% to 14% of the sample endorsing depressive symptoms. Regression analyses revealed that combat experiences and sexual harassment jointly accounted for significant variance in post-deployment PTSD symptoms, whereas military sexual harassment was identified as the only unique significant predictor of these symptoms. Findings from the present study lend support to research demonstrating that military sexual trauma may be more highly associated with post-deployment PTSD symptoms than combat exposure among female service members and veterans. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Attachment, Combat, Parenting, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Dutra, L., Grubbs, K., Greene, C., Trego, L. L., McCartin, T. L., Kloezeman, K.",2011.0,,10.1080/15299732.2010.496141,0,0,
1544,The origin and structure of the abusive personality,"Comparisons were made of 120 wife-assaultive men and 40 demographically matched controls. Discriminant functions correctly classified 90% (based on personality scores only) and 95% (personality and anger scores) of men into high and low categories for psychological abuse (as reported by a sample of their female partners). The measure correlated most highly with the discriminant function was borderline personality organization (BPO), but anger and other personality disorders also contributed to discriminatory Dower. Negativistic (passive-aggressive + self-defeating) personality disorder was associated with the discriminant function for both emotional abuse and dominance/isolation, but narcissistic and aggressive-sadistic personality disorders were more associated with emotional abuse and avoidant personality disorder was more associated with dominance/isolation. The avoidant-negativistic profile (with associated borderline features) found for these men is also indicative of posttraumatic stress disorder. The etiology of an abusive personality pattern was assessed by discriminating high and low scorers on the basis of self-report recollections of early family of origin experiences. Paternal rejection was the most powerful contributor to this discriminant function.","abuse, adult, aggression, anger, article, child parent relation, controlled study, discriminant analysis, family life, family violence, female, human, major clinical study, male, narcissism, normal human, patient coding, personality disorder, sadism, self report, social dominance","Dutton, D. G.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1545,Trauma symptoms and PTSD-like profiles in perpetrators of intimate abuse,"The presence of chronic trauma symptoms and similarity to a specific profile for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed in a group 132 wife assaultive men and 44 demographically matched controls. Men who committed intimate abuse experienced more chronic trauma symptoms than nonabusive controls. A composite profile on the MCMI-II for wife assaulters demonstrated peaks on 82C (negative/avoidant/borderline), as have two independent studies of the profile of men diagnosed with PTSD. However, the assaultive population had higher scores on the antisocial personality scale and lower scores on anxiety and dysthymia. This PTSD-like profile on the MCMI-II was associated significantly with more frequent anger and emotional abuse of the subject's partner. The trauma origin for these men may have been parental treatment: experiencing frequent trauma symptoms as an adult was significantly related to negative recollections of parental treatment, specifically parental coldness/rejection and physical abuse.","abuse, adult, anger, antisocial behavior, article, assault, battered woman, borderline state, controlled study, human, major clinical study, male, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder","Dutton, D. G.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1546,Witnessing parental violence as a traumatic experience shaping the abusive personality,"Previous work by Dutton and his colleagues has established a clinical profile on intimately abusive adult men that is quite similar to profiles of trauma victims in many essential clinical respects. Dutton (in press) showed that arousal modulation problems, affective monitoring, cognitive problem solving deficits, externalizing attributional styles, aggression and dissociative states are common to both groups. Furthermore, intimately abusive men demonstrate similar profiles as men diagnosed independently with PTSD on the MCMI-II. Dutton (1995a, 1995b) attributed the trauma to early assaults on the self through parental shaming, accompanied by insecure attachment and physical abuse victimization. Bowlby (1973) considered insecure attachment itself both a source and consequence of trauma. Since the infant turns to the attachment-object during periods of distress seeking soothing, a failure to obtain soothing maintains high arousal and endocrine secretion. Van der Kolk (1987) considered child abuse as an 'overwhelming life experience' and reviewed the defenses that children use to deal with parental abuse: hypervigilance, projection, splitting, and denial. Terr (1979) also described driven, compulsive repetitions, and reenactments that permeate dreams, play, fantasies and object relations of traumatized children. Shaming, conceptualized as verbal or behavioral attacks on the global self, has been found to generate life-long shame-proneness or defenses involving rage. A combination of all three early experiences is traumatizing (Dutton, 1995a, 1995b; Dutton, in press). However, some evidence exists that suggests observation of interparental attacks can be substituted for physical abuse victimization as the third prong in this triad of traumatogenic experiences.","aggression, child parent relation, child psychiatry, emotional attachment, experience, family violence, personality disorder, psychotrauma, review, witness","Dutton, D. G.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1547,The neurobiology of abandonment homicide,"A review is made of the typical modus operandi and psychological profile of uxoricide (wife murder) perpetrators. Typically, most had traumatic childhood and have current personality disorders (PD; typically Dependent, Passive-Aggressive, or Borderline PD). The uxoricide occurred during attempted abandonment of the relationship by the female and was characterized by extreme violence and elements of disorganized behavior by the perpetrator. A review is also made of the neuroanatomy and neurobiology of aggression. It is found that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in control of aggressive impulses. This cortical area matures during the critical ""rapprochement subphase"" of early development (1.5-2 years). Attachment dysfunction during this period may interfere with critical development. It is found that low levels of serotonin (5-HT) and high levels of norepinephrine (NE) are implicated in aggression. It is also found that low levels of 5-HT and high levels of NE are long-term neurobiological sequelae of trauma. Attachment trauma can occur during the rapprochement subphase. It is suggested that a biological basis may serve to connect early trauma experience with a specific rage response to abandonment and spousal homicide. Neural networks containing malignant memories may be the neural mechanism by which perceived abandonment generates such symbolic terror and rage. (copyright) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","noradrenalin, serotonin, aggression, anger, brain function, childhood, emotional attachment, family violence, homicide, human, memory, nerve cell network, neuroanatomy, neurobiology, nonhuman, orbital cortex, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychobiology, recall, review, separation anxiety, tissue level, uxoricide, violence","Dutton, D. G.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1548,Patterns of intimate partner violence: Correlates and outcomes,"Battered women experience different constellations of violence and abusive behavior characterized by various combinations of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological abuse, and stalking. The goals of the current study were to determine whether it was possible to identify empirically derived and meaningful patterns of intimate partner violence (IPV) and to examine correlates and outcomes of the IPV patterns. Three IPV patterns were identified using cluster analysis. Pattern 1 was characterized by moderate levels of physical violence, psychological abuse, and stalking but little sexual violence. Pattern 2 was characterized by high levels of physical violence, psychological abuse, and stalking but low levels of sexual violence. Pattern 3 was characterized by high levels of all violence types. IPV Pattern 3 was associated with the highest prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, and IPV Pattern 2 had the highest levels of revictimization during the year following recruitment. The clinical and policy implications of the findings are discussed. (copyright) 2005 Springer Publishing Company.","abuse, adult, article, battered woman, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, depression, female, human, major clinical study, outcomes research, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, stalking, United States, victim","Dutton, M. A., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L. A., Weinfurt, K., Vankos, N.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1549,Frequency and content of dreams associated with trauma,"Sleep disturbances and dream-related disorders play a prominent role in trauma victims' clinical profile. Although some progress has been made in understanding the impact of sleep mechanisms and nightmares in the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about the actual content of trauma-related dreams beyond the more strictly defined PTSD nightmares. This article presents key methodological issues, reviews findings on dream recall frequency following trauma exposure, examines the incidence of dream-related disorders as a function of trauma characteristics and personality variables, and reviews findings on the relationship between dream content and specific types of traumas. It is concluded that greater clinical and research efforts should be directed at understanding the natural course and impact of dream-related disorders as well as normal dream processes in trauma victims. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Inc.","abnormal dreaming, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, dream, emotion, excessive dreaming, injury, natural disaster, nightmare, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, sexual abuse, violence","Duval, M., Zadra, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1550,The association between positive screen for future persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms and injury incident variables in the pediatric trauma care setting,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress (PTS) disorder after injury is a significant yet underaddressed issue in the trauma care setting. Parental anxiety may impact a child's risk of future, persistent PTS symptoms after injury. This study aimed to: (1) identify injury incident and demographic variables related to a positive screen for future, persistent PTS symptoms in children; and (2) examine the relationship between parental anxiety and a positive screen for future, persistent PTS symptoms in children. METHODS: From November 2009 to August 2010, 124 patients were enrolled at a pediatric trauma center. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age 7 years to 17 years; (2) hospitalized for at least 24 hours after physical trauma; and (3) English or Spanish speaking. State and trait anxiety were measured for both pediatric patients and their parents/guardians via the state trait anxiety inventory for children and state trait anxiety inventory, respectively. Risk for future, persistent PTS, among pediatric patients was assessed via the screening tool for early predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder (STEPP). RESULTS: Of 116 participants assessed via the STEPP, 32 (28%) screened positive for risk of future, persistent PTS symptoms. Motor vehicle collision and parental presence at injury were associated with a positive STEPP screen. The effect of parental presence on positive STEPP screen was modified by parental trait anxiety. Children of anxious parents present at injury were over 14 times as likely to screen positive for risk of future, persistent PTS, as those without a parent present. CONCLUSION: The risk of future, persistent PTS, after injury among the pediatric population is substantial. Parents with existing trait anxiety are shown to influence their child's risk for future, persistent PTS, particularly if present at the injury event. Further study of PTS prevention and control strategies are needed among this population within the trauma care setting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiological study, level II.","Adolescent, Age Distribution, Anxiety/diagnosis/epidemiology, Child, Child, Hospitalized/statistics & numerical data, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Incidence, Injury Severity Score, Length of Stay, Male, Needs Assessment, Parent-Child Relations, Parents/*psychology, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/physiopathology/prevention &, control, Trauma Centers, United States, Wounds and Injuries/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology/therapy","Duzinski, S. V., Lawson, K. A., Maxson, R. T., Garcia, N. M., Calfa, N., Metz, K., Marroquin, Y., Arora, P., Nguyen, K., Funk, C., Stark, K.",2012.0,Jun,10.1097/TA.0b013e31824a4c75,0,0,
1551,The association between positive screen for future persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms and injury incident variables in the pediatric trauma care setting,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress (PTS) disorder after injury is a significant yet underaddressed issue in the trauma care setting. Parental anxiety may impact a child's risk of future, persistent PTS symptoms after injury. This study aimed to: (1) identify injury incident and demographic variables related to a positive screen for future, persistent PTS symptoms in children; and (2) examine the relationship between parental anxiety and a positive screen for future, persistent PTS symptoms in children. METHODS: From November 2009 to August 2010, 124 patients were enrolled at a pediatric trauma center. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age 7 years to 17 years; (2) hospitalized for at least 24 hours after physical trauma; and (3) English or Spanish speaking. State and trait anxiety were measured for both pediatric patients and their parents/guardians via the state trait anxiety inventory for children and state trait anxiety inventory, respectively. Risk for future, persistent PTS, among pediatric patients was assessed via the screening tool for early predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder (STEPP). RESULTS: Of 116 participants assessed via the STEPP, 32 (28%) screened positive for risk of future, persistent PTS symptoms. Motor vehicle collision and parental presence at injury were associated with a positive STEPP screen. The effect of parental presence on positive STEPP screen was modified by parental trait anxiety. Children of anxious parents present at injury were over 14 times as likely to screen positive for risk of future, persistent PTS, as those without a parent present. CONCLUSION: The risk of future, persistent PTS, after injury among the pediatric population is substantial. Parents with existing trait anxiety are shown to influence their child's risk for future, persistent PTS, particularly if present at the injury event. Further study of PTS prevention and control strategies are needed among this population within the trauma care setting. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Parental anxiety, Parental presence, Pediatric injury, PTSD, Trauma","Duzinski, S. V., Lawson, K. A., Maxson, R. T., Garcia, N. M., Calfa, N., Metz, K., Marroquin, Y., Arora, P., Nguyen, K. H., Funk, C., Stark, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,1550
1552,Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"(from the cover) Provides a multidisciplinary and comprehensive introduction to the field of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The authors provide a guide for the assessment, management and understanding of child post-traumatic stress reactions and disorders. The introductory chapters are followed by a chapter on assessment and several chapters on treatment. The issues of clinical management in ecological contexts such as family and school, and aetiological contexts such as refugee status and child abuse, are discussed in further detail. A variety of treatment approaches are described. This book is aimed at teachers, practitioners and researchers in child psychiatry, clinical child psychology, educational psychology, social work, pediatrics, and occupational therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adolescent Psychiatry, *Child Psychiatry, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Evaluation, *Treatment","Dwivedi, Kedar Nath",2000.0,,,0,0,
1553,Parent-child discrepancy in reporting children's post-traumatic stress reactions after a traffic accident,"This study examines possible parent-child discrepancies in the reporting of post-traumatic stress reactions in children after a traffic accident. Sixteen children exposed to the same traffic accident were interviewed about post-traumatic stress reactions at 5 weeks and at 6 months after the event, utilizing the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI). Independently, the parents' reported their child's degree of post-traumatic stress reactions on the CPTS-RI: Parent questionnaire, at the same two times. Clinicians also assessed the children's level of general functioning on the Children's Global Assessment Scale. The children reported significantly more post-traumatic stress reactions than observed by their parents 4 weeks after the accident. The parent-child discrepancy was more pronounced among younger children. The level of children's self-reported post-traumatic stress reactions decreased significantly from the first to the second assessment. At the second assessment, 6 months after the accident, there was no significant parent-child discrepancy observed. The children showed a normal level of functioning despite their post-traumatic stress reactions. The reported parent-child discrepancy indicates that information about children's post-traumatic stress reactions after an accident is best obtained directly from the children.","Accidents, Traffic/*psychology, Child, Child Behavior/*psychology, Cluster Analysis, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, *Parent-Child Relations, Parents/*psychology, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis","Dyb, G., Holen, A., Braenne, K., Indredavik, M. S., Aarseth, J.",2003.0,,10.1080/08039480310002660,0,0,
1554,Parent-child discrepancy in reporting children's post-traumatic stress reactions after a traffic accident,"This study examines possible parent-child discrepancies in the reporting of post-traumatic stress reactions in children after a traffic accident. Sixteen children exposed to the same traffic accident were interviewed about post-traumatic stress reactions at 5 weeks and at 6 months after the event, utilizing the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI). Independently, the parents' reported their child's degree of post-traumatic stress reactions on the CPTS-RI: Parent questionnaire, at the same two times. Clinicians also assessed the children's level of general functioning on the Children's Global Assessment Scale. The children reported significantly more post-traumatic stress reactions than observed by their parents 4 weeks after the accident. The parent - child discrepancy was more pronounced among younger children. The level of children's self-reported post-traumatic stress reactions decreased significantly from the first to the second assessment. At the second assessment, 6 months after the accident, there was no significant parent - child discrepancy observed. The children showed a normal level of functioning despite their post-traumatic stress reactions. The reported parent-child discrepancy indicates that information about children's post-traumatic stress reactions after an accident is best obtained directly from the children.","Accident, Child, Post-traumatic, Stress disorders traffic","Dyb, G., Holen, A., Brænne, K., Indredavik, M. S., Aarseth, J.",2003.0,,,0,0,1553
1555,SWiFT: A rapid triage tool for vulnerable older adults in disaster situations,"Background: In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused extensive damage to parts of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama, causing many people, including vulnerable older adults, to evacuate to safe surroundings. Approximately 23,000 evacuees-many of them 65 years old or older, frail, and lacking family to advocate for their care-arrived at the Reliant Astrodome Complex in Houston, Texas. There was no method for assessing the immediate and long-term needs of this vulnerable population. Methods: A 13-item rapid needs assessment tool was piloted on 228 evacuees 65 years old and older by the Seniors Without Families Team (SWiFT), to test the feasibility of triaging vulnerable older adults with medical and mental health needs, financial needs, and/or social needs. Results: The average age of the individuals triaged was 66.1 ± 12.72 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) years. Of these, 68% were triaged for medical and or mental health needs, 18% were triaged for financial assistance, and 4% were triaged for social assistance. More than half of the SWiFT-triaged older adults reported having hypertension. Conclusions: The SWiFT tool is a feasible approach for triaging vulnerable older adults and provides a rapid determination of the level of need or assistance necessary for vulnerable older people during disasters. The tool was only piloted, thus further testing to determine reliability and validity is necessary. Potentially important implications for using such a tool and suggestions for preparing for and responding to disaster situations in which vulnerable older adults are involved are provided. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2(Suppl 1):S45-S50). © 2008 by the American Medical Association and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Disaster relief, Hurricane katrina, Vulnerable older adults","Dyer, C. B., Regev, M., Burnett, J., Festa, N., Cloyd, B.",2008.0,,10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181647b81,0,0,
1556,Trauma Typology as a Risk Factor for Aggression and Self-Harm in a Complex PTSD Population: The Mediating Role of Alterations in Self-Perception,"This study examined the role of prolonged, repeated traumatic experiences such as childhood and sectarian trauma in the development of posttraumatic aggression and self-harm. Forty-four adult participants attending therapy for complex trauma in Northern Ireland were obtained via convenience sampling. When social desirability was controlled, childhood emotional and physical neglect were significant correlates of posttraumatic hostility and history of self-harm. These relationships were mediated by alterations in self-perception (e.g., shame, guilt). Severity of sectarian-related experiences was not related to self-destructive behaviors. Moreover, none of the trauma factors were related to overt aggressive behavior. The findings have implications for understanding risk factors for posttraumatic aggression and self-harm, as well as their treatment. © 2013 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","aggression, complex, DESNOS, hostility, PTSD, self-harm, shame, social desirability","Dyer, K. F. W., Dorahy, M. J., Shannon, M., Corry, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1557,Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study,"Following the 1991 Gulf War a group of 94 children in Iraq were interviewed at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after the war. The group was exposed to the bombing of a shelter where more than 750 were killed. Selected items from different inventories, including the Impact of Event Scale (IES) assessed children's reactions. Results reveal that children continue to experience sadness and remain afraid of losing their family. Although there was no significant decline in intrusive and avoidance reactions as measured by the IES from 6 months to 1 year following the war, reactions were reduced 2 years after the war. However, the scores were still high, indicating that symptoms persist, with somewhat diminished intensity over time.","Children, Impact of Event Scale, Iraq, War","Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., Raundalen, M.",2002.0,,10.1023/A:1014335312219,0,0,
1558,Factor analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war,,,"Dyregrov, A., Kuterovac, G., Barath, A.",1996.0,1996,,0,0,
1559,Impact of physical injury on mental health after the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami,"Background: The risk of developing enduring post-traumatic stress reactions and mental health problems in the aftermath of disasters is substantial. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the contribution of physical injury as an independent risk factor for developing psychiatric morbidity after disasters. Aims: The aim was to assess whether physical injury was associated with post-traumatic stress reactions and general mental health after adjusting for perceived life-threat in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. Methods: A sample of 1501 highly exposed survivors from the 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami was selected from a cohort of Swedish survivors surveyed 14 and 36 months after the event. The impact of physical injury on post-traumatic stress and general mental health was assessed by regression models accounting for subjective life-threat. Results: Physical injury was associated with higher levels of post-traumatic stress reactions and poorer general mental health. These associations were observed at both 14 and 36 months after the disaster. Conclusions: Physical injury has a specific contribution to the association between traumatic experience and both post-traumatic stress reactions and general mental health in victims of the 2004 tsunami. The effect is stable over several years. © 2012 Informa Healthcare.","Longitudinal survey, Natural disaster, Psychiatric morbidity, PTSD, Trauma","Dyster-Aas, J., Arnberg, F. K., Lindam, A., Johannesson, K. B., Lundin, T., Michel, P. O.",2012.0,,10.3109/08039488.2011.621975,0,0,
1560,The application of chaos theory to the development of a dynamical perspective of posttraumatic stress disorder,"This investigation utilized a modified Grounded Theory approach comparing descriptions of concepts from chaos theory with those used to describe the symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The intention was to uncover relationships between neurobiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral levels of PTSD descriptions, and to develop a dynamical perspective of the disorder. The study utilized Atlas.ti, a computerized implementation consistent with the Grounded Theory method. To begin this inquiry, descriptions were gathered from published literature in chaos theory, neuropsychology, and posttraumatic stress disorder. A total of 23 documents were chosen from the professional literature on these topics. They included both research reports and theoretical papers. From them 342 quotations were selected, clearly descriptive of each topic area. The features of chaos that provided the means of establishing relationships are the following: (1) bifurcation ties attractors together across various locations in the brain, (2) fractal firing patterns contribute to vertical, functional convergence from the molecular level up to whole systems, and (3) attractor patterns formed in response to new experience and stored as memory are associational in nature, thus connecting neuronal, physiological, and psychological processes. Analyses of these quotations suggested four essential correspondences between PTSD and chaos theory. These are: (1) The periodic attractor concept and the tendency of PTSD victims to repeat traumatic experiences, (2) neural chaos and the negative effect that low levels of chaos can exert on mental health, (3) sensitivity to initial conditions in chaotic systems and risk factors in PTSD, and (4) the idea of chaotic bifurcations and the possibility for taking advantage of the phenomenon to effect positive outcomes as a result of therapy. These relationships suggest that chaos dynamics are active in the brain and body, and further that they represent a useful model for understanding PTSD. The findings suggest that the symptomatology of PTSD may be determined through chaos dynamics and may be endlessly related through a type of devil's polymer. The presence of chaos on the neuronal level results in physiological responses and emotions, precipitating thoughts and behaviors manifested psychologically. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chaos Theory, *Computer Applications, *Mental Health, *Neuropsychology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Earle-Warfel, Elizabeth",2006.0,,,0,0,
1561,Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale,,,"Eaton, W. W., Muntaner, C., Smith, C., Tien, A., Ybarra, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1562,Tachykinin receptors as therapeutic targets in stress-related disorders,"The first report demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of an orally applied neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist in depression was published 10 years ago. Although there were difficulties to reproduce this particular finding, a huge amount of data has been published since this time, supporting the potential therapeutic value of various tachykinin ligands as promising novel tools for the management of stress-related disorders including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and depression. The present review summarizes evidence derived from anatomical, neurochemical, pharmacological and behavioral studies demonstrating the localization of tachykinin neuropeptides including substance P (SP), neurokinin A, neurokinin B and their receptors (NK1, NK2, NK3) in brain areas known to be implicated in stress-mechanisms, mood/anxiety regulation and emotion-processing; their role as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators within these structures and their interactions with other neurotransmitter systems including dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Finally, there is clear functional evidence from animal and human studies that interference with tachykinin transmission can modulate emotional behavior. Based on these findings and on evidence of upregulated tachykinin transmission in individuals suffering from stress-related disorders, several diverse tachykinin receptor antagonists, as well as compounds with combined antagonist profile have been developed and are currently under clinical investigation revealing evidence for anxiolytic, antidepressant and antipsychotic efficacy, seemingly characterized by a low side effect profile. However, substantial work remains to be done to clarify the precise mechanism of action of these compounds, as well as the potential of combining them with established and experimental therapies in order to boost efficacy. (copyright) 2009 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","2 1 imino 2 (2 methoxyphenyl)ethyl 7,7 diphenylperhydroisoindol 4 one, 3 (2 methoxy 5 trifluoromethoxybenzylamino) 2 phenylpiperidine, 3 (2 methoxybenzylamino) 2 phenylpiperidine, 3 3,5 bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy 2 phenylpiperidine, antidepressant agent, aprepitant, benzodiazepine derivative, casopitant, citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, gr 205071, orvepitant, haloperidol, l 759274, l 822429, neuroleptic agent, nolpitantium, osanetant, paroxetine, placebo, r 673, saredutant, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sr 146977, ssr 146977, tachykinin receptor, tachykinin receptor antagonist, talnetant, unclassified drug, unindexed drug, vestipitant, vofopitant, add on therapy, animal behavior, anxiety disorder, binding site, brain region, central nervous system, clinical trial, combination chemotherapy, depression, drug dose comparison, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug megadose, drug receptor binding, drug targeting, evoked response, generalized anxiety disorder, human, interneuron, major depression, mental stress, nausea, neuromodulation, neuropathology, neurotransmission, nonhuman, panic, patient compliance, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, protein expression, protein function, protein localization, protein protein interaction, psychopharmacology, psychopharmacotherapy, psychosocial disorder, receptor affinity, receptor density, review, schizophrenia, sexual dysfunction, single drug dose, tranquilizing activity, unspecified side effect, cp 122721, cp 99994, gw 597599, gw 679769, gw 823296, l 733060, mk 869, rp 67580, sb 223412, sr 140333, sr 142801, sr 48968","Ebner, K., Sartori, S. B., Singewald, N.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1563,Assessment of psychological harm in violent crime-victims,"The aim of this paper was to review the current knowledge about the psychological harm in crime-victims, as well as to study it in a clinical sample. The sample consisted of 330 patients affected by psychological traumas (rape, domestic violence and terrorism). Among them, the 54,5% were diagnosed of PTSD, most of all those affected by rape and terrorism. The Severity of Symptom Scale for PTSD (Echeburúa, Corral, Amor, Zubizarreta and Sarasua, 1997a) was used to determine the severity and the psychopatological profile of PTSD in each group of victims. Finally, mplications of this study for clinical and forensic practice and for future reasearch in this field are commented upon.",,"Echeburúa, E., De Corral, P., Amor, P. J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1564,No PTSD-related differences in diurnal cortisol profiles of genocide survivors,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with reduced cortisol levels. Opposing results have been interpreted as resulting from methodological differences between studies. We investigated the diurnal profile of salivary cortisol in a population of highly traumatized adult males from Rwanda with and without PTSD, who spent the whole day of examination together under a maximally standardized schedule. Besides the detection of PTSD-related alterations in cortisol release we aimed at determining physiologically relevant effects of cumulative trauma exposure on HPA functioning in interaction with or independent of diagnosis. There were no differences in the diurnal pattern of cortisol release between subjects with and without PTSD. We observed an increasing prevalence of PTSD with increasing number of different traumatic event types experienced, replicating earlier results on a ""building-block effect"" of multiple traumatization. However, size of cumulative exposure was not related to any of the cortisol measures. The results suggest that besides methodological constraints also confounding factors not previously controlled for, e.g., sex differences or current life stress, might contribute to the diverging results of lowered, unchanged or enhanced cortisol secretion in PTSD. Future research should therefore closely monitor these possible confounds to optimize models for cortisol in research on stress-dependent illnesses. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","hydrocortisone, adult, article, circadian rhythm, clinical feature, controlled study, female, human, hydrocortisone blood level, hydrocortisone release, life stress, major clinical study, major depression, male, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, Rwanda, saliva, sex difference, sleep disorder, suicidal ideation, survivor","Eckart, C., Engler, H., Riether, C., Kolassa, S., Elbert, T., Kolassa, I. T.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1565,Assessing the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among wives of veterans: A phenomenological study of life changing experiences of wives of war veterans diagnosed with PTSD,"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is a chronic illness that not only destabilizes the victim, but also impacts the lives of family members and those close them by way of compassion fatigue or secondary traumatization. The purpose of this mixed-method, phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of a sample of 10 wives of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans diagnosed with PTSD in order to assess the impact of the veterans' symptoms upon their wives, their marriage, and their family life. The setting was a local community close to Fort Jackson Military Cantonment in Columbia, South Carolina. Ten wives of war veterans diagnosed with PTSD were recruited on a voluntary basis from the local churches where they worshipped. A face-to-face semi-structured interview was conducted in order to explore the wives' lived experiences. Participant's mean score was 82.7 of a possible 85 as measured by the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. All participants experienced secondary trauma. African-American participants scored significantly higher than the White participants on the Avoidance and Arousal scales and on Total score. No significant differences were found for ethnicity on the Intrusion scale. Themes found in the interviews related to (1) fears and uncertainties about the future of their marriages; (2) determination to keep their marriage vows; (3) guilt and shame; (4) systemic change in lifestyle; (5) mental and emotional stress; (6) coping strategies, and (7) strength and empowerment. Further studies relating spouses' symptom severity with that of veterans, effectiveness of coping skills, and effects on children are called for. Including veterans' wives in conjoint therapy is recommended, as is the development of principles of marital therapy to help couples move beyond the diagnosis of PTSD and toward recovery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Life Experiences, *Military Veterans, *Phenomenology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Emotional Trauma, Family Members, Wives","Edem Iniedu, Asuquo Okon",2011.0,,,0,0,
1566,Susceptibility of the trauma symptom inventory to malingering,"This study examined the sensitivity and specificity of the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995), a self-report measure of psychological sequelae of potentially traumatic events, to malingering. An optimal cutting score for a validity scale - Atypical Responding (ATR) - designed to identify exaggeration or other unusual response sets was developed in an analogue sample of 155 college students and subsequently applied to TSI profiles from several samples of patients with various psychiatric disorders. Use of a cross-validated T-score cutoff of 61 and below on the ATR scale produced good sensitivity (81%) and specificity (92%) rates in the analogue sample. Participants in the analogue sample who reported a history of traumatic experiences were no more able to successfully malinger trauma symptoms than were participants without such histories. Furthermore, false-positive rates in the clinical samples were generally low, suggesting that relatively few genuinely symptomatic individuals would be misclassified as malingering.",,"Edens, J. F., Otto, R. K., Dwyer, T. J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
1567,Behavior and the law reconsidered: Psychological syndromes and profiles,"Recently, a new concept of behavior and the law has emerged which looks beyond the defendant's satisfaction of the elements which define the charge. This formulation, which considers not simply the objective facts but motive, intent, and circumstance, has marked a legal shift from diminished capacity to diminished responsibility. Still in evolution, this trend has challenged the relationship between law and the behavioral sciences, and prompted serious reconsideration of the role of each. This paper examines the landmarks of the movement, considers its implications, and looks to the future.","Abuse excuse, Battered woman syndrome, Diminished responsibility, Drug abuse, Forensic science, Insanity, Multiple personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychological profiles, Syndromes","Edwards, C. N.",1998.0,,,0,0,
1568,Traumatic stress reactivity promotes excessive alcohol drinking and alters the balance of prefrontal cortex-amygdala activity,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcoholism are highly comorbid in humans and have partially overlapping symptomatic profiles. The aim of these studies was to examine the effects of traumatic stress (and stress reactivity) on alcohol-related behaviors and neuronal activation patterns. Male Wistar rats were trained to respond for alcohol, were exposed to predator odor (bobcat urine) paired with context and were tested for short- and long-term avoidance of the predator odor-paired context, alcohol self-administration and compulsivity of alcohol responding. Rats were re-exposed to the odor-paired context for western blot analysis of ERK phosphorylation in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the amygdala. Rats that avoided the predator-paired chamber (Avoiders) exhibited persistent avoidance up to 6 weeks post conditioning. Avoiders exhibited increases in operant alcohol responding over weeks, as well as more compulsive-like responding for alcohol adulterated with quinine. Following re-exposure to the predator odor-paired context, Avoiders and Non-Avoiders exhibited unique patterns of neuronal activation in subregions of the mPFC and the amygdala, which were correlated with changes in avoidance and alcohol drinking. Furthermore, activity of upstream regions was differentially predictive of downstream regional activity in the Avoiders versus Non-Avoiders. An animal model for assessing the effect of traumatic stress on alcohol drinking reveals individual differences in neuronal activation patterns associated with re-exposure to traumatic stress-related stimuli, and may provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying excessive alcohol consumption in humans with PTSD.",,"Edwards, S., Baynes, B. B., Carmichael, C. Y., Zamora-Martinez, E. R., Barrus, M., Koob, G. F., Gilpin, N. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1569,Post-traumatic stress symptoms 5 years after military deployment to Afghanistan: An observational cohort study,"Background: Deployment can put soldiers at risk of developing post-traumatic stress symptoms. Despite several longitudinal studies, little is known about the timing of an increase in post-traumatic stress symptoms relative to pre-deployment. Longitudinal studies starting pre-deployment, in which participants are repeatedly measured over time, are warranted to assess the timing of an increase in symptoms to ultimately assess the timing of an increase in treatment demand after deployment. Methods: In this large observational cohort study, Dutch military personnel who were deployed to Afghanistan as part of the International Security Assistance Forces between March, 2005, and September, 2008, were assessed for post-traumatic stress symptoms with the Self-Rating Inventory for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (SRIP) questionnaire. Participants were assessed 1 month before deployment and followed up at 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, and 5 years after deployment, with changes in SRIP scores compared with pre-deployment using a mixed model analysis. The primary outcome was the total score of post-traumatic stress symptoms measured with SRIP at pre-deployment and the five follow-up assessments, with a score of 38 used as the cutoff to indicate substantial post-traumatic stress symptoms. Findings: Between March, 2005, and September, 2008, 1007 participants were recruited to this study. The results show two important effects of deployment on post-traumatic stress symptoms. A short-term symptom increase within the first 6 months after deployment (symptom increase coefficient for SRIP score vs pre-deployment [β] 0·99, 95% CI 0·50-1·48); and a long-term symptom increase at 5 years after deployment (β 1·67, 1·14-2·20). Interpretation: This study underlines the importance of long-term monitoring of the psychological health of soldiers after deployment because early detection of symptoms is essential to early treatment, which is related to improved psychological health. Funding: Dutch Ministry of Defense. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.",,"Eekhout, I., Reijnen, A., Vermetten, E., Geuze, E.",2016.0,,10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00368-5,1,1,
1570,Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology,"Emotion regulatory strategies such as higher expressive suppression and lower cognitive reappraisal may be associated with increased psychopathology (Gross & John, 2003). Yet, it is unclear whether these strategies represent distinct cognitive styles associated with psychopathology, such that there are individuals who are predominantly ""suppressors"" or ""reappraisers."" Using cluster analysis, we examined whether women with and without exposure to potentially traumatic events evidence distinct patterns of emotion regulation frequency, capacity, suppression, and cognitive reappraisal. Four patterns emerged: high regulators; high reappraisers/low suppressors; moderate reappraisers/low suppressors; and low regulators. Individuals who reported infrequently and ineffectively regulating their emotions (low regulators) also reported higher depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, individuals who reported frequently and effectively using reappraisal and low levels of suppression (high reappraisers/low suppressors) reported the lowest levels of these symptoms, suggesting that this specific combination of emotion regulation may be most adaptive. Our findings highlight that the capacity to regulate emotions and the ability to flexibly apply different strategies based on the context and timing may be associated with reduced psychopathology and more adaptive functioning. (copyright) 2009 Taylor & Francis.","anxiety, article, cluster analysis, cognition, depression, emotion, female, homeostasis, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect","Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., Vigil, S. A.",2009.0,,,0,1,
1571,Resilience as process,,,"Egeland, B., Carlson, E., Sroufe, L. A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1572,'Traumatisers or traumatised': Trauma experiences and personality characteristics of Australian prisoners,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is over represented in the prisoner population and is predictive of violence and suicide. This raises issues in relation to prisoner management, as well as theoretical issues such as why there is a range of vulnerability for PTSD. The current study examines the relationship between PTSD and personality profiles of prisoners. Method: Data from 1305 participants in the NSW survey of health in prisoners are examined to identify relationships between personality profiles derived from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and PTSD. Participants are grouped as experiencing no trauma; with a trauma history but no PTSD; and being diagnosed with PTSD. A logistic regression modelled significant predictors of PTSD. These data indicated that women prisoners report PTSD at twice the rate of males. An increased risk for PTSD is associated with high Harm Avoidance, low Self-Directedness, high Persistence and high Self-Transcendence. Conclusions: A combination of both temperament and character traits influences the trajectory towards PTSD development. Targeted treatment of these traits is needed in addressing the problems of prisoners with PTSD and managing the associated risks of violence and suicide. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.","post-traumatic stress disorder, prisoner population, temperament and character inventory, trauma","Egeressy, A., Butler, T., Hunter, M.",2009.0,,,0,1,
1573,Constructing the illness narrative: A grounded theory exploring patients′ and relatives′ use of intensive care diaries,"Objective: After a stay in the intensive care unit, patients risk experiencing delusional memories, memory loss, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Since the 1990s, diaries have been kept for intensive care unit patients to help fill in memory gaps, aid psychosocial recovery, and improve health-related quality of life. More insight is needed into the application of diaries. The aim of our study was to explore how patients and relatives use diaries in the context of the illness trajectory. Design: Qualitative multicentered design using in-depth semistructured interview technique. Setting: A nine-bed general intensive care unit and a 13-bed thoracic surgical intensive care unit in Denmark. Patients: A sample of 19 patients at 6-12 months postintensive care unit discharge and 13 relatives (n = 32). Interventions: Intensive care diaries and handover 1 or 3 months postintensive care unit discharge. Measurements and Main Results: Grounded theory method was used to explore the use of diaries as a psychosocial process of recovery involving patients and relatives. Data were managed by NVivo software. The core category was ""constructing the illness narrative,"" which was a process of narration embedded in our emerging theory of psychosocial recovery after critical illness. The main categories within the patient perspective were information acquisition and gaining insight, and the main categories within the relative perspective were supporting the patient, supporting oneself, and negotiating access. Conclusions: Intensive care diaries are useful to patients as well as their relatives. Patients need to construct their illness narrative, and diaries are among the sources they use. The patients′ project was to combine various sources of information in a process of information acquisition, narration, and evolving insight progressing toward recovery. The relatives supported the patients′ project and also supported themselves by using the diary to uphold their own healing process. We recommend intensive care diaries as a low-technology, low-cost rehabilitative intervention for patients and relatives to help bridge the span from intensive care to recovery. © 2011 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","critical care, diaries, family, grounded theory, Intensive care, nursing, qualitative research, rehabilitation, relatives","Egerod, I., Christensen, D., Schwartz-Nielsen, K. H., Ågård, A. S.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1574,"Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan","A critical health-related issue in war-affected areas is how people make sense of adversity and why they show resilience in a high-risk environment. In Afghanistan, the burden of poor mental health arises in contexts of pervasive poverty, social inequality, and persistent violence. In 2006, we conducted face-to-face interviews with 1011 children (age 11-16) and 1011 adult caregivers, randomly selected in a school-based survey in three northern and central areas. Participants narrated their experiences as part of a systematic health survey, including an open-ended questionnaire on major life stressors and solutions to mitigate them. Responses were analysed using an inductive thematic approach and categorised for quantitative presentation, producing a conceptual model. For adults, the primary concern is repairing their "" broken economy,"" the root of all miseries in social, educational, governance, and health domains. For students, frustrations focus on learning environments as well as poverty, as education is perceived as the gateway to upward social and economic mobility. Hope arises from a sense of moral and social order embodied in the expression of key cultural values: faith, family unity, service, effort, morals, and honour. These values form the bedrock of resilience, drive social aspirations, and underpin self-respect and dignity. However, economic impediments, social expectations, and cultural dictates also combine to create entrapment, as the ability to realise personal and social aspirations is frustrated by structural inequalities injurious to health and wellbeing. This study contributes to a small but growing body of work on resilience in public health and conflict settings. It demonstrates that culture functions both as an anchor for resilience and an anvil of pain, and highlights the relevance of ethnographic work in identifying what matters most in formulating social and public health policies to promote a hopeful future. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Afghanistan, Conflict, Mental health, Psychosocial wellbeing, Resilience, Social justice, Suffering, Violence","Eggerman, M., Panter-Brick, C.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023,0,0,
1575,"Suicidality, aggression, and other treatment considerations among pregnant, substance-dependent women with posttraumatic stress disorder","Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other Axis I comorbidity among women with substance use disorders (SUDs) appear similarly prevalent and are associated with comparable negative clinical profiles and treatment outcomes. The relative contribution of comorbid PTSD vs other Axis I psychiatric disorders to clinical characteristics is largely unexamined, however, despite theory and empirical data indicating that PTSD and SUDs may have a unique relationship that confers specific risk for clinical severity and poor treatment outcome. In a sample of pregnant, opioid- and/or cocaine-dependent women entering substance abuse treatment, women with PTSD (SUD-PTSD; n = 23) were compared to those with other Axis I comorbidity (SUD-PSY; n = 45) and those without Axis I comorbidity (SUD-only; n = 37). Data were collected via face-to-face interviews and urinalysis drug assays. Although the study groups had similar substance use severity, the SUD-PTSD group was more likely to report suicidality, aggression, and psychosocial impairment than both the SUD-PSY and SUD-only groups. Findings indicate treatment considerations for substance-dependent women with PTSD are broader and more severe than those with other Axis I conditions or substance dependence alone.",,"Eggleston, A. M., Calhoun, P. S., Svikis, D. S., Tuten, M., Chisolm, M. S., Jones, H. E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1576,A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M.",2000.0,,10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0,0,0,
1577,Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Development and evaluation,,,"Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
1578,Information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) The chapter reviews the contribution of information processing models to understanding the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder Individual differences in cognitive processing during the trauma and basic memory mechanism, such as priming and associative learning, may help explain why people with PTSD involuntarily re-experience parts of the trauma in a wide range of situations. Individual differences in how people remember traumatic events may influence the likelihood of developing PTSD. Attentional bias to trauma-related cues and threatening interpretations of the trauma or its aftermath help explain why people with PTSD have many symptoms of anxiety even though the trauma is oven Cognitive strategies people use to deal with memories of the trauma, such as effortful suppression of trauma memories and rumination, help explain why some develop chronic PTSD whereas many recover from trauma. Finally, there may be cognitive vulnerability factors that increase the probability of developing PTSD in response to trauma. Directions for future research are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Processes, *Individual Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Trauma, Models","Ehlers, Anke, Ehring, Thomas, Kleim, Birgit",2012.0,,,0,0,
1579,Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents,,,"Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., Bryant, B.",1998.0,,10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.508,0,0,
1580,Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Results of a prospective longitudinal study,"The present study explored whether cognitive factors specified in the Ehlers and Clark model (Behav. Res. Ther. 38 (2000) 319) of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) predict chronic PTSD in children who had experienced a road traffic accident. Children were assessed at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after the accident. Data-driven processing during the accident, negative interpretation of intrusive memories, alienation from other people, anger, rumination, thought suppression and persistent dissociation at initial assessment predicted PTSD symptom severity at 3 and 6 months. On the basis of sex and stressor severity variables, 14% of the variance of PTSD symptoms at 6 months could be explained. The accuracy of the prediction increased to 49% or 53% when the cognitive variables measured at initial assessment or 3 months, respectively, were taken into account. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Children, Cognitive model, Cognitive predictors, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Prospective study","Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., Bryant, B.",2003.0,,10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00126-7,0,0,
1581,"Contribution of cognitive factors to the prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder, phobia and depression after motor vehicle accidents","Past research into the psychological consequences of traumatic events has largely focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although other anxiety disorders and depression are also common in the aftermath of trauma. Little is known about differential predictors of these conditions. The present study investigated the extent to which theoretically derived cognitive variables predict PTSD, phobias and depression after motor vehicle accidents. The cognitive predictors were compared to a set of established, mainly non-cognitive predictors. In addition, we tested how disorder-specific the cognitive predictors are. Participants (n = 101) were interviewed within a year after having been injured in a motor vehicle accident. Diagnoses of PTSD, travel phobias and depression, symptom severities and predictor variables were assessed with self-report questionnaires and structured interviews. In multiple regression analyses, the sets of cognitive variables derived from disorder-specific models explained significantly greater proportions of the variance of the symptom severities than the established predictors (PTSD 76% vs. 45%, depression 72% vs. 46% and phobia 66% vs. 40%), and than cognitive variables derived from the models of the other disorders. In addition, the majority of individual cognitive variables showed the expected pattern of differences between diagnostic groups. The results support the hypothesis that disorder-specific sets of cognitive factors contribute to the development and maintenance of PTSD, phobias and depression following traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Processes, *Major Depression, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Phobias, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Accidents, Diagnosis, Emotional Trauma","Ehring, Thomas, Ehlers, Anke, Glucksman, Edward",2006.0,,,0,0,
1582,"Do cognitive models help in predicting the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder, phobia, and depression after motor vehicle accidents? A prospective longitudinal study","The study investigated the power of theoretically derived cognitive variables to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), travel phobia, and depression following injury in a motor vehicle accident (MVA). MVA survivors (N = 147) were assessed at the emergency department on the day of their accident and 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months later. Diagnoses were established with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Predictors included initial symptom severities; variables established as predictors of PTSD in E. J. Ozer, S. R. Best, T. L. Lipsey, and D. S. Weiss's (2003) meta-analysis; and variables derived from cognitive models of PTSD, phobia, and depression. Results of nonparametric multiple regression analyses showed that the cognitive variables predicted subsequent PTSD and depression severities over and above what could be predicted from initial symptom levels. They also showed greater predictive power than the established predictors, although the latter showed similar effect sizes as in the meta-analysis. In addition, the predictors derived from cognitive models of PTSD and depression were disorder-specific. The results support the role of cognitive factors in the maintenance of emotional disorders following trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognition, *Major Depression, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Phobias, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Traveling","Ehring, Thomas, Ehlers, Anke, Glucksman, Edward",2008.0,,,0,0,
1583,Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Trauma Survivors: The Role of Trauma Type and PTSD Symptom Severity,"Two different hypotheses regarding the relationship between emotion regulation and PTSD are described in the literature. First, it has been suggested that emotion regulation difficulties are part of the complex sequelae of early-onset chronic interpersonal trauma and less common following late-onset or single-event traumas. Second, PTSD in general has been suggested to be related to emotion regulation difficulties. Bringing these two lines of research together, the current study aimed to investigate the role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity on emotion regulation difficulties in a large sample of trauma survivors (N=616). In line with the hypotheses, PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with all variables assessing emotion regulation difficulties. In addition, survivors of early-onset chronic interpersonal trauma showed higher scores on these measures than survivors of single-event and/or late-onset traumas. However, when controlling for PTSD symptom severity, the group differences only remained significant for 2 out of 9 variables. The most robust findings were found for the variable ""lack of clarity of emotions."" Implications for future research, theoretical models of trauma-related disorders, and their treatment will be discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.",,"Ehring, T., Quack, D.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004,0,0,
1584,Sleep electroencephalography in depressive disorders and comorbidity,"Traditional scoring of sleep EEG in depressed patients shows abnormalities in sleep maintenance, sleep architecture, REM sleep, the distribution of slow wave and REM sleep during the night. Computerized analysis that comprises the period-amplitude analysis procedure and spectral analysis discloses changes in delta activity and distribution of delta activity. However, these methods of analysing EEG Sleep are not able to distinguish the various concepts of depression endogenous and non-endogenous depression, unipolar and bipolar depression, psychotic and non-psychotic depression. Polysomnographical data in patients with recurrent depression show alteration during remission suggesting trait-like abnormalities of sleep in depression illness. Shortened REM latency is not specific in depression. This sleep parameter is defined in many different ways explaining the heterogeneousness of study results and the failure of constituting a biological marker. Many sleep parameters are affected by several factors such as age, gender and severity. Several physiopathological hypotheses have been proposed to explain EEG sleep alterations. They refer either to circadian rhythms such as the two process model of Borbely, the phase advance hypothesis and the circadian amplitude hypothesis, or to neurotransmitter abnormalities such as the cholinergic hypothesis. None of them takes sufficient account of all the sleep abnormalities. Sleep abnormalities have also been described in other psychiatric disorders such as mania, panic and obsessional-compulsive disorders, generalized anxiety, phobias, post- traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, borderline personality, schizophrenia and dementia. None of them have a particular sleep EEG profile which allows to differentiate between them. A concomitant episode of major depression cannot be uncovered by sleep recordings.","neurotransmitter, article, comorbidity, depression, electroencephalography, human, hypothesis, polysomnography, REM sleep","Eiber, R., Escande, M.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1585,[Sleep electroencephalography in depression and mental disorders with depressive comorbidity],"Traditional scoring of sleep EEG in depressed patients shows abnormalities in sleep maintenance, sleep architecture, REM sleep, the distribution of slow wave and REM sleep during the night. Computerized analysis that comprises the period-amplitude analysis procedure and spectral analysis discloses changes in delta activity and distribution of delta activity. However, these methods of analysing EEG sleep are not able to distinguish the various concepts of depression: endogenous and non-endogenous depression, unipolar and bipolar depression, psychotic and non-psychotic depression. Polysomnographical data in patients with recurrent depression show alteration during remission suggesting trait-like abnormalities of sleep in depression illness. Shortened REM latency is not specific in depression. This sleep parameter is defined in many different ways explaining the heterogeneousness of study results and the failure of constituting a biological marker. Many sleep parameters are affected by several factors such as age, gender and severity. Several physiopathological hypotheses have been proposed to explain EEG sleep alterations. They refer either to circadian rhythms such as the two process model of Borbely, the phase advance hypothesis and the circadian amplitude hypothesis, or to neurotransmitter abnormalities such as the cholinergic hypothesis. None of them takes sufficient account of all the sleep abnormalities. Sleep abnormalities have also been described in other psychiatric disorders such as mania, panic and obsessional-compulsive disorders, generalized anxiety, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, borderline personality, schizophrenia and dementia. None of them have a particular sleep EEG profile which allows to differentiate between them. A concomitant episode of major depression cannot be uncovered by sleep recordings.","Comorbidity, Depressive Disorder/complications/*diagnosis/epidemiology, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Mental Disorders/complications/*diagnosis/epidemiology, Polysomnography/*methods, Sleep, REM/physiology","Eiber, R., Escande, M.",1999.0,Sep-Oct,,0,0,
1586,"Traumatic experiences, alexithymia, and posttraumatic symptomatology: a cross-sectional population-based study in Germany","OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have established an association between number of traumatic experiences and alexithymia. The present study examines this relationship in a large-scale representative sample of the German general population (N=2,507) and explores the potential mediating effects of posttraumatic symptomatology, particularly avoidance/numbing. METHODS: Alexithymia was assessed with the German version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Posttraumatic symptomatology was operationalized by the symptom score of the modified German version of the Posttraumatic Symptom Scale, and traumatic experiences were assessed with the trauma list of the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Two mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Of the total sample, 24.2% (n=606) reported at least one traumatic experience, 10.6% (n=258) were classified as alexithymic, and 2.4% (n=59) fulfilled the criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants who had survived five or more traumatic experiences had significantly higher alexithymia sum scores. The PTSD symptom cluster avoidance/numbing mediated the association between the number of traumatic experiences and alexithymia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings illustrate an association between number of traumatic experiences and alexithymia and the influence of emotional avoidance and numbing within this relationship. The significant relationship between alexithymia and number of traumatic experiences in a general population sample further supports the concept of multiple and complex traumatization as associated with alexithymia. The results suggest the importance of further investigations determining the causal impact of alexithymia both as a potential premorbid trait and as consequence of traumatization. Lastly, future investigations are needed to clarify alexithymia as a distinct trauma-relevant characteristic for better diagnostics and specialized trauma-integrative therapy.","Ptsd, Tas-20, avoidance/numbing, mediation, multiple and complex traumatization","Eichhorn, S., Brahler, E., Franz, M., Friedrich, M., Glaesmer, H.",2014.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v5.23870,0,0,
1587,Measuring post-traumatic stress: A psychometric evaluation of symptom- and coping questionnaires based on a Norwegian sample,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Norwegian versions of the Impact of Event Scale (IES; M. Horowitz et al, 1979), the Post Traumatic Stress Scale-10 item version (PTTS-10; L. Weisaeth and L. Mehlum, 1993) and General Coping Questionnaire-30 item version (S. Joseph et al, 1992). A group of 40 male and 56 female medical students was tested 1 wk and 4 mo after having started dissection of cadavers for the 1st time. The results showed that all scales had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The student sample scored lower on the IES and PTSS-10 than comparable groups of traumatized Ss. A gender difference emerged, with female Ss scoring higher than male Ss. The factor analysis of the instruments indicated good construct validity for the symptom scales. The analysis of content validity related to DSM IV criteria indicated that the IES and PTSS-10 may have some limitations in their predictive validity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Taken together, the 3 scales have shown good psychometric properties and could be used in future research and clinical work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Foreign Language Translation, *Personality Measures, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Medical Students","Eid, Jarle, Thayer, Julian F., Johnsen, Bjorn H.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1588,Oxytocin regulates resting-state brain activity in trauma exposed war veterans,"Background: Combat-related PTSD often leads to lifetime functional impairment, highlighting the need for novel psychopharmacological treatments. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated positive effects of oxytocin(OT) on structures implicated in PTSD. Here we utilized magnetoencephalography(MEG) combined with neuroendocrine and genetic assessment to test OT effects on resting-state oscillatory activity in trauma-exposed veterans. Methods: 26 exposed (11 with PTSD) and 14 controls participated in double-blind placebo-control within-subject study twice. Following OT/PBO administration, participants underwent whole-head MEG(248 magnetometers). Plasma and salivary OT and OXTR(rs2254298G\\A) were measured. MEG recordings of 2-minute eyes-closed rest were analyzed with Fast Fourier Transform followed by source localization by SAM beamforming. Individual source power maps were reconstructed using pseudo-Z statistic for the various frequency bands. Following Talairach transformation clusters with significant effects were identified correcting for multiple comparisons and cluster size. Group and condition effects were tested on cluster averages with repeated-measure ANOVA. Pearson's correlations examined associations with genes/hormones. Functional connectivity was estimated by phase-locking value. Results: Trauma-exposed veterans showed higher alpha power in left superior frontal gyrus(SFG) and middle frontal gyrus(MFG), which normalized under OT. OT increased functional connectivity between MFG and amygdala in PTSD group only. Baseline alpha power in SFG and MFG correlated with reexperiencing symptoms. Baseline SFG alpha correlated with lower baseline OT whereas MFG alpha with lower OT reactivity. Treatment effects on SFG were moderated by genetic risks on OXTRrs2254298. Conclusions: OT regulates spontaneous alpha activity in prefrontal regions implicated in working memory and cognitive control aberrant in PTSD. Treatment effects are moderated by functionality of the OT system.","oxytocin, placebo, electroencephalogram, injury, war, human, veteran, society, psychiatry, posttraumatic stress disorder, neuroimaging, Fourier transformation, functional disease, genetic risk, magnetoencephalography, recording, magnetometer, lifespan, eye, working memory, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, amygdaloid nucleus, alpha rhythm, executive function, plasma, analysis of variance","Eidelman-Rothman, M., Goldstein, A., Schneiderman, I., Weisman, O., Mankuta, D., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Levy, J., Feldman, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1589,Attachment Insecurities and the Processing of Threat-Related Information: Studying the Schemas Involved in Insecure People's Coping Strategies,"In 6 studies we examined procedural, scriptlike knowledge associated with 2 different kinds of attachment insecurity: anxiety and avoidance. The studies examined associations between attachment insecurities, the cognitive accessibility of sentinel and rapid fight-flight schemas, and the extent to which these schemas guide the processing of threat-related information and actual behavior during an experimentally induced threatening event. Anxious attachment was associated with (a) greater accessibility of the sentinel schema in narratives of threatening events; (b) faster, deeper, and more schema-biased processing of information about components of the sentinel schema; and (c) quicker detection of a threat. Avoidant attachment was associated with greater accessibility of the rapid fight-flight schema in narratives of threatening events and faster, deeper, and more schema-biased processing of information about components of the schema. We discuss implications of the findings for understanding the cognitive aspects of insecure people's coping strategies in threatening situations, as well as the potential benefits of these strategies to the people who enact them and to the groups to which they belong. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Anxiety, Attachment, Avoidance, Inclusive fitness, Social defense theory","Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R.",2011.0,,10.1037/a0022503,0,0,
1590,Mental Health and Health-Related Quality of Life among Adult Latino Primary Care Patients Living in the United States with Previous Exposure to Political Violence,"Context: Although political violence continues in parts of Central America, South America, and Mexico, little is known about its relationship to the health of Latino immigrants living in the United States. Objective: To determine (1) rates of exposure to political violence among Latino adult primary care patients who have immigrated to the United States from Central America, South America, and Mexico and its impact on mental health and health-related quality of life and (2) frequency of disclosure of political violence to primary care clinicians. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two-stage cluster design survey of a systematic sample of Latino immigrant adults in 3 community-based primary care clinics in Los Angeles, conducted from July 2001 to February 2002. Main Outcome Measures: Reports of exposure to political violence in home country before immigrating to the United States and communication with clinicians about political violence; self-reported measures of health-related quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (MOS SF-36); symptoms of depression, anxiety, and alcohol disorders using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD); and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Results: A total of 638 (69%) of 919 eligible patients participated. The nonresponse rates did not differ by age, sex, recruitment sites, or clinic sessions. In weighted analyses, 54% of participants reported political violence experiences in their home countries, including 8% who reported torture. Of those exposed to political violence, 36% had symptoms of depression and 18% had symptoms of PTSD vs 20% and 8%, respectively, among those not exposed to political violence. Controlling for age, sex, country, years lived in the United States, acculturation, income, health insurance status, and recruitment site in a subsample of 512 participants (56%), those who reported political violence exposure were more likely to meet symptom criteria for PTSD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-8.4) and to have symptoms of depression (AOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4-5.4) and symptoms of panic disorder (AOR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.6-14.4) than participants not reporting political violence. Those exposed to political violence reported more chronic pain and role limitations due to physical problems, as well as worse physical functioning and lower perceptions of general health than those who were not exposed to political violence. Only 3% of the 267 patients who had experienced political violence reported ever telling a clinician about it after immigrating; none reported their current physician asking about political violence. Conclusion: Latino immigrants in primary care in Los Angeles have a high prevalence of exposure to political violence before immigrating to the United States and associated impairments in mental health and health-related quality of life.","adult, aged, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorder, article, chronic pain, depression, ethnic group, exposure, female, human, immigrant, male, mental health, panic, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, primary medical care, priority journal, quality of life, symptomatology, torture, United States, violence","Eisenman, D. P., Gelberg, L., Liu, H., Shapiro, M. F.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1591,Over-time changes in PTSD and depression among children surviving the 1999 Istanbul earthquake,"Objective: To follow-up on child and adolescent victims with full criteria of PTSD and depression, and to examine the impact of treatment. Method: One to two months following a 7.4-magnitude quake in Turkey, 160 students were examined by self-report questionnaire, psychiatric interview, clinician-administered post-traumatic stress disorder scale (CAPS), and depression and anxiety inventories. At baseline, 96 students were diagnosed with PTSD, and 49 had comorbid depression with anxiety symptoms. After 18-20 months, 74 of 96 students were found and reassessed by psychiatric interview and CAPS; 25 had been treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmocotherapy, and 49 did not have any treatment. Binary logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of persistent PTSD. Variables entered included pre-quake, quake and post-quake factors, having co-morbid depression upon initial interview, receipt of drug therapy, and number of months of CBT. Results: At follow-up, many had symptoms of PTSD with anxiety, but only 14 subjects met the full criteria of PTSD, and four students had major depression with anxiety symptoms. Only one variable-having been in serious personal danger during the quake (e.g., trapped in the house or under rubble)-was significantly associated with being symptomatic at follow-up. Conclusion: Regardless of receipt of treatment, diagnoses of PTSD and depression were much reduced. More research is needed about resiliency factors. © 2009 Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt.","CBT, Children, Follow-up, PTSD, Treatment","Eksi, A., Braun, K. L.",2009.0,,10.1007/s00787-009-0745-9,0,0,
1592,"Posttraumatic stress disorder and HIV risk among poor, inner-city women receiving care in an emergency department","Objectives: We examined the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and HIV risk behaviors among a random sample of 241 lowincome women receiving care in an urban emergency department. Methods: We recruited participants from the emergency department waiting room during randomly selected 6-hour blocks of time. Multivariate analyses and propensity score weighting were used to examine the associations between PTSD and HIV risk after adjustment for potentially confounding sociodemographic variables, substance use, childhood sexual abuse, and intimate partner violence. Results: A large majority of the sample self-identified as Latina (49%) or African American (44%). Almost one third (29%) of the participants met PTSD criteria. Women who exhibited symptoms in 1 or more PTSD symptom clusters were more likely than women who did not to report having had sex with multiple sexual partners, having had sex with a risky partner, and having experienced partner violence related to condom use in the preceding 6 months. Conclusions: The high rate of PTSD found in this sample and the significant associations between PTSD symptom clusters and partner-related risk behaviors highlight the need to take PTSD into account when designing HIV prevention interventions for low-income, urban women.",,"El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Vinocur, D., Chang, M., Wu, E.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1593,Predominant typologies of psychopathology in the United States: Alatent class analysis,"Background: Latent class analysis (LCA) offers a parsimonious way of classifying common typologies of psychiatric comorbidity. We used LCA to identify the nature and correlates of predominant typologies of Axis I and II disorders in a large and comprehensive population-based sample of U.S. adults. Methods: We analyzed data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004-2005; n=34,653), a population-based sample of U.S. adults. We derived latent classes based on all assessed Axis I and II disorders and examined the relationship between the identified Axis I classes and lifetime psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts, and physicaland mental health-related quality of life. Results: A four-class solution was optimal in characterizing predominant typologies of both Axis I and II disorders. For Axis I disorders, these included low psychopathology (n=28,935, 84.0%), internalizing (n=3693, 9.9%), externalizing (n=1426, 4.5%), and high psychopathology (n=599, 1.6%) classes. For Axis II disorders, these included no/low personality disorders (n=31,265, 90.9%), obsessive/paranoid (n=1635, 4.6%), borderline/dysregulated (n=1319, 3.4%), and highly comorbid (n=434, 1.1%) classes. Compared to the low psychopathology class, all other Axis I classes had significantly increased odds of mental disorders, elevated Axis II classes, suicide attempts and poorer quality of life, with the high psychopathology class having the overall highest rates of these correlates, with the exception of substance use disorders. Compared to the low psychopathology class, the internalizing and externalizing classes had increased rates of mood and anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders, respectively. Conclusion: Axis I and II psychopathology among U.S. adults may be best represented by four predominant typologies. Characterizing co-occurring patterns of psychopathology using person-based typologies represents a higher-order classification system that may be useful in clinical and research settings. (copyright) 2013.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, borderline state, comorbidity, human, latent class analysis, major clinical study, mental disease, mood disorder, obsession, paranoia, personality disorder, population research, priority journal, quality of life, statistical analysis, substance abuse, suicide attempt, United States","El-Gabalawy, R., Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Hoff, R., Sareen, J., Pietrzak, R. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1594,"Predictors of battered women's use of intimate partner violence (IPV): A focus on IPV exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and threat appraisal (TA)","The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and motivations of battered women's use of intimate partner violence (IPV), as well as to identify predictors of battered women's use of IPV. Using logistic regressions, we examined the predictive utility of women's exposure to IPV, women's symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and women's threat appraisal (TA) in explaining women's use of IPV. Using a series of logistic regressions, we also examined PTSD and TA as mediators of the relationship between women's exposure to IPV and women's use of IPV. Women were recruited from various help-seeking sites, as part of a longitudinal study of battered women's experiences. Prevalence rates were reported for all women (n = 285) who completed the third follow-up interview, during which women's use of IPV was assessed. In addressing the hypotheses related to this study, the sample included responses form 152 women who continued to have contact with their abusive partners in the assessed three month period between the third and fourth follow-up interviews. Approximately 70% of women reported having used IPV at some point in their relationships, and approximately 90% of women cited self-defense as a motivation. Statistical analyses found that IPV exposure and TA predicted whether women used IPV, but PTSD was not a significant predictor. Further, TA was not found to mediate the relationship between women's exposure to IPV and women's use of IPV. Findings are discussed within the framework of social, legal and clinical implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Battered Females, *Domestic Violence, *Motivation, *Partner Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Intimate Partner Violence, Threat","El-Khoury, Mai Y.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1595,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among Gaza Strip adolescents in the wake of the second Uprising (Intifada)","OBJECTIVE: Children and adolescents of the Gaza Strip have been subjected to continuous violence since the eruption of the second Intifada (Uprising). Little is known, however, about the psychological effects of this violence on children and adolescents of Gaza. Thus, the purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate and describe the psychological effects of exposure of war-like circumstances on this population. METHOD: Participants for this study were 229 Palestinian adolescents living in the Gaza Strip who were administered measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and coping. RESULTS: Of the 229 participants, 68.9% were classified as having developed PTSD, 40.0% reported moderate or severe levels of depression, 94.9% were classified as having severe anxiety levels, and 69.9% demonstrated undesirable coping responses. A canonical discriminant analysis revealed that adolescents diagnosed with PTSD tended to be those who reported the highest levels of depression, anxiety, and positive reappraisal coping, and the lowest levels of seeking guidance and support coping. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that a significant proportion of Palestinian adolescents living in the Gaza Strip are experiencing serious psychological distress.","Adolescent, Anxiety/epidemiology/*psychology, Arabs/ethnology/*psychology, Depression/epidemiology/*psychology, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/physiopathology/*psychology, *War","Elbedour, S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Ghannam, J., Whitcome, J. A., Abu Hein, F.",2007.0,Jul,10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.09.006,0,1,
1596,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among Gaza Strip adolescents in the wake of the second Uprising (Intifada)","Objective: Children and adolescents of the Gaza Strip have been subjected to continuous violence since the eruption of the second Intifada (Uprising). Little is known, however, about the psychological effects of this violence on children and adolescents of Gaza. Thus, the purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate and describe the psychological effects of exposure of war-like circumstances on this population. Method: Participants for this study were 229 Palestinian adolescents living in the Gaza Strip who were administered measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and coping. Results: Of the 229 participants, 68.9% were classified as having developed PTSD, 40.0% reported moderate or severe levels of depression, 94.9% were classified as having severe anxiety levels, and 69.9% demonstrated undesirable coping responses. A canonical discriminant analysis revealed that adolescents diagnosed with PTSD tended to be those who reported the highest levels of depression, anxiety, and positive reappraisal coping, and the lowest levels of seeking guidance and support coping. Conclusions: These results indicate that a significant proportion of Palestinian adolescents living in the Gaza Strip are experiencing serious psychological distress. (copyright) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adolescence, adolescent, anxiety disorder, article, child behavior, coping behavior, depression, discriminant analysis, disease severity, distress syndrome, evaluation study, experience, female, human, major clinical study, male, Palestine, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, violence","Elbedour, S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Ghannam, J., Whitcome, J. A., Hein, F. A.",2007.0,,,0,1,1595
1597,Procedural justice and quality of life in compensation processes,"Background: There is considerable evidence that being involved in compensation processes has a negative impact on claimants' health. Previous studies suggested that this negative effect is caused by a stressful compensation process: claimants suffered from a lack of communication, a lack of information, and feelings of distrust. However, these rather qualitative findings have not been quantitatively investigated yet. This observational study aimed to fill this gap of knowledge, investigating the claimants' perceived fairness of the compensation process, the provided information, and the interaction with lawyers and insurance companies, in relation to the claimants' quality of life. Method: Participants were individuals injured in traffic accidents, older than 18 years, who were involved in a compensation process in the Netherlands. They were recruited by three claims settlement offices. Outcome measures were procedural, interactional, and informational justice, and quality of life. Results: Participants (n = 176) perceived the interaction with lawyers to be fairer than the interaction with insurance companies (p &lt;.001). The length of hospital stay was positively associated with procedural justice (β =.31, p &lt;.001). Having trunk/back injury was negatively related to procedural justice (β = -.25, p =.001). Whiplash injury and length of time involved in the claim process were not associated with any of the justice scales. Finally, procedural justice was found to be positively correlated with quality of life (rs =.22, p =.004). Discussion: The finding that the interaction with insurance companies was considered less fair than the interaction with lawyers may imply that insurers could improve their interaction with claimants, e.g. by communicating more directly. The result that claimants with mild injuries and with trunk/back injuries considered the compensation process to be less fair than those with respectively severe injuries and injuries to other body parts suggests that especially the former two require an attentive treatment. Finally, the fact that procedural justice was positively correlated with quality of life could implicate that it is possible to improve claimants' health in compensation processes by enhancing procedural justice, e.g. by increasing the ability for claimants to express their views and feelings and by involving claimants in the decision-making process. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Claimants, Compensation processes, Informational justice, Insurance companies, Interactional justice, Lawyers, Procedural justice","Elbers, N. A., Akkermans, A. J., Cuijpers, P., Bruinvels, D. J.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2012.08.034,0,0,
1598,Do compensation processes impair mental health? A meta-analysis,"Background: Victims who are involved in a compensation processes generally have more health complaints compared to victims who are not involved in a compensation process. Previous research regarding the effect of compensation processes has concentrated on the effect on physical health. This meta-analysis focuses on the effect of compensation processes on mental health. Method: Prospective cohort studies addressing compensation and mental health after traffic accidents, occupational accidents or medical errors were identified using PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. Relevant studies published between January 1966 and 10 June 2011 were selected for inclusion. Results: Ten studies were included. The first finding was that the compensation group already had higher mental health complaints at baseline compared to the non-compensation group (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.66 to -0.10; p =.01). The second finding was that mental health between baseline and post measurement improved less in the compensation group compared to the non-compensation group (SMD = -0.35; 95% CI -0.70 to -0.01; p =.05). However, the quality of evidence was limited, mainly because of low quality study design and heterogeneity. Discussion: Being involved in a compensation process is associated with higher mental health complaints but three-quarters of the difference appeared to be already present at baseline. The findings of this study should be interpreted with caution because of the limited quality of evidence. The difference at baseline may be explained by a selection bias or more anger and blame about the accident in the compensation group. The difference between baseline and follow-up may be explained by secondary gain and secondary victimisation. Future research should involve assessment of exposure to compensation processes, should analyse and correct for baseline differences, and could examine the effect of time, compensation scheme design, and claim settlement on (mental) health. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Compensation process, Litigation, Mental health, Meta-analysis, Secondary gain, Secondary victimisation","Elbers, N. A., Hulst, L., Cuijpers, P., Akkermans, A. J., Bruinvels, D. J.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2011.11.025,0,0,
1599,Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder in US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans,"Background: Violence towards others in the community has been identified as a significant problem for a subset of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Aims: To investigate the extent to which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other risk factors predict future violent behaviour in military veterans. Method: A national, multiwave survey enrolling a random sample of all US veterans who served in the military after 11 September 2001 was conducted. A total of 1090 veterans from 50 US states and all military branches completed two survey waves mailed 1 year apart (retention rate = 79%). Results: Overall, 9% endorsed engaging in severe violence and 26% in other physical aggression in the previous year, as measured at Wave 2. Younger age, financial instability, history of violence before military service, higher combat exposure, PTSD, and alcohol misuse at Wave 1 were significantly associated with higher severe violence and other physical aggression in the past year at Wave 2. When combinations of these risk factors were present, predicted probability of violence in veterans rose sharply. Veterans with both PTSD and alcohol misuse had a substantially higher rate of subsequent severe violence (35.9%) compared with veterans with alcohol misuse without PTSD (10.6%), PTSD without alcohol misuse (10.0%) or neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse (5.3%). Using multiple regression, we found that veterans with PTSD and without alcohol misuse were not at significantly higher risk of severe violence than veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse. There was a trend for other physical aggression to be higher in veterans with PTSD without alcohol misuse. Conclusions: Co-occurring PTSD and alcohol misuse was associated with a marked increase in violence and aggression in veterans. Compared with veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse, veterans with PTSD and no alcohol misuse were not significantly more likely to be severely violent and were only marginally more likely to engage in other physical aggression. Attention to cumulative effects of multiple risk factors beyond diagnosis-including demographics, violence history, combat exposure, and veterans' having money to cover basic needs like food, shelter, transportation, and medical care-is crucial for optimising violence risk management. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Communities, Risk Factors, Violence","Elbogen, Eric B., Johnson, Sally C., Wagner, H. Ryan, Sullivan, Connor, Taft, Casey T., Beckham, Jean C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1600,The detection of genuine and malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of fake bad indices on the MMPI-2,"Individuals often attempt to malinger posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to secure financial gain, to secure treatment, or to avoid criminal charges from a crime. However, in the past it has been difficult to detect genuine from malingered PTSD, as differential diagnosis is complicated and PTSD is not a difficult disorder to fake. The aim of the present investigation was to explore the effect of symptom information of PTSD on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) responses, in order to detect malingered from genuine PTSD. Specifically, 64 men and women with PTSD presenting to an outpatient treatment program for the traumatic aftereffects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were compared with 85 men and women enrolled in several introductory psychology courses instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. Several validity and over-reporting indices of the (MMPI-2) were examined, including the Infrequency scale (F), Infrequency minus Infrequency Back Side scale (, F-Fb, ), Infrequency minus Correction scale (F-K), Infrequency-Psychopathology scale (F(p)), Dissimulation Scale-2 (Ds2), Obvious minus Subtle items (O-S), Total Obvious items (OT), and the Fake Bad Scale (FBS). A stepwise discriminant analysis found that F(p), F-K, and O-S were the best set of fake bad indices that predict malingering. A predictive discriminant analysis and jackknifed cross-validation procedure yielded good hit rates for the set of Predictors, with impressive cross-validation results. Last, cutting scores were assessed for the significant predictors, and compared to previously established cutting scores. Clinical applications of malingering PTSD on the (MMPI-2) are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Differential Diagnosis, *Knowledge Level, *Malingering, *Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms","Elhai, Jon D.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1601,Clinical presentations in combat veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder,"This article investigated subtypes of symptom patterns among male combat veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through a cluster analysis of their Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Graham, Ben-Porath, Tellegen, Dahlstrom, & Kaemmer, 2001) clinical and validity scales. Participants were 126 veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Two well-fitting MMPI-2 cluster solutions (a four-cluster solution and a three-cluster solution) were evaluated with several statistical methods. A four-cluster solution was determined to best fit the data, Follow-up analyses demonstrated between-cluster differences on MMPI-2 ""fake bad"" scales and content scales, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986), Mississippi Combat PTSD scale (M-PTSD; Keane, Caddall, & Taylor, 1988), and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1; Blake et al., 1990). Clusters also were different in disability-seeking status, employment status, and income. Implications for research and clinical practice using the MMPI-2 with combat veterans presenting with PTSD are briefly addressed. (copyright) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","adult, aged, article, Beck Depression Inventory, human, interview, major clinical study, male, mental disease, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, rating scale, self report, soldier","Elhai, J. D., Christopher Frueh, B., Davis, J. L., Jacobs, G. A., Hamner, M. B.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1602,"Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with or without reference to a single, worst traumatic event: Examining differences in factor structure","The authors examined the effects of a methodological manipulation on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist's factor structure: specifically, whether respondents were instructed to reference a single worst traumatic event when rating PTSD symptoms. Nonclinical, trauma-exposed participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 PTSD assessment conditions: referencing PTSD symptoms to their worst trauma (trauma-specific group, n = 218) or to their overall trauma history in general (trauma-general group, n = 234). A 3rd group of non-trauma-exposed participants (n = 464) rated PTSD symptoms globally from any stressful event. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors show that the 4-factor PTSD model proposed by D. W. King, G. A. Leskin, L. A. King, and F. W. Weathers (1998; separating effortful avoidance and emotional numbing) demonstrated the best model fit for trauma-general and non-trauma-exposed participants. The 4-factor PTSD model proposed by L. J. Simms, D. Watson, and B. N. Doebbeling (2002; emphasizing a general dysphoria factor) demonstrated the best model fit for trauma-specific participants. Measurement invariance testing revealed that non-trauma-exposed participants were different from both trauma-exposed groups on factor structure parameters, but trauma groups were not substantially different from each other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Experiences (Events), Methodology, Psychometrics","Elhai, Jon D., Engdahl, Ryan M., Palmieri, Patrick A., Naifeh, James A., Schweinle, Amy, Jacobs, Gerard A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1603,Measurement differences from rating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in response to differentially distressing traumatic events,"The authors explored differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a result of rating symptoms from two separate, differentially distressing traumatic events. In an initial sample of 400 nonclinical participants, the authors inquired through a web survey about previous psychological trauma, instructing participants to nominate their most distressing and second most distressing traumatic events experienced. Using the PTSD Checklist, participants rated their PTSD symptoms separately from these worst and second worst events. Using the four-factor emotional numbing PTSD model in confirmatory factor analysis, results demonstrated evidence supporting separation of PTSD symptom rating sets from two differentially distressing traumas-specifically, the worst and second worst events. Measurement invariance tests revealed that factor loadings did not vary between the worst and second worst event PTSD ratings; item thresholds (indexing symptom severity) differed. Results generally support the recommended PTSD assessment protocol instructing participants to rate PTSD symptoms from a single, worst index event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Trauma, Symptoms","Elhai, Jon D., Fine, Thomas H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1604,Diagnostic alterations for post-traumatic stress disorder: Examining data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and National Survey of Adolescents,"Background: Two alternative models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to represent the disorder's latent structure better than the traditional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) three-factor PTSD model. The present study examines the impact of using these structural models for the diagnosis of lifetime PTSD while retaining the DSM-IV PTSD's six-symptom diagnostic requirement. Method: Data were gathered from large-scale, epidemiological datasets collected with adults (National Comorbidity Survey Replication) and adolescents (National Survey of Adolescents). Two alternative, empirically supported four-factor models of PTSD were compared with the DSM-IV three-factor PTSD diagnostic model. Results: Results indicated that the diagnostic alterations resulted in substantially improved structural validity, downward adjustments of PTSD's lifetime prevalence (roughly 1 percentage point decreases in adults, 1-2.5 percentage point decreases in adolescents), and equivalent psychiatric co-morbidity and sociodemographic associations. Conclusions: Implications for modifying PTSD diagnostic criteria in future editions of DSM are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Elhai, Jon D., Ford, Julian D., Ruggiero, Kenneth J., Frueh, B. Christopher",2009.0,,,0,0,
1605,Subtypes of clinical presentations in malingerers of posttraumatic stress disorder: an MMPI-2 cluster analysis,"This paper investigated subtypes of individuals trained and instructed to malinger Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) through a cluster analysis of their Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) clinical and validity scales. Participants were 84 men and women college students at a community college in the southeastern United States. Two well fitting MMPI-2 cluster solutions were evaluated with discriminant analyses and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs); a 2-cluster solution was deemed optimal. Significant between-cluster differences emerged in follow-up analyses on most of the content scales of the MMPI-2. Most demographic variables did not account for differences in cluster membership. Clusters differed in their reported clarity of the materials used to educate them about PTSD. Discriminant analyses yielded better correct classification rates than those from previous studies, when the more severely symptomatic cluster was compared with a sample of clinical combat-related PTSD veterans. Implications are considered in conducting future malingered PTSD investigations.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, female, human, male, malingering, middle aged, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity","Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1606,Clinical presentations in combat veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder,"This article investigated subtypes of symptom patterns among male combat veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through a cluster analysis of their Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Graham, Ben-Porath, Tellegen, Dahlstrom, & Kaemmer, 2001) clinical and validity scales. Participants were 126 veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Two well-fitting MMPI-2 cluster solutions (a four-cluster solution and a three-cluster solution) were evaluated with several statistical methods. A four-cluster solution was determined to best fit the data. Follow-up analyses demonstrated between-cluster differences on MMPI-2 ""fake bad"" scales and content scales, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986), Mississippi Combat PTSD scale (M-PTSD; Keane, Caddall, & Taylor, 1988), and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1; Blake et al., 1990). Clusters also were different in disability-seeking status, employment status, and income. Implications for research and clinical practice using the MMPI-2 with combat veterans presenting with PTSD are briefly addressed.","Adult, Cluster Analysis, Disabled Persons/psychology, Employment, Humans, Income, Male, Middle Aged, *Personality Inventory, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*classification/*psychology, Veterans/*psychology","Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C., Davis, J. L., Jacobs, G. A., Hamner, M. B.",2003.0,Mar,10.1002/jclp.10135,0,0,1601
1607,Clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder across trauma populations: A comparison of MMPI-2 profiles of combat veterans and adult survivors of child sexual abuse,"This investigation examined differences in symptom patterns of two different trauma samples using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). MMPI-2s of 122 male combat veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD were compared with those of 64 PTSD-diagnosed adults seeking outpatient treatment for the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA). We examined variables related to degree of health concerns, depression, somatization, anger and hostility, masculine-feminine traits, paranoid ideation, anxiety, difficulties thinking and concentrating, elevated mood, and social introversion, as well as test-taking attitude. MANOVAs revealed between-group differences on several variables. However, when analyses controlled for the effect of age, nearly all differences disappeared; the only remaining difference was in a scale measuring anger. Thus, it appears CSA survivors and combat veterans are much more similar than different in their clinical presentation on the MMPI-2. Conceptual issues in the assessment of PTSD are discussed.",,"Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B., Gold, S. N., Hamner, M. B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1608,Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder,"We attempted to cross-validate findings from a previous study (Elhai, Gold, Sellers, and Dorfman, in press) using a clinical sample of combat-related war veterans to distinguish genuine from malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, and Kaemmer, 1989). The MMPI-2 scores of 124 male combat war veterans at the PTSD outpatient treatment program of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were compared with those of 84 adult college students instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. MMPI-2 overreporting variables examined were F, |F- Fb|, F - K, F(p), Ds2, O-S, OT, and FBS. A stepwise discriminant analysis identified F, |F- Fb|, F - K, Ds2, O-S, and OT as the best malingering predictors. A predictive discriminant analysis yielded good hit rates for the model with impressive cross-validation results. We assessed cutting scores for the predictors of the model. We discuss clinical implications for using the MMPI-2 to distinguish malingered PTSD from combat-related PTSD.","adult, article, college student, discriminant analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, malingering, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, validation process","Elhai, J. D., Gold, P. B., Christopher Frueh, B., Gold, S. N.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1609,Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder,"We attempted to cross-validate findings from a previous study (Elhai, Gold, Sellers, & Dorfman, in press) using a clinical sample of combat-related war veterans to distinguish genuine from malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). The MMPI-2 scores of 124 male combat war veterans at the PTSD outpatient treatment program of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were compared with those of 84 adult college students instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. MMPI-2 overreporting variables examined were F, F-Fb, F-K, F(p), Ds2, O-S, OT, and FBS. A stepwise discriminant analysis identified F. F-Fb, F-K, Ds2, O-S, and OT as the best malingering predictors. A predictive discriminant analysis yielded good hit rates for the model with impressive cross-validation results. We assessed cutting scores for the predictors of the model. We discuss clinical implications for using the MMPI-2 to distinguish malingered PTSD from combat-related PTSD.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Combat Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, MMPI/*standards, Male, Malingering/*diagnosis/*psychology, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Southeastern United States, Students/psychology, Universities, Veterans/*psychology","Elhai, J. D., Gold, P. B., Frueh, B. C., Gold, S. N.",2000.0,Dec,10.1207/s15327752jpa7503_06,0,0,1608
1610,The detection of malingered posttraumatic stress disorder with MMPI-2 fake bad indices,"This investigation explored the effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) simulation on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) responses, to detect malingered from genuine PTSD. Sixty-four adult PTSD outpatients at a child sexual abuse (CSA) survivor treatment program were compared with 85 adult college students instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. MMPI-2 overreporting indices examined were F, F-Fb, F-K, F(p), Ds2, O-S, OT, and FBS. A stepwise discriminant analysis identified F(p), F-K, and O-S as the best malingering predictors. A predictive discriminant analysis yielded good hit rates for the model, with impressive cross-validation results. Cutoff scores were assessed for the model's predictors. Clinical implications for detecting malingered PTSD using the MMPI-2 are discussed.","adult, article, comparative study, differential diagnosis, discriminant analysis, female, human, male, malingering, middle aged, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, validation study","Elhai, J. D., Gold, S. N., Sellers, A. H., Dorfman, W. I.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1611,Structural validity of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist among college students with a trauma history,"The authors conducted confirmatory factor analyses to test three-factor and four-factor models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the PTSD Checklist with college students reporting a traumatic event history. The authors found support for the three-factor DSM-IV-based PTSD diagnostic model including reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom factors, with slightly better support for a four-factor model separating the avoidance and numbing factors. Results further attest to the PTSD Checklist's construct validity, and to research finding that PTSD avoidance and numbing constructs are distinct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptom Checklists, *Test Validity, College Students, Life Experiences","Elhai, Jon D., Gray, Matt J., Docherty, Anna R., Kashdan, Todd B., Kose, Samet",2007.0,,,0,0,
1612,Utility of the Trauma Symptom Inventory's Atypical Response Scale in Detecting Malingered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"The authors examined the Trauma Symptom Inventory's (TSI) ability to discriminate 88 student post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) simulators screened for genuine PTSD from 48 clinical PTSD-diagnosed outpatients. Results demonstrated between-group differences on several TSI clinical scales and the Atypical Response (ATR) validity scale. Discriminant function analysis using ATR revealed 75% correct patient classification but only 48% correct simulator classification, with an overall correct classification rate of 59% (positive predictive power [PPP] = .71; negative predictive power [NPP] = .51). Individual ATR cutoff scores did not yield impressive classification results, with the optimal cutoff (T score = 61) correctly classifying only 61% of simulators and patients (PPP = .66, NPP = .54). Although ATR was not developed as a malingered PTSD screen, instead serving as a general validity screen, caution is recommended in its current clinical use for detecting malingered PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Inventories, *Malingering, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Screening, Test Validity","Elhai, Jon D., Gray, Matthew J., Naifeh, James A., Butcher, Jimmie J., Davis, Joanne L., Falsetti, Sherry A., Best, Connie L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1613,Posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5: Estimates of prevalence and symptom structure in a nonclinical sample of college students,"We empirically investigated recent proposed changes to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis for DSM-5 using a non-clinical sample. A web survey was administered to 585 college students using the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire to assess for trauma exposure but with additions for the proposed traumatic stressor changes in DSM-5 PTSD. For the 216 subjects endorsing previous trauma exposure and nominating a worst traumatic event, we administered the original PTSD Symptom Scale based on DSM-IV PTSD symptom criteria and an adapted version for DSM-5 symptoms, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. While 67% of participants endorsed at least one traumatic event based on DSM-IV PTSD's trauma classification, 59% of participants would meet DSM-5 PTSD's proposed trauma classification. Estimates of current PTSD prevalence were .4-1.8% points higher for the DSM-5 (vs. the DSM-IV) diagnostic algorithm. The DSM-5 symptom set fit the data very well based on confirmatory factor analysis, and neither symptom set's factors were more correlated with depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*College Students, *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Diagnosis, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Elhai, Jon D., Miller, Megan E., Ford, Julian D., Biehn, Tracey L., Palmieri, Patrick A., Frueh, B. Christopher",2012.0,,,0,0,
1614,Heterogeneity in clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder among medical patients: Testing factor structure variation using factor mixture modeling,"The present study used factor mixture modeling to explore empirically defined subgroups of psychological trauma victims based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and latent class analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. We sampled 310 medical patients with a history of trauma exposure. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 4-factor emotional numbing PTSD model yielded the best model fit. Using latent factor means derived from this model and the 4-factor dysphoria PTSD model (indexing severity on PTSD factors), 3 latent classes of participants were identified using factor mixture modeling. The 3-class model fit the data very well and was validated against external measures of anxiety and rumination. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Elhai, J. D., Naifeh, J. A., Forbes, D., Ractliffe, K. C., Tamburrino, M.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1615,Efficacy of specialized incest group psychotherapy in reducing symptoms of PTSD: 5 year follow-up of a randomized trial,"Objectives: Several studies have found that women who have experienced child sexual abuse (CSA) develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) related to their victimization experiences. The current study evaluated the presence of PTSD symptoms five years after discharge among adult women suffering from sequalae from CSA. Methods: This randomized prospective 5-year follow-up study included 106 women: 52 assigned to psychodynamic group psychotherapy and 54 assigned to systemic group psychotherapy. PTSD symptoms were evaluated at baseline, discharge and 1 and 5 years after discharge, using the crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder scale (CR-PTSD) from the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). ANOVA was performed using treatment group as a between factor and the four time points as repeated measures. Results: PTSD symptoms were significantly reduced during therapy for both groups (P < 0.000), but the systemic group exhibited significantly more reduction of PTSD symptoms than the analytic group (P < 0.002) at discharge. Difference in trajectories was found for the two groups (P > 0.005). No difference in reduction of PTSD symptoms was found between groups at 1 and 5 year follow-up. Conclusions: Symptoms of PTSD were reduced in women with a history of CSA participating in both analytic and systemic specialized incest group psychotherapy. Improvement was maintained for both groups at 5-year-follow-up. The trajectories of PTSD symptoms for the two groups differed significantly, however. Implications of the difference in trajectories for treatment planning will be discussed. The findings in the present study stress the importance of long-term follow-up studies in evidence-based research.","incest, follow up, psychiatry, group therapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, female, Symptom Checklist 90, child sexual abuse, treatment planning, evidence based practice, therapy, crime, adult, analysis of variance","Elkjaer, H., Kristensen, E., Mortensen, E. L., Poulsen, S., Lau, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1616,Testing alternative factor models of PTSD and the robustness of the dysphoria factor,"OBJECTIVES: This study first aimed to examine the structure of self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms using three different samples. The second aim of the paper was to test the robustness of the factor analytic model when depression scores were controlled for. DESIGN: Based on previous factor analytic findings and the DSM-IV formulation, six confirmatory factor models were specified and estimated that reflected different symptom clusters. The best fitting model was subsequently re-fitted to the data after including a depression variable. METHODS: The analyses were based on responses from 973 participants across three samples. Sample 1 consisted of 633 parents who were members of 'The National Association of Infant Death' and who had lost a child. Sample 2 consisted of 227 victims of rape, who completed a questionnaire within 4 weeks of the rape. Each respondent had been in contact with the Centre for Rape Victims (CRV) at the Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Sample 3 consisted of 113 refugees resident in Denmark. All participants had been referred to a treatment centre which focused on rehabilitating refugees through treatment for psychosocial integration problems (RRCF: Rehabliterings og Revliderings Centre for Flygtninge). In total 500 participants received a diagnosis of PTSD/sub-clinical PTSD (Sample 1, N=214; 2, N=176; 3, N=110). RESULTS: A correlated four-factor model with re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and arousal factors provided the best fit to the sample data. The average attenuation in the factor loadings was highest for the dysphoria factor (M=-.26, SD=.11) compared to the re-experiencing (M=-.14, SD=.18), avoidance (M=-.10, SD=.21), and arousal (M=-.09, SD=.13) factors. CONCLUSIONS: With regards to the best fitting factor model these results concur with previous research findings using different trauma populations but do not reflect the current DSM-IV symptom groupings. The attenuation of dysphoria factor loadings suggests that dysphoria is a non-specific component of PTSD.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Cluster Analysis, Depressive Disorder, Major/*psychology, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, *Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*psychology","Elklit, A., Armour, C., Shevlin, M.",2010.0,Jan,10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.002,0,0,
1617,Psychological adjustment one year after the diagnosis of breast cancer: A prototype study of delayed post-traumatic stress disorder,"Objective. The utilization of a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic framework for categorizing the psychological adjustment of breast cancer (BC) patients has been debated. We wanted to study the prevalence of PTSD and predictors for PTSD. Design. The current study is a one-year follow-up of 64 early BC patients. Methods. PTSD, subclinical PTSD, delayed onset PTSD and several theory-driven predictive variables were examined. Results. Thirteen per cent of the patients showed full symptoms of disease-related PTSD compared with 7% at the initial study (6 weeks after diagnosis). Considerable changes were observed in all PTSD clusters (intrusion, avoidance, and arousal), in most cases representing a decrease in symptom level. Immature defence style, emotional coping, avoidant behaviour, and negative affectivity were all implicated as predicting variables in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis which explained 65% of the variability of PTSD severity one year after diagnosis. Conclusions. This study highlights the PTSD diagnosis as being highly relevant in oncology settings. Early screening for the above-mentioned four variables may help early identification of the patients most at risk of developing PTSD. © 2010 The British Psychological Society.",,"Elklit, A., Blum, A.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1618,Acute Stress Disorder as a Predictor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Physical Assault Victims,"The authors' objective was to examine the ability of acute stress disorder (ASD) and other trauma-related factors in a group of physical assault victims in predicting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months later. Subjects included 214 victims of violence who completed a questionnaire 1 to 2 weeks after the assault, with 128 participating in the follow-up. Measures included the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and the Crisis Support Scale. Twenty-two percent met the full PTSD diagnosis and 22% a subclinical PTSD diagnosis. Previous lifetime shock due to a traumatic event happening to someone close, threats during the assault, and dissociation explained 56% of PTSD variance. Inability to express feelings, hypervigilance, impairment, and hopelessness explained another 15% of PTSD variance. The dissociative, the reexperiencing, the avoidant, and the arousal criteria of the ASD diagnosis correctly classified 79% of the subsequent PTSD cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Crime Victims, *Physical Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Disease Course, Onset (Disorders), Stress Reactions, Victimization","Elklit, Ask, Brink, Ole",2004.0,,,0,0,
1619,ASD and PTSD in rape victims,"In recent years, a number of studies have investigated the prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through the presence of acute stress disorder (ASD). The predictive power of ASD on PTSD was examined in a population of 148 female rape victims who visited a center for rape victims shortly after the rape or attempted rape. The PTSD diagnosis based solely on the three core symptom clusters was best identified by a subclinical ASD diagnosis based on all ASD criteria except dissociation. However, a full PTSD diagnosis including the A 2 and F criteria was best identified by classifying victims according to a full ASD diagnosis. Regardless of whether cases were classified according to full PTSD status or according to meeting the criteria for the three PTSD core symptom clusters, the classification was correct only in approximately two thirds of the cases. A regression analysis based on ASD severity and sexual problems following the rape accounted for only 28% of the PTSD severity variance. In conclusion, the ASD diagnosis is not an optimal method for identifying those most at risk for PTSD. It remains to be seen whether a better way can be found. © The Author(s) 2010.","Acute stress disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rape victims","Elklit, A., Christiansen, D. M.",2010.0,,,0,1,
1620,Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in female help-seeking victims of sexual assault,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common in the aftermath of rape and other sexual assault, but the risk factors leading to PTSD following rape have been shown to differ from those related to PTSD following nonsexual assault. This prospective study examined risk factors for PTSD severity in 148 female help-seeking victims of sexual assault. Approximately 70% of the victims experienced significant levels of traumatization, with 45% reporting symptoms consistent with a probable PTSD diagnosis. Regression analyses showed that relationship with the assailant, number of assailants, the nature of the assault, perceived positive social support, support satisfaction, feeling let down by others, and prior exposure to sexual trauma did not significantly predict PTSD severity at the final level of analysis. In accordance with suggestions by Dancu, Riggs, Hearst-Ikeda, and Shoyer (1996), it is suggested that this is partly caused by a very high degree of traumatization in the sample. Instead, previous nonsexual traumatic experiences and negative affectivity accounted for 30% of the variance in PTSD severity. Although more research is needed on risk factors of assault-related PTSD, these findings suggest that although sexual assault is associated with a high degree of PTSD severity, prior nonsexual victimization and high levels of negative affectivity appear to further increase the vulnerability toward developing symptoms of assault-related PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Rape, *Risk Factors, *Sex Offenses, *Victimization, Help Seeking Behavior, Human Females","Elklit, Ask, Christiansen, Dorte M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1621,Impact of traumatic events on posttraumatic stress disorder among Danish survivors of sexual abuse in childhood,"Childhood sexual abuse can be extremely traumatic and lead to lifelong symptomatology. The present study examined the impact of several demographic, abuse, and psychosocial variables on posttraumatic stress disorder severity among a consecutive sample of treatment-seeking, adult child sexual abuse survivors (N = 480). The child sexual abuse sample was characterized by severe trauma exposure, insecure attachment, and significant traumatization, with an estimated 77% suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, more than twice the level of the comparison group. Regression analyses revealed risk factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in which the strongest predictors being additional traumas, negative affectivity, and somatization. The findings add to existing research confirming the stressful nature of child sexual abuse and the variables that contribute to the development and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, *Stress, *Survivors, Child Abuse, Distress, Risk Factors","Elklit, Ask, Christiansen, Dorte M., Palic, Sabina, Karsberg, Sidsel, Eriksen, Sara Bek",2014.0,,,0,0,
1622,Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in different trauma samples,"BACKGROUND: The International Classification of Diseases, 11th version (ICD-11), proposes two related stress and trauma-related disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD). A diagnosis of CPTSD requires that in addition to the PTSD symptoms, an individual must also endorse symptoms in three major domains: (1) affective dysregulation, (2) negative self-concepts, and (3) interpersonal problems. This study aimed to determine if the naturally occurring distribution of symptoms in three groups of traumatised individuals (bereavement, sexual victimisation, and physical assault) were consistent with the ICD-11, PTSD, and CPTSD specification. The study also investigated whether these groups differed on a range of other psychological problems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants completed self-report measures of each symptom group and latent class analyses consistently found that a three class solution was best. The classes were ""PTSD only,"" ""CPTSD,"" and ""low PTSD/CPTSD."" These classes differed significantly on measures of depression, anxiety, dissociation, sleep disturbances, somatisation, interpersonal sensitivity, and aggression. The ""CPTSD"" class in the three samples scored highest on all the variables, with the ""PTSD only"" class scoring lower and the ""low PTSD/CPTSD"" class the lowest. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence to support the diagnostic structure of CPTSD and indicted that CPTSD is associated with a broad range of other psychological problems.","Icd-11, Ptsd, complex PTSD, latent class analysis, trauma","Elklit, A., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M.",2014.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221,0,0,
1623,Predicting criminality from child maltreatment typologies and posttraumatic stress symptoms,"Background: The associations between childhood abuse and subsequent criminality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are well known. However, a major limitation of research related to childhood abuse and its effects is the focus on one particular type of abuse at the expense of others. Recent work has established that childhood abuse rarely occurs as a unidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, a number of studies have investigated the existence of abuse typologies. Methods: The study is based on a Danish stratified random probability survey including 2980 interviews of 24-year-old people. The sample was constructed to include an oversampling of child protection cases. Building on a previous latent class analysis of four types of childhood maltreatment, three maltreatment typologies were used in the current analyses. A criminality scale was constructed based on seven types of criminal behavior. PTSD symptoms were assessed by the PC-PTSD Screen. Results: Significant differences were found between the two genders with males reporting heightened rates of criminality. Furthermore, all three maltreatment typologies were associated with criminal behavior with odds ratios (ORs) from 2.90 to 5.32. Female gender had an OR of 0.53 and possible PTSD an OR of 1.84. Conclusion: The independent association of participants at risk for PTSD and three types of maltreatment with criminality should be studied to determine if it can be replicated, and considered in social policy and prevention and rehabilitation interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Criminal Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnostic Typologies, Symptoms","Elklit, Ask, Karstoft, Karen-Inge, Armour, Cherie, Feddern, Dagmar, Christoffersen, Mogens",2013.0,,,0,1,
1624,Predicting criminality from child maltreatment typologies and posttraumatic stress symptoms,"BACKGROUND: The associations between childhood abuse and subsequent criminality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are well known. However, a major limitation of research related to childhood abuse and its effects is the focus on one particular type of abuse at the expense of others. Recent work has established that childhood abuse rarely occurs as a unidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, a number of studies have investigated the existence of abuse typologies. METHODS: The study is based on a Danish stratified random probability survey including 2980 interviews of 24-year-old people. The sample was constructed to include an oversampling of child protection cases. Building on a previous latent class analysis of four types of childhood maltreatment, three maltreatment typologies were used in the current analyses. A criminality scale was constructed based on seven types of criminal behavior. PTSD symptoms were assessed by the PC-PTSD Screen. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the two genders with males reporting heightened rates of criminality. Furthermore, all three maltreatment typologies were associated with criminal behavior with odds ratios (ORs) from 2.90 to 5.32. Female gender had an OR of 0.53 and possible PTSD an OR of 1.84. CONCLUSION: The independent association of participants at risk for PTSD and three types of maltreatment with criminality should be studied to determine if it can be replicated, and considered in social policy and prevention and rehabilitation interventions.","Childhood maltreatment, criminal behavior, emotional abuse, latent classes, national representative study, posttraumatic stress disorder, sexual abuse","Elklit, A., Karstoft, K. I., Armour, C., Feddern, D., Christoffersen, M.",2013.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19825,0,1,1623
1625,Post-traumatic stress disorder in a Danish population of elderly bereaved,"The objectives of this study were to examine psychological sequalae of loss of a spouse in late life especially the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and possible predictors of PTSD and symptom development. Fifty-four bereaved Danes (mean age 75 years) from five geographically different areas were studied by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), and the Crisis Support Scale (CSS). One month after the loss, 27% of the subjects had PTSD. Six months after the loss, this number decreased to 17%; if the A2 criterion was dismissed, the number increased to 24%. Lack of expressive ability, numbing, fear of death or illness, and helplessness in relation to the loss predicted 73% of the variance of the HTQ-total scores. The study concluded that for a considerable number of elderly, losing a spouse in late life appeared to be a traumatic experience. Pre- and peritraumatic factors together with numbing were important predictors of traumatization. Research implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Death and Dying, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spouses, *Symptoms","Elklit, Ask, ""OConnor, Maja""",2005.0,,,0,0,
1626,The crisis support scale: Psychometric qualities and further validation,"The objective of the present study was to provide a further validation of the Crisis Support Scale, which is a short scale for measuring social support after a crisis has occurred. The data from eleven trauma studies of 4213 subjects were used to investigate the psychometric properties of the scale and the differences that emerge due to age, gender, and type of trauma. The scale appears to be very robust. Some aspects of crisis support seem to decrease as time goes by while others increase. Women survivors report less support than men both right after the trauma and later on. The younger survivors tend to report the least support in the acute phase although this picture is reversed later on. The various types of trauma have different item profiles, which supports the concurrent validity of the scale. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Crisis support, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Social support, Validation","Elklit, A., Pedersen, S. S., Jind, L.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1627,The structure of PTSD symptoms: A test of alternative models using confirmatory factor analysis,"Objectives. This study aimed to examine the structure of self-reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Design. Based on previous factor analytic findings and the DSM-IV formulation six confirmatory factor models were specified and estimated that reflected different symptom clusters. Methods. The analyses were based on responses from 1116 participants who had suffered whiplash injuries and screened for full or subclinical PTSD using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Results. A correlated four-factor model with re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria and arousal factors fitted the data very well. Correlations with criteria measures showed that these factors were associated with other trauma related variables in a theoretically predictable way and showed evidence of unique predictive utility. Conclusions. These results concur with previous research findings using different trauma populations but do not reflect the current DSM-IV symptom groupings. © 2007 The British Psychological Society.",,"Elklit, A., Shevlin, M.",2007.0,,,0,1,
1628,Content not quantity is a better measure of muscle degeneration in whiplash,"Whiplash associated disorder (WAD) represents an enormous economic, social and personal burden. Five out of 10 people with WAD never fully recover and up to 25% continue to have moderate to severe pain-related disability. Unfortunately, clear and definitive reasons as to why half of individuals with WAD recover uneventfully and the other half do not, remain elusive. Identifying the factors that can reliably predict outcome holds considerable importance for not only WAD, but arguably for other acute musculoskeletal traumas. The precise pathology present in WAD has been controversial and often biased by outdated models. Fortunately, a combination of new measurement technology that illuminates pain processing, physical and social functioning and post-traumatic stress responses (and possibly markers of altered muscle size/shape/physiology) is providing a clearer picture of the multisystem pathophysiology in individuals with persistent WAD. The aim of this professional issues paper is to illuminate the clinical and research communities with regards to the growing body of knowledge for determining the trajectory of a patient with whiplash. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","MRI, Muscle, Pathophysiology, Whiplash","Elliott, J. M., Kerry, R., Flynn, T., Parrish, T. B.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1629,Differential changes in muscle composition exist in traumatic and nontraumatic neck pain,"STUDY DESIGN.: A population based cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE.: To clarify relative constituents of viable muscle in 2-dimensional cross-sectional area (CSA) measures of ventral and dorsal cervical muscles in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), idiopathic neck pain, and healthy controls. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Previous data using T1-weighted magnetic resonance image demonstrated large amounts of neck muscle fat infiltration and increased neck muscle CSA in patients with chronic WAD but not in idiopathic neck pain or healthy controls. METHODS.: Magnetic resonance images were obtained for 14 cervical muscle regions in 136 females, including 79 with chronic whiplash, 23 with chronic idiopathic neck pain, and 34 healthy controls. RESULTS.: Without fat removed, relative CSA of 7 of 14 muscle regions in the participants with chronic WAD was larger, 3 of 14 smaller and 4 of 14 similar to healthy individuals. When T1-weighted signal representing the lipid content of these muscles was removed, 8 of 14 relative muscle CSA in patients with whiplash were similar, 5 of 14 were smaller and only 1 of 14 was larger than those observed in healthy controls. Removal of fat from the relative CSA measurement did not alter findings between participants with idiopathic neck pain and healthy controls. CONCLUSION.: These findings clarify that previous reports of increased relative CSA in patients with chronic whiplash represent cervical muscle pseudohypertrophy. Relative muscle CSA measures reveal atrophy in several muscles in both patients with WAD and idiopathic neck pain, which supports inclusion of muscle conditioning in the total management of these patients. © 2013, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Idiopathic, Magnetic resonance imaging, Muscle, Neck pain, Pain, whiplash","Elliott, J. M., Pedler, A. R., Jull, G. A., Van Wyk, L., Galloway, G. G., ""OLeary, S. P.""",2014.0,,10.1097/BRS.0000000000000033,0,0,
1630,Patterns of treatment response in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: An application of latent growth mixture modeling,"This study attempts to differentiate groups of individuals who exhibit different patterns of recovery following treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and describes these groups in terms of relevant characteristics at program intake. A sample of 2,219 Vietnam veterans who had completed a 12-week treatment program was followed up at 6, 12, and 24 months post admission using self-report measures. With change in PTSD symptoms over time as the focus, latent growth mixture modeling was used to assign individual veterans to subgroups. A three-group solution provided the best account of the data. Two groups showed moderate and consistent improvement over time although the larger group (n = 1,380) began treatment with more PTSD symptoms and improved more quickly over time. The smallest group (n = 87) showed a substantially different trajectory, with almost no net change in symptom levels over the 24-month period. The groups also varied significantly in terms of their characteristics, with symptom severity and improvements over time reflecting greater comorbidity and younger age. The results have both research and clinical implications. (copyright) 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, alcohol consumption, anxiety, article, controlled study, depression, follow up, health program, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, Viet Nam","Elliott, P., Biddle, D., Hawthorne, G., Forbes, D., Creamer, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1631,Resilience in the initial year of caregiving for a family member with a traumatic spinal cord injury,"Objective: Individuals who assume caregiving duties for a family member disabled in a traumatic injury often exhibit considerable distress, yet few studies have examined characteristics of those who may be resilient in the initial year of caregiving. Reasoning from the influential Pearlin model of caregiving (Pearlin & Aneshensel, 1994) and the resilience process model (Bonanno, 2005), we expected a significant minority of caregivers would be chronically distressed and another group would be resilient throughout the inaugural year of caregiving for a person with a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), and these groups would differ significantly in primary and secondary stress and in personal resources and mediators. Method: Twenty men and 108 women who identified as caregivers for a family member who incurred a traumatic SCI consented to complete measures during the inpatient rehabilitation and at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months postdischarge. Results: Latent growth mixture modeling of depression symptoms over time revealed 3 groups of caregivers: chronic (24%), recovery (24%) and resilient (48%). The chronic group reported more anxiety, negative affect, and ill health than the other 2 groups throughout the year. The resilient group was best characterized by their enduring levels of positive affect and supportive social networks. Conclusions: A large percentage of individuals are resilient in the initial year of caregiving, and those who have problems adapting exhibit significant distress soon following the traumatic event. Early detection of and psychological interventions for individuals who have difficulty adjusting are indicated, as their distress is unlikely to abate untreated over the year. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Disability, Family caregiving, Resilience, Spinal cord injury, Trauma","Elliott, T. R., Berry, J. W., Richards, J. S., Shewchuk, R. M.",2014.0,,10.1037.a0037593,0,1,
1632,"Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans","Objective: We examined the prospective influence of the resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality prototypes on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. After accounting for the possible influence of combat exposure, we expected that the resilient prototype would predict lower depression and PTSD over time and would be associated with adaptive coping strategies, higher social support, lower psychological inflexibility, and higher self-reported resilience relative to overcontrolled and undercontrolled prototypes, independent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) status. Method: One hundred twenty-seven veterans (107 men, 20 women; average age = 37) participated in the study. Personality was assessed at baseline, and PTSD and depression symptoms were assessed 8 months later. Path analysis was used to test the direct and indirect effects of personality on distress. Results: No direct effects were observed from personality to distress. The resilient prototype did have significant indirect effects on PTSD and depression through its beneficial effects on social support, coping and psychological inflexibility. TBI also had direct effects on PTSD. Conclusions: A resilient personality prototype appears to influence veteran adjustment through its positive associations with greater social support and psychological flexibility, and lower use of avoidant coping. Low social support, avoidant coping, and psychological inflexibility are related to overcontrolled and undercontrolled personality prototypes, and these behaviors seem to characterize veterans who experience problems with depression and PTSD over time. A positive TBI status is directly and prospectively associated with PTSD symptomology independent of personality prototype. Implications for clinical interventions and future research are discussed. © American Psychological Association.","Combat exposure, Depression, PTSD, Resilience, Traumatic brain injury","Elliott, T. R., Hsiao, Y. Y., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., Kwok, O. M., Morissette, S. B.",2015.0,,10.1037/rep0000050,0,0,
1633,Multi-tier mental health program for refugee youth,"Objective: We sought to establish that refugee youths who receive a multi-tiered approach to services, Project SHIFA, would show high levels of engagement in treatment appropriate to their level of mental health distress, improvements in mental health symptoms, and a decrease in resource hardships. Method: Study participants were 30 Somali and Somali Bantu refugee youths in the English language learner classroom in a middle school in New England. Project SHIFA is a multi-tiered program including prevention and community resilience building for the community at large, school-based early intervention groups for at-risk students, and direct intervention using an established trauma model (trauma systems therapy) for those with significant psychological distress. Data were collected from students at time of enrollment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. Measures used were the War Trauma Screening Scale, Adolescent Post-War Adversities Scale-Somali version, UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV (Revision 1), and the Depression Self-Rating Scale. Results: Students across all tiers of the program demonstrated improvements in mental health and resources. Resource hardships were significantly associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder over time, and the stabilization of resource hardships coincided with significant improvements in symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder for the top tier of participants. Conclusions: Project SHIFA is a promising model of treatment for young refugees. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","mental health, refugees, school-based, Somali","Ellis, B. H., Miller, A. B., Abdi, S., Barrett, C., Blood, E. A., Betancourt, T. S.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0029844,0,0,
1634,Individual and collective traumatic memories: A qualitative study of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in two Latin American localities,"A qualitative analysis of material from a number of field trips to small villages in Peru and Colombia, showing the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to be culture related. In Peru, the author interviewed 8 trauma-affected persons exposed to war, as well as 2 psychologists and 4 anthropologists working in the area. In Colombia, the author interviewed 7 war survivors, 3 anthropologists, and 4 psychologists. The author states that when a local community consists of collective functional units, as in some Peruvian villages, people tend to react with more than just conventional PTSD symptoms. Such a community also tends to believe that traumatic memory should be treated with crisis intervention. This contrasts with some villages in Colombia where people are more individualistically oriented, and reactions to trauma are more concerned with guilt and shame. In Peru, psychosocial work is carried out mostly by strengthening the construction of the local community, whereas in Colombia, individual psychological interventions are more widely used and accepted. The study demonstrates that traumatic memory should be considered in both collective and individual aspects, depending on the underlying organization of society and culture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Collective Behavior, *Community Attitudes, *Cross Cultural Differences, *Individuality, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Crisis Intervention, Memory, Psychosocial Factors, War","Elsass, Peter",2001.0,,,0,0,
1635,Memory performance and dysfunctional cognitions in recent trauma victims and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder,"In order to investigate whether cognitive dysregulation contributed to memory impairment in trauma patients, recent trauma victims, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and healthy controls were compared with regard to verbal memory and dysfunctional cognitions. There were no significant group differences with regard to verbal memory. Concerning dysfunctional cognitions, recent trauma victims hardly differed from controls, unlike PTSD patients, who showed more negative appraisal, more dysfunctional thought control strategies and externality than controls. None of them were related to memory performance in the recent trauma group, and there was a negative correlation with distraction strategy in PTSD patients. In recent trauma victims, negative appraisal increased with time since the trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitions, *Emotional Trauma, *Memory, *Performance, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Elsesser, Karin, Sartory, Gudrun",2007.0,,,0,0,
1636,Attributional style and anxiety sensitivity as maintenance factors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A prospective examination of a diathesis-stress model,"Diathesis-stress models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assert that traumatic events function as stressors that interact with vulnerabilities to influence the development of PTSD. The present study prospectively examined negative attributional style (NAS) and anxiety sensitivity (AS) as maintenance factors for PTSD in female adult sexual assault victims. A diathesis-stress model was tested by examining interactions between the vulnerabilities and negative life events. The present study included both the traditional three-factor model of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance and emotional numbing, and arousal) and the dysphoria four-factor model of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance, arousal, and dysphoria). Robust regression analyses revealed that negative life events at Time 2 significantly predicted increases in all clusters of the three-factor model (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance and numbing, and arousal) and the re-experiencing, arousal, and dysphoria clusters of the four-factor model (but not avoidance). Neither NAS nor AS significantly independently predicted any of the symptom clusters for either model. Both NAS and AS interacted with negative life events to predict increases in the avoidance and numbing symptoms. However, examination of the dysphoria four-factor model of PTSD revealed that the NAS and AS interactions with negative life events only predicted dysphoria symptoms. © 2009.","Anxiety sensitivity, Attributional style, Diathesis-stress, PTSD","Elwood, L. S., Mott, J., Williams, N. L., Lohr, J. M., Schroeder, D. A.",2009.0,,,0,1,
1637,Predictors of rape: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents,"The current report examines data for 872 female adolescents obtained during the initial and follow-up interviews of the National Survey of Adolescents, a nationally representative sample. Lifetime prevalence of violence exposure reported was 12% and 13% for sexual assault, 19% and 10% for physical assault/punishment, and 33% and 26% for witnessing violence at Waves I and II, respectively. Racial/ethnic status, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and family drug problems emerged as significant predictors of new rape. Each of the PTSD symptom clusters significantly predicted new rape and analyses supported the mediational role of PTSD between CSA and new rape. African American or other racial identity was associated with lower risk. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Elwood, L. S., Smith, D. W., Resnick, H. S., Gudmundsdottir, B., Amstadter, A. B., Hanson, R. F., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1638,Hypohydration and acute thermal stress affect mood state but not cognition or dynamic postural balance,"Equivocal findings have been reported in the few studies that examined the impact of ambient temperature (T a) and hypohydration on cognition and dynamic balance. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of acute exposure to a range of ambient temperatures (T a 10-40 C) in euhydration (EUH) and hypohydration (HYP) states on cognition, mood and dynamic balance. Thirty-two men (age 22 ± 4 years, height 1.80 ± 0.05 m, body mass 85.4 ± 10.8 kg) were grouped into four matched cohorts (n = 8), and tested in one of the four T a (10, 20, 30, 40 C) when EUH and HYP (-4 % body mass via exercise-heat exposure). Cognition was assessed using psychomotor vigilance, 4-choice reaction time, matching to sample, and grammatical reasoning. Mood was evaluated by profile of mood states and dynamic postural balance was tested using a Biodex Balance System. Thermal sensation (TS), core (T core) and skin temperature (T sk) were obtained throughout testing. Volunteers lost -4.1 ± 0.4 % body mass during HYP. T sk and TS increased with increasing T a, with no effect of hydration. Cognitive performance was not altered by HYP or thermal stress. Total mood disturbance (TMD), fatigue, confusion, anger, and depression increased during HYP at all T a. Dynamic balance was unaffected by HYP, but 10 C exposure impaired balance compared to all other T a. Despite an increase in TMD during HYP, cognitive function was maintained in all testing environments, demonstrating cognitive resiliency in response to body fluid deficits. Dynamic postural stability at 10 C appeared to be hampered by low-grade shivering, but was otherwise maintained during HYP and thermal stress. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA).","Dehydration, Postural stability, Profile of mood states, Skin temperature, Thermal sensation","Ely, B. R., Sollanek, K. J., Cheuvront, S. N., Lieberman, H. R., Kenefick, R. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1639,The relationship between dating violence and psychosocial problems in a sample of adolescent pregnancy termination patients,"The relationship between dating violence and 13 psychosocial problems, conceptually organized into three symptom clusters - depressive, family problem, and posttraumatic stress - was investigated in a sample of adolescent pregnancy termination patients, ages 14 to 21. Results of a multivariate multiple-regression analysis indicated that, after controlling for age, ethnicity, general aggression problems, and problems with peers, dating violence was significantly related with the symptoms clusters. At the univariate level, the results suggested that dating violence was significantly related with self-esteem problems, guilt, and suicidal thinking from the depressive symptoms cluster and with guilt and stress from the posttraumatic stress cluster. The implications of these findings are discussed. (copyright) 2009 Springer Publishing Company.","adolescent, adolescent pregnancy, adult, article, dating violence, depression, family life, female, human, human experiment, multiple regression, normal human, peer group, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy termination, psychosocial disorder, self esteem, sexual crime, suicidal ideation","Ely, G. E., Nugent, W. R., Flaherty, C.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1640,Nightmare treatment pilot with a Story-line Alteration Technique,"Introduction: There are few contemporary clinical reports focusing on the direct treatment of nightmares. Treatments for nightmare disorder can be categorised as follows: (1) Psychoanalytic and cathartic techniques; (2) Story-line alteration procedures; (3) Face and conquer approaches; and (4) Related behavioural techniques. The aim of this study was to implement a Story-line Alteration Technique (SLAT) in a sample of university students who reported experiencing at least one nightmare per week. It was hypothesised that the participants receiving SLAT would show a significant decrease in nightmare frequency in comparison to a control group who received a Systematic desensitisation (SysD) treatment. Participants: The participants were 20 students from Victoria University 5 men and 15 women aged between 18-31 years (M = 21.6 and SD = 3.4). Materials: Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire (NFQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the PSQI Addendum for PTSD (PSQI-A), Nightmare Effects survey (NES), Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Profile of Mood States (POMS-37 item/POMS-SF) were administered. Procedure: The 10 participants that formed the experimental group received the SLAT treatment and the 10 participants that formed the control group received the SysD treatment. Subsequently all participants completed pre-treatment measures before receiving the treatment CD's. Upon completion of the treatment participants filled-in post-treatment measures. Results: Wilcoxon-signed ranks tests showed that the difference between pre-post treatment measures (NFQ & PSQI) in experimental group were significant (z = -2.82, p <.05) and (z = -2.72, p <.05) respectively. The median difference post-treatment between the experimental SLAT group and control SysD group was 2 nightmares per week, with the experimental group reporting less nightmares. A Mann-Whitney U-test found the difference to be significant (U = 13.0, N1 = 11, N2 = 9, p =.004, one-tailed). Discussion: The SLAT treatment delivered via a treatment CD was shown to significantly reduce nightmare frequency in comparison to SysD treatment CD. This suggests that direct treatment of nightmares should be incorporated into various forms of psychotherapy because it can immediately improve sleep quality and this may improve therapeutic outcomes.","laxative, nightmare, sleep, biodiversity, control group, university student, student, university, psychotherapy, questionnaire, posttraumatic stress disorder, diagnosis, Profile of Mood States, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, rank sum test, female","Elzo, F., Kennedy, G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1641,Morphometric and psychometric comparisons between non-substance-abusing patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and normal controls,"Background: Hippocampal decrease in size in response to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is still a subject of controversy. The aims of this study were to: (1) confirm previous hippocampus findings in PTSD patients compared to controls, using ethnically similar study groups where alcohol and drug abuse were non-existent; (2) test influence of disease duration as well as depression scores on possible morphological changes; (3) test whether the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) data confirm the group differences seen in the region of interest (ROI) analysis, and (4) test the associations between the cognitive test scores and the morphological changes. Methods: VBM and ROI-based analysis were applied in 23 patients and 17 healthy controls. Culture-neutral cognitive tests were used. Results: The ROI-based method showed significantly decreased gray matter volumes for global hippocampal volume, as in a separate analysis of left and right sides in the PTSD group. Total volume of the hippocampus was significantly decreased on the left side, as in the global assessment. A multiple regression VBM model showed significant voxel clusters for group affiliation in the right hippocampus, modelling lowering of gray matter associated with the PTSD group. Disease duration was shown to be negatively correlated to bilateral hippocampal volume and high depression score to bilateral gray matter parahippocampal volume. No significant correlations were found between hippocampal or parahippocampal volumes and cognitive functions. Conclusion: The present and previous studies showed that morphologic differences do not appear to be due to drug or alcohol abuse. The VBM data partially confirm the group differences seen in the ROI-based method in the medial temporal lobe. The fact that the significantly lower score on the short-term memory test in the PTSD group is not correlated to hippocampal volume may suggest a more general basis for such memory impairment. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Cognition, Hippocampus, Memory, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Voxel-based morphometry","Emdad, R., Bonekamp, D., Söndergaard, H. P., Björklund, T., Agartz, I., Ingvar, M., Theorell, T.",2006.0,,,0,1,
1642,An inquiry into post-traumatic stress disorder and child abuse among Salvadoran refugees: The after-effects of war,"This study examined the prevalence with which Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurred among Salvadoran refugees and whether such stress was a factor that was related to abusing their children. Two groups of Salvadorian refugees (child abuse perpetrators, n = 15; non-perpetrators, n = 15) were administered a demographic questionnaire, the Hispanic Stress Inventory, and the Civilian Mississippi Scale for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. An open-ended interview was also conducted. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between the groups on Immigration Stress, Marital Stress, Parental Stress, Occupational/Economic Stress, and Family/Culture Stress, despite the fact that the linear combination of these variables significantly differentiated the groups. Stress scores for both groups were within the normal range. Child abusers were found, however, to have significantly more symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder than non-abusers. Qualitative analyses indicated a gender influence in revealing traumatic experiences in that no males volunteered traumatic experiences. These findings are discussed in light of the relevant literature and directions for future research are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *War","Emerick, Timothy John",2002.0,,,0,0,
1643,History and Future of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS),"This article describes the teenage vision of the founder of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) that humanity's future would be aided by the therapeutic and spiritual potential of psychedelic substances. The article traces the trajectory of MAPS from inception in 1986 to its present, noting future goals with respect to research, outreach, and harm reduction. MAPS was created as a non-profit psychedelic pharmaceutical company in response to the 1985 scheduling of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Overcoming many hurdles, MAPS developed the first double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and plans for FDA prescription approval in 2021. MAPS' program of research expanded to include a trial of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety when facing life-threatening illness, observational studies of ibogaine in the treatment of addiction, and studies of MDMA for social anxiety in people with autism spectrum disorders. MAPS meets the challenges of drug development through a clinical research team led by a former Novartis drug development professional experienced in the conduct, monitoring, and analysis of clinical trials. MAPS' harm-reduction efforts are intended to avoid backlash and build a post-prohibition world by assisting non-medical users to transform difficult psychedelic experiences into opportunities for growth. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","harm reduction, LSD, MDMA, psychotherapy, PTSD","Emerson, A., Ponté, L., Jerome, L., Doblin, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1644,The performance of the full information maximum likelihood estimator in multiple regression models with missing data,,,"Enders, C. K.",2001.0,,10.1177/00131640121971482,0,0,
1645,The impact of nonnormality on full information maximum-likelihood estimation for structural equation models with missing data,,,"Enders, C. K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1646,Multidimensional Assessment of Coping: A Critical Evaluation,,,"Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
1647,Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and personality profiles of American World War II prisoners of war,"To characterize the effects of trauma sustained more than 40 years ago, prevalence of psychiatric disorders and personality dimensions were examined in a sample of 62 former World War II POWs. The negative effects of their experiences are reflected in their multiple lifetime diagnoses and in their current personality profiles. Fifty percent met DSM-III posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria within 1 year of release; 18 (29%) continued to meet the criteria 40 years later at examination (chronic PTSD). A lifetime diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder was found for over half the entire sample; in 42% of those who never had PTSD, 38% of those with recovery from PTSD, and 94% of those with chronic PTSD. Ten percent of those without a PTSD diagnosis had experienced a depressive disorder, as had 23% of those with recovery from PTSD and 61% of the POWs with chronic PTSD. The combination of depressive and anxiety disorders also was frequent in the total sample (61%). Current MMPIs of three groups with psychiatric diagnoses were compared with those of POWs who had no diagnoses and with a group of Minnesota normal men. Profile elevations for the groups, from highest to lowest, were: POWs with chronic PTSD, POWs with recovery from PTSD, POWs with other psychiatric diagnoses, POWs with no disorders, and Minnesota normal men. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic concerns combined with the personality styles of suppression and denial characterize the current adjustment of negatively affected POWs.","adult, anxiety, article, depression, human, major clinical study, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prisoner, war","Engdahl, B. E., Speed, N., Eberly, R. E., Schwartz, J.",1991.0,,,0,0,
1648,Comparing posttraumatic stress disorder's symptom structure between deployed and nondeployed veterans,"We tested two empirically validated 4-factor models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms using the PTSD Checklist: King, Leskin, King, and Weathers' (1998) model including reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal factors, and Simms, Watson, and Doebbeling's (2002) model including reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal. Our aim was to determine which fit better in two groups of military veterans: peacekeepers previously deployed to a war zone (deployed group) and those trained for peacekeeping operations who were not deployed (nondeployed group). We compared the groups using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Adequate model fit was demonstrated among the nondeployed group, with no significant difference between King et al.'s (1998) model (separating avoidance and numbing) and Simms et al.'s (2002) similar model involving a dysphoria factor. A better fitting factor structure consistent with Simms et al.'s (2002) model was found in the deployed group. Comprehensive measurement invariance testing demonstrated significant differences between the deployed and nondeployed groups on all structural parameters, except observed variable intercepts (thus indicating similarities only in PTSD item severity). These findings add to researchers' understanding of PTSD's factor structure, given the revision of PTSD that will appear in the forthcoming 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2010)-namely, that the factor structure may be quite different between groups with and without exposure to major traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Military Deployment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Military Veterans","Engdahl, Ryan M., Elhai, Jon D., Richardson, J. Don, Frueh, B. Christopher",2011.0,,,0,0,
1649,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and precombat sexual and physical abuse in desert storm veterans,,,"Engel, C. C., Jr., Engel, A. L., Campbell, S. J., McFall, M. E., Russo, J., Katon, W.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1650,The Sensory Profile of People With Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms,"Thirty participants with post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and 30 healthy controls completed the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS-SR) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP). Participants with PTS symptoms vacillated between sensory sensitivity, sensation avoiding, and low registration. Sensation avoiding and low registration correlated with intrusive thoughts related to PTS. Discriminant Analysis classified 73% of the study group and 80% of the controls. PTS may be related to hypersensitivity and low registration. Further studies about the sensory profile of people with PTS symptoms may contribute to research and optimize evaluation and intervention for people with PTSD. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","post-traumatic stress, sensory processing, sensory sensitivity","Engel-Yeger, B., Palgy-Levin, D., Lev-Wiesel, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1651,Predicting fears of intimacy among individuals with post-traumatic stress symptoms by their sensory profile,"Introduction: The purpose of the research was: (1) to compare fears of intimacy between people with post-traumatic stress symptoms and healthy controls; (2) to examine the relationships between sensory processing patterns and fears of intimacy among people with post-traumatic stress symptoms; (3) to examine the ability of post-traumatic stress symptoms and sensory processing patterns to predict fears of intimacy. Method: The study consisted of 60 people between 24 and 62 years old. Thirty of the participants had post-traumatic stress symptoms and the other 30 were healthy controls. All participants were involved in an intimate relationship. Participants completed the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale, the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile, and the Fear of Close Personal Relationship Questionnaire. Findings: Higher prevalence of extreme sensory sensitivity, avoidance, and low registration was found among the study group. These patterns significantly correlated with impaired emotional responses associated with intimacy. Low registration and group membership predicted fears of intimacy. Conclusion: Sensory processing difficulties may contribute to the impaired intimate relationships of people with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Occupational therapists may help people with post-traumatic stress symptoms to be aware of their sensory processing difficulties and their impact on social/intimate relationships. This awareness may contribute to the person's ability to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms, enable better emotional performance, and elevate quality of life. © The Author(s) 2014.","Intimate relationships, Post-traumatic stress, Sensory processing","Engel-Yeger, B., Palgy-Levin, D., Lev-Wiesel, R.",2015.0,,10.1177/0308022614557628,0,0,
1652,"Low specificity of symptoms on the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom Scale: A comparison of individuals with PTSD, individuals with other anxiety disorders and individuals without psychopathology","Objectives: Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) takes place in clinical and research settings where diagnostic interviews are not feasible, and typically relies on self-report instruments like the PTSD symptom scale (PSS). Concerns have been raised about the specificity of PTSD symptoms assessed by questionnaires. This study examined whether the PSS distinguishes between patients with PTSD and those with other anxiety disorders or healthy controls. Design: A between-participants design was employed. Methods: The participants were 65 individuals with PTSD, 40 individuals with other anxiety disorders and 40 healthy controls. They completed the PSS with respect to a range of stressful life-events. Results: Using this instrument, 86% of individuals with PTSD and 5% of healthy controls endorsed sufficient symptoms to meet the PTSD diagnosis. This was also the case for 43% of individuals with other anxiety disorders, and self-reported symptoms related to traumatic events and aversive events that are generally not considered traumatic. Conclusions: The findings suggest that many people screened positive for PTSD may actually be suffering from another anxiety disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Psychopathology, Measurement, Self Report, Symptoms","Engelhard, Iris M., Arntz, Arnoud, van den Hout, Marcel A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1653,Changing for Better or Worse? Posttraumatic Growth Reported by Soldiers Deployed to Iraq,"There has been increased interest in self-perceived posttraumatic growth, but few longitudinal studies have focused on its relationship with posttraumatic stress. Self-perceived growth is generally thought to facilitate adjustment, but some researchers have proposed that it reflects a dysfunctional coping strategy that impedes adjustment and leads to posttraumatic stress. In this prospective longitudinal study, we examined the relationship between self-perceived posttraumatic growth and stress. Participants were soldiers deployed to Iraq. They were tested before their deployment (N = 479) and again 5 months (n = 382; 80%) and 15 months (n = 331; 69%) after returning home. Cross-lagged panel analysis indicated that more perceived growth 5 months postdeployment was associated with more posttraumatic stress 15 months postdeployment, even after we controlled for stressor severity, posttraumatic stress at 5 months, and potential predeployment confounders (extraversion, neuroticism, and cognitive ability). Findings suggest that it may be counterproductive to promote perceived growth to enhance adjustment after traumatic events. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","cognitions, stress reactions, trauma","Engelhard, I. M., Lommen, M. J. J., Sijbrandij, M.",2015.0,,10.1177/2167702614549800,0,0,
1654,"The relationship between neuroticism, pre-traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress: A prospective study",,,"Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Kindt, M.",2003.0,2003,,0,0,
1655,Deployment-related stress and trauma in Dutch soldiers returning from Iraq: Prospective study,,,"Engelhard, I. M., Van Den Hout, M. A., Weerts, J., Arntz, A., Hox, J. J. C. M., McNally, R. J.",2007.0,,10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034884,0,0,
1656,A prospective study of the relation between posttraumatic stress and physical health symptoms,,,"Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Weerts, J., Hox, J. J., van Doornen, L. J. P.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1657,A factor analysis of gabaergic gene expression across 16 brain regions in human postmortem samples identifies specificity in response to chronic alcohol and cocaine exposure,"Background: GABAA receptors are responsible for the fast synaptic transmission of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. GABAA receptors have been implicated in the acute and chronic effects of alcohol and also in anxiety. Genes encoding the majority of the 19 subunits comprising these pentameric receptors are clustered on chromosomes (chrs) 4, 5, 15 and X. A key question is whether the expression of genes within each chromosomal cluster are correlated (cic effects) and whether there is correlation of gene expression between GABAergic genes that are located in different regions (trans effects). The purpose of this study was to identify global patterns of GABAergic gene expression in healthy controls before considering the effects of chronic exposure to alcohol and cocaine. Methods: We obtained RNA-Seq data from postmortem samples of 16 brain regions from nine healthy men and women aged 18 - 40 who died suddenly. The RNA-Seq data was obtained from BrainSpan, a publicly available resource (http://www.brainspan.org/). In addition to the GABAA subunit genes we included genes encoding the two GABAB receptor subunits (GABBR1, GABBR2), genes encoding proteins involved in GABA synthesis (GAD1, GAD2) and GABA regulation (GPHN, SLC6A1 and PRAF2). A factor analysis was performed to identify patterns of cis and trans correlations in gene expression. In order to determine whether there was specificity of factor response to the effects of chronic alcohol or cocaine exposure we looked at gene expression data from an earlier RNA-Seq study in which we had identified changes in GABAergic gene expression in human postmortem samples of hippocampus from alcoholics, cocaine addicts and controls (Zhou et al, PNAS 2011; Enoch et al, PLoS ONE 2012). Results: Six factors were identified that together accounted for 0.86 of the total variance in GABAergic gene expression. Most genes loaded onto only one factor; 6 genes loaded onto 2 factors. Results are presented for the main factor loading for each gene. Factor 1 (0.30 variance) included genes encoding seven GABAA subunits and the GABABR2 subunit. The strongest loading (0.9) was for the chr 5 cluster of genes that together encode the most abundant GABAA receptor subunit group: alpha1beta2gamma2. Two chr 15 genes: GABRB3 and GABRG3 also had high loadings (0.8). Five genes loaded onto factor 2 (0.17 variance) all of which are implicated in GABA transport across the synaptic cleft: SLC6A1, GABBR1, PRAF2, GPHN and GAD1. Loading onto factor 3 were three chr 4 genes (0.14 variance) that encode the GABAA subunit combination alpha2beta1gamma1 found almost exclusively in the mesolimbic reward pathway. There were two cerebellar factors: factor 4 (0.10 variance) included two low expression genes, GABRA5 and GABRQ and factor 5 (0.09 variance) included two highly expressed genes, GABRA6 and GABRD that encode two extrasynaptic GABAA subunits. Finally only GAD2 loaded onto factor 6 (0.06 variance). Further analyses showed that the genes loading onto factor 2 (synaptic transport), factor 3 (chr4 gene cluster), factor 5 (high cerebellar expression,) and factor 6 (GAD2 GABA synthesis) showed altered hippocampal expression (largely down-regulation) in alcoholics and cocaine addicts. In contrast, with the exception of GABRG2, the other 8 genes loading onto factors 1 and 4 showed no changes in expression after chronic exposure to alcohol or cocaine. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the GABAA gene clusters show both cis and trans correlations of gene expression. Moreover, the factor analysis revealed that distinct groups of genes, notably those involved in GABA synthesis and synaptic transport and the chr 4 cluster, previously associated with alcohol and drug dependence in humans, are sensitive to the effects of alcohol / cocaine. On the other hand the two factors on which the chr 15, chr X and most of the chr5 subunit genes loaded were impervious to alcohol / drug effects. These findings might have implications for therapeutic targets to combat stress-related craving and relapse.","cocaine, receptor, alcohol, RNA, 4 aminobutyric acid, blood clotting factor 6, blood clotting factor 5, receptor subunit, neurotransmitter, calcium ion, protein, human, factorial analysis, college, alcoholism, brain region, exposure, gene expression, psychopharmacology, gene, synthesis, drug dependence, gene cluster, long term exposure, chromosome, relapse, anxiety, withdrawal syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, drug effect, down regulation, synaptic transmission, reward, hippocampus, male, female, central nervous system","Enoch, M. A., Baghal, B., Yuan, Q., Goldman, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1658,"Neurotocism, extraversion and attributional style in war veterans. A Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder approach","The people who go through a traumatic experience such as: war, natural disasters, and sexual abuse, among others, are prone to develop a specific kind of clinical pathology known as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This pathology, with its particular characteristics, frequently appears in tandem with a series of associated disorders, as well as a strong incidence (negative in most cases) in every aspect of the daily lives of the people who suffer from it. In the particular case of the Falkland Islands war veterans, the presence of the syndrome in the people who did not have the possibility of psychological assistence and post war emotional contention, is associated to a pessimistic or disadaptative attributional style, as well as to higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion when compared to the normal population. As a result, they suffer from higher levels of floating anxiety, poor impulse control, emotional instability and incapability of generating and maintaining steady social relationships. On the other hand, those veterans who showed the symptoms presented meaningful differences, in same variables, as opposed to the war veterans that did not develop PTSD. War veterans who suffered PTSD showed higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion when compared to the war veterans that did not develop PTSD; the first group of veterans also showed an more disadaptative attributional style when compared to the veterans without PTSD. The presence of PTSD in the veteran group is associated with a series of high risk health behaviors, such as addictive-dependent behavior and others relationed to evasive and disadaptative coping. Veterans with PTSD developed higher levels of neuroticism and showed more susceptibility to negative stimulation and stress vulnerability. Thus, they also show a higher tendency to experience anger and problems to control their desires and impulses. On the other hand, lower levels of extraversion make it more difficult for a person to experience interpersonal intimacy, to enjoy the company of other people and experience feelings like happiness, joy and excitement. There too is a relationship between PTSD and a unadaptative attributional style with an internal, global and stable causality to explain failure; this is the same attributional style of depressive patients. This attributional style like a belief system is associated with the tendency to develop psychological problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Extraversion, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *War, Attribution, Sexual Abuse","Enrique, Alejandro",2004.0,,,0,0,
1659,Post-traumatic stress disorder in children exposed to violence,"Objectives. To investigate to what extent local children exposed to community violence develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), whether the symptom profile is typical or atypical, and how detection can be improved. Design. A cross-sectional study of two samples of children with a high risk of past exposure to violence. Setting and subjects. Sixty Xhosa-speaking children aged 10-16 years; 30 from the Children's Home which serves Khayelitsha, and 30 from a school in a violent area of Khayelitsha. Outcome measures. A shortened version of the survey of Exposure to Community Violence (SECV) was administered to determine exposure to violence. Structured questionnaires and a clinical assessment were used to elicit symptoms and make psychiatric diagnoses. Results. All 60 children reported exposure to indirect violence, 57 (95%) had witnessed violence, and 34 (56%) had experienced violence themselves. Twenty-four (40%) met the criteria for one or more DSM-III-R diagnoses and 13 (21.7%) met the criteria for PTSD. Conclusions. Community violence places children at a high risk of developing serious psychiatric disorders and many children develop PTSD. None of the children in the school sample had received intervention prior to the study, pointing towards an urgent need for increased community and professional awareness of children at risk.","adolescent, article, childhood disease, disease severity, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, school child, symptom, violence","Ensink, K., Robertson, B. A., Zissis, C., Leger, P.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1660,Posttraumatic stress disorder following an air disaster: A prospective study,,,"Epstein, R. S., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J.",1998.0,1998,,0,0,
1661,Couple adjustment and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in National Guard veterans of the Iraq war,"Relationship adjustment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed across two time points in a sample of 313 married or partnered National Guard soldiers recently returned from combat duty in Iraq. Structural equation modeling using a four-factor model for PTSD found the latent variable dysphoria (reflecting generalized distress including aspects of emotional numbing and arousal) had the strongest independent contribution to predicting relationship adjustment at Time 1 and indirectly predicted poorer relationship adjustment at Time 2. Exploratory analysis of gender differences (n = 33 women; n = 280 men) suggested a different pattern of relations between PTSD factors and relationship adjustment among female soldiers at Time 1, with a trend toward trauma specific avoidance being more highly related to relationship adjustment. Clinical and research implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adjustment, *Couples, *Military Veterans, *National Guard Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Human Sex Differences, Major Depression, Mental Health, Symptoms, War","Erbes, Christopher R., Meis, Laura A., Polusny, Melissa A., Compton, Jill S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1662,An examination of PTSD symptoms and relationship functioning in U.S. soldiers of the Iraq War over time,"We examined associations between overall posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, symptom clusters of PTSD (reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and arousal), and relationship adjustment cross sectionally and longitudinally using self-report measures from a dyadic sample of U.S. National Guard soldiers from the Iraq war and their intimate partners (N = 49 couples). Results of multilevel modeling revealed that Time 1 PTSD symptom severity significantly predicted lower relationship adjustment as rated by partners at Time 2 after controlling for baseline relationship adjustment (β = -.20, p = .025). Total PTSD symptoms did not significantly predict soldiers' ratings of relationship adjustment at Time 2. For soldiers, the PTSD symptom cluster of dysphoria was uniquely and significantly related to relationship adjustment ratings both at Time 1 and at Time 2, controlling for Time 1 adjustment. For partners, none of the soldiers' PTSD symptoms clusters was uniquely associated with Time 1 relationship adjustment or with change in adjustment over time. In contrast, findings regarding the effect of relationship adjustment on changes in PTSD over time found that Time 1 relationship adjustment was not associated with changes in PTSD symptoms at Time 2. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Erbes, C. R., Meis, L. A., Polusny, M. A., Compton, J. S., Wadsworth, S. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1663,The Prevalence of Subsyndromal Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its impact on attentional functioning in children post Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI),"Background and Aims: Taken separately, both TBI and PTSD are known to affect attentional functioning in children, but relatively little is known about what happens to attention when they co-occur. Furthermore, there is a growing body of research that indicates children exposed to trauma may manifest significant functional impairment, even if they do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The aims of the current study were to determine the influence of injury severity on the prevalence of subsyndromal PTSD post pediatric TBI and examine if the presence of subsyndromal PTSD increases the prevalence of attentional impairments. Method: A total of 95 children between the ages of 6-14 with TBI were assessed 6 months post-injury. PTSD was measured using the CAPS-CA, whilst the digit span forward subtest of the WISC-IV, the Contingency Naming Test and subtests of the Test of EverydayAttention for Childrenwere employed to assess domains of attentional functioning. Results: Findings revealed comparable rates of subsyndromal PTSD across TBI groups. Children with dual subsyndromal PTSD/TBI performed comparably to children with TBI only on all attentional domains except shifting attention. In contrast, children who meet the re-experiencing symptom cluster performed significantly worse on a number of domains of attention and displayed greater rates of impairment when compared to children with TBI only. Conclusions: Fulfilling the requirements for the re-experiencing cluster of PTSD increases the risk of functional impairment post pediatric TBI. The clinical relevance of this is an important one to consider in children exposed to trauma.","prevalence, posttraumatic stress disorder, child, human, traumatic brain injury, brain, injury, functional disease, risk, injury severity, diagnosis, Wechsler Intelligence Scale","Eren, S., Catroppa, C., Anderson, V., Kenardy, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1664,Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis,"The authors examined the relationship over time of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in a sample of Gulf War veterans. A large sample (N = 2,949) of Gulf War veterans was assessed immediately following their return from the Gulf region and 18-24 months later. Participants completed a number of self-report questionnaires including the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD (T. M. Keane, J. M. Caddell, & K. L. Taylor, 1988) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (L. R. Derogatis & N. Melisaratos, 1983) at both time points and an extended and updated version of the Laufer Combat Scale (M. Gallops, R. S. Laufer, & T. Yager, 1981) at the initial assessment. A latent-variable, cross-lag panel model found evidence for a reciprocal relation between PTSD and Depression. Followup models examining reexperiencing, avoidance-numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms separately showed that for reexperiencing and avoidance-numbing symptoms, the overall reciprocal relation held. For hyperarousal symptoms, however, the association was from early hyperarousal to later depression symptoms only. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *War, Military Veterans","Erickson, Darin J., Wolfe, Jessica, King, Daniel W., King, Lynda A., Sharkansky, Erica J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1665,Prevalence of and factors associated with subclinical posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTSD in urban and rural areas of Montana: A cross-sectional study,"Purpose: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important clinical problem, but little is known about PTSD in rural, nonclinical populations. To better understand PTSD in rural areas, we examined the prevalence and risk and protective factors in urban, rural, and highly rural communities in Montana for both subclinical posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTSD. Methods: We compared the prevalence of PTSS and PTSD in urban, rural, and highly rural communities in bivariate and multivariable regression analyses using self-reported cross-sectional survey data from the Montana Health Matters study (N = 3,512), a state-representative household-based survey done in 2010-2011. We also explore potential risk and protective factors for PTSS and PTSD and whether risk and protective factors for each differ by rurality. Findings: There were no differences in the level of PTSS by rurality in bivariate or multivariate models, and the bivariate relationship between rurality and PTSD became nonsignificant in a multivariate model. Only locus of control was predictive for PTSS; however, gender, age, marital status, income, employment status, community fit, locus of control, and religiosity were associated with PTSD. Some risk and protective factors operate differently by rurality. Conclusions: Although our findings are subject to weaknesses common to cross-sectional data and are based on questionnaire reports, it appears that there are different risk and protective factors for PTSS and PTSD, suggesting that PTSD may be qualitatively different from PTSS. Furthermore, differences in risk and protective factors across urban and rural communities suggest more attention is needed to understand PTSD in rural communities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Protective Factors, *Risk Factors, *Rural Environments, *Urban Environments","Erickson, Lance D., Hedges, Dawson W., Call, Vaughn R. A., Bair, Byron",2013.0,,,0,0,
1666,A Chinese herbal mixture for post-traumatic stress?,,,"Ernst, E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1667,"Breaking bad: Two decades of life-course data analysis in criminology, developmental psychology, and beyond",,,"Erosheva, E. A., Matsueda, R. L., Telesca, D.",2014.0,,10.1146/annurev-statistics-022513-115701,0,0,
1668,The challenge of living on: Psychopathology and its mediating influence on the readjustment of former child soldiers,"Current civil wars are characterized by the increasing involvement of civilian populations and the systematic employment of child soldiers. An example of such wars was the conflict in Northern Uganda, where the war-affected population is still challenged by the reintegration of formerly abducted children and youths. A cross-sectional, population-based survey, using a multistage cluster sampling approach of 1,113 Northern Ugandans aged between 12 and 25 in camps for internally displaced persons and locally validated instruments was conducted to assess symptoms and diagnoses of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and probable Depression in war-affected, as well as formerly abducted individuals. Further objectives were to determine predictors of psychopathology and to relate indicators of maladjustment (i.e., impairments in daily and community functioning, somatic complaints, suicidality, aggressiveness and discrimination) to abduction, level of exposure to violence and psychopathology. 43% of the sample reported abduction by the rebel army. Exposure to violence among this group was higher than for non-abducted youths (t = 28.05; p<.001). PTSD point prevalence rates were 25% among former child soldiers and 7% among the comparison group. High suicidal ideation was present in 16% and 6% respectively. A higher amount of experienced and witnessed event-types (β = . 32. p<.001), loss of first-degree relatives (β = .13. p<.001) and the number of event-types involving forced perpetration (β = .23. p<.001) were identified as risk factors of PTSD symptoms in former child soldiers. The associations between abductee-status and indicators of maladjustment were fully mediated by level of trauma exposure and psychopathology. Results show that child soldiering and its psychological sequelae affect a substantial proportion of children and youths. After release or flight, their readjustment depends at least partly on their level of mental traumatization. © 2014 Ertl et al.",,"Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer-Kaiser, E., Elbert, T., Neuner, F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1669,Fluvoxamine treatment in veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Investigated the efficacy of the antidepressant fluvoxamine in the treatment of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 15 veterans with combat-related PTSD and no other psychiatric diagnosis except depression were recruited to participate in a 14-wk open-label study of fluvoxamine. Patients underwent a 30-day washout period and were rated with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Mississippi Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety at baseline, and every 2 wks until week 14. Three patients stopped fluvoxamine prematurely due to side effects and 7 withdrew consent before completing the 14-wk trial. Eight patients completed at least 8 wks of treatment. The total daily dose of fluvoxamine ranged from 100 to 300 mg with a mean daily dose of 150 mg at week 14. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed a significant improvement in total CAPS scores, and in the intrusion and the avoidance/numbing subscales. The CAPS hyperarousal scores did not change significantly. HAM-A score also improved significantly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Antidepressant Drugs, *Drug Therapy, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Escalona, Rodrigo, Canive, Jose M., Calais, Lawrence A., Davidson, Jonathan R. T.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1670,Post-traumatic stress disorder in Hispanic Vietnam veterans. Clinical phenomenology and sociocultural characteristics,"The complex symptomatology of Hispanic Vietnam veterans receiving treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) was explored with the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, a structured diagnostic interview that yields current and lifetime operational diagnoses (e.g., DSM-III). Social networks and level of acculturation of these veterans were also examined and compared to those of a 'control' group and sample of veterans with DSM-III schizophrenic disorder (both samples included only Hispanic veterans from the Vietnam and post-Vietnam eras). All subjects reported heavy combat stress and met DSM-III criteria for PTSD. Most were very symptomatic and had significant social impairment. PTSD was rarely seen as a discrete entity but appeared instead mixed with symptom clusters cutting across various DSM-III diagnoses. Social networks of PTSD veterans were intermediate in size, frequency of contact with network members, and network density to those of the comparison groups. A distinctive feature of the PTSD group was the high proportion of negative relationships with close family members, especially spouses. 'Highly' symptomatic PTSD veterans reported significantly smaller networks, fewer contacts outside the close family circle, and more negative emotionality directed toward family members than 'minimally' symptomatic veterans. While all Hispanic groups studied were not significantly different in level of acculturation, PTSD veterans appeared more alienated from their cultural heritage than the others groups. The severe and polymorphous psychopathology found among these veterans suggests that 'rap' groups alone may not constitute an adequate therapeutic approach and that more formal psychiatric therapies should be additionally considered in the management of Vietnam-linked PTSD.",,"Escobar, J. I., Randolph, E. T., Puente, G., Spiwak, F., Asamen, J. K., Hill, M., Hough, R. L.",1983.0,,,0,0,
1671,Children with Multi-Trauma Histories: Special Considerations for Care and Implications for Treatment Selection,"The complex symptom profiles of young children with histories of trauma exposure underscore the importance of matching individual child characteristics and symptom needs with existing evidence-based treatment protocols. Children (N = 134) between the ages of 2–12 and their caregivers were administered the Child Behavioral Checklist, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children, and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children-Alternate Version at baseline and end of treatment. ANCOVA analyses examined the relationships between the number of different types of trauma exposures, child gender, placement status, child age, type of treatment received, and end of treatment symptom scores. Child age at the start of treatment was found to influence externalizing and total problem scores at the end of treatment when baseline scale scores were held constant. Older children were found to have significantly higher levels of externalizing and total problem scores at the end of treatment compared to younger children in the sample. Significant improvements were found between baseline and termination outcome scores regardless of treatment type, however, results suggest that differences in severity of symptoms may vary by treatment type. Study findings suggest that latency age children and their caregivers may have differing trauma-related treatment needs compared to younger children and may benefit from an adjusted focus in treatment. The matching of individual child characteristics and need can help maximize emotional and behavioral outcomes and the addition of a cognitive-based treatment modality may be indicated for some children.","Behavior problems, Children, Evidence-based treatment, Post-traumatic stress, Trauma","Eslinger, J. G., Sprang, G., Otis, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1672,Burn rehabilitation: State of the science,,,"Esselman, P. C., Thombs, B. D., Magyar-Russell, G., Fauerbach, J. A.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.phm.0000202095.51037.a3,0,0,
1673,Post traumatic stress disorder after terrorist attacks: A review,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be especially severe and long lasting when the stressor is man made. Terrorism is a type of warfare designed to have maximum psychological impact on a population. Terrorist attacks are associated with high rates of PTSD and other psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD after terrorist attacks range from 7.5% to 50% in the year after the event depending on the degree of victimization. Studies of risk factors for PTSD have consistently implicated female gender, minority ethnicity, lack of education, and to a lesser extent, younger age, history of psychiatric treatment and traumatic events. Studies have explored various factors linked with the risk of terrorism-related symptoms and diagnosis of PTSD. Although studies that explore psychologic reactivity in victims of terrorism are lacking, partly because of the difficulty of gaining access to sufficient numbers of survivors who were exposed to the events, some clinical psychiatric studies have provided descriptions of the mental and psychological consequences of terrorism. Yet, little is known about the prevalence of the long-term physical and psychological consequences of terrorist attacks on survivors. Although Turkey is a country that has experienced terrorist attacks in its recent past and Turkey is at risk of experiencing similar attacks in the future due to her specific conditions, studies assessing the psychological effects of these attacks are lacking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Terrorism","Essizoglu, Altan, Aydin, Huner, Bulbul, Israfil",2009.0,,,0,0,
1674,Factors affecting the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder after a terrorist attack,"Objective: On 3 January 2008 explosives placed in an automobile on a thoroughfare in Diyarbakir, southeastern Turkey exploded in a terrorist attack. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for the diagnosis of and the rate of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals who were eye- or earwitnesses to the explosion 1 and 3 months after the explosion. Methods: Among the residents and workers in close proximity to the explosion site, 216 individuals who were eye-or earwitnesses to the explosion were included in the study. A sociodemographic data form and a traumatic stress symptom scale were administered to the participants 1 and 3 months following the explosion. Results: In all, 12.5% of the participants were diagnosed with PTSD 1 month post-explosion versus 9.6% 3 months post-explosion. While history of psychiatric disorder and physical injury were risk factors for PTSD 1 month postexplosion, risk factors 3 months post-explosion was history of psychiatric disorder. Conclusions: PTSD occurs at high rates in individuals exposed to terrorist attacks. More studies following such events are required in Turkey. In light of these results it is advised that individuals at risk of PTSD receive therapeutic and preventive interventions provided by mental health professionals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Risk Factors, *Terrorism","Essizoglu, Altan, Yasan, Aziz, Bulbul, Israfil, Onal, Suna, Yildirim, Ejder Akgun, Aker, Tamer",2009.0,,,0,0,
1675,Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood,"(from the chapter) description of the disorder / clinical presentation / epidemiology / natural history / impairment and complications / differential diagnosis / case example / continuity and discontinuity with adult presentation PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder] refers to the cluster of symptoms that typically arises after an extremely disturbing event / although the DSM-III-R [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders] avoids etiological assumptions, for PTSD there is the clear implication that the psychosocial stressor, which must be outside the range of usual human experience, would be markedly distressing to almost anyone and actually precipitates the initial intense fear, terror, and helplessness primary prevention of PTSD would require the eradication of violence and disasters, and is not possible / because the syndrome will cause prolonged distress and disability for the child, early diagnosis is critical / although treatment has not been addressed in this chapter, it is important to note that effective therapeutic interventions are readily available (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Differential Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Etiology, Prognosis, Symptoms","Eth, Spencer",1990.0,,,0,0,
1676,Use of Antiepileptic Drugs for Nonepileptic Conditions: Psychiatric Disorders and Chronic Pain,"Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly utilized for nonepileptic conditions, including various psychiatric disorders and pain syndromes. Evidence for their benefit in these nonepileptic conditions varies widely among different drugs, but there is, in general, a paucity of published multicenter randomized double-blind trials. Variable levels of evidence suggest that lamotrigine and the vagal nerve stimulator have antidepressant properties. Carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, and oxcarbazepine appear to have mood stabilizing properties while gabapentin, pregabalin, and tiagabine have anxiolytic benefits. Barbiturates, topiramate, and possibly phenytoin may precipitate or exacerbate depression. Underlying depression and anxiety symptoms may be exacerbated by levetiracetam, while psychotic symptoms have rarely been reported with topiramate, levetiracetam, and zonisamide. Pregabalin, gabapentin, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine have been used to treat neuropathic pain such as postherpetic neuralgia, and diabetic polyneuropathy. Topiramate and divalproex sodium have utility in the prophylaxis or acute treatment of migraine. Further rigorous studies are needed to clarify the utility of AEDs in nonepileptic conditions. (copyright) 2007 The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc.","alprazolam, anticonvulsive agent, benzodiazepine derivative, carbamazepine, etiracetam, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, oxcarbazepine, paroxetine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pimozide, placebo, pregabalin, tiagabine, tizanidine, tocainide, topiramate, valproate semisodium, valproic acid, zonisamide, add on therapy, aggression, aggressiveness, agnosia, Alzheimer disease, anxiety disorder, article, auditory hallucination, bipolar disorder, blood toxicity, brain disease, chronic pain, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical trial, cluster headache, cognitive defect, complex regional pain syndrome, coughing, delusion, dementia, depression, diabetic neuropathy, disease exacerbation, drug efficacy, drug formulation, drug withdrawal, dysphagia, dyspnea, epilepsy, epileptic state, Hamilton scale, hoarseness, human, major depression, mania, mental disease, mental health, migraine, mood disorder, neck pain, neuropathic pain, nonhuman, panic, paranoia, postherpetic neuralgia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosis, radiculopathy, rapid cycling bipolar disorder, restlessness, seizure, side effect, single drug dose, social phobia, spinal cord injury, sustained drug release, unspecified side effect, vagus nerve stimulation, visual hallucination, voice change, weight gain, withdrawal syndrome","Ettinger, A. B., Argoff, C. E.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1677,The Brain and Propranolol Pharmacokinetics in the Elderly,"Propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, has been found to have a tremendous array of indications. Recent evidence has suggested that propranolol may be effective in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder by suppressing activity in the amygdala and thereby inhibiting emotional memory formation. Dosage requirements have been well established in the pediatric and adult population, however, there has been no definitive geriatric dose recommended in the package inserts made available to the public. The aim of this paper is to use pharmacokinetic simulations in order to establish a pharmacokinetic profile dosage equivalent for the elderly as has been found in young patients. After completing the Monte-Carlo simulations for the elderly and young patients, a single 10mg dose in the elderly has shown comparable pharmacokinetic profiles as found in young patients administered a 40mg single dose.","brain, elderly, pharmacokinetics, propranolol","Eugene, A. R., Nicholson, W. T.",2015.0,Nov,,0,0,
1678,Family Functioning Predicts Outcomes for Veterans in Treatment for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"A longitudinal framework was used to examine the competing hypotheses of (a) whether family functioning predicts changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms or (b) whether PTSD symptoms predict changes in family functioning. Veterans (N = 311) admitted to a treatment program completed a series of questionnaires at 3 time points: at intake, from intake to completion of a treatment program, and at the 6-month follow-up. Alcohol use and general mental health symptoms were also measured at intake. A cross-lagged panel model using structural equation modeling analyses indicated that family functioning was a moderate predictor of PTSD symptoms at posttreatment and at the 6-month follow-up. PTSD was not a significant predictor of family functioning across time and alcohol use, and general mental health symptoms did not affect the overall findings. Further analyses of PTSD symptom clusters indicated that the avoidance symptom cluster was most strongly related to family functioning. Targeting family relationships for treatment may be important in the future for veterans with PTSD. (copyright) 2009 American Psychological Association.","adaptive behavior, adult, aged, article, Australia, chronic disease, drinking behavior, family conflict, follow up, human, longitudinal study, male, middle aged, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, questionnaire, statistics, treatment outcome, veteran","Evans, L., Cowlishaw, S., Hopwood, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1679,Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and family functioning of Vietnam veterans and their partners,"Objective: This study examines the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in terms of the three main symptom clusters (intrusion, avoidance and arousal), and the self-report of family functioning of Vietnam veterans and the self-report of family functioning of their partners. A second objective was to determine if depression, anger and alcohol abuse mediated between PTSD symptoms and family functioning. Method: Vietnam veterans and their partners completed a series of questionnaires as part of their participation in the inpatient and outpatient PTSD treatment program, in the Veterans Psychiatry Unit, at the Austin and Repatriation Hospital. Results: Data from 270 veterans and partners were used in the final analyses. The PTSD subscales were initially correlated with family functioning for veterans and family functioning for partners. Then two path diagrams were constructed and analyzed using the statistical program AMOS to test for mediating effects between PTSD symptoms and family functioning. For veterans there were significant initial correlations with all three subscales of the PTSD measure. In the path analysis when the mediating variables were included only the avoidance subscale of the PTSD measure remained directly associated with family functioning. The arousal PTSD subscale was mediated by anger. The measures of depression and anger were significantly associated with poor family functioning and the anger and the avoidance subscales were significantly associated with depression. In the second set of analyses conducted on data from partners, the PTSD symptoms of avoidance and arousal were initially correlated with family functioning. When the test for mediation was conducted none of the PTSD subscales remained associated with partners' self-report of family functioning. Posttraumatic stress disorder arousal and alcohol abuse were mediated by anger for partners' self-report of family functioning. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of avoidance for veterans, and comorbid symptoms of anger and depression for veterans, and anger on its own for partners appear to be important in the self-report of family functioning. These findings suggest that veterans and their partners have similar difficulties as couples with distressed relationships in the community.","Family relationships, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Evans, L., McHugh, T., Hopwood, M., Watt, C.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1680,Validity of the OSU Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale and the Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Report of Personality with child tornado survivors,"Tornadoes and other natural disasters can lead to anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. This study provides further validity for the Oklahoma State University Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-Child Form (OSU PTSDS-CF) by, comparing it to the Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Report of Personality (BASC-SRP). Correlations were significant at 0.01 between BASC-SRP scales of Anxiety, Atypicality, and Clinical Maladjustment, and at least 0.05 between OSU PTSDS-CF scales for Social Stress, Depression, Inadequacy, and Emotional Symptoms Index (ESI). Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) yielded significant differences at 0.01 between children with and without PTSD, based on OSU PTSDS-CF cut-off scores, for BASC-SRP Anxiety, Atypicality, and Clinical Maladjustment. ANOVAs were significant at 0.05 for Social Stress, Locus of Control, Relationship with Parents, and ESI. Results yielded moderate effect sizes, and BASC-SRP means were within normal limits for all groups. Practitioners are encouraged to supplement the BASC-SRP with PTSD measures in children who have experienced trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavioral Assessment, *Personality, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Report, *Test Validity, Natural Disasters, Survivors","Evans, Linda Garner, Oehler-Stinnett, Judy",2008.0,,,0,0,
1681,Theoretical constructs of post traumatic stress disorder as assessed in children in a natural disaster involving tornadoes in their communities,"Scope and method of study. Much research has been conducted on the effects of severe trauma. However, most of the research has focused on adults and very little research has been conducted on the effects of serious trauma on children. This study was designed to examine what happens to children following a natural disaster, specifically a tornado, in their community. Demographic questionnaires were sent home to the parents in two communities. The children also completed three questionnaires designed by the researcher and the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Self Report of Personality, which is a standardized assessment instrument. A principal components analysis identified underlying factors of PTSD as it expressed itself in this group of children. The effects of gender, age and ethnicity were also examined as they relate to PTSD symptom expression. Validity of the research instruments was also explored through their relationship with the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Self Report of Personality, a nationally standardized assessment instrument. The relationship of degree of exposure and the severity of symptoms expression was also examined. Findings and conclusions. The students were found to have been significantly affected by the tornadoes in their communities. A six-factor solution was found to describe PTSD as it occurred in this population. Gender was not found to be a significantly contributing factor to PTSD. The effects of age were unclear as some instruments did not show a relationship and the Oklahoma State University PTSD Screener showed a negative correlation with age. The effects of ethnicity could not be determined due to a lack of diversity in the population under examination. The research instruments showed a significant relationship with each other and with the Behavior Assessment system for children. However, the research instruments did appear to be measuring a unique construct. Children being assessed for psychological difficulties might not demonstrate posttraumatic stress disorder unless specifically queried about significant trauma in their lives. Finally, severity of exposure did not necessarily predict PTSD. Particular types of exposure were more predictive of PTSD than other types of exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Communities, Symptoms","Evans, Linda Sue Garner",2003.0,,,0,0,
1682,[First stage in identifying traumatic profil inpatients hospitalised in psychiatry in Martinique],"The population hospitalised in psychiatry seems more exposed to traumatic events than the French general population, with particularly more sexual aggressions. The aim of this study is to describe the population hospitalised in psychiatry and more precisely the traumatic history of these patients, their comorbidities (mental diseases and addictions), and socio economical level. This descriptive, cross sectional and retrospective study took place in the Crisis Center in the University Hospital in Martinique (French West Indies), from February to July 2013. A socio-demographic information, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0, the Trauma History Questionnaire and the Impact Events Scale-Revised were realised with 49 of the 143 patients admitted during this period (34.3%). In this population, we found a mean of 6.5 (standart-deviation=4.2) different types of traumatic event, with 38.8% patients reporting a natural disaster, and 38.8% declaring at least one sexual aggression. In the 25 patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, 66.7% underwent a sexual aggression, significatively during childhood (before 10 years old, P=0.01), and during adolescence (between 10 to 18 years old, P=0.01). These results underline the importance of a systematic screening of the traumatic profile: the characteristics of the traumatic events and its clinical impact.",,"Evans, M., Vacher, E., Lamy, S., Seridi, H., Jan, M., Debien, C., Sigward, J. M., Jehel, L.",2014.0,Fall,,0,0,
1683,An integrative two-factor model of post-traumatic stress,"(from the book) provides [a] macroanalytic integrative construction of post-traumatic stress wherein posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is viewed as an epiphenomenon / [builds] an integrative 2-factor model wherein biological factors are inextricably intertwined with psychological factors to explain the posttraumatic stress phenomenon, (from the chapter) [suggests] that PTSD is an epiphenomenon undergirded by a core 2-factor phenomenology consisting of (1) subcortical neurological hypersensitivity and (2) psychological hypersensitivity / the neurobiology of PTSD was posited to be a combination of amygdalar-hippocampus neural networks with numerous and varied efferent projections (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychobiology","Everly, George S., Jr.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1684,Personality-guided therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the jacket) In Personality-Guided Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, George S. Everly, Jr. and Jeffrey M. Lating shed light on the role personality factors play in the genesis and treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). With psychologically toxic events like airplane hijackings, terrorist acts, community violence, and natural disasters--an unfortunate reality in today's world--posttraumatic stress may be viewed as posing a public health challenge. Using Theodore Millon's personality-guided psychology as a framework, the authors provide insight into this challenging disorder. They discuss personality factors that can help protect against stress or increase vulnerability to stress. They explore the biological foundations of PTSD and offer practical guidance on how to assess for PTSD, how to incorporate an understanding of personality in the formation of the therapeutic alliance and in other aspects of intervention, and how to resolve trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Measurement, *Personality, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment","Everly, George S., Jr., Lating, Jeffrey M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1685,Relationship of alcohol craving with posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of general psychopathology in male alcohol dependent inpatients,"Objective: In this study, the relationship of alcohol craving with posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of general psychopathology in male alcohol dependent inpatients were determined. Method: The study was conducted with hospitalized patients between July 2007-February 2008 in Bakirkoy State Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders, Alcohol and Drug Research, Treatment and Education Center (AMATEM) in Istanbul. One hundred and three inpatients diagnosed as having alcohol dependence were included in the study. They were given a sociodemographic form, Clinician Administered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS), PENN Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90) and Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST). Results: The PACS total score showed high positive correlations with SCL-90 general symptom index and somatization and obsession subscales of SCL-90, whereas it was modestly correlated with the other subscales of SCL-90 and mildly correlated with MAST. Total craving score and each item other than the 4th item (resistance) were higher among those with lifetime PTSD. The Obsession subscale was the only predictor of craving score in the linear regression model and univariate analyses, when PTSD was taken as the fixed variable. Discussion: Although alcohol craving was related with TSSB and general psychopathology, the only predictor of craving was the severity of obsessive symptoms among the other psychopathologies. This finding supports the general view that craving is overlapped with obsessive compulsive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Craving, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Severity (Disorders), Hospitalized Patients","Evren, Cuneyt, Cetin, Rabia, Durkaya, Mine, Dalbudak, Ercan, Cakmak, Duran",2009.0,,,0,0,
1686,Relationship of alexithymia and temperament and character dimensions with lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder in male alcohol-dependent inpatients,"Aims: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in male alcohol-dependent inpatients and to investigate the relationship of PTSD with alexithymia and temperament and character dimensions. Methods: Participants were 156 consecutively admitted male alcohol-dependent subjects. Patients were investigated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results: Among alcohol-dependent inpatients 32.1% were considered as having lifetime PTSD. Mean scores of alexithymia, novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA) and self-transcendence (ST) were higher in the PTSD group, whereas age and self-directedness (S) were lower. Among age and other factors of TAS-20, 'difficulty in identifying feelings (DIF)' predicted PTSD in a logistic regression model. When age and personality dimensions of TCI were taken as independent variables, S predicted PTSD in the logistic regression model. Finally, among subscales of TCI, 'impulsiveness versus reflection' (NS2) and 'congruent second nature versus bad habits' (S5) predicted PTSD. Conclusions: Alexithymia and personality traits, particularly high DIF and S scores are related with lifetime PTSD diagnosis, even when controlling for age among alcohol-dependent inpatients. Causal relationships between alexithymia, personality dimensions and PTSD, and their implications on treatment are not clear and should be evaluated in longitudinal studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Alexithymia, *Personality, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Hospitalized Patients, Human Males","Evren, Cuneyt, Dalbudak, Ercan, Cetin, Rabia, Durkaya, Mine, Evren, Bilge",2010.0,,,0,0,
1687,Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire,,,"Ewing, J. A.",1984.0,,10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025,0,0,
1688,Long-term mental health outcome in post-conflict settings: Similarities and differences between Kosovo and Rwanda,"BACKGROUND: Few studies investigated the long-term mental health outcome in culturally different post-conflict settings. This study considers two surveys conducted in Kosovo 8 years after the Balkans war and in Rwanda 14 years after the genocide. METHODS: All participants (n = 864 in Kosovo; n = 962 in Rwanda) were interviewed using the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE) sections of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Proportions of participants who met diagnostic criteria for either PTSD or MDE were 33.0% in Kosovo and 31.0% in Rwanda, with co-occurrence of both disorders in 17.8% of the Rwandan sample and 9.5% of the Kosovan sample. Among patients with PTSD, patterns of symptoms significantly differed in the two settings, with avoidance and inability to recall less frequent and sense of a foreshortened future and increased startle response more common in Rwanda. Significant differences were also observed in patients with MDE, with loss of energy and difficulties concentrating less frequent and suicidal ideation more common in Rwanda. Comorbid PTSD and MDE were associated with decreased SF-36 subjective mental and physical health scores in both settings, but significantly larger effects in Kosovo than in Rwanda. CONCLUSION: Culturally different civilian populations exposed to mass trauma may differ with respect to their long-term mental health outcome, including comorbidity, symptom profile and health perception.","Kosovo, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rwanda, depression, perceived health, war","Eytan, A., Munyandamutsa, N., Mahoro Nkubamugisha, P., Gex-Fabry, M.",2014.0,Aug 21,10.1177/0020764014547062,0,0,
1689,Long-term mental health outcome in post-conflict settings: Similarities and differences between Kosovo and Rwanda,"BACKGROUND: Few studies investigated the long-term mental health outcome in culturally different post-conflict settings. This study considers two surveys conducted in Kosovo 8 years after the Balkans war and in Rwanda 14 years after the genocide. METHODS: All participants (n = 864 in Kosovo; n = 962 in Rwanda) were interviewed using the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE) sections of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Proportions of participants who met diagnostic criteria for either PTSD or MDE were 33.0% in Kosovo and 31.0% in Rwanda, with co-occurrence of both disorders in 17.8% of the Rwandan sample and 9.5% of the Kosovan sample. Among patients with PTSD, patterns of symptoms significantly differed in the two settings, with avoidance and inability to recall less frequent and sense of a foreshortened future and increased startle response more common in Rwanda. Significant differences were also observed in patients with MDE, with loss of energy and difficulties concentrating less frequent and suicidal ideation more common in Rwanda. Comorbid PTSD and MDE were associated with decreased SF-36 subjective mental and physical health scores in both settings, but significantly larger effects in Kosovo than in Rwanda. CONCLUSION: Culturally different civilian populations exposed to mass trauma may differ with respect to their long-term mental health outcome, including comorbidity, symptom profile and health perception.","Kosovo, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rwanda, depression, perceived health, war","Eytan, A., Munyandamutsa, N., Nkubamugisha, P. M., Gex-Fabry, M.",2015.0,Jun,10.1177/0020764014547062,0,0,1688
1690,Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder after surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment,"PURPOSES:: To investigate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients who underwent surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and to explore variables associated with the disorder. METHODS:: Subjects eligible for the study were patients aged 18 years or older, who underwent surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment at the Goldschleger Eye Institute, from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2009, and were followed for at least 1 month. Study patients were screened for the existence of PTSD symptoms via a telephone survey, and positively identified patients were asked to undergo a structured psychiatric interview. Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, and the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was used as a measure of vision-related quality of life. Objective clinical measures were obtained from the patientE 1/4s medical records. Clinical variables were compared between PTSD-diagnosed patients, patients who were screened for PTSD but were found to be PTSD negative in the interview (false-positive group), and patients who were found negative for PTSD in the screening survey. RESULTS:: Of the 547 eligible patients, 366 were enrolled in the study. Nine patients (2.5%) met the criteria for PTSD diagnosis. Posttraumatic stress disorder patients reported significantly more traumatic events in their past (P = 0.015), and for these patients, NEI-VFQ-25 composite score was significantly lower (P < 0.001). Clinical measures were not found as independent risk factors for PTSD prediction. CONCLUSION:: Posttraumatic stress disorder may develop in the aftermath of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Previous traumatic events and NEI-VFQ-25 scores were found as independent risk factors for PTSD prediction.",,"Fabian, I. D., Abudy, A., Kinori, M., Skaat, A., Glovinsky, Y., Farkash, I., Zohar, J., Moisseiev, J.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1691,Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SRX246: A potent and selective vasopressin 1a antagonist,"SRX246 is a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist that represents a novel mechanism of action for the treatment of mood disorders. The compound previously showed efficacy in animal models of mood disorders and excellent safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers in phase I clinical trials. In this study, SRX246 was further characterized in rats and dogs. In vitro determinations of permeability, protein binding, hepatocyte metabolism, and cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition and in vivo assessments of pharmacokinetics were conducted. In parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and PAMPA-blood-brain barrier models, SRX246 was comparable to highly permeable, orally active pharmaceuticals. SRX246 hydrochloride salt was 95.5 ± 1.7%, 95.9 ± 1.3%, and 98.6 ± 0.4% bound to rat, dog, and human serum proteins, respectively, and was stable in serum after a 4 h incubation at 37°C. P450 enzyme inhibition results showed a very low potential for drug-drug interactions. Metabolism in primary hepatocytes demonstrated that SRX246 was stable in humans and moderately metabolized in dogs and rats. Plasma pharmacokinetics findings showed a half-life (T1/2) of 2 and 6 h in rat and dog, respectively. Rat brain levels following a single oral dose were approximately 20% of plasma values with a T1/2 of 6 h. The observed profile for SRX246 supports further development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Bioavailability, Clearance, Intermittent explosive disorder, Major depression, Metabolism, Permeability, Pharmacokinetics, PTSD, Serum protein binding, Vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist","Fabio, K. M., Guillon, C. D., Lu, S. F., Heindel, N. D., Brownstein, M. J., Lacey, C. J., Garippa, C., Simon, N. G.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1692,Patterns of appraisal and coping across different stressor conditions among former prisoners of war with and without posttraumatic stress disorder,"Little is known about how survivors of extreme events cope with traumatic memories and subsequent negative life experiences. The present study compared (1) 10 repatriated prisoners of war (RPWs) from World War II (WWII) with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), (2) 10 RPWs without PTSD, and (3) 10 noncombat veterans on measures of general psychological functioning, appraisal, and coping. Appraisal and coping were assessed under 2 stressor conditions: memories of war/captivity and recent negative life events. RPWs with PTSD reported poorer general psychological functioning; significantly less control over memories of WWII; and more frequent use of self-isolation, wishful thinking, self-blame, and social support in an effort to cope with these memories than did the 2 comparison groups. Fewer between-groups differences were found for the recent stressor condition. Findings are discussed in terms of factors that may explain the perseverance of coping difficulties associated with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Emotional Adjustment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prisoners of War, *Stress, Combat Experience, Military Veterans","Fairbank, John A., Hansen, David J., Fitterling, James M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
1693,Some preliminary data on the psychological characteristics of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders,"There appears to be a high incidence of posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) among Vietnam combat veterans; yet, there is little information available on the utility of traditional psychological inventories for assessment of this disorder. The present study examined whether responses on a variety of standardized psychological inventories (the MMPI, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Fear Survey Schedule-II) would distinguish 3 carefully matched groups of Vietnam veterans: (a) 12 Ss (mean age 34 yrs) with an exclusive diagnosis of PTSD, (b) 12 Ss (mean age 35 yrs) with other nonpsychotic psychological diagnoses, and (c) 12 Ss (mean age 34 yrs) with combat experience who are currently well-adjusted. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses indicated that the assessment battery was able to discriminate with good success Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD from relevant comparison groups. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1983 American Psychological Association.","anxiety &, depression, Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders, profiles from psychological inventories &","Fairbank, J. A., Keane, T. M., Malloy, P. F.",1983.0,,,0,0,
1694,Theoretical and empirical issues in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans,"Reviews current research regarding the treatment of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. Dynamic, behavioral, and biochemical models of treatment and the findings of relevant treatment outcome studies are presented. Direct therapeutic exposure to the memories of trauma emerged as the PTSD treatment technique common to all 3 theoretical models. The need for controlled investigations of the clinical efficacy of exposure-based interventions is discussed. Other issues relevant to PTSD treatment research are presented, including (1) the potential utility of studying untrained coping behavior in combat veterans, (2) the effects of using heterogeneous samples in treatment research, and (3) issues related to the measurement of treatment outcome. (64 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, War","Fairbank, John A., Nicholson, Robert A.",1987.0,,,0,0,
1695,"An epidemiologic profile of post-traumatic stress disorder: Prevalence, comorbidity, and risk factors","(from the chapter) examine the current epidemiologic knowledge concerning posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), focusing on the results of investigations conducted since 1980, because these studies largely conform to contemporary standards of PTSD diagnosis / discuss research findings on the prevalence of PTSD and exposure to extreme events, the comorbidity of PTSD with other psychiatric disorders, and risk factors for PTSD (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, At Risk Populations, Mental Disorders","Fairbank, John A., Schlenger, William E., Saigh, Philip A., Davidson, Jonathan R. T.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1696,Relationship between persistent posttraumatic stress disorder and human remains exposure for staten island barge and landfill recovery and clean-up workers after 9/11,"After the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, recovery and clean-up efforts were concentrated at the WTC site and the Staten Island (SI) Fresh Kills landfill and barges. Research is limited regarding the long-term health effects of human remains exposure during clean-up and recovery work at the SI landfill and barges. We studied 1,592 WTC Health Registry enrollees who worked at the SI landfill, loading piers and barges after the 9/11/01 attacks to assess the relationship between human remains exposure and persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 10-11 years later. A dose-response relationship was found between frequency of human remains exposure and persistent PTSD (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): every day (AOR) = 4.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.00-11.52, almost every day (AOR) = 4.35; 95% CI: 1.75-10.80), and some days (AOR) = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.43-6.22). When exposed to human remains, sanitation workers had higher odds of persistent PTSD, compared to firefighters and police. In addition, respondents who scored lower on a social support scale had higher odds of persistent PTSD. The findings highlight the need for strategies to reduce the risk of PTSD associated with exposure to human remains in future disasters. © 2015, Chevron Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.","9/11, Human remains, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), World Trade Center","Fairclough, M. A., Miller-Archie, S. A., Cone, J. E., Dechen, T., Ekenga, C. C., Osahan, S., Perlman, S. E., Gargano, L. M., Imasuen, J., Farfel, M. R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1697,"Developing an integrated brain, behavior and biological response profile in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","The present study sought to determine a profile of integrated behavioral, brain and autonomic alterations in PTSD. Previous findings suggest that PTSD is associated with changes across electrophysiological (EEG and ERP), autonomic and cognitive/behavioral measures. In particular, PTSD has been associated with reduced cognitive performance, altered cortical arousal (measured by EEG), diminished late ERP component to oddball task targets (reduced P3 amplitude) and increased autonomic arousal relative to healthy controls. The present study examined measures of cognitive function, auditory oddball ERP components, autonomic function (heart rate and skin conductance) and EEG during resting conditions in 44 individuals with PTSD and 44 non-trauma-exposed controls, and predicted that an integrated profile of changes across a number of these measures would show a high level of sensitivity and specificity in discriminating PTSD from controls. Nine variables showing strongly significant (p < 0.002) between-group differences were entered into a discriminant function analysis. Four of these measures successfully discriminated the PTSD and non-PTSD groups: change in tonic arousal, duration of attention switching, working memory reaction time and errors of commission during visuospatial maze learning. Tonic arousal change contributed the most variance in predicting group membership. These results extend previous findings and provide an integrated biomarker profile that characterizes both PTSD and non-PTSD groups with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. This outcome provides a platform for future studies to test how this profile of disturbances in autonomic and information processing may be unique to PTSD or may occur generically across clinical and/or other anxiety disorders. (copyright) 2008 Imperial College Press.","adult, arousal, article, attention, autonomic dysfunction, behavior disorder, brain dysfunction, clinical article, controlled study, depth perception, diagnostic value, electroencephalogram, event related potential, female, heart rate, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, response time, rest, sensitivity and specificity, skin conductance, working memory","Falconer, E. M., Felmingham, K. L., Allen, A., Clark, C. R., McFarlane, A. C., Williams, L. M., Bryant, R. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1698,Posttraumatic stress symptoms and structure among orphan and vulnerable children and adolescents in Zambia,"Background: Scant information exists on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and structure in youth from developing countries. Methods: We describe the symptom profile and exposure to trauma experiences among 343 orphan and vulnerable children and adolescents from Zambia. We distinguished profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms using latent class analysis. Results: Average number of trauma-related symptoms (21.6; range 0-38) was similar across sex and age. Latent class model suggested three classes varying by level of severity: low (31% of the sample), medium (45% of the sample), and high (24% of the sample) symptomatology. Conclusions: Results suggest that PTSD is a continuously distributed latent trait.","Assessment, Cross-cultural, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Familiar, I., Murray, L., Gross, A., Skavenski, S., Jere, E., Bass, J.",,,,0,0,
1699,Post-traumatic stress symptoms and structure among orphan and vulnerable children and adolescents in Zambia,"BACKGROUND: Scant information exists on PTSD symptoms and structure in youth from developing countries. METHODS: We describe the symptom profile and exposure to trauma experiences among 343 orphan and vulnerable children and adolescents from Zambia. We distinguished profiles of post-traumatic stress symptoms using latent class analysis. RESULTS: Average number of trauma-related symptoms (21.6; range 0-38) was similar across sex and age. Latent class model suggested 3 classes varying by level of severity: low (31% of the sample), medium (45% of the sample), and high (24% of the sample) symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that PTSD is a continuously distributed latent trait.","Trauma, assessment, cross-cultural, post-traumatic stress disorder","Familiar, I., Murray, L., Gross, A., Skavenski, S., Jere, E., Bass, J.",2014.0,Nov,10.1111/camh.12050,0,0,1698
1700,Individual and Community-Level Determinants of Mental and Physical Health After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Findings from the Gulf States Population Survey,"The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill had enormous consequences on the environment. Prevalence of mental and physical health conditions among Gulf residents after the disaster, however, are still being assessed. The Gulf State Population Survey (GSPS) was a representative survey of 38,361 residents in four Gulf States and was conducted from December 2010 to December 2011. Analysis of the GSPS data showed that differences in individual characteristics and direct or indirect exposure to the disaster drove the individual-level variation in health outcomes (mental distress, physical distress, and depression). Direct exposure to the disaster itself was the most important determinant of health after this event. Selected county-level characteristics were not found to be significantly associated with any of our health indicators of interest. This study suggests that in the context of an overwhelming event, persons who are most directly affected through direct exposure should be the primary focus of any public health intervention effort. © 2014, National Council for Behavioral Health (outside the USA).",,"Fan, A. Z., Prescott, M. R., Zhao, G., Gotway, C. A., Galea, S.",2014.0,,10.1007/s11414-014-9418-7,0,0,
1701,Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China,"BACKGROUND: This study examines the patterns and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom trajectories among adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. METHOD: A total of 1573 adolescent survivors were followed up at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-earthquake. Participants completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTSD-SS), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, Social Support Rate Scale, and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire. Distinct patterns of PTSD symptom trajectories were established through grouping participants based on time-varying changes of developing PTSD (i.e. reaching the clinical cut-off on the PTSD-SS). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine predictors for trajectory membership. RESULTS: PTSD prevalence rates at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 21.0, 23.3, 13.5 and 14.7%, respectively. Five PTSD symptom trajectories were observed: resistance (65.3% of the sample), recovery (20.0%), relapsing/remitting (3.3%), delayed dysfunction (4.2%) and chronic dysfunction (7.2%). Female gender and senior grade were related to higher risk of developing PTSD symptoms in at least one time point, whereas being an only child increased the possibility of recovery relative to chronic dysfunction. Family members' injury/loss and witness of traumatic scenes could also cause PTSD chronicity. More negative life events, less social support, more negative coping and less positive coping were also common predictors for not developing resistance or recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' PTSD symptoms showed an anniversary reaction. Although many adolescents remain euthymic or recover over time, some adolescents, especially those with the risk factors noted above, exhibit chronic, delayed or relapsing symptoms. Thus, the need for individualized intervention with these adolescents is indicated.","Adolescent survivors, longitudinal studies, post-traumatic stress disorder, predictors, trajectories","Fan, F., Long, K., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., Liu, X.",2015.0,Oct,10.1017/s0033291715000884,0,1,
1702,Psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in male and female Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans: The VALOR registry,"Objectives: Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans suffer from high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given the growing number of women in the military, there is a critical need to understand the nature and extent of potential gender differences in PTSD-associated psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans, which has not been studied to date. Methods: We used data from a gender-balanced national patient registry of warzone-deployed OEF/OIF veterans (Project VALOR: Veterans After-Discharge Longitudinal Registry) to determine the impact of gender on PTSD-related psychosocial functioning and HRQOL in 1,530 United States Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans (50% female) with and without PTSD. Overall psychosocial functioning was assessed with the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF) and mental and physical HRQOL with the Veterans RAND 12-item Health Survey (VR-12) Mental and Physical Component Summary scores, respectively. Stratified linear regression models estimated gender-specific associations, controlling for demographic, deployment, and postdeployment factors. Interaction models tested for significant effect moderation by gender. Results: In gender-stratified models, PTSD was strongly associated with higher IPF scores (greater functional impairment), with similar associations by gender. PTSD was also associated with lower Mental Component Summary scores (lower mental HRQOL) in both men and women, with no evidence of effect moderation by gender. PTSD was associated with lower Physical Component Summery scores in women but not men in adjusted models; however, interactions were not significant. Conclusion: PTSD among warzone-deployed OEF/OIF veterans is associated with significant impairments in both overall psychosocial functioning and HRQOL, with associations that are largely similar by gender. Findings support the need for thorough and continuous assessment of functional impairment and HRQOL during treatment of PTSD for both male and female OEF/OIF veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Human Sex Differences, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Quality of Life, Combat Experience, War","Fang, Shona C., Schnurr, Paula P., Kulish, Andrea L., Holowka, Darren W., Marx, Brian P., Keane, Terence M., Rosen, Raymond",2015.0,,,0,0,
1703,White matter integrity in highly traumatized adults with and without post-traumatic stress disorder,"Prior structural imaging studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have observed smaller volumes of the hippocampus and cingulate cortex, yet little is known about the integrity of white matter connections between these structures in PTSD samples. The few published studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure white matter integrity in PTSD have described individuals with focal trauma rather than chronically stressed individuals, which limits generalization of findings to this population; in addition, these studies have lacked traumatized comparison groups without PTSD. The present DTI study examined microstructural integrity of white matter tracts in a sample of highly traumatized African-American women with (n25) and without (n26) PTSD using a tract-based spatial statistical approach, with threshold-free cluster enhancement. Our findings indicated that, relative to comparably traumatized controls, decreased integrity (measured by fractional anisotropy) of the posterior cingulum was observed in participants with PTSD (p0.05). These findings indicate that reduced microarchitectural integrity of the cingulum, a white matter fiber that connects the entorhinal and cingulate cortices, appears to be associated with PTSD symptomatology. The role of this pathway in problems that characterize PTSD, such as inadequate extinction of learned fear, as well as attention and explicit memory functions, are discussed. © 2012 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.","cingulum, DTI, hippocampus, MRI, post-traumatic stress disorder, TBSS","Fani, N., King, T. Z., Jovanovic, T., Glover, E. M., Bradley, B., Choi, K., Ely, T., Gutman, D. A., Ressler, K. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1704,Status and tasks of neurology/psychiatry in internal military medicine,"Within the internal military medicine the subject of neurology and psychiatry is relatively independent, which results from the specific demands in military medicine to the whole subject and to the peculiar practical and scientific task of military psychiatry. At the same time the neurology and psychiatry carry markedly interdisciplinary character in medical aid during medical evacuation, since it likewise participates in medical aid for injured of surgical and internal profile.In the stages of the first medical and qualified medical aid this neurological and psychiatric help must be taken over by the physicians of other specialties working there. An unrestricted neurological and psychiatric help by specialists for neurology and psychiatry can be given only at the level of the specialized medical help.","article, German Democratic Republic, human, methodology, military medicine, nervous system injury, neurologic disease, patient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, war","Fanter, H., Bousseljot, W., Marwitz, R.",1985.0,,,0,0,
1705,Adverse childhood experiences and their association to personality styles in a nonmelancholic depressive sample,"Questions: Do some life story patterns exist, which are associated with depression? Can some life story factors be identified, which influence or determine a special kind of personality, predisposing to depression? Methods: Retrospective, cross sectional study with nonexperimental character, using a number of 60 nonmelancholic depressed patients. First, they were asked to give an interview on their life story. Then, they were asked to fill in questionnaires about personality, parental style of raising, clinical symptoms and personality disorders. Results: Significant correlations could be found between parental style of raising, a family history affected by depression, a dysfunctional household, the family composition, negative school experience and all investigated styles of personality. Further, clusters of personality, clusters of parental style of raising and clusters of specific life story factors could be detected. Discussion: Results show a strong relation between life story factors and personality styles, predisposing to depression and emphasize the importance of considering personality, when exploring special life story factors. Vice versa, actual personality styles can point to different patterns of life story and thus, show the relevance for the diagnostic and therapeutic process. © 2011 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen.","Depressive disorder, Life story, Parental style of raising, Personality styles","Farar, J., Schüßler, G.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1706,Combat experience and postservice psychosocial status as predictors of suicide in Vietnam veterans,"The authors examined potential risk factors for suicide among 38 Vietnam veterans using 46 Vietnam veterans who died from motor vehicle accidents as a comparison group. The veterans were selected from Los Angeles County Medical Examiner's file (1977-1982). Data for these veterans were obtained from military service records, the coroner's reports, and the psychological autopsy conducted with the decendents' family members. No military service factor was associated with suicide. The characteristics of Vietnam veteran suicide cases were not substantially different from non-Vietnam suicide cases with respect to known demographic risk factors. The psychological profile of Vietnam veteran suicide cases are also similar to non-Vietnam veteran suicide cases in most instances. Symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder were observed more frequently among suicide cases than accident cases. However, suicides were not associated with specific combat experiences or military occupation. The extent of combat experience in Vietnam per se as measured in this study is not a good predictor of suicide death.","accident, adult, army, article, controlled study, fatality, follow up, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, suicide, war","Farberow, N. L., Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
1707,Pain and neurological sequelae of cluster munitions on children and adolescents in South Lebanon,"This paper aims at evaluating the neurological repercussions arising from injuries sustained due to cluster munitions in children up to 18 years in South Lebanon following the 2006 conflict. Data on neurological and pain symptoms suffered during and after treatment because of sub-munitions in South Lebanon from August 2006 till late 2011 were prospectively recorded. Patients were divided into subcategories; children aged 12 and under and adolescents aged between 13 and 18. During the study period, there were 407 casualties, 122 (30 %) of which were aged 18 years or younger. There were 116 (95 %) males and six (5 %) females. Average age was 14 years. 10 (8.2 %), all males, died as a result of their injuries. 42 (34.4 %) were children and 80 (65.6 %) were adolescents. 112 had surgical treatments for their injuries. 83 out of 112 patients (74 %) with non-lethal injuries had amputations, 67 % children and 78 % adolescents. Among those who had amputations, 31 (37.4 %) suffered from phantom limb pain and 71 % suffered from stump/residual limb pain. 88 % of patients were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (44 % children and 77 % adolescents) and 41 % were diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome. Four patients (3.6 %) suffered from traumatic brain injuries, both penetrating and closed. Pain syndromes were found in all patients who had amputation. The injury related comorbidities together with many post-concussion syndrome cases, and fewer traumatic brain injuries lead into a high level of physical, psychosocial and economic burdens on the community. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia.","Cluster bombs, Cluster munitions, Neurological effects, Pain, Psychological effects","Fares, Y., Ayoub, F., Fares, J., Khazim, R., Khazim, M., Gebeily, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1708,Anatomical and neuropsychological effects of cluster munitions,"The aim of this article is to investigate the effects of cluster munitions on the different environmental, anatomical and neuropsychological levels. We conducted a study to explore the effects of sub-munitions on Lebanese victims. The study included a total of 407 cases that have been subjected to the detonation of unexploded sub-munitions in Lebanon, between 2006 and 2011. In our series, 356 casualties were injured and 51 were dead. 382 were males and 25 were females. We recorded 83 cases of amputations, and injuries involving cranio-facial regions, thorax, abdomen, and upper and lower extremities. These injuries lead to loss of function, body disfiguration, and chronic pain caused by the injuries or the amputations, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder. The peripheral nervous system was mostly affected and patients suffered from significant psychosocial tribulations. Cluster munitions harm human beings and decrease biodiversity. Survivors suffer from physical and psychological impairments. Laws should be passed and enforced to ban the use of these detrimental weapons that have negative effects on ecosystem and societal levels. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Italia.","Anatomical effects, Cluster bombs, Cluster munitions, Landmines, Neuropsychological effects, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Fares, Y., Fares, J.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1709,Head and facial injuries due to cluster munitions,"Cluster munitions are weapons that scatter smaller sub-munitions intended to kill or mutilate on impact. They have been used by the Israeli army in the south of Lebanon and are now scattered over wide rural areas affecting its inhabitants. Because of their easily ""pickable"" nature, sub-munitions can inflict injuries to the head and face regions. In this study, we aimed to explore the head and face injuries along with their clinical features in a group of Lebanese patients who suffered from such injuries due to a sub-munition's detonation. The study included all the cases reported between 14 August 2006 and 15 February 2013, with head and face injuries related to cluster bombs. Injuries were classified into brain, eye, otologic and auditory impairments, oral and maxillofacial, and skin and soft-tissue injuries. Psychological effects of these patients were also examined as for post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and acute stress syndrome. During the study period, there were 417 casualties as a result of cluster munitions' blasts. Out of the total number of victims, 29 (7 %) were injured in the head and the face region. The convention on cluster munitions of 2008 should be adhered to, as these inhumane weapons indiscriminately and disproportionately harm innocent civilians, thereby violating the well-established international principles governing conflict and war today. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.","Cluster bombs, Cluster munitions, Face injuries, Head injuries, Lebanon, Psychological effects","Fares, Y., Fares, J., Gebeily, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1710,An overview of 9/11 experiences and respiratory and mental health conditions among World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees,"To date, health effects of exposure to the September 11, 2001 disaster in New York City have been studied in specific groups, but no studies have estimated its impact across the different exposed populations. This report provides an overview of the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) enrollees, their exposures, and their respiratory and mental health outcomes 2-3 years post-9/11. Results are extrapolated to the estimated universe of people eligible to enroll in the WTCHR to determine magnitude of impact. Building occupants, persons on the street or in transit in lower Manhattan on 9/11, local residents, rescue and recovery workers/volunteers, and area school children and staff were interviewed and enrolled in the WTCHR between September 2003 and November 2004. A total of 71,437 people enrolled in the WTCHR, for 17.4% coverage of the estimated eligible exposed population (nearly 410,000); 30% were recruited from lists, and 70% were self-identified. Many reported being in the dust cloud from the collapsing WTC Towers (51%), witnessing traumatic events (70%), or sustaining an injury (13%). After 9/11, 67% of adult enrollees reported new or worsening respiratory symptoms, 3% reported newly diagnosed asthma, 16% screened positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 8% for serious psychological distress (SPD). Newly diagnosed asthma was most common among rescue and recovery workers who worked on the debris pile (4.1%). PTSD was higher among those who reported Hispanic ethnicity (30%), household income <$25,000 (31%), or being injured (35%). Using previously published estimates of the total number of exposed people per WTCHR eligibility criteria, we estimate between 3,800 and 12,600 adults experienced newly diagnosed asthma and 34,600-70,200 adults experienced PTSD following the attacks, suggesting extensive adverse health impacts beyond the immediate deaths and injuries from the acute event. © 2008 The Author(s).","Asthma, Children, Environmental exposures, New York City, Population estimates of WTC disaster health outcomes, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Respiratory symptoms, Serious psychological distress, World Trade Center, World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR)","Farfel, M., DiGrande, L., Brackbill, R., Prann, A., Cone, J., Friedman, S., Walker, D. J., Pezeshki, G., Thomas, P., Galea, S., Williamson, D., Frieden, T. R., Thorpe, L.",2008.0,,10.1007/s11524-008-9317-4,0,0,
1711,Parenting stress and parental post-traumatic stress disorder in families after pediatric heart transplantation,,,"Farley, L. M., DeMaso, D. R., D’Angelo, E., Kinnamon, C., Bastardi, H., Hill, C. E., Blume, E. D., Logan, D. E.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
1712,Hierarchical organization of axis i psychiatric disorder comorbidity through age 30,"Hierarchical models of psychopathology based on substantial numbers of lifetime diagnostic categories have not been sufficiently evaluated, even though such models have relevance for theories of disorder etiology, course, or prognosis. In this research, a hierarchical component model of 16 Axis I disorders is derived, and model elements are evaluated in terms of their ability to demonstrate distinct associations with several clinically-relevant variables. Participants were 816 randomly selected adolescents from the community who were repeatedly assessed for psychiatric disorders and associated risk and protective factors over a 14-year period. First-degree relatives were also interviewed to establish their lifetime psychiatric history. Patterns of lifetime comorbidity among 16 psychiatric disorders were described at five levels of organization. In addition to the broadest level that accounted for the most variance in disorder covariation, evidence was obtained at successive levels in the hierarchy for internalizing and externalizing broad-band domains that could be subdivided into more refined clusters. The validity and potential utility of the resultant hierarchical model were further supported by distinct associations that components at each level had with exposure to childhood adversities, psychiatric disorders among first-degree relatives, and psychosocial functioning at ~age 30. A large number of DSM Axis I disorders can be described within broad-band internalizing and externalizing domains, and further differentiation within these domains is possible and likely useful for some purposes. Implications of this research for conceptualizing relations among psychiatric disorders are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.",,"Farmer, R. F., Seeley, J. R., Kosty, D. B., Olino, T. M., Lewinsohn, P. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1713,Measurement of individualised quality of life amongst young people with indicated personality disorder during emerging adulthood using the SEIQoL-DW,"Purpose To examine both the feasibility of applying the Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life- Direct Weighting procedure (SEIQoL-DW) as a routine outcome measure within an early intervention service for young people with indicated personality disorder and the overall quality of life (QoL) in this population. Methods SEIQoL-DW was administered alongside the Standardised Assessment of Personality-Abbreviated Scale-Self-Report (SAPAS-SR), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Primary Care (PTSD-PC) as part of routine service evaluation over a 16-month period. Descriptive statistics were calculated for data reflecting use of the SEIQoL-DW alongside demographic and outcome variables. Results The SEIQoL-DW was administered to 52 young adults with indicated personality disorder, with 47 completing the measure, taking an average time of 27 min. Individual QoL was poor with a mean global index score of 55.07 (SD = 22.34). Individual QoL areas formed five main domains-'Aspects of Daily Living', 'Relationships', 'Social Life and Leisure', 'Family' and 'Emotional and Physical Wellbeing'. Conclusion This study further extends the application of the SEIQoL-DW for use as a routine outcome measure within a busy service setting, although ways to accommodate administration time need to be considered. Poor QoL highlights the need for continued development of services to meet the needs of young adults with indicated personality disorder. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.","Emerging adulthood, Personality disorder, Quality of life, SEIQoL-DW, Service evaluation","Farrand, P., Woodford, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1714,"Posttraumatic growth and its relationship to pre-, peri-, and post-surgical psychological factors","Depression and posttraumatic stress have been found to be important factors following cardiac surgery. Posttraumatic growth (PTG), however, has not been investigated following cardiac surgery, although it has been assessed regarding other health conditions. The current study assessed PTG at 3 to 6 years post coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery among 31 participants (mean age 68.6, SD 10.9; 58.1% male and 41.9% female), and compared to data collected at the time of surgery (pre-surgical depression, trauma history, and posttraumatic stress; peri-surgical appraisals of fear, helplessness, and life-threat). PTG was also assessed among the full sample of 39 participants in relation to their post-surgical depression and surgery-related posttraumatic stress. Differences in the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory scores were compared to presurgical, peri-surgical, and post-surgical psychological factors. Participants with High PTG had higher levels of depression prior to heart surgery ( F (1, 29) = 4.20, p <.05). Participants with High PTG reported more fearfulness and perceived life threat in relation to the change in their cardiac condition (F (1, 28) = 4.49, p <.05) and (F (1, 28) = 4.97, p <.05), respectively. No differences were found between High and Low PTG groups on presurgical posttraumatic stress, nor were group differences found in regard to post-surgical depression or traumatic stress. Through investigation of a previously neglected population with regard to PTG, the current study supports previous findings that those with moderate psychological resources may have the most to gain from experiencing a traumatic event (McMillen et al., 1997) as well as findings that individuals who perceive more potential for harm develop more PTG (Linley and Joseph, 2004). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Health, *Heart Surgery, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychology, *Stress, Posttraumatic Growth","Farrell, Margaret J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1715,Main and Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Physical Distress Intolerance with Regard to PTSD Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed Smokers,"The present study examined the roles of anxiety sensitivity (AS; the tendency to misinterpret physical internal sensations of harmful) and distress tolerance (the capacity to tolerate aversive stimuli) in terms of the expression of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among a sample of trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking tobacco smokers (n = 137; Mage = 37.7 years, 48.2% female). It was hypothesized that higher AS and lower physical distress tolerance would interact to predict greater PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms. Results were partially consistent with this prediction. Specifically, there was a significant interactive effect of AS by physical distress tolerance in terms of PTSD hyperarousal symptom cluster severity. The form of the interaction was in the expected direction, with the highest levels of PTSD hyperarousal symptoms reported among smokers with higher levels of AS and a lower capacity to tolerate physical distress. Findings underscore the importance of considering AS and physical distress tolerance in terms of better understanding mechanisms underlying the expression of PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed smokers. Copyright © Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.","comorbidity, PTSD, smoking, stress, tobacco, trauma","Farris, S. G., Vujanovic, A. A., Hogan, J., Schmidt, N. B., Zvolensky, M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1716,Childhood trauma among individuals with co-morbid substance use and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Little is known about the impact of childhood trauma (CT) on the clinical profile of individuals with co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of individuals with SUD+PTSD who have a history of CT, with SUD+PTSD individuals who have experienced trauma during adulthood only. Data were collected on 103 individuals as part of a randomised controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated psychosocial treatment for SUD+PTSD. Participants were recruited from substance use treatment services, community referrals and advertising. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, substance use and treatment histories, lifetime trauma exposure and current physical and mental health functioning. It was found that the vast majority (77%) of the sample had experienced at least one trauma before the age of 16, with 55% of those endorsing childhood sexual abuse. As expected, individuals with a CT history, as compared to without, evidenced significantly longer duration of PTSD. Those with a CT history also had more extensive lifetime trauma exposure, an earlier age of first intoxication and reported more severe substance use (e.g. a greater number of drug classes used in their lifetime, higher severity of dependence scores and greater number of drug treatment episodes). In conclusion, we found that individuals with co-morbid SUD+PTSD who had experienced CT presented with a more severe and chronic clinical profile in relation to a number of trauma and substance use characteristics, when compared to individuals with adulthood only trauma histories. It is, therefore, important for SUD+PTSD treatment planning that CT be carefully assessed. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.","childhood trauma, co-morbidity, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder","Farrugia, P. L., Mills, K. L., Barrett, E., Back, S. E., Teesson, M., Baker, A., Sannibale, C., Hopwood, S., Merz, S., Rosenfeld, J., Brady, K. T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1717,Childhood trauma among individuals with co-morbid substance use and post traumatic stress disorder,"BACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of childhood trauma (CT) on the clinical profile of individuals with co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). AIMS: To compare the clinical characteristics of individuals with SUD+PTSD who have a history of CT with SUD+PTSD individuals who have experienced trauma during adulthood only. METHOD: Data were collected on 103 individuals as part of a randomised controlled trial examining the efficacy of an integrated psychosocial treatment for SUD+PTSD. Participants were recruited from substance use treatment services, community referrals and advertising. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, substance use and treatment histories, lifetime trauma exposure, and current physical and mental health functioning. RESULTS: The vast majority (77%) of the sample had experienced at least one trauma before the age of 16, with 55% of those endorsing childhood sexual abuse. As expected individuals with a CT history, as compared to without, evidenced significantly longer duration of PTSD. Those with a CT history also had more extensive lifetime trauma exposure, an earlier age of first intoxication, and reported more severe substance use (e.g., a greater number of drug classes used in their lifetime, higher severity of dependence scores and greater number of drug treatment episodes). CONCLUSION: Individuals with co-morbid SUD+PTSD who have experienced CT present with a more severe and chronic clinical profile in relation to a number of trauma and substance use characteristics, when compared to individuals with adulthood only trauma histories. It is therefore important for SUD+PTSD treatment planning that CT be carefully assessed.",,"Farrugia, P. L., Mills, K. L., Barrett, E., Back, S. E., Teesson, M., Baker, A., Sannibale, C., Hopwood, S., Rosenfeld, J., Merz, S., Brady, K. T.",2011.0,Nov,10.1080/17523281.2011.598462,0,0,1716
1718,Towards a multifaceted understanding of revenge and forgiveness,"We focus on two aspects: First, we argue that it is necessary to include implicit forgiveness as an additional adaptive behavioral option to the perception of interpersonal transgressions. Second, we present one possible way to investigate the cognitive-affective underpinnings of revenge and forgiveness: a functional MRI (fMRI) approach aiming at integrating forgiveness and revenge mechanisms into a single paradigm. (copyright) 2013 Cambridge University Press.","aggression, anterior cingulate, awareness, decision making, forgiveness, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, human relation, introspection, motivation, posttraumatic stress disorder, revenge, review, social cognition, ventromedial prefrontal cortex","Fatfouta, R., Jacobs, A., Merkl, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1719,Post traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: Conceptualization and treatment,"(from the chapter) Notes that in recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there are two primary components of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The first being direct or indirect exposure to a traumatic event, and the second including 3 clusters of symptoms reflecting that exposure, including: re-experiencing the event, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness, and persistence of symptoms of increased arousal. Two different theoretical models, family systems therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, are presented for the conceptualization and treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents. The application of each model is demonstrated via case example. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Psychology, *Cognitive Therapy, *Emotional Trauma, *Family Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Child Abuse","Faust, Jan",2001.0,,,0,0,
1720,Trauma-informed sexuality education: recognising the rights and resilience of youth,"Experiences of maltreatment during childhood and the emergence of sexuality during adolescence are both critical developmental issues that intersect in meaningful ways, yet the two are often isolated from each other in practice. Despite the prevalence of childhood maltreatment, sexuality education does not accommodate young people with trauma histories. This results in curricula and content that ignore the particular needs and experiences of a proportion of students in sexuality education classrooms. Trauma interventions commit a similar oversight by neglecting the prospects for positive, growth-promoting sexual experiences and relationships among young people who have been abused. The failure to account for young people's resilience in the sexual domain results in treatment approaches that emphasise sexual risks (e.g. revictimisation) and problem behaviours to the exclusion of guidance in cultivating positive sexualities. Consequently, many forms of sexuality education and maltreatment interventions may be of limited effectiveness and relevance in promoting the future sexual well-being of young people with histories of trauma. To redress this gap, we advocate for trauma-informed sexuality education, an approach that acknowledges past experiences of abuse, the promise of resilience, and young people's right to positive sexualities. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","adolescent sexuality, resilience, sexuality education, trauma-informed care, youth","Fava, N. M., Bay-Cheng, L. Y.",2013.0,,10.1080/14681811.2012.745808,0,0,
1721,Full and partial post-traumatic stress disorder among World War II prisoners of war,"Background: The aim of the study is to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of full and partial post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 66 World War II Nazi prisoners of war, some of whom had been deported to death camps. Methods: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was used to assess the presence of PTSD and major depression. The Dissociative Experiences Scale and the 58-item version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist were also administered. Partial PTSD was defined as the presence of at least one symptom in each of the clusters defined by DSM-IV. Results: Forty-eight percent of the subjects have a partial PTSD, while 20% reported the full syndrome. When compared to subjects with full PTSD, those with partial PTSD showed a significantly lower frequency of comorbid depression and lower levels of psychological distress, as measured by the Symptom Checklist. No differences were found with regards to dissociative symptoms and help-seeking. Conclusions: The problem of definition of PTSD partial syndromes deserves more attention in the literature. Copyright (copyright) 2006 S. Karger AG.","aged, article, clinical assessment, cluster analysis, comorbidity, comparative study, controlled study, death, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, dissociative disorder, distress syndrome, evaluation study, experience, female, frequency analysis, help seeking behavior, human, interview, major clinical study, major depression, male, measurement, medical literature, posttraumatic stress disorder, prison, prisoner, rating scale, statistical analysis, statistical significance, symptom, war","Favaro, A., Tenconi, E., Colombo, G., Santonastaso, P.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1722,Surviving the Vajont Disaster: Psychiatric Consequences 36 Years Later,"The aim of the present study was to assess the chronic psychiatric consequences of the Vajont disaster in a group of survivors still living in the valley 36 years after the event. Thirty-nine subjects were assessed by means of a semistructured interview to investigate the extent of the traumatic experience and a structured diagnostic interview for the diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The degree of traumatic exposure significantly predicts the presence of PTSD. The lifetime frequency of full PTSD was 26%, and a further 33% of the sample displayed partial PTSD. Lifetime MDD was present in 28% of the subjects, and its prediction factors were female gender and number of losses of first-degree relatives in the disaster. Trauma-related fears are very common in the sample. A large-scale disaster, such as that of the Vajont valley, affects the psychological health of survivors for decades.","Major depressive disorder, Post traumatic stress disorder, Technological disaster, Trauma, Trauma-related fears","Favaro, A., Zaetta, C., Colombo, G., Santonastaso, P.",2004.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000117590.81374.7c,0,0,
1723,Frequency and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder after stroke: A pilot study,"Objective: Few data exist about post-stroke symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (sPTSD) and none on DSM-IV formally diagnosed PTSD (fdPTSD). We investigated the frequency and predictors of sPTSD and fdPTSD 1-6 months after a nondisabling ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: Consecutive patients were assessed for sPTSD (Impact of Events Scale-Revised, IES-R, significant if >30) and fdPTSD (PTSD-Interview). We recorded sociodemographic factors, stroke features (including severity of the initial deficit, persistent disability, localization), associated mood changes, peritraumatic reactions during the stroke (Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) for fear and distress, Peritraumatic Dissociative Experience Questionnaire for cognitive appraisal), and psychiatric history. Patients with sPTSD and fdPTSD were compared to patients with IES-R<30. Results: Among the 40 patients (65% male, mean age 52 years) studied post-IS (n = 30; mean initial NIHSS 4) or TIA, 25% had sPTSD, including 10% with fdPTSD. sPTSD was more frequent in women (p = 0.02), patients with intense peritraumatic reactions especially on PDI (p = 0.001) or identified prior depression and anxiety (p = 0.007). No other demographic factors or stroke characteristics were associated with sPTSD. Forty percent of sPTSD patients were depressed versus none of the controls (p < 0.002). All fdPTSD patients had >3 prior psychiatric co-morbidities. Conclusions: After nondisabling IS or TIA, sPTSD is frequent, with fdPTSD for 10%. Patients with intense peritraumatic reactions, women, and those with prior psychiatric morbidity, require particular attention to detect sPTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cerebrovascular Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology, Risk Factors","Favrole, Pascal, Jehel, Louis, Levy, Pierre, Descombes, Sylvie, Muresan, Ioan-Paul, Manifacier, Marie-Jose, Alamowitch, Sonia",2013.0,,,0,0,
1724,Quality of Life,,,"Fayers, P. M., Machin, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1725,What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study,,,"Fear, N. T., Jones, M., Murphy, D., Hull, L., Iversen, A. C., Coker, B., Machell, L., Sundin, J., Woodhead, C., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Landau, S., Dandeker, C., Rona, R. J., Hotopf, M., Wessely, S.",2010.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60672-1,0,0,
1726,Resilience in world trade center responders: Psychosocial predictors,"Background: Resilience is defined as the process of adapting well in the face of trauma or significant stress. Extant research, however, often does not take into consideration that severity of trauma exposure varies widely among putatively resilient individuals. No study of which we are aware has evaluated the prevalence and correlates of resilience in World Trade Center responders, one of the largest disaster response cohorts ever studied. Methods: Data were analyzed from a prospective cohort of 10,734 WTC rescue, recovery and clean-up workers who participate in the WTC Health Program, which was established in 2002. A weighted WTC exposure index comprised of 10 WTC-related exposures (e.g., treated for injury/illness while working for the WTC effort, exposure to human remains, knowing someone who suffered an injury on 9/11) was computed; this index differentially weighted each exposure with respect to risk of chronic PTSD, which was assessed an average of 3-, 6-, and 8-years after 9/11 using the PTSD Checklist (PCL). A cluster analysis was then conducted to classify responders on the basis of severity of WTC exposure and PTSD symptoms. Demographic and psychosocial characteristics of membership in a high exposure/low PCL score (nullresilientnull) group versus (1) a high exposure/high PCL group (nullPTSDnull) and (2) a lowexposure/lowPCL group (nullcontrolnull) were then examined. Additional cross-sectional analyses were conducted in a subsample of responders (n = 868) who completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). All analyses were conducted separately for professional police and non-traditional (e.g., construction workers) responders. Results: Among non-traditional responders, predictors of resilient vs. PTSD group membership included White/non-Hispanic ethnicity, single marital status, higher education and income, absence of a pre-9/11 anxiety/depression diagnosis, fewer WTC-related medical conditions, fewer post-9/11 life stressors, and greater family social support during the WTC recovery effort. In the CD-RISC completer subsample, resilient responders scored substantially higher than those with PTSD on a measure of positive acceptance of changes and availability of secure relationships. They also reported greater perceptions of personal competence/tenacity and strengthening effects of stress, and greater control and spiritual influences, although these differences were smaller in magnitude. Findings in police responders will also be presented. Conclusion: Resilient WTC responders had higher socioeconomic resources, and reported greater family support, greater positive acceptance of change/ secure relationships, greater adaptability to stress, and greater ability to derive strength from stressful experiences. Collectively, these results underscore the importance of targeting these factors in prevention and treatment efforts for disaster responders.","mental disease, exposure, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, police, single (marital status), worker, cluster analysis, income, checklist, prevention, prevalence, risk, ethnicity, Hispanic, marriage, education, diagnosis, social support, health program","Feder, A., Pietrzak, R. H., Schechter, C. B., Singh, R., Barron, J. L., Southwick, S. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1727,Mild traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: A cluster approach to assessment and treatment,"Objectives: The current available literature on the co-occurrence of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in returning veterans from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom provides very little guidance to civilian practitioners, especially related to additional co-morbid conditions such as substance use disorders. The current paper will synthesize the available information and present a cluster approach to assessment, treatment planning, treatment, and outcomes measurement for this complex clinical condition. The primary author draws on his 25-year history of providing psychotherapy to individuals after TBI as well as treating veterans with PTSD at a VA Medical Center. Method: An exhaustive review of the available literature was completed to garner best practice approaches to identification, assessment, and treatment of co-morbid TBI/PTSD and various identified subclusters of related co-morbidities such as substance use disorders and other Axis I disorders. The research included all sources that were available to civilian professionals that includedagreat dealof information from various branches of the military, Department of Defense, and Veterans Administration sources. The voluminous information was reviewed and synthesized into pragmatic recommendations for best practices to be employed by civilian practitioners in community-based mental health delivery systems. Results: This project resulted in the development of a best practices approach to the complex clinical presentation of TBI/PTSD in returning soldiers and identifies five subclusters with pragmatic guidance to community-based civilian providers. The five subclusters were identified as relatively discrete subgroups that required a modification of treatment approach or additional services to be provided and include TBI/PTSD with: (1) Substance use disorder, (2) Other co-morbid Axis I disorders, (3) Aggressive behavior, (4) Cognitive issues where skills training is beneficial, and (5) Other medical/health issues. Decision trees, flowcharts, and detailed approaches are presented for each subcluster.","society, brain injury, traumatic brain injury, veteran, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, physician, community, decision tree, treatment planning, morbidity, army, government, mental health, soldier, aggression, skill, psychotherapy","Fee, F., Harmon, D.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1728,"Exploring the roles of emotional numbing, depression, and dissociation in PTSD",,,"Feeny, N. C., Zoellner, L. A., Fitzgibbons, L. A., Foa, E. B.",2000.0,,10.1023/A:1007789409330,0,0,
1729,A real-world study of the effectiveness of DBT in the UK National Health Service,"Objectives. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) has gained widespread popularity as a treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD), and its efficacy has been demonstrated in several trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of DBT delivered by staff with a level of training readily achievable in National Health Service care settings for individuals with a Cluster B personality disorder. Design. Randomized control trial methodology was used to compare DBT to treatment as usual (TAU). Method. Forty-two participants entered the trial. Diagnostic and outcome measures were undertaken at assessment, at 6 months, and at 1 year. The clinical outcomes in routine evaluation - outcome measure (CORE-OM) were utilized as the primary outcome measure. Results. Both the DBT and TAU groups improved on the range of measures employed. The DBT group showed a slightly greater decrease in CORE-OM risk scores, suicidality, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity. However, the TAU group showed comparable reductions in all measures and a larger decrease in para-suicidal behaviours and risk. Conclusions. DBT may be an effective treatment delivered by community outpatient services for individuals with a Cluster B personality disorder. Further studies are needed to consider the impact of experience and adherence to DBT in improving outcome. © 2011 The British Psychological Society.",,"Feigenbaum, J. D., Fonagy, P., Pilling, S., Jones, A., Wildgoose, A., Bebbington, P. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1730,"Journalists, war and post traumatic stress disorder","(from the chapter) In this study of how war journalists deal with the stresses and physical dangers of their work, approximately one in five journalists was found to have ""probable"" Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) while one in three showed evidence of psychological distress. Some of the large news organizations have belatedly discovered that war journalists are at risk for disorders such as PTSD. While confidential psychiatric help is now offered to war journalists within these organizations, the same does not apply to freelance journalists. The latter also lack the logistical back-up provided by the large organizations to their journalists in the field. Thus, the freelancer is potentially at greater risk for developing more frequent and enduring psychological difficulties. PTSD is potentially a chronic disorder. It also impacts on the quality of life and is known to affect the lives of family members too. For all these reasons, it behoves the news organizations to provide speedy access to therapy for their staff and any freelance journalists whom they may employ on a contract basis. It is equally important that no stigma be attached to those journalists requiring therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Journalists, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Distress, Life Experiences, Stress, Treatment","Feinstein, Anthony, Owen, John",2002.0,,,0,0,
1731,Posttraumatic stress disorder in infants and young children exposed to war-related trauma,"Objective: Although millions of the world's children are growing up amidst armed conflict, little research has described the specific symptom manifestations and relational behavior in young children exposed to wartime trauma or assessed factors that chart pathways of risk and resilience. Method: Participants included 232 Israeli children 1.5 to 5 years of age, 148 living near the Gaza Strip and exposed to daily war-related trauma and 84 controls. Children's symptoms were diagnosed, maternal and child attachment-related behaviors observed during the evocation of traumatic memories, and maternal psychological symptoms and social support were self-reported. Results: PTSD was diagnosed in 37.8% of war-exposed children (n = 56). Children with PTSD exhibited multiple posttraumatic symptoms and substantial developmental regression. Symptoms observed in more than 60% of diagnosed children included nonverbal representation of trauma in play; frequent crying, night waking, and mood shifts; and social withdrawal and object focus. Mothers of children with PTSD reported the highest depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic symptoms and the lowest social support, and displayed the least sensitivity during trauma evocation. Attachment behavior of children in the Exposed-No-PTSD group was characterized by use of secure-base behavior, whereas children with PTSD showed increased behavioral avoidance. Mother's, but not child's, degree of trauma exposure and maternal PTSD correlated with child avoidance. Conclusions: Large proportions of young children exposed to repeated wartime trauma exhibit a severe posttraumatic profile that places their future adaptation at significant risk. Although more resilient children actively seek maternal support, avoidance signals high risk. Maternal well-being, sensitive behavior, and support networks serve as resilience factors and should be the focus of interventions for families of war-exposed infants and children. © 2011 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","attachment theory, preschoolers, PTSD, toddlers, war-related trauma","Feldman, R., Vengrober, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1732,Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the relation between trauma exposure frequency and posttraumatic stress symptomatology,,,"Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Schnurr, P. P., Zvolensky, M. J.",2006.0,,10.1891/jcop.20.2.201,0,0,
1733,The role of social support on mental health after multiple wildfire disasters,"Disasters can erode mental health (MH), even if it does not reach mental illness. This study explored the direct or moderating role of social support on MH after multiple wildfires, with attention to evacuation status and participant sex. Participants (N = 402) responded to a random digit dial telephone survey about their disaster exposure, current MH, MH at the time of the fire, social support, and life stressors since the disaster. For the evacuated, social support moderated the relation of fire stress to MH at the time of the fire, with those with high social support having better MH. For current MH, social support had a direct relation to MH, and moderated the influence of life stressors since the disaster for the evacuated and women. For those with a life stressor, current MH was better with high social support, but worse under average or low social support. Social support had a relation to current MH for women, but not men. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",,"Felix, E. D., Afifi, W.",2015.0,,10.1002/jcop.21671,0,0,
1734,Event-related potential dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of numbing,"The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between disturbance in event-related potentials (ERPs) and symptom clusters in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ERPs were recorded in 17 unmedicated civilian PTSD patients and 17 age- and sex-matched controls during a conventional auditory oddball task. PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing, active avoidance, numbing, hyperarousal) were correlated with ERP measures. The PTSD group showed ERP disturbances to target stimuli (reduced P200 and P300 and increased N200 amplitude, increased N200 and P300 latency) and reduced P200 amplitude to common stimuli compared to the control group. A significant negative correlation was found between the intensity of numbing symptoms and parietal P300 amplitude. This study replicates findings of disturbed N200 and P300 components in PTSD, reflecting impairments in stimulus discrimination and attention. The finding that numbing was associated with reduced attention processing (P300) is consistent with models positing a relationship between disordered arousal and attention in PTSD. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Event related potentials, N200, Numbing, P300, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Felmingham, K. L., Bryant, R. A., Kendall, C., Gordon, E.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1735,Stress-induced enhancement of fear conditioning activates the amygdalar cholecystokinin system in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating psychiatric disease characterized by invasive and persistent fear memories-induced stressful experience, is associated with numerous changes in neuroendocrine function. Here, we investigated whether PTSD-like symptoms are associated with changes in the cholecystokinin (CCK) system in the basolateral amygdala. We developed an animal model of PTSD using multiple foot shocks at 1.1 mA. The resulting conditioned fear response was severe (> 80% freezing) and maintained for at least 28 days. The stress-associated neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone were elevated at 1 day after foot shock. CCK immunoreactivity and extracellular concentration as well as the expression of CCK receptors (CCK1R, CCK2R) increased progressively for 28 days following foot shock. Taken together, these results suggest that stress-induced activation of the CCK system in the BLA, which may contribute toward the development of PTSD-like symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amygdala, *Cholecystokinin, *Conditioned Fear, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Rats, Stress","Feng, Ting, Yang, Shengchang, Wen, Di, Sun, Qiming, Li, Yingmin, Ma, Chunling, Cong, Bin",2014.0,,,0,0,
1736,Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees,"Background: In humans, traumatic experiences are sometimes followed by psychiatric disorders. In chimpanzees, studies have demonstrated an association between traumatic events and the emergence of behavioral disturbances resembling posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We addressed the following central question: Do chimpanzees develop posttraumatic symptoms, in the form of abnormal behaviors, which cluster into syndromes similar to those described in human mood and anxiety disorders? Methodology/Principal Findings: In phase 1 of this study, we accessed case reports of chimpanzees who had been reportedly subjected to traumatic events, such as maternal separation, social isolation, experimentation, or similar experiences. We applied and tested DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and major depression to published case reports of 20 chimpanzees identified through PrimateLit. Additionally, using the DSM-IV criteria and ethograms as guides, we developed behaviorally anchored alternative criteria that were applied to the case reports. A small number of chimpanzees in the case studies met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and depression. Measures of inter-rater reliability, including Fleiss' kappa and percentage agreement, were higher with use of the alternative criteria for PTSD and depression. In phase 2, the alternative criteria were applied to chimpanzees living in wild sites in Africa (n = 196) and chimpanzees living in sanctuaries with prior histories of experimentation, orphanage, illegal seizure, or violent human conflict (n = 168). In phase 2, 58% of chimpanzees living in sanctuaries met the set of alternative criteria for depression, compared with 3% of chimpanzees in the wild (p = 0.04), and 44% of chimpanzees in sanctuaries met the set of alternative criteria for PTSD, compared with 0.5% of chimpanzees in the wild (p = 0.04). Conclusions/Significance: Chimpanzees display behavioral clusters similar to PTSD and depression in their key diagnostic criteria, underscoring the importance of ethical considerations regarding the use of chimpanzees in experimentation and other captive settings. © 2011 Ferdowsian et al.",,"Ferdowsian, H. R., Durham, D. L., Kimwele, C., Kranendonk, G., Otali, E., Akugizibwe, T., Mulcahy, J. B., Ajarova, L., Johnson, C. M.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1737,Main and Interactive Effects of Mental Contamination and Tolerance of Negative Emotions in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Following Sexual Trauma,"Mental contamination, an internal sense of dirtiness that originates in the absence of physical contact with a stimulus, has been implicated in the exacerbation of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms following sexual trauma. In addition, evidence suggests that associations between PTS-related risk factors and PTS symptoms may depend on the degree to which one can tolerate experiencing negative emotions. To better understand the association between mental contamination and PTS symptoms, we examined main and interactive effects of mental contamination and tolerance of negative emotions in relation to PTS symptoms, including specific symptom clusters, in a community sample of women who experienced sexual trauma (N = 101). Tolerance of negative emotions moderated the association between mental contamination and PTS symptoms (total symptom severity, intrusion cluster, and cognitive/mood alterations cluster). These results indicate that difficulties tolerating negative emotions may be a necessary condition for mental contamination to relate to PTS symptoms following sexual trauma.","community sample, contamination, emotion, female, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factor, stimulus","Fergus, T. A., Bardeen, J. R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1738,Psychological factors after traumatic amputation in landmine survivors: The bridge between physical healing and full recovery,"Purpose: Limb loss due to a landmine injury is sudden and devastating. The resulting disability makes life challenging in a world where physical ability is the 'norm'. In order to better understand the psychological adjustments individuals make in their recovery from a landmine injury, the Landmine Survivors Network conducted an exploratory qualitative study to determine factors that contribute to an individual's recovery. The study examined psychosocial aspects, coping strategies, and resilience characteristics of limb loss survivors across differing cultural, societal and economic backgrounds. Method: Eighty-five participants (68 persons of limb loss, 10 family members, seven service providers) were interviewed using a semi-structured protocol in the USA and an open-ended format in six landmine affected countries. Data analysis was completed using grounded theory analytic strategies. Results: Data indicated that the survivors' acceptance of limb loss and their state of psychological recovery were greatly influenced by the individual's resilience characteristics, social support, medical care, economic situation and societal attitudes toward people with disabilities. Conclusion: Recovery from traumatic amputation in landmine survivors needs to be comprehensive and coordinated, and requires addressing the individual's physical, psychological, economic and social needs within the context of family, community, and the socio-cultural environment in which they live. © 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd.",,"Ferguson, A. D., Richie, B. S., Gomez, M. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1739,Theoretical accounts of Gulf War Syndrome: From environmental toxins to psychoneuroimmunology and neurodegeneration,"Non-specific illness includes a wide variety of symptoms: behavioural (e.g., reduced food and water intake), cognitive (e.g., memory and concentration problems) and physiological (e.g., fever). This paper reviews evidence suggesting that such symptoms can be explained more parsimoniously as a single symptom cluster than as a set of separate illnesses such as Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This superordinate syndrome could have its biological basis in the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines (in particular interleukin-1: IL-1), that give rise to what has become known as the 'sickness response'. It is further argued that the persistence of non-specific illness in chronic conditions like GWS may be (in part) attributable to a bio-associative mechanism (Ferguson and Cassaday, 1999). In the case of GWS, physiological challenges could have produced a non-specific sickness response that became associated with smells (e.g., petrol), coincidentally experienced in the Persian Gulf. On returning to the home environment, these same smells would act as associative triggers for the maintenance of (conditioned) sickness responses. Such associative mechanisms could be mediated through the hypothalamus and limbic system via vagal nerve innervation and would provide an explanation for the persistence of a set of symptoms (e.g., fever) that should normally be short lived and self-limiting. We also present evidence that the pattern of symptoms produced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines reflects a shift in immune system functioning towards a (T-helper-1) Th1 profile. This position contrasts with other immunological accounts of GWS that suggest that the immune system demonstrates a shift to a Th2 (allergy) profile. Evidence pertaining to these two contrasting positions is reviewed.","Cytokines, Gulf War Syndrome, Interleukin-1, Neurodegeneration, Pavlovian conditioning, Stress","Ferguson, E., Cassaday, H. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1740,Flooding and mental health: A systematic mapping review,"Background: Floods are the most common type of global natural disaster. Floods have a negative impact on mental health. Comprehensive evaluation and review of the literature are lacking. Objective: To systematically map and review available scientific evidence on mental health impacts of floods caused by extended periods of heavy rain in river catchments. Methods: We performed a systematic mapping review of published scientific literature in five languages for mixed studies on floods and mental health. PUBMED and Web of Science were searched to identify all relevant articles from 1994 to May 2014 (no restrictions). Results: The electronic search strategy identified 1331 potentially relevant papers. Finally, 83 papers met the inclusion criteria. Four broad areas are identified: i) the main mental health disorders - post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety; ii] the factors associated with mental health among those affected by floods; iii) the narratives associated with flooding, which focuses on the long-term impacts of flooding on mental health as a consequence of the secondary stressors; and iv) the management actions identified. The quantitative and qualitative studies have consistent findings. However, very few studies have used mixed methods to quantify the size of the mental health burden as well as exploration of in-depth narratives. Methodological limitations include control of potential confounders and short-term follow up. Limitations: Floods following extreme events were excluded from our review. Conclusions: Although the level of exposure to floods has been systematically associated with mental health problems, the paucity of longitudinal studies and lack of confounding controls precludes strong conclusions. Implications: We recommend that future research in this area include mixed-method studies that are purposefully designed, using more rigorous methods. Studies should also focus on vulnerable groups and include analyses of policy and practical responses. © 2015 Fernandez et al.",,"Fernandez, A., Black, J., Jones, M., Wilson, L., Salvador-Carulla, L., Astell-Burt, T., Black, D.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0119929,0,0,
1741,Frail elderly as disaster victims: Emergency management strategies,"Purpose: To identify the vulnerabilities of elderly to disasters, and to develop strategies to address these vulnerabilities.Methods: A relevant literature search of journal articles, government training materials, news reports, and materials from senior organizations was conducted.Results: The vulnerability of the elderly to disasters is related to their impaired physical mobility, diminished sensory awareness, chronic health conditions, and social and economic limitations that prevent adequate preparation for disasters, and hinder their adaptability during disasters. Frail elderly, those with serious physical, cognitive, economic, and psycho-social problems, are at especially high risk.Conclusions: This segment of the population is growing rapidly. Therefore, it is important that emergency management recognize the frail elderly as a special needs population, and develop targeted strategies that meet their needs. Several management strategies are presented and recommendations for further action are proposed. © 2002 World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine.","disaster, elderly, emergency management strategy, emergency management system, frail elderly, vulnerability","Fernandez, L. S., Byard, D., Lin, C. C., Benson, S., Barbera, J. A.",2002.0,,10.1017/S1049023X00000200,0,0,
1742,Cultural bias in suicidal behaviour among refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Assessed the prevalence of suicidal behavior among asylum applicants diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the impact of cultural bias factors (such as religion and nationality) in suicidal dynamics. The traumatic stressors reported included being subjected to or forced to witness war atrocities, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, other's suicide, and summary or mock executions. Ss were 32 current refugees and 32 asylum applicants, all with diagnoses of PTSD, who were examined as part of a diagnostic and suicidal risk assessment. Most PTSD patients reported suicidal behavior and nearly half of the refugees had a history of suicide attempts. Religious proscription or nationality was not found to be a significant deterrent of suicidal behavior. The results ratified previous findings (M. Ferrada-Noli et al., 1996), which suggested that suicidal behavior is more closely related to PTSD trauma and clinical features than to cultural bias. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Sociocultural Factors, *Suicide, Psychiatric Hospitals, Religion","Ferrada-Noli, Marcello, Sundbom, Elisabet",1996.0,,,0,0,
1743,Current research on cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders,"Purpose of Review: Cognitive dysfunction is frequently reported in anxiety disorders. Our aim is to describe recent advances concerning these cognitive aspects. Recent Findings: Cognitive dysfunction in anxiety disorders can be classified into four domains. The first concerns executive functions, mainly attentional processes. The second concerns memory, including deficits in working, episodic, and autobiographical memory. The third encompasses maladaptive cognitions, or thoughts and beliefs. Finally, a burgeoning area of research (mainly in obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder) concerns metacognitions, or thoughts and beliefs about ones own thoughts and beliefs. All of these dysfunctions may contribute to maintain or aggravate anxiety disorders. When developing and implementing interventions, researchers and clinicians alike must consider these cognitive aspects, and may need to tailor their approaches accordingly. Summary: Advances have clearly been made in the elucidation of the cognitive functioning associated with anxiety disorders. It remains unclear if particular cognitive profiles can help to distinguish anxiety disorders from one another, although emerging evidence suggests this may be the case. Further clarification will add to our understanding of the development and maintenance of these disorders, and may provide targets for future therapy and endophenotypes. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","anxiety, attention, cognition, memory, metacognition","Ferreri, F., Lapp, L. K., Peretti, C. S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1744,Aerobic Exercise Reduces Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial,"Evidence suggests aerobic exercise has anxiolytic effects; yet, the treatment potential for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and responsible anxiolytic mechanisms have received little attention. Emerging evidence indicates that attentional focus during exercise may dictate the extent of therapeutic benefit. Whether benefits are a function of attentional focus toward or away from somatic arousal during exercise remains untested. Thirty-three PTSD-affected participants completed two weeks of stationary biking aerobic exercise (six sessions). To assess the effect of attentional focus, participants were randomized into three exercise groups: group 1 (attention to somatic arousal) received prompts directing their attention to the interoceptive effects of exercise, group 2 (distraction from somatic arousal) watched a nature documentary, and group 3 exercised with no distractions or interoceptive prompts. Hierarchal linear modeling showed all groups reported reduced PTSD and anxiety sensitivity (AS; i.e., fear of arousal-related somatic sensations) during treatment. Interaction effects between group and time were found for PTSD hyperarousal and AS physical and social scores, wherein group 1, receiving interoceptive prompts, experienced significantly less symptom reduction than other groups. Most participants (89%) reported clinically significant reductions in PTSD severity after the two-week intervention. Findings suggest, regardless of attentional focus, aerobic exercise reduces PTSD symptoms. © 2015, © 2014 Swedish Association for Behaviour Therapy.","aerobic exercise, anxiety sensitivity, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, treatment","Fetzner, M. G., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2015.0,,10.1080/16506073.2014.916745,0,0,
1745,Clarifying the relationship between AS dimensions and PTSD symptom clusters: Are negative and positive affectivity theoretically relevant constructs?,"The association between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been established in contemporary literature; however, research is divided over the nature of specific relationships between AS dimensions and PTSD symptoms clusters. Further, a paucity of research has examined the AS and PTSD relationship while accounting for theoretically relevant variables, such as negative (NA) and positive affect (PA). The purpose of the current study was twofold: first, to clarify divergent findings regarding the contribution of AS dimensions to PTSD symptom clusters, and, second, to further assess the relevance of NA and PA within the AS/PTSD relationship. Hierarchal regression analyses showed that, beyond shared variance attributable to NA and PA, AS somatic concerns were significantly associated with three of four PTSD symptom (i.e., reexperiencing, numbing, hyperarousal), AS cognitive concerns were only associated with hyperarousal, and AS socially observable symptoms were not significantly associated with any PTSD symptom clusters. These findings suggest that AS somatic concerns are the most robust predictor of variance within the AS/PTSD relationship and further clarify the theoretical importance of NA and PA within this relationship. Comprehensive results, implication, and directions for future research are discussed. © 2012 Swedish Association for Behaviour Therapy.","Anxiety sensitivity, Negative affect, Positive affect, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Fetzner, M. G., Collimore, K. C., Carleton, R. N., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1746,Intolerance of uncertainty and PTSD symptoms: Exploring the construct relationship in a community sample with a heterogeneous trauma history,"Intolerance of uncertainty has received substantial empirical attention in recent years. The contribution of intolerance of uncertainty to the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders has become increasingly recognized by researchers; however, relationships between intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder remain largely unexplored. As part of a larger study, North American community members (n = 122, 81 % women) with a heterogeneous trauma history completed self-report measures assessing intolerance of uncertainty and its dimensions (inhibitory and prospective intolerance of uncertainty) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, hyperarousal). Intolerance of uncertainty total scores accounted for statistically significant variance in each posttraumatic stress disorder symptom score except re-experiencing. Inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty scores accounted for statistically significant variance in each posttraumatic stress disorder symptom score except re-experiencing. Prospective intolerance of uncertainty scores did not account for statistically significant variance in any of the posttraumatic stress disorder symptom scores. Results suggest that intolerance of uncertainty relates differentially to posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty appears to be the main component of the relationship. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Anxiety sensitivity neuroticism, Intolerance of uncertainty, Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, Trauma","Fetzner, M. G., Horswill, S. C., Boelen, P. A., Carleton, R. N.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1747,Tolerating distress after trauma: Differential associations between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress symptoms,"Distress tolerance has been implicated in disorders of emotional regulation, such as eating disorders and borderline personality disorder; however, much less attention has been given to distress tolerance in the context of posttraumatic stress (PTS). Several conceptual linkages between distress tolerance and PTS exist. Low distress tolerance may increase negative appraisals, reducing an individual's propensity to deal with distressing mental symptoms immediately after a trauma. Relatedly, a perceived inability to cope with the distress brought on by trauma-related memories and cues may engender maladaptive coping strategies. The few published studies examining the relationship between distress tolerance and PTS have demonstrated that lower distress tolerance was associated with increased PTS symptomatology, including increased avoidance, hyperarousal, and re-experiencing. The current study sought to replicate and extend the emerging empirical base by examining the relationship between distress tolerance and the four distinct PTS symptom clusters, while controlling for time since the index trauma and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that distress tolerance accounted for significant unique variance in re-experiencing and avoidance but not negative emotionality and hyperarousal symptoms. There was also a strong positive association between the number of traumas endorsed by participants, depression, and PTS symptoms. Findings suggest that distress tolerance is associated with PTS, lending further support to the putative relationship between PTS and distress tolerance. Accordingly, developing treatment protocols designed to increase distress tolerance in individuals affected by PTS may reduce symptom severity and increase coping abilities. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media.","Distress tolerance, Neuroticism, Posttraumatic stress, Trauma, Worry","Fetzner, M. G., Peluso, D. L., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1748,Post-traumatic stress disorder. Pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological approaches to treatment,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome of psychophysiological sequelae occurring in the aftermath of severe emotional trauma. Phenomenologically, symptoms occur in 3 clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Other psychiatric disorders such as depression, panic disorder and substance abuse frequently co-occur with PTSD. Treatment strategies for PTSD are often multimodal and attempt to integrate biological, behavioural, cognitive, psychodynamic and social formulations. Pharmacotherapy must target specific symptoms in all 3 clusters, and address the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Psychotropic medication can facilitate psychotherapeutic work, or serve as the primary modality in a biologically based approach to treatment. Specific medications used in the treatment of PTSD span a broad spectrum of pharmacological agents. The most empirically studied agents, tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, demonstrate a definite but limited impact on specific PTSD symptoms. For the patient who presents in an acute symptomatic state, benzodiazepine anxiolytics may be appropriate. For longer term treatment, selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), particularly fluoxetine, appear to have broader spectrum therapeutic effects on specific PTSD symptom clusters. Both antidepressants and anxiolytics have, in some studies, shown beneficial effects on depressive symptoms and anxiety, without measurable impact on the symptoms more specific to PTSD. Maintenance pharmacotherapy frequently requires a multidrug regimen; an SSRI may serve as the primary agent, with adjunctive agents targeting residual hyperarousal and re-experiencing symptoms. Benzodiazepines, sedating tricyclic or antihistamine compounds, and the noradrenergic drugs clonidine and propranolol are used in this way. Buspirone, a serotonergic anxiolytic, may serve a similar role for some patients, and cyproheptadine in particular appears to be helpful for nightmares. The antikindling agents carbamazepine and valproic acid (sodium valproate) have also, been reported to be beneficial, and may provide an alternative for patients with persistent hyper-reactivity and explosiveness that have not responded to other treatments.",,"Fichtner, C. G., Poddig, B. E., DeVito, R. A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1749,Neuropsychology and psychology of MCS,"Neurological symptoms are frequently reported by patients with multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Methods to compare the psychiatric, personality, and neuropsychological function of patients with MCS, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and normal controls are described. Increased rates of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses are observed in the literature for MCS and CFS subjects relative to controls. Findings on the MMPI-2 and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale reveal profiles consistent with the tendency to report somatic rather than emotional symptoms in response to stress. However, many of the reported somatic symptoms also coincide with those found in neurologic disorders. The overall neuropsychological profile for MCS subjects does not reflect cognitive impairment. Relative to normal controls, the only difference in neuropsychological performance observed is reduced recognition of nontarget designs on a visual memory task. More fruitful areas for future psychological research will include measurement of the interaction between behavioral response styles and attentional processes in cognition, as well as observations under controlled challenge conditions.","pesticide, solvent, chemosensitivity, chronic fatigue syndrome, cognition, conference paper, human, interview, neuropsychological test, neuropsychology, neurosis, occupational exposure, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychology, visual memory","Fiedler, N., Kipen, H., Deluca, J., Kelly-McNeil, K., Natelson, B.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1750,Discovering Statistics Using SPSS,,,"Field, A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1751,Fluvoxamine: An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders,"Fluvoxamine is a potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that has little or no effect on other monoamine reuptake mechanisms. Relative to other SSRIs, fluvoxamine is a weak inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 and a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2. In randomised, double-blind trials, fluvoxamine 100 to 300 mg/day for 6 to 10 weeks significantly reduced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compared with placebo. Response rates of 38 to 52% have been reported with fluvoxamine, compared with response rates of 0 to 18% with placebo. In patients with OCD, fluvoxamine had similar efficacy to that of clomipramine and, in smaller trials, the SSRIs paroxetine and citalopram and was significantly more effective than desipramine. Maintenance therapy with fluvoxamine may reduce the likelihood of relapses in up to 67% of patients with OCD. Fluvoxamine (less-than or equal to)300 mg/day for 6 to 8 weeks was as effective as imipramine in patients with panic disorder, and significantly more effective than placebo. In addition, treatment with fluvoxamine (less-than or equal to)300 mg/day for (greater-than or equal to)8 weeks improved symptoms of social phobia (social anxiety disorder), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pathological gambling, compulsive buying, trichotillomania, kleptomania, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders and autistic disorder. Large trials comparing the efficacy of fluvoxamine and other SSRIs in patients with anxiety disorders are warranted. Fluvoxamine is generally well tolerated; in postmarketing studies, nausea was the only adverse event occurring in >10% of patients with less commonly reported events including somnolence, asthenia, headache, dry mouth and insomnia. Fluvoxamine is associated with a low risk of suicidal behaviour, sexual dysfunction and withdrawal syndrome. Fewer anticholinergic or cardiovascular events are associated with fluvoxamine than tricyclic antidepressants. Although comparative data are lacking, the tolerability profile of fluvoxamine appears to be broadly similar to those of other SSRIs. Conclusion: Fluvoxamine has demonstrated short term efficacy in the treatment of OCD, panic disorder, social phobia, PTSD and in a range of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. The drug is as effective as clomipramine in patients with OCD but appears to have a better tolerability profile. On the basis of current treatment guidelines, fluvoxamine, like other SSRIs, is recommended as first-line treatment for a number of anxiety disorders. It appears to offer some pharmacokinetic advantages and a different drug interaction profile to the other SSRIs with a broadly similar spectrum of adverse events. However, direct comparisons are required to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of the different agents of this drug class.","alprazolam, caffeine, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, desipramine, fluvoxamine, lithium, placebo, propranolol, tacrine, theophylline derivative, warfarin, adult, anxiety neurosis, asthenia, behavior therapy, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, double blind procedure, drug tolerability, headache, human, insomnia, nausea, neurotoxicity, obsession, panic, pharmacodynamics, posttraumatic stress disorder, randomized controlled trial, review, sexual dysfunction, social phobia, suicidal behavior, xerostomia","Figgitt, D. P., McClellan, K. J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1752,Comparison of the quality of anesthesia between two techniques ascertained with bispectral index,"Introduction: With the development of anaesthesia as a science and a medical specialty, ""quality"" of anaesthesia becomes ever more important as it is a mixture of unconsciousness, pain relief and areflexia. Also, we must not underestimate the economic side of things (particularly with the current state of affairs in our country). Aim: Comparison between the most popular anaesthetic technique in Bulgaria: (N2O/BZD) and monoanaesthesia with Sevoflurane. The depth of anaesthesia is ascertained with bispectral analysis of EEG (BIS). Materials and methods: prospective, randomized, controlled, mono-blind study of two groups of ASA I-II patients (each of 12 patients) undergoing planned gynaecologycal surgery. The induction of anaesthesia is standard and the maintenance in one of the groups is with N2O/ BZD (the most popular technique in Bulgaria) and the other with Sevoflurane monoanaesthesia. Both groups receive relaxants and opioids in corresponding dosages. The depth of anaesthesia is ascertained with BIS (version 4.0 XP of Aspect Medical) as an objective method for neurologic monitoring. We measure the value of BIS before oro-tracheal Intubation (OTI), during intubation, every 10 minutes during maintenance, during stitching of fasciae, skin and extubation. We also monitor the signs of the vegetative nervous system: haemodynamics (datex S5), tears, sweating, forming the so called PRST - score, also every 10 mins. Respiratory monitoring every 10 mins. (Draeger Primus) - inspiratory, expiratory concentrations of inhalation anaeshtetics, MAC and capnogram. We also monitor the motor response of the patients to surgical stimulus. We measure the time for awakening, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) as well as the subjective opinion of the patient for the presence of memories with a questionaire on the 1st and 24th hour. We, measured the number of adequate responses given by the patients and last but not least we measured the consumption of anaesthetic. Results: Both groups were similar in demographic data and length of operation. The were no statistically significant differences in BIS values before and during intubation but there were significant differences during maintenance of anaesthesia, skin, fascia and extubation. There is no difference in the time for awakening. There is a tendency for a statistically signifacant difference in the values of PRST- score during maintenance of anaesthesia and the consumption of opiates. There is a difference which is not statistically significant between the responses of the patients on the 1st hour. There is a statistically significant relation between the higher value of BIS at extubation in the group with Sevoflurane and the number of adequate responses at the 1st hour in the same group as well as between the lower value of BIS at extubation in the N2O/ BZD group and the lower number of adequate responses in this group at the 1st hour mark. A patient from the N2O/ BZD even mentioned dreaming (which alarmed us about possible awareness during anaesthesia). Conclusion: Monoanaesthesia with Sevoflurane provided neurovegetative stability during anaesthesia, better depth of anaesthesia (proven with BIS), better control of the depth of anaesthesia, better restoration of consciousness at the 1st hour, lack of motor response and lack of recall (Sevoflurane influences the amigdala). In the N2O/ BZD group the depth of anaesthesia was not good, there was poor control over it and the quality of consciousness at the 1st hour mark was lower, possible presence of implicit memories, presence of motor responses. There was no difference in PONV.","central muscle relaxant, diazepam, inhalation anesthetic agent, nitrogen oxide, opiate, sevoflurane, adult, amygdaloid nucleus, anesthesia induction, anesthesia mechanism, anesthesiological procedure, article, autonomic nervous system, bispectral index, Bulgaria, capnometry, clinical article, clinical trial, comparative study, consciousness level, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, demography, endotracheal intubation, expiratory reserve volume, explicit memory, extubation, female, gynecologic surgery, hemodynamic monitoring, human, implicit memory, inspiratory capacity, lacrimal fluid, obstetric anesthesia, operation duration, patient monitoring, postoperative nausea, postoperative vomiting, posttraumatic stress disorder, premedication, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, scoring system, single blind procedure, sweating","Filipov, Tz, Smilov, Iv",2007.0,,,0,0,
1753,Potential psychosocial risk factors for chronic TMD: Descriptive data and empirically identified domains from the OPPERA case-control study,"Case-control studies have consistently associated psychosocial factors with chronic pain in general, and with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) specifically. Moreover, a handful of prospective studies suggest that preexisting psychosocial characteristics represent risk factors for new onset TMD. The current study presents psychosocial findings from the baseline case-control study of the Orofacial Pain Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) cooperative agreement. For this study, 1,633 TMD-free controls and 185 TMD cases completed a battery of psychosocial instruments assessing general psychosocial adjustment and personality, affective distress, psychosocial stress, somatic awareness, and pain coping and catastrophizing. In bivariate and demographically adjusted analyses, odds of TMD were associated with higher levels of psychosocial symptoms, affective distress, somatic awareness, and pain catastrophizing. Among controls, significant gender and ethnic group differences in psychosocial measures were observed, consistent with previous findings. Principal component analysis was undertaken to identify latent constructs revealing 4 components: stress and negative affectivity, global psychosocial symptoms, passive pain coping, and active pain coping. These findings provide further evidence of associations between psychosocial factors and TMD. Future prospective analyses in the OPPERA cohort will determine if the premorbid presence of these psychosocial factors predicts increased risk for developing new onset TMD. Perspective: This article reports baseline psychosocial findings from the OPPERA Study, a large prospective cohort study designed to discover causal determinants of TMD pain. Findings indicate significant differences between TMD cases and TMD-free controls across multiple psychosocial constructs, and future analyses will determine whether these psychosocial factors increase risk for new onset TMD. © 2011 by the American Pain Society.","catastrophizing, chronic pain, psychosocial risk factors, somatic awareness, Temporomandibular disorders","Fillingim, R. B., Ohrbach, R., Greenspan, J. D., Knott, C., Dubner, R., Bair, E., Baraian, C., Slade, G. D., Maixner, W.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1754,An investigation of potential risk factors related to stress psychopathology,"Risk factors related to stress psychopathology remain elusive in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological disturbances. The present study sought to identify specific vulnerabilities related to the onset and maintenance of PTSD. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats (male and female) were randomly assigned to four groups. Three treatment groups were designed to represent various degrees of potential susceptibility to the development of PTSD. Rats assigned to the experimental conditions were given i.p. kainic acid injections to induce hippocampal brain insult and exposed to a two hour restraint stress trauma session. Three shorter stress exposures were introduced at 10 day intervals to simulate situational reminders of trauma. It was hypothesized that rats assigned to the treatment conditions would display substandard performances at test on measures of anxiety and startle reactivity. Inhibitory avoidance and escape were assessed in the elevated T-maze. Measures of habituation and prepulse inhibition were assessed in a startle chamber. The results of the study were inconsistent with the hypotheses. The treatment manipulations failed to reveal differences between the three treatment groups and the control group. Results did reveal significant sex differences. Male rats recorded longer latencies in the elevated T-maze on the measure of inhibitory avoidance. There were no significant differences between males and females on the measure of escape. An analysis of startle reactivity revealed significant Sex x Stress and Sex x Hippocampal Insult interactions. Following stress exposure, male rats were less reactive compared to female rats while male rats exposed to postnatal hippocampal insult were more reactive. Kainic acid and restraint stress manipulations failed to alter habituation. On the analysis of prepulse inhibition male rats failed to inhibit responding to the pre-stimulus warning at the two lower level intensities. The observed sex differences are discussed in the context of differential biological and behavioral mechanisms and protective sex specific advantages. Methodological issues involving the reliability of treatment and testing parameters and developmental, physiological and motivational components beyond the scope of this investigation are addressed as possibly contributing to the lack of differences observed between groups. The present findings are discussed as relevant to future investigations into gender specific mechanisms and sexual differentiation in the utility of animal models of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Stress, Rats, Risk Factors","Finamore, Terri L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1755,An investigation of potential risk factors related to stress psychopathology,"Risk factors related to stress psychopathology remain elusive in the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological disturbances. The present study sought to identify specific vulnerabilities related to the onset and maintenance of PTSD. Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats (male and female) were randomly assigned to four groups. Three treatment groups were designed to represent various degrees of potential susceptibility to the development of PTSD. Rats assigned to the experimental conditions were given i.p. kainic acid injections to induce hippocampal brain insult and exposed to a two hour restraint stress trauma session. Three shorter stress exposures were introduced at 10 day intervals to simulate situational reminders of trauma. It was hypothesized that rats assigned to the treatment conditions would display substandard performances at test on measures of anxiety and startle reactivity. Inhibitory avoidance and escape were assessed in the elevated T-maze. Measures of habituation and prepulse inhibition were assessed in a startle chamber. The results of the study were inconsistent with the hypotheses. The treatment manipulations failed to reveal differences between the three treatment groups and the control group. Results did reveal significant sex differences. Male rats recorded longer latencies in the elevated T-maze on the measure of inhibitory avoidance. There were no significant differences between males and females on the measure of escape. An analysis of startle reactivity revealed significant Sex x Stress and Sex x Hippocampal Insult interactions. Following stress exposure, male rats were less reactive compared to female rats while male rats exposed to postnatal hippocampal insult were more reactive. Kainic acid and restraint stress manipulations failed to alter habituation. On the analysis of prepulse inhibition male rats failed to inhibit responding to the pre-stimulus warning at the two lower level intensities. The observed sex differences are discussed in the context of differential biological and behavioral mechanisms and protective sex specific advantages. Methodological issues involving the reliability of treatment and testing parameters and developmental, physiological and motivational components beyond the scope of this investigation are addressed as possibly contributing to the lack of differences observed between groups. The present findings are discussed as relevant to future investigations into gender specific mechanisms and sexual differentiation in the utility of animal models of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Rats","Finamore, Terri L.",2012.0,,,0,0,1754
1756,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents: Risk factors versus resilience moderation,"Background: Exposure to community violence and trauma, stress, and childhood abuse and neglect have been identified as risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among adolescents. Although evidence suggests that resilience may moderate the relationship between some of these risk factors and PTSD symptoms, no studies to date have examined these risk factors collectively. Aims: Our first aim was to examine the relationship between exposure to community violence, childhood abuse and neglect, perceived stress, and PTSD symptoms. Our second aim was to examine the extent to which resilience moderated the relationship between risk factors and PTSD symptoms. Method: A convenience sample of 787 participants was drawn from 5 public secondary schools in the Cape Town metropole of South Africa. The participants were invited to complete a battery of questionnaires on a single occasion. Results: Of the participants, 48.3% were Black, 58.6% were female, and 31.6% were in grade 8. After controlling for covariates, we found that exposure to community violence, perceived stress, and childhood abuse and neglect together accounted for 33.4% of the variance in PTSD symptoms (F8,778 = 71.06, P < .001). Nevertheless, resilience moderated the relationship between childhood abuse and symptoms of PTSD ( = .09, t786 = 2.88, P < .001), where the independent effect of childhood abuse and neglect on PTSD symptoms was significantly reduced with increasing resilience. Resilience did not, however, interact with exposure to community violence or perceived levels of stress to influence PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: High levels of exposure to community violence, perceived stress, and childhood abuse and neglect may contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms in South African adolescents. However, high levels of resilience may buffer the negative effects of childhood abuse and neglect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Risk Factors, *Violence, Stress, Symptoms","Fincham, Dylan S., Altes, Lucas Korthals, Stein, Dan J., Seedat, Soraya",2009.0,,,0,0,
1757,Life Course Epidemiology of Trauma and Related Psychopathology in Civilian Populations,"Traumatic events are ubiquitous exposures that interact with life course events to increase risk of acute psychopathology and alter mental health trajectories. While the majority of persons exposed to trauma experience mild to moderate psychological distress followed by a return to pre-trauma health, many persons exposed to trauma experience substantial distress that lasts for several years. Therefore, in an effort to understand why exposure to trauma can provoke such a range of reactions, we apply a life course approach that considers the complex accumulation and interaction of life experiences that range from social to biological factors, which occur over the life span—from gestation to death and across generations. We present this evidence in three categories: genetics and biology, individual exposures, and community experiences, followed by discussing challenges in existing research and directions for future study.","accident, child abuse, chronosequence, death, disease predisposition, epigenetics, family violence, gene expression, genetic association, genetic variability, genotype environment interaction, human, inheritance, life event, lifespan, mental disease, natural disaster, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, review, risk assessment, sexual abuse, social environment, social interaction, substance abuse","Fink, D. S., Galea, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1758,"Stress controversies: Post-traumatic stress disorder, hippocampal volume, gastroduodenal ulceration","Stress in mammals triggers a neuroendocrine response mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system. Increased activity of these two systems induces behavioural, cardiovascular, endocrine and metabolic cascades that enable the individual to fight or flee and cope with the stress. Our understanding of stress and stress-response mechanisms is generally robust. Here, however, we review three themes that remain controversial and perhaps deserve further scrutiny and investigation before they achieve canonical status. The themes are, first, hypocortisolaemia in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A reduction rather than a stress-induced increase in adrenal glucocorticoid levels, as seen in major depressive disorder (MDD), is puzzling and furthermore is not a consistent feature of PTSD. Overall, studies on PTSD show that glucocorticoid levels may be normal or higher or lower than normal. The second theme concerns the reduction in volume of the hippocampus in MDD attributed to the neurotoxicity of hypercortisolaemia. Again, as for hypocortisolaemia in PTSD, reduced hippocampal volume in MDD has been found in some but not all studies. Third, the discovery of a causal association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcers apparently brought to an end the long-held view that peptic ulceration was caused predominantly by stress. However, recent studies suggest that stress can cause peptic ulceration in the absence of H. pylori. Predictably, the aetiological pendulum of gastric and duodenal ulceration has swung from 'all stress' to 'all bacteria' followed by a sober realization that both factors may play a role. This raises the question as to whether stress and H. pylori interact, and if so how? All three controversies are of clinical significance, pose fundamental questions about stress mechanisms and offer important areas for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Size, *Gastrointestinal Ulcers, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Glucocorticoids, Mammals, Microorganisms, Neuroendocrinology, Neurotoxicity","Fink, G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1759,Fields of combat: Understanding post-traumatic stress disorder among veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan,"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has received increasing attention as one of the ""signature wounds"" of the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, with more than 75,000 returning veterans newly diagnosed since 2002. Epidemiological and clinical accounts of the disorder have struggled to understand how social and cultural factors may influence veterans' vulnerability to developing PTSD after combat exposure, while anthropological explorations of PTSD have told us little about the personal experience of PTSD, tending to focus instead on a critique of the diagnosis' status as an authoritative biomedical category. The present study addressed these gaps by using both ethnographic and epidemiologic methods to investigate how recent male veterans and their families understand and respond to post-deployment stress and PTSD. Findings consider veterans' experiences of post-deployment stress in the context of key social and cultural variables such as Mexican-American and Euro-American ethnicity, family relations and masculine gender roles, and amid wider understandings of PTSD in clinical and media accounts of the disorder. Living with a diagnosis of PTSD turns out to require navigating multiple and often contradictory fields of social meaning simultaneously, with implications for how veterans make decisions vital to their experience of illness - including coping strategies and efforts toward care-seeking and meaning-making. Retrospectively following veterans across a trajectory of cultural environments and life course events, this dissertation explores how social relations, political economy, and lay and professional notions of illness and gender help to shape veterans' vulnerability and resilience as they work to create post-war lives, often amid profound distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War","Finley, Erin P.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1760,Patterns and perceptions of intimate partner violence committed by returning veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Data from a recent mixed-methods study conducted among Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) raise important questions regarding the occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in this population. Three case studies illustrate two main findings. First, Veterans and family members participating in the study described three patterns of partner violence-violence committed in anger; dissociative violence; and parasomniac/hypnopompic violence-suggesting that distinct patterns of IPV may emerge in relation to PTSD symptoms. Second, participants' descriptions suggest that common ideas about PTSD and war-related suffering can play an important role in influencing how Veterans and their partners respond to episodes of partner violence. It is important for those providing care to PTSD-diagnosed Veterans and their partners to understand when and how partner violence may occur, and how both parties may perceive and respond to it, in order to aid in developing appropriate plans for coping and safety-seeking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Intimate Partner Violence, *Military Veterans, *Partner Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Finley, Erin P., Baker, Monty, Pugh, Mary Jo, Peterson, Alan",2010.0,,,0,0,
1761,Serving within the British army: Research into mental health benefits,"The mental health (MH) of soldiers remains extremely newsworthy and is regularly featured in high profile media forums that focus on post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the authors feel that there are distinct benefits to serving within the Army, and that it provides effective occupational medical, MH and welfare support. This research study explores potential benefits and stressors of being in the Army and provides an overview of Army mental health services (AMHS) through the perspectives of AMHS personnel, 84% of which were nurses. The study indicated that the Army can provide a protective community, sharing a bond based on common values and experiences. The Army can provide soldiers with career opportunities that are not available in civilian life, and there are opportunities to develop an employment profile, enhanced by internal and external educational training, and encapsulated within a progressive career pathway. The Army can also be seen to offer an escape route, preventing soldiers entering a life of crime, and supplying the stable family these soldiers had never experienced. The provision of leadership, within an environment where soldiers are valued and stigma is not tolerated can potentially shield against MH problems.","Army, Defence nursing, Mental health, Military","Finnegan, A., Finnegan, S., McGee, P., Ashford, R., Simpson, R.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1762,The impact of therapy: A qualitative analysis of clinicians working with combat veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder,"For some people, exposure to trauma results in the development of psychological maladjustment in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder. Veterans returning from combat zones tend to meet criteria for PTSD at rates significantly higher than what is observed in the general population. Mental health professionals, particularly those working with U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, play an important role in the recovery of these Veterans. Research suggests that facilitating trauma therapy and/or being exposed second-hand to traumatic material can have negative consequences for the therapist. The current study focuses on the impact of trauma therapy on therapists who work with combat veterans through the VA. The study includes seven psychologists in the state of Iowa employed by VA. Findings support previous research by highlighting the impact therapy has on the clinician providing it. The impact of facilitating trauma therapy or working with traumatized populations is not wholly positive or negative, but often both. The current study suggests that what clinicians do in response to hearing trauma narratives that is of key importance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Clinicians, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Psychological Development","Finnegan, Kari Luan",2015.0,,,0,0,
1763,Preoccupied and Avoidant Coping during Middle Childhood,"Prior research on attachment to caregivers during middle childhood has failed to include assessments of the divergent coping styles that insecure attachment can take. In this study, self-report scales were developed to assess children's preoccupied coping (strong need for mother during stress but inability to be soothed by her) and avoidant coping (denial of need for mother and avoidance of her during stress). The scales were administered to 229 boys and girls in the third through seventh grades (mean age 11.3 years) and were associated in theoretically meaningful ways with peers' reports of the children's adjustment at school. The advantage of including assessments of coping style in studies of attachment-adjustment relations in middle childhood is noted.",,"Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V. E., Perry, D. G.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1764,From Memory Impairment to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Like Phenotypes: The Critical Role of an Unpredictable Second Traumatic Experience,"Arousal and stress critically regulate memory formation and retention. Increasing levels of stress produce an inverted U-shaped effect on cognitive performance, including the retention of explicit memories, and experiencing a severe stress during a traumatic event may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the impairing effect of a severe stress on memory and the key contribution of traumatic experiences toward the development of PTSD are still unknown. Here, using increasing footshock intensities in an inhibitory avoidance paradigm, we reproduced the inverted U-shaped curve of memory performance in rats. We then show that the inverted U profile of memory performance correlates with an inverted U profile of corticosterone level in the circulation and of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated tropomyosin-receptor kinase B, and methyl CpG binding protein in the dorsal hippocampus. Furthermore, training with the highest footshock intensity (traumatic experience) led to a significant elevation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors. Exposure to an unpredictable, but not to a predictable, highly stressful reminder shock after a first traumatic experience resulted in PTSD-like phenotypes, including increased memory of the trauma, high anxiety, threat generalization, and resistance to extinction. Systemic corticosterone injection immediately after the traumatic experience, but not 3 d later, was sufficient to produce PTSD-like phenotypes. We suggest that, although after a first traumatic experience a suppression of the corticosterone-dependent response protects against the development of an anxiety disorder, experiencing more than one trauma (multiple hits) is a critical contributor to the etiology of PTSD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Increasing levels of stress produce an inverted U-shaped effect on memory retention. Humans experiencing an acute trauma may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the key contributions of trauma to PTSD formation are still unknown. This study in rats shows that a single traumatic experience leads to memory impairment, accompanied by blunted activations of circulating corticosterone and of plasticity molecular changes in the hippocampus. Experiencing a traumatic, unpredictable reminder, but not a repetition of the same trauma (predictable), leads to high anxiety, threat memory generalization, and extinction failure, typical responses of anxiety disorders and PTSD. Thus, although a first trauma elicits inhibiting responses, which may be protective, experiencing more than one unpredictable trauma is a critical contributor of PTSD etiology.","Ptsd, hippocampus, memory, molecular mechanisms, stress, trauma","Finsterwald, C., Steinmetz, A. B., Travaglia, A., Alberini, C. M.",2015.0,Dec 2,10.1523/jneurosci.0771-15.2015,0,0,
1765,"Basic emotion profiles in healthy, chronic pain, depressed and PTSD individuals","Objectives: To compare self-reports of five basic emotions across four samples: healthy, chronic pain, depressed and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to investigate the extent to which basic emotion reports discriminate between individuals in healthy or clinical groups. Methods: In total, 439 participants took part in this study: healthy (n = 131), chronic pain (n = 220), depressed (n = 24) and PTSD (n = 64). The participants completed the trait version of the Basic Emotion Scale. Basic emotion profiles were compared both within each group and between the healthy group and each of the three other groups. Discriminant analysis was used to assess the extent to which basic emotions can be used to classify the participants as belonging to the healthy group or one of the clinical groups. Results: In the healthy group, happiness was experienced more than any other basic emotion. This was not found in the clinical groups. In comparison to the healthy participants, the chronic pain group experienced more fear, anger and sadness, the depressed group reported more sadness and the PTSD group experienced all of the negative emotions more frequently. Discriminant analysis revealed that happiness was the most important variable in determining whether an individual belonged to the healthy group or one of the clinical groups. Anger was found to further discriminate between depressed and chronic pain individuals. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that basic emotion profile analysis can provide a useful foundation for the exploration of emotional experience both within and between healthy and clinical groups. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Basic emotions, Chronic pain, Depression, Discriminant function analysis, PTSD","Finucane, A. M., Dima, A., Ferreira, N., Halvorsen, M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1766,User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II),,,"First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1767,Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders,,,"First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J. B. W.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1768,The importance of neurobiological research to the prevention of psychopathology,"There is both a biological and environmental component to the neural substrates for various forms of psychopathology. Brain dysfunction itself not only constitutes a formidable liability to psychopathology, but also has an impact on environmental and social responses to the individual, compounding the risk for an adverse outcome. Environmental conditions, such as social and physical stimulus deprivation, poverty, traumatic stress, and prenatal drug exposure, can further compromise brain function in the context of existing liabilities. The relationship between genetic and environmental processes is interactive, fluid, and cumulative in their ability to influence an individual's developmental trajectory and alter subsequent behavioral outcomes. Given the codependent relationship between these processes, brain function is now believed to be malleable via manipulations of the environment in ways that may decrease liability for psychopathology. Research that explores these relationships and ways in which interventions can redirect this developmental track may substantially advance both the science and practice of prevention. Studies attempting to isolate the neurobiological effects of socioenvironmental factors are reviewed, implications for intervention strategies are discussed, and a future research agenda is proposed to provide greater insight into specific brain-environment relationships. Armed with this knowledge, prevention scientists may eventually design programs that directly target these effects to reverse or attenuate negative outcomes.",,"Fishbein, D.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1769,"Cardiac stability at differing levels of temporal analysis in panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and healthy controls","The panic disorder (PD) literature provides evidence for both physiologic rigidity and instability as pathognomonic features of this disorder. This ambiguity may be a result of viewing PD at differential levels of temporal analysis. We assessed cardiac variability across three levels of temporal scale in PD patients, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, and healthy controls. Sixteen healthy controls, 14 PD patients, 23 PTSD patients, and 16 PTSD + PD patients presented for a polysomnogram. Differences were assessed in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), autoregressive stability of heart rate (HR), and the number of nonspecific accelerations in HR over the night. No differences in RSA were found between groups; however, PD patients exhibited significantly lower autoregressive HR stability, and all patients had significantly more HR accelerations than controls. These data reinforce prior findings demonstrating physiologic instability in PD and indicate that prior equivocalities regarding physiologic variability in PD may be due to limited temporal scaling of measurements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Heart Rate, *Panic Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Respiration, *Sleep","Fisher, Aaron J., Woodward, Steven H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1770,American Psychological Association's (1992) Ethics Code and the Validation of Sexual Abuse in Day-Care Settings,"This article applies the American Psychological Association's (1992) Ethics Code to the activities of psychologists engaged in child sexual abuse validations. Standards of professional and forensic competence are discussed with respect to quality and level of education, unsupervised experience, and workshop attendance. Personal biases, self-interests, and multiple relationships that can give rise to misleading testimony and exploitation of child witnesses are addressed, along with ethical problems arising when psychologists confuse abuse validation with child advocacy. Failure to document and select scientifically and professionally sound assessment techniques is discussed, and potential ethical problems inherent in the use of ""syndrome"" evidence (S.M. Sgroi, 1982; R. C. Summit, 1983), posttraumatic stress disorder, and D. Finkelhor's (1988) offender typology are highlighted. A more realistic description of psychologists' competencies and responsibilities in legal proceedings is recommended.",,"Fisher, C. B.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1771,Adverse psychological impact of operative obstetric interventions: A prospective longitudinal study,"Objective: This paper reports the findings of a prospective longitudinal study of 272 nulliparous pregnant women, which investigated as one of its objectives the psychological sequelae of obstetric procedures. Method: Participants completed structured interviews and standardised, published psychometric questionnaires, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Profile of Mood States late in pregnancy and again early in the postpartum period. Results: Little evidence was found to support the notion that the total number of obstetric interventions was linked to a deterioration in postpartum mood. Significant adverse psychological effects were associated with the mode of delivery. Those women who had spontaneous vaginal deliveries were most likely to experience a marked improvement in mood and an elevation in self-esteem across the late pregnancy to early postpartum interval. In contrast, women who had Caesarean deliveries were significantly more likely to experience a deterioration in mood and a diminution in self-esteem. The group who experienced instrumental intervention in vaginal deliveries fell midway between the other two groups, reporting neither an improvement nor a deterioration in mood and self-esteem. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that operative intervention in first childbirth carries significant psychological risks rendering those who experience these procedures vulnerable to a grief reaction or to posttraumatic distress and depression.","adult, article, cesarean section, depression, deterioration, female, forceps delivery, human, human experiment, interview, longitudinal study, mood, normal human, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, puerperium, questionnaire, self esteem, vaginal delivery","Fisher, J., Astbury, J., Smith, A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1772,The Influences of Event Centrality in Memory Models of PTSD,"The consequences of events for well-being are influenced by individual and situational factors that are often studied in isolation. In the research reported here, a large (N=489) nonclinical sample of college students reported their most traumatic event, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, personality traits, and characteristics of their event memory. This study achieved three major goals. First, we identified the highest types of stress event types in this population as disruptions of interpersonal relationships, homicides/assaults on others, and assaults/accidents involving themselves. Second, we established that the effects of memory characteristics such as vividness, belief, and impact on PTSD symptoms are mediated by the centrality of the event to identity. Third, we affirmed the hypothesis that a structural model of the influence of personality factors on PTSD symptoms has a higher level of concurrent validity if event centrality is included as a mediator of those influences. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Fitzgerald, J. M., Berntsen, D., Broadbridge, C. L.",2016.0,,10.1002/acp.3160,0,0,
1773,"Profiles of adult survivors of severe sexual, physical and emotional institutional abuse in Ireland","Adult survivors of institutional abuse were interviewed with a comprehensive assessment protocol which included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Institutional Child Abuse Processes and Coping Inventory, the Structured Clinical Interviews for Disorders of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV axis I disorders and personality disorders, the Trauma Symptoms Inventory, a Life Problems Checklist, the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Profiles were identified for subgroups that described severe sexual (N = 60), physical (N = 102), or emotional (N = 85) abuse as their worst forms of maltreatment. Survivors of severe sexual abuse had the most abnormal profile, which was characterised by higher rates of all forms of child maltreatment and higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder, trauma symptoms and life problems. Survivors of severe emotional abuse were better adjusted than the other two groups. The profile of survivors of severe physical abuse occupied an intermediate position between the other two groups. A thorough assessment of abuse history and current functioning should be conducted when providing services to adult survivors of institutional abuse, since this may have important implications for the intensity of services required. Survivors of severe sexual abuse may require more intensive services. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Adult survivors, Clerical abuse, Institutional abuse","Fitzpatrick, M., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Flanagan-Howard, R., Flanagan, E., Tierney, K., White, M., Daly, M., Shevlin, M., Egan, J.",2010.0,,,0,1,
1774,"Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and the effect of explanatory variables in paramedic trainees","Background: Emergency healthcare workers, including trainees and individuals in related occupations are at heightened risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression owing to work-related stressors.We aimed to investigate the type, frequency, and severity of direct trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms and other psychopathology amongst paramedic trainees. In order to create a risk profile for individuals who are at higher occupational risk of developing PTSD, we examined risk and resilience factors that possibly contributed to the presence and severity of posttraumatic symptomatology.Methods: Paramedic trainees (n = 131) were recruited from a local university. A logistic regression analysis was conducted using the explanatory variables age, gender, population group, trauma exposure, depression, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, resilience and social support.Results: 94% of paramedic trainees had directly experienced trauma, with 16% meeting PTSD criteria. A high rate of depression (28%), alcohol abuse (23%) and chronic perceived stress (7%) and low levels of social support was found. The number of previous trauma exposures, depression, resilience and social support significantly predicted PTSD status and depression had a mediating effect.Conclusion: There is a need for efficient, ongoing screening of depressive and PTSD symptomatology in trauma exposed high risk groups so that early psychological supportive interventions can be offered. (copyright) 2014 Fjeldheim et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","adolescent, adult, age, alcohol abuse, alcohol use disorder, alcoholism, article, Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, controlled study, coping behavior, depression, explanatory variable, exposure, female, gender, health, human, injury, injury severity, job stress, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, occupational hazard, paramedical education, paramedical personnel, patient assessment, Patient Health Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, prevalence, social support, sudden death, trauma exposure","Fjeldheim, C. B., Nothling, J., Pretorius, K., Basson, M., Ganasen, K., Heneke, R., Cloete, K. J., Seedat, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1775,"Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and the effect of explanatory variables in paramedic trainees","Background: Emergency healthcare workers, including trainees and individuals in related occupations are at heightened risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression owing to work-related stressors.We aimed to investigate the type, frequency, and severity of direct trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms and other psychopathology amongst paramedic trainees. In order to create a risk profile for individuals who are at higher occupational risk of developing PTSD, we examined risk and resilience factors that possibly contributed to the presence and severity of posttraumatic symptomatology.Methods: Paramedic trainees (n = 131) were recruited from a local university. A logistic regression analysis was conducted using the explanatory variables age, gender, population group, trauma exposure, depression, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, resilience and social support.Results: 94% of paramedic trainees had directly experienced trauma, with 16% meeting PTSD criteria. A high rate of depression (28%), alcohol abuse (23%) and chronic perceived stress (7%) and low levels of social support was found. The number of previous trauma exposures, depression, resilience and social support significantly predicted PTSD status and depression had a mediating effect.Conclusion: There is a need for efficient, ongoing screening of depressive and PTSD symptomatology in trauma exposed high risk groups so that early psychological supportive interventions can be offered. © 2014 Fjeldheim et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Emergency medical workers, Paramedic trainees, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Fjeldheim, C. B., Nöthling, J., Pretorius, K., Basson, M., Ganasen, K., Heneke, R., Cloete, K. J., Seedat, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,1774
1776,"Predictors of emotional numbing, revisited: A replication and extension","Litz et al. (1997), theorizing that emotional numbing (EN) is the result of emotional depletion caused by chronic hyperarousal, demonstrated that a cluster of hyperarousal symptoms was a robust predictor of EN symptoms. In the present study, these findings were replicated and extended in two multiple regression analyses of data from a large, multisite investigation (T. M. Keane et al., 1998) of psychophysiological responding by male combat veterans. The arousal (D) cluster of symptoms was again the most robust predictor of EN symptoms, whereas physiological indices of arousal and reactivity accounted for negligible amounts of variance in both regression equations. These findings underscore the possible link between disturbances related to arousal and the capacity of traumatized individuals to express and experience pleasant feelings.","article, clinical feature, controlled study, education, emotional deprivation, heart rate, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, race difference, regression analysis, soldier","Flack, W. F., Litz, B. T., Hsieh, F. Y., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M.",2000.0,,,0,0,
1777,Cell type-specific modifications of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its type 1 receptor (CRF1) on startle behavior and sensorimotor gating,"The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and receptors coordinates the mammalian endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. Excessive CRF production has been implicated in the etiology of stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is associated with alterations in startle plasticity. The CRF family of peptides and receptors mediate acute startle response changes during stress, and chronic CRF activation can induce startle abnormalities. To determine what neural circuits modulate startle in response to chronic CRF activation, transgenic mice overexpressing CRF throughout the central nervous system (CNS; CRF-COECNS) or restricted to inhibitory GABAergic neurons (CRF-COEGABA) were compared across multiple domains of startle plasticity. CRF overexpression throughout the CNS increased startle magnitude and reduced ability to inhibit startle (decreased habituation and decreased prepulse inhibition (PPI)), similar to previous reports of exogenous effects of CRF. Conversely, CRF overexpression confined to inhibitory neurons decreased startle magnitude but had no effect on inhibitory measures. Acute CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist treatment attenuated only the effects on startle induced by CNS-specific CRF overexpression. Specific deletion of CRF1 receptors from forebrain principal neurons failed to alter the effects of exogenous CRF or stress on startle, suggesting that these CRF1 expressing neurons are not required for CRF-induced changes in startle behaviors. These data indicate that the effects of CRF activation on startle behavior utilize an extensive neural circuit that includes both forebrain and non-forebrain regions. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the neural source of increased CRF release determines the startle phenotype elicited. It is conceivable that this may explain why disorders characterized by increased CRF in cerebrospinal fluid (e.g. PTSD and major depressive disorder) have distinct symptom profiles in terms of startle reactivity. © 2014.","Acoustic startle, CRF, CRH, Prepulse inhibition, PTSD","Flandreau, E., Risbrough, V., Lu, A., Ableitner, M., Geyer, M. A., Holsboer, F., Deussing, J. M.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.005,0,0,
1778,Social psychiatric approach in the treatment of psychopathology of neurodevelopmental disorders in people with intellectual disability,"Rationale: Goal of this workshop is to explain the crucial role and treatment skills of the Social Psychiatric Nurse in the Netherlands. The diagnostic and treatment of psychiatric patients with a mental disability is above others described by its multi complex character. This complex character is caused by the mental disability with frequently a disharmonic profile, psychiatric disorder(s) and the extent to which the symptoms of the disorder are interacting with the mental disability and the social context. This contextual approach is especially indicated when treating psychiatric disorders and MBID. The value of social psychiatric interventions in diagnostics and treatment. Objectives: In the mental healthcare system in the Netherlands nurses are specially trained to become a Social Psychiatric Nurse (SPV). A SPV is a psychiatric nurse who is specialized in the treatment of psychiatric patients and their complete social context. The SPV is used for extending, adjusting and effecting the treatment of the involved therapists and psychiatrists. The SPV mostly anticipates when the problem of the patient has a multi complex character which interferes with the treatment. The interaction between the patient and his social context is, in addition, an influencing force in the recovering process. This can define very well the difference between success or stagnation in the patients treatment. Different kind of stepped care interventions are necessary not only within the patient, but also in his social context. Methods: The SPV relies on a wide variety of therapeutically and contextual interventions: Developmental screening and research, contextual screening in attribution to sustain a psychiatric diagnosis; Therapeutic treatment of MDD, developmental disorders and PTSD; Pharmacological evaluation; Consultation and education of those involved with the patient, both professional and non-professional, to prevent marginalization and coercive measures. Both short and long term treatments require SPV intervention. Results: Due to the character of especially MDD, developmental disorders and PTSD with MBID specific requirements are needed in the treatment, which are most effective when also accomplished within the patient's social context. The SPV contributes by anticipating this potential lacuna. Description of the interactive workshop method: By the hand of a presentation that involves an interview with an patient and his wife who received long term treatment at VGGNet, the audience is challenged and stimulated to anticipate in answering the widely ranged difficulty's that both the patient and his relatives encountered in their complicated process before and during the treatment at VGGNet. The audience becomes a participant in the recovering process. Conclusions: Deploying a SPV shortens the length of the treatment. It also reduces the risk of a patient relapse after the treatment and contributes in diagnostics of psychiatric disorders and MBID.","human, mental disease, diseases, intellectual impairment, patient, social environment, nurse, diagnosis, mental deficiency, workshop, developmental disorder, Netherlands, mental patient, long term care, interview, education, consultation, psychiatric diagnosis, screening, skill, developmental screening, psychiatrist, relapse, risk, health care system, posttraumatic stress disorder","Flapper, J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1779,Comparative study of trauma-related phenomena in subjects with pseudoseizures and subjects with epilepsy,"Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine potential differences in measures of trauma-related phenomena between subjects with pseudoseizures and subjects with intractable epilepsy. Method: Thirty-one adult subjects with pseudoseizures and 32 subjects with intractable epilepsy (confirmed by video-EEG) were recruited from the epilepsy unit of a tertiary care hospital. Each participant completed the Impact of Event Scale, the Davidson Trauma Scale, the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the Dissociative Experience Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, as well as demographic, seizure history, and family functioning measures. Results: Subjects with pseudoseizures had significantly higher mean scores on the Davidson Trauma Scale, Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, Impact of Event Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index than subjects with epilepsy. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of subjects with pseudoseizures had scores above the clinical cutoff level of 30 on the Dissociative Experience Scale. Conclusions: Subjects with pseudoseizures exhibited traumarelated profiles that differed significantly from those of epileptic comparison subjects and closely resembled those of individuals with a history of traumatic experiences. Interventions aimed at trauma-related issues may be beneficial for patients with pseudoseizures.",,"Fleisher, W., Staley, D., Krawetz, P., Pillay, N., Arnett, J. L., Maher, J.",2002.0,,,0,1,
1780,Typology of adults diagnosed with mental disorders based on socio-demographics and clinical and service use characteristics,"Background: Mental disorder is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide. Its cost and negative impact on productivity are substantial. Consequently, improving mental health-care system efficiency - especially service utilisation - is a priority. Few studies have explored the use of services by specific subgroups of persons with mental disorder; a better understanding of these individuals is key to improving service planning. This study develops a typology of individuals, diagnosed with mental disorder in a 12-month period, based on their individual characteristics and use of services within a Canadian urban catchment area of 258,000 persons served by a psychiatric hospital.Methods: From among the 2,443 people who took part in the survey, 406 (17%) experienced at least one episode of mental disorder (as per the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)) in the 12 months pre-interview. These individuals were selected for cluster analysis.Results: Analysis yielded four user clusters: people who experienced mainly anxiety disorder; depressive disorder; alcohol and/or drug disorder; and multiple mental and dependence disorder. Two clusters were more closely associated with females and anxiety or depressive disorders. In the two other clusters, males were over-represented compared with the sample as a whole, namely, substance abuses with or without concomitant mental disorder. Clusters with the greatest number of mental disorders per subject used a greater number of mental health-care services. Conversely, clusters associated exclusively with dependence disorders used few services.Conclusion: The study found considerable heterogeneity among socio-demographic characteristics, number of disorders, and number of health-care services used by individuals with mental or dependence disorders. Cluster analysis revealed important differences in service use with regard to gender and age. It reinforces the relevance of developing targeted programs for subgroups of individuals with mental and/or dependence disorders. Strategies aimed at changing low service users' attitude (youths and males) or instituting specialised programs for that particular clientele should be promoted. Finally, as concomitant disorders are frequent among individuals with mental disorder, psychological services and/or addiction programs must be prioritised as components of integrated services when planning treatment. © 2011 Fleury et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Fleury, M. J., Grenier, G., Bamvita, J. M., Perreault, M., Jean, Caron",2011.0,,,0,0,
1781,Are cortisol profiles a stable trait during child development?,"Exposure to stressful experiences can increase vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. A potential neuroendocrine mechanism mediating the link between stress and health is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, with a key role attributed to the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. Retrospective and cross sectional clinical studies of humans and experimental studies with nonhuman primates and rodents suggest that traumatic experiences during critical periods in development may have permanent effects on HPA regulation, which in turn can have deleterious effects on health. Here I report results from a continuous 20-year study (1988-2009) of children in a rural community on Dominica. Sequential data on cortisol levels, social stressors, and health in naturalistic, everyday conditions are examined to assess developmental trajectories of HPA functioning. Saliva aliquots were assayed for cortisol in concert with monitoring of growth, morbidity, and social environment. Analyses here include data from 1989 to 1999 for 147 children aged 3-16 years with >100 saliva samples each. Cortisol values were standardized by elapsed time since wake-up. Results do not support the hypothesis that traumatic stress during childhood causes permanent general elevation of cortisol levels.","Adolescent, Adolescent Development/*physiology, Child, Child Development/*physiology, Child, Preschool, Dominica, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone/*metabolism, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Rural Population, Saliva, Stress, Psychological/*metabolism","Flinn, M. V.",2009.0,Nov-Dec,10.1002/ajhb.20981,0,0,
1782,"Some thoughts on trauma, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury","Aversive learning and memory processes are common in pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and involve some of the same brain areas such as the amygdala, the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. It is very likely that the deficient extinction of fear or pain responses is the core deficit in these disorders rather than enhanced acquisition. There is a great need for comparative studies for these disorders and their combination and specifically for the analysis of neuropsychological and neurobiological mechanisms that may partially be overlapping between these disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Brain","Flor, Herta",2011.0,,,0,0,
1783,"Psychological effects of the civil war on children from rural communities of El Salvador. (posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, behavior problems, psychosocial competence, war)","The purpose of this study was to provide information on the psychological effects of war on the children of El Salvador, and the factors that mitigated those effects. Participants were children (boys and girls, 8 to 12 years of age) from conflict and no-conflict zones in rural low socio-economic status (SES) areas. The dependent variables were: post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and psychosocial competence. Results indicated that the direct war exposure group experienced significantly higher incidences of war related events, disruption of schooling, and disruption of families than the no direct war exposure group. Both groups had comparable SES and demographic characteristics. In addition, children in the direct war exposure group had significantly higher incidences of PTSD, behavior problems and problems with psychosocial competence and significantly lower levels of depression. There were no significant differences between groups in anxiety. Age or gender were not related to any of the outcomes. Children who had friends wounded or killed in the war, and those who experienced parental separation due to the war were at risk for PTSD. Children who had friends wounded or killed in the war, and attended a lower grade in school were at risk for behavior problems. School attendance was an important determinant of higher levels of psychosocial competence. Higher frequencies of danger of personal injury or death, and lower levels of parental education were related to lower levels of competence. Results were discussed within the context of (a) psychosocial models for the development of psychopathology as a result of exposure to political violence (especially in low-income countries); (b) the relevance and the challenges of psychological research and interventions as vital components of advocacy for children victims of war. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety, *Behavior Problems, *Depression (Emotion), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Psychosocial Development, Rural Environments, Social Skills","Flores, Joaquin Evelio",1999.0,,,0,0,
1784,Glucocorticoid functioning in male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"Explored glucocorticoid functioning in male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Of the total sample of 122 male veterans, 32 reported one or more brain injuries with loss of consciousness lasting <10 min and were designated as having a history of mTBI. To evaluate the influence of PTSD and mTBI on neuroendocrine measures, a series of linear regression equations was estimated. Combat veterans with mTBI also tended to have less severe current and lifetime PTSD symptoms whether comorbid with PTSD or not. Veterans who reported a history of mTBI were rated as having lower current reexperiencing, hyperarousal, and total CAPS scores compared with veterans without prior history of mTBI. Follow-up analyses on the current CAPS intensity and frequency scores revealed that the lower reexperiencing and hyperarousal scores in people with mTBI were attributed to lower frequency, but not lower intensity. Insofar as PTSD has been shown to be associated with greater glucocorticoid sensitivity, the two conditions may have opposing effects when they are present in the same individual. Group contrasts comparing people with PTSD with people without PTSD on measures reflecting glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity may be diminished if the presence of TBI is not considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Glucocorticoids, *Military Veterans, *Neuroendocrinology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Flory, Janine D., Henn-Haase, Clare, Bierer, Linda M., Lehrner, Amy, Makotkine, Iouri, Marmar, Charles R., Yehuda, Rachel",2015.0,,,0,0,
1785,Vinorelbine and gemcitabine vs vinorelbine and carboplatin as first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. A phase III randomised controlled trial by the Norwegian Lung Cancer Study Group,"Background: Platinum-based doublet chemotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but earlier studies have suggested that non-platinum combinations are equally effective and better tolerated. We conducted a national, randomised study to compare a non-platinum with a platinum combination.Methods:Eligible patients had stage IIIB/IV NSCLC and performance status (PS) 0-2. Patients received up to three cycles of vinorelbine 60 mg m 2 p.o.gemcitabine 1000 mg m 2 i.v. day 1 and 8 (VG) or vinorelbine 60 mg m 2 p.o. day 1 and 8carboplatin area under the curve5 (Calvert's formula) i.v. day 1 (VC). Patients 75 years received 75% of the dose. Endpoints were overall survival, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), toxicity, and the use of radiotherapy.Results:We randomised 444 patients from September 2007 to April 2009. The median age was (greater-than or equal to) 65 years, 58% were men and 25% had PS 2. Median survival was VG: 6.3 months; VC: 7.0 months, P<0.802. Vinorelbine plus carboplatin patients had more grade III/IV nausea/vomiting (VG: 4%, VC: 12%, P<0.008) and grade IV neutropenia (VG: 7%, VC: 19%, P<0.001). Infections, HRQoL and the use of radiotherapy did not differ significantly between the treatment groups.Conclusion:The two regimens yielded similar overall survival. The VG combination had only a slightly better toxicity profile. (copyright) 2012 Cancer Research UK All rights reserved.","antiemetic agent, carboplatin, erlotinib, gemcitabine, glucocorticoid, navelbine, pemetrexed, serotonin 3 antagonist, adult, advanced cancer, aged, anemia, area under the curve, article, blood toxicity, cancer combination chemotherapy, cancer palliative therapy, cancer patient, cancer radiotherapy, constipation, controlled study, disease severity, drug absorption, drug dose reduction, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, fatigue, febrile neutropenia, female, human, infection, non small cell lung cancer, major clinical study, male, multicenter study, multiple cycle treatment, nausea and vomiting, neutropenia, Norway, overall survival, phase 3 clinical trial, priority journal, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, thrombocytopenia, treatment duration, treatment outcome, treatment response","Flotten, o, Gronberg, B. H., Bremnes, R., Amundsen, T., Sundstrom, S., Rolke, H., Hornslien, K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Aasebo, U., Von Plessen, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1786,Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): What We Have Learned and What We Still Have Not Found Out,"This article discusses the biomedical and the social constructionist models applied to response to trauma, presents the prevalence and the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and describes its biological and psychological correlates in children and adults. It concludes that future research might benefit from investigating factors that may protect people who have been exposed to an event likely to be traumatic from presenting with PTSD symptoms, and factors that may affect the longitudinal course of PTSD and treatment effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Biological Markers, Physiological Correlates","Flouri, Eirini",2005.0,,,0,0,
1787,Development of a screening instrument for exposure to violence in children: The KID-SAVE,,,"Flowers, A. L., Hastings, T. L., Kelley, M. L.",2000.0,,10.1023/A:1007580616096,0,0,
1788,Mental health services in large scale disasters: An overview of the Crisis Counseling Program,,,"Flynn, B.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1789,Can we influence the trajectory of psychological consequences to terrorism?,,,"Flynn, B. W.",2004.0,,,0,1,
1790,Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale,,,"Foa, E. B.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1791,"Trauma and women: Course, predictors, and treatment",,,"Foa, E. B.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1792,"Prolonged exposure therapy: Past, present, and future",,,"Foa, E. B.",2011.0,,10.1002/da.20907,0,0,
1793,The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale,,,"Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., Perry, K.",1997.0,,10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445,0,0,
1794,The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation,,,"Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., Orsillo, S. M.",1999.0,1999,,0,0,
1795,Prolonged exposure (PE) manual,,,"Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Dancu, C. V.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1796,Emotional Processing of Fear. Exposure to Corrective Information,,,"Foa, E. B., Kozak, M. J.",1986.0,,10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20,0,0,
1797,Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale Interview for DSM-5 (PSSI-5),"Changes to the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) create a need for valid and reliable updated assessment tools. This study examined key psychometric properties (e.g., internal consistency, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity) of the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview for DSM-5 (PSSI-5), a modified version of the PSS-I (PTSD Symptom Scale)-Interview Version for the DSM-IV. Participants were 242 urban community residents, veterans, and college undergraduates, recruited from 3 study sites, who had experienced a DSM-5 Criterion A traumatic event. The PSSI-5 demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = .89) and test-retest reliability (r = .87), as well as excellent interrater reliability for the total severity score (intraclass correlation = .98) and interrater agreement for PTSD diagnosis (kappa = .84). The PSSI-5 also demonstrated convergent validity with 3 measures of PTSD (i.e., Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5, and PTSD Checklist-Specific Version; all rs > .72) and discriminant validity with the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait scale. Receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded a cutoff score of 23 for identifying a probable PTSD diagnosis. Together, these findings indicate that the PSSI-5 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing PTSD diagnosis and severity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Foa, Edna B., McLean, Carmen P., Zang, Yinyin, Zhong, Jody, Rauch, Sheila, Porter, Katherine, Knowles, Kelly, Powers, Mark B., Kauffman, Brooke Y.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1798,Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Foa, E. B., Rauch, S. A. M.",2004.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.879,0,0,
1799,Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder,,,"Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., Rothbaum, B. O.",1993.0,,10.1007/BF00974317,0,0,
1800,"Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault","Objective: This study investigated hypotheses concerning the importance of symptoms of numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Symptoms of PTSD were assessed in 72 female rape victims and 86 female victims of nonsexual assault approximately 3 months after the crimes occurred. A principal-components factor analysis of subjects' symptoms was then undertaken. Results: The analysis yielded three factors: arousal/avoidance, numbing, and intrusion. These were somewhat different from the symptom clusters in DSM-III-R, since effortful avoidance and numbing symptoms did not load on the same factor. Numbing symptoms appeared to be particularly important in identifying individuals with PTSD. Conclusions: The results imply that there are two patterns of posttrauma symptoms, one characterizing PTSD and the second characterizing a phobic reaction.",,"Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Gershuny, B. S.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1801,Comparison of the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview Version and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale,,,"Foa, E. B., Tolin, D. F.",2000.0,,10.1023/A:1007781909213,0,0,
1802,Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model,"The disturbances observed in animals subjected to unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events resemble post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and thus may constitute an animal model of this disorder. It is argued that the similarity between animals' symptoms and those of trauma victims may reflect common etiological factors. Relevant experiments in which animals exhibit generalized fear and arousal, discrete fear of a conditioned stimulus (CS), analgesia, and avoidance are reviewed with the view that these manifestations may be analogous to the PTSD symptom clusters of persistent arousal, reexperiencing, numbing, and avoidance, respectively. Finally, animal paradigms are suggested to test the validity of the model and specific hypotheses are derived from the animal literature regarding trauma variables that are predictive of particular PTSD symptom clusters.",,"Foa, E. B., Zinbarg, R., Rothbaum, B. O.",1992.0,,,0,0,
1803,The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Rwandans exposed to the 1994 genocide: A confirmatory factor analytic study using the PCL-C,"The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in Euro-American populations has been extensively studied, but confirmatory factor analytic studies from non-Western societies are lacking. Alternative models of DSM-IV symptoms were tested among Rwandan adults (N=465) who experienced trauma during the 1994 genocide. A cluster random survey was conducted with interviews held in Rwandan households. PTSD was assessed with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version. Competing models were the DSM-IV, emotional numbing, dysphoria, aroused intrusion, and dysphoric arousal models. Results showed that the emotional numbing, dysphoria, and dysphoric arousal models had almost identical, good fit indices and fit the data significantly better than the other models. The emotional numbing and dysphoric arousal models also exhibited good construct validity. Results suggest that the latent structure of PTSD symptoms in Rwanda are comparable to that found in Euro-American samples, thereby lending further support to the cross-cultural validity of the construct.","Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms/ethnology/*psychology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Arousal/physiology, Cluster Analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Genocide/*psychology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Rwanda/ethnology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/ethnology/*psychology, Young Adult, Confirmatory factor analysis, Genocide, Ptsd, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rwanda, Sub-Saharan Africa","Fodor, K. E., Pozen, J., Ntaganira, J., Sezibera, V., Neugebauer, R.",2015.0,May,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.001,0,0,
1804,"The impact of clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse: The role of gender, development, and posttraumatic stress","The literature on clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse suggests that there are two modal populations of survivors: boys and adult women. We review what is known about trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder following sexual abuse and explore the different treatment needs for these two survivor groups. For children, clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse can catastrophically alter the trajectory of psychosocial, sexual, and spiritual development. Depending on the age at which abuse occurred, adult clients may present with clinical issues that are more appropriate for a younger developmental stage. Additionally, the symptoms of traumatic stress may be misunderstood when clients conceptualize their abuse as an affair or consensual relationship. We discuss empirically supported treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder and potential adaptations for the needs of clergy-perpetrated sexual abuse survivors. © 2008 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.","Clergy, Development, Gender, PTSD, Sexual abuse, Trauma","Fogler, J. M., Shipherd, J. C., Clarke, S., Jensen, J., Rowe, E.",2008.0,,,0,1,
1805,Parenting an infant with a congenital anomaly: An exploratory study on patterns of adjustment from diagnosis to six months post birth,"The present study examined psychological adjustment in parents of infants with congenital anomalies (CAs), focusing on the interval from the disclosure of the diagnosis to six months after the infant's birth and considering the effects of the parent's gender and the timing of diagnosis (pre- vs postnatal). Within-group diversity was also examined by identifying distinct patterns of individual adjustment over time. Parents of 43 infants (43 mothers and 36 fathers) with a pre- or postnatal diagnosis of a CA answered questionnaires assessing psychological distress and quality of life one month after the disclosure of the diagnosis and six months after the infant's birth. Results showed a significant reduction in psychological distress and a significant increase in physical quality of life over time, for both parents, regardless of the timing of diagnosis. In all, 57% of parents presented a pattern of recovery from diagnosis to six months post birth and 26.6% presented a pattern of resilience. However, 15.2% of parents showed chronic adjustment difficulties. Findings suggest that most parents tend to adjust to their infant's CA, although some experienced difficulties and should be targeted for specialised counselling. Both members of the couple should be acknowledged, as both experience similar patterns of adjustment. © The Author(s) 2013.","Childhood illness, disability, infant, parenting, parents","Fonseca, A., Nazaré, B., Canavarro, M. C.",2014.0,,10.1177/1367493512473856,0,0,
1806,"Neuropsychophysical optimization by REAC technology in the treatment of: Sense of stress and confusion. Psychometric evaluation in a randomized, single blind, sham-controlled naturalistic study","Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of neuropsychophysical optimization (NPPO) protocol treatment by radioelectric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology in the management of sense of stress and confusion (SSC); an analysis of a single cluster of the psychological stress measure (PSM) test. Patients and methods: The PSM, a self-administered questionnaire, was used to measure psychological stress and SSC for a group of 888 subjects. Data were collected immediately prior to and following the 4-week REAC-NPPO treatment cycle. Results: This study demonstrates a significant reduction in scores measuring subjective perceptions of stress for subjects treated with one cycle of REAC-NPPO. At the end-point of the study, the number of treated subjects reporting symptoms of stress-related SSC on the PSM test was significantly reduced, whereas there was no difference in sham-treated subjects. Conclusion: One cycle of REAC-NPPO appears to reduce subjective perceptions of SSC measured by the PSM. Trial registration: This trial has been registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12607000497404. © 2012 Fontani et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.","Adaptation disorders, NPPO, REAC, Stress disorders","Fontani, V., Aravagli, L., Margotti, M. L., Castagna, A., Mannu, P., Rinaldi, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1807,Towards a post-traumatic subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder,"We evaluated whether traumatic events are associated with a distinctive pattern of socio-demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We compared socio-demographic and clinical features of 106 patients developing OCD after post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; termed posttraumatic OCD), 41 patients developing OCD before PTSD (pre-traumatic OCD), and 810 OCD patients without any history of PTSD (non-traumatic OCD) using multinomial logistic regression analysis. A later age at onset of OCD, self-mutilation disorder, history of suicide plans, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and compulsive buying disorder were independently related to post-traumatic OCD. In contrast, earlier age at OCD onset, alcohol-related disorders, contamination-washing symptoms, and self-mutilation disorder were all independently associated with pre-traumatic OCD. In addition, patients with posttraumatic OCD without a previous history of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) showed lower educational levels, greater rates of contamination-washing symptoms, and more severe miscellaneous symptoms as compared to post-traumatic OCD patients with a history of OCS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Biological Markers, *Demographic Characteristics, *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Subtypes (Disorders)","Fontenelle, Leonardo F., Cocchi, Luca, Harrison, Ben J., Shavitt, Roseli G., do Rosario, Maria Conceicao, Ferrao, Ygor A., de Mathis, Maria Alice, Cordioli, Aristides V., Yucel, Murat, Pantelis, Christos, de Jesus Mari, Jair, Miguel, Euripedes C., Torres, Albina R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1808,History of trauma and dissociative symptoms among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder,"We aimed to compare the history of trauma and the profile and severity of dissociative symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to those of patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Patients with OCD (n = 34) and patients with SAD (n = 30) were examined with the following instruments: Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI), Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Patients with OCD reported significantly lower rates of exposure to traumatic events. Nevertheless, the severity of dissociative symptoms was not significantly different between the groups. Regression analyses showed that, while the OCI scores better predicted the variance on DES scores in the OCD sample, the LSAS and the BAI better predicted the variance on the DES among patients with SAD. Patients with OCD are probably less vulnerable to some types of traumatic experiences. Dissociative symptoms may cut across different anxiety disorders. (copyright) 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","adult, aged, anamnesis, article, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical feature, controlled study, disease severity, dissociative disorder, Dissociative Experiences Scale, experience, female, human, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, major clinical study, male, mental patient, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, obsessive compulsive disorder, obsessive compulsive inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychological rating scale, regression analysis, social phobia, trauma history questionnaire, variance","Fontenelle, L. F., Domingues, A. M., Souza, W. F., Mendlowicz, M. V., De Menezes, G. B., Figueira, I. L., Versiani, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1809,Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children of mothers diagnosed with breast cancer,"There are inconsistent findings regarding whether a mother's diagnosis of cancer affects her child's psychological health. The aim of this study was to compare maternally perceived symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children of women with and without breast cancer. Forty mothers with breast cancer (assessed within 8 weeks of diagnosis) and 39 mothers without breast cancer were administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6-18), UCLA Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Index, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Descriptive discriminant analysis revealed that mothers with cancer perceived their children to have significantly greater symptoms of PTSD and internalizing distress than the mothers without cancer. No significant difference was found in maternal perception of externalizing symptoms in their children. Results revealed the importance of the assessment of PTSD in children whose mothers have cancer and the discussion includes implications for future research and clinical interventions. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","adjustment, cancer, children, mothers, posttraumatic stress disorder","Foran-Tuller, K., ""OHea, E. L."", Moon, S., Miller, S. J.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1810,Evaluation of the dimensions of anger reactions-5 (DAR-5) scale in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"After a traumatic event many people experience problems with anger which not only results in significant distress, but can also impede recovery. As such, there is value to include the assessment of anger in routine post-trauma screening procedures. The Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5 (DAR-5), as a concise measure of anger, was designed to meet such a need, its brevity minimizing the burden on client and practitioner. This study examined the psychometric properties of the DAR-5 with a sample of 163 male veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The DAR-5 demonstrated internal reliability (α=.86), along with convergent, concurrent and discriminant validity against a variety of established measures (e.g., HADS, PCL, STAXI). Support for the clinical cut-point score of 12 suggested by Forbes et al. (2014, Utility of the dimensions of anger reactions-5 (DAR-5) scale as a brief anger measure. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 166-173) was observed. The results support considering the DAR-5 as a preferred screening and assessment measure of problematic anger.","adult, aged, alcoholism, anger, anxiety disorder, depression, discriminant analysis, human, male, mental stress, middle aged, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychology, psychometry, quality of life, questionnaire, reproducibility, very elderly, veteran","Forbes, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1811,Evaluation of the dimensions of anger reactions-5 (DAR-5) scale in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"After a traumatic event many people experience problems with anger which not only results in significant distress, but can also impede recovery. As such, there is value to include the assessment of anger in routine post-trauma screening procedures. The Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5 (DAR-5), as a concise measure of anger, was designed to meet such a need, its brevity minimizing the burden on client and practitioner. This study examined the psychometric properties of the DAR-5 with a sample of 163 male veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The DAR-5 demonstrated internal reliability (alpha=.86), along with convergent, concurrent and discriminant validity against a variety of established measures (e.g., HADS, PCL, STAXI). Support for the clinical cut-point score of 12 suggested by Forbes et al. (2014, Utility of the dimensions of anger reactions-5 (DAR-5) scale as a brief anger measure. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 166-173) was observed. The results support considering the DAR-5 as a preferred screening and assessment measure of problematic anger.","Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcoholism/diagnosis, Anger/*physiology, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis, Depressive Disorder/diagnosis, Discriminant Analysis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Stress, Psychological/diagnosis, *Surveys and Questionnaires, Veterans/*psychology, Anger, Assessment, Dar, Trauma","Forbes, D., Alkemade, N., Hopcraft, D., Hawthorne, G., ""OHalloran, P."", Elhai, J. D., McHugh, T., Bates, G., Novaco, R. W., Bryant, R., Lewis, V.",2014.0,Dec,10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.015,0,0,1810
1812,The role of anger and ongoing stressors in mental health following a natural disaster,"Objective: Research has established the mental health sequelae following disaster, with studies now focused on understanding factors that mediate these outcomes. This study focused on anger, alcohol, subsequent life stressors and traumatic events as mediators in the development of mental health disorders following the 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires, Australiaâ(tm)s worst natural disaster in over 100 years. Method: This study examined data from 1017 (M = 404, F = 613) adult residents across 25 communities differentially affected by the fires and participating in the Beyond Bushfires research study. Data included measures of fire exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol abuse, anger and subsequent major life stressors and traumatic events. Structural equation modeling assessed the influence of factors mediating the effects of fire exposure on mental health outcomes. Results: Three mediation models were tested. The final model recorded excellent fit and observed a direct relationship between disaster exposure and mental health outcomes (b =.192, p <.001) and mediating relationships via Anger (b =.102, p <.001) and Major Life Stressors (b =.128, p <.001). Each gender was compared with multiple group analyses and while the mediation relationships were still significant for both genders, the direct relationship between exposure and outcome was no longer significant for men (p =.069), but remained significant (b =.234, p <.001) for women. Conclusions: Importantly, anger and major life stressors mediate the relationship between disaster exposure and development of mental health problems. The findings have significant implications for the assessment of anger post disaster, the provision of targeted anger-focused interventions and delivery of government and community assistance and support in addressing ongoing stressors in the post-disaster context to minimize subsequent mental health consequences. © 2015 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","anger, disasters, life change events, mental health, sex","Forbes, D., Alkemade, N., Waters, E., Gibbs, L., Gallagher, C., Pattison, P., Lusher, D., MacDougall, C., Harms, L., Block, K., Snowdon, E., Kellet, C., Sinnott, V., Ireton, G., Richardson, J., Bryant, R. A.",2015.0,,10.1177/0004867414565478,0,0,
1813,Is mixed-handedness a marker of treatment response in posttraumatic stress disorder?: A pilot study,"Recent studies suggest that mixed-handedness is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined whether mixed-handed veterans with combat-related PTSD respond more poorly to psychosocial treatment. Consistency of hand preference was assessed in 150 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (R. C Oldfield, 1971). Growth modeling analyses using Mplus (L. K. Muthen & B . Muthen, 2002) identified that PTSD veterans with mixed-handedness reported significantly less treatment improvement on the PTSD Checklist (F. W. Weathers, B. T. Litz, D. S. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T . M . Keane, 1993) than did veterans with consistent handedness. These data suggest that mixed-handedness is associated with poorer PTSD treatment response. Several possible explanations for this finding are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Handedness, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Outcomes, Military Veterans","Forbes, David, Carty, Jessica, Elliott, Peter, Creamer, Mark, McHugh, Tony, Hopwood, Malcolm, Chemtob, Claude M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
1814,MMPI-2 based subgroups of veterans with combat-related PTSD: Differential patterns of symptom change after treatment,"Considerable research has focused on the use of the MMPI to assess posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through identification of mean profile configurations and the development of PTSD subscales. Little work, however, has addressed the heterogeneity of profiles evident in PTSD populations. This study investigated the MMPI-2 profiles of 158 Australian treatment-seeking Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD to identify distinct subgroups. Three robust subgroups were identified on the basis of their MMPI-2 profile and compared on PTSD and associated symptomatology. These subgroups consisted of a mild PTSD group with subclinical personality pathology, and two severe PTSD groups that differed in levels of personality disturbance and general psychopathology. Most notably, differences between these latter two groups occurred in the areas of externalization, alienation, and propensity for acting out. These groups were labeled as subclinical, trauma profile, and global. The groups demonstrated significant differences in the patterns of recovery after treatment. The subclinical group demonstrated little change after treatment. In contrast, the trauma profile and global groups both improved, although the trauma profile group demonstrated greater PTSD symptom reduction than the global group.","adult, alcohol abuse, anxiety, article, Australia, behavior therapy, chronic disease, cluster analysis, cognitive therapy, depression, group therapy, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, soldier, symptomatology, treatment outcome, Viet Nam","Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Allen, N., Elliott, P., McHugh, T., Debenham, P., Hopwood, M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1815,MMPI-2 as a predictor of change in PTSD symptom clusters: A further analysis of the Forbes et al. (2002) Data set,"In this study, we reanalyzed the Forbes et al. (2002) data set to examine the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) as a differential predictor of change across posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters following treatment in 141 Vietnam veterans. A series of partial correlation and linear multivariate regression analyses, controlling for initial symptom severity, identified several scales predictive of symptom change. None of the MMPI-2 scales, however, emerged as predictors of change in reexperiencing symptoms. Social alienation and marital distress were the most potent predictors for avoidance symptoms. Anger, alcohol use, and hypomania were the most potent predictors for the hyperarousal symptoms. Of the personality disorders, borderline personality was the strongest predictor of change in the avoidance and hyperarousal clusters. Further replication of the findings of this article and those reported by Forbes et al. (2002) is required.","alcohol abuse, anger, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, borderline state, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, disease severity, distress syndrome, human, hypomania, major clinical study, male, marriage, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory 2, multivariate logistic regression analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, rating scale, social isolation, soldier, symptomatology, Viet Nam","Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Allen, N., McHugh, T., Debenham, P., Hopwood, M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1816,MMPI-2 data for Australian Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD,"Considerable attention has been devoted to the MMPI in the assessment of combat-related PTSD. To date, published data have focused almost exclusively on American Vietnam veterans. This study investigated MMPI-2 profiles of 100 Australian Vietnam veterans admitted to an intensive PTSD treatment program. Comparisons with United States (U.S.) data suggested strong similarities between the American and Australian populations in terms of F-scale elevations and typical 3-point code types (8-7-2). However, the American samples showed relatively higher elevations of Scales 4 and 6, suggesting social alienation and a tendency to externalize, while a subgroup of Australian veterans showed a greater propensity for somatization (Scale 1). The results provide overall support for the generalizability of American MMPI data to an alternative cultural group of combat veterans.","Australian, Combat veterans, MMPI-2, PTSD","Forbes, D., Creamer, M., McHugh, T.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1817,Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Over the past 2-3 years, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) have been developed in the USA and UK. There remained a need, however, for the development of Australian CPGs for the treatment of ASD and PTSD tailored to the national health-care context. Therefore, the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health in collaboration with national trauma experts, has recently developed Australian CPGs for adults with ASD and PTSD, which have been endorsed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In consultation with a multidisciplinary reference panel (MDP), research questions were determined and a systematic review of the evidence was then conducted to answer these questions (consistent with NHMRC procedures). On the basis of the evidence reviewed and in consultation with the MDP, a series of practice recommendations were developed. The practice recommendations that have been developed address a broad range of clinical questions. Key recommendations indicate the use of trauma-focused psychological therapy (cognitive behavioural therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in addition to in vivo exposure) as the most effective treatment for ASD and PTSD. Where medication is required for the treatment of PTSD in adults, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants should be the first choice. Medication should not be used in preference to trauma-focused psychological therapy. In the immediate aftermath of trauma, practitioners should adopt a position of watchful waiting and provide psychological first aid. Structured interventions such as psychological debriefing, with a focus on recounting the traumatic event and ventilation of feelings, should not be offered on a routine basis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Guidelines, *Treatment, Adult Attitudes","Forbes, David, Creamer, Mark, Phelps, Andrea, Bryant, Richard, McFarlane, Alexander, Devilly, Grant J., Matthews, Lynda, Raphael, Beverley, Doran, Chris, Merlin, Tracy, Newton, Skye",2007.0,,,0,0,
1818,Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study using assessment measures,"Spectacular claims have been made regarding the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but almost entirely on the basis of patients' reports and without objective criteria. This study reports on the treatment of eight patients with a diagnosis of PTSD who received EMDR treatment over four sessions. Assessment measures included two structured interviews, three self-report inventories, and the electromyogram (EMG). Assessments were conducted pre and posttreatment, and at 3-month follow-up. Despite some residual pathology at posttreatment and follow-up, significant improvements were obtained on all measures and across all PTSD symptom clusters. Compared with other treatments of PTSD, change was achieved in far fewer sessions. © 1994.",,"Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Rycroft, P.",1994.0,,,0,0,1258
1819,The structure of posttraumatic psychopathology in veterans attending primary care,"This study attempted to extend research indicating that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) factors of Re-experiencing, Avoidance and Hyperarousal are more related to Fear/phobic disorders, while PTSD Dysphoria is more related to Anxious-Misery disorders. Trauma exposure, PTSD and comorbidity data for 668 veteran patients were analysed using confirmatory factor analyses and relative strengths of the relationships between PTSD factors and the Fear and Anxious-Misery factors were assessed. Combining Simms, Watson, and Doebbeling's (2002) model of PTSD symptoms and Krueger's (1999) Fear/Anxious Misery model of mood and anxiety disorders fit the data well. Contrary to previous research, PTSD Re-experiencing, Avoidance and Hyperarousal did not correlate more with the Fear factor; nor did PTSD Dysphoria correlate more with Anxious-Misery. Hyperarousal was more closely related to Fear than was Re-experiencing; however, Avoidance was not. Dysphoria was more closely related to the Anxious-Misery factor than all other PTSD factors. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Anxiety, Latent factors, Mood, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Forbes, D., Elhai, J. D., Lockwood, E., Creamer, M., Frueh, B. C., Magruder, K. M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1820,Internalizing and externalizing classes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a latent class analysis,"Using latent class analysis (LCA) the typology of personality profiles of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was examined based on internalizing/externalizing dimensions of psychopathology. Latent class analysis on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Personality Psychopathology-5 (PSY-5) scale data from 299 Australian combat veterans with PTSD supported the model, identifying an optimal 4-class solution, with PTSD externalizing class defined by aggressiveness and disconstraint, high and moderate internalizing classes differentiated on the extent of elevations in introversion and negative emotionality and elevation of psychoticism in the high internalizing class and a simple PTSD class with normal range scores. The model was validated using external self-report and psychiatric-interview-derived diagnoses. A second exploratory LCA using broader comorbidity indicators (MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical scales) demonstrated some support for, although limitations in, using nonpersonality measures to identify these classes directly.","aggression, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, Australia, depression, hospitalization, human, male, middle aged, pathophysiology, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, veteran, war","Forbes, D., Elhai, J. D., Miller, M. W., Creamer, M.",2010.0,,,0,1,
1821,Requiring both avoidance and emotional numbing in DSM-V PTSD: Will it help?,"Objective: The proposed DSM-V criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specifically require both active avoidance and emotional numbing symptoms for a diagnosis. In DSM-IV, since both are included in the same cluster, active avoidance is not essential. Numbing symptoms overlap with depression, which may result in spurious comorbidity or overdiagnosis of PTSD. This paper investigated the impact of requiring both active avoidance and emotional numbing on the rates of PTSD diagnosis and comorbidity with depression. Method: We investigated PTSD and depression in 835 traumatic injury survivors at 3 and 12 months post-injury. We used the DSM-IV criteria but explored the potential impact of DSM-IV and DSM-V approaches to avoidance and numbing using comparison of proportion analyses. Results: The DSM-V requirement of both active avoidance and emotional numbing resulted in significant reductions in PTSD caseness compared with DSM-IV of 22% and 26% respectively at 3 and 12 months posttrauma. By 12 months, the rates of comorbid PTSD in those with depression were significantly lower (44% vs. 34%) using the new criteria, primarily due to the lack of avoidance symptoms. Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that requiring both active avoidance and numbing as separate clusters offers a useful refinement of the PTSD diagnosis. Requiring active avoidance may help to define the unique aspects of PTSD and reduce spurious diagnoses of PTSD in those with depression. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.","Diagnosis, DSM-V, PTSD","Forbes, D., Fletcher, S., Lockwood, E., ""ODonnell, M."", Creamer, M., Bryant, R. A., McFarlane, A., Silove, D.",2011.0,,,0,1,
1822,Trauma at the hands of another: Longitudinal study of differences in the posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profile following interpersonal compared with noninterpersonal trauma,"Objective: Survivors of traumatic events of an interpersonal nature typically have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than survivors of noninterpersonal traumatic events. Little is known about potential differences in the nature or trajectory of PTSD symptoms in survivors of these different types of traumatic events. The current study aimed to identify the specific symptom profile of survivors of interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma, and to examine changes in differences in the symptom profile over time. Method: The study examined PTSD symptom data from 715 traumatic injury survivors admitted to the hospital between April 2004 and February 2006, who were assessed 3, 12, and 24 months after injury using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (primary outcome measure). Multivariate analyses of variance were used to investigate differences in PTSD symptom profile over time between interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma. Results: Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significant differences between the 2 groups in overall severity of PTSD symptoms at each of the 3 time points: 3 months, F 17,696 = 5.86, P &lt; .001; 12 months, F 17,696 = 3.62, P &lt; .001; 24 months, F 17,696 = 3.09, P &lt; .001. Survivors of interpersonal trauma demonstrated significantly (P &lt; .01) higher scores on 14 PTSD symptoms at 3 months after injury but on only 6 symptoms by 24 months. Symptoms on which differences persisted were the PTSD unique symptoms more associated with fear and threat. Conclusions: Interpersonal trauma results in more severe PTSD symptoms in the early aftermath of trauma. Over the course of time, the distinctive persisting symptoms following interpersonal trauma involve fear-based symptoms, which suggest fear conditioning may be instrumental in persistent interpersonal PTSD. © Copyright 2011 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Forbes, D., Fletcher, S., Parslow, R., Phelps, A., ""ODonnell, M."", Bryant, R. A., McFarlane, A., Silove, D., Creamer, M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1823,Impact of combat and non-military trauma exposure on symptom reduction following treatment for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently report exposure to multiple other traumas in addition to their military experiences. This study aimed to examine the impact of exposure-related factors for military veterans with PTSD on recovery after participation in a group-based treatment program. Subjects included 1548 military veterans with PTSD participating in specialist veterans' PTSD programs across Australia. The study included measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety and alcohol use. Analyses of variance found higher combat exposure was associated with more severe PTSD at intake. No differences in PTSD intake severity were evident in those with additional non-military trauma. Severity of combat exposure did not affect treatment outcomes, although those with low combat exposure and additional non-military trauma (which included high rates of molestation) did report reduced symptom improvement. These findings have implications for considerations of optimal interventions for those with lower levels of combat exposure and additional non-military trauma. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Group treatment, PTSD, Trauma, Veterans","Forbes, D., Fletcher, S., Phelps, A., Wade, D., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M.""",2013.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.037,0,0,
1824,Testing the Latent Structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Taxometric Study of Combat Veterans,"Since the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) first appeared in the psychiatric nomenclature in 1980, considerable debate has revolved around the nature of the condition. Specifically, is PTSD best conceptualized as one end of a continuum of human response to traumatic stress or does it represent a discontinuous latent category? Two taxometric procedures were used to investigate this issue in a random community sample of 692 Australian combat veterans, using structured interview and self-report instruments to assess PTSD symptomatology. Findings favored a dimensional model of PTSD, consistent with previous taxometric work on treatment-seeking samples (A. Ruscio, Ruscio, & Keane, 2002). Implications are drawn for the conceptualization, etiology, and assessment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Taxonomies","Forbes, David, Haslam, Nick, Williams, Ben J., Creamer, Mark",2005.0,,,0,0,
1825,Naturalistic comparison of models of programmatic interventions for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a difficult-to-treat sequel of combat. Data on effectiveness of alternate treatment structures are important for planning veterans' psychiatric services. The present study compared clinical presentations and treatment outcomes for Australian veterans with PTSD who participated in a range of models of group-based treatment. Method: Participants consisted of 4339 veterans with combat-related PTSD who participated in one of five types of group-based cognitive behavioural programmes of different intensities and settings. Data were gathered at baseline (intake), as well as at 3 and 9 month follow up, on measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression and alcohol misuse. Analyses of variance and effect size analyses were used to investigate differences at intake and over time by programme type. Results: Small baseline differences by programme intensity were identified. Although significant improvements in symptoms were evident over time for each programme type, no significant differences in outcome were evident between programmes. When PTSD severity was considered, veterans with severe PTSD performed less well in the low-intensity programmes than in the moderate- or high-intensity programmes. Veterans with mild PTSD improved less in high-intensity programmes than in moderate- or low-intensity programmes. Conclusion: Comparable outcomes are evident across programme types. Outcomes may be maximized when veterans participate in programme intensity types that match their level of PTSD severity. When such matching is not feasible, moderate-intensity programmes appear to offer the most consistent outcomes. For regionally based veterans, delivering treatment in their local environment does not detract from, and may even enhance, outcomes. These findings have implications for. the planning and purchasing of mental health services for sufferers of PTSD, particularly for veterans of more recent combat or peacekeeping deployments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Group Psychotherapy, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes","Forbes, David, Lewis, Virginia, Parslow, Ruth, Hawthorne, Graeme, Creamer, Mark",2008.0,,,0,0,
1826,Latent structure of the proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: Implications for the diagnostic algorithm,"Background: The latent structure of the proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has not been explored. Aims: To investigate the latent structure of the proposed ICD-11 PTSD symptoms. Method: Confirmatory factor analyses using data from structured clinical interviews administered to injury patients (n = 613) 6 years post-trauma. Measures of disability and psychological quality of life (QoL) were also administered. Results: Although the three-factor model implied by the ICD-11 diagnostic criteria fit the data well, a two-factor model provided equivalent, if not superior, fit. Whereas diagnostic criteria based on this two-factor model resulted in an increase in PTSD point prevalence (5.1% v. 3.4%; z = 2.32, P < 0.05), they identified individuals with similar levels of disability (P = 0.933) and QoL (P = 0.591) to those identified by the ICD-11 criteria. Conclusions: Consistent with theorised reciprocal relationships between re-experiencing and avoidance in PTSD, these findings support an alternative diagnostic algorithm requiring at least two of any of the four re-experiencing/avoidance symptoms and at least one of the two hyperarousal symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Factor Structure, Quality of Life","Forbes, David, Lockwood, Emma, Creamer, Mark, Bryant, Richard A., McFarlane, Alexander C., Silove, Derrick, Nickerson, Angela, ""ODonnell, Meaghan""",2015.0,,,0,0,
1827,An evaluation of the DSM-5 factor structure for posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of traumatic injury,"Confirmatory factor analytic studies of the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms using self-report data (Elhai et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2013) have found that the four-factor model implied by the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria provided adequate fit to their data. However, the fit of this model is yet to be assessed using data derived from gold standard structured interview measures. This study evaluated the fit of the DSM-5 four-factor model and an alternative four-factor model in 570 injury survivors six years post-injury using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (Blake et al., 1990), updated to include items measuring new DSM-5 symptoms. While both four-factor models fitted the data well, very high correlations between the 'Intrusions' and 'Avoidance' factors in both models and between the 'Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood' and 'Arousal and Reactivity' factors in the DSM-5 model and the 'Dysphoria' and 'Hyperarousal' factors in the alternative model were evident, suggesting that a more parsimonious two-factor model combining these pairs of factors may adequately represent the latent structure. Such a two-factor model fitted the data less well according to chi2 difference testing, but demonstrated broadly equivalent fit using other fit indices. Relationships between the factors of each of the four-factor models and the latent factors of Fear and Anxious-Misery/Distress underlying Internalizing disorders (Krueger, 1999) were also explored, with findings providing further support for the close relationship between the Intrusion and Avoidance factors. However, these findings also suggested that there may be some utility to distinguishing Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood symptoms from Arousal and Reactivity symptoms, and/or Dysphoria symptoms from Hyperarousal symptoms. Further studies are required to assess the potential discriminant validity of the two four-factor models.","Dsm-5, Factor analysis, Ptsd, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Forbes, D., Lockwood, E., Elhai, J. D., Creamer, M., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Silove, D., Miller, M. W., Nickerson, A., ""ODonnell, M.""",2014.0,Nov 24,10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.004,0,0,
1828,An evaluation of the DSM-5 factor structure for posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of traumatic injury,"Confirmatory factor analytic studies of the latent structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms using self-report data (Elhai et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2013) have found that the four-factor model implied by the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria provided adequate fit to their data. However, the fit of this model is yet to be assessed using data derived from gold standard structured interview measures. This study evaluated the fit of the DSM-5 four-factor model and an alternative four-factor model in 570 injury survivors six years post-injury using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (Blake et al., 1990), updated to include items measuring new DSM-5 symptoms. While both four-factor models fitted the data well, very high correlations between the 'Intrusions' and 'Avoidance' factors in both models and between the 'Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood' and 'Arousal and Reactivity' factors in the DSM-5 model and the 'Dysphoria' and 'Hyperarousal' factors in the alternative model were evident, suggesting that a more parsimonious two-factor model combining these pairs of factors may adequately represent the latent structure. Such a two-factor model fitted the data less well according to χ2 difference testing, but demonstrated broadly equivalent fit using other fit indices. Relationships between the factors of each of the four-factor models and the latent factors of Fear and Anxious-Misery/Distress underlying Internalizing disorders (Krueger, 1999) were also explored, with findings providing further support for the close relationship between the Intrusion and Avoidance factors. However, these findings also suggested that there may be some utility to distinguishing Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood symptoms from Arousal and Reactivity symptoms, and/or Dysphoria symptoms from Hyperarousal symptoms. Further studies are required to assess the potential discriminant validity of the two four-factor models.","DSM-5, Factor analysis, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD","Forbes, D., Lockwood, E., Elhai, J. D., Creamer, M., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Silove, D., Miller, M. W., Nickerson, A., ""ODonnell, M.""",2015.0,,,0,0,1827
1829,An examination of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in relation to the anxiety and depressive disorders,"The nature and structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been the subject of much interest in recent times. This research has been represented by two streams, the first representing a substantive body of work which focuses specifically on the factor structure of PTSD and the second exploring PTSD's relationship with other mood and anxiety disorders. The present study attempted to bring these two streams together by examining structural models of PTSD and their relationship with dimensions underlying other mood and anxiety disorders. PTSD, anxiety and mood disorder data from 989 injury survivors interviewed 3-months following their injury were analyzed using a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to identify the optimal structural model. CFA analyses indicated that the best fitting model included PTSD's re-experiencing (B1-5), active avoidance (C1-2), and hypervigilance and startle (D4-5) loading onto a Fear factor (represented by panic disorder, agoraphobia and social phobia) and the PTSD dysphoria symptoms (numbing symptoms C3-7 and hyperarousal symptoms D1-3) loading onto an Anxious Misery/Distress factor (represented by depression, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder). The findings have implications for informing potential revisions to the structure of the diagnosis of PTSD and the diagnostic algorithm to be applied, with the aim of enhancing diagnostic specificity. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Latent factors, Mood, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Forbes, D., Lockwood, E., Elhai, J. D., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Silove, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1830,Longitudinal analysis of latent classes of psychopathology and patterns of class migration in survivors of severe injury,"OBJECTIVE: Little research to date has explored the typologies of psychopathology following trauma, beyond development of particular diagnoses such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The objective of this study was to determine the longitudinal patterns of these typologies, especially the movement of persons across clusters of psychopathology. METHOD: In this 6-year longitudinal study, 1,167 hospitalized severe injury patients who were recruited between April 2004-February 2006 were analyzed, with repeated measures at baseline, 3 months, 12 months, and 72 months after injury. All patients met the DSM-IV criterion A1 for PTSD. Structured clinical interviews were used to assess psychiatric disorders at each follow-up point. Latent class analysis and latent transition analysis were applied to assess clusters of individuals determined by psychopathology. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) were employed to complete diagnoses. RESULTS: Four latent classes were identified at each time point: (1) Alcohol/Depression class (3 months, 2.1%; 12 months, 1.3%; and 72 months, 1.1%), (2) Alcohol class (3 months, 3.3%; 12 months, 3.7%; and 72 months, 5.4%), (3) PTSD/Depression class (3 months, 10.3%; 12 months, 11.5%; and 72 months, 6.4%), and (4) No Disorder class (3 months, 84.2%; 12 months, 83.5%; and 72 months, 87.1%). Latent transition analyses conducted across the 2 transition points (12 months and 72 months) found consistently high levels of stability in the No Disorder class (90.9%, 93.0%, respectively) but lower and reducing levels of consistency in the PTSD/Depression class (81.3%, 46.6%), the Alcohol/Depression class (59.7%, 21.5%), and the Alcohol class (61.0%, 36.5%), demonstrating high levels of between-class migration. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the array of psychiatric disorders that may develop following severe injury, a 4-class model best described the data with excellent classification certainty. The high levels of migration across classes indicate a complex pattern of psychopathology expression over time. The findings have considerable implications for tailoring multifocused interventions to class type, as well as flexible stepped care models, and for the potential development and delivery of transdiagnostic interventions targeting underlying mechanisms.","Adult, Alcoholism/complications/diagnosis/psychology, Depression/complications/diagnosis/psychology, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Disorders/*complications/diagnosis/*psychology, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychopathology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/complications/diagnosis/psychology, Survivors/*psychology, Wounds and Injuries/*complications/*psychology, Young Adult","Forbes, D., Nickerson, A., Alkemade, N., Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., Silove, D., McFarlane, A. C., Van Hooff, M., Fletcher, S. L., ""ODonnell, M.""",2015.0,Sep,10.4088/JCP.14m09075,0,1,
1831,A longitudinal analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship with Fear and Anxious-Misery disorders: Implications for DSM-V,"This paper examined the hypothesis that PTSD-unique symptom clusters of re-experiencing, active avoidance and hyperarousal were more related to the fear/phobic disorders, while shared PTSD symptoms of dysphoria were more closely related to Anxious-Misery disorders (MDD/GAD). Confirmatory factor and correlation analyses examining PTSD, anxiety and mood disorder data from 714 injury survivors interviewed 3, 12 and 24-months following their injury supported this hypothesis with these relationships remaining robust from 3-24 months posttrauma. Of the nine unique fear-oriented PTSD symptoms, only one is currently required for a DSM-IV diagnosis. Increasing emphasis on PTSD fear symptoms in DSM-V, such as proposed DSM-V changes to mandate active avoidance, is critical to improve specificity, ensure inclusion of dimensionally distinct features and facilitate tailoring of treatment. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxious-Misery, Factors, Fear, Latent, PTSD, Trauma","Forbes, D., Parslow, R., Creamer, M., ""ODonnell, M."", Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Silove, D., Shalev, A.",2010.0,,,0,1,
1832,Attachment style in the prediction of recovery following group treatment of combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be difficult to treat, with gains often particularly modest in combat veterans. Although group-based treatments are commonly delivered for veterans, little is known about factors influencing their outcomes. Attachment style is known to be associated with psychopathology after trauma and is critical to group-based interventions, but has not yet been investigated in relation to treatment outcome. A better understanding of factors that influence outcome is critical in optimizing the effectiveness of such interventions. This study investigated attachment style as a predictor of outcome for 103 veterans attending group-based treatment for combat-related PTSD. Measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, PTSD Checklist, and Relationship Styles Questionnaire. Path analyses indicated preoccupied attachment style strongly negatively predicted outcome following treatment. The preoccupied attachment style impedes recovery in group-based treatment for veterans with PTSD. Potential mechanisms underlying this finding are discussed. The results suggest that greater attention should be paid at initial assessment to attachment style of veterans before entering PTSD treatment, particularly group-based interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attachment Behavior, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Recovery (Disorders), Treatment","Forbes, David, Parslow, Ruth, Fletcher, Susan, McHugh, Tony, Creamer, Mark",2010.0,,,0,0,
1833,"Psychological and health problems in a geographically proximate population time-sampled continuously for three months after the September 11th, 2001 terrorist incidents",,,"Ford, J. D., Adams, M. L., Dailey, W. F.",2007.0,,10.1080/10615800701303215,0,0,
1834,Psychometric status and clinical utility of the MAYSI-2 with girls and boys in juvenile detention,"This study replicates and extends studies of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Version 2 (MAYSI-2) in a sample of 479 urban, rural, and suburban 12-16 year old youths (68% boys; 41% African American, 23% Latino) consecutively admitted to juvenile detention centers. Six principal components replicated the MAYSI-2 factor-analytically-derived subscales except for Depression/Anxiety, and suggested modifications of specific items in each sub-scale. Findings supported the internal consistency and validity of the modified MAYSI-2 sub-scales. Few gender differences emerged, except that girls reported higher levels of hopelessness and trauma than boys. Five sub-groups were identified based on component profiles: (1) non-clinical, (2) addiction, somatic problems, and suicidality, (3) anger problems, (4) thought disturbance, and (5) addiction and traumatic stress. The findings support the validity of the MAYSI-2 for juvenile justice mental health screening while highlighting possible refinements in scoring in order to identify delinquent youths with distinctive psychosocial risks and needs. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Juvenile justice, Psychological assessment, Psychometrics, Screening","Ford, J. D., Chapman, J. F., Pearson, G., Borum, R., Wolpaw, J. M.",2008.0,,,0,1,
1835,"Complex trauma among psychiatrically impaired children: A cross-sectional, chart-review study","Objective: To identify subgroups of severely psychiatrically impaired children on the basis of the complexity of their histories of exposure to abuse and other potential traumatic stressors, and to examine the relationship of complex trauma histories to DSM-IV-TR psychiatric diagnoses. Method: In a sample of 397 consecutive inpatient child psychiatry admissions, cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups on the basis of measures of documented physical or sexual abuse, parental impairment (arrest, violence, and/or substance use), and disrupted attachment (ie, out-of-home placement). Data were collected for the years 1992 through 2002. Results: Four subgroups were identified. Two ""low trauma"" subgroups had infrequent histories of abuse and out-of-home placement but were distinguished by low/moderate versus high levels of parental impairment. Two ""complex trauma"" subgroups were characterized by histories of either physical abuse or sexual abuse with multiple perpetrators, as well as extensive out-of-home placement and severe parental impairment. All subgroups had similar profiles of psychiatric diagnoses. Complex trauma status was associated with behavior problem severity and lower body mass index over and above the effects of psychiatric diagnoses, gender, and ethnicity. Although abuse history was a factor in subgroup membership, the multiple out-of-home placements variable was the most consistent correlate of externalizing and internalizing problems and psychosocial impairment. Conclusions: Childhood adversity that may constitute complex trauma was associated with externalizing behavior problems and psychosocial impairment among psychiatrically hospitalized children, and this association cannot be accounted for fully by existing psychiatric diagnoses, gender, or ethnicity. (copyright) Copyright 2009 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.","adolescent, adult, article, behavior disorder, body mass, child, child abuse, child psychiatry, cluster analysis, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ethnicity, family violence, female, hospital admission, human, major clinical study, male, medical record review, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, priority journal, psychosocial disorder, psychotrauma, school child, sexual abuse","Ford, J. D., Connor, D. F., Hawke, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1836,"Poly-Victimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents","Purpose: Adolescents exposed to multiple forms of psychological trauma (""poly-victimization,"" Finkelhor et al. Child Abuse Negl 2007;31:7-26) may be at high risk for psychiatric and behavioral problems. This study empirically identifies trauma profiles in a national sample of adolescents to ascertain correlates of poly-victimization. Methods: Latent Class analyses and logistic regression analyses were used with data from the National Survey of Adolescents to identify trauma profiles and each profile's risk of posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, and delinquency involvement and deviant peer group relationships. Poly-victimization classes were also compared to classes with trauma exposure of lesser complexity. Results: Six mutually exclusive trauma profiles (latent classes) were identified. Four classes were characterized by high likelihood of poly-victimization, including abuse victims (8%), physical assault victims (9%), and community violence victims (15.5%). Poly-victimization class members, especially abuse and assault victims, were more likely than do youth traumatized by witnessing violence or exposure to disaster/accident trauma to have psychiatric diagnosis and (independent of psychiatric diagnoses or demographics) to be involved in delinquency with delinquent peers. Conclusions: Poly-victimization is prevalent among adolescents and places youth at high risk for psychiatric impairment and for delinquency. Moreover, poly-victimized youths' risk of delinquency cannot be fully accounted for by posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or substance use problems, suggesting that adolescent healthcare providers should consider poly-victimization as a risk for behavioral and legal problems even when PTSD, depression, or addiction symptoms are not clinically significant. (copyright) 2010 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine.","accident, adolescent, article, assault, child abuse, controlled study, disaster, domestic violence, female, health survey, human, juvenile delinquency, major clinical study, major depression, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychotrauma, risk assessment, substance abuse","Ford, J. D., Elhai, J. D., Connor, D. F., Frueh, B. C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1837,Poly-victimization among juvenile justice-involved youths,"Objectives: This study replicates and extends the research literature on poly-victimization with a vulnerable and under-served population, juvenile justice-involved youths. Methods: N= 1959, 10-16 year old youths (76% male; 74% youth of color) consecutively newly admitted to juvenile detention facilities completed psychometric measures of trauma history, posttraumatic stress, affect regulation, alcohol/drug use, suicide risk, and somatic complaints. Results: Using latent class analysis derived from 19 types of adversity, three unique classes best fit the data. A poly-victim class (49% female, 51% youth of color) accounted for 5% of the sample and reported a mean of 11.4 (SD= 1.1) types. A relatively moderate adversity class (31% female, 70% youth of color) accounted for 36% of the sample and reported a mean of 8.9 (SD= 0.3) types of adversity and 2.65 (SD= 1.1) types of traumatic adversity. A low adversity class (59% of the sample; 17% female, 78% youth of color) reported a mean of 7.4 (SD= 0.4) adversity types but only 0.3 (SD= 0.45) types of traumatic adversity. The relatively moderate adversity class was comparable to poly-victims in endorsing extensive non-victimization traumatic adversity (e.g., accidental and loss trauma), but poly-victims were distinct from both moderate and low adversity class members in the likelihood of reporting all but one type of traumatic victimization, multiple types of traumatic victimization, and severe emotional and behavioral problems. Girls were at particularly high risk of poly-victimization, and African American and White youths also were at risk for poly-victimization. Conclusions: Although youth involved in the juvenile justice system typically have experienced substantial victimization, a poly-victimized sub-group, especially (but not exclusively) girls, warrants particular scientific, clinical, and rehabilitative attention in order to address the most severe behavioral and mental health problems and risks faced by this vulnerable population. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Adolescence, Juvenile justice, Mental health, Traumatic stress, Victimization","Ford, J. D., Grasso, D. J., Hawke, J., Chapman, J. F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1838,Identifying and determining the symptom severity associated with polyvictimization among psychiatrically impaired children in the outpatient setting,"Polyvictimization involves experiencing multiple forms of maltreatment or other interpersonal victimization, and places children at risk for severe psychosocial impairment. Children with psychiatric problems are at risk for polyvictimization, and polyvictimized child psychiatric inpatients have been found to have particularly severe psychiatric symptoms. Cluster analysis was used to identify a polyvictimized subgroup (N = 22, 8%) among 295 outpatient admissions in 2007-2009 to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic, based on chart review of documented maltreatment, parental impairment (history of arrest, psychiatric illness, and substance use), and multiple out-of-home placements. Polyvictimization was associated with severe parent-reported externalizing problems and clinician-rated psychosocial impairment, independent of demographics and psychiatric diagnoses. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the only psychiatric diagnosis associated with polyvictimization. Polyvictimization merits further clinical and research assessment with child psychiatry outpatients. Evidence-based PTSD assessment and treatment for polyvictimized children with adaptations to address their severe impairment and externalizing problems also warrants empirical evaluation. © The Author(s) 2011.","adolescent victims, adolescents, adult retrospective reports, child PTSD/trauma, child victims, mental health services","Ford, J. D., Wasser, T., Connor, D. F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1839,Factor structure of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for middle-aged men and women,,,"Forgays, D. K., Spielberger, C. D., Ottaway, S. A., Forgays, D. G.",1998.0,,,0,0,
1840,"Nosological profile and prevalence of common mental disorders of patients seen at the Family Health Program (FHP) units in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro","OBJECTIVES: This study aims to detect the prevalence of common mental disorders among patients seen by doctors at family health program units in Petropolis-RJ, and to establish their nosological profile. METHOD: The population of the study included all 18 to 65-year-old patient who attended any family health program units included in the study during a 30-day period, between August and December 2002 (n = 714). The prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, 12 item version. In order to establish the nosological profile, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to all common mental disorders positive patients who accepted to return (n = 215). RESULTS: At the cut-off point of 2/3 the common mental disorders prevalence was 56% and for 4/5, it was 33%. The most frequent nosological categories found among common mental disorders positive patients were depression and anxiety categories along with posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders. There was a high frequency of comorbidity, especially between anxiety, depression, somatoform and dissociative disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The common mental disorders prevalence and the nosological profile found in FHP were similar to those of other primary care studies in Brazil, but some disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders) that had not been previously studied in this context were also very frequent. The high common mental disorders prevalence found reinforces the urgent need for systematic inclusion of this level of care in mental health assistance planning.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brazil/epidemiology, *Family Health, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Middle Aged, National Health Programs/*statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Primary Health Care, Program Evaluation, Questionnaires, Young Adult","Fortes, S., Villano, L. A., Lopes, C. S.",2008.0,Mar,,0,1,
1841,"Nosological profile and prevalence of common mental disorders of patients seen at the Family Health Program (FHP) units in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro","Objectives: This study aims to detect the prevalence of common mental disorders among patients seen by doctors at family health program units in Petropolis-RJ, and to establish their nosological profile. Method: The population of the study included all 18 to 65-year-old patient who attended any family health program units included in the study during a 30-day period, between August and December 2002 (n = 714). The prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, 12 item version. In order to establish the nosological profile, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to all common mental disorders positive patients who accepted to return (n = 215). Results: At the cut-off point of 2/3 the common mental disorders prevalence was 56% and for 4/5, it was 33%. The most frequent nosological categories found among common mental disorders positive patients were depression and anxiety categories along with posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders. There was a high frequency of comorbidity, especially between anxiety, depression, somatoform and dissociative disorders. Conclusions: The common mental disorders prevalence and the nosological profile found in FHP were similar to those of other primary care studies in Brazil, but some disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders) that had not been previously studied in this context were also very frequent. The high common mental disorders prevalence found reinforces the urgent need for systematic inclusion of this level of care in mental health assistance planning.","adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, Brazil, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, disease classification, dissociative disorder, family health, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, primary health care, sex ratio, somatoform disorder","Fortes, S., Villano, L. A. B., Lopes, C. S.",2008.0,,,0,1,1840
1842,"Nosological profile and prevalence of common mental disorders of patients seen at the Family Health Program (FHP) units in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro","Objectives: This study aims to detect the prevalence of common mental disorders among patients seen by doctors at family health program units in Petrópolis-RJ, and to establish their nosological profile. Method: The population of the study included all 18 to 65-year-old patient who attended any family health program units included in the study during a 30-day period, between August and December 2002 (n = 714). The prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, 12 item version. In order to establish the nosological profile, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to all common mental disorders positive patients who accepted to return (n = 215). Results: At the cut-off point of 2/3 the common mental disorders prevalence was 56% and for 4/5, it was 33%. The most frequent nosological categories found among common mental disorders positive patients were depression and anxiety categories along with posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders. There was a high frequency of comorbidity, especially between anxiety, depression, somatoform and dissociative disorders. Conclusions: The common mental disorders prevalence and the nosological profile found in FHP were similar to those of other primary care studies in Brazil, but some disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders) that had not been previously studied in this context were also very frequent. The high common mental disorders prevalence found reinforces the urgent need for systematic inclusion of this level of care in mental health assistance planning.","Epidemiology, Family health, Mental disorders, Prevalence, Primary health care","Fortes, S., Villano, L. A. B., Lopes, C. S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1843,Beware of multiple traumas in PTSD assessment: the role of reactivation mechanism in intrusive and hyper-arousal symptoms,"Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major public health problem defined by three symptom clusters: intrusion thoughts, avoidance mechanisms and hyper-arousal. Several authors have emphasized, that some or all of these symptoms related to a past traumatic experience could be reactivated, even after long asymptomatic periods. This study investigates the role of an additional trauma in the reactivation of a childhood trauma among a group of former hidden children (n = 65), the Jewish youths who spent World War II in various hideaway shelters in Nazi-occupied Europe. They were compared with a control group.Method: The presence or absence of an additional trauma in adulthood was assessed and PTSD symptoms were measured by using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised.Results: An additional trauma reactivates PTSD symptoms of intrusion thoughts and, marginally, symptoms of hyper-arousal. At the opposite, symptoms of avoidance were not reactivated.Conclusion: Our results confirm the role of an additional trauma in the reactivation of traumatic memories, related to an earlier trauma, in later life. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed and perspectives are proposed. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","Impact of Event Scale-Revised, retraumatization, trauma reactivation","Fossion, P., Leys, C., Kempenaers, C., Braun, S., Verbanck, P., Linkowski, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1844,Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder etiology: Replicated findings in a national sample of Vietnam-era men,"Examined the generality of recent findings by the 1st author and colleagues (see record 1984-11154-001) on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) etiology in help-seeking Vietnam combat veterans. Replication was attempted with data from a national study by the 2nd author (1983) of Vietnam-era men that included combat veterans. Use of a Guttman scaling technique for assessing combat exposure was found to be robust for use with a national nonclinical sample as well. In addition, multiple regression analysis was used to examine predictive relationships between premilitary adjustment, military adjustment, combat exposure, and PTSD. Combat exposure was related significantly to PTSD symptomatology, while premilitary adjustment was not. A previously identified discriminant function, composed of psychological symptoms not found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) criteria for PTSD, also was cross-validated. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Adjustment, Experimental Replication, War","Foy, David W., Card, Josefina J.",1987.0,,,0,0,
1845,Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"Presents an overview of the literature on potential etiological factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. A etiological model for PTSD is offered that generates hypotheses for identifying links between exposure to traumatic events and consequent symptoms, as well as testing relationships between exposure variables and other possible mediating factors. Findings from 25 recent studies examining etiologic factors are considered to form an empirical basis for current knowledge about PTSD in children. Severity of trauma exposure and parental trauma-related distress have consistently produced positive correlations with PTSD symptoms. Length of time since trauma exposure is consistently negatively correlated with PTSD severity. Gaps in the current knowledge and understanding of PTSD are identified, and implications for future clinical and research efforts are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Literature Review, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Foy, David W., Madvig, Brian T., Pynoos, Robert S., Camilleri, Angela J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1846,Post-traumatic stress disorder in adults,"(from the chapter) [discusses] a developmental psychopathology model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) / [in the model] individuals are placed ""at risk"" for disorder when exposure to an overwhelming traumatic stressor occurs / an immediate conditioned emotional reaction is hypothesized as a critical link in the causal chain mechanism leading to acute distress / whether PTSD subsequently develops is influenced by additional mediating variables from biological, psychological and social domains / an advantage of the model is that it can account for the failure to develop PTSD following extreme trauma exposure through the interaction of mediating variables / the primary purpose of this formulation is to organize etiologic and mediating PTSD factors into an overarching conceptual model to facilitate cross-trauma comparisons in methodology and findings behavioral assessment strategies / behavior therapy approaches (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Behavior Therapy, *Behavioral Assessment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Foy, David W., Resnick, Heidi S., Lipovsky, Julie A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
1847,"Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences","Forty-three Vietnam veterans seeking psychological services at a Los Angeles Veterans Administration medical center was assigned to positive and negative groups of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980). Subjects were extensively assessed to examine the relative contributions of premilitary adjustment, military adjustment, and extent of combat exposure to the development of combat-related, chronic PTSD. In addition, groups were compared on profiles from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and a psychological problem checklist. Results of multiple regression analyses demonstrated that combat exposure and, to a lesser degree, military adjustment were significantly related to PTSD symptomatology, whereas premilitary adjustment was not. Discriminant function analyses showed that the MMPI had moderate ability to correctly classify subjects on the basis of PTSD diagnosis. However, problem checklist items indicative of anxiety-based disorders, particularly generalized anxiety and pervasive disgust, formed a discriminant function that correctly classified more than 90% of study subjects. Results were discussed in terms of implications for an empirically derived conceptualization of PTSD and further research directions.",,"Foy, D. W., Rueger, D. B., Sipprelle, R. C., Carroll, E. M.",1984.0,,,0,0,
1848,"Bipolar disorder comorbidity in anxiety disorders: Relationship to demographic profile, symptom severity, and functional impairment","Background and Objectives: High rates of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder (BD) have been reported. Studies on the impact of BD comorbidity in individuals with a principal anxiety disorder have been limited. Methods: Individuals (N = 186) seeking anxiety disorder treatment completed questionnaires and a diagnostic interview. Anxious individuals with comorbid BD were compared to anxious individuals with comorbid depression, and individuals with an anxiety disorder only. Results: Anxious individuals with BD were more likely to report being single, separated or divorced, and to present with greater substance abuse and comorbidity than individuals with an anxiety disorder only. Anxious individuals with BD also presented with lower household income than anxious individuals with depression, and individuals with anxiety only. Anxious individuals with either comorbid BD or comorbid depression reported greater functional impairment and more severe symptoms than individuals with anxiety only. Conclusions: Overall, the presence of comorbid BD was associated with demographic and clinical factors that have been previously shown to adversely affect treatment outcome in people with anxiety disorders.","Anxiety disorders, Bipolar disorder, Comorbidity","Fracalanza, K. A., McCabe, R. E., Taylor, V. H., Antony, M. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1849,Trauma reactions in mothers and fathers after their infant's cardiac surgery,"Objective To investigate the prevalence and nature of trauma symptoms in mothers and fathers of infants who had cardiac surgery. Method Parents of infants who underwent cardiac surgery before 3 months of age were recruited at the time of surgery. 77 mothers and 55 fathers completed the Acute Stress Disorder Scale 1 month after their infant was discharged from hospital. Results 26 of 77 (33.8%) mothers and 10 of 55 (18.2%) fathers satisfied criteria for acute stress disorder. For all symptom clusters, except dissociation, mothers had significantly higher mean scores (and therefore higher levels of symptoms) than did fathers, ps =. 01, -.02. 83 percent of parents endorsed at least 1 trauma symptom and 11.4% endorsed only 1 symptom at a clinical level. Symptoms of dissociation were the most commonly endorsed by both parents, with each symptom in that cluster being endorsed at a clinical level by at least 26% of parents. Conclusions Consistent with our hypotheses, approximately one-third of parents overall, as well as one-third of mothers and close to one-fifth of fathers, experienced trauma symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of acute stress disorder. Most parents experienced at least one symptom at a clinical level, with symptoms of dissociation being the most commonly endorsed symptom cluster. These findings highlight the need for clinical supports for parents. © 2013 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved.","Adjustment, cardiology, children, parent stress, posttraumatic stress","Franich-Ray, C., Bright, M. A., Anderson, V., Northam, E., Cochrane, A., Menahem, S., Jordan, B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1850,Factor analysis of the rivermead post-concussion questionnaire following blast exposure,"Objectives: Post-Concussive Syndrome (PCS) is the persistent experiencing of bothersome symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury. The symptoms associated with PCS are numerous and varied, but it may be possible to identify a simpler symptom constellation. Patterns of symptom correlation on the Rivermead Post-concussion Questionnaire (RPQ) have not been examined in a blast-injured military population. Design: Survey of post-concussive symptoms using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (CFA and EFA). Setting: VA Medical Center outpatient. Participants: N=146 blast-exposed individuals within two years of exposure while deployed in the Middle East or Afghanistan. Interventions: not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: RPQ. Results: A CFA with emotional, cognitive, and somatic factors did not indicate a good fit. EFA determined that a four factor obliquely rotated solution best fit the data. Factors represented emotional, cognitive, and two somatic clusters corresponding to visual and vestibular symptoms. Refined factor scores computed from EFA results showed a subset of high scores for the somatic factors while scores for the other factors were normally distributed. R2 values for factor scores regressed on PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) scores were: emotional: 0.50, cognitive: 0.30, visual: 0.17, vestibular: 0.11. Conclusions: PCS after blast exposure is characterized by distinct symptom clusters; however, the civilian-derived three-cluster structure does not fully describe PCS in this sample. PCS after blast may be characterized by distinctive visual and vestibular clusters that are not well explained by traumatic stress symptoms. Subsets of individuals with PCS may benefit from in-depth assessments and rehabilitation for visual and vestibular disorders.","brain injury, rehabilitation, factorial analysis, concussion, questionnaire, exposure, rehabilitation medicine, society, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, checklist, Afghanistan, Middle East, population, army, traumatic brain injury, outpatient, vestibular disorder","Franke, L. M., Ketchum, J. M., Walker, W. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1851,Mental health in Sumatra after the tsunami,"OBJECTIVES: We assessed the levels and correlates of posttraumatic stress reactivity (PTSR) of more than 20,000 adult tsunami survivors by analyzing survey data from coastal Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia. METHODS: A population-representative sample of individuals interviewed before the tsunami was traced in 2005 to 2006. We constructed 2 scales measuring PTSR by using 7 symptom items from the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version. One scale measured PTSR at the time of interview, and the other measured PTSR at the point of maximum intensity since the disaster. RESULTS: PTSR scores were highest for respondents from heavily damaged areas. In all areas, scores declined over time. Gender and age were significant predictors of PTSR; markers of socioeconomic status before the tsunami were not. Exposure to traumatic events, loss of kin, and property damage were significantly associated with higher PTSR scores. CONCLUSIONS: The tsunami produced posttraumatic stress reactions across a wide region of Aceh and North Sumatra. Public health will be enhanced by the provision of counseling services that reach not only people directly affected by the tsunami but also those living beyond the area of immediate impact.","Adolescent, Adult, Cluster Analysis, *Disasters, Family, Female, Humans, Indonesia/epidemiology, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Mortality, Multivariate Analysis, Population Surveillance, *Residence Characteristics, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, Survivors/*psychology/statistics & numerical data","Frankenberg, E., Friedman, J., Gillespie, T., Ingwersen, N., Pynoos, R., Rifai, I. U., Sikoki, B., Steinberg, A., Sumantri, C., Suriastini, W., Thomas, D.",2008.0,Sep,10.2105/ajph.2007.120915,0,1,
1852,Evaluating the dimensionality of PTSD in a sample of OIF/OEF veterans,"Both categorical and dimensional models of mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are useful for diagnostic and heuristic purposes; however, few empirical studies have compared categorical and dimensional models of PTSD side-by-side or compared these models to a hybrid (dimensional and categorical) model. In the present study, the dimensionality of PTSD was examined by fitting latent profile analytic, confirmatory factor analytic, and factor mixture models in 271 Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans 6 months after return from deployment. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of individuals with similar PTSD symptom profiles and predictors of subgroup membership, confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify the underlying continuous structure of PTSD in this sample, and factor mixture modeling was used to test whether a hybrid categorical and continuous model of PTSD best fit our sample. A factor mixture model consisting of a 4-factor dysphoria model of PTSD with 2 classes characterized by low and moderate symptom severity was the best-fitting model. Dissociation and deployment concerns emerged as significant predictors of membership in the moderate symptoms class. Implications for PTSD diagnostic conceptualization and treatment planning are discussed.",,"Frankfurt, S., Anders, S. L., James, L. M., Engdahl, B., Winskowski, A. M.",2015.0,Sep,10.1037/tra0000012,0,1,
1853,Differentiating overreporting and extreme distress: MMPI-2 use with compensation-seeking veterans with PTSD,"This purpose of this study was to examine overreporting on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) in compensation-seeking veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). A sample of veterans tested during a V.A. hospital compensation and pension exam were given the MMPI-2 and measures of PTSD, depression, and combat exposure. Veteran's MMPI-2s were only included in the analyses if their profile was extremely exaggerated, as measured by an F scale T score above 80, did not elevate the MMPI-2 VRIN and TRIN scales, and had a primary diagnosis of PTSD (n = 127). Using the Infrequency-Psychopathology, F(p), scale to distinguish overreporting from distress, it was found that 98 veterans elevated profiles due to distress, whereas 29 elevated due to overreporting, F(p) below and above 7, respectively. Differences between groups on MMPI-2 clinical scales and the other measures were assessed. Implications of these findings for assessing veteran response style and using the MMPI-2 with a PTSD population are discussed.","adult, article, depression, distress syndrome, female, human, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, pension, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, self report, soldier, war","Franklin, C. L., Repasky, S. A., Thompson, K. E., Shelton, S. A., Uddo, M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1854,Anxiety and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in a normative sample: The importance of signal-to-noise ratio,"Previous studies have used prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI) to investigate the anxiety spectrum, primarily in patient samples, with mixed results. The inconsistency in findings may be due, in part, to the use of non-optimal signal-to-noise ratios (SnRs: the difference between background noise intensity and prepulse intensity) in some studies. We proposed that, as SnR approaches +15 dB, anxiety spectrum variables will be negatively correlated with PPI, even in a normative sample. Thus, we used the MCMI-III to measure levels of trait anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the three Cluster C personality disorders in a sample of 53 undergraduate females, and then correlated their scores with their PPI levels at SnRs of +5, +10, and +15 dB. All of the anxiety constructs except obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) were correlated with PPI, but only in the +15 dB condition. Although OCPD symptomatology was not correlated with PPI, it was negatively correlated with PTSD and may have been indicative of adaptive functioning in this normative sample. The present study demonstrates that PPI is a sensitive index of anxiety symptomatology even in the normative range, and that a SnR near +15 dB may be necessary to reliably detect associations between PPI and these psychological variables. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Blink, EMG, Personality disorders, PPI, Prepulse inhibition, Signal-to-noise ratio, Startle","Franklin, J. C., Bowker, K. B., Blumenthal, T. D.",2009.0,,,0,1,
1855,"Relationships among predeployment risk factors, warzone-threat appraisal, and postdeployment PTSD symptoms","Previous research indicates a relationship between perceived fear for one's safety (i.e., threat appraisal) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This prospective study examined relationships among deployment- and predeployment-related variables, threat appraisal, and postdeployment PTSD symptom severity. Prior to Iraq deployment, 774 U.S. Army soldiers completed self-report measures assessing previous life stressors, deployment history, current (predeployment) PTSD symptoms, deployment preparedness, and unit cohesion. Following deployment, participants completed self-report measures assessing combat intensity, deployment threat appraisal, and current (postdeployment) PTSD symptoms. Structural equation modeling revealed that predeployment PTSD symptom severity, prior warzone deployment, unit cohesion, and preparedness were each independently associated with deployment threat appraisal, even after taking into account combat intensity. Deployment threat appraisal was associated with postdeployment PTSD severity. Results indicated that predeployment PTSD symptom severity, history of warzone deployment, and preparedness-risk factors previously thought to influence PTSD outcomes directly-were either partially or fully mediated by threat appraisal. The model explained 15% of the variance in deployment threat appraisal and 50% of the variance in postdeployment PTSD severity. Helping service members cope with exposure to extreme stress during deployment by modifying certain prewar risk factors may facilitate reduction of PTSD symptoms following deployment. Published 2013. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Franz, M. R., Wolf, E. J., Macdonald, H. Z., Marx, B. P., Proctor, S. P., Vasterling, J. J.",2013.0,,10.1002/jts.21827,0,0,
1856,Review of Perspectives on diseases & disorders: Post-traumatic stress disorder,"Reviews the book, Perspectives on diseases & disorders: Post-traumatic stress disorder edited by Carrie Fredericks (2009). The book is composed of a series of previously published articles (between 2006 and 2008) from various sources including books, newspaper articles, and what appear to be personal blogs. A section titled ""posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Treatment in Adults"" covers various treatment strategies in a much too cursory manner. Chapter 2 is devoted to ""The Controversial Side of PTSD"". Almost one-half of this section focuses on whether propranolol is effective or not in the treatment of PTSD. The early work on propranolol and its possibility to reduce traumatic memory storage is certainly interesting, nonetheless this is not yet part of the mainstream treatment of PTSD. Chapter 3, the final chapter, is titled ""The Personal Side of PTSD"". In this section, which comprises almost one-third of the book, the stories of 6 people diagnosed with PTSD are reproduced. This book does offer a cursory overview of some of the issues pertinent to the field of PTSD, and it provides personal testimonials that highlight the suffering of people who experience the debilitating psychological impact of trauma. This book would likely feel more comfortable in the library of a high school rather than in a medical library. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Strategies, Treatment","Fraser, George A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1857,Burden of medical illness in women with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder,"BACKGROUND: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are important women's health issues. Depression is known to be associated with poor physical health; however, associations between physical health and PTSD, a common comorbidity of depression, have received less attention. OBJECTIVES: To examine number of medical symptoms and physical health status in women with PTSD across age strata and benchmark them against those of women with depression alone or with neither depression nor PTSD. METHODS: A random sample of Veterans Health Administration enrollees received a mailed survey in 1999-2000 (response rate, 63%). The 30 865 women respondents were categorized according to whether a health care provider had ever told them that they had PTSD, depression (without PTSD), or neither. Outcomes were self-reported medical conditions and physical health status measured with the Veterans SF-36 instrument, a version of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) modified for use in veteran populations. RESULTS: Across age strata, women with PTSD (n = 4348) had more medical conditions and worse physical health status (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, and energy/vitality scales from the Veterans SF-36) than women with depression alone (n = 7580) or neither (n = 18 937). In age-adjusted analyses, the Physical Component Summary score was on average 3.4 points lower in women with depression alone and 6.3 points lower in women with PTSD than in women with neither (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with a greater burden of medical illness than is seen with depression alone. The presence of PTSD may account for an important component of the excess medical morbidity and functional status limitations seen in women with depression.","Adult, Aged, *Cost of Illness, Depression/epidemiology/*psychology, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Sickness Impact Profile, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, ""Womens Health""","Frayne, S. M., Seaver, M. R., Loveland, S., Christiansen, C. L., Spiro, A., 3rd, Parker, V. A., Skinner, K. M.",2004.0,Jun 28,10.1001/archinte.164.12.1306,0,0,
1858,Burden of medical illness in women with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are important women's health issues. Depression is known to be associated with poor physical health; however, associations between physical health and PTSD, a common comorbidity of depression, have received less attention. Objectives: To examine number of medical symptoms and physical health status in women with PTSD across age strata and benchmark them against those of women with depression alone or with neither depression nor PTSD. Methods: A random sample of Veterans Health Administration enrollees received a mailed survey in 1999-2000 (response rate, 63%). The 30 865 women respondents were categorized according to whether a health care provider had ever told them that they had PTSD, depression (without PTSD), or neither, Outcomes were self-reported medical conditions and physical health status measured with the Veterans SF-36 instrument, a version of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) modified for use in veteran populations. Results: Across age strata, women with PTSD (n = 4348) had more medical conditions and worse physical health status (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, and energy/vitality scales from the Veterans SF-36) than women with depression alone (n=7580) or neither (n=18937). In age-adjusted analyses, the Physical Component Summary score was on average 3.4 points lower in women with depression alone and 6.3 points lower in women with PTSD than in women with neither (P<.001). Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with a greater burden of medical illness than is seen with depression alone, The presence of PTSD may account for an important component of the excess medical morbidity and functional status limitations seen in women with depression.",,"Frayne, S. M., Seaver, M. R., Loveland, S., Christiansen, C. L., Spiro Iii, A., Parker, V. A., Skinner, K. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,1857
1859,Prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Direct and mediated relations,"This study assessed the relations between pretrauma risk (neuroticism, negative affect, prior distress) and protective (self-esteem, optimism) factors and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and potential mediators (subjective event-related distress, unsupportive social interactions, perceived control) of those relations. Students (N = 1,528) at four U.S. universities completed online surveys assessing pretrauma risk and protective factors at Time 1 (T1); 84% (N = 1,281) completed a survey 2 months later (T2). PTSD symptoms and the three potential mediators were assessed among those who experienced potentially traumatic events between T1 and T2 (n = 264). PTSD symptoms related to prior traumas were controlled in all analyses. In structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses, the relation between risk factors and PTSD symptoms was mediated by unsupportive social interactions. Protective factors did not independently predict PTSD symptoms when risk factors also were included in the SEM models. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Protective Factors, *Risk Factors, Distress, Internal External Locus of Control, Neuroticism, Optimism, Self Esteem, Social Support","Frazier, Patricia A., Gavian, Margaret, Hirai, Reiko, Park, Crystal, Tennen, Howard, Tomich, Patricia, Tashiro, Ty",2011.0,,,0,0,
1860,Coping strategies as mediators of the relations among perceived control and distress in sexual assault survivors,,,"Frazier, P. A., Mortensen, H., Steward, J.",2005.0,,10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.267,0,0,
1861,Selected foci in the spectrum of posttraumatic stress disorders,,,"Frederick, C. J.",1985.0,,,0,0,
1862,"Cognitive sequelae of trauma: Memory and attention deficits in individuals diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, mild traumatic brain injury, and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder/mild traumatic brain injury","This study investigated the memory and attention performance of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and both diagnoses. The WAIS-III and WMS-III test scores of 217 patients seen after a motor vehicle accident (MVA) were examined and revealed no between-groups differences on memory variables. However, ANCOVAs with education as the covariate did reveal between-groups differences on 3 of the 6 attention variables (WMS-III Working Memory Index, Arithmetic, and Spatial Span), with post-hoc t-tests demonstrating that the mTBI-only group performed significantly better than both the PTSD-only and the comorbid PTSD/mTBI groups. The data were then grouped for individuals who were seen either I to 3 months, 4 to 12 months, or 13 to 36 months post-accident, to clarify how memory and attention problems related to mTBl and PTSD, both separately and combined, may change across these time frames. Factorial ANCOVAs with education as the covariate, as well as the 3 diagnostic groups and 3 timeframe groups as factors revealed no significant interaction effects and no main effects for diagnosis on either the memory or attention variables. However, several main effects for the time since MVA group were significant. Post-hoc t-tests revealed no significant differences between the 1- to 3-month group and the 4- to 12-month group, but did show significant improvement between the 4- to 12-month and 13- to 36-month timeframes on Spatial Span, Visual Immediate and Delayed, and Family Pictures I, but not on other memory or attention variables. When scores were recoded to reflect impairment I SD below the mean) or lack of impairment, minimal differences in the percentage of impairment across diagnostic groups and time post-trauma groups were uncovered. Interestingly, educational and gender differences were evidenced. Gender differences emerged through analysis ofparticipants' qualitative data from clinical interviews. Minimal differences in the memory and attention scores among the 3 diagnostic groups reinforces the message that neuropsychologists cannot look to test data alone to clarify patients' diagnoses. These findings highlight the need for a detailed clinical interview in making a differential diagnosis for PTSD and/or mTBI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attention Deficit Disorder, *Comorbidity, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Attention, Diagnosis, Trauma","Freece, Krista L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1863,Predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. A prospective study,,,"Freedman, S. A., Brandes, D., Peri, T., Shalev, A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
1864,Traumatic stress: An overview of the field,"(from the chapter) stipulates that good clinical practice must be guided by state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the topic of interest [in this case, traumatic stress] / provides an overview of available knowledge concerning the nature of traumatic stress prevalence of traumatic events [research trends, epidemiology] / mental health implications [conceptualizing adjustment, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), event quality and mental health, time course of PTSD symptoms, comorbidity] / conceptual models [psychological models, biological models, integrative models] / intervention principles [prevention, trauma-focused treatment, skills building, resource enhancement, developmental level, integrative approaches] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Epidemiology, Models, Treatment","Freedy, John R., Donkervoet, John C.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1865,Understanding acute psychological distress following natural disaster,"A household probability sample of 229 adults was interviewed four to seven months after the Sierra Madre earthquake (June 28, 1991; Los Angeles County). The study predicted psychological distress from these variables: demographics, traumatic event history, low magnitude event history, earthquake related threat perceptions, and earthquake related resource loss. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) stress model, it was predicted that resource loss would be central in predicting psychological distress. Three major hypotheses were supported: (1) resource loss was positively associated with psychological distress; (2) resource loss predicted psychological distress when other predictors were statistically controlled; and (3) resource loss was associated with mild to moderate elevations in of psychological distress. The findings support COR stress theory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. © 1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","disaster, psychological distress, theory","Freedy, J. R., Saladin, M. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E.",1994.0,,10.1007/BF02102947,0,0,
1866,Post-traumatic stress disorder screening test performance in civilian primary care,"Purpose: We determined the test performance characteristics of four brief post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening tests in a civilian primary care setting. Methods: This was a cross-sectional cohort study of adults attending a family medicine residency training clinic in the southeastern USA. Four hundred and eleven participants completed a structured telephone interview that followed an index clinic visit. Screening tests included: PTSD Symptom Checklist-Civilian Version (17 items), SPAN (four items), Breslau's scale (seven items) and Primary Care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD) (four items). A modified Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale was used to determine past month PTSD for comparison. Receiver operating characteristic analysis based on area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess diagnostic efficiency ( > 0.80 desired). Cut-off scores were selected to yield optimal sensitivity and specificity (>80%). Results: Past month PTSD was substantial (women = 35.8% and men = 20.0%; P < 0.01). AUC values were PTSD Symptom Checklist (PCL) (0.897), SPAN (0.806), Breslau's scale (0.886) and PCPTSD (0.885). Optimal cut-scores yielded the following sensitivities and specificities : PCL (80.0% and 80.7%; cut-off = 43), SPAN (75.9% and 71.6%; cut-off = 3), Breslau's scale (84.5% and 76.4%; cut-off = 4) and PC-PTSD (85.1% and 82.0%; cut-off = 3). Overall and gender-specific screening test performances were explored. Conclusions: Results confirm: (i) PTSD was common, especially among women; (ii) all four PTSD screening tests were diagnostically adequate; (iii) Two of four PTSD screening tests showed adequate sensitivity and specificity ( > 80%) and (iv) The PC-PTSD screening test (four items) appeared to be the best single screening test. There are few studies to establish the utility of PTSD screening tests within civilian primary care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Screening Tests, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Primary Health Care","Freedy, John R., Steenkamp, Maria M., Magruder, Kathryn M., Yeager, Derik E., Zoller, James S., Hueston, William J., Carek, Peter J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1867,Traumatic below-elbow amputations,"This article reviews the treatment, rehabilitation, psychological and social impact, and complications of below-elbow amputations.",,"Freeland, A. E., Psonak, R.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1868,Paranoia and post-traumatic stress disorder in the months after a physical assault: A longitudinal study examining shared and differential predictors,"Background: Being physically assaulted is known to increase the risk of the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms but it may also skew judgements about the intentions of other people. The objectives of the study were to assess paranoia and PTSD after an assault and to test whether theory-derived cognitive factors predicted the persistence of these problems. Method: At 4 weeks after hospital attendance due to an assault, 106 people were assessed on multiple symptom measures (including virtual reality) and cognitive factors from models of paranoia and PTSD. The symptom measures were repeated 3 and 6 months later. Results: Factor analysis indicated that paranoia and PTSD were distinct experiences, though positively correlated. At 4 weeks, 33% of participants met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, falling to 16% at follow-up. Of the group at the first assessment, 80% reported that since the assault they were excessively fearful of other people, which over time fell to 66%. Almost all the cognitive factors (including information-processing style during the trauma, mental defeat, qualities of unwanted memories, self-blame, negative thoughts about self, worry, safety behaviours, anomalous internal experiences and cognitive inflexibility) predicted later paranoia and PTSD, but there was little evidence of differential prediction. Conclusions: Paranoia after an assault may be common and distinguishable from PTSD but predicted by a strikingly similar range of factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Paranoia, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Violence, Intention, Symptoms","Freeman, D., Thompson, C., Vorontsova, N., Dunn, G., Carter, L. A., Garety, P., Kuipers, E., Slater, M., Antley, A., Glucksman, E., Ehlers, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1869,Comprehension of affective prosody in veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the few psychiatric conditions in which a subjective decrease in emotional range serves as a diagnostic criterion. In order to investigate whether veterans with chronic PTSD also experienced objective limitations in emotional perception, the authors administered the Aprosodia Battery to a group of 11 veterans with chronic PTSD, nine subjects with right hemisphere damage, seven subjects with left hemisphere damage, and 12 comparison subjects. The patients with PTSD displayed significant deficiencies in the comprehension and discriminative components of affective speech, similar in severity and performance profile on the Aprosodia Battery to the individuals with focal right hemisphere damage due to ischemic infarction. Copyright (copyright) 2009 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.","adult, aged, alcohol consumption, article, brain damage, brain infarction, brain ischemia, clinical article, controlled study, female, human, left hemisphere, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, right hemisphere, veteran","Freeman, T. W., Hart, J., Kimbrell, T., Ross, E. D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1870,In the shadow of terror: Posttraumatic stress and psychiatric co-morbidity following bombing in Iraq: The role of shattered world assumptions and altered self-capacities,"Whilst research has looked at posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity among civilians exposed to bombing, there is a lack of longitudinal data on the development of these outcomes and the psychological factors associated with them, particularly among Iraqi civilians. This study aimed to: investigate 1) the trajectory of PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity following bombing among civilians in Iraq and 2) the link between shattered world assumptions, altered self-capacities and identified health outcomes. One hundred and eighty (F=90, M=90) Iraqi civilians exposed to first time bombing were recruited approximately one month (time 1) after the bombing and five months (time 2) after the baseline assessment. A control group data (178, F=91, M=87) from people who were not exposed to bombing was also collected. They completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the General Health Questionnaire-28, the World Assumptions Questionnaire and the Inventory of Altered Self-Capacities. The results showed that there was a significant decline in the proportion of people meeting the screening criteria for PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity symptoms over time. For the cross-sectional analysis, controlling for demographic variables, regression analysis showed that severity of the bombing (β=.16), controllability of events (β=-.21), safety and vulnerability (β=.31) and affect dysregulation (β=.37) significantly predicted PTSD time 1. Controllability of events (β=-.20) and affect dysregulation (β=.37) also predicted psychiatric co-morbidity at time 1. For the prospective analysis, controlling for PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity at time 1, none of these dimensions predicted PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity at time 2. Findings are discussed in terms of individual resilience. It can be concluded that following bombing, civilians developed PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity which declined over time. Civilians' perceptions of their ability to control events in the world and regulate their affect had a short term impact on the severity of these symptoms. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Altered self-capacity, Bombing, Iraq, Psychiatric co-morbidity, PTSD, Shattering of world assumption","Freh, F. M., Chung, M. C., Dallos, R.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1871,Exploratory factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C),"Objective: To evaluate the factor structure of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-civilian version (PCL-C), in order to complement its validation process in Brazil. Method: An exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation was conducted in 175 ambulance workers of the Emergence Rescue Group (GSE from Portuguese) of the Rio de Janeiro fire brigade and 343 military police officers (MP) (150 from an elite unit of the state of Goias). Results: The results revealed a two-factor solution: re-experience/avoidance, numbing/hyperarousal. All variables loaded highly in at least one factor, except for one; variable 16. This item may have had a bad performance because the analysis was based on a sample of police officers, whose professional activity demands hypervigilance as one of its basic characteristics. Internal consistency values were acceptable. Conclusions: Avoidance and numbing seem to be independent dimensions, differently from what is expected according to the DSM-IV. Therefore, new trials should be carried out in other populations, with victims of different kinds of trauma, and including females, to verify these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Emergency Services, Measurement","Freitas Passos, Roberta Benitez, Figueira, Ivan, Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor, Moraes, Claudia Leite, Freire Coutinho, Evandro Silva",2012.0,,,0,0,
1872,Influence of bodily injuries on symptom reporting following uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury in US military service members,"Objective: To examine the relations among bodily injuries, traumatic stress, and postconcussion symptoms in a sample of combat-injured US service members who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury. Participants: One hundred and thirty-seven service members evaluated and treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center following medical evacuation from the combat theater of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. All had sustained an uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury and concurrent bodily injuries. Procedure: Participants completed 2 symptom checklists within 3 months of injury. Severity of bodily injuries was quantified with a modified version of the Injury Severity Score that excluded intracranial injuries (ISS mod). Participants were classified into 4 ISS mod groups: minor (n = 17), moderate (n = 48), serious (n = 40), severe/critical (n = 32). Main Outcome Measures: Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NBSI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PCLC). Results: There was a significant negative association between ISSmod scores and the NBSI and PCLC total scores. There were significant main effects across the 4 groups for the NBSI and PCLC total scores. The highest NBSI and PCLC scores were consistently found in the ISSmod minor group, followed by the moderate, serious, and severe/critical groups. Conclusions: While it might be expected that greater comorbid physical injuries would be associated with greater symptom burden, in this study as the severity of bodily injuries increased, symptom burden decreased. Hypothesized explanations include: underreporting of symptoms; increased peer support; disruption of fear conditioning due to acute morphine use; or delayed expression of symptoms. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.","bodily injuries, mild traumatic brain injury, postconcussion symptoms, PTSD","French, L. M., Lange, R. T., Iverson, G. L., Ivins, B., Marshall, K., Schwab, K.",2012.0,,,0,1,
1873,Influence of the severity and location of bodily injuries on post-concussive and combat stress symptom reporting after military-related concurrent mild traumatic brain injuries and polytrauma,"Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) sustained in combat frequently co-occur with significant bodily injuries. Intuitively, more extensive bodily injuries might be associated with increased symptom reporting. In 2012, however, French et al. demonstrated an inverse relation between bodily injury severity and symptom reporting. This study expands on that work by examining the influence of location and severity of bodily injuries on symptom reporting after mild TBI. Participants were 579 US military service members who sustained an uncomplicated mild TBI with concurrent bodily injuries and who were evaluated at two military medical centers. Bodily injury severity was quantified using a modified Injury Severity Score (ISS<inf>mod</inf>). Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C), on average, 2.5 months post-injury. There was a significant negative association between ISS<inf>mod</inf>scores and NSI (r=-0.267, p<0.001) and PCL-C (r=-0.273, p<0.001) total scores. Using linear regression to examine the relation between symptom reporting and injury severity across the six ISS body regions, three body regions were significant predictors of the NSI total score (face; p<0.001; abdomen; p=0.003; extremities; p<0.001) and accounted for 9.3% of the variance (p<0.001). For the PCL-C, two body regions were significant predictors of the PCL-C total score (face; p<0.001; extremities; p<0.001) and accounted for 10.5% of the variance. There was an inverse relation between bodily injury severity and symptom reporting in this sample. Hypothesized explanations include underreporting of symptoms, increased peer support, disruption of fear conditioning because of acute morphine use, or delayed expression of symptoms. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","bodily injury, postconcussion symptoms, service members, traumatic stress symptoms, uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury","French, L. M., Lange, R. T., Marshall, K., Prokhorenko, O., Brickell, T. A., Bailie, J. M., Asmussen, S. B., Ivins, B., Cooper, D. B., Kennedy, J. E.",2014.0,,10.1089/neu.2014.3401,0,0,
1874,Latent profile analysis and principal axis factoring of the DSM-5 dissociative subtype,"OBJECTIVE: A dissociative subtype has been recognized based on the presence of experiences of depersonalization and derealization in relation to DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the dissociative subtype has not been assessed in a community sample in relation to the revised DSM-5 PTSD criteria. Moreover, the 20-item PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) currently does not assess depersonalization and derealization. METHOD: We therefore evaluated two items for assessing depersonalization and derealization in 557 participants recruited online who endorsed PTSD symptoms of at least moderate severity on the PCL-5. RESULTS: A five-class solution identified two PTSD classes who endorsed dissociative experiences associated with either 1) severe or 2) moderate PTSD symptom severity (D-PTSD classes). Those in the severe dissociative class were particularly likely to endorse histories of childhood physical and sexual abuse. A principal axis factor analysis of the symptom list identified six latent variables: 1) Reexperiencing, 2) Emotional Numbing/Anhedonia, 3) Dissociation, 4) Negative Alterations in Cognition & Mood, 5) Avoidance, and 6) Hyperarousal. CONCLUSIONS: The present results further support the presence of a dissociative subtype within the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD.","Posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation, dissociative subtype, psychological trauma, trauma-related altered states of consciousness","Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F., Steuwe, C., Lanius, R. A.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.26406,0,1,
1875,The PRM test (memory profile). Results in a situation of posttraumatic examination,,,"Freyens, R.",1979.0,,,0,0,
1876,"Comorbidity in pediatric bipolar disorder: Prevalence, clinical impact, etiology and treatment","Method A comprehensive database search was performed from 1990 to August 2014. Overall, 167 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Background Research on pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is providing a plethora of empirical findings regarding its comorbidity. We addressed this question through a systematic review concerning the prevalence, clinical impact, etiology and treatment of main comorbid disorders involved. Results Bipolar youth tend to suffer from comorbid disorders, with highest weighted mean prevalence rate arising from anxiety disorders (54%), followed by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (48%), disruptive behavior disorders (31%), and substance use disorders (SUD) (31%). Furthermore, evidence indicates that ADHD and anxiety disorders negatively affect the symptomatology, neurocognitive profile, clinical course and the global functioning of PBD. Likewise, several theories have been posited to explain comorbidity rates in PBD, specifically common risk factors, one disorder being a risk factor for the other and nosological artefacts. Lastly, randomized controlled trials highlight a stronger therapeutic response to stimulants and atomoxetine (vs. placebo) as adjunctive interventions for comorbid ADHD symptoms. In addition, research focused on the treatment of other comorbid disorders postulates some benefits from mood stabilizers and/or SGA. Limitations Epidemiologic follow-up studies are needed to avoid the risk of nosological artefacts. Likewise, more research is needed on pervasive developmental disorders and anxiety disorders, especially regarding their etiology and treatment. Conclusions Psychiatric comorbidity is highly prevalent and is associated with a deleterious clinical effect on pediatric bipolarity. Different etiological pathways may explain the presence of these comorbid disorders among bipolar youth. Standardized treatments are providing ongoing data regarding their effectiveness for these comorbidities among bipolar youth.","atomoxetine, mood stabilizer, neuroleptic agent, placebo, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, autism, bipolar disorder, child, childhood disease, cognition, comorbidity, conduct disorder, disease course, disruptive behavior, follow up, human, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, randomized controlled trial (topic), review, risk factor, substance abuse, symptomatology, treatment response","Frías, Á, Palma, C., Farriols, N.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1877,Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of 30 years of research,"Background: A comprehensive meta-analysis to identify the proportions of comorbid personality disorders (PD) across the major subtypes of anxiety disorders (AD) has not previously been published. Methods: A literature search identified 125 empirical papers from the period 1980-2010 on patients with panic disorders, social phobia, generalised anxiety, obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several moderators were coded. Results: The rate of any comorbid PD was high across all ADs, ranging from.35 for PTSD to.52 for OCD. Cluster C PDs occurred more than twice as often as cluster A or B PDs. Within cluster C the avoidant PD occurred most frequently, followed by the obsessive-compulsive and the dependent PD. PTSD showed the most heterogeneous clinical picture and social phobia was highly comorbid with avoidant PD. A range of moderators were examined, but most were non-significant or of small effects, except an early age of onset, which in social phobia increased the risk of an avoidant PD considerably. Gender or duration of an AD was not related to variation in PD comorbidity. Limitations: Blind rating of diagnoses was recorded from the papers as an indication of diagnostic validity. However, as too few studies reported it the validity of the comorbid estimates of PD was less strong. Conclusions: The findings provided support to several of the proposed changes in the forthcoming DSM-5. Further comorbidity studies are needed in view of the substantial changes in how PDs will be diagnosed in the DSM-5. (copyright) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder, comorbidity, dependent personality disorder, disease duration, generalized anxiety disorder, histrionic personality disorder, human, meta analysis, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, paranoid personality disorder, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, schizoidism, schizotypal personality disorder, social phobia","Friborg, O., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Overgard, K. T., Rosenvinge, J. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1878,Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of 30 years of research,"Background: A comprehensive meta-analysis to identify the proportions of comorbid personality disorders (PD) across the major subtypes of anxiety disorders (AD) has not previously been published. Methods: A literature search identified 125 empirical papers from the period 1980-2010 on patients with panic disorders, social phobia, generalised anxiety, obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several moderators were coded. Results: The rate of any comorbid PD was high across all ADs, ranging from.35 for PTSD to.52 for OCD. Cluster C PDs occurred more than twice as often as cluster A or B PDs. Within cluster C the avoidant PD occurred most frequently, followed by the obsessive-compulsive and the dependent PD. PTSD showed the most heterogeneous clinical picture and social phobia was highly comorbid with avoidant PD. A range of moderators were examined, but most were non-significant or of small effects, except an early age of onset, which in social phobia increased the risk of an avoidant PD considerably. Gender or duration of an AD was not related to variation in PD comorbidity. Limitations: Blind rating of diagnoses was recorded from the papers as an indication of diagnostic validity. However, as too few studies reported it the validity of the comorbid estimates of PD was less strong. Conclusions: The findings provided support to several of the proposed changes in the forthcoming DSM-5. Further comorbidity studies are needed in view of the substantial changes in how PDs will be diagnosed in the DSM-5. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety disorders, Comorbidity, Meta-analysis, Personality disorders","Friborg, O., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Øvergård, K. T., Rosenvinge, J. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,1877
1879,A comparison of mother-child joint admission for postnatal mental disorders in different countries,"Postnatal depression is among the most frequent mental disorders in young women (incidence 10-15%). Besides depressive illness, however anxiety disorder, stress disorder and psychosis play an important role as well. These disorders have not only negative impact on women's mental health, but may also adversely affect the child's development as well as the mother-child relationship. Inpatient mother-child care as established e.g. at the Heidelberg University Hospital offers adequate treatment without the need for the mother to separate from her child. In a retrospective study a profile of the women treated at the Psychiatric Department of the University Hospital Heidelberg was developed which reflects the psychological and social stress in their life situations. In order to gain an overview on the specific treatment options the data were then compared with those of other national and international centres. Analysis of demand shows that this mother-child psychiatric care is well accepted by the population and that there is a considerable need for adequate in- and outpatient care of postnatal mental disorders. (copyright) Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, child development, clinical article, controlled study, female, hospital patient, human, incidence, medical society, mental health, mental stress, mother child relation, outpatient care, pregnancy, psychosis, puerperal depression, social problem, university hospital","Fricke, J., Fuchs, T., Weiss, R., Mundt, Ch, Reck, C.",2006.0,,,0,1,
1880,Armadillo,,,"Fridthjof, R., Pedersen, J. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1881,Function after motor vehicle accidents: A prospective study of mild head injury and posttraumatic stress,"Relationships among mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), posttraumatic stress (PTS), and function were examined in 99 motor vehicle accident (MVA) admissions: 64 in an MTBI group and 35 in a no-MTBI comparison group. Assessments occurred within the first month and at 6 to 9 months. At follow-up, the sample was moderately disabled on the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), 71% satisfied on the Reintegration of Normal Living Index (RNL), and 42% had returned to work. Only the SIP Psychosocial score was significantly different for MTBI groups; 24% of the sample showed definite symptoms of PTS. This group was significantly more disabled on the SIP, less satisfied on the RNL, and less likely to return to work. The proportion of variance in outcome explained in each model ranged from 32% (Physical SIP) to 44% (RNL). Results suggest the need for clinicians to be more aware of the strong influence of PTS on functional outcomes.","adult, article, brain injury, disability, female, head injury, human, major clinical study, male, patient satisfaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, social status, traffic accident","Friedland, J. F., Dawson, D. R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
1882,Posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Friedman, A. H., Stevens, S. B., Morris, T. L.",2008.0,,,0,0,42
1883,Toward rational pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: An interim report,"There is growing evidence that medication can alleviate symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent research also suggests that PTSD has a unique biological profile consisting of alterations in sympathetic arousal, the neuroendocrine system, and the sleep/dream cycle. This profile distinguishes PTSD from both major depression and panic disorder. Medication appears to alleviate PTSD symptoms associated with sympathetic hyperarousal and intrusive recollections of the trauma but seems ineffective against avoidant symptoms. Pharmacotherapy alone is rarely sufficient to provide complete remission of PTSD. Symptom relief provided by medication facilitates the patient's participation in individual, behavioral, or group psychotherapy.","adult, arousal, dream, drug therapy, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychotherapy, short survey, sleep","Friedman, M. J.",1988.0,,,0,0,
1884,Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5: Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next,"The process that resulted in the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association;) was empirically based and rigorous. There was a high threshold for any changes in any DSM-IV diagnostic criterion. The process is described in this article. The rationale is presented that led to the creation of the new chapter, ""Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders,"" within the DSM-5 metastructure. Specific issues discussed about the DSM-5 PTSD criteria themselves include a broad versus narrow PTSD construct, the decisions regarding Criterion A, the evidence supporting other PTSD symptom clusters and specifiers, the addition of the dissociative and preschool subtypes, research on the new criteria from both Internet surveys and the DSM-5 field trials, the addition of PTSD subtypes, the noninclusion of complex PTSD, and comparisons between DSM-5 versus the World Health Association's forthcoming International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) criteria for PTSD. The PTSD construct continues to evolve. In DSM-5, it has moved beyond a narrow fear-based anxiety disorder to include dysphoric/anhedonic and externalizing PTSD phenotypes. The dissociative subtype may open the way to a fresh approach to complex PTSD. The preschool subtype incorporates important developmental factors affecting the expression of PTSD in young children. Finally, the very different approaches taken by DSM-5 and ICD-11 should have a profound effect on future research and practice. © 2013. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Friedman, M. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1885,Improving our understanding of posttraumatic trajectories,,"Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*complications/*psychology, Survivors/*psychology, Wounds and Injuries/*complications/*psychology","Friedman, M. J.",2015.0,Sep,10.4088/JCP.14com09488,0,1,
1886,Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the preface) This book is about the neurobiological consequences of stress. It [reviews] the entire spectrum of stress responses from normal to pathological reactions. The guiding principle of this book is that humans exposed to catastrophic stressors utilize the same neurobiological mechanisms that are activated following exposure to a less severe ""normal"" stressor. [Several] chapters concern animal models of neurobiological processes that have heuristic value for clinical theory on the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This book will help PTSD investigators to familiarize themselves with basic research on stress. It will provide PTSD clinicians with a theoretical context and some practical tools to assist them in [diagnosis and treatment of this] disabling disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Adaptation, Animal Models, Brain, Diagnosis, Stress Reactions, Treatment","Friedman, Matthew J., Charney, Dennis S., Deutch, Ariel Y.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1887,Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal Adaptation to PTSD,,,"Friedman, M. J., Charney, D. S., Deutch, A. Y.",1995.0,,,0,0,
1888,Adult sexual abuse is associated with elevated neurohormone levels among women with PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with reduced, similar, or increased urinary cortisol levels. The authors identified a factor that might contribute to such variability when they obtained 24-hour urinary neurohormone profiles on 69 women with PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse. Half (n = 35) had subsequently experienced adult sexual abuse (ASA) while the other half (n = 34) had not. The ASA group had significantly elevated urinary cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in comparison to the non-ASA group. Neither a history of childhood or adult physical abuse nor other variables contributed to this finding. The results suggest that the psychobiological consequences of exposure to the same traumatic event may differ as a result of an interaction between age and the composite history of trauma exposure. © 2007 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Friedman, M. J., Jalowiec, J., McHugo, G., Wang, S., McDonagh, A.",2007.0,,,0,1,
1889,Considering PTSD for DSM-5,"This is a review of the relevant empirical literature concerning the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Most of this work has focused on Criteria A1 and A2, the two components of the A (Stressor) Criterion. With regard to A1, the review considers: (a) whether A1 is etiologically or temporally related to the PTSD symptoms; (b) whether it is possible to distinguish ""traumatic"" from ""non-traumatic"" stressors; and (c) whether A1 should be eliminated from DSM-5. Empirical literature regarding the utility of the A2 criterion indicates that there is little support for keeping the A2 criterion in DSM-5. The B (reexperiencing), C (avoidance/numbing) and D (hyperarousal) criteria are also reviewed. Confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the latent structure of PTSD appears to consist of four distinct symptom clusters rather than the three-cluster structure found in DSM-IV. It has also been shown that in addition to the fear-based symptoms emphasized in DSM-IV, traumatic exposure is also followed by dysphoric, anhedonic symptoms, aggressive/externalizing symptoms, guilt/shame symptoms, dissociative symptoms, and negative appraisals about oneself and the world. A new set of diagnostic criteria is proposed for DSM-5 that: (a) attempts to sharpen the A1 criterion; (b) eliminates the A2 criterion; (c) proposes four rather than three symptom clusters; and (d) expands the scope of the B-E criteria beyond a fear-based context. The final sections of this review consider: (a) partial/subsyndromal PTSD; (b) disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS)/complex PTSD; (c) cross- cultural factors; (d) developmental factors; and (e) subtypes of PTSD. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","diagnostic criteria, DSM-IV, DSM-V, posttraumatic, PTSD, syndromes","Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., Brewin, C. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1890,Classification of trauma and stressor-related disorders in DSM-5,"This review examines the question of whether there should be a cluster of disorders, including the adjustment disorders (ADs), acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the dissociative disorders (DDs), in a section devoted to abnormal responses to stress and trauma in the DSM-5. Environmental risk factors, including the individual's developmental experience, would thus become a major diagnostic consideration. The relationship of these disorders to one another is examined and also their relationship to other anxiety disorders to determine whether they are better grouped with anxiety disorders or a new specific grouping of trauma and stressor-related disorders. First how stress responses have been classified since DSM-III is reviewed. The major focus is on PTSD because it has received the most attention, regarding its proper placement among the psychiatric diagnoses. It is discussed whether PTSD should be considered an anxiety disorder, a stress-induced fear circuitry disorder, an internalizing disorder, or a trauma and stressor-related disorder. Then, ASD, AD, and DD are considered from a similar perspective. Evidence is examined pro and con, and a conclsion is offered recommending inclusion of this cluster of disorders in a section entitled ""Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders."" The recommendation to shift ASD and PTSD out of the anxiety disorders section reflects increased recognition of trauma as a precipitant, emphasizing common etiology over common phenomenology. Similar considerations are addressed with regard to AD and DD. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, ASD, dissociation, dissociative disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, stress, stressor, trauma","Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., Strain, J., Horowitz, M., Spiegel, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1891,Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran,"1. Military personnel exposed to war-zone trauma are at risk for developing PTSD. Those at greatest risk are those exposed to the highest levels of war-zone stress, those wounded in action, those incarcerated as prisoners of war, and those who manifest acute war-zone reactions, such as CSR. 2. In addition to problems directly attributable to PTSD symptoms per se, individuals with this disorder frequently suffer from other comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as depression, other anxiety disorders, and alcohol or substance abuse/dependence. The resulting constellation of psychiatric symptoms frequently impairs marital, vocational, and social function. 3. The likelihood of developing chronic PTSD depends on premilitary and postmilitary factors in addition to features of the trauma itself. Premilitary factors include negative environmental factors in childhood, economic deprivation, family psychiatric history, age of entry into the military, premilitary educational attainment, and personality characteristics. Post-military factors include social support and the veteran's coping skills. 4. Among American military personnel, there are three populations at risk for unique problems that may amplify the psychological impact of war-zone stress. They are women whose war-zone experiences may be complicated by sexual assault and harassment; nonwhite ethnic minority individuals whose premilitary, postmilitary, and military experience is affected by the many manifestations of racism; and those with war-related physical disabilities, whose PTSD and medical problems often exacerbate each other. 5. The longitudinal course of PTSD is quite variable. Some trauma survivors may achieve complete recovery, whereas others may develop a persistent mental disorder in which they are severely and chronically incapacitated. Other patterns include delayed, chronic, and intermittent PTSD. 6. Theoretically primary preventive measures might include prevention of war or screening out vulnerable military recruits. In practice, primary preventive measures have included psychoeducational and inoculation approaches. Secondary prevention has been attempted through critical incident stress debriefing administered according to the principles of proximity, immediacy, expectancy, and simplicity. Tertiary prevention has included psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, dual diagnosis approaches, peer counseling, and inpatient treatment. Few treatments have been rigorously evaluated. 7. There are both theoretical reasons and empirical findings to suggest that military veterans with PTSD are at greater risk for more physical health problems, poorer health status, and more medical service usage. Much more research is needed on this matter. 8. Despite the potential adverse impact of war-zone exposure on mental and physical health, there is also evidence that trauma can sometimes have salutary effects on personality and overall function.",,"Friedman, M. J., Schnurr, P. P., McDonagh-Coyle, A.",1994.0,,,0,0,
1892,Body change stress for women with breast cancer: the Breast-Impact of Treatment Scale,"BACKGROUND: Body change stress refers to subjective psychological stress that accompanies women's negative and distressing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors resultant from breast cancer and breast surgeries. Body change stress is manifest with traumatic stress-like symptoms. PURPOSE: The development of the Breast-Impact of Treatment Scale (BITS) is described. The construct is assessed with 13 items that comprise a one-factor solution. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tests of convergent validity demonstrate the relationship, but not overlap, of the BITS with measures of stress, emotional distress, and sexuality. The BITS distinguishes between women receiving segmental mastectomy (lumpectomy) versus mastectomy. Incremental validity is shown with comparison to ratings of body satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: An early psychometric foundation enables use of the BITS to assess a common and distressing quality of life outcome for women with breast cancer.","*Body Image, Breast Neoplasms/*psychology/surgery, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Mastectomy/*psychology, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life/*psychology, Questionnaires, *Sickness Impact Profile, Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/*etiology","Frierson, G. M., Thiel, D. L., Andersen, B. L.",2006.0,Aug,10.1207/s15324796abm3201_9,0,0,
1893,Predictive factors occurred in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in masculin subjects which lived events of everyday life extremely stressing (natural catastrophic and terrorism): Prolactin and cortisol responses to low dose of dexamethason (0.5 mg),"This article is to give an outline on some scientific experiments on the effects of the posttraumatic stress disorder (psychic factors) on the variations neuroendocriniennes (adrenal and prolactinic). The prolactin and cortisol responses to dexamethasone (0.5 mg) were studied in masculin subject posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 10), normal controls (n = 18) and non PTSD subjects (n = 10), in order to better determine these interactions. Both the two groups of subjects which lived events of everyday life extremely stressing (PTSD and not PTSD) showed an enhanced cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone than the normal subjects. In contrast, only the PTSD showed an hypersuppression of cortisol to the dexamethasone. These findings suggest that the prolactin response to dexamethasone in the non PTSD subjects can reflect a predictive indicator of occurred of the PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dexamethasone, *Hydrocortisone, *Masculinity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prolactin, Stress","Frih, Hacene, Sahraoui, Leila, Frih, Nabila, Toumi, Liamine, Bairi, Abdelmajid, Tahraoui, Abdelkrim, Maurel, Daniel, Siaud, Philippe",2009.0,,,0,0,
1894,Salivary oxytocin and vasopressin levels in police officers with and without post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterised by symptoms associated with maladaptive fear and stress responses, as well as with social detachment. The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been associated with both regulating fear and neuroendocrine stress responsiveness and social behaviour. However, there is only limited evidence for dysregulated peripheral OT and AVP levels in PTSD patients. The present study aimed to investigate basal salivary OT and AVP levels in trauma-exposed male and female police officers with and without PTSD. Saliva samples were collected during rest and OT and AVP levels were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Men and women were analysed separately, having adjusted for differences in trauma history, and for hormonal contraception use in women. The results showed that male PTSD patients had lower basal salivary OT levels, and did not differ in AVP levels compared to male trauma-exposed healthy controls after adjusting for childhood emotional abuse. There were no significant differences in basal salivary OT and AVP levels in women. Our findings indicate potential dysfunctioning of the OT system in male PTSD patients. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to further unravel the relationship between the OT and AVP systems, sex, trauma history and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Oxytocin, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Vasopressin, Outpatients, Stress, Symptoms","Frijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Nawijn, L., Koch, S. B. J., Neumann, I. D., Veltman, D. J., Olff, M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1895,Acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"(from the chapter) Psychological trauma is defined as the result of a momentary or prolonged stressful event that is beyond normal human experience and that would be stressful for anyone. The defining characteristic is the large discrepancy between external threats and the available coping skills. Another classification is often linked to the duration of the potentially traumatic event. Traumatisation, which was caused by a rather short and single event (e.g. serious accident or sexual abuse in adulthood) is referred to as Type I trauma, and a longer lasting and repeated trauma (repeated physical and sexual abuse in childhood) as Type II trauma. In Type I trauma, usually there are very clear, vivid memories of the event and there is a classic picture of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), whereas, in Type II trauma often there are only diffuse, little clear recollections. Here, very different comorbid mental disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression, physical symptoms and eating disorders) may occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Stress, Trauma","Fritzsche, Kurt, Abbo, Catherine, Frahm, Gertrud, Monsalve, Sonia Diaz, Chen, Frank Kuan-Yu",2014.0,,,0,0,
1896,Post-traumatic stress disorder: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge,"Background: In Germany, the one-month prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is in the range of 1% to 3%. Soldiers, persons injured in accidents, and victims of domestic violence increasingly seek medical help for symptoms of emotional stress. Days lost from work and monetary compensation for emotional disturbances are markedly on the rise. The term ""PTSD"" is commonly used uncritically and imprecisely, with too little regard for the existing diagnostic criteria. It is at risk of turning into a nonspecific collective term for emotional stress of any kind. Methods: We selectively reviewed the literature in the PubMed database and pertinent journals, with additional consideration of the recommendations and guidelines of medical societies from Germany and abroad. Results: The characteristic types of reactions seen in PTSD are nightmares and an intense, repetitive, intrusive ""reliving"" of the traumatic event(s). Emotional traumatization manifests itself not only as PTSD but also through major effects on other mental and somatic diseases. An early, trauma-focused behavioral therapeutic intervention involving several sessions, generally on an outpatient basis, can prevent the development of PTSD. The most important components of effective treatment are a focus on the particular trauma experienced and confrontation with the patient's memories of the trauma. The best existing evidence is for cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy according to the exposure paradigm of Foa, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. The most recent meta-analysis reveals effect strengths of g = 1.14 for all types of psychotherapy and g = 0.42 for all types of pharmacotherapy taken together (with considerable differences among psychotherapeutic methods and among drugs). The efficacy of psychodynamic therapy, systemic therapy, body-oriented therapy, and hypnotherapy has not been adequately documented in randomized controlled trials. Conclusion: PTSD can be precisely diagnosed and effectively treated when the diagnostic criteria and guideline recommendations are taken into account. Referral for trauma-focused psychotherapy should be considered if the acute symptoms persist for several weeks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Therapeutic Processes, Epidemiology, Symptoms, Trauma","Frommberger, Ulrich, Angenendt, Jorg, Berger, Mathias",2014.0,,,0,0,
1897,Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,,,"Frueh, B. C., Elhai, J. D., Grubaugh, A. L., Monnier, J., Kashdan, T. B., Sauvageot, J. A., Hamner, M. B., Burkett, B. G., Arana, G. W.",2005.0,,10.1192/bjp.186.6.467,0,0,
1898,Symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for PTSD: Differentiation on the basis of compensation seeking status,,,"Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B., De Arellano, M. A.",1997.0,,10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_8,0,0,
1899,Discriminant analysis of the posttraumatic stress disorder among a group of Viet Nam veterans,"The authors designed a study to identify those independent variables which would statistically discriminate between a group of Viet Nam veterans who were experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder and those who were not. DSM-III criteria for diagnosis were used to measure and operationally define posttraumatic stress disorder. Five variables distinguished between groups: veterans with the disorder reported a negative perception of their family's helpfulness on return home, a higher level of combat, a more immediate discharge after the war, an external locus of control, and a more supportive attitude toward the war before they entered the service. The authors discuss the implications and limitations of these findings.","adult, army, attitude, central nervous system, family, major clinical study, personality, psychological aspect, stress","Frye, J. S., Stockton, R. A.",1982.0,,,0,1,
1900,Discriminant analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder among a group of Viet Nam veterans,"The authors designed a study to identify those independent variables which would statistically discriminate between a group of Viet Nam veterans who were experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder and those who were not. DSM-III criteria for diagnosis were used to measure and operationally define posttraumatic stress disorder. Five variables distinguished between groups: veterans with the disorder reported a negative perception of their family's helpfulness on return home, a higher level of combat, a more immediate discharge after the war, an external locus of control, and a more supportive attitude toward the war before they entered the service. The authors discuss the implications and limitations of these findings.","Adult, Attitude, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Family, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, United States, Vietnam, *War","Frye, J. S., Stockton, R. A.",1982.0,Jan,,0,0,
1901,Moderating effects of a postdisaster intervention on risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in Chinese children,"This study is an evaluation of a psychosocial intervention involving child and adolescent survivors of the 2008 Sichuan China earthquake. Sociodemographics, earthquake-related risk exposure, resilience using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the UCLA-PTSD Index were collected from 1,988 intervention participants and 2,132 controls. Mean resilience scores and the odds of PTSD did not vary between groups. The independent factors for risk and resilience and the dependent variable, PTSD, in the measurement models between control and intervention groups were equivalent. The structural model of risk and 2 resilience factors on PTSD was examined and found to be unequivalent between groups. In contrast to controls, risk exposure (B = -0.32, p < .001) in the intervention group was negatively associated with PTSD. Rational thinking (B = -0.48, p < .001), a resilience factor, was more negatively associated with PTSD in the intervention group. The second resilience factor explored, self-awareness, was positively associated with PTSD in both groups (B = 0.46 for controls, p < .001, and B = 0.69 for intervention, p < .001). Results highlight the need for more cross-cultural research in resilience theory to develop culturally appropriate interventions and evaluation measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychotherapy, *Child Psychotherapy, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), Risk Factors","Fu, Christine, Leoutsakos, Jeannie-Marie, Underwood, Carol",2013.0,,,0,0,
1902,Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: A systematic review,"We conducted a systematic review of what is known about the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and smoking to guide research on underlying mechanisms and to facilitate the development of evidence-based tobacco treatments for this population of smokers. We searched Medline, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and identified 45 studies for review that presented primary data on PTSD and smoking. Smoking rates were high among clinical samples with PTSD (40%-86%) as well as nonclinical populations with PTSD (34%-61%). Most studies showed a positive relationship between PTSD and smoking and nicotine dependence, with odds ratios ranging between 2.04 and 4.52. Findings also suggest that PTSD, rather than trauma exposure itself, is more influential for increasing risk of smoking. A small but growing literature has examined psychological factors related to smoking initiation and maintenance and the overlapping neurobiology of PTSD and nicotine dependence. Observational studies indicate that smokers with PTSD have lower quit rates than do smokers without PTSD. Yet a few tobacco cessation treatment trials in smokers with PTSD have achieved quit rates comparable with controlled trials of smokers without mental disorders. In conclusion, the evidence points to a causal relationship between PTSD and smoking that may be bidirectional. Specific PTSD symptoms may contribute to smoking and disrupt cessation attempts. Intervention studies that test behavioral and pharmacological interventions designed specifically for use in patients with PTSD are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Rehabilitation, *Nicotine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Smoking Cessation, *Tobacco Smoking","Fu, Steven S., McFall, Miles, Saxon, Andrew J., Beckham, Jean C., Carmody, Timothy P., Baker, Dewleen G., Joseph, Anne M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1903,Analysis of prevalence of PTSD and its influencing factors among college students after the Wenchuan earthquake,"Background: This study explored the prevalence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in college students who lived in earthquake center one year after the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008, the factors affecting the prevalence of PTSD was also investigated. Methods: 2987 students studying at the senior normal school in Tibetan autonomous region which was one of the most devastated regions were selected for this study. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used as a screening instrument. Results: A total of 420 cases (14.1%) were diagnosed with PTSD, among which mild, moderate, severe and extreme symptoms were reported in 122, 185, 106 and 7 cases, respectively. The PTSD prevalence in college students lived in the severely affected area was significantly higher than that in the less severe area (P < 0.001). According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the students who were injured in the earthquake, those lost their first degree relative, and those confronted with dead bodies were more likely to express PTSD. Male students were more prone than female students to develop PTSD. However, the students who received psychological tutorship were less prone to express PTSD. Conclusions: At one year after the earthquake, the PTSD rate in college students in the severely affected area was high. The social support, psychological help and rehabilitation project should be strengthened to improve their ability to cope with the trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, College Students","Fu, Yan, Chen, Yongshun, Wang, Jin, Tang, Xiaohui, He, Jieyun, Jiao, Miaorui, Yu, Chunhua, You, Guiying, Li, Junying",2013.0,,,0,0,
1904,Does acute stress disorder predict post-traumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims? Analysis of a self-report inventory,"The objective of this study was to account for acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) morbidity in a self-report survey of traffic accident victims and to evaluate the relationship between ASD and PTSD in this sample, and furthermore, to find both a model of independent variables accounting for variance in ASD and PTSD symptom level. Ninety patients, treated at an emergency ward after traffic accidents, participated in this longitudinal self-report survey. ASD was assessed using the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) and PTSD was assessed at 6-8 months follow-up using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Twenty-five patients (28%) met the cutoff scores for ASDS. Fifteen patients (17%) fulfilled criteria for PTSD according to the PDS. ASD was only able to predict 50% of patients who later developed high levels of PTSD symptomatology. A model of three variables explained 35% of the variance in ASD symptom level. Two variables explained 40% of the variance in PTSD symptom level. In both regression models, dissatisfaction with social support was associated with a higher symptom level. The results from this study reflect already voiced problems with the ASD diagnosis. The lack of precision in predicting who will develop PTSD is pronounced in this study. The acute traumatic symptom level explains a large part of the variance in PTSD symptom level. However, other variables also seem to play an important role. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Report, *Stress","Fuglsang, Annette Kjaer, Moergeli, Hanspeter, Schnyder, Ulrich",2004.0,,,0,0,
1905,Prevalence and correlates of respiratory and non-respiratory panic attacks in the general population,"Background: Panic attacks are heterogeneous with regards to symptom profile. Subtypes of panic attacks have been proposed, of which the most investigated is respiratory panic attacks (RPA). Limited information exists about RPA in the general population. Method: The prevalence and correlates of RPA and non-respiratory panic attacks (NRPA) were examined in a subsample (n = 8.796) of individuals participating in a cross-sectional survey of the adult general population of six European countries. Panic attacks, mental disorders, and chronic physical conditions were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0. Data on use of health services and disability were obtained. Results: The lifetime prevalence of RPA was 6.77 and the 12-month prevalence was 2.26. No robust associations of RPA with sociodemographic characteristics, mental disorders or physical conditions were found as compared to NRPA. RPA were associated with increased use of health services but similar disability in comparison to NRPA. Limitations: Few direct data are available on the validity of the CIDI to assess RPA. Other definitions of RPA exist in the literature. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there are very few differences between RPA and NRPA and do not support the need of subtyping panic attacks in current classification systems. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Epidemiology, Panic, Subtypes","Fullana, M. A., Vilagut, G., Ortega, N., Bruffaerts, R., De Girolamo, G., De Graaf, R., Haro, J. M., Kovess, V., Matschinger, H., Bulbena, A., Alonso, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1906,Perceived safety in disaster workers following 9/11,,,"Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Reeves, J., Shigemura, J., Grieger, T.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000195307.28743.b2,0,0,
1907,"Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in disaster or rescue workers",,,"Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Wang, L.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,
1908,Identifying classes of veterans with multiple risk factors,"As researchers examine the efficacy of interventions that simultaneously target more than 1 symptom, it is important to identify ways to help guide research and program development. This study used electronic medical record data to examine the covariation of multiple risk factors regularly assessed among primary care patients. It also examined the health care utilization of those patients identifying where the health care system came in contact with them to help identify the ideal locations these interventions may be most often used. We obtained data for six risk factors, as well as the number of primary care, mental health, and emergency department visits, from Veteran patients with a primary care visit. There were three main groups of primary care patients, identified using latent class analysis and regression. Although the smallest group, the ""High Treatment Need"" group, had an increased probability of screening positive for all four risk factors, the post-traumatic stress disorder screen was a significant discriminator of this group from the others. Results show that this group had the greatest number of encounters in all health care locations suggesting significant opportunities for intervention. However, future research is needed to examine the current interventions offered and potential avenues where risk factors may be addressed simultaneously.",,"Funderburk, J. S., Kenneson, A., Maisto, S. A.",2014.0,Oct,10.7205/milmed-d-14-00119,0,0,
1909,Health-related outcomes associated with patterns of risk factors in primary care patients,"It is important to find ways to identify prevalent co-occurring health risk factors to help facilitate treatment programming. One method is to use electronic medical record (EMR) data. Funderburk et al. (J Behav Med 31:525-535, 2008) used such data and latent class analysis to identify three classes of individuals based on standard health screens administered in Veterans Affairs primary care clinics. The present study extended these results by examining the health-related outcomes for each of these identified classes. Follow-up data were collected from a subgroup of the original sample (N = 4,132). Analyses showed that class assignment predicted number of diagnoses associated with the diseases that the health screens target and number of primary care behavioral health, and emergency room encounters. The findings illustrate one way an EMR can be used to identify clusters of individuals presenting with multiple health risk factors and where the healthcare system comes in contact with them. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA).","Latent class analysis, Multiple risk factors, Primary care, Regression, Veterans","Funderburk, J. S., Maisto, S. A., Labbe, A. K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1910,The covariation of multiple risk factors in primary care: A latent class analysis,"There is a need to advance the quality of healthcare by increasing knowledge about multiple risk factors and how to intervene to improve health outcomes. In an effort to better describe the presentation of multiple risks, this study involved a database review to describe the prevalence and covariation of multiple risk factors in individuals presenting to primary care. Patients with a primary care encounter from January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2005 (N = 10,043) were identified from the Department of Veteran's Affair's medical database and information about the following risk factors was extracted: alcohol use, psychiatric distress, body mass, smoking status, blood pressure, and posttraumatic stress. Exploratory and confirmatory latent class analyses identified three classes of individuals. Class 1 consisted of individuals with an overall lower level of risk for health problems, but a moderately high likelihood of elevated blood pressure. Individuals in Class 2 appeared to have the greatest need for intervention because they had a moderate to high likelihood of reporting at risk alcohol use, smoking, depression, and posttraumatic stress. Class 3 consisted of individuals reporting the co-occurrence of at risk alcohol use, smoking, and elevated blood pressure. Similar to past research, the findings highlight the need for addressing multiple risk factors in primary care. In addition, this study expands on the literature by identifying specific patterns of covariation among different risk factors that suggest avenues for research and program development. (copyright) 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","alcohol consumption, article, body mass, smoking, depression, human, hypertension, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, risk factor","Funderburk, J. S., Maisto, S. A., Sugarman, D. E., Wade, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1911,Overcoming neuroses: Lay attributions of cure for five specific neurotic disorders,"This study was concerned with lay beliefs about the importance of 24 different contributors towards overcoming five neurotic disorders. In this study, subjects (n = 113) completed a questionnaire indicating how effective 24 factors were to overcoming five specific problems: social phobia, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety and post- traumatic stress disorder. Factor analysis revealed almost identical clusters for each problem, and a factor structure very close to Furnham and McDermott (1994). Three factors emerged and were labeled self reliance, seeking help, and external control. The perceived relevance of only seeking help differed significantly between problems, with seeking help rated as most important and self-reliance least important overall. Some individual difference factors (sex and religion) were found to predict certain factor attributions for specific disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder was considered most in need of help and social phobia/panic disorder least. Females believed more in seeking help than males, who stressed external control more than females. Religious respondents rated external control more highly than nonreligious respondents. The clinical relevance of studying attributions for cure is also considered.",,"Furnham, A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
1912,Disasters and youth: A meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress,"Objective: Meta-analyze the literature on posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in youths post-disaster. Method: Meta-analytic synthesis of the literature (k = 96 studies; Ntotal = 74,154) summarizing the magnitude of associations between disasters and youth PTS, and key factors associated with variations in the magnitude of these associations. We included peer-reviewed studies published prior to 1/1/2009 that quantitatively examined youth PTS (≤18 years at event) after a distinct and identifiable disaster. Results: Despite variability across studies, disasters had a significant effect on youth PTS (small-to-medium magnitude; rpooled = .19, SE r = .03; d = 0.4). Female gender (rpooled = .14), higher death toll (disasters of death toll ≤25: rpooled = .09; vs. disasters with ≥1,000 deaths: rpooled = .22), child proximity (rpooled = .33), personal loss (rpooled = .16), perceived threat (rpooled = .34), and distress (rpooled = .38) at time of event were each associated with increased PTS. Studies conducted within 1 year post-disaster, studies that used established measures, and studies that relied on child-report data identified a significant effect. Conclusion: Youths are vulnerable to appreciable PTS after disaster, with pre-existing child characteristics, aspects of the disaster experience, and study methodology each associated with variations in the effect magnitude. Findings underscore the importance of measurement considerations in post-disaster research. Areas in need of research include the long-term impact of disasters, disaster-related media exposure, prior trauma and psychopathology, social support, ethnicity/race, prejudice, parental psychopathology, and the effects of disasters in developing regions of the world. Policy and clinical implications are discussed. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","child, disasters, posttraumatic stress, PTSD, trauma","Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., Kendall, P. C.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0021482,0,0,
1913,The impact of housing displacement on the mental health of low-income parents after Hurricane Katrina,"Previous studies in the aftermath of natural disasters have demonstrated relationships between four dimensions of displacement - geographic distance from the predisaster community, type of postdisaster housing, number of postdisaster moves, and time spent in temporary housing - and adverse psychological outcomes. However, to date no study has explored how these dimensions operate in tandem. The literature is further limited by a reliance on postdisaster data. We addressed these limitations in a study of low-income parents, predominantly non-Hispanic Black single mothers, who survived Hurricane Katrina and who completed pre and postdisaster assessments ( N=392). Using latent profile analysis, we demonstrated three profiles of displacement experiences within the sample: (1) returned, characterized by return to a predisaster community; (2) relocated, characterized by relocation to a new community, and (3) unstably housed, characterized by long periods in temporary housing and multiple moves. Using regression analyses, we assessed the relationship between displacement profiles and three mental health outcomes (general psychological distress, posttraumatic stress, and perceived stress), controlling for predisaster characteristics and mental health indices and hurricane-related experiences. Relative to participants in the returned profile, those in the relocated profile had significantly higher general psychological distress and perceived stress, and those in the unstably housed profile had significantly higher perceived stress. Based on these results, we suggest interventions and policies that reduce postdisaster housing instability and prioritize mental health services in communities receiving evacuees. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Displacement, Hurricane Katrina, Latent profile analysis, Natural disasters, Perceived stress, Posttraumatic stress, Psychological distress, Secondary stressors","Fussell, E., Lowe, S. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1914,The relationship between compensable status and long-term patient outcomes following orthopaedic trauma,,,"Gabbe, B. J., Cameron, P. A., Williamson, O. D., Edwards, E. R., Graves, S. E., Richardson, M. D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
1915,Factors affecting exits from homelessness among persons with serious mental illness and substance use disorders,"Objective: We sought to understand the housing trajectories of homeless consumers with serious mental illness (SMI) and co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD) and to identify factors that best predicted achievement of independent housing. Method: Using administrative data, we identified homeless persons with SMI and SUD admitted to a residential rehabilitation program from December 2008 to November 2011. Our primary outcome measure was independent housing status. On a random sample (N = 36), we assessed a range of potential predictors of housing outcomes, including symptoms, cognition, and social/community supports. We used the Residential Time-Line Follow-Back (TLFB) Inventory to gather housing histories since exiting rehabilitation and to identify housing outcomes. We used Recursive Partitioning (RP) to identify variables that best differentiated participants by these outcomes. Results: We identified 3 housing trajectories: stable housing (n = 14), unstable housing (n = 15), and continuously engaged in housing services (n = 7). In RP analysis, 2 variables (Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDMT], a neurocognitive speed of processing measure, and Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale [BASIS-24] Relationships subscale, which quantifies symptoms affecting relationships) were sufficient to capture information provided by 26 predictors to classify participants by housing outcome. Participants predicted to continuously engage in services had impaired processing speeds (SDMT score < 32.5). Among consumers with SDMT score ≥ 32.5, those predicted to achieve stable housing had fewer interpersonal symptoms (BASIS-24 Relationships subscale score < 0.81) than those predicted to have unstable housing. This model explains 57% of this sample's variability and 14% of this population's variability in housing outcomes. Conclusions: Because cognition and symptoms influencing relationships predicted housing outcomes for homeless adults with SMI and SUD, cognitive and social skills training may be useful for this population.","adult, article, Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale Relationships subscale, bipolar disorder, clinical article, cognitive defect, cognitive remediation therapy, community program, controlled study, female, homelessness, human, independent living, major depression, male, mental disease, neuropsychological test, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic test, psychosis, random sample, social adaptation, substance abuse, symbol digit modalities test","Gabrielian, S., Bromley, E., Hellemann, G. S., Kern, R. S., Goldenson, N. I., Danley, M. E., Young, A. S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1916,Differences on adolescent life goal profile scale between a clinical and non-clinical adolescent sample,"Objective. This study aimed to determine similarities and differences on perceived importance and perceived attainability of life goals between a clinical and non-clinical adolescent sample. Method. 244 students and 54 adolescent patients completed the Adolescent Life Goal Profile Scale (ALGPS). The ALGPS measures perceived importance and perceived attainability of four main life goal categories: Relations, Generativity, Religion, and Achievements. As a control, we used five measures of mental health, quality of life, and personality. Results. There were no differences on perceived importance on the Generativity, Religion, and Achievement life goal factor, but patients perceived relation-oriented goals less important than non-patients. Perceived attainability of life goals factors was lower for patients on all life goals except for Generativity. Compared to non-patients, patients were less happy and satisfied and had lower sense of coherence and self-efficacy. Patients were also less emotionally stable, had lower conscientiousness, but higher intellect. Conclusions. Though patients appear less content with life in general than non-patients, chances are that they uphold their concern and care for others, remain devoted in their religious stand, and stay committed to their achievement-related goals. The lower perceived importance of relations within the patient group should be awarded clinical attention. © 2013 Informa Healthcare.","Adolescent life goal profile scale, Goal attainability, Life goal, Meaning, Mental health","Gabrielsen, L. E., Watten, R. G., Ulleberg, P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1917,Factor analysis of treatment response in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Factor analysis is applied to the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to reduce the multidimensional symptom space to 2 dimensions; 1 dimension strongly correlated with depressive symptoms and 1 independent dimension weakly correlated with depressive symptoms. These factors are used to assess whether the effectiveness of an antidepressant medication is due to its antidepressant effect. The treatment is shown to be effective in both dimensions. The factor analysis sheds light on the symptom structure of PTSD, supports PTSD as a distinct psychiatric disorder, and supports the current diagnostic criteria. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Factor Analysis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sertraline, *Treatment Outcomes, Side Effects (Drug), Stress, Symptoms","Gaffney, Michael",2003.0,,,0,0,
1918,Responses of international migrant women to abuse associated with pregnancy,"Background and Objectives: Abuse associated with pregnancy is a major public health concern. Victims experience several physical and mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, headaches, sleep disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. International migrant women may be at particular risk of suffering from these conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of international migrant women who have experienced abuse associated with pregnancy and their responses in the early months post-birth. Methodology: Line-by-line thematic analyses were performed of textual data extracted from the records of international migrant women living in Montreal, Toronto or Vancouver who had participated in a study examining their health and care around the time of birth and reported having been abused. Recurring topics, words, phrases, feelings, and activities related to abuse were identified, coded, and interpreted. Results: Of the 1025 migrant women participating in the original study, 59 (5.8 %) reported having been abused. Nearly 50 % had not completed high school and had a low household income. The majority were not living with partners, were asylum-seekers from Africa or Latin America and had been in Canada<2 years. Nearly 50 % were at risk of postpartum depression and were experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression; 25 % showed symptoms of PTSD. The abuser was identified as the partner by more than 50 %. Responses to abuse included: geographical separation; emotional/psychological responses; isolation; silence; lifestyle changes; reporting; and legal processes. Conclusions: Migrant women who have experienced abuse associated with pregnancy have a high psycho-social risk profile and demonstrate a range of responses to the abuse.","human, abuse, pregnancy, non communicable disease, epidemic, epidemiology, female, risk, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disorder, headache, income, puerperal depression, lifestyle modification, victim, household, high school, health, thematic analysis, Africa, South and Central America, Canada, methodology, mental health, public health","Gagnon, A., Mehta, P., Merry, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1919,Forecasting non-remitting ptsd symptom trajectory by advanced modeling methods,"Background: Predicting pathways to chronic PTSD has significant clinical and public health implications but current risk indicators are inconsistent and limited. Previously identified in a large cohort of recent trauma survivors (n=957) using Latent Growth Mixture Modeling, trajectories of PTSD symptoms from one-week to fifteenmonths, include Rapid Remission (56%), Slow Remission (27%), and Non-Remission (17%), the non-remission class comprising the majority PTSD cases at fifteen months, and not responding to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Innovative approaches to forecasting membership in a nonremitting, treatment resistant class may improve our ability to identify, shortly after trauma exposure, survivors at high risk of developing PTSD. We tested the robustness of seven machine learning forecasting methods to predicting the non-remitting class from predictor variables collected during the days that followed trauma exposure. Methods: Consecutive trauma survivors admitted to a general hospital emergency department were screened and followed longitudinally and n=125 with Acute PTSD received efficient cognitive behavioral therapy within a month of the traumatic event. CBT was equally distributed among trajectory classes. Survivors were followed regardless and blindly of their participation in treatment. Markov boundary feature selection was used to identify a parsimonious set of trajectory predictors from 68 candidate variables. That set was than used to compare seven classification algorithms [two variants of linear Support Vector Machines (SVMs), polynomial SVMs, AdaBoost, Random Forests, Bayesian Logistic Regression (BBR) and Kernal Ridge Regression (KRR)] for their ability to build accurate multivariate classification models separating nonremission from other trajectories: Support Vector Machines (SVMs), two Optimized SVMs, AdaBoost, Random Forests, Bayesian Logistic Regression (BBR) and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). Results: Variables selected by Markov boundary method robustly predicted PTSD symptom course yielding with mean area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) across 100 cross-validation runs ranging from 0.77- 0.80. The seven machine learning classification methods worked equivalently well: Linear SVMs AUC=0.78, 95% CI: [0.74 0.82]; Linear Optimized SVMs=0.78, 95% CI: [0.73 0.82]; Polynomial Optimized SVMs=0.77, 95% CI: [0.73 0.81]; Random Forests=0.80, 95% CI: [0.76 0.84]; AdaBoost=0.79, 95% CI: [0.75 0.83]; KRR=0.79, 95% CI: [0.75 0.83]; BBR=0.78, 95% CI: [0.74 0.82]. Predictors that identified in >90% of cross validation training sets included specific demographic (age), trauma characteristics (exposure to terror, head injury) emergency room parameters (pain levels, time in the emergency room) formal symptoms (total PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder severity and, independently, difficulty concentrating, nightmares, flashbacks, de-realization), depression, sense of worthlessness, and subjective perception indicators (participants' and clinicians' Clinical Global Impression, perceived need of help, perceived social support). Forecasting from PTSD/ and ASD symptoms alone performed less well than the previous, unrestricted, array of predictors (AUC=0.69). Conclusions: Uncovering the heterogeneous course of PTSD symptom during the year that follows a traumatic event provides a predictable non-remitting phenotype with relevance for early detection and treatment. Machinelearning approaches offer a promising way to identify non-remission from readily available features of the immediate response to traumatic events.","prediction, machine learning, forecasting, model, college, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, remission, injury, survivor, random forest, exposure, emergency ward, logistic regression analysis, cognitive therapy, support vector machine, area under the curve, risk, classification, classification algorithm, human, phenotype, social support, nightmare, acute stress disorder, pain, parameters, head injury, general hospital, Clinical Global Impression scale, receiver operating characteristic, predictor variable, public health, heart atrium septum defect","Galatzer-Levy, I., Karstoft, K. I., Freedman, S., Ankri, Y., Gilad, M., Statnikov, A., Shalev, A. Y.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1920,Empirical characterization of heterogeneous posttraumatic stress responses is necessary to improve the science of posttraumatic stress,,"acute stress disorder, anxiety, chronic stress, coping behavior, depression, disease severity, DSM-5, human, latent growth mixture modeling, nonhuman, note, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, statistical model, symptom","Galatzer-Levy, I. R.",2014.0,,,0,1,
1921,Applications of Latent Growth Mixture Modeling and allied methods to posttraumatic stress response data,"BACKGROUND: Scientific research into mental health outcomes following trauma is undergoing a revolution as scientists refocus their efforts to identify underlying dimensions of health and psychopathology. This effort is in stark contrast to the previous focus which was to characterize individuals based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic status (Insel et al., 2010). A significant unresolved issue underlying this shift is how to characterize clinically relevant populations without reliance on the categorical definitions provided by the DSM. Classifying individuals based on their pattern of stress adaptation over time holds significant promise for capturing inherent inter-individual heterogeneity as responses including chronicity, recovery, delayed onset, and resilience can only be determined longitudinally (Galatzer-Levy & Bryant, 2013) and then characterizing these patterns for future research (Depaoli, Van de Schoot, Van Loey, & Sijbrandij, 2015). Such an approach allows for the identification of phenominologically similar patterns of response to diverse extreme environmental stressors (Bonanno, Kennedy, Galatzer-Levy, Lude, & Elfstom, 2012; Galatzer-Levy & Bonanno, 2012; Galatzer-Levy, Brown, et al., 2013; Galatzer-Levy, Burton, & Bonanno, 2012) including translational animal models of stress adaptation (Galatzer-Levy, Bonanno, Bush, & LeDoux, 2013; Galatzer-Levy, Moscarello, et al., 2014). The empirical identification of heterogeneous stress response patterns can increase the identification of mechanisms (Galatzer-Levy, Steenkamp, et al., 2014), consequences (Galatzer-Levy & Bonanno, 2014), treatment effects (Galatzer-Levy, Ankri, et al., 2013), and prediction (Galatzer-Levy, Karstoft, Statnikov, & Shalev, 2014) of individual differences in response to trauma. METHOD: METHODological and theoretical considerations for the application of Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) and allied methods such as Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) for the identification of heterogeneous populations defined by their pattern of change over time will be presented (Van De Schoot, 2015). Common pitfalls including non-identification, over identification, and issues related to model specification will be discussed as well as the benefits of applying such methods along with the theoretical grounding of such approaches. CONCLUSIONS: LGMM and allied methods have significant potential for improving the science of stress pathology as well as our understanding of healthy adaptation (resilience).","Latent growth mixture modeling, latent growth curve analysis, mixture modeling","Galatzer-Levy, I. R.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.27515,0,1,
1922,"Erratum: Early PTSD symptom trajectories: Persistence, recovery, and response to treatment: Results from the jerusalem trauma outreach and prevention study (J-TOPS) (PLoS ONE (2013) 8 (8))",,,"Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Ankri, Y., Freedman, S., Israeli-Shalev, Y., Roitman, P., Gilad, M., Shalev, A. Y.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1923,"Early PTSD Symptom Trajectories: Persistence, Recovery, and Response to Treatment: Results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention Study (J-TOPS)","Context:Uncovering heterogeneities in the progression of early PTSD symptoms can improve our understanding of the disorder's pathogenesis and prophylaxis.Objectives:To describe discrete symptom trajectories and examine their relevance for preventive interventions.Design:Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) of data from a randomized controlled study of early treatment. LGMM identifies latent longitudinal trajectories by exploring discrete mixture distributions underlying observable data.Setting:Hadassah Hospital unselectively receives trauma survivors from Jerusalem and vicinity.Participants:Adult survivors of potentially traumatic events consecutively admitted to the hospital's emergency department (ED) were assessed ten days and one-, five-, nine- and fifteen months after ED admission. Participants with data at ten days and at least two additional assessments (n = 957) were included; 125 received cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) between one and nine months.Approach:We used LGMM to identify latent parameters of symptom progression and tested the effect of CBT on these parameters. CBT consisted of 12 weekly sessions of either cognitive therapy (n = 41) or prolonged exposure (PE, n = 49), starting 29.8±5.7 days after ED admission, or delayed PE (n = 35) starting at 151.8±42.4 days. CBT effectively reduced PTSD symptoms in the entire sample.Main Outcome Measure:Latent trajectories of PTSD symptoms; effects of CBT on these trajectories.Results:Three trajectories were identified: Rapid Remitting (rapid decrease in symptoms from 1- to 5-months; 56% of the sample), Slow Remitting (progressive decrease in symptoms over 15 months; 27%) and Non-Remitting (persistently elevated symptoms; 17%). CBT accelerated the recovery of the Slow Remitting class but did not affect the other classes.Conclusions:The early course of PTSD symptoms is characterized by distinct and diverging response patterns that are centrally relevant to understanding the disorder and preventing its occurrence. Studies of the pathogenesis of PTSD may benefit from using clustered symptom trajectories as their dependent variables. © 2013 Galatzer-Levy et al.",,"Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Ankri, Y., Freedman, S., Israeli-Shalev, Y., Roitman, P., Gilad, M., Shalev, A. Y.",2013.0,,,1,1,
1924,Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: Heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults,"Studies of individual differences in bereavement have revealed prototypical patterns of outcome. However, many of these studies were conducted prior to the advent of sophisticated contemporary data analytic techniques. For example, Bonanno et al. (2002) used rudimentary categorization procedures to identify unique trajectories of depression symptomatology from approximately 3 years prior to 4 years following conjugal loss in a representative sample of older American adults. In the current study, we revisited these same data using Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) to derive trajectories and test predictors. LCGA is a technique well-suited for modeling empirically- and conceptually-derived heterogeneous longitudinal patterns while simultaneously modeling predictors of those longitudinal patterns. We uncovered four discrete trajectories similar in shape and proportion to the previous analyses: Resilience (characterized by little or no depression; 66.3%), Chronic Grief (characterized by depression following loss, alleviated by 4 years post-loss; 9.1%), _Pre-existing Chronic Depression (ongoing high pre- through post-loss depression; 14.5%), and Depressed-Improved (characterized by high pre-loss depression that decreases following loss; 10.1%). Using this analytic strategy, we were able to examine multiple hypotheses about bereavement simultaneously. Health, financial stress, and emotional stability emerged as strong predictors of variability in depression only for some trajectories, indicating that depression levels do not have a common etiology across all the bereaved. As such, we find that identifying distinct patterns informs both the course and etiology of depression in response to bereavement. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Bereavement, Depression, Emotional stability, Latent class growth analysis, Resilience, U.S.A","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.022,0,1,
1925,Heterogeneous patterns of stress over the four years of college: Associations with anxious attachment and ego-resiliency,"Objective: A growing body of literature suggests that college students display alarming rates of psychological distress. However, studies of responses to significant life stressors in other contexts have found that people respond in heterogeneous ways and that attachment style and ego-resiliency mitigate the effects of stressors on mental health. Method: Individual differences in distress among a cohort of students (N=157; Mean age=18.8 years, 62.6% female) across the four years of college were analyzed using latent class growth analysis. Trajectories were then regressed on levels of anxious and avoidant attachment and ego-resiliency. Results: Four discrete patterns emerged characterized by healthy and maladaptive patterns of stress response, indicating that students respond to college in heterogeneous ways. Several patterns showed significant variability in distress by semester. Low levels of anxious but not avoidant attachment predicted membership in the stable-low distress or resilient class while ego-resiliency predicted membership in both the resilient and moderate distress classes. Conclusions: Findings indicate that low levels of anxious attachment and the ability to flexibly cope with adversity may be associated with better mental health throughout college. Implications from stress response and developmental perspectives are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Attachment, College, Distress, Flexible Coping, Latent Class Growth Analysis","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A.",2013.0,,10.1111/jopy.12010,0,1,
1926,Optimism and Death: Predicting the Course and Consequences of Depression Trajectories in Response to Heart Attack,"The course of depression in relation to myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as heart attack, and the consequences for mortality are not well characterized. Further, optimism may predict both the effects of MI on depression as well as mortality secondary to MI. In the current study, we utilized a large population-based prospective sample of older adults (N = 2,147) to identify heterogeneous trajectories of depression from 6 years prior to their first-reported MI to 4 years after. Findings indicated that individuals were at significantly increased risk for mortality when depression emerged after their first-reported MI, compared with resilient individuals who had no significant post-MI elevation in depression symptomatology. Individuals with chronic depression and those demonstrating pre-event depression followed by recovery after MI were not at increased risk. Further, optimism, measured before MI, prospectively differentiated all depressed individuals from participants who were resilient. © The Author(s) 2014","depression, heart attack, latent growth mixture modeling, mortality, myocardial infarction, optimism, resilience","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A.",2014.0,,10.1177/0956797614551750,0,0,
1927,Heterogeneity in threat extinction learning: substantive and methodological considerations for identifying individual difference in response to stress,"Pavlovian threat (fear) conditioning (PTC) is an experimental paradigm that couples innate aversive stimuli with neutral cues to elicit learned defensive behavior in response to the neutral cue. PTC is commonly used as a translational model to study neurobiological and behavioral aspects of fear and anxiety disorders including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Though PTSD is a complex multi-faceted construct that cannot be fully captured in animals PTC is a conceptually valid model for studying the development and maintenance of learned threat responses. Thus, it can inform the understanding of PTSD symptomatology. However, there are significant individual differences in posttraumatic stress that are not as of yet accounted for in studies of PTC. Individuals exposed to danger have been shown to follow distinct patterns: some adapt rapidly and completely (resilience) others adapt slowly (recovery) and others failure to adapt (chronic stress response). Identifying similar behavioral outcomes in PTC increases the translatability of this model. In this report we present a flexible methodology for identifying individual differences in PTC by modeling latent subpopulations or classes characterized by defensive behavior during training. We provide evidence from a reanalysis of previously examined PTC learning and extinction data in rats to demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology in identifying outcomes analogous to those observed in humans exposed to threat. By utilizing Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) to test for heterogeneity in freezing behavior during threat conditioning and extinction learning in adult male outbred rats (n = 58) three outcomes were identified: rapid extinction (57.3%), slow extinction (32.3%), and failure to extinguish (10.3%) indicating that heterogeneity analogous to that in naturalistic human studies is present in experimental animal studies strengthening their translatability in understanding stress responses in humans.","Ptsd, fear extinction learning, heterogeneity, latent growth modeling","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A., Bush, D. E., Ledoux, J. E.",2013.0,,10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00055,0,1,
1928,Heterogeneity in Rodents' Fear Extinction Learning: Implications for Translational Models of Stress Responses,,,"Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A., Bush, D. E. A., LeDoux, J.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1929,Heterogeneity in threat extinction learning: Substantive and methodological considerations for identifying individual difference in response to stress,"Pavlovian threat (fear) conditioning (PTC) is an experimental paradigm that couples innate aversive stimuli with neutral cues to elicit learned defensive behavior in response to the neutral cue. PTC is commonly used as a translational model to study neurobiological and behavioral aspects of fear and anxiety disorders, including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Though PTSD is a complex, multi-faceted construct that cannot be fully captured in animals, PTC is a conceptually valid model for studying the development and maintenance of learned threat responses. Thus it can inform the understanding of PTSD symptomatology. However, there are significant individual differences in posttraumatic stress that are not as of yet accounted for in studies of PTC. Individuals exposed to danger have been shown to follow distinct patterns: some adapt rapidly and completely (resilience), others adapt slowly (recovery), and others failure to adapt (chronic stress response). Identifying similar behavioral outcomes in PTC increases the translatability of this model. In this report, we present a flexible methodology for identifying individual differences in PTC by modeling latent subpopulations, or classes, characterized by defensive behavior during training. We provide evidence from a reanalysis of previously examined PTC learning and extinction data in rats to demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology in identifying outcomes analogous to those observed in humans exposed to threat. By utilizing Latent Class Growth Analysis to test for heterogeneity in freezing behavior during threat conditioning and extinction learning in adult male outbred rats (n =58), three outcomes were identified: rapid extinction (57.3%), slow extinction (32.3%), and failure to extinguish (10.3%), indicating that heterogeneity analogous to that in naturalistic human studies is present in experimental animal studies, strengthening their translatability in understanding stress responses in humans. © 2013 Galatzer-levy, Bonanno, Bush and Ledoux.","Anxiety, Fear extinction learning, Heterogeneity, Individual differences, Latent growth modeling, PTSD, Rodent model, Stress, Threat extinction learning","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A., Bush, D. E. A., LeDoux, J. E.",2013.0,,,0,1,1927
1930,Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers,"Responses to both potentially traumatic events and other significant life stressors have been shown to conform to discrete patterns of response such as resilience, anticipatory stress, initial distress with gradual recovery, and chronic distress. The etiology of these trajectories is still unclear. Individual differences in levels of negative and positive emotion are believed to play a role in determining risk and resilience following traumatic exposure. In the current investigation, we followed police officers prospectively from academy training through 48 months of active duty, assessing levels of distress every 12 months. Using latent class growth analysis, we identified 4 trajectories closely conforming to prototypical patterns. Furthermore, we found that lower levels of self-reported negative emotion during academy training prospectively predicted membership in the resilient trajectory compared with the more symptomatic trajectories following the initiation of active duty, whereas higher levels of positive emotion during academy training differentiated resilience from a trajectory that was equivalently low on distress during academy training but consistently grew in distress through 4 years of active duty. These findings emerging from a prospective longitudinal design provide evidence that resilience is predicted by both lower levels of negative emotion and higher levels of positive emotion prior to active duty stressor exposure. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Distress, Negative emotion., Police, Positive emotion, Resilience","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Brown, A. D., Henn-Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0031314,0,1,
1931,"636,120 Ways to Have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","In an attempt to capture the variety of symptoms that emerge following traumatic stress, the revision of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has expanded to include additional symptom presentations. One consequence of this expansion is that it increases the amorphous nature of the classification. Using a binomial equation to elucidate possible symptom combinations, we demonstrate that the DSM-IV criteria listed for PTSD have a high level of symptom profile heterogeneity (79,794 combinations); the changes result in an eightfold expansion in the DSM-5, to 636,120 combinations. In this article, we use the example of PTSD to discuss the limitations of DSM-based diagnostic entities for classification in research by elucidating inherent flaws that are either specific artifacts from the history of the DSM or intrinsic to the underlying logic of the DSM's method of classification. We discuss new directions in research that can provide better information regarding both clinical and nonclinical behavioral heterogeneity in response to potentially traumatic and common stressful life events. These empirical alternatives to an a priori classification system hold promise for answering questions about why diversity occurs in response to stressors. © The Author(s) 2013.","combinatorics, diagnosis, DSM-5, heterogeneity, latent growth mixture modeling, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bryant, R. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1932,"Coping flexibility, potentially traumatic life events, and resilience: A prospective study of college student adjustment","College has been shown to be a particularly stressful time both due to unique emergent stressors and because of increased vulnerability for exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Both of these conditions are associated with heightened risk for the development of stress-related pathology. However, while this period may be particularly challenging, previous work shows most students adapt in a number of heterogeneous ways that result in little or no stress-related symptomatology over the four years of college. There is indication from the coping literature that the ability to flexibly move between multiple coping behaviors may foster resilient outcomes. In this study, we examined trajectories of distress, using Latent Growth Mixture Modeling, and whether flexible coping aids in adaption. Results showed that trajectories were not influenced by exposure to a PTE and that the common outcome was little or no distress over the four years of college. Flexible coping was strongly associated with a resilient outcome. © 2012 Guilford Publications, Inc.",,"Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Burton, C. L., Bonanno, G. A.",2012.0,,10.1521/jscp.2012.31.6.542,0,1,
1933,Quantitative forecasting of PTSD from early trauma responses: A Machine Learning application,"There is broad interest in predicting the clinical course of mental disorders from early, multimodal clinical and biological information. Current computational models, however, constitute a significant barrier to realizing this goal. The early identification of trauma survivors at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is plausible given the disorder's salient onset and the abundance of putative biological and clinical risk indicators. This work evaluates the ability of Machine Learning (ML) forecasting approaches to identify and integrate a panel of unique predictive characteristics and determine their accuracy in forecasting non-remitting PTSD from information collected within10 days of a traumatic event. Data on event characteristics, emergency department observations, and early symptoms were collected in 957 trauma survivors, followed for fifteen months. An ML feature selection algorithm identified a set of predictors that rendered all others redundant. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) as well as other ML classification algorithms were used to evaluate the forecasting accuracy of i) ML selected features, ii) all available features without selection, and iii) Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) symptoms alone. SVM also compared the prediction of a) PTSD diagnostic status at 15 months to b) posterior probability of membership in an empirically derived non-remitting PTSD symptom trajectory. Results are expressed as mean Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (AUC). The feature selection algorithm identified 16 predictors, present in ≥95% cross-validation trials. The accuracy of predicting non-remitting PTSD from that set (AUC=77) did not differ from predicting from all available information (AUC=78). Predicting from ASD symptoms was not better then chance (AUC=60). The prediction of PTSD status was less accurate than that of membership in a non-remitting trajectory (AUC=71). ML methods may fill a critical gap in forecasting PTSD. The ability to identify and integrate unique risk indicators makes this a promising approach for developing algorithms that infer probabilistic risk of chronic posttraumatic stress psychopathology based on complex sources of biological, psychological, and social information.","Course and prognosis, Early prediction, Forecasting, Machine Learning, Markov boundary feature selection, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Support Vector Machines","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Karstoft, K. I., Statnikov, A., Shalev, A. Y.",2014.0,,,0,1,
1934,Peritraumatic and trait dissociation differentiate police officers with resilient versus symptomatic trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms,"Research has consistently demonstrated that stress reactions to potentially traumatic events do not represent a unified phenomenon. Instead, individuals tend to cluster into prototypical response patterns over time including chronic symptoms, recovery, and resilience. We examined heterogeneity in a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom course in a sample of 178 active-duty police officers following exposure to a life-threatening event using latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM). This analysis revealed 3 discrete PTSD symptom trajectories: resilient (88%), distressed-improving (10%), and distressed-worsening (2%). We further examined whether trait and peritraumatic dissociation distinguished these symptom trajectories. Findings indicate that trait and peritraumatic dissociation differentiated the resilient from the distressed-improving trajectory (trait, p < .05; peritraumatic, p < .001), but only peritraumatic dissociation differentiated the resilient from the distressed-worsening trajectory (p < .001). It is essential to explore heterogeneity in symptom course and its predictors among active-duty police officers, a repeatedly exposed group. These findings suggest that police officers may be a highly resilient group overall. Furthermore, though there is abundant evidence that dissociation has a positive linear relationship with PTSD symptoms, this study demonstrates that degree of dissociation can distinguish between resilient and symptomatic groups of individuals. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Madan, A., Neylan, T. C., Henn-Haase, C., Marmar, C. R.",2011.0,,,1,1,
1935,What We Don't Expect When Expecting: Evidence for Heterogeneity in Subjective Well-Being in Response to Parenthood,"A recent article in New York Magazine echoed what psychological studies of parenthood have consistently demonstrated since the 1970s: "" Most people assume that having children will make them happier. Yet a wide variety of academic research shows that parents are not happier than their childless peers, and in many cases are less so"" (Senior, 2010). There is consistent evidence that, as opposed to other life events that cause transient disruptions in life satisfaction, becoming a parent appears to cause harm to individual subjective well-being (Twenge, Campbell, & Foster, 2003), and that this harm is sustained over time (Clark, Diener, Georgellis, & Lucas, 2008). The current investigation was predicated on the concern that these findings may be the result of the methodology used to examine them. As the experience of parenthood does not represent a unified phenomenon, we employed a methodological approach that allows for the exploration of heterogeneity as well as its predictors. By modeling heterogeneous trajectories within a prospective design from 4 years prior to 4 years after the birth of a parent's first child, we find that the majority of individuals (84.2%) demonstrate no long-term effects on life satisfaction in response to childbirth. Only a small percentage demonstrate the sustained declines (7.2%), and a significant cohort, previously unobserved in the literature, demonstrate dramatic and sustained improvements in response to parenthood (4.3%), providing compelling evidence for heterogeneity in life satisfaction among parents. Key demographic covariates that distinguish between trajectories of response are also explored. (copyright) 2011 American Psychological Association.","adaptive behavior, adult, article, educational status, female, Germany, human, longitudinal study, male, parent, psychological aspect, satisfaction, socioeconomics, statistical model","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Mazursky, H., Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1936,Heterogeneity in signaled active avoidance learning: Substantive and methodological relevance of diversity in instrumental defensive responses to threat cues,"Individuals exposed to traumatic stressors follow divergent patterns including resilience and chronic stress. However, researchers utilizing animal models that examine learned or instrumental threat responses thought to have translational relevance for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and resilience typically use central tendency statistics that assume population homogeneity. This approach potentially overlooks fundamental differences that can explain human diversity in response to traumatic stressors. The current study tests this assumption by identifying and replicating common heterogeneous patterns of response to signaled active avoidance (AA) training. In this paradigm, rats are trained to prevent an aversive outcome (shock) by performing a learned instrumental behavior (shuttling between chambers) during the presentation of a conditioned threat cue (tone). We test the hypothesis that heterogeneous trajectories of threat avoidance provide more accurate model fit compared to a single mean trajectory in two separate studies. Study 1 conducted 3 days of signaled AA training (n = 81 animals) and study 2 conducted 5 days of training (n = 186 animals). We found that four trajectories in both samples provided the strongest model fit. Identified populations included animals that acquired and retained avoidance behavior on the first day (Rapid Avoiders: 22 and 25%); those who never successfully acquired avoidance (Non-Avoiders; 20 and 16%); a modal class who acquired avoidance over 3 days (Modal Avoiders; 37 and 50%); and a population who demonstrated a slow pattern of avoidance, failed to fully acquire avoidance in study 1 and did acquire avoidance on days 4 and 5 in study 2 (Slow Avoiders; 22.0 and 9%). With the exception of the Slow Avoiders in Study 1, populations that acquired demonstrated rapid step-like increases leading to asymptotic levels of avoidance. These findings indicate that avoidance responses are heterogeneous in a way that may be informative for understanding both resilience and PTSD as well as the nature of instrumental behavior acquisition. Characterizing heterogeneous populations based on their response to threat cues would increase the accuracy and translatability of such models and potentially lead to new discoveries that explain diversity in instrumental defensive responses.","Fear conditioning, Heterogeneity, Latent growth mixture modeling, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Resilience, Signaled active avoidance, Threat conditioning","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Moscarello, J., Blessing, E. M., Klein, J., Cain, C. K., LeDoux, J. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1937,Patterns of lifetime PTSD comorbidity: A latent class analysis,"Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, most notably substance use disorders, major depression, and other anxiety disorders. However, little is known about how these disorders cluster together among people with PTSD, if disorder clusters have distinct etiologies in terms of trauma type, and if they confer greater burden over and above PTSD alone. Method Utilizing Latent Class Analysis, we tested for discrete patterns of lifetime comorbidity with PTSD following trauma exposure (n = 409). Diagnoses were based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Next, we examined if gender, trauma type, symptom frequency, severity, and interference with everyday life were associated with the latent classes. Results Three patterns of lifetime comorbidity with PTSD emerged: a class characterized by predominantly comorbid mood and anxiety disorders; a class characterized by predominantly comorbid mood, anxiety, and substance dependence; and a relatively pure low-comorbidity PTSD class. Individuals in both high comorbid classes had nearly two and a half times the rates of suicidal ideation, endorsed more PTSD symptom severity, and demonstrated a greater likelihood of intimate partner abuse compared to the low comorbidity class. Men were most likely to fall into the substance dependent class. Conclusion PTSD comorbidity clusters into a small number of common patterns. These patterns may represent an important area of study, as they confer distinct differences in risk and possibly etiology. Implications for research and treatment are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","anxiety, comorbidity, depression, PTSD, suicidality","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Nickerson, A., Litz, B. T., Marmar, C. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1938,Cortisol response to an experimental stress paradigm prospectively predicts long-term distress and resilience trajectories in response to active police service,"Heterogeneity in glucocorticoid response to experimental stress conditions has shown to differentiate individuals with healthy from maladaptive real-life stress responses in a number of distinct domains. However, it is not known if this heterogeneity influences the risk for developing stress related disorders or if it is a biological consequence of the stress response itself. Determining if glucocorticoid response to stress induction prospectively predicts psychological vulnerability to significant real life stressors can adjudicate this issue. To test this relationship, salivary cortisol as well as catecholamine responses to a laboratory stressor during academy training were examined as predictors of empirically identified distress trajectories through the subsequent 4 years of active duty among urban police officers routinely exposed to potentially traumatic events and routine life stressors (N=234). During training, officers were exposed to a video vignette of police officers exposed to real-life trauma. Changes in salivary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and cortisol in response to this video challenge were examined as predictors of trajectory membership while controlling for age, gender, and baseline neuroendocrine levels. Officers who followed trajectories of resilience and recovery over 4 years mounted significant increases in cortisol in response to the experimental stressor, while those following a trajectory of chronic increasing distress had no significant cortisol change in response to the challenge. MHPG responses were not associated with distress trajectories. Cortisol response prospectively differentiated trajectories of distress response suggesting that a blunted cortisol response to a laboratory stressor is a risk factor for later vulnerability to distress following significant life stressors. (copyright) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","4 hydroxy 3 methoxyphenylethylene glycol, catecholamine, hydrocortisone, adult, article, controlled study, distress syndrome, female, hormone response, human, human experiment, life stress, male, mental stress, normal human, police, police service, priority journal, society, Symptom Checklist 90, vignette","Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Steenkamp, M. M., Brown, A. D., Qian, M., Inslicht, S., Henn-Haase, C., Otte, C., Yehuda, R., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R.",2014.0,,,0,1,
1939,Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City,,,"Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., Vlahov, D.",2002.0,,10.1056/NEJMsa013404,0,0,
1940,Longitudinal determinants of posttraumatic stress in a population-based cohort study,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prevalent and disabling psychologic pathology. Longitudinal research on the predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology is limited. METHODS: We recruited 2752 participants to a prospective, population-based cohort study by conducting a telephone survey of adult residents of the New York City metropolitan area in 2002; participants completed 3 follow-up interviews over a 30-month period. Censoring weights were estimated to account for potential bias. We used generalized estimating equation logistic regression models with bootstrapped confidence intervals to assess the predictors of posttraumatic stress over time in multivariable models. RESULTS: Predictors of posttraumatic stress over time included ongoing stressors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91 per 1 unit increase in number of stressors, [95% confidence interval = 1.55-2.36]) and traumatic events (OR = 1.92 per 1 unit increase in number of traumatic events [CI = 1.71-2.22]), social support (compared with high levels, OR = 1.71 for medium [1.09-2.52]; OR = 1.57 for low [1.08-2.35]), low income (OR = 0.87 per $10,000 increase [0.81-0.92]), female sex (1.60 [1.11-2.23]), and Latino ethnicity (compared with white, OR = 1.74 [1.05-2.97]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ongoing stressors play a central role in explaining the trajectory of posttraumatic stress over time, and that factors beyond the experience of stressors and traumas may account for sex and ethnic differences in posttraumatic stress risk. Interventions that focus on reducing ongoing adversity may help mitigate the consequences of traumatic events. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.",,"Galea, S., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Hubbard, A., Cerda, M., Goldmann, E., Vlahov, D.",2008.0,,,0,1,
1941,Exposure to hurricane-related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina,"Context: Uncertainty exists about the prevalence, severity, and correlates of mental disorders among people exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and associations between DSM-IV anxiety-mood disorders and hurricane-related stressors separately among prehurricane residents of the New Orleans metropolitan area and the remainder of the areas in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi affected by Katrina. Design: Community survey. Setting and Participants: A probability sample of 1043 English-speaking prehurricane residents of the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina was administered via telephone survey between January 19 and March 31, 2006. The survey assessed hurricane-related stressors and screened for 30-day DSM-IV anxiety-mood disorders. Main Outcome Measures: The K6 screening scale of anxiety-mood disorders and the Trauma Screening Questionnaire scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), both calibrated against blinded structured clinical reappraisal interviews to approximate the 30-day prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Results: Prehurricane residents of the New Orleans metropolitan area were estimated to have a 49.1% 30-day prevalence of any DSM-IV anxiety-mood disorder (30.3% estimated prevalence of PTSD) compared with 26.4% (12.5% PTSD) in the remainder of the sample. The vast majority of respondents reported exposure to hurricane-related stressors. Extent of stressor exposure was more strongly related to the outcomes in the New Orleans metropolitan area subsample than the remainder of the sample. The stressors most strongly related to these outcomes were physical illness/injury and physical adversity in the New Orleans metropolitan area subsample and property loss in the remainder of the sample. Sociodemographic correlates were not explained either by differential exposure or reactivity to hurricane-related stressors. Conclusions: The high prevalence of DSM-IV anxiety-mood disorders, the strong associations of hurricanerelated stressors with these outcomes, and the independence of sociodemographics from stressors argue that the practical problems associated with ongoing stressors are widespread and must be addressed to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders in this population. ©2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Gruber, M., Jones, R. T., King, D. W., King, L. A., McNally, R. J., Ursano, R. J., Petukhova, M., Kessler, R. C.",2007.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1427,0,0,
1942,The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters,,,"Galea, S., Nandi, A., Vlahov, D.",2005.0,,10.1093/epirev/mxi003,0,0,
1943,Financial and social circumstances and the incidence and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after Hurricane Katrina,"Hurricane Katrina was the most devastating natural disaster to hit the United States in the past 75 years. The authors conducted interviews of 810 persons who were representative of adult residents living in the 23 southernmost counties of Mississippi before Hurricane Katrina. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) since Hurricane Katrina was 22.5%. The determinants of PTSD were female gender experience of hurricane-related financial loss, postdisaster stressors, low social support, and postdisaster traumatic events. Kaplan-Meier survival curves suggest that exposure to both hurricane-related traumatic events and to financial and social stressors influenced the duration of PTSD symptoms. Postdisaster interventions that aim to improve manipulable stressors after these events may influence the onset and course of PTSD. © 2008 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Galea, S., Tracy, M., Norris, F., Coffey, S. F.",2008.0,,10.1002/jts.20355,0,0,
1944,Trends of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks,,,"Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Susser, E., Gold, J., Bucuvalas, M., Kilpatrick, D.",2003.0,,10.1093/aje/kwg187,0,0,
1945,Perceived control is a transdiagnostic predictor of cognitive-behavior therapy outcome for anxiety disorders,"Perceived control has been proposed to be a general psychological vulnerability factor that confers an elevated risk for developing anxiety disorders, but there is limited research examining perceived control during cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT). The present study examined whether treatment resulted in improvements in perceived control, and the indirect effects of CBT on changes in symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder via changes in perceived control. Participants (n = 606) were a large clinical sample presenting for treatment at an outpatient anxiety disorders clinic. Participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires and a structured clinical interview at an intake evaluation and at two follow-up assessments 12 and 24 months later, with the majority of participants initiating CBT between the first two assessments. Results of latent growth curve models indicated that individuals initiating CBT subsequently reported large increases in perceived control and significant indirect effects of treatment on intraindividual changes in each of the four anxiety disorders examined via intraindividual changes in perceived control. These results suggest that the promotion of more adaptive perceptions of control is associated with recovery from anxiety disorders. Furthermore, the consistent finding of indirect effects across the four anxiety disorders examined underscores the transdiagnostic importance of perceived control in predicting CBT outcomes. (copyright) 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA).","adult, aged, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, cognitive therapy, female, follow up, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, male, middle aged, obsessive compulsive disorder, outcome assessment, panic, patient attitude, perceived control, psychotherapy, social phobia, structured interview, therapy effect, young adult","Gallagher, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Brown, T. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
1946,Mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: The unique effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity,"The present study examined temporal dependencies of change of panic symptoms and two promising mechanisms of change (self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity) during an 11-session course of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for Panic Disorder (PD). 361 individuals with a principal diagnosis of PD completed measures of self-efficacy, anxiety sensitivity, and PD symptoms at each session during treatment. Effect size analyses indicated that the greatest changes in anxiety sensitivity occurred early in treatment, whereas the greatest changes in self-efficacy occurred later in treatment. Results of parallel process latent growth curve models indicated that changes in self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity across treatment uniquely predicted changes in PD symptoms. Bivariate and multivariate latent difference score models indicated, as expected, that changes in anxiety sensitivity and self-efficacy temporally preceded changes in panic symptoms, and that intraindividual changes in anxiety sensitivity and self-efficacy independently predicted subsequent intraindividual changes in panic symptoms. These results provide strong evidence that changes in self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity during CBT influence subsequent changes in panic symptoms, and that self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity may therefore be two distinct mechanisms of change of CBT for PD that have their greatest impact at different stages of treatment. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","adult, anxiety sensitivity, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, article, bivariate analysis, cognitive therapy, controlled study, disease resistance, early intervention, effect size, female, growth curve, human, latent difference score, major clinical study, male, multivariate analysis, panic, Panic Disorder Severity Scale SR, prediction, psychometry, randomized controlled trial, scoring system, self concept, symptomatology, treatment duration","Gallagher, M. W., Payne, L. A., White, K. S., Shear, K. M., Woods, S. W., Gorman, J. M., Barlow, D. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1947,Mindfulness-based stress reduction for veterans exposed to military sexual trauma: Rationale and implementation considerations,"Military sexual trauma (MST) represents a significant public health concern among military personnel and Veterans and is associated with considerable morbidity and suicide risk. It is estimated that 22% of Veteran women and 1% of Veteran men experienced sexual assault or repeated, threatening sexual harassment during their military service. Exposure to traumatic stress has detrimental effects on emotion regulation, which refers to a set of strategies used to modulate different components of emotion at different points on the trajectory of an emotional response. Mindfulness-based interventions offer approaches to health that focus on mind and body practices that can help regulate the experience and expression of difficult emotions. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an evidence-based therapy shown to be effective for depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. This article discusses the rationale for providing MBSR to Veterans who have been exposed to MST. The article also discusses ways to facilitate implementation of this practice in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs health care system. We address potential barriers to care and ways to facilitate implementation at the patient, provider, organization/local, and policy levels. MBSR is likely to be an important component of a comprehensive approach to care for Veterans exposed to MST. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.",,"Gallegos, A. M., Cross, W., Pigeon, W. R.",2015.0,,10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00448,0,0,
1948,Childhood trauma and subclinical psychotic experiences in young adulthood: 20-year longitudinal analyses of two cohort studies,"Subclinical psychotic experiences (SPE) can progress to serious psychotic disorder (most commonly schizophrenia). There is increasing recognition that people who have experienced childhood trauma have a higher rate of SPE, but these studies are generally retrospective. We report 20-year follow up data on two South Australian cohorts, involving 1339 participants, assessed as children then again as young adults. The first cohort consists of 529 participants exposed to bushfires as children and 464 matched controls. The second cohort consists of 346 participants who grew up in the lead-affected community of Port Pirie. Data collected during childhood for both cohorts included emotional, behavioural and developmental measures. In addition, maternal IQ, children's IQ and lead levels during childhood were assessed in the Port Pirie cohort. The adult evaluations included SPE, total lifetime traumas, and alcohol and cannabis use, collected using questionnaires and structured diagnostic interviews. Analysis of cohort 1 data showed an association between SPE and the total number of traumas experienced by participants. In addition, emotional disturbances and dysfunctional parenting, assessed during childhood, were more common in those with adult SPE. Participants with higher levels of SPE were 4 times more likely to be alcohol dependant and 1.4 times more likely to have symptoms of cannabis dependence. The Port Pirie cohort contained 149 males and 197 females. We looked specifically at gender differences in this cohort and found that trauma exposure during childhood and adolescence was associated with the frequency and distress of both positive and depressive SPE in females only. For male participants, the total number of traumas correlated with only with the level of distress about negative symptoms. Again, alcohol was a stronger predictor of SPE than the use of other drugs including cannabis. In the female Port Pirie participants only, higher cumulative lead levels were associated with greater frequency and distress related to positive SPE. In the male Port Pirie participants, there were relationships between poorer motor and social development at age 3 years and adult SPE. There was a significant negative correlation between maternal IQ and the frequency of SPE reported by the participant 20 years later. In the total Port Pirie sample, greater hyperactivity measured at 7 years was associated with lower frequency and less distress related to negative symptoms in adulthood. There were also associations between aggression and social withdrawal at ages 3-4 years and later SPE. Young people who have experienced a greater number of traumas are more likely to develop SPE. A dysfunctional family environment and childhood behavioural disturbances are also associated with later SPE. We found that alcohol was a stronger predictor of SPE than cannabis. The Port Pirie data shows that there may be gender differences in the pathways to SPE. These findings contribute to our understanding of the contributions of traumatic experiences, lead exposure, family environment and differing developmental trajectories to adult SPE.","alcohol, cannabis, human, childhood, injury, psychosis, adulthood, cohort analysis, schizophrenia, adult, intelligence quotient, female, child, male, environment, negative syndrome, sex difference, exposure, behavior disorder, dysfunctional family, lifespan, aggression, hyperactivity, community, young adult, adolescence, cannabis addiction, child parent relation, Australian, emotional disorder, follow up, structured interview, social evolution, questionnaire, cannabis use, psychosocial withdrawal","Galletly, C., Clark, L., Van Hooff, M., McFarlane, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1949,Revised combat scale,,,"Gallops, M., Laufer, R. S., Yager, T.",1981.0,,,0,0,
1950,Neuropathic Ocular Pain due to Dry Eye Is Associated With Multiple Comorbid Chronic Pain Syndromes,"Recent data show that dry eye (DE) susceptibility and other chronic pain syndromes (CPS) such as chronic widespread pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and pelvic pain, might share common heritable factors. Previously, we showed that DE patients described more severe symptoms and tended to report features of neuropathic ocular pain (NOP). We hypothesized that patients with a greater number of CPS would have a different DE phenotype compared with those with fewer CPS. We recruited a cohort of 154 DE patients from the Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital and defined high and low CPS groups using cluster analysis. In addition to worse nonocular pain complaints and higher post-traumatic stress disorder and depression scores (P < .01), we found that the high CPS group reported more severe neuropathic type DE symptoms compared with the low CPS group, including worse ocular pain assessed via 3 different pain scales (P < .05), with similar objective corneal DE signs. To our knowledge, this was the first study to show that DE patients who manifest a greater number of comorbid CPS reported more severe DE symptoms and features of NOP. These findings provided further evidence that NOP might represent a central pain disorder, and that shared mechanistic factors might underlie vulnerability to some forms of DE and other comorbid CPS. PERSPECTIVE: DE patients reported more frequent CPS (high CPS group) and reported worse DE symptoms and ocular and nonocular pain scores. The high CPS group reported symptoms of NOP that share causal genetic factors with comorbid CPS. These results imply that an NOP evaluation and treatment should be considered for DE patients.","Dry eye symptoms, allodynia, central pain syndromes, chronic overlapping pain syndromes, chronic pain, comorbid pain syndromes, hyperalgesia, neuropathic ocular pain, neuropathic pain","Galor, A., Covington, D., Levitt, A. E., McManus, K. T., Seiden, B., Felix, E. R., Kalangara, J., Feuer, W., Patin, D. J., Martin, E. R., Sarantopoulos, K. D., Levitt, R. C.",2015.0,Dec 1,10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.019,0,0,
1951,Analysis of suicidal behaviour in Israeli veterans and terror victims with post-traumatic stress disorder by using the computerised Gottschalk-Gleser scales,"The primary objective of this study was to identify the vulnerability factors for suicide attempts in an Israeli sample, with the help of the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scales. The respondents were divided into four groups: suicide attempters; controls; post-traumatic stress disorder and depressed patients who did not report suicidal behaviour; and suicide ideators. The significant results represent conscious and unconscious psychological states, which suicide attempters have in common and can be seen as potential suicide risk factors. The main recurring risk-related themes are hopelessness, sickness, deterrents, frustrated dependency strivings, total anxiety and total depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attempted Suicide, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Suicidal Ideation, Major Depression, Psychometrics","Galor, Sharon, Hentschel, Uwe",2009.0,,,0,0,
1952,Sex differences in recovery from PTSD in male and female interpersonal assault survivors,"Men and women differ in exposure to trauma and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, research regarding sex differences in recovery from PTSD has been sparse. This study evaluated the treatment response trajectory for 69 male and female interpersonal assault survivors, using a modified Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) protocol that allowed survivors to receive up to18 sessions of CPT, with treatment end determined by therapy progress. Few sex differences were observed in trauma history, baseline PTSD and depressive severity, Axis I comorbidity, anger, guilt and dissociation. Women did report more sexual assault in adulthood and elevated baseline guilt cognitions, whereas men reported more baseline anger directed inward. Attrition and total number of sessions did not differ by sex. Over the course of treatment and follow-up, men and women demonstrated similar rates of change in PTSD and depressive symptoms. However, medium effect sizes on both of these primary outcomes at the 3-month follow-up assessment favored women. Several differences in the slope of change emerged on secondary outcomes such that women evidenced more rapid gains on global guilt, guilt cognitions, anger/irritability, and dissociation. Results suggest that male survivors may warrant additional attention to address these important clinical correlates. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","PTSD, Sex differences, Trauma recovery","Galovski, T. E., Blain, L. M., Chappuis, C., Fletcher, T.",2013.0,,,0,1,
1953,Stress response: II. Resilience and vulnerability,"The heightened exposure to everyday stressors in recent decades has significantly increased the number of stress response studies. Although stress response has often been associated to negative outcomes, since a number of physical and psychological diseases are triggered by chronic stress exposure, this response is essential to survival and extremely adaptive when activated in an acute manner. In Part I of this review homeostasis, allostasis and the functioning of physiological systems mobilized to cope with stress were examined. In Part II stress response modulators such as sex, temperament, ontogenetically sensitive periods and the presence or absence of social support will be discussed. The interaction between genetic and environmental factors generates the profiles that characterize susceptible and resilient phenotypes, and their relationship with an increasingly common psychopathology in modern society, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.","Posttraumatic stress disorder, Reactivity, Sex, Social support, Temperament","Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Silva, H. P. A., de Sousa, M. B. C.",2015.0,,10.5935/1678-4669.20150009,0,0,
1954,"Profiles of Childhood Trauma: Betrayal, Frequency, and Psychological Distress in Late Adolescence","OBJECTIVE: With an emphasis on betrayal trauma, this study used latent profile analysis to examine how childhood traumas co-occur and whether trauma patterns differentially predicted psychological distress. METHOD: A community sample of 806 adolescents and young adults participated. Youths reported their trauma histories, and lifetime DSM-IV disorders were assessed using a structured diagnostic interview. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis yielded 5 profiles: high betrayal trauma physical violence and emotional abuse (HBTPE), high betrayal trauma sexual and emotional abuse (HBTSE), low betrayal trauma (LBT), parent death (PD), and a no/low trauma profile. Logistic regression analyses compared youths in the no/low trauma profile to those in the trauma profiles. Youths in the HBTPE profile were more likely to have moderate/severe major depressive disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 2.92, 95% CI [1.16, 7.32]), posttraumatic stress disorder (OR = 4.33, 95% CI [1.34, 14.03]), and hallucinations (OR = 5.03, 95% CI [2.00, 12.67]); youths in the HBTSE and LBT profiles were more likely to experience hallucinations (OR = 3.19, 95% CI [1.21, 8.39] and OR = 3.20, 95% CI [1.01, 10.19], respectively); and youths in the PD profile were more likely to have moderate/severe depression (OR = 2.42, 95% CI [1.07, 5.43]). CONCLUSIONS: Specific trauma types co-occurred when considering type, level of betrayal, and frequency. The emergence of the 2 high betrayal trauma profiles, with differing symptom presentations, suggests that experiences of high betrayal traumas are not homogenous and specific trauma-focused interventions may be more appropriate for differing trauma profiles. (PsycINFO Database Record",,"Gamache Martin, C., Van Ryzin, M. J., Dishion, T. J.",2016.0,Jan 18,10.1037/tra0000095,0,1,
1955,Prematurity and parental post-traumatic stress disorder: Similarities and differences,"Objectives: Evaluation of the symptoms of parental post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), according to the severity of the prematurity, in mothers and fathers of premature babies. Materials and methods: According to the Perinatal Risk Inventory (PERI), the parents of premature infants (gestational age less than 34 weeks) were divided into two groups, parents of a low-risk premature infants (n =16) and of high-risk premature infants (n =26). The symptoms of intrusion and avoidance, as a part of the post-traumatic stress disorder, were evaluated by an autoadministrated questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale (IES). Their responses were compared with a control group of parents of full-term infants (n =24). The differences in the answers of mothers and fathers were analysed. Results: The occurrence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder is increased in parents of preterm infants compared with the control group. Whereas mothers of premature infants are at risk of presenting symptoms of PTSD, linked to the prematurity, with fathers the infant perinatal risk factors play a greater role. The symptoms of intrusion are present in mothers and fathers of preterm infants of both groups. Mothers of both groups present avoidance symptoms, although only fathers of high-risk preterm infants present them. Conclusions: Premature birth has an impact on both parents in terms of post-traumatic stress reactions. However, mothers and fathers react in different ways according to the severity of the prematurity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Parents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Premature Birth, *Stress Reactions","Gamba Szijarto, S., Forcada Guex, M., Borghini, A., Pierrehumbert, B., Ansermet, F., Muller Nix, C.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1956,The trauma symptom inventory: Italian validation of an instrument for the assessment of post-traumatic symptoms,"The trauma symptom inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995) is a useful instrument for the assessment of post-traumatic and common trauma-related mental health symptoms. The purpose of the study was to validate the Italian version of the original TSI. Participants from non-clinical (n = 285), clinical (n = 110) and post-traumatic (n = 30) samples completed the TSI as part of a battery that included self-report measures of trauma exposure [MMPI-2 PK scale and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)] and of psychological symptoms [brief symptom inventory (BSI) and symptom questionnaire (SQ)]. TSI validity scales were compared with MMPI-2 validity scales in order to assess convergent validity. The TSI Italian version showed adequate internal consistency reliability and a good convergent validity. Discriminant function analysis indicates a classification accuracy of TSI scales of 90% for true-positive and 91.4% for true-negative post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases. A revised three-factor structural model, which demonstrated an adequate and the best fit for the data, was proposed. The study extended the generalization and validity of TSI and provided some suggestions for eventually revisiting factorial structure of the questionnaire.","adolescent, adult, age distribution, aged, analysis of variance, article, discriminant analysis, female, human, Italy, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, psychometry, questionnaire, reproducibility, sex ratio, standard, statistics, validation study","Gambetti, E., Bensi, L., Nori, R., Giusberti, F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1957,Effectiveness of a counseling intervention after a traumatic childbirth: A randomized controlled trial,"Adverse childbirth experiences can evoke fear and overwhelming anxiety for some women and precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder. The objective of this study was to assess a midwife-led brief counseling intervention for postpartum women at risk of developing psychological trauma symptoms. Method: Of 348 women screened for trauma symptoms, 103 met inclusion criteria and were randomized into an intervention (n = 50) or a control (n = 53) group. The intervention group received face-to-face counseling within 72 hours of birth and again via telephone at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Main outcome measures were posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, self-blame, and confidence about a future pregnancy. Results: At 3-month follow-up, intervention group women reported decreased trauma symptoms, low relative risk of depression, low relative risk of stress, and low feelings of self-blame. Confidence about a future pregnancy was higher for these women than for control group women. Three intervention group women compared with 9 control group women met the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder at 3 months postpartum, but this result was not statistically significant. Discussion: A high prevalence of postpartum depression and trauma symptoms occurred after childbirth. Although most women improved over time, the intervention markedly affected participants' trajectory toward recovery compared with women who did not receive counseling. Conclusions: A brief, midwife-led counseling intervention for women who report a distressing birth experience was effective in reducing symptoms of trauma, depression, stress, and feelings of self-blame. The intervention is within the scope of midwifery practice, caused no harm to participants, was perceived as helpful, and enhanced women's confidence about a future pregnancy.",,"Gamble, J., Creedy, D., Moyle, W., Webster, J., McAllister, M., Dickson, P.",2005.0,,,0,0,
1958,Naive and memory T cell subsets are differentially mobilized during physical stress,"This study examined the naive and memory phenotypic profiles of CD4+ and CD8hi T cells that were mobilized to the peripheral circulation during a combination of aerobic exercise and heat stress, determining expression of the adhesion molecules CD62L and CD11a on the recruited cells. Twelve recreationally active males (age 27.1 ± 5.3 yr, height 1.77 ± 0.08 m, mass 76.9 ± 12.0 kg, VO2peak 43.9 ± 6.7 mL × kg-1 × min-1) completed a 40 min bout of cycle ergometry at 65% of VO2peak while immersed to mid-chest in a water bath at 39°C. Venous blood samples were collected before (T0), during (T40) and 30 min after (T70) exposure to combined exercise and heat stress. Specimens were analyzed by three-colour flow cytometry for CD4+ and CD8hi T cell expression of CD45RO, CD11a and CD62L. Some 80% of the CD4+ T cells that were mobilized were of the CD45RO memory phenotype, with the numbers of CD11alo and CD62L+ cells increasing more than those of CD11ahi and CD62L- cells. For the CD8hi cells, there was a more equal recruitment of CD45RO- naive (43%) and CD45RO+ memory (57%) cells. The majority (84%) of recruited CD8+ cells were CD11ahi; there was a trend to predominance of CD62L- cells (57%) for the memory subset, but with almost equal recruitment of CD62L+/- for the naive subset. We conclude that the exercise + heat stress induced trend to an increase in CD4+ T cells is linked in some way to memory phenotype; it cannot be explained simply by a high density expression of CD 11a and lack of the lymph node homing receptor (CD62L). Furthermore, although mobilization of CD8hi T cells is not linked to memory phenotype, a high density expression of CD11a and a lack of the lymph node homing receptor are important determinants of CD8hi T cell mobilization.","Adhesion molecules, Anti-inflammatory T cells, Exercise immunology, Lymphocyte mobilization","Gannon, G. A., Rhind, S., Shek, P. N., Shephard, R. J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
1959,Post-traumatic stress disorder in Israeli survivors of childhood cancer,"Purpose/Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, symptom severity, and risk factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in childhood cancer survivors. Design: Descriptive, correlational study. Setting: Follow-up clinic in Petach Tikva, Israel. Sample: Convenience sample of 70 adult Israeli survivors of childhood cancer. Methods: Questionnaires (the Post-Traumatic Diagnostic Scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) were distributed to participants, and demographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records. Main Research Variables: Post-traumatic stress, social support, and clinical and demographic data. Findings: Twenty (29%) of the participants met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for PTSD; 10% experienced mild, 40% moderate, and 50% moderate to severe symptoms. Only 16% of the sample did not experience any symptoms of PTSD. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between PTSD symptom scores and the current age of the respondent (rs = -0.27, p = 0.03) and time since medical treatment (rs = -0.34, p = 0.004) but not any other demographic or clinical variables or social support. Conclusions: Higher severity of PTSD symptoms was found, possibly because of local living conditions. Most clinical and demographic variables were not risk factors. This population should be studied further in an effort to prevent PTSD via early diagnosis. Implications for Nursing: Oncology nurses should be aware of the potential risk factors (recent completion of treatment and younger current age) and the high prevalence and severity of PTSD among survivors of childhood cancer to identify patients at higher risk and develop programs that prevent, limit, and treat PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neoplasms, *Pediatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Survivors, Epidemiology, Severity (Disorders), Symptoms","Ganz, Freda DeKeyser, Raz, Haya, Gothelf, Doron, Yaniv, Isaac, Buchval, liana",2010.0,,,0,0,
1960,Resilience after 9/11: Multimodal neuroimaging evidence for stress-related change in the healthy adult brain,"Exposure to psychological trauma is common and predicts long-term physical and mental health problems, even in those who initially appear resilient. Here, we used multimodal neuroimaging in healthy adults who were at different distances from the World Trade Center on 9/11/01 to examine the neural mechanisms that may underlie this association. More than 3 years after 9/11/01, adults with closer proximity to the disaster had lower gray matter volume in amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex, with control for age, gender, and total gray matter volume. Further analysis showed a nonlinear (first-order quadratic) association between total number of traumas in lifetime and amygdala gray matter volume and function in the whole group. Post hoc analysis of subgroups with higher versus lower levels of lifetime trauma exposure revealed systematic associations between amygdala gray matter volume, amygdala functional reactivity, and anxiety that suggest a nonlinear trajectory in the neural response to accumulated trauma in healthy adults. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Ganzel, B. L., Kim, P., Glover, G. H., Temple, E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1961,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in first-time myocardial infarction patients: Roles of attachment and alexithymia,"Abstracts: Aims: To explore the roles of attachment and alexithymia in the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and to specify the relationship between sub-dimensions of attachment, alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in patients with first-time myocardial infarction in mainland China. Background: Patients experiencing myocardial infarction have a risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. However, there have been few studies on the roles of attachment and alexithymia. Design: A cross-sectional survey design. Methods: Ninety-seven patients participated in the assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, attachment and alexithymia from June-December in 2012. To assess post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and their correlates, we administered the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale 5-17 days after the remission of first myocardial infarction attack. Results: Twenty-five (25·77%) patients met the criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Greater attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with more severe posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Except for externally oriented thinking, all dimensions of alexithymia were significantly correlated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. In the regression model, attachment anxiety and difficulties identifying feelings were found to be predictive and the total regression equation explained 24·2% variance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among myocardial infarction patients. Conclusion: First-time myocardial infarction patients were at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Attachment anxiety and difficulties identifying feelings were positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the early stage of myocardial infarction rehabilitation. It is essential to evaluate the causal relationship between attachment, alexithymia and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in longitudinal studies. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Alexithymia, Attachment, Myocardial infarction, Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms","Gao, W., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Cao, F. L.",2015.0,,10.1111/jan.12726,0,0,
1962,Occurrence of post traumatic stress disorder and its related factors in transfer of wounded persons after earthquake,"Objective: To investigate the occurrence of post traumatic stress disorder and its related factors in the transfer of wounded persons after Wenchuan earthquake. Methods: With the post traumatic stress disorder symptoms self-assessment scale (PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version PCL-C) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders-Patient (SCID-I/P) as diagnostic tools, 386 wounded persons from 11 hospitals who were transferred to Chongqing were extracted 40 days after disaster by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Altogether 354 valid questionnaires were returned to analyze the related factors of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results: Among 354 (154 males, 200 females) transferred patients, 82 patients (23.2%) were identified as PTSD, including 27 males (17.5%) and 55 females (27.5%). The rate of females was statistically higher than that of males. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender (OR = 2.364, 95% CI = 1.159-4.823), being buried in the quake (OR = 2.171, 95% CI = 1.088-4.333), and seeing people be injured in the quake (OR = 0.338, 95% CI = 0.150-0.761) were the main related factors. Conclusion: PTSD symptoms are detected among a quarter of the victims who have been transferred to Chongqing after the earthquake. Several factors such as female, being buried are the possible risk factors of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Risk Factors","Gao, Xin-Xue, Kuang, Li, Ai, Ming, Li, Da-Qi, Chen, Jian-Mei, Li, Xue-Mei, Liu, Wan-Ting, Lou, Dan-Dan, Zhao, Zheng-Zhong",2009.0,,,0,0,
1963,Analysis on factors affecting the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder in transferred casualty after Earthquake,"OBJECTIVE: To investigated the related factors which affecting the severity degrees of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in transferred casualty after Wenchuan Earthquake. METHODS: Taking PTSD symptoms self-assessment scale (PCL-C) to involve 386 wounded who suffered 40 days after the earthquake disaster, from 11 hospitals and were transferred to Chongqing city. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. 354 valid questionnaires were recovered to explore the relevant factors affecting the severity on the symptoms of PTSD. RESULTS: This survey contains 354 subjects, with male 154 (43.6%), female 200 (56.4%), age 43.76 +/- 21.22, nation alities: Han people 236 (66.7%), Qiang people 114 (32.2%), others 4 (1.1%), and marriage status as unmarried 92 (26.1%), married 253 (71.7%), others 9 (2.2%). The wounded women PTSD have more serious symptoms than men, and there were differences between them in repeated and disturbing dreams of this stressful experience (t = 2.46, P = 0.014), a strong sense of psychological suffering annoyance (t = 2.02, P = 0.044), having difficulty concentrating (t = 2.04, P = 0.042), being ""super-alert"" (t = 2.465, P = 0.014) etc, also in the total scores (t = 2.489, P = 0.013) (P < 0.05). The PTSD symptoms of wounded degree in who had been buried in Earthquake were more serious than those not been buried. There were significant differences between them in the items as: avoid thinking about or talking about a stressful experience (t = 2.661, P = 0.008), avoid activities or situations that could recall the stressful experience (t = 2.705, P = 0.007), trouble remembering important parts of a stressful experience (t = 2.775, P = 0.006), feeling emotionally numb or being unable to have loving feelings for those close to you (t = 3.017, P = 0.003), feeling as if your future will somehow be cut short (t = 2.979, P = 0.003) and total scores (t = 3.175, P = 0.002). The wounded that witnessed someone be buried or died in earthquake, in PTSD symptoms, were more serious than those without. In the items of feeling distant or cut off from other people, feeling emotionally numb or being unable to have loving feelings for those close to you, feeling irritable or having angry outbursts, there were significant difference (P < 0.05 - 0.01). There were significant differences among the average score of the three core symptoms (F = 3.350, P < 0.001), among the three core symptoms as well as between the three core symptoms and total score respectively. CONCLUSION: There were differences in the severity degrees of PTST in transferred casualty under different exposed conditions. Correlations were also found between each of the symptoms.","adult, article, China, classification, cross-sectional study, earthquake, female, hospitalization, human, injury, life event, male, marriage, mass disaster, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, questionnaire, risk factor, sex difference, survivor","Gao, X. X., Kuang, L., Liu, W. T., Lou, D. D., Li, D. Q., Ai, M., Chen, J. M., Li, X. M., Zhao, Z. Z.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1964,Biological and psychological monitoring of training status during an entire season in top kayakers,"Aim. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in selected biological and psychological variables in a group of top level kayakers along a 42-week training season. Methods. Eight top junior sprint kayakers (age=16.8±2.1) (5 men and 3 women) with international competitive experience participated in the research. During the 42-wk season the subjects were tested in three occasions: (T1) in the second week of the general training period, (T2) at the beginning of the specific training period, (T3) at the beginning of the competitive training period. Firstly, subjects were asked to complete the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires, and Borg's rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE). Immediately after, blood samples were collected and white blood cells, creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), myeloperoxidase protein levels (MPO) and glutathione status were determined. ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine the differences between tests. Results. From the hematological and biochemical measures only total leukocytes changed significantly, increasing at T3 when compared to T1. There were no differences along the entire season in both RESTQ-Sport and POMS scores or indices. Concerning performance, the group improved their maximal strength (+17.4% in bench-press IRM) and their specific-distance time (+9.8%). The main finding of the present study was that training was well-balanced between stress and recovery because while specific performance increased, signs of overtraining were not found. Conclusion. Training monitoring in athletes should be per-formed in a multilevel approach using measurements of performance as well as biological or psychological parameters. Glutathione - C-reactive protein - Heat stress disorders - Mood disorders.",,"Garatachea, N., García-López, D., José Cuevas, M., Almar, M., Molinero, O., Márquez, S., González-Gallego, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1965,Personality traits of the Five-Factor Model are associated with work-related stress in special force police officers,"Purpose: The police work is particularly stressful. The aim of this work was to clarify whether the personality factors are associated with perceived stress levels or reactivity to environmental stressors in a special body of police. Methods: The police officers in charge of guaranteeing public order at the L'Aquila G8 meeting were subjected to a control of their levels of work-related stress in anticipation of the event. Personality was assessed by the Italian version of the Five-Factor Model questionnaire, while stress was measured three times (during routine work in January 2009, preparation and imminence of the event, in April and July 2009, respectively) with the demand/control/support model of Karasek and the effort/reward imbalance model of Siegrist. A total of 289 of 294 officers took part in the survey. Results: Some personality traits of the Five-Factor Model were associated with stress levels and stress reactivity. Neuroticism (low emotional stability) showed the strongest associations with job strain (demand/control ratio) (β = 0.115, p < 0.05) and effort/reward imbalance (β = 0.270, p < 0.001) and was associated with most of the stress variables. High agreeableness was associated with low effort/reward imbalance (β = -0.157, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Personality factors may mitigate or increase the strain induced by environmental stressors. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Big Five personality factors, Control, Demand, Effort/reward imbalance, Job strain, Work-related stress","Garbarino, S., Chiorri, C., Magnavita, N.",2014.0,,10.1007/s00420-013-0861-1,0,0,
1966,A Preliminary Study of the Association Between Traditional Masculine Behavioral Norms and PTSD Symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans,"Studies identifying a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and low treatment utilization among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) Veterans reinforce the need for a greater understanding of the disorder in this population. Although traditional masculine norms have been found to relate to both help seeking and PTSD among civilians, little is known about their impact on war Veterans. The current study examined relationships between masculine behaviors, using the Masculine Behavior Scale (MBS), and PTSD symptoms in OEF/OIF Veterans, drawing on archival clinical data from 69 patients at an outpatient PTSD clinic. Despite a positive trend, total MBS scores were not correlated with overall PTSD severity. However, the MBS subscale Exaggerated Self-Reliance and Control positively predicted hyperarousal symptoms in a hierarchical regression model. Unexpectedly, the MBS subscale Success Dedication negatively predicted avoidance, suggesting that this masculine norm may serve a protective function against avoidance symptoms. Results suggest that elements of masculinity are related to specific PTSD symptom clusters in ways that may be both adaptive and maladaptive. Implications for PTSD treatment are discussed. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Iraq/Afghanistan War, Masculinity, PTSD, Veterans","Garcia, H. A., Finley, E. P., Lorber, W., Jakupcak, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1967,Post-traumatic stress disorder and behavioral therapy: A case study,"This article describes the case of a victim of sexual abuse in childhood who developed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Issues related to sexual abuse, PTSD characteristics and forms of treatment are discussed. The intervention was conducted from the perspective of Behavior Analysis, focusing on the patient complaints related to the disorder, as well as ether issues such as her relationships with her mother and sister, difficulties to study at college and weight gain. During the intervention the client was educated about the disorder and its treatment (psycho-education); self-awareness, social skills and reflections about feelings were promoted. The difficulties to study and weight gain were treated in parallel. As evaluative measures of intervention (pre/post-test) were used screening instruments and comorbid PTSD. It was concluded that the intervention was effective for the disappearance of the characteristic PTSD symptoms, as well to promote repertoires related to the patient complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavior Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse","Garcia, Vagner Angelo, Bolsoni-Silva, Alessandra Turini",2015.0,,,0,0,
1968,"The impact of HIV status, HIV disease progression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms on the health-related quality of life of Rwandan women genocide survivors","Purpose: We examined whether established associations between HIV disease and HIV disease progression on worse health-related quality of life (HQOL) were applicable to women with severe trauma histories, in this case Rwandan women genocide survivors, the majority of whom were HIV-infected. Additionally, this study attempted to clarify whether post-traumatic stress symptoms were uniquely associated with HQOL or confounded with depression. Methods: The Rwandan Women's Interassociation Study and Assessment was a longitudinal prospective study of HIV-infected and uninfected women. At study entry, 922 women (705 HIV+ and 217 HIV-) completed measures of symptoms of post-traumatic stress and HQOL as well as other demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics. Results: Even after controlling for potential confounders and mediators, HIV+ women, in particular those with the lowest CD4 counts, scored significantly worse on HQOL and overall quality of life (QOL) than did HIV- women. Even after controlling for depression and HIV disease progression, women with more post-traumatic stress symptoms scored worse on HQOL and overall QOL than women with fewer post-traumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that post-traumatic stress symptoms were independently associated with HQOL and overall QOL, independent of depression and other confounders or potential mediators. Future research should examine whether the long-term impact of treatment on physical and psychological symptoms of HIV and post-traumatic stress symptoms would generate improvement in HQOL. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.","HIV, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Quality of life, Rwanda, Women","Gard, T. L., Hoover, D. R., Shi, Q., Cohen, M. H., Mutimura, E., Adedimeji, A. A., Anastos, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1969,Posttraumatic stress disorder and burn-related injury in a rehabilitation hospital,"Objective: To determine the profile of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among outpatients with burn injuries referred to psychology in a rehabilitation hospital, and the utility of the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening measure for PTSD. Design: Retrospective psychological chart review. Setting: Outpatient burn clinic of a rehabilitation hospital. Participants: 132 outpatients with burns referred to psychology between December 1999 and January 2010. Interventions: Psychological evaluation and self-report questionnaires measuring PTSD and depression. Main Outcome Measures: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, assessing clinical diagnosis of disorders; PCL-C, measuring PTSD; Beck Depression Inventory, measuring depression. Results: Of 132 outpatients, 127 (96%) had work related injuries, 116 (88%) were men and 16 (12%) were women. Mean age at injury was 39.0 (plus or minus) 11.1 years. Mean time from injury to assessment was 15.6 (plus or minus) 42.6 months. The most common burn etiology was electrical (46.2%), followed by scald (28.0%), flame (16.7%), chemical (5.3%), and contact (3.8%). Most patients (75%), were diagnosed with PTSD, either clinical (39.4%) or subclinical (35.6%). PTSD (clinical or subclinical) was frequently diagnosed in the following etiology groups: scald (85.7%), flame (77.3%) and electrical (74.6%). There were significant relationships between PTSD and depression (P<.0001), and between subclinical PTSD and adjustment disorder (P<0.03). PCL-C mean scores in the clinical and subclinical PTSD groups were 59.7(plus or minus)8.9 and 43.5(plus or minus)15.6, respectively. A PCL-C total score of 50 or higher had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 79% for a diagnosis of PTSD. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of PTSD (clinical or subclinical) among outpatients with burns referred to psychology. Prospective screening of psychological symptoms, clinical assessment, and intervention is warranted, especially for patients with work-related burn injuries. Our results suggest that PCL-C is a useful screening measure for PTSD in patients with burns.","rehabilitation, hospital, injury, society, rehabilitation medicine, posttraumatic stress disorder, diseases, human, outpatient, screening, psychology, patient, etiology, diagnosis, burn, scald, adjustment disorder, Beck Depression Inventory, DSM-IV, medical record review, questionnaire, self report, clinical assessment, psychologic assessment, prevalence, male, female, checklist","Gardner, P., Knittel-Keren, D., Gomez, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1970,The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist as a screening measure for posttraumatic stress disorder in rehabilitation after burn injuries,"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist as a screening measure for posttraumatic stress disorder in rehabilitation after burn injuries. Objectives: To determine the profile of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among outpatients with burn injuries referred to psychology in a rehabilitation hospital, and the utility of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening measure for PTSD. Design: Retrospective psychological chart review. Setting: Outpatient burn clinic of a rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Outpatients (N=132) with burns referred to psychology between December 1999 and January 2010. Interventions: Psychological evaluation and self-report questionnaires measuring PTSD and depression. Main Outcome Measures: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition to assess clinical diagnosis of disorders, PCL-C to measure PTSD, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II to measure depression. Results: Of 132 outpatients, 127 (96%) had work-related injuries, 116 (88%) were men, and 16 (12%) were women. Mean age ± SD at injury was 39.0±11.1 years. Mean time from injury to assessment was 15.7±42.7 months. Burn etiology included: electrical (46.2%), scald (28.0%), flame (16.7%), chemical (5.3%), and contact (3.8%). Most patients (75%) were diagnosed with PTSD, either clinical (39.4%) or subclinical (35.6%). PTSD (clinical or subclinical) was frequently diagnosed in the following etiology groups: scald (85.7%), flame (77.3%), and electrical (74.6%). There were significant relationships between PTSD and depression (P<.001), and between subclinical PTSD and adjustment disorder (P<.03). PCL-C mean scores ± SD in the clinical and subclinical PTSD groups were 59.7±8.9 and 43.5±15.6, respectively. A PCL-C total score of 50 or higher had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 79% for PTSD diagnosis. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of PTSD (clinical or subclinical) among outpatients with burns referred to psychology. Prospective screening of psychological symptoms, clinical assessment, and intervention is warranted, especially for patients with work-related burn injuries. Our results suggest that PCL-C is a useful screening measure for PTSD in patients with burns. © 2012 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","Burns, post-traumatic, Rehabilitation, Stress disorders","Gardner, P. J., Knittel-Keren, D., Gomez, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1971,Thyroid alterations in child and adolescent psychiatric psychopathology: Relation with clusters of diagnosis,"Background: In adults, thyroid function abnormalities have been associated with eating disorders, affective and anxiety disorders. Depression often co-exists with autoimmune subclinical thyroiditis, suggesting that it may cause alterations in the immune system, or be an autoimmune disorder itself. The correction of thyroid abnormalities does not always result in the resolution of psychiatric symptoms. Studies on children and adolescents are missing. Methods: Clinical charts were revised in 331 patients, subsequently hospitalized in a children-adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit. Thyroid function was assessed by serum T3, free T4 (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and alterations were related to psychiatric diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 18 for windows. Results: Overall, 21% of patients had thyroid alterations at admission, but the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities was unevenly distributed among the different diagnosis. Patients with eating disorders had a higher prevalence of thyroid abnormalities (p < 0.0001) compared to all other patients grouped together. Over 90% of alterations consisted in a reduction in T3. Among the rest of patients, the prevalence of thyroid abnormalities was significantly higher (p = 0.012) in the cluster of patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of affective and anxiety disorders, compared to the others. The nullaffective and anxietynull cluster included depression, bipolar disorder, adjustment disorder, anxiety, and PTSD. The most common thyroid alteration was an elevation of TSH with normal FT4. Conclusions: Besides confirming T3 alterations in alimentary patients, these data suggest a possible association of hypothyroidism with affective and anxiety disorders. Other diagnostic groups, such as ADHD and conduct disorders, appear relatively free from thyroidal disturbances. Thyroid alterations could be primary or secondary to the psychiatric disease, or a common autoimmune mechanism may underlie both disorders.","thyrotropin, human, diagnosis, thyroid gland, child, child psychiatry, mental disease, adolescent, society, patient, thyroid disease, anxiety disorder, prevalence, eating disorder, anxiety, thyroid function, thyroiditis, immune system, autoimmune disease, hospital patient, liothyronine blood level, psychiatric diagnosis, adult, statistical analysis, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, adjustment disorder, hypothyroidism, diagnosis related group, conduct disorder, hormone determination, attention deficit disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder","Gariup, M., Morer, A., Grande, I., Lazaro, L., Castro, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
1972,The study of competence in children at risk for severe psychopathology,,,"Garmezy, N.",1974.0,,,0,0,
1973,Children in Poverty: Resilience Despite Risk,"Two objectives provided the focus for the Conference on Community Violence and Children’s Development that was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. One was to examine the evidence for deficit behaviors that characterized children reared in poverty; the second was to identify the characteristics of children who sustained their competencies despite being reared in comparable environments. These dual objectives took this form: “What can we conclude from studies of children, their families, and environments about characteristics that predispose children to maladjustment following exposure to violence, and about characteristics that protect children from such adjustment problems following, or in the midst of, violence exposure?” © 1993 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Garmezy, N.",1993.0,,10.1521/00332747.1993.11024627,0,0,
1974,Predictors of trait aggression in bipolar disorder,"Objectives: Although aggressive behavior has been associated with bipolar disorder (BD), it has also been linked with developmental factors and disorders frequently found to be comorbid with BD, making it unclear whether or not it represents an underlying biological disturbance intrinsic to bipolar illness. We therefore sought to identify predictors of trait aggression in a sample of adults with BD. Methods: Subjects were 100 bipolar I (n = 73) or II (n = 27) patients consecutively evaluated in the Bipolar Disorders Research Program of the New York Presbyterian Hospital-Payne Whitney Clinic. Diagnoses were established using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-I) and Cluster B sections of the SCID-II. Mood severity was rated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Histories of childhood maltreatment were assessed via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), while trait aggression was measured by the Brown-Goodwin Aggression Scale (BGA). Results: In univariate analyses, significant relationships were observed between total BGA scores and CTQ total (r = 0.326, p = 0.001), childhood emotional abuse (r = 0.417, p < 0.001), childhood physical abuse (r = 0.231, p = 0.024), childhood emotional neglect (r = 0.293, p = 0.004), post-traumatic stress disorder (t = -2.843, p = 0.005), substance abuse/ dependence (t = -2.914, p = 0.004), antisocial personality disorder (t = -2.722, p = 0.008) and borderline personality disorder (t = -5.680, p < 0.001) as well as current HDRS (r = 0.397, p < 0.001) and YMRS scores (r = 0.371, p < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression revealed that trait aggression was significantly associated with: (i) diagnoses of comorbid borderline personality disorder (p < 0.001); (ii) depressive symptoms (p = 0.001); and (iii) manic symptoms (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Comorbid borderline personality disorder and current manic and depressive symptoms each significantly predicted trait aggression in BD, while controlling for confounding factors. The findings have implications for nosologic distinctions between bipolar and borderline personality disorders, and the developmental pathogenesis of comorbid personality disorders as predisposing to aggression in patients with BD. (copyright) 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard.","adult, aggression, antisocial behavior, article, behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline state, Brown Goodwin Aggression Scale, child abuse, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, comorbidity, depression, disease association, disease predisposition, disease severity, emotional deprivation, female, Hamilton scale, human, major clinical study, male, mania, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, rating scale, risk assessment, risk factor, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, substance abuse, Young Mania Rating Scale","Garno, J. L., Gunawardane, N., Goldberg, J. F.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1975,Brain activation to facial expressions in youth with PTSD symptoms,"Objective This study examined activation to facial expressions in youth with a history of interpersonal trauma and current posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) compared to healthy controls (HC). Design and analysis Twenty-three medication-naive youth with PTSS and 23 age- and gender-matched HC underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing fearful, angry, sad, happy, and neutral faces. Data were analyzed for group differences in location of activation, as well as timing of activation during the early versus late phase of the block. Using SPM5, significant activation (P <.05 FWE [Family-Wise Error] corrected, extent = 10 voxels) associated with the main effect of group was identified. Activation from selected clusters was extracted to SPSS software for further analysis of specific facial expressions and temporal patterns of activation. Results The PTSS group showed significantly greater activation than controls in several regions, including the amygdala/hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and less activation than controls in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These group differences in activation were greatest during angry, happy, and neutral faces, and predominantly during the early phase of the block. Post hoc analyses showed significant Group × Phase interactions in the right amygdala and left hippocampus. Conclusions Traumatic stress may impact development of brain regions important for emotion processing. Timing of activation may be altered in youth with PTSS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","emotion, faces, fMRI, pediatric, PTSD","Garrett, A. S., Carrion, V., Kletter, H., Karchemskiy, A., Weems, C. F., Reiss, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1976,The Mental Vitality @ Work Study: Effectiveness of a Mental Module for WorkersE Health Surveillance for Nurses and Allied Health Care Professionals on Their Help-Seeking Behavior,"OBJECTIVES: To study the effectiveness of a mental module for workersE health surveillance for health care workers. METHODS: Nurses and allied health care professionals from one organization were cluster-randomized at ward level to an intervention or control group. The intervention included screening for work functioning impairments and mental health complaints. Positively screened workers were invited to visit their occupational physician. Outcome measures, including help-seeking behavior, work functioning, and mental health, were assessed at baseline, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: An effect of study-group null time interaction on help-seeking behavior was found (P = 0.02). Workers in the intervention group showed less work functioning impairments over time than the control group (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The module can be used to stimulate help seeking from the occupational physician and to improve functioning in workers with mild to moderate work functioning, mental health complaints, or both. Trial number: NTR2786. Copyright (copyright) 2013 by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.","adult, anxiety, article, consultation, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, drinking behavior, female, follow up, health care personnel, health survey, help seeking behavior, human, job performance, major clinical study, male, mental health, nurse, occupational physician, outcome assessment, paramedical profession, posttraumatic stress disorder, randomized controlled trial, work capacity","Gartner, F. R., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Ketelaar, S. M., Van Dijk, F. J. H., Sluiter, J. K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1977,The Mental Vitality @ Work Study: Effectiveness of a Mental Module for WorkersÊ Health Surveillance for Nurses and Allied Health Care Professionals on Their Help-Seeking Behavior,"OBJECTIVES: To study the effectiveness of a mental module for workersÊ health surveillance for health care workers. METHODS: Nurses and allied health care professionals from one organization were cluster-randomized at ward level to an intervention or control group. The intervention included screening for work functioning impairments and mental health complaints. Positively screened workers were invited to visit their occupational physician. Outcome measures, including help-seeking behavior, work functioning, and mental health, were assessed at baseline, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: An effect of study-group × time interaction on help-seeking behavior was found (P = 0.02). Workers in the intervention group showed less work functioning impairments over time than the control group (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The module can be used to stimulate help seeking from the occupational physician and to improve functioning in workers with mild to moderate work functioning, mental health complaints, or both. Trial number: NTR2786. Copyright © 2013 by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.",,"Gärtner, F. R., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Ketelaar, S. M., Van Dijk, F. J. H., Sluiter, J. K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1978,Psychosocial screening and outcome measurement in paediatric burns services in the UK,Rationale: The British Burn Association Psychosocial Special Interest Group convened a small working party to review available psychosocial screening tools and outcome measures that could be piloted in paediatric burn services across the UK. Psychosocial screening tools can be administered around the time of a child's admission to identify any pre-morbid psychosocial factors known to impact on treatment and/or recovery after a burn. Psychosocial outcome measures can be used to measure the key psychosocial domains shown to be important after a burn injury. Methods: The Working Party therefore made the following recommendations (subsequently endorsed by the wider BBA Psychosocial Special Interest Group membership): 1. Psychosocial screening tool: A wider pilot of a tool developed and piloted in Manchester be carried out. It is designed to be administered by nursing staff as part of the burns integrated care pathway and then reviewed by the psychology service on a weekly basis (or more often if required). It has proven useful in highlighting psychosocial need that support/intervention can then be directed towards. 2. Psychosocial outcome measures: A nullpacknull ofmeasures to be completed at particular time-points during inpatient and outpatient phases was identified. These cover the domains of: child well-being (PTSD; emotional and behavioural well-being and quality of life; pain; appearance concerns) and parental/family well-being. A number of burns services treating children across the UK agreed to pilot these tools and report back. Results: This paper presents the output of the Working Party and preliminary findings from this pilot. It explores: (i) progress around the practicalities of implementing these recommendations; (ii) the information gathered on the profile of the families of children that are being admitted to UK burn services; (iii) whether the screening tool is facilitating greater psychosocial care for families; and (iv) preliminary outcome data for this patient cohort. Conclusion: The paper concludes with lessons learned and recommendations for future directions.,"screening, United Kingdom, outcome assessment, child, wellbeing, psychosocial care, social psychology, hospital patient, patient, nursing staff, psychology, outpatient, quality of life, pain, burn","Gaskell, S. L., Cooke, S., Hodgetts, R., Mason, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
1979,MMPI profiles of acute and chronic PTSD in a civilian sample,"In a treatment setting, a group of 165 subjects presenting with either acute or chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compared to 72 subjects presenting with panic disorder only in order to determine whether the MMPI PTSD assessment strategy developed with Vietnam veterans could be validly used with civilians. Results indicated that the MMPI profile, codetype, diagnostic decision rule, and PK scale developed with samples of Vietnam veterans did not apply well to civilians, especially these presenting with acute PTSD. It is thus recommended that specific assessment strategies be developed for these populations.","adult, article, civil disorder, controlled study, female, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder","Gaston, L., Brunet, A., Koszycki, D., Bradwejn, J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
1980,MMPI scales for diagnosing acute and chronic PTSD in civilians. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,"To develop new Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales for diagnosing acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 237 civilians with PTSD or panic disorder (controls) completed the MMPI-R. All 399 items were submitted to chi-square analysis to select those differentiating acute or chronic PTSD from controls. The analyses yielded an MMPI Acute PTSD scale (32 items) and a MMPI Chronic PTSD scale (41 items). Discriminating between acute PTSD and controls, the MMPI Acute PTSD scale had a hit rate of 83% and the MMPI Chronic PTSD scale produced a hit rate of 75% to 80%. Cross-validation produced similar hit rates. These scales scores were not substantially influenced by gender or types of traumatic events, and only the MMPI Acute PTSD scale seemed to not be sensitive to co-morbidity.","Acute Disease, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, MMPI/*standards, Male, Panic Disorder/diagnosis, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis","Gaston, L., Brunet, A., Koszycki, D., Bradwejn, J.",1998.0,Apr,10.1023/a:1024459305748,0,0,
1981,MMPI scales for diagnosing acute and chronic PTSD in civilians,"To develop new Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales for diagnosing acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 237 civilians with PTSD or panic disorder (controls) completed the MMPI-R. All 399 items were submitted to chi-square analysis to select those differentiating acute or chronic PTSD from controls. The analyses yielded an MMPI Acute PTSD scale (32 items) and a MMPI Chronic PTSD scale (41 items). Discriminating between acute PTSD and controls, the MMPI Acute PTSD scale had a hit rate of 83% and the MMPI Chronic PTSD scale produced a hit rate of 75% to 80%. Cross-validation produced similar hit rates. These scales scores were not substantially influenced by gender or types of traumatic events, and only the MMPI Acute PTSD scale seemed to not be sensitive to co-morbidity.","Acute, Assessment, Chronic, MMPI, PTSD","Gaston, L., Brunet, A., Koszycki, D., Bradwejn, J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
1982,"The heritability of mental health and wellbeing defined using COMPAS-W, a new composite measure of wellbeing","Mental health is not simply the absence of mental illness; rather it is a distinct entity representing wellness. Models of wellbeing have been proposed that emphasize components of subjective wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, or a combination of both. A new 26-item scale of wellbeing (COMPAS-W) was developed in a cohort of 1669 healthy adult twins (18-61 years). The scale was derived using factor analysis of multiple scales of complementary constructs and confirmed using tests of reliability and convergent validity. Bivariate genetic modeling confirmed its heritability. From an original 89 items we identified six independent subcomponents that contributed to wellbeing. The COMPAS-W scale and its subcomponents showed construct validity against psychological and physical health behaviors, high internal consistency (average r=0.71, Wellbeing r=0.84), and 12-month test-retest reliability (average r=0.62, Wellbeing r=0.82). There was a moderate contribution of genetics to total Wellbeing (heritability h2=48%) and its subcomponents: Composure (h2=24%), Own-worth (h2=42%), Mastery (h2=40%), Positivity (h2=42%), Achievement (h2=32%) and Satisfaction (h2=43%). Multivariate genetic modeling indicated genetic variance was correlated across the scales, suggesting common genetic factors contributed to Wellbeing and its subcomponents. The COMPAS-W scale provides a validated indicator of wellbeing and offers a new tool to quantify mental health. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","ERQ, Happiness, NEO-FFI, Resilience, SWLS, TWIN-E, WHOQOL","Gatt, J. M., Burton, K. L. O., Schofield, P. R., Bryant, R. A., Williams, L. M.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.033,0,0,
1983,Confirmatory factor analysis of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist,"[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 21(4) of Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma (see record 2012-12779-008). In the original article, the authors wish to point out that the RMSEA value in Table 1 for the 2-factor Model was listed incorrectly as .01. It should have been listed as .10.] Several studies have employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the latent structure of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993), a measure that assesses PTSD symptomatology. Findings have failed to support the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision [DSM-IV-TR]; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) PTSD model, consisting of reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal factors, and no consensus has emerged regarding the best fitting alternative model. Additionally, most studies have utilized homogeneous trauma samples. This study used CFA to examine the PCL factor structure in a sample with exposure to various traumatic events. Superior fit was demonstrated by a model specifying reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and arousal factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychometrics","Gauci, Marni A., MacDonald, Douglas A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1984,"""Confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist"": Corrigendum","Reports an error in ""Confirmatory factor analysis of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist"" by Marni A. Gauci and Douglas A. MacDonald (Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 2012[Apr], Vol 21[3], 321-330). In the original article, the authors wish to point out that the RMSEA value in Table 1 for the 2-factor Model was listed incorrectly as .01. It should have been listed as .10. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-10160-005). Several studies have employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the latent structure of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993), a measure that assesses PTSD symptomatology. Findings have failed to support the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision [DSM-IV-TR]; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) PTSD model, consisting of reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal factors, and no consensus has emerged regarding the best fitting alternative model. Additionally, most studies have utilized homogeneous trauma samples. This study used CFA to examine the PCL factor structure in a sample with exposure to various traumatic events. Superior fit was demonstrated by a model specifying reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and arousal factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychometrics","Gauci, Marni A., MacDonald, Douglas A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1985,Does comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder affect the severity and course of psychotic major depressive disorder?,,,"Gaudiano, B. A., Zimmerman, M.",2010.0,,10.4088/JCP.08m04794gre,0,0,
1986,Acute and chronic plasma metabolomic and liver transcriptomic stress effects in a mouse model with features of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Acute responses to intense stressors can give rise to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD diagnostic criteria include trauma exposure history and self-reported symptoms. Individuals who meet PTSD diagnostic criteria often meet criteria for additional psychiatric diagnoses. Biomarkers promise to contribute to reliable phenotypes of PTSD and comorbidities by linking biological system alterations to behavioral symptoms. Here we have analyzed unbiased plasma metabolomics and other stress effects in a mouse model with behavioral features of PTSD. In this model, C57BL/6 mice are repeatedly exposed to a trained aggressor mouse (albino SJL) using a modified, resident-intruder, social defeat paradigm. Our recent studies using this model found that aggressor-exposed mice exhibited acute stress effects including changed behaviors, body weight gain, increased body temperature, as well as inflammatory and fibrotic histopathologies and transcriptomic changes of heart tissue. Some of these acute stress effects persisted, reminiscent of PTSD. Here we report elevated proteins in plasma that function in inflammation and responses to oxidative stress and damaged tissue at 24 hrs post-stressor. Additionally at this acute time point, transcriptomic analysis indicated liver inflammation. The unbiased metabolomics analysis showed altered metabolites in plasma at 24 hrs that only partially normalized toward control levels after stress-withdrawal for 1.5 or 4 wks. In particular, gut-derived metabolites were altered at 24 hrs post-stressor and remained altered up to 4 wks after stress-withdrawal. Also at the 4 wk time point, hyperlipidemia and suppressed metabolites of amino acids and carbohydrates in plasma coincided with transcriptomic indicators of altered liver metabolism (activated xenobiotic and lipid metabolism). Collectively, these system-wide sequelae to repeated intense stress suggest that the simultaneous perturbed functioning of multiple organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, intestine and liver) can interact to produce injuries that lead to chronic metabolic changes and disorders that have been associated with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Liver, *Metabolites, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Models, Inflammation, Stress, Weight Gain","Gautam, Aarti, ""DArpa, Peter"", Donohue, Duncan E., Muhie, Seid, Chakraborty, Nabarun, Luke, Brian T., Grapov, Dmitry, Carroll, Erica E., Meyerhoff, James L., Hammamieh, Rasha, Jett, Marti",2015.0,,,0,0,
1987,Metagenomic profile of fecal samples generated from mouse model simulating features of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can arise due to exposure to a potentially traumatic event (PTE). Using “cage-within-cage residentintruder” protocol, subject C57BL/6J mice were exposed to aggressor mice for 10 days with 24 hours rest prior to harvesting. The symbiotic influence of microbiota on the nervous system and behavior has been receiving profound interest. In this longitudinal study, we are focusing on the effect of social stress on the microbiome by sequencing for 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) amplicon on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Fecal samples were collected at 2 day intervals during the 10 day protocol from control as well as subject mice. DNA was isolated using a kit from MO BIO followed by amplification of variable V3 and V4 region of the 16S rRNA amplicon using the Illumina 16S Metagenomics Library Preparation Protocol. The samples were barcoded using Nextera index primers and pooled in preparation for MiSeq sequencing. We will be able to characterize the fecal microbiota in the presence and absence of social stress and also will be able to correlate changes in bacterial communities in our mouse model of PTSD. DISCLAIMERS: Research was conducted in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and all other Federal Requirements. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Army.","RNA 16S, DNA, RNA, metagenomics, mouse, mouse model, posttraumatic stress disorder, amplicon, social stress, army, longitudinal study, microflora, animal welfare, microbial community, feces microflora, nervous system, harvesting, microbiome, library, exposure, United States, anxiety disorder","Gautam, A., Hoke, A., Sitta, R., Sowe, B., Dimitrov, G., Chakraborty, N., Muhie, S., Kumar, R., Hammamieh, R., Jett, M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1988,Integrated pathway-level analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data for mouse model of social stress,"We have used a social defeat (SD) mouse model to simulate aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is based on a brief exposure to an aggressor mouse. Metabolic profiling of mice plasma samples exposed to 5d or 10d of SD at both early (24h) and late (1.5 wk for 5d, and 4 wk for 10d) time points, revealed changes in neurotransmitters, neuronal damage and/or cell death, energetic and redox alterations. These metabolites when subjected to gene-enzyme-metabolite integrative network revealed enrichment of a number of signaling and biosynthetic pathways such as bile acid biosynthetic pathways in both 5d and 10d 24h groups. These changes are reflected in metabolic syndrome, the usual co-morbid associate of PTSD. Although still in its infancy, the resulting high-dimensional data has led to the emergence of networks that may have relevance in context to PTSD. Preliminary data from mouse neurotransmitter receptor and regulator array using hemi brain RNA samples enabled us to identify genes perturbed during this condition. Comparison of data to microarray profile revealed cholecystokinin B receptor gene (cckbr) common in both data sets. This gene was uniformly altered in 10d 24h and 4wk data sets. Detailed analysis is underway to compare the blood and brain profiles to identify common biomarkers for the diseased state.","transcriptome, enzyme, neurotransmitter receptor, cholecystokinin B receptor, neurotransmitter, bile acid, RNA, metabolome, mouse, model, social stress, gene, metabolite, biosynthesis, brain, posttraumatic stress disorder, infancy, exposure, blood, cell death, metabolic syndrome X, plasma, receptor gene","Gautam, A., Muhie, S., Chakraborty, N., Hoke, A., Hammamieh, R., Jett, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
1989,Family resilience following a physical trauma and efficient support interventions: A critical literature review,"Resilience has long been a topic of study in various fields, and in recent decades many researchers and clinicians have focused on the literature dealing with family resilience, specifically the resilience of parents with children who have suffered a trauma. Inspired by empirical and theoretical studies on resilience, health care professionals working with families are increasingly trying to develop interventions that could facilitate or support family resilience. This article critically analyses the knowledge currently available in this field by first examining the literature on family resilience in the context of physical traumas and then research studies focused on interventions that foster family resilience.",,"Gauvin-Lepage, J., Lefebvre, H., Malo, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
1990,Coping strategies in civilians during air attacks,"Background. Coping strategies may influence the psychological outcome after a stressful event, both as coping at the time of the event and as strategies of dealing with its consequences after the event. The aim of the study was to investigate coping strategies used by civilians during the air attacks in Yugoslavia in 1999, and their association with the level of exposure, gender and psychological symptoms 1 year later. Method. The sample is a non-selective group of 139 medical students from the University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Open questions and content analysis were used to assess coping strategies. Symptoms of intrusion and avoidance were assessed, as well as general psychological symptoms. Results. Content analysis of answers to open questions revealed nine categories of coping strategies (sport and walks, leisure activities, talking and gathering, humor, avoidance, philosophical approach, getting information, work, and substance abuse). A cluster analysis identified three groups of students with different styles of coping. Students that used dominantly 'talking and gathering' had the highest, and the ones that mostly used 'leisure activities' the lowest scores on intrusion. There were significant gender differences in how coping strategies were associated with intrusive symptoms. Conclusion. The type of coping strategies used during the air attacks may contribute to the level of intrusive symptoms 1 year after the event. Different coping strategies might be effective in men and women to reduce intrusive symptoms. Longitudinal and prospective studies are needed to draw definite conclusions on causal relationships between coping strategies and levels of posttraumatic stress.","adult, article, avoidance behavior, cluster analysis, controlled study, coping behavior, female, human, human experiment, humor, leisure, male, medical student, normal human, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, rating scale, scoring system, self concept, self report, sex difference, sport, statistical analysis, terrorism, Yugoslavia","Gavrilovic, J., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Dimic, S., Pejovic-Milovancevic, M., Knezevic, G., Priebe, S.",2003.0,,,0,0,
1991,Incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury in burned service members: preliminary report,"BACKGROUND: Although sustaining physical injury in theater increases service members' risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), exposure to explosive munitions may increase the risk of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We hypothesized a higher incidence of PTSD and mTBI in service members who sustained both burn and explosion injuries than in nonexplosion exposed service members. METHODS: A retrospective review of PTSD and mTBI assessments was completed on burned service members between September 2005 and August 2006. Subjects were divided into cohort groups: (1) PTSD and mTBI, (2) PTSD and no mTBI, (3) mTBI and no PTSD, (4) no mTBI and no PTSD. Specific criteria used for group classification were based on subjects' total score on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Military version (PCL-M), clinical interview, and record review to meet American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine criteria for mTBI. Descriptive analyses were used. RESULTS: Seventy-six service members met the inclusion criteria. The incidence rate of PTSD was 32% and mTBI was 41%. Eighteen percent screened positive for PTSD and mTBI; 13% screened positive for PTSD, but not mTBI; 23% screened positive for mTBI but not PTSD; 46% did not screen positive for either PTSD or mTBI. CONCLUSION: Given the high incidence of these disorders in burned service members, further screening of PTSD and TBI appears warranted. Because symptom presentation in PTSD and mTBI is clinically similar in acute and subacute stages, and treatments can vary widely, further research investigating symptom profiles of PTSD and mTBI is warranted.",,"Gaylord, K. M., Cooper, D. B., Mercado, J. M., Kennedy, J. E., Yoder, L. H., Holcomb, J. B.",2008.0,,,0,0,
1992,Analysis of neuropsychiatric adverse events during clinical trials of efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: A systematic review,"People with HIV infection have several risk factors for developing neuropsychiatric adverse events: preexisting conditions, HIV disease stage, and antiretroviral treatment. The most widely used system for assessing neuropsychiatric adverse events in clinical trials is the US Division of AIDS severity grading scale, from Grade 1 (mild) to Grade 4 (life-threatening). First-line treatment with efavirenz has been associated with higher rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events than several other antiretrovirals. A MEDLINE search identified 17 randomized clinical trials of first-line HAART with two nucleoside analogs plus efavirenz, of which 13 reported neuropsychiatric adverse events using the Grade 1-4 system. The percentage of patients with graded neuropsychiatric adverse events, and the system used for analysis, was compared across the trials. Of the 13 trials identified, there were five different methods used to report neuropsychiatric adverse events: Grade 1-4 all, Grade 1-4 drug related, Grade 2-4 all, Grade 2-4 drug related, Grade 3-4 all, Grade 3-4 drug related, and adverse events leading to discontinuation. In addition, three trials used questionnaire-based methods instead of the Division of AIDS grading system. There were a significantly higher percentage of patients with Grade 1-4 neurological or psychiatric adverse events in the efavirenz versus comparator arms in the DMP-006, TMC278-C204, and STARTMRK trials. There were generally too few patients with each individual neuropsychiatric adverse event to allow meaningful comparisons of treatment arms. There were no significant differences in Grade 3 or 4 neuropsychiatric adverse events between the treatment arms in the ACTG 5142 or 2NN trials. In summary, there is a wide range of different systems used to report neuropsychiatric adverse events in HIV clinical trials. Use of a standardized endpoint would improve the interpretability of results across clinical trials.","abacavir, abacavir plus lamivudine, atazanavir, efavirenz, efavirenz plus emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil, efavirenz plus lamivudine plus zidovudine, emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil, indinavir, lamivudine, lamivudine plus nevirapine plus stavudine, lamivudine plus stavudine, lamivudine plus zidovudine, lopinavir plus ritonavir, maraviroc, nevirapine, raltegravir, rilpivirine, RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor, abnormal dreaming, adverse outcome, aggression, agitation, anxiety, attention disturbance, blurred vision, circumoral paresthesia, cluster headache, combination chemotherapy, confusion, cranial neuropathy, depression, dizziness, drug dose reduction, drug efficacy, drug induced headache, drug safety, facial nerve paralysis, highly active antiretroviral therapy, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, insomnia, irritability, lethargy, libido disorder, major depression, memory disorder, mental disease, middle ear pressure, mononeuropathy, monotherapy, mood disorder, nervousness, neurologic disease, nightmare, panic, phobia, photophobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial (topic), rating scale, restlessness, review, side effect, sleep disorder, social phobia, somnolence, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, systematic review, treatment outcome, US Division of AIDS severity grading scale, uveitis, vertigo, tmc 278","Gazzard, B., Balkin, A., Hill, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
1993,Preliminary Reliability and Validity of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Schizophrenia,"This study provides preliminary psychometric support for a version of the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale (CAPS; D. D. Blake et al., 1990) adapted for use with patients with schizophrenia (CAPS-S; J. S. Gearon, S. Thomas-Lohrman, & A. S. Bellack, 2001). Nineteen women with schizophrenia and co-occurring illicit drug use disorders were administered the CAPS-S, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV diagnoses (SCID), and scales measuring trauma-related psychopathology. The results indicate that the CAPS-S can distinguish between those with and without PTSD and that the symptom clusters measure unified constructs. Interrater and test-retest reliability were high for PTSD diagnosis and symptom clusters. Solid convergent validity was demonstrated between the CAPS-S and SCID-based PTSD diagnoses and the Impact of Event Scale. There is also preliminary evidence of discriminant validity. These results support the use of the CAPS-S in women with schizophrenia.",,"Gearon, J. S., Bellack, A. S., Tenhula, W. N.",2004.0,,,0,0,
1994,Classification of chronic pain patients with the brief symptom inventory: Patient characteristics of cluster profiles,"In this study, the psychological symptom patterns of individuals with chronic pain on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were cluster analyzed. Cluster analysis was initially performed on a large sample of people with chronic pain (n = 1,489) and then cross-validated on a smaller sample (n = 244). A 2-cluster solution was deemed most appropriate. The clusters reflected low- and high-profile elevations on all BSI subscales. Among persons in the smaller sample, high-profile participants were more likely to be involved in litigation, report a higher frequency of posttraumatic stress symptoms, and display poorer psychosocial functioning. The results suggest that the BSI subgroups are associated with psychosocial characteristics that may be important in terms of treatment planning and outcome.","adult, article, chronic pain, cluster analysis, controlled study, disease association, distress syndrome, human, occupation, pain assessment, patient coding, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, rating scale, self evaluation, social psychology, social support, symptom, treatment outcome, treatment planning","Geisser, M. E., Perna, R., Kirsch, N. L., Bachman, J. E.",1998.0,,,0,0,
1995,A longitudinal study of changes in psychological responses to continuous terrorism,"Objective: The impact of ongoing terror over time has received little attention. This study assesses longitudinally prevalence and predictors of postraumatic stress symptoms' trajectories, namely resistance, resilience, late-onset and chronicity in the course of intensive and ongoing terror. Method: Two surveys were performed at a two-year interval among 153 Jewish Israeli adults. Results: Results show probable PTSD prevalence, number of traumatic stress related symptoms (TSRS), and rate of severe postraumatic symptomatology (PTSS) to increase over time (from 18.2% to 31.2%). With this, many (66.7% of those with PTSD and 39.3% of those with PTSS at wave 1) recovered. Late-onset of severe PTSS (19.6% of the sample) was predicted by income reduction, a major lifetime traumatic event, sense of threat, dissociation, coping via disengagement and low mood. Chronicity was predicted by sense of threat, pessimism, dissociation and disengagement. Conclusions: Continuous exposure to terror has a strong negative impact on mental health. Secondly, even within a chronic situation of terror, a large proportion of individuals with elevated levels of postraumatic symptomatology recover over time; third, prolonged exposure to terror may also exacerbate symptomatology, but not per-se trigger new PTSD cases.",,"Gelkopf, M., Solomon, Z., Bleich, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
1996,"Psychometric properties of Darryl, a cartoon based measure to assess community violence-related PTSD in children","OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability and validity of Darryl, a cartoon-based measure of PTSD symptoms and a screening tool for identifying children and adolescents with a PTSD diagnosis. METHOD: Exposure to community violence, PTSD symptoms and diagnostic status were assessed in a sample of 49 children and adolescents at an urban outpatient psychiatry clinic. RESULTS: Darryl has good internal consistency for the full scale and adequate reliability for each DSM-IV PTSD symptom cluster. Darryl correlates significantly (r = 0.64, P < 0.001) with the most frequently used measure for assessing PTSD in children (CPTSD-RI). As a screening tool, Darryl has excellent sensitivity and specificity in relationship to the KID-SCID. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to other child PTSD measures, Darryl has comparable or better psychometric properties and assesses PTSD symptoms in a more developmentally appropriate manner, especially in the domain of community violence. The value of Darryl as a screening tool remains preliminary given the limited number of diagnosed cases of PTSD in the study sample. Full scale efforts at replication are warranted.","Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Cartoons as Topic/*psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Mass Screening/methods, New York City/epidemiology, Personality Inventory, Poverty Areas, Projective Techniques/*statistics & numerical data, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Urban Population, Violence/*psychology","Geller, P. A., Neugebauer, R., Possemato, A. K., Walter, P., Dummit, E. S., 3rd, Silva, R. R.",2007.0,Jun,10.1007/s11126-006-9035-6,0,0,
1997,"Psychometric properties of Darryl, a cartoon based measure to assess community violence-related PTSD in children","Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of Darryl, a cartoon-based measure of PTSD symptoms and a screening tool for identifying children and adolescents with a PTSD diagnosis. Method: Exposure to community violence, PTSD symptoms and diagnostic status were assessed in a sample of 49 children and adolescents at an urban outpatient psychiatry clinic. Results: Darryl has good internal consistency for the full scale and adequate reliability for each DSM-IV PTSD symptom cluster. Darryl correlates significantly (r = 0.64, P < 0.001) with the most frequently used measure for assessing PTSD in children (CPTSD-RI). As a screening tool, Darryl has excellent sensitivity and specificity in relationship to the KID-SCID. Conclusions: In comparison to other child PTSD measures, Darryl has comparable or better psychometric properties and assesses PTSD symptoms in a more developmentally appropriate manner, especially in the domain of community violence. The value of Darryl as a screening tool remains preliminary given the limited number of diagnosed cases of PTSD in the study sample. Full scale efforts at replication are warranted. (copyright) 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","adolescent, article, child, clinical article, clinical assessment, clinical assessment tool, controlled study, correlation analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnostic procedure, female, human, internal consistency, male, outpatient, outpatient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychometry, reliability, screening, sensitivity and specificity, urban area, validity, violence","Geller, P. A., Neugebauer, R., Possemato, A. K., Walter, P., Dummit, Iii E. S., Silva, R. R.",2007.0,,,0,0,1996
1998,"Psychometric properties of Darryl, a cartoon based measure to assess community violence-related PTSD in children","Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of Darryl, a cartoon-based measure of PTSD symptoms and a screening tool for identifying children and adolescents with a PTSD diagnosis. Method: Exposure to community violence, PTSD symptoms and diagnostic status were assessed in a sample of 49 children and adolescents at an urban outpatient psychiatry clinic. Results: Darryl has good internal consistency for the full scale and adequate reliability for each DSM-IV PTSD symptom cluster. Darryl correlates significantly (r = 0.64, P < 0.001) with the most frequently used measure for assessing PTSD in children (CPTSD-RI). As a screening tool, Darryl has excellent sensitivity and specificity in relationship to the KID-SCID. Conclusions: In comparison to other child PTSD measures, Darryl has comparable or better psychometric properties and assesses PTSD symptoms in a more developmentally appropriate manner, especially in the domain of community violence. The value of Darryl as a screening tool remains preliminary given the limited number of diagnosed cases of PTSD in the study sample. Full scale efforts at replication are warranted. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Children, Community violence, PTSD, Reliability, Validity","Geller, P. A., Neugebauer, R., Possemato, A. K., Walter, P., Dummit Iii, E. S., Silva, R. R.",2007.0,,,0,0,1996
1999,The work compatibility improvement framework: Preliminary findings of a case study for defining and measuring the human-at-work system,"Although researchers traditionally examined the 'risk' characteristics of work settings in health studies, few work models, such as the 'demand-control' and 'motivation-hygiene theory', advocated the study of the positive and the negative aspects of work for the ultimate improvement of work performance. The objectives of the current study were: (a) to examine the positive and negative characteristics of work in the machining department in a small manufacturing plant in the Midwest USA, and, (b) to report the prevalence of musculoskeletal and stress outcomes. A focus group consisting of worker experts from the different job categories in the machining department confirmed the management's concerns. Accordingly, 56 male and female workers, employed in three shifts, were surveyed on the demand/energizer profiles of work characteristics and self-reported musculoskeletal/stress symptoms. On average, one-fourth to one-third of the workers reported 'high' demand, and over 50% of the workers documented 'low' energizers for certain work domains/sub-domains, such as 'physical task content'/'organizational' work domains and 'upper body postural loading'/'time organization' work sub-domains. The prevalence of workers who reported 'high' musculoskeletal/stress disorder cases, was in the range of 25-35% and was consistent with the results of 'high' demands and 'low' energizers. The results of this case study confirm the importance of adopting a comprehensive view for work improvement and sustainable growth opportunities. It is paramount to consider the negative and positive aspects of work characteristics to ensure optimum organizational performance. The Work Compatibility Improvement Framework, proposed in the reported research, is an important endeavor toward the ultimate improvement and sustainable growth of human and organizational performance.","Human-at work, Job design, System compatibility, Work environment","Genaidy, A., Karwowski, W., A-Rehim, A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2000,Sleep problems among adolescent survivors following the 2008 wenchuan earthquake in China: A cohort study,"Objective: To examine sleep problems and associated risk factors among adolescent survivors following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the deadliest earthquake to strike China in 30 years. Method: A cohort of students (N = 1,573) in the 7th and 10th grades from Dujiangyan City, 21 kilometers from the epicenter, was followed up periodically for 2 years. Participants were assessed at 12 months (n = 1,398; May 18-22, 2009), 18 months (n = 1,288; November 23-27, 2009), 24 months (n = 1,313; May 17-21, 2010), and 30 months (n = 1,038; November 22-26, 2010) after the earthquake. Adolescents were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; cutoff for sleep problems: total score of ≥ 8), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Self-Rating Scale (cutoff for probable posttraumatic stress disorder: ≥ 50), Depression Self- Rating Scale for Children (cutoff for depressive disorder: ≥ 15), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (cutoff for clinical anxiety: ≥ 25), Social Support Rate Scale, and Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist and provide demographic information. Trajectory analysis was used to examine sleep disturbance changes and associated risk factors. Results: Twelve months after the earthquake, 48.90% of participants reported sleeping less than 7 hours per night, 27.68% disclosed difficulties initiating sleep, 8.82% experienced problems staying sleep, 22.60% felt their sleep quality was poor, and 40.01% had difficulties functioning during daytime hours. Overall sleep problems, as assessed by the PSQI global scale, were stable from 18 months to 30 months following the earthquake, and the prevalence rates were between 28.79% and 30.18%. The risk of sleep issues was significantly increased in senior high school students (OR = 2.29) and in those who witnessed the tragic events directly (OR = 1.21). Depression (OR = 1.69), anxiety (OR = 1.57), poor social support (OR = 1.83), and negative life events (OR = 2.62) were also associated with increased risk and persistence of sleep problems. Conclusions: Sleep disturbances are common and persistent in adolescent earthquake survivors. Multiple demographic, psychosocial, and earthquake-related factors are associated with the increased risk of sleep difficulties. © 2012 copyright physicians postgraduate press, Inc.",,"Geng, F., Fan, F., Mo, L., Simandl, I., Liu, X.",2013.0,,,0,1,
2001,DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder: Factor structure and rates of diagnosis,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant problem among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. To date, however, there has been only limited research on how the recent changes in DSM-5 influence the prevalence and factor structure of PTSD. To address this key issue, the present research used a modified version of a gold-standard clinical interview to assess PTSD among a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N=414). Thirty-seven percent of the sample met DSM-5 criteria for PTSD compared to a rate of 38% when DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were used. Differences in rates of diagnosis between DSM-IV and DSM-5 were primarily attributable to changes to Criterion A and the separation of the ""avoidance"" and ""numbing"" symptoms into separate clusters. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to compare the fit of the previous 3-factor DSM-IV model of PTSD to the 4-factor model specified in DSM-5, a 4-factor ""dysphoria"" model, and a 5-factor model. CFA demonstrated that the 5-factor model (re-experiencing, active avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal, anxious arousal) provided the best overall fit to the data, although substantial support was also found for the 4-factor DSM-5 model. Low factor loadings were noted for two of the symptoms in the DSM-5 model (psychogenic amnesia and reckless/self-destructive behavior), raising questions regarding the adequacy of fit between these symptoms and the other core features of PTSD. Overall, findings suggest the DSM-5 model of PTSD is an improvement over the previous DSM-IV model of PTSD, but still may not represent the true underlying factor structure of PTSD.","CFA, DSM-5, Latent factor structure, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Gentes, E. L., Dennis, P. A., Kimbrel, N. A., Rissling, M. B., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Fairbank, J. A., Kudler, H., Marx, C. E., Moore, S. D., Morey, R. A., Brancu, M., Runnals, J. E., Straits-Troster, K., Tupler, L. A., Van Voorhees, E., Ryan Wagner, H., Weiner, R. D., Miller-Mumford, M., McDonald, S. D., Pickett, T., Hurley, R., Taber, K. E., Yoash-Gantz, R. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2002,"Comorbidity of depression, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder chronic type: Preliminary data","Comorbidity of mood disorders in patients with panic disorder (PAD) and in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic type, related to a major highway accident, was studied. Twenty-four patients (12 with PTSD, chronic type, and 12 with PAD) were evaluated. Severity of symptomatology was quantized by the General Health Questionnaire, the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Zung Self Depression Scale. Comorbid depression was found to occur in a significantly higher percentage in PAD group. The role played by serotonergic pathway in both disorders, depression and PAD, was evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Affective Disorders, *Comorbidity, *Panic Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Gentile, Salvatore, Amideo, Felice, Liardo, Alberto, De Bartolomeis, Andrea",1998.0,,,0,0,
2003,Race differences in depressive symptoms: A dynamic perspective on stress exposure and vulnerability,"The existence, nature, and strength of race differences in mental health remain unclear after several decades of research. In this research, we examine black-white differences in the relationship between acute stressors and depressive symptoms. We reframe the stress exposure and differential vulnerability hypotheses in the context of long-term trajectories of stress and depression, and we hypothesize that trajectories of stress growth will be associated with trajectories of depressive symptom growth. Using latent growth curve analysis of a sample of 1,972 older persons interviewed three times at three-year intervals, we test the hypotheses that (1) growth in exposure to loss-related events will predict growth in depressive symptoms, and (2) African Americans will experience greater stress growth than whites. Results support the hypotheses. Stress growth exhibited a linear increase for blacks but not for whites, and predicted depression growth for both races, but explained more variance for blacks than for whites.",,"George, L. K., Lynch, S. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2004,Alterations in cognitive flexibility in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Exposure to stressful or traumatic events is associated with increased vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This vulnerability may be partly mediated by effects of stress on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated circuitry. The PFC mediates critical cognitive functions, including cognitive flexibility, which reflects an organism's ability to adaptively alter behavior in light of changing contingencies. Prior work suggests that chronic or acute stress exerts complex effects on different forms of cognitive flexibility, via actions on the PFC. Similarly, PFC dysfunction is reported in PTSD, as are executive function deficits. Animal models that permit study of the effects of stress/trauma on cognitive flexibility may be useful in illuminating ways in which stress-linked cognitive changes contribute to PTSD. Here, we examined the behavioral effects of a rodent model of PTSD-single prolonged stress (SPS)-on performance of two forms of cognitive flexibility: reversal learning and strategy set-shifting. SPS did not impair acquisition of either a response or visual-cue discrimination but did cause slight impairments in the retrieval of the visual-cue rule. During response discrimination reversal, SPS rats made more perseverative errors. In comparison, during set-shifting from the visual-cue to response discrimination, SPS rats did not show enhanced perseveration, but did display increased never-reinforced errors, indicative of impairment in selecting a novel strategy. These data demonstrate that SPS leads to a complex and intriguing pattern of deficits in flexible responding and suggest that impairments in executive functioning associated with PTSD could, in part, be a neuro-cognitive consequence of trauma exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Cognitive Ability, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Set Shifting, Rats, Executive Function","George, Sophie A., Rodriguez-Santiago, Mariana, Riley, John, Abelson, James L., Floresco, Stan B., Liberzon, Israel",2015.0,,,0,0,
2005,Integrating fragmented evidence by network meta-analysis: Relative effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: To summarize the available evidence on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: We searched bibliographic databases and reference lists of relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses for randomized controlled trials that compared specific psychological interventions for adults with PTSD symptoms either head-to-head or against control interventions using non-specific intervention components, or against wait-list control. Two investigators independently extracted the data and assessed trial characteristics. Results: The analyses included 4190 patients in 66 trials. An initial network meta-analysis showed large effect sizes (ESs) for all specific psychological interventions (ESs between -1.10 and -1.37) and moderate effects of psychological interventions that were used to control for non-specific intervention effects (ESs -0.58 and -0.62). ES differences between various types of specific psychological interventions were absent to small (ES differences between 0.00 and 0.27). Considerable between-trial heterogeneity occurred (tau2= 0.30). Stratified analyses revealed that trials that adhered to DSM-III/IV criteria for PTSD were associated with larger ESs. However, considerable heterogeneity remained. Heterogeneity was reduced in trials with adequate concealment of allocation and in large-sized trials. We found evidence for small-study bias. Conclusions: Our findings show that patients with a formal diagnosis of PTSD and those with subclinical PTSD symptoms benefit from different psychological interventions. We did not identify any intervention that was consistently superior to other specific psychological interventions. However, the robustness of evidence varies considerably between different psychological interventions for PTSD, with most robust evidence for cognitive behavioral and exposure therapies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Outcomes","Gerger, H., Munder, T., Gemperli, A., Nuesch, E., Trelle, S., Juni, P., Barth, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2006,Subgroups of musculoskeletal pain patients and their psychobiological patterns - The LOGIN study protocol,"Background: Pain conditions of the musculoskeletal system are very common and have tremendous socioeconomic impact. Despite its high prevalence, musculoskeletal pain remains poorly understood and predominantly non-specifically and insufficiently treated. The group of chronic musculoskeletal pain patients is supposed to be heterogeneous, due to a multitude of mechanisms involved in chronic pain. Psychological variables, psychophysiological processes, and neuroendocrine alterations are expected to be involved. Thus far, studies on musculoskeletal pain have predominantly focused on the general aspects of pain processing, thus neglecting the heterogeneity of patients with musculoskeletal pain. Consequently, there is a need for studies that comprise a multitude of mechanisms that are potentially involved in the chronicity and spread of pain. This need might foster research and facilitate a better pathophysiological understanding of the condition, thereby promoting the development of specific mechanism-based treatments for chronic pain. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: 1) identify and describe subgroups of patients with musculoskeletal pain with regard to clinical manifestations (including mental co-morbidity) and 2) investigate whether distinct sensory profiles or 3) distinct plasma levels of pain-related parameters due to different underlying mechanisms can be distinguished in various subgroups of pain patients. Methods/Design: We will examine a population-based chronic pain sample (n = 100), a clinical tertiary care sample (n = 100) and pain-free patients with depression or post-traumatic stress disorder and pain-free healthy controls (each n = 30, respectively). The samples will be pain localisation matched by sex and age to the population-based sample. Patients will undergo physical examination and thorough assessments of mental co-morbidity (including psychological trauma), perceptual and central sensitisation (quantitative sensory testing), descending inhibition (conditioned pain modulation, the diffuse noxious inhibitory control-like effect), as well as measurement of the plasma levels of nerve growth factor and endocannabinoids. Discussion: The identification of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms in different subgroups of chronic musculoskeletal pain patients will contribute to a mechanism-based subgroup classification. This will foster the development of mechanism-based treatments and holds promise to treat patients more sufficient. © 2012 Gerhardt et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain, Endocannabinoids, Mechanism-based, Mental comorbidity, Nerve growth factor, Pain drawing, Pain extent, Quantitative sensory testing, Subgroup classification, Trauma","Gerhardt, A., Hartmann, M., Tesarz, J., Janke, S., Leisner, S., Seidler, G., Eich, W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2007,Sleep disturbances predict later trauma-related distress: Cross-panel investigation amidst violent turmoil,"Objective: Sleep disturbances, including trouble falling and remaining asleep and recurrent nightmares, are symptoms of posttraumatic stress. A growing body of literature indicates that sleep disturbance may also convey vulnerability for the continuation of other symptoms of posttraumatic stress, including fear, anxiety, and heightened arousal. However, longitudinal research, which could help understand how these relationships unfold over time, has been limited. Method: The longitudinal relationships between sleep disturbance and posttraumatic stress were investigated in 779 Palestinian adults randomly selected and interviewed twice during the period from April 2008 to November 2008, amid ongoing violent political turmoil. The recruitment method produced a representative sample and excellent retention. Cross-panel structural equation modeling was used to examine relationships between sleep and distress across two study periods. Results: Results indicated that initial sleep problems were associated with increased posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and intrapersonal resource loss at follow-up 6 months later, but initial PTSD, depression, and intrapersonal resource loss were not associated with increased sleep problems at follow-up. Conclusions: Sleep problems may confer vulnerability to longer-term distress in the presence of ongoing political violence. Future research should examine whether interventions targeting trauma-related sleep problems may improve prevention and treatment for PTSD and related disorders.© 2013 American Psychological Association.","Longitudinal design, Sleep disturbance, Trauma","Gerhart, J. I., Hall, B. J., Russ, E. U., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0032572,0,0,
2008,A profile of who completes and who drops out of domestic violence rehabilitation,"Despite changes made in domestic violence (DV) programs, attrition continues to be a major problem. For this study on DV rehabilitation attrition, 62 male batterers and 31 female victims were recruited during a six month time frame from an existing batterers' program. Of the 62 batterers, one man was removed from the study, 38 dropped out of the program, and 23 made the transition from rehabilitation to the maintenance phase of the program. A logistical regression to predict completion status resulted in a Model Chi-square statistic of 31.08 (p = .000). Completers were more likely young, court-monitored, had lower levels of stress (SOS Inventory) and posttraumatic stress (PCL), and had higher levels of mutuality (MPDQ) in their relationships than noncompleters. The model predicted 88.89% of the noncompleters, 78.26% of the completers, and had an overall predictive ability of 84.75% for the study sample.",,"Gerlock, A. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2009,A profile of who completes and who drops out of domestic violence rehabilitation,"Despite changes made in domestic violence (DV) programs, attrition continues to be a major problem. For this study on DV rehabilitation attrition, 62 male batterers and 31 female victims were recruited during a six month time frame from an existing batterers' program. Of the 62 batterers, one man was removed from the study, 38 dropped out of the program, and 23 made the transition from rehabilitation to the maintenance phase of the program. A logistical regression to predict completion status resulted in a Model Chi-square statistic of 31.08 (p = .000). Completers were more likely young, court-monitored, had lower levels of stress (SOS Inventory) and posttraumatic stress (PCL), and had higher levels of mutuality (MPDQ) in their relationships than noncompleters. The model predicted 88.89% of the noncompleters, 78.26% of the completers, and had an overall predictive ability of 84.75% for the study sample.","adult, article, female, human, male, middle aged, motivation, partner violence, patient, personality test, psychological aspect","Gerlock, A. A.",2001.0,,,0,0,2008
2010,Military-related posttraumatic stress disorder and intimate relationship behaviors: A developing dyadic relationship model,"The protracted conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan and an all-volunteer military has resulted in multiple war zone deployments for many service members. While quick redeployment turnaround has left little time for readjustment for either the service member or family, dealing with the long-term sequelae of combat exposure often leaves families and intimate partners ill-prepared for years after deployments. Using a modified grounded theory approach, digitally recorded couple interviews of 23 couples were purposefully selected from a larger sample of 441 couples to better understand the impact of war zone deployment on the couple. The veteran sample was recruited from a randomly selected cohort of men in treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overall, it was found when veterans experiencing deployment-related PTSD reenter or start new intimate relationships they may bring with them a unique cluster of interrelated issues which include PTSD symptoms, physical impairment, high rates of alcohol and/or drug abuse, and psychological and physical aggression. These factors contributed to a dynamic of exacerbating conflict. How these couples approached relationship qualities of mutuality, balanced locus of control and weakness tolerance across six axes of caregiving, disability, responsibility, trauma, communication, and community impacted the couple's capacity to communicate and resolve conflict. This dyadic relationship model is used to help inform implications for clinical practice. © 2013 American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.",,"Gerlock, A. A., Grimesey, J., Sayre, G.",2014.0,,,0,1,
2011,Prazosin increases brain glucose metabolism in regions involved in fear extinction learning and memory during REM sleep in combat exposed veterans with PTSD,"Introduction: Prazosin, a noradrenergic alpha-1 antagonist, has been shown to effectively reduce nightmares comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study explored the effects of prazosin compared to placebo on regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) during REM sleep and relative to wakefulness in combatexposed Veterans with PTSD. Methods: Nineteen combat Veterans with PTSD were randomized to prazosin (M age = 27.0+5.6 years old; 3 women) and seventeen veterans were randomized to placebo (M age = 30.2+5.6; 5 women) for an 8-week randomized controlled trial. All completed in-lab PSG and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) studies during wakefulness and REM sleep at baseline, and again after treatment. State null Time interaction analyses were performed using SPM 8 to determine the changes in wakefulness and REM sleep pre- to post-treatment. Pre- to post-treatment changes in rCMRglc during wakefulness and REM sleep were evaluated using SPM8. Results: Complete, high-quality PET data was available for 7 Veterans randomized to prazosin and 12 Veterans randomized to placebo. No signiicant State null Time interactions were detected in the placebo group. Post-treatment, prazosin was associated with a larger increase in relative rCMRglc from wakefulness to REM sleep compared to pre-treatment in two separate clusters. The irst clusters included 2659 voxels (x, y, z = -4, 4, -2), and encompassed the putamen and caudate, subgenual cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, entorhinal and parahippocampal gyri, and lateral caudal parietal cortex (Z = 3.52, p = 0.021). The second cluster included 1933 voxels (x, y, z = -60, -12, -8), and comprised the left inferior frontal cortices, post-central cortex, and superior temporal gyrus (Z = 3.38, p = 0.045). Conclusion: These preliminary indings suggest that prazosin increases brain glucose metabolism in brain regions known to be involved in fear extinction learning and memory during REM sleep relative to wakefulness.","prazosin, placebo, glucose, fluorodeoxyglucose f 18, sleep, glucose brain level, fear, human, memory, REM sleep, veteran, glucose metabolism, organization, learning, posttraumatic stress disorder, wakefulness, female, randomized controlled trial, metabolic rate, nightmare, brain region, superior temporal gyrus, frontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, parietal cortex, cingulate gyrus, putamen, positron emission tomography, data analysis software","Germain, A., Stocker, R., Ebdlahad, S., Suter, D., Mammen, O., Sims, B., Nofzinger, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2012,"Latent class analysis of ptsd symptoms among 6,733 New York City students exposed to 9/11","Introduction: The heterogeneity in the manifestation of PSTD symptomatology has never been described in a developmental period spanning from middle childhood through adolescence. The examination of developmental influences on PTSD symptomatic expression is a high priority for DSM-V and could inform research on the etiology and treatment of PTSD. Objectives: To examine the symptom structure of PTSD across different age, gender, and exposure groups, and in association with impairment and other disorders. Aims: To identify homogeneous latent classes of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. Methods: Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to 6,733 New York City students (4th-12th grades) exposed to 9/11-related potentially traumatic events. LCA was first applied to PTSD symptoms only, stratified by age, gender and empirically defined exposure groups, and then in combination with impairment indicators. The resultant classes were studied in association with other disorders. Results: LCA identified 4 classes that vary in severity and symptom configuration. Only the most severe profile, qualitatively characterized by the presence of traumatic memories in combination with avoidance and sleep-related problems, showed high levels of impairment and high rates of other disorders. Girls after puberty and subjects indirectly exposed to 9/11 are at increased risk of severe disturbance. Conclusions: The 4-class model describes quantitative and qualitative differences in the structure of PTSD across age, gender and exposure. These findings support the inclusion of developmental considerations into DSM-V PTSD diagnostic criteria and suggest that also gender and the nature of traumatic exposure inflence PTSD phenomenology in children and adolescents.","student, human, psychiatry, United States, exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, gender, diseases, DSM-5, adolescent, child, risk, puberty, childhood, female, etiology, girl, sleep, memory, examination, model, phenomenology, diagnosis, adolescence, symptomatology","Geronazzo Alman, L., Guffanti, G., Fan, B., Duarte, C., Wu, P., Musa, G., Cohen, P., Poli, M., Hoven, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2013,"Epigenetics and child abuse: Modern-day darwinism - The miraculous ability of the human genome to adapt, and then adapt again","It has long been recognized that early adversity can have life-long consequences, and the extent to which this is true is gaining increasing attention. A growing body of literature implicates Adverse Childhood Experiences, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, in a broad range of negative health consequences including adult psychopathology, cardiovascular, and immune disease. Increasing evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies highlight the critical role of epigenetic programing, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, in altering gene expression, brain structure and function, and ultimately life-course trajectories. This review outlines our developing insight into the interplay between our human biology and our changing environment, and explores the growing evidence base for how interventions may prevent and ameliorate damage inflicted by toxic stress in early life. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Adverse Childhood Experiences, DNA methylation, child abuse, developmental programming, early life adversity, epigenetic modifications, post-traumatic stress disorder, risk and resiliency, toxic stress","Gershon, N. B., High, P. C.",2015.0,Dec,10.1002/ajmg.c.31467,0,0,
2014,PATH: A program to build resilience and thriving in undergraduates,"We developed and tested a brief three-session program to build resilience (protection from depressive symptoms) and thriving (positive growth) in undergraduates by teaching adaptive explanatory styles. In Study 1, a pretest-posttest waiting list control experiment with 28 undergraduates found that our Program for Accelerated Thriving and Health (PATH) significantly increased optimistic and personal control explanatory styles (Attributional Style Questionnaire), resilience (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and thriving (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10). In Study 2, a placebo control experiment with 63 undergraduates found a modified version of the program to significantly increase resilience. All effects were at least moderate in size. As predicted, a personal control explanatory style significantly predicted thriving in both studies. Predictors of resilience and thriving were discussed in terms of differentiating the constructs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",,"Gerson, M. W., Fernandez, N.",2013.0,,10.1111/jasp.12168,0,0,
2015,Reduced GABAA benzodiazepine receptor binding in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors are thought to play an important role in modulating the central nervous system in response to stress. Animal data have shown alterations in the GABAA receptor complex by uncontrollable stressors. SPECT imaging with benzodiazepine ligands showed lower distribution volumes of the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor in the prefrontal cortex of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in one, but not in another study. The objective of the present study was to assess differences in the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor complex in veterans with and without PTSD using [C]flumazenil and positron emission tomography (PET). Nine drug naive male Dutch veterans with deployment related PTSD and seven male Dutch veterans without PTSD were recruited, and matched for age, region and year of deployment. Each subject received a [C]flumazenil PET scan and a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. Dynamic 3D PET scans with a total duration of 60 min were acquired, and binding in template based and manually defined regions of interest (ROI) was quantified using validated plasma input and reference tissue models. In addition, parametric binding potential images were compared on a voxel-by-voxel basis using statistical parametric mapping (SPM2). ROI analyses using both template based and manual ROIs showed significantly reduced [C]flumazenil binding in PTSD subjects throughout the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus. SPM analysis confirmed these results. The observed global reduction of [C]flumazenil binding in patients with PTSD provides circumstantial evidence for the role of the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor in the pathophysiology of PTSD and is consistent with previous animal research and clinical psychopharmacological studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain, *Gamma Aminobutyric Acid, *Neural Receptors, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Receptor Binding, Benzodiazepines, Military Veterans","Geuze, E., van Berckel, B. N. M., Lammertsma, A. A., Boellaard, R., de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E., Westenberg, H. G. M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2016,"Personality patterns among black, white, and hispanic combat veterans","Little is known about racial and ethnic differences in personality pathology in combat veterans. This investigation explored the relationship between race, ethnicity, and personality disorders (PDs) in a sample of 96 combat veterans. Ethnoracial group status was based on self-identification, and the groups were mutually exclusive. PDs were assessed with the MCMI-III, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD scale, and combat exposure was assessed with the Combat Exposure Scale. The findings suggest that Hispanic veterans were more likely to have cluster A PDs compared to non-Hispanic veterans, even after controlling for demographics, level of combat exposure, and current PTSD. Implications of the results for the research and treatment of culturally diverse individuals with PDs are discussed. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","combat veteran, ethnicity, personality disorder, race","Ghafoori, B., Hierholzer, R. W.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2017,Gender comparison of exposed trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community sample of adolescents,"This study surveys the prevalence of exposed traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among the high school students. A total of 735 students were selected by stratified cluster sampling. The self-report trauma checklists and Mississippi Scale were used. The most common traumatic experiences were ""witnessing or being in a bad car accident,"" ""getting some really bad news unexpectedly,"" and witnessing violence. The last 2 experiences were more common among girls. The rate of the subjects who scored more than the cutoff point in the Mississippi Scale was 27.2%. There is an extremely high rate of exposed trauma rate, and approximately one third of them have posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.","adolescent, article, cluster analysis, cohort analysis, female, health survey, hospitalization, human, Iran, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological aspect, sex difference, statistics, student","Ghanizadeh, A., Tavassoli, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2018,Unmet mental health care need 10-11 years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks: 2011-2012 results from the World Trade Center Health Registry,"Background: There is little current information about the unmet mental health care need (UMHCN) and reasons for it among those exposed to the World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of UMHCN among symptomatic individuals enrolled in the WTC Health Registry (WTCHR) in 2011-2012, and to analyze the relationship between UMHCN due to attitudinal, cost, and access factors and mental health symptom severity, mental health care utilization, health insurance availability, and social support. Methods. The WTCHR is a prospective cohort study of individuals with reported exposure to the 2001 WTC attacks. This study used data from 9,803 adults who completed the 2003-2004 (Wave 1) and 2011-2012 (Wave 3) surveys and had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression in 2011-2012. We estimated logistic regression models relating perceived attitudinal, cost and access barriers to symptom severity, health care utilization, a lack of health insurance, and social support after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Slightly more than one-third (34.2%) of study participants reported an UMHCN. Symptom severity was a strong predictor of UMHCN due to attitudinal and perceived cost and access reasons. Attitudinal UMHCN was common among those not using mental health services, particularly those with relatively severe mental health symptoms. Cost-related UMHCN was significantly associated with a lack of health insurance but not service usage. Access-related barriers were significantly more common among those who did not use any mental health services. A higher level of social support served as an important buffer against cost and access UMHCN. Conclusions: A significant proportion of individuals exposed to the WTC attacks with depression or PTSD 10 years later reported an UMHCN, and individuals with more severe and disabling conditions, those who lacked health insurance, and those with low levels of social support were particularly vulnerable. © 2014 Ghuman et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Barriers to mental health care, Comorbid PTSD and depression, Depression, Functional impairment, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), September 11, 2001, 9/11, Unmet mental health care need, World Trade Center disaster","Ghuman, S. J., Brackbill, R. M., Stellman, S. D., Farfel, M. R., Cone, J. E.",2014.0,,10.1186/1471-2458-14-491,0,0,
2019,Humiliation: the invisible trauma of war for Palestinian youth,"Objectives: To investigate the influence of exposure to humiliation in war-like conditions on health status in 10th- and 11th-grade students living in the Ramallah District, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory. Study design: A stratified single-stage cluster sample of 3415 students from cities, towns, villages and refugee camps of the Ramallah District. Methods: Survey questions were derived from the World Health Organization's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey, the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme Traumatic Event Checklist, and focus group discussions with young people. The survey questionnaire was completed by students in their classrooms, under the supervision of a trained field worker. Results: There was a significant association between a high number of subjective health complaints and demographic variables, particularly for females compared with males, and refugee camp dwellers compared with village dwellers. In addition, exposure to humiliation was significantly associated with an increased number of subjective health complaints. Students experiencing three forms of humiliation were found to be 2.5 times more likely to report a high number of subjective health complaints compared with those who had never been exposed to humiliation (52% vs 21%), while those experiencing four forms of humiliation were three times more likely to report a high number of subjective health complaints (62% vs 21%). A multiple logistic regression model revealed that humiliation was significantly associated with a high number of subjective health complaints, even after adjusting for sex, residence and other measures of exposure to violent events. The odds ratio of reporting a high number of subjective health complaints increased as the number of forms of humiliation increased, with values of 1.69, 2.67, 4.43 and 7.49 for reporting a high number of subjective health complaints when exposed to one, two, three or four forms of humiliation, respectively, compared with those who had never been exposed to humiliation. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that humiliation induced by conflict and war-like conditions constitutes an independent traumatic event that is associated with negative health outcomes in its own right, regardless of exposure to other violent/traumatic events. Based on these findings, it is proposed that humiliation should be included as an indicator of mental health status in research that investigates the consequences of war and conflict on the health of populations. (copyright) 2007 The Royal Institute of Public Health.","adolescent, adolescent disease, adult, article, child abuse, cluster analysis, conflict, controlled study, demography, environmental exposure, female, health behavior, health hazard, health survey, human, human rights abuse, life event, major clinical study, male, mental health, Palestine, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, refugee, risk assessment, risk factor, sex difference, student, violence, war","Giacaman, R., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Husseini, A., Saab, H., Boyce, W.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2020,Symptoms and Subjective Quality of Life in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Longitudinal Study,"Background: Evidence suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with substantially reduced subjective quality of life (SQOL). This study aimed to explore whether and how changes in the levels of PTSD symptom clusters of intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal are associated with changes in SQOL. Methods: Two samples with PTSD following the war in former Yugoslavia were studied, i.e. a representative sample of 530 people in five Balkan countries and a non-representative sample of 215 refugees in three Western European countries. They were assessed on average eight years after the war and re-interviewed one year later. PTSD symptoms were assessed on the Impact of Event Scale - Revised and SQOL on the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life. Linear regression and a two-wave cross lagged panel analysis were used to explore the association between PTSD symptom clusters and SQOL. Results: The findings in the two samples were consistent. Symptom reduction over time was associated with improved SQOL. In multivariable analyses adjusted for the influence of all three clusters, gender and time since war exposure, only changes in hyperarousal symptoms were significantly associated with changes in SQOL. The two-wave cross-lagged panel analysis suggested that the link between hyperarousal symptoms and SQOL is bidirectional. Conclusions: Low SQOL of patients with war-related PTSD is particularly associated with hyperarousal symptoms. The findings suggest a bidirectional influence: a reduction in hyperarousal symptoms may result in improved SQOL, and improvements in SQOL may lead to reduced hyperarousal symptoms. © 2013 Giacco et al.",,"Giacco, D., Matanov, A., Priebe, S.",2013.0,,,0,1,
2021,Cognitive-behavioural group intervention for PTSD symptoms in children following the Athens 1999 earthquake: A pilot study,"This study examined the effects of a short-term group cognitive-behavioural intervention in children who were experiencing PTSD symptoms following the Athens 1999 earthquake. Twenty children, aged 8-12 years, referred for treatment to a local child mental health team were assigned, depending on timing of referral to two groups - Group 1 (N = 10), which started treatment 2 months after the earthquake and Group 2 (N = 10), which started treatment at 4 months postearthquake. A statistically significant reduction in overall PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) symptoms across the three PTSD symptom clusters - intrusion, avoidance, and arousal - as well as in depressive symptoms was reported immediately after the intervention. The treatment also produced a statistically significant improvement in children's psychosocial functioning. Further significant improvement was reported in children at an 18-month follow-up. Treatment gains were maintained at a 4-year follow-up. Despite several limitations to this study, short-term group CBT (cognitive-behavioural therapy) was found to be a useful treatment approach, which can be offered in clinical settings, particularly if resources are limited. Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications.","CBT, Disaster, Earthquake, Group treatment, PTSD","Giannopoulou, I., Dikaiakou, A., Yule, W.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2022,Headaches in u.s. soldiers with concussion: A 12-month longitudinal study,"Objectives: To measure changes in headache prevalence, frequency, and impact in soldiers with a deployment-related concussion during the first year following deployment. Background: Headaches are highly prevalent in US soldiers returning from deployment who have had a concussion. The prognosis of headaches after concussion in military personnel returning from deployment has not been determined. Methods: A longitudinal, questionnaire-based study was conducted with a cohort of 181 US soldiers who screened positive for a deployment-related concussion upon returning from Iraq or Afghanistan. All soldiers underwent a baseline evaluation that included a 13-item self-administered headache questionnaire and a battery of cognitive and psychological assessments. 12 months later soldiers completed a follow-up headache questionnaire by phone to evaluate their current headache profile. Results: The average age of the study population was 28 years and 97% of the soldiers were males. At baseline, 167/181 (92%) soldiers reported headaches during the previous 3 months. 12 months later, 177/181 (98%) reported headaches in the previous 3 months (p=0.08). At baseline, the soldiers had a mean of 9.7 headache days per month. One year later, the mean headache days permonthwas9(p=0.1575). At baseline, 47/181 (26%) soldiers had chronic daily headaches. At 12 months, 32/181 (17.7%) soldiers had chronic daily headache. 55/181 (30.4%) soldiers showed a 50% or greater improvement in headache frequency at 12 months, while 126/181 (69.6%) showed < 50% improvement or worsening of their headache frequency. 50 of the 181 (27.6%) soldiers were diagnosed with PTSD. 17/55 (31%) soldiers who had improvement in their headaches over the course of 12 months had PTSD and 33/126 (26%) soldiers who had no change or worsening of their headaches had PTSD (p = 0.223). Mean MIDAS (migraine disability assessment) scores were 5.5at baseline and 11.0at 12 months (p = 0.003). At 12 months, 152/181 (84%) ofthe soldiers were taking either a prescribed or OTC medication to use for headache abortive purposes and 22/181 (12%) ofthe soldiers were taking a migraine prophylactic medication. The mean number of acute headache medication days per month was 6.8 at baseline and 5.5 at 12 months (p=0.09). Conclusions: Headaches in soldiers with a history of deployment-related concussion usually do not improve during the first year after returning from deployment. Co-morbid PTSD does not appear to be strongly associated with headache prognosis in this population.","non prescription drug, headache, human, longitudinal study, concussion, soldier, society, United States, questionnaire, chronic daily headache, population, prognosis, migraine, posttraumatic stress disorder, drug therapy, disability, male, prevalence, follow up, psychologic assessment, Afghanistan, Iraq","Gibbons, S. K., Theeler, B. J., Erickson, J. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2023,Interpersonal conflict and referrals to counseling among married soldiers following return from deployment,,,"Gibbs, D. A., Monique Clinton-Sherrod, A., Johnson, R. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2024,Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with substance use disorder: It is higher than clinicians think it is,"Objectives: This study had three objectives. Firstly, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma exposure was compared between individuals with and without substance use disorder (SUD). Secondly, we compared self-rating of PTSD and clinical judgement. Thirdly, an analysis of the characteristics of SUD/PTSD patients was performed. Methods: The sample consisted of 423 patients with SUD and 206 healthy controls. All individuals were screened on PTSD using the self-rating inventory for PTSD. Results: Significantly higher numbers of PTSD and trauma exposure were found in the SUD group (resp. 36.6 and 97.4%). PTSD went frequently unnoticed when relying on clinical judgement alone. Patients with SUD/PTSD were significantly more often unemployed and had a lower educational level. Axis I comorbidity and especially depressive disorders were more common in the SUD/PTSD group. Conclusion: It is concluded that patients with SUD/PTSD are a substantial and vulnerable subgroup in addiction treatment facilities and that a systematic screening for PTSD is required. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Clinicians, Self Report, Treatment Facilities, Exposure","Gielen, Nele, Havermans, Remco C., Tekelenburg, Mignon, Jansen, Anita",2012.0,,,0,0,
2025,World assumptions and the role of trauma in borderline personality disorder,"The present study tested whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by specific worldviews as hypothesized by cognitive models, using Janoff-Bulman's [(1989) Social Cognition, 7, 113-136] world assumptive model of negative effects of trauma. A second aim of this study was to investigate the role of trauma in the content of worldviews of BPD patients. Fifteen BPD patients, 14 patients with Cluster C personality disorders (PD), 19 patients with axis-I psychopathology and 21 non-patients filled out the World Assumptions Scale, the Personality Disorder Belief Questionnaire, a childhood trauma checklist (assessing physical, emotional and sexual abuse) and the BPD Checklist (severity of BPD psychopathology). BPD patients appear to view the world as malevolent and perceive less luck independent of trauma but dependent of BPD psychopathology. Furthermore, BPD patients have low self-worth and persist in specific beliefs independent of trauma or severity of BPD psychopathology. Pretzer's theory of BPD can be largely supported through Janoff-Bulman's world assumptive model. World assumptions of BPD patients can better be explained by the severity of BPD psychopathology than by the presence of trauma. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Borderline personality disorder, Cognitive theory, Trauma, World assumptions","Giesen-Bloo, J., Arntz, A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2026,How do components of evidence-based psychological treatment cluster in practice?. A survey and cluster analysis,"Evidence-based psychological treatments (EBPTs) are clusters of interventions, but it is unclear how providers actually implement these clusters in practice. A disaggregated measure of EBPTs was developed to characterize clinicians' component-level evidence-based practices and to examine relationships among these practices. Survey items captured components of evidence-based treatments based on treatment integrity measures. The Web-based survey was conducted with 75 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) substance use disorder (SUD) practitioners and 149 non-VA community-based SUD practitioners. Clinician's self-designated treatment orientations were positively related to their endorsement of those EBPT components; however, clinicians used components from a variety of EBPTs. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that clinicians combined and organized interventions from cognitive-behavioral therapy, the community reinforcement approach, motivational interviewing, structured family and couples therapy, 12-step facilitation, and contingency management into clusters including empathy and support, treatment engagement and activation, abstinence initiation, and recovery maintenance. Understanding how clinicians use EBPT components may lead to improved evidence-based practice dissemination and implementation. (copyright) 2012.","adult, article, clinical practice, cluster analysis, cognitive therapy, contingency table, empathy, evidence based medicine, evidence based practice, evidence based psychological treatment, female, health survey, human, male, motivation, priority journal, psychotherapy, substance abuse, support group","Gifford, E. V., Tavakoli, S., Weingardt, K. R., Finney, J. W., Pierson, H. M., Rosen, C. S., Hagedorn, H. J., Cook, J. M., Curran, G. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2027,Pre-traumatic personality as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder among undergraduate students exposed to a terrorist attack: A prospective study in Israel,"The present study addresses the issue of the role played by the pre-traumatic personality, as evaluated by Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Theory (1987), in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic exposure. The initial sample consisted of 185 undergraduate students evaluated for a different aim two weeks prior to a terrorist explosion on a bus heading to their university. One week after the explosion, the sample was assessed to determine actual exposure: 81 reported being exposed and thus constituted the final cohort, re-evaluated at six months after the exposure both in terms of personality profile and to determine formal diagnosis of PTSD. A logistic regression analysis showed that age and the harm-avoidance personality dimension (i.e., avoiding novel stimuli) were positively associated with the risk for developing PTSD, and that the novelty-seeking dimension (i.e., seeking novel stimuli of excitement) was negatively associated with this risk. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Personality, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Terrorist attack","Gil, S.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2028,Personality and trauma-related risk factors for traumatic exposure and for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS): A three-year prospective study,"The aim of this prospective study was twofold: (1) to examine the role of pre-traumatic personality variables in the risk for exposure to trauma, and (2) to explore the role of pre-traumatic personality variables and subjective trauma-related variables-namely proximity to the trauma and its subjective experience-in the risk for developing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The study included 1210 Israeli B.A. students assessed twice: at the start of their first academic year (t1), and at the end of their third academic year (t2). Over a period of three academic years, 439 (36%) of the 1210 participants had been exposed to trauma, showing increased PTSS. The findings show that (a) males without a history of psychiatric disorder, who are high in extraversion and openness, are at an elevated risk for traumatic exposure; (b) the subjective trauma-related variables-close proximity to the traumatic event and greater experience of the traumatic event as a threat-are predominant risk factors for PTSS; and (c) females with a history of psychiatric disorder, along with low tendencies of extraversion and openness and high levels of neuroticism, are at a higher risk for PTSS following traumatic exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Symptoms, Stress, Trauma","Gil, Sharon",2015.0,,,0,0,
2029,Does memory of a traumatic event increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with traumatic brain injury? A prospective study,"Objective: The present study examined prospectively the relationship between memory of the traumatic event and subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More specifically, the aims of this study were to 1) investigate the possibility that lack of memory of the traumatic event might be a protective factor; 2) assess whether memory of the traumatic event equally affects the three symptom clusters of PTSD: reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal; and 3) explore the predictive value of memory of the traumatic event for the development of subsequent PTSD in the immediate aftermath of the event. Method: One hundred twenty subjects with mild traumatic brain injury who were hospitalized for observation were assessed immediately after the trauma and followed up 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months later. All participants underwent psychiatric evaluation and self-assessment of their memory of the traumatic event. Results: Overall, 17 (14%) of the participants met full criteria for PTSD at 6 months. Subjects with memory of the traumatic event were significantly more likely to develop PTSD than those without memory of the traumatic event; the difference between the groups resulted primarily from the reexperiencing cluster. Logistic regression analysis revealed that memory of the traumatic event within the first 24 hours is a strong predictor of PTSD 6 months after the event. Conclusions: Our study indicated that memory of a traumatic event is a strong predictor and a potential risk factor for subsequent development of PTSD. Future studies are needed to show whether these findings can be generalized to other traumatic conditions.","adult, article, brain injury, female, human, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal, psychoanalysis, psychotrauma, risk factor, self evaluation","Gil, S., Caspi, Y., Ben-Ari, I. Z., Koren, D., Klein, E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2030,Risk factors for DSM-5 posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among Israeli civilians during the 2014 Israel-Hamas war,"In light of current modifications in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study aimed to revalidate well-known PTSD risk factors related to terrorism and war in Israel, namely, proximity to the Gaza Strip, dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms, and social support. One hundred and sixty Israeli civilians were assessed during the 2014 Israel-Hamas war at 2 time points: 1 week after the beginning of the operation (t1) and 1 month after initial evaluation (t2), using the DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Levels Scale (PSLS; Gil, Weinberg, Or-Chen, & Harel, 2015). A paired t test analysis showed significant reduction in the respondents' posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 1 month after the initial assessment point. A structural equation model (SEM) showed that higher ASD symptoms at t1 and higher dissociative symptoms at t2 increased the risk for PTSS at t2. Conversely, higher peritraumatic dissociation at t1 decreased the risk for PTSS at t2. Proximity to the Gaza Strip, and social support, failed to demonstrate significant association with PTSS at t2. DSM-5 PTSS 1 month after prolonged traumatic exposure are strongly associated with high ASD symptoms at 1 week as a risk factor; high levels of peritraumatic dissociation at 1 week as a protective factor; and high levels of dissociative symptoms at 1 month as a risk factor. Theoretically and clinically the findings of the study further suggest that ongoing massive terrorism and war cannot be viewed or treated as identical to other traumas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, *War, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Symptoms","Gil, Sharon, Weinberg, Michael, Shamai, Michal, Ron, Pnina, Harel, Hila, Or-Chen, Keren",2016.0,,,0,0,
2031,Protective factors for intergenerational transmission of trauma among second and third generation Holocaust survivors,"The current study explored whether differentiation of self and family communication styles were protective factors of secondary traumatic stress (STS). A sample of 215 Jewish Americans/Canadians whose families emigrated from Europe prior to or after World War II completed an online survey consisting of self-report measures. Four groups were created based on the participants' Holocaust background and demographics: Second generation (2G; n = 77) and third generation (3G; n = 52), who self identified as having at least one parent or grandparent, respectively, who is/was a Holocaust survivor, and a matched control group for each generation (n = 50; n = 36, respectively) consisting of Jewish Americans/Canadians of European descent with no direct relatives who were Holocaust survivors. 2G and 3G referenced the Holocaust as the traumatic event on the STS measure, while the control group referenced non-Holocaust events. Results showed that levels of STS were generally within the normal range for all groups; however, 2G and 3G reported significantly higher levels of STS, lower levels of differentiation of self, and poorer family communication compared to their control groups. Greater differentiation of self and better family communication were associated with lower levels of STS. Differences between groups were consistent with other studies suggesting a mixture of resilience and vulnerability factors among 2G and 3G. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2013 APA, all rights reserved).","differentiation of self, family communication, Holocaust trauma, intergenerational patterns, secondary traumatic stress","Giladi, L., Bell, T. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2032,Differential service utilization associated with trauma-informed integrated treatment for women with co-occurring disorders,"Women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders and trauma histories vary greatly in symptom severity and use of support services. This study estimated differential effects of an integrated treatment intervention (IT) across sub-groups of women in this population on services utilization outcomes. Data from a national study were used to cluster participants by symptoms and service utilization, and then estimate the effect of IT versus usual care on 12-month service utilization for each sub-group. The intervention effect varied significantly across groups, in particular indicating relative increases in residential treatment utilization associated with IT among women with predominating trauma and substance abuse symptoms. Understanding how IT influences service utilization for different groups of women in this population with complex needs is an important step toward achieving an optimal balance between need for treatment and service utilization, which can ultimately improve outcomes and conserve resources. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.","Co-occurring disorders, Integrated treatment, Interventions, PTSD, Service utilization","Gilbert, A. R., Domino, M. E., Morrissey, J. P., Gaynes, B. N.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2033,Service utilization patterns as predictors of response to trauma-informed integrated treatment for women with co-occurring disorders,"Objective: The current study examined whether clinical responses to an integrated treatment intervention among women with co-occurring disorders and histories of abuse varied according to their service use patterns at baseline. Methods: Data were from a national multisite integrated treatment intervention study conducted 1998 to 2003. Analyses included 999 study participants assigned to the integrated treatment group who were symptomatic at baseline. Participants' baseline service use was characterized according to five distinct baseline service use clusters. Logistic regression models estimated study participants' odds of having good clinical responses to integrated treatment at 12 months across the five service clusters. Results: Participants with high levels of psychotropic medication and medical care use at baseline had significantly lower odds than low-intensity service users of having a good response to integrated treatment at 12 months on mental health, alcohol addiction, and posttraumatic stress measures. A majority of women in this group had serious medical problems and were more likely than their counterparts with other service use patterns to have used homeless or domestic violence shelters. Conclusions: Women who used high levels of medication and medical services appear to have faced especially difficult barriers in responding well to integrated treatment. Careful assessments of their mental health, trauma, and medical treatment needs may be required as part of integrated treatment to improve their response to integrated treatment, clinical outcomes, and well-being. This information can also be used to target integrated treatment to women who are likely to respond positively and achieve meaningful improvements in their functioning. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","co-occurring disorders, integrated treatment, interventions, PTSD, service utilization","Gilbert, A. R., Morrissey, J. P., Domino, M. E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2034,"The assessment of psychological symptoms of patients referred to community mental health teams: Distress, chronicity and life interference","Mental health trusts are concerned to allocate scarce resources to those patients requiring secondary care services, rather than to those who can be managed in the community. It is important therefore to gain insight into the types of patient being referred into community mental health teams. This study was undertaken to explore this question. 421 patients completed the General Health Questionnaire and a newly devised symptom checklist, which allows assessment of distress/severity, chronicity and interference with life of individual symptoms. 81% of patients met criteria for caseness on the GHQ and those who did not still had a number of chronic symptoms. In regard to specific symptom profiles referred patients endorsed a wide variety of symptoms, related to anxiety, depression and impulse control. The most common anxiety symptom related to adjustment reactions and possibly post-traumatic stress. The most common mood symptom was mood instability, followed by fatigue and sleep problems. The majority of patients believed that they had had their symptoms and problems for longer than a year, indicating that many of the referrals to community teams are not short-term crises. Data suggests that the vast majority of referrals are appropriate but also point to a need for specific forms of intervention for the most common symptoms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Gilbert, P., Allan, S., Nicholls, W., Olsen, K.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2035,Is trauma a causal agent of psychopathologic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder? Findings from identical twins discordant for combat exposure,,,"Gilbertson, M. W., McFarlane, A. C., Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., Yehuda, R., Shalev, A. Y., Lasko, N. B., Goetz, J. M., Pitman, R. K.",2010.0,,10.4088/JCP.10m06121blu,0,0,
2036,Patterns of recovery from trauma: The use of intraindividual analysis,,,"Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B.",2001.0,,10.1037//0021-843X.110.3.392,0,0,
2037,Risk factors for pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder after traumatic injury,"Examined risk factors that may predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children following a traumatic injury. In a retrospective study, 337 pediatric trauma outpatients (aged 1-16 yrs) were examined concerning PTSD symptomatology. Results show that gender, ethnicity, age, and injury severity were not risk factors for PTSD. However, the injury mechanisms of gun shot wound were associated with development of PTSD, as was injury in the abdomen area . Findings suggest that psychiatric screening of patients with gun shot wounds and wounds to the abdomen may help with the early identification and treatment of PTSD (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Injuries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Risk Factors, At Risk Populations, Symptoms","Gill, Anne C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2038,Psychosocial and psychological factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury in adult civilian populations: A systematic review,"Primary objective: Increasing support exists for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite the psychological nature of PTSD, previous reviews have mainly focused on the injury-related and neurological characteristics of its presentation in TBI. Consequently, this review systematically examined the psychological and psychosocial variables associated with PTSD symptoms after TBI in civilian adults. Methods: Detailed searching retrieved 28 relevant articles which met the inclusion criteria. Each article underwent a thorough quality assessment procedure and data were extracted relevant to the review's aims. Results: Results highlighted several psychological and psychosocial variables associated with PTSD after TBI, including historical factors and those which become relevant after the traumatic event. Furthermore, the results indicated that some factors were not associated with PTSD after TBI, despite a relationship existing with PTSD in the general population. The findings of the quality assessment were utilized throughout the formation of results. Conclusions: The review highlights the importance of addressing psychological and psychosocial factors within the assessment and treatment of PTSD after TBI. The limitations of the research are highlighted and the clinical and research implications discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Adjustment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Gill, Ian J., Mullin, Stephen, Simpson, Jane",2014.0,,,0,0,
2039,Sustained elevation of serum interleukin-6 and relative insensitivity to hydrocortisone differentiates posttraumatic stress disorder with and without depression,"Background: Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6), can mediate the greater risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in those with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD). However, IL-6 levels are not consistently elevated in either PTSD or MDD. Although PTSD is associated with supersensitivity to glucocorticoids; prior studies have not evaluated the effect of comorbid MDD. Methods: Serum IL-6 levels were measured hourly between 7:00 pm and 7:00 am in individuals with PTSD with comorbid MDD (PTSD + MDD) (n = 9) and compared with those with PTSD without MDD (PTSD - MDD) (n = 9) and nontraumatized healthy control subjects (n = 14). Group differences in serum IL-6, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and plasma cortisol response to 30 mg of intravenous hydrocortisone were evaluated using linear mixed models. Results: Only subjects with PTSD + MDD exhibited higher, overnight serum IL-6 levels compared with individuals with PTSD - MDD (p < .01) and healthy control subjects (p < .001). Peak overnight IL-6 levels positively correlated with severity of PTSD (r = .56, p < .01) and depressive symptoms (r = .54, p < .01). Hydrocortisone administration significantly reduced IL-6 levels in both PTSD groups; however, IL-6 levels in PTSD + MDD were higher than both PTSD - MDD (p < .05) and healthy control subjects (p < .01). Following hydrocortisone administration, there was a greater reduction in levels of ACTH in PTSD - MDD compared with control subjects (p < .01). Conclusions: Sustained elevations of overnight IL-6 levels and relatively decreased sensitivity to hydrocortisone distinguish PTSD + MDD from PTSD - MDD. Novel strategies that decrease IL-6 levels offer a new direction in the prevention and treatment of PTSD and associated comorbid medical illnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Blood Serum, *Comorbidity, *Hydrocortisone, *Interleukins, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depression","Gill, Jessica, Luckenbaugh, David, Charney, Dennis, Vythilingam, Meena",2010.0,,,0,0,
2040,Psychiatric and physical health ramifications of traumatic events in women,"All individuals are at some risk of experiencing a traumatic event and developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however some individuals are at higher risk due to individual and environmental factors. This critical literature review focuses on women, as they are twice as likely as men to develop PTSD in their lifetimes. Should a woman develop PTSD, she is then at risk of developing psychiatric and physical health comorbidities that can further impact her quality of life. The strengths and limitations of current studies regarding this topic are discussed as are directions for future research and issues for nurses treating traumatized individuals. Copyright © Informa Healthcare.",,"Gill, J., Page, G.",2006.0,,10.1080/01612840600781121,0,0,
2041,A Diagnosis of Insomnia Is Associated With Differential Expression of Sleep-Regulating Genes in Military Personnel,"Sleep disturbance is a common and disturbing symptom in military personnel, with many individuals progressing to the development of insomnia, which is characterized by increased arousals, wakefulness after sleep onset, and distorted sleep architecture. The molecular mechanisms underlying insomnia remain elusive, limiting future therapeutic development to address this critical issue. We examined whole gene expression profiles associated with insomnia. We compared subjects with insomnia (n = 25) to controls (n = 13) without insomnia using microarray gene expression profiles obtained from peripheral samples of whole blood obtained from military personnel. Compared to controls, participants with insomnia had differential expression of 44 transcripts from 43 identified genes. Among the identified genes, urotensin 2 was downregulated by more than 6 times in insomnia participants, and the fold-change remained significant after controlling for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and medication use. Urotensin 2 is involved in regulation of orexin A and B activity and rapid eye movement during sleep. These findings suggest that differential expression of these sleep-regulating genes contributes to symptoms of insomnia and, specifically, that switching between rapid eye movement and nonrapid eye movement sleep stages underlies insomnia symptoms. Future work to identify therapeutic agents that are able to regulate these pathways may provide novel treatments for insomnia. © The Author(s) 2015.","gene expression, insomnia, military, urotensin","Gill, J. M., Lee, H., Baxter, T., Reddy, S. Y., Barr, T., Kim, H. S., Wang, D., Mysliwiec, V.",2015.0,Jul,10.1177/1099800415575343,0,0,
2042,Inflammation and traumatic stress: The society to cells resiliency model to support integrative interventions,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that develops following a traumatic event and has substantial health implications, including high rates of health morbidity and mortality, as well as significant health-related costs. Medical risks that are associated with PTSD often have an underlying inflammatory pathology, suggesting that inflammation contributes to these health declines. Objectives and Design: In this critical literature review, the authors examine the medical risks associated with PTSD and the inflammatory mechanisms that likely underlie these risks. Results and Conclusions: The authors offer a review of their ""Cells to Society Resiliency Model"" to motivate the development of integrative interventions that include factors of society, community, family, individual, physiological, and cellular factors to thereby reduce the health risks associated with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Inflammation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Stress, *Trauma, Cells (Biology), Intervention, Models","Gill, Jessica M., Szanton, Sarah",2011.0,,,0,0,
2043,Follow-Up of Young Road Accident Victims,The aim of this study was to follow-up a group of children and young people previously examined for psychological sequelae following road traffic accidents. The group was assessed 18-month postaccident to assess the severity of continuing symptoms and examine any emergence of delayed onset of posttraumatic stress reactions. Participants (N = 31) completed the Revised Impact of Event Scale and the Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index. Parents completed the Child Behavior Check-List and participated in a semistructured interview. Symptoms of PTSD were noted in a quarter of participants as was delayed onset of symptoms. The role of avoidance in symptom reporting and continuing disorder is discussed.,"Children, Delayed onset, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological distress, Road accidents, Young people","Gillies, M. L., Barton, J., Di Gallo, A.",2003.0,,10.1023/A:1025774915005,0,0,
2044,Challenges in modelling the random structure correctly in growth mixture models and the impact this has on model mixtures,"Lifecourse trajectories of clinical or anthropological attributes are useful for identifying how our early-life experiences influence later-life morbidity and mortality. Researchers often use growth mixture models (GMMs) to estimate such phenomena. It is common to place constrains on the random part of the GMM to improve parsimony or to aid convergence, but this can lead to an autoregressive structure that distorts the nature of the mixtures and subsequent model interpretation. This is especially true if changes in the outcome within individuals are gradual compared with the magnitude of differences between individuals. This is not widely appreciated, nor is its impact well understood. Using repeat measures of body mass index (BMI) for 1528 US adolescents, we estimated GMMs that required variance-covariance constraints to attain convergence. We contrasted constrained models with and without an autocorrelation structure to assess the impact this had on the ideal number of latent classes, their size and composition. We also contrasted model options using simulations. When the GMM variance-covariance structure was constrained, a within-class autocorrelation structure emerged. When not modelled explicitly, this led to poorer model fit and models that differed substantially in the ideal number of latent classes, as well as class size and composition. Failure to carefully consider the random structure of data within a GMM framework may lead to erroneous model inferences, especially for outcomes with greater within-person than between-person homogeneity, such as BMI. It is crucial to reflect on the underlying data generation processes when building such models. © 2014 Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.","Autocorrelation, Growth, Mixtures, Random effects","Gilthorpe, M. S., Dahly, D. L., Tu, Y. K., Kubzansky, L. D., Goodman, E.",2014.0,,10.1017/S2040174414000130,0,0,
2045,Evidence for a dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder among help-seeking childhood sexual abuse survivors,"This study examined evidence for a dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women seeking psychotherapy for childhood sexual abuse (CSA). One hundred and twenty-two women seeking treatment for CSA completed a battery of questionnaires assessing PTSD, dissociative symptoms, and child maltreatment. Using signal detection analysis, we identified high and low dissociation PTSD subgroups. A constellation of three PTSD symptoms-hypervigilance, sense of foreshortened future, and sleep difficulties-discriminated between these two subgroups (OR = 8.15). Further evidence was provided by the finding of a nonlinear relationship between severity of childhood maltreatment and dissociation in the women with PTSD. These results provide support for a dissociative subtype of PTSD that may stem from more severe childhood experiences of neglect and abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dissociative Disorders, *Help Seeking Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Sexual Abuse, Child Abuse, Subtypes (Disorders), Survivors","Ginzburg, Karni, Koopman, Cheryl, Butler, Lisa D., Palesh, Oxana, Kraemer, Helena C., Classen, Catherine C., Spiegel, David",2006.0,,,0,0,
2046,Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms Predict All-Cause Mortality Among Myocardial Infarction Patients: a 15-Year Longitudinal Study,"Background: Studies have recognized myocardial infarction (MI) as a risk for acute stress disorder (ASD), manifested in dissociative, intrusive, avoidant, and hyperarousal symptoms during hospitalization. Purpose: This study examined the prognostic role of ASD symptoms in predicting all-cause mortality in MI patients over a period of 15 years. Methods: One hundred and ninety-three MI patients filled out questionnaires assessing ASD symptoms during hospitalization. Risk factors and cardiac prognostic measures were collected from patients’ hospital records. All-cause mortality was longitudinally assessed, with an endpoint of 15 years after the MI. Results: Of the participants, 21.8 % died during the follow-up period. The decedents had reported higher levels of ASD symptoms during hospitalization than had the survivors, but this effect became nonsignificant when adjusting for age, sex, education, left ventricular ejection fraction, and depression. A series of analyses conducted on each of the ASD symptom clusters separately indicated that—after adjusting for age, sex, education, left ventricular ejection fraction, and depression—dissociative symptoms significantly predicted all-cause mortality, indicating that the higher the level of in-hospital dissociative symptoms, the shorter the MI patients’ survival time. Conclusion: These findings suggest that in-hospital dissociative symptoms should be considered in the risk stratification of MI patients. © 2015 The Society of Behavioral Medicine","Acute stress disorder, All-cause mortality, Dissociation, Myocardial infarction","Ginzburg, K., Kutz, I., Koifman, B., Roth, A., Kriwisky, M., David, D., Bleich, A.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12160-015-9744-x,0,0,
2047,Trajectories of stress reactions and somatization symptoms among war veterans: A 20-year longitudinal study,"Background There is considerable evidence that immediate and long-term stress reactions are associated with increased somatic symptomatology. However, because of the scarcity of long-term longitudinal studies, the trend of mutual change of these factors has not been assessed. This study examined the chronological inter-relationships between post-traumatic stress reactions and somatization symptoms among combatants over a 20-year period.Method Two groups of veterans were assessed 1, 2, 3 and 20 years after their participation in the 1982 Lebanon War: a clinical group of veterans who had been diagnosed with combat stress reaction (CSR) on the battlefield (n=363), and a matched control group of veterans (n=301).Results The CSR veterans reported higher initial levels of intrusion and avoidance and a steeper decline in those symptoms over time in comparison to the control group. The former also reported higher initial levels of somatization symptoms than the latter. In addition, over the years, stress reactions were positively associated with somatization symptoms. For both study groups, in the first years after the war, stress reaction symptoms predicted somatization symptoms. However, with time, the trend was reversed and somatization symptoms predicted stress reactions.Conclusions The findings suggest that CSR is a marker for future stress reactions and somatization symptoms, and indicate a long-term role for these symptoms in veterans' psychological distress. © 2010 Cambridge University Press.","CSR, somatization symptoms, stress reactions, war","Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z.",2011.0,,,0,1,
2048,Battlefield functioning and chronic PTSD: Associations with perceived self efficacy and causal attribution,"This study has two aims: (1) to examine the associations between battlefield functioning and perceived self efficacy (PSE) and attributional style; (2) to examine the unique and cumulative contributions of battle field functioning, PSE, and attributional style to long term PTSD. The subjects were three groups of Israeli veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur, who differed in their battlefield functioning: 112 combat stress reaction (CSR) casualties, 98 veterans who received medals for bravery, and 189 controls. The subjects filled out a series of questionnaires that assessed PTSD, PCE, attributional style and PTSD, two decades after the war. CSR casualties exhibited the lowest level of PSE, decorated veterans the highest. The three groups also differed in locus of control, with different attribution for failure. Discriminant analysis of PTSD and non-PTSD veterans showed that sociodemographic background, battlefield performance, PSE and attributional style classified 81% of all veterans correctly. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Attributional style, Combat stress reaction, Heroism, Perceived self efficacy, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., Neria, Y.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2049,Trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder following myocardial infarction: a prospective study,"BACKGROUND: This study examines the trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following myocardial infarction (MI). More specifically, it has 2 aims: (1) to examine whether the trajectory of PTSD is predicted by level of threat and the nature of initial reactions and (2) to examine the associations between the trajectory of PTSD and anxiety, somatization, health-related quality of life, and hospitalization 7 months following MI. METHOD: 116 MI patients were examined twice. At time 1, within a week of the patient's MI, acute stress disorder (ASD) was assessed and medical measures were obtained from patients' hospital records. At time 2, 7 months later, PTSD, anxiety, physical residuals, and health-related quality of life were assessed. Data were gathered in 1999. RESULTS: Six percent of the respondents had both ASD and PTSD, 10% did not have ASD but did have PTSD, and 12% had ASD but not PTSD. The trajectory of PTSD was associated with severity of anxiety, somatic complaints, and health-related quality of life. In addition, while the severity of MI did not predict the trajectory of PTSD, the perceived severity did. Patients without PTSD but with prior ASD did not differ in their initial reactions from those without ASD. CONCLUSION: These findings provide support for the considerable variability in the trajectory of the development of PTSD and suggest that although ASD is associated with subsequent PTSD, the predictive role of initial reactions is limited.","aged, anxiety disorder, article, comorbidity, cross-sectional study, female, follow up, heart infarction, hospital readmission, human, Israel, male, middle aged, patient attitude, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, quality of life, somatoform disorder, statistics","Ginzburg, K., Solomon, Z., Koifman, B., Keren, G., Roth, A., Kriwisky, M., Kutz, I., David, D., Bleich, A.",2003.0,,,0,1,
2050,Symptoms of PTSD Associated With Painful and Nonpainful Vicarious Reactivity Following Amputation,"Although the experience of vicarious sensations when observing another in pain have been described postamputation, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated whether vicarious sensations are related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and chronic pain. In Study 1, 236 amputees completed questionnaires about phantom limb phenomena and vicarious sensations to both innocuous and painful sensory experiences of others. There was a 10.2% incidence of vicarious sensations, which was significantly more prevalent in amputees reporting PTSD-like experiences, particularly increased arousal and reexperiencing the event that led to amputation (phi = .16). In Study 2, 63 amputees completed the Empathy for Pain Scale and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. Cluster analyses revealed 3 groups: 1 group did not experience vicarious pain or PTSD symptoms, and 2 groups were vicarious pain responders, but only 1 had increased PTSD symptoms. Only the latter group showed increased chronic pain severity compared with the nonresponder group (p = .025) with a moderate effect size (r = .35). The findings from both studies implicated an overlap, but also divergence, between PTSD symptoms and vicarious pain reactivity postamputation. Maladaptive mechanisms implicated in severe chronic pain and physical reactivity posttrauma may increase the incidence of vicarious reactivity to the pain of others.",,"Giummarra, M. J., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Tsao, J. W., Gibson, S. J., Rich, A. N., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Chou, M., Bradshaw, J. L., Alphonso, A. L., Tung, M. L., Drastal, C. A., Hanling, S., Pasquina, P. F., Enticott, P. G.",2015.0,Aug,10.1002/jts.22030,0,0,
2051,Traumatic experiences in elderly Germans: Importance for mental and physical health at a population level,"Background: World War II (WWII) is probably the most distressing and fatal historical event in Europe's recent past. Research on mental and physical health sequelae of these traumatic experiences from WWII has only started recently. Objectives: An overview on the findings from several population-based studies investigating the mental and physical health outcomes of traumatic experiences in the German elderly (born prior to 1946), especially from WWII, is given. Material and methods: The results presented here are based on several population-based representative studies regarding several aspects of mental and physical health in the elderly. Results: About 40-50 % of the elderly German population report at least one traumatic event, mostly from WWII. Traumatic experiences are related to higher rates of depressive and somatoform disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and physical morbidity, which are associated with increased health care utilization. Conclusion: The findings underline that the negative effects on health are long-term, manifold, and serious. Some of the elderly need psychotherapeutic interventions. Thus, a specific internet-based psychotherapeutic approach (ITT) is briefly presented. However, the majority of the elderly generally use other kinds of medical care, such as primary care, inpatient care, and geriatric care. It seems useful and necessary to pay more attention to the historical and biographical backgrounds of the patients to see and understand the current symptoms from this aspect. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Elderly, Mental disorders, Somatoform disorders, Stress disorders, post-traumatic, World war II","Glaesmer, H.",2014.0,,10.1007/s00391-014-0624-y,0,0,
2052,Posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidity with depression and somatisation in the elderly - A German community-based study,"Objectives: Even 60 years after World War II, the German elderly population is significantly more often affected by posttraumatic symptomatology compared to the younger cohorts. This study is addressing prevalence rates of posttraumatic symptomatology and its comorbidity with depression and somatisation. Methods: This study examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV, partial PTSD, depression and somatisation in a randomly selected sample of the German general population aged 60-85 years (N=1.659) using self-rating instruments (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ; Post Traumatic Diagnostic Scale, PTDS). Results: One-month prevalence rate was 4.0% for DSM-IV PTSD; another 12.2% fulfilled the criteria of partial PTSD. A significant increase across the age groups was found for partial PTSD. 11.5% of the persons affected by posttraumatic symptomatology fulfil the criteria of a somatoform syndrome, 8.6% fulfil the criteria of major depression and 10.4% fulfil the criteria of other depressive syndromes according to the PHQ. A current posttraumatic symptomatology is associated with increased prevalence rates of somatoform and depressive disorders. Moreover, traumatic experiences without a current PTSD are associated with increased rates of somatoform disorders. Conclusion: Posttraumatic symptomatology is a common phenomenon in the German elderly population. Especially, subsyndromal disorders are very common and increasing across the age groups. Posttraumatic symptomatology is associated with an increased risk of depressive and somatoform disorders. As posttraumatic symptoms are often neglected in geriatric health care, future effort should address the recognition and treatment of posttraumatic symptoms in elderly patients. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.","comorbidity, depression, elderly, PTSD, somatisation, trauma","Glaesmer, H., Kaiser, M., Bräehler, E., Freyberger, H. J., Kuwert, P.",2012.0,,10.1080/13607863.2011.615740,0,0,
2053,Does posttraumatic stress disorder affect post-treatment methamphetamine use?,"Objective: Although trauma is a well-established risk factor for substance use disorders, little is known about the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment outcomes among methamphetamine users. In the present study, we examine the relationship between PTSD and post-treatment methamphetamine use outcomes, hospitalizations, and overall psychiatric impairment. Methods: Using data from 526 adults in the largest psychosocial clinical trial of methamphetamine users conducted to date, this study examined (a) treatment outcomes of methamphetamine users with concomitant PTSD 3 years after psychosocial treatment for methamphetamine dependence and (b) PTSD symptom clusters as risk factors for post-treatment relapse to methamphetamine use. Results: PTSD was associated with poorer methamphetamine use outcomes; methamphetamine use frequency throughout the 3-year follow-up was significantly greater among individuals with a PTSD diagnosis, and those with PTSD had more than five times the odds of reporting methamphetamine use in the 30 days prior to the follow-up interview, odds ratio (OR) = 5.2, 95% CI [2.0-13.3]. Additionally, higher levels of other Axis I psychopathology were observed among methamphetamine users with PTSD. Avoidance and arousal symptoms predicted post-treatment methamphetamine use. Conclusions: Addressing these high-risk PTSD symptoms and syndromes in methamphetamine users may be helpful as a means of improving treatment outcomes in this population. © 2013 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","comorbidity, methamphetamine, outcome, PTSD, treatment","Glasner-Edwards, S., Mooney, L. J., Ang, A., Hillhouse, M., Rawson, R.",2013.0,,,0,1,
2054,Psychiatric comorbidity and perceived alcohol stigma in a nationally representative sample of individuals with DSM-5 alcohol use disorder,"Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is among the most stigmatized health conditions and is frequently comorbid with mood, anxiety, and drug use disorders. Theoretical frameworks have conceptualized stigma-related stress as a predictor of psychiatric disorders. We described profiles of psychiatric comorbidity among people with AUD and compared levels of perceived alcohol stigma across profiles. Methods: Cross-sectional data were analyzed from a general population sample of U.S. adults with past-year DSM-5 AUD (n = 3,368) from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, which was collected from 2001 to 2005. Empirically derived psychiatric comorbidity profiles were established with latent class analysis, and mean levels of perceived alcohol stigma were compared across the latent classes while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and AUD severity. Results: Four classes of psychiatric comorbidity emerged within this AUD sample, including those with: (i) high comorbidity, reflecting internalizing (i.e., mood and anxiety disorders) and externalizing (i.e., antisocial personality and drug use disorders) disorders; (ii) externalizing comorbidity; (iii) internalizing comorbidity; and (iv) no comorbidity. Perceived alcohol stigma was significantly higher in those with internalizing comorbidity (but not those with high comorbidity) as compared to those with no comorbidity or externalizing comorbidity. Conclusions: Perceived stigma, as manifested by anticipations of social rejection and discrimination, may increase risk of internalizing psychiatric comorbidity. Alternatively, internalizing psychiatric comorbidity could sensitize affected individuals to perceive more negative attitudes toward them. Future research is needed to understand causal and bidirectional associations between alcohol stigma and psychiatric comorbidity. © 2014 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.","Alcohol, Alcoholism Stigma, Latent Class Analysis, Perceived Stigma, Psychiatric Disorders","Glass, J. E., Williams, E. C., Bucholz, K. K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2055,Blood-based gene-expression predictors of PTSD risk and resilience among deployed marines: A pilot study,"Susceptibility to PTSD is determined by both genes and environment. Similarly, gene-expression levels in peripheral blood are influenced by both genes and environment, and expression levels of many genes show good correspondence between peripheral blood and brain. Therefore, our objectives were to test the following hypotheses: (1) pre-trauma expression levels of a gene subset (particularly immune-system genes) in peripheral blood would differ between trauma-exposed Marines who later developed PTSD and those who did not; (2) a predictive biomarker panel of the eventual emergence of PTSD among high-risk individuals could be developed based on gene expression in readily assessable peripheral blood cells; and (3) a predictive panel based on expression of individual exons would surpass the accuracy of a model based on expression of full-length gene transcripts. Gene-expression levels were assayed in peripheral blood samples from 50 U.S. Marines (25 eventual PTSD cases and 25 non-PTSD comparison subjects) prior to their deployment overseas to war-zones in Iraq or Afghanistan. The panel of biomarkers dysregulated in peripheral blood cells of eventual PTSD cases prior to deployment was significantly enriched for immune genes, achieved 70% prediction accuracy in an independent sample based on the expression of 23 full-length transcripts, and attained 80% accuracy in an independent sample based on the expression of one exon from each of five genes. If the observed profiles of pre-deployment mRNA-expression in eventual PTSD cases can be further refined and replicated, they could suggest avenues for early intervention and prevention among individuals at high risk for trauma exposure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Alternative splicing, MRNA, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Transcriptome, Trauma","Glatt, S. J., Tylee, D. S., Chandler, S. D., Pazol, J., Nievergelt, C. M., Woelk, C. H., Baker, D. G., Lohr, J. B., Kremen, W. S., Litz, B. T., Tsuang, M. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2056,MMPI-2 profiles of Gulf and Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"The current study examined service era differences in a sample of 172 Gulf and Vietnam outpatient veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the MMPI-2 and several additional self-report measures of symptom severity (PTSD, depression, anxiety, hostility, and health complaints). Results indicated that MMPI-2 profiles differed significantly according to service era with Vietnam veterans scoring higher on scales 2, 8, and 0 and lower on scale 9 than did Gulf veterans. Examination of group means derived from parametric analysis of MMPI-2 data suggested a mean two-point code type of 2-8/8-2 for Vietnam veterans and 1-8/8-1 for Gulf veterans. In contrast, when the data were examined using descriptive techniques based on frequency counts of individual MMPI-2 profiles, the most frequently occurring two-point codetype was 7-8/8-7 for Vietnam veterans, and 6-8/8-6 for Gulf veterans. In addition, Gulf veterans reported a greater number of total health complaints than Vietnam veterans, whereas Vietnam veterans reported a greater number of physician-diagnosed physical conditions. Potential advantages of incorporating descriptive approaches versus parametric methods when examining profile data are also presented.","Adult, Chronic Disease, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Middle East, Personality Disorders/etiology/*psychology, *Personality Inventory, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Veterans/*psychology, Vietnam, *War","Glenn, D. M., Beckham, J. C., Sampson, W. S., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Moore, S. D.",2002.0,Apr,,0,0,
2057,"Relationship between early abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and activity levels in prepubertal children","Objective: To examine the relationship between early physical and sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, and activity levels in prepubertal children. Method: Nineteen unmedicated children with documented abuse (9.4 ± 2.3 years; 6 girls, 13 boys) were compared with 15 healthy controls (8.3 ± 1.9 years; 6 girls, 9 boys). Diagnoses were derived from structured interviews (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version). Motionlogger actigraphs collected activity data for 72 continuous hours in 1-minute epochs. Results: Overall, abused children were 10% more active than normal children (p < .05) and displayed a paucity of periods of low-level daytime activity (p < .01). Abused children with PTSD were largely responsible for the increase in activity. Abused children with PTSD had a robust and normal circadian activity rhythm. Abused children in whom PTSD failed to develop had an attenuated circadian amplitude compared with subjects with PTSD (101% versus 93%, p < .01) and were phase-delayed by 61 minutes versus controls (p = .01). Early onset of abuse was significantly associated with greater likelihood of the development of PTSD and hyperactivity. Later age of abuse was associated with circadian dysregulation. Conclusions: These preliminary observations indicate that abused children with PTSD have activity profiles similar to those of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while abused children without PTSD have activity profiles more similar to those of depressed children.","attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, biological rhythms, physical abuse, posttraumatic stress, sexual abuse","Glod, C. A., Teicher, M. H.",1996.0,,,0,0,
2058,Post-traumatic stress disorder conflicts in Vietnam combat veterans: A confirmatory factor analytic study,"Three hundred and thirty-nine Vietnam combat veterans with the diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder were administered the Vietnam Related Experiences Questionnaire. The items on this questionnaire were constructed to highlight four combat related conflicts postulated to represent the salient symptom clusters within PTSD: fear-anxiety, mistrust, survival guilt, and guilt secondary to aggression. Exploratory factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analytic procedure using maximum likelihood estimate demonstrated a five-factor solution: vulnerability, guilt, dreams of death/destruction, depression, and rebelliousness. The factor loadings of the variables and the factor correlations are discussed. Diagnostic features of the questionnaire are highlighted. © 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","depression, dreams of death/destruction, five factors, guilt, post-traumatic stress disorder, rebellion, vulnerability","Glover, H., Pelesky, C. A., Bruno, R., Sette, R.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2059,Girls victims of sexual abuse and delinquent trajectory: What factors of resiliency?,"Introduction: This study concerns resilience related to juvenile delinquency among victims of sexual abuse: sexual abuse has been recognized as a powerful risk factor for the emergence of deviant and criminal behavior. Objective: Our study aims to explore and highlight the protective factors that prevent victims of sexual abuse from engaging in a delinquent trajectory. Method: The sample consists of teenage girls who have revealed, at minimum last year, their intergenerational abuse. These girls, all between 12 and 18. years old are divided into sub-groups: the non-offender victims and the victims who are also offenders. Each teenage victim is compared to a normative population on different psychological functioning dimensions: self-esteem (Harter's self-perception profile for adolescents), aggressiveness (the Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire) and post-traumatic stress, with the Impact of Event scale Revised, (IES-R)-Horowitz. We analyze family characteristics, such as familial attachment and family climate, social characteristics, such as associations with peers, and environmental factors, such as reactions to revelations of sexual abuse, the presence of family and extra-familial resources, psychological care. Results and conclusion: The results show that teenage victims of sexual assault present lower self-esteem and a negative self-perception in all fields, except for the perception of their attractiveness. Over-investment of this single dimension of self-perception can lead to a sexualization of their relationships with others and expose them to the risk of sexual revictimisation. The comparative analyses between the adolescent delinquent and non-delinquent victims highlight risk factors in connection with setting them off on a delinquent trajectory and protective factors supporting their resilience. The results highlight specific characteristics to the offender juvenile victims supporting a delinquent trajectory: aggressiveness, PTSD, defensive strategy of avoidance and characteristics of abuse (chronicity of abuse). The victim committed in delinquent trajectories presented more aggressiveness, consumeristic behaviour, post-traumatic stress and defensive strategy of avoidance than non-offender victims. Delinquent behaviour, just like substance abuse, could be a strategy of risk avoidance in connection with reliving sexual trauma, which hinders the process of resilience. Compared to the process of resilience, immediate and differed paternal support (during and after the revelations) seems the most important factor of protection. Being able to benefit from psychological councelling and having an extra-familial resource (a significant relationship with someone in the social environment) also constitute factors that support the resilience of these teenagers and prevent them from going down the path of delinquency. The interventions should aim at establishing a therapeutic alliance with these young girls during the early process of revealing the sexual abuse and mobilize and activate the support of the father (when he is not the abuser) or of a meaningful paternal figure as early as possible during the revealing phase and to accompany him in this restructuring function.","Girls, Juvenile delinquency, Paternal support, Protective factor, Resilience, Self-esteem, Sexual abuse","Glowacz, F., Buzitu, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2060,"PTSD in ICD-10 and proposed ICD-11 in elderly with childhood trauma: prevalence, factor structure, and symptom profiles","BACKGROUND: The proposal for ICD-11 postulates major changes for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, which needs investigation in different samples. AIMS: To investigate differences of PTSD prevalence and diagnostic agreement between ICD-10 and ICD-11, factor structure of proposed ICD-11 PTSD, and diagnostic value of PTSD symptom severity classes. METHOD: Confirmatory factor analysis and latent profile analysis were used on data of elderly survivors of childhood trauma (>60 years, N=399). RESULTS: PTSD rates differed significantly between ICD-10 (15.0%) and ICD-11 (10.3%, z=2.02, p=0.04). Unlike previous research, a one-factor solution of ICD-11 PTSD had the best fit in this sample. High symptom profiles were associated with PTSD in ICD-11. CONCLUSIONS: ICD-11 concentrates on PTSD's core symptoms and furthers clinical utility. Questions remain regarding the tendency of ICD-11 to diagnose mainly cases with severe symptoms and the influence of trauma type and participant age on the factor structure.","Latent class analysis, World War II, childhood abuse, institutional abuse, long term consequences, trauma severity","Gluck, T. M., Knefel, M., Tran, U. S., Lueger-Schuster, B.",2016.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v7.29700,0,0,
2061,"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, and the impact of events scale-revised",,,"Gnanavel, S., Robert, R. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2062,The impact of childhood maltreatment on PTSD symptoms among female survivors of intimate partner violence,"Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors often report histories of childhood maltreatment, yet the unique contributions of childhood maltreatment on IPV survivors' distinct posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms remain inadequately understood. Method: Using interview and self-report measures, we examined IPV as a potential mediator of the association between childhood maltreatment and severity of PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) among a sample of 425 women seeking help for recent IPV. Results: Structural equation modeling demonstrated that while both childhood maltreatment and IPV were both positively associated with PTSD symptom clusters, IPV did not mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and severity of PTSD symptom clusters among acute IPV survivors. Conclusions: Childhood maltreatment has persistent effects on the PTSD symptoms of IPV survivors, suggesting that child maltreatment may need to be addressed in addition to IPV during PTSD treatment. © 2013 Springer Publishing Company.","Childhood maltreatment, Domestic violence, Mediation, PTSD, Structural equation modeling","Gobin, R. L., Iverson, K. M., Mitchell, K., Vaughn, R., Resick, P. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2063,Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch,"Objective: This study determined the severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch and the relationship of these reactions to objective and subjective features of hurricane exposure, death of a family member, forced relocation, and thoughts of revenge. Method: Six months after the hurricane, 158 adolescents from three differentially exposed cities were evaluated by using a hurricane exposure questionnaire, the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, and the Depression Self-Rating Scale. Results: Severe leveis of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions were found among adolescents in the two most heavily affected cities. Severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions and features of objective hurricane-related experiences followed a ""dose-ofexposure"" pattern that was congruent with the rates of death and destruction across cities. Level of impact (city), objective and subjective features, and thoughts of revenge accounted for 68% of the variance in severity of posttraumatic stress re-action. Severity of posttraumatic stress re-action, death of a family member, and sex accounted for 59% of the variance in severity of depression. Conclusions: After a category 5 hurricane, adolescents in heavily affected areas with extreme objective and subjective hurricane-related traumatic features of exposure experience severe and chronic posttraumatic stress and comorbid depressive reactions. The recovery of the severely affected Nicaraguan adolescents is vital to the social and economic recovery of a country ravaged by years of political violence and poverty. These findings strongly indicate the need to incorporate public mental health approaches, including systematic screening and trauma/grief-focused interventions, within a comprehensive disaster recovery program.",,"Goenjian, A. K., Molina, L., Steinberg, A. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Alvarez, M. L., Goenjian, H. A., Pynoos, R. S.",2001.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.788,0,0,
2064,Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia,"Objective: This study was undertaken 1 1/2 years after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia to assess the frequency and severity of posttraumatic stress reactions among elderly and younger adult victims and to assess the relation of exposure, age, sex, and death of a family member to these reactions. Method: One hundred seventy-nine subjects of both sexes were evaluated with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Reaction Index. A subgroup of 60 individuals were also assessed for PTSD with the DSM-III-R criteria. Results: There was a strong association between the presence of severe symptoms on the index and a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD. Elderly and younger adult victims in cities closer to the epicenter (higher exposure) had significantly higher index scores than elderly and adult victims in more distant locations. In comparison with previous studies of natural disasters, much greater rates of chronic severe posttraumatic stress reactions were found among the highly exposed individuals. Although there was no difference in total mean score on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, a significant difference in symptom profile was found between the elderly and younger adults; the elderly scored higher on arousal symptoms and lower on intrusive symptoms. There was a positive correlation between loss of family members and severity of posttraumatic stress reaction. Conclusions: These findings indicate that after a major natural disaster with subsequent multiple adversities, a substantial proportion of the adult population may experience severe and chronic posttraumatic stress reactions. The risk factors identified in this study may prove useful in screening exposed individuals for appropriate treatment.","adult, article, disaster, disease severity, earthquake, human, major clinical study, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, risk factor, survival, USSR, victim","Goenjian, A. K., Najarian, L. M., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Manoukian, G., Tavosian, A., Fairbanks, L. A.",1994.0,,,0,0,
2065,Posttraumatic stress reactions after single and double trauma,"This study evaluated the severity and symptom profile of posttraumatic stress reactions of 202 adults exposed in 1988 to political violence in Azerbaijan and/or the earthquake in Armenia. High rates of severe posttraumatic stress reactions were found among the most highly exposed individuals, irrespective of the type of trauma. There was no difference in symptom profile for subjects exposed to earthquake versus violence. These similarities in severity and symptom profile may be attributable to common features of the exposures, which included experiencing life-threat and witnessing injury, mutilation and death. Recent prior exposure to violence contributed to the severity of reaction to the earthquake. The high rates of chronic and severe posttraumatic stress reactions in Armenia constitute a major public mental health problem.","adult, article, earthquake, exposure, female, human, major clinical study, male, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, violence","Goenjian, A. K., Najarian, L. M., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Petrosian, P., Setrakyan, S., Fairbanks, L. A.",1994.0,,,0,0,
2066,"Longitudinal study of PTSD, depression, and quality of life among adolescents after the Parnitha earthquake","Objective: To investigate the course of PTSD, depression, and current quality of life among adolescents 32-months after the 1999 Parnitha earthquake in Greece. Methods: The follow-up was conducted among 511 adolescents originally evaluated at 3-months post-earthquake using the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index (PTSD-RI), Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS), and Quality of Life Questionnaire (QOLQ). Results: Mean PTSD scores for the whole sample had subsided to mild levels; however, 8.8% were still experiencing moderate to severe levels of symptoms, and 13.6% met criteria for clinical depression. Frequency of experiencing reminders of the earthquake in the past month best explained the variance (15%) in PTSD severity, followed by depression at 3-months (8%). The QOLQ domain scores were negatively correlated with PTSD and depression. Depression at 3-months was the best predictor of QOLQ at 32-months, explaining 16% of the variance. Limitations: Self-report instruments were used; hence the responses may have been over- or under-estimated; also, the findings may not be generalizable to other ethnic groups. Conclusion: Ongoing screening is recommended after disaster to identify adolescents who continue to experience moderate to severe levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms. Specific interventions to reduce reactivity to earthquake-related reminders should be a component of post-disaster recovery programs. A quality of life measure can provide important information in addition to traditional scales for monitoring the course of recovery among adolescents after disasters. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Depression, PTSD, Quality of life, Trauma reminders","Goenjian, A. K., Roussos, A., Steinberg, A. M., Sotiropoulou, C., Walling, D., Kakaki, M., Karagianni, S.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.053,0,0,
2067,"Prospective study of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions after earthquake and political violence","Objective: The authors sought to assess the severity and longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions among two groups of adults differentially exposed to severe and mild earthquake trauma and a third group exposed to severe violence. They also examined interrelationships among these reactions and predictors of outcome and compared posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom category profile and course between those exposed to earthquake and those exposed to violence. Method: Seventy-eight non-treatment-seeking subjects were assessed with self- report instruments approximately 1.5 and 4.5 years after the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia and the 1988 pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan. Results: The two groups that had been exposed to severe trauma (earthquake or violence) had high initial and follow-up PTSD scores that did not remit over the 3-year interval. Overall, depressive symptoms subsided. Posttraumatic stress anxiety, and depressive reactions were highly intercorrelated within and across both time intervals. No significant differences in PTSD severity, profile, or course were seen between subjects exposed to severe earthquake trauma versus those exposed to severe violence. Conclusions: After exposure to severe trauma, either an earthquake or violence, adults are at high risk of developing severe and chronic posttraumatic stress reactions that are associated with chronic anxiety and depressive reactions. Clinical evaluation and therapeutic intervention should include specific attention to these reactions. Early mental health intervention is recommended to prevent their chronicity.","adult, anxiety neurosis, article, depression, disease exacerbation, disease severity, earthquake, female, high risk population, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, violence","Goenjian, A. K., Steinberg, A. M., Najarian, L. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Tashjian, M., Pynoos, R. S.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2068,A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster,"Objective: This study evaluated 1) the natural course of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among untreated adolescents from two cities in an earthquake zone (Gumri and Spitak)and one at the periphery (Yerevan) who were differentially exposed to the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia and 2) the effectiveness of brief trauma/grief-focused psychotherapy among adolescents from Gumri. Method: One hundred twenty-five adolescents were assessed with the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI) and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) at 1.5 and 5 years post-earthquake. At 1.5 years, trauma/grief-focused group and individual psychotherapy was provided over 6 weeks to a group of students in Gumri. Results: CPTSD-RI scores among untreated adolescents from Gumri and Spitak subsided significantly but mildly at follow-up, with scores from Spitak, the city at the epicenter, remaining above the cutoff for a diagnosis of PTSD, DSRS scores increased mildly in both earthquake cities but only significantly in Gumri. Among treated adolescents in Gumri, improvement in CPTSD-RI scores was three times that of the untreated Gumri comparison group. The treated group also tended to improve on their DSRS scores, whereas these scores worsened significantly among untreated subjects. Conclusions: Untreated adolescents exposed to severe trauma are at risk for chronic PTSD and depressive symptoms. Brief trauma/grief-focused psychotherapy is effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and halting the progression of depression. This study supports the implementation of mental health intervention programs in schools after disasters to reduce trauma-related psychopathology.",,"Goenjian, A. K., Walling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Karayan, I., Najarian, L. M., Pynoos, R.",2005.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2302,0,0,
2069,Retrospective review of Phenibut exposures reported to Ohio poison control centers,"Background: Phenibut is a g-aminobuytric acid (GABA) mimetic agent acting primarily at GABA-B receptors. It has been available in Russia as a neuropsychotropic drug for anxiety, insomnia, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and stuttering. Since its discovery in the 1960s, it purportedly has been used by Russian astronauts in long space missions to treat anxiety. The pharmacologic effects of phenibut have been compared to that of baclofen, the para-chloro derivative of phenibut. In the US phenibut is sold as a dietary supplement in capsule or crystalline form, with claims to support restful sleep, relaxation and to improve mood and stress levels. Case reports: A retrospective review of phenibut exposures including review of case notes reported to Ohio poison centers for 2013 to 2015 was conducted. Seven cases were identified. Six case involved phenibut overdose and 1 case involved withdrawal. Details of the ingestions are described in the table below: Discussion: Given its structure and mechanism of action it is interesting that agitation was reported in all 6 exposures. Other notable effects include confusion (n = 5, 83%), hypertension (n = 3, 50%), and muscle stiffening or rigidity (n = 2, 33%) Treatment included benzodiazepines in 4 of the 6 exposure cases. Moderate effect was coded in 4 of the 6 cases. Conclusion: Phenibut is marketed in the US as a dietary supplement for its calming properties. We describe 6 cases of Phenibut ingestion in which all patients experienced agitation, for which four patients received benzodiazepines. A broader review of phenibut overdose cases is needed to further describe its toxic profile. (Table Presented).","4 amino 3 phenylbutyric acid, benzodiazepine derivative, baclofen, 4 aminobutyric acid B receptor, acid, 4 aminobutyric acid, exposure, United States, toxicology, North American, poison center, agitation, human, anxiety, diet supplementation, intoxication, ingestion, patient, sleep, insomnia, Russian Federation, mood, rigidity, cosmonaut, muscle, hypertension, case report, stuttering, posttraumatic stress disorder","Goertemoeller, S., Behrman, A., Goetz, R., Spiller, H. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2070,Outcome of head and other injuries among Israeli children: Physical limitations and stress symptoms,"Background: Head injuries, especially in young children, are frequent and may cause long-lasting impairments. Objectives: To investigate the outcome of head and other injuries caused by diverse mechanisms and of varied severity. Methods: The study population consisted of Jews and Arabs (n=792), aged 0-17 years old, hospitalized for injuries in six hospitals in Israel. Caregivers were interviewed during hospitalization regarding circumstances of the injury and sociodemographic variables. Information on Injury mechanism, profile and severity, and length of hospitalization was gathered from the medical files. Five months post-injury the caregivers were interviewed by phone regarding physical limitations and stress symptoms. Results: Head injuries occurred in 60% of the children, and of these, 22.2% suffered traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness (type 1). Among the rest, 22% of Jewish children and 28% of Arab children remained with at least one activity limitation, and no statistically significant differences were found among those with head or other injuries. The odds ratio for at least two stress symptoms was higher for children involved in transport-related injuries (OR 2.70, 95% confidence interval 1.38-5.28) than for other mechanisms, controlling for injury profile. No association was found between stress symptoms and injury severity. Conclusions: Most children had recovered by 5 months after the injury. Residual activity limitations were no different between those with head or with other injuries. Stress symptoms were related to transport-related injuries, but not to the presence of TBI or injury severity.","adolescent, Arab, article, brain injury, caregiver, child, childhood injury, disease association, functional assessment, functional disease, human, infant, injury severity, interview, Israel, Jew, length of stay, major clinical study, medical record, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury, unconsciousness","Gofin, R., Avitzour, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2071,Decreased regional cerebral blood flow in medial prefrontal cortex during trauma-unrelated stressful imagery in Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Neuroimaging research has demonstrated medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) hyporesponsivity and amygdala hyperresponsivity to trauma-related or emotional stimuli in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Relatively few studies have examined brain responses to the recollection of stressful, but trauma-unrelated, personal events in PTSD. In the current study, we sought to determine whether regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities in mPFC and amygdala in PTSD could be observed during the recollection of trauma-unrelated stressful personal events. Method: Participants were 35 right-handed male combat veterans (MCVs) and female nurse veterans (FNVs) who served in Vietnam: 17 (seven male, 10 female) with current military-related PTSD and 18 (nine male, nine female) with no current or lifetime PTSD. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and script-driven imagery to study rCBF during the recollection of trauma-unrelated stressful versus neutral and traumatic events. Results: Voxelwise tests revealed significant between-group differences for the trauma-unrelated stressful versus neutral comparison in mPFC, specifically in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Functional region of interest (ROI) analyses demonstrated that this interaction in mPFC represented greater rCBF decreases in the PTSD group during trauma-unrelated stressful imagery relative to neutral imagery compared to the non-PTSD group. No differential amygdala activation was observed between groups or in either group separately. Conclusions: Veterans with PTSD, compared to those without PTSD, exhibited decreased rCBF in mPFC during mental imagery of trauma-unrelated stressful personal experiences. Functional neuroanatomical models of PTSD must account for diminished mPFC responses that extend to emotional stimuli, including stressful personal experiences that are not directly related to PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cerebral Blood Flow, *Imagery, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, Trauma","Gold, A. L., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Carson, M. A., Rauch, S. L., Macklin, M. L., Lasko, N. B., Metzger, L. J., Dougherty, D. D., Alpert, N. M., Fischman, A. J., Pitman, R. K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2072,Compensation-seeking and extreme exaggeration of psychopathology among combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Gold, P. B., Christopher Frueh, B.",1999.0,,10.1097/00005053-199911000-00005,0,0,
2073,"Trauma exposure, resilience, social support, and PTSD construct validity among former prisoners of war","Background: The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of persistent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to examine the construct validity of PTSD in a national sample of 270 World War II and Korean Conflict prisoners of war (POWs). Method: POWs were interviewed at two points in time (1965 and 1990). Predictors included PTSD symptomatology measured in 1965 by items from the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), severity of captivity trauma, resilience factors, and post-trauma social support. The criterion, symptomatology in the early 1990s, was evaluated with the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID). Results: The CMI provided only partial coverage of PTSD criteria and appeared to provide only a general index of distress. Clustering of SCID items in two-dimensional space via multidimensional scaling analysis offers some construct validation for the DSM's differentiation of PTSD symptoms into criterion groups, although there was not a perfect match. Trauma severity is best related to PTSD symptomatology experienced in 1990, mitigated in part by greater education level and age at the time of trauma exposure. Surprisingly, 1965 distress added only a modest amount to the prediction of current distress, while post-trauma social support added none. Conclusions: These findings support previous work showing the severe psychological sequelae of POW status 40-50 years after captivity, and indicate that trauma severity during captivity is the best predictor of current PTSD symptomatology. Results also add to our understanding of the conceptual differentiation of PTSD symptoms into separate and distinct symptom clusters.",,"Gold, P. B., Engdahl, B. E., Eberly, R. E., Blake, R. J., Page, W. F., Frueh, B. C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2074,Non-metric multidimensional scaling profile analysis of non-growth change in groups: A demonstration,"Whether groups develop in stages, cycles, or combinations of cycles within stages, processes guiding group development rarely follow monotonic growth patterns (e.g., linear). Standard statistical methods cannot be used to model non-growth processes because they assume that all group members manifest the same growth pattern. We demonstrate how non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) profile analysis detects population-level latent normative profiles of non-growth change for repeatedly measured group processes (therapeutic factors) and estimates their association with an external outcome measure (interpersonal problems). Thirty-three individuals participating in counselor training groups reported critical incidents for each of 22 consecutive sessions. Independent judges coded critical incidents using a therapeutic factors rating scheme. Three normative therapeutic factor non-growth profiles were retained, one of which (cycles of interpersonal exploring followed by retreating to safety) predicted decreases in interpersonal problems between pre-test and post-test. Identifying normative- and member-specific change patterns may aid practitioners in matching therapeutic strategies with therapeutic needs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Group Development, Analysis, Group Psychotherapy, Multidimensional Scaling","Gold, Paul B., Kivlighan, Dennis M., Jr., Patton, Michael J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2075,The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire,,,"Goldberg, D. P.",1972.0,,,0,0,
2076,The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care,,,"Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., Rutter, C.",1997.0,,10.1017/S0033291796004242,0,0,
2077,Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11,"Background The extant major psychiatric classifications DSM-IV, and ICD-10, are atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of a medical diagnosis would be greatly enhanced by an understanding of risk factors and clinical manifestations. In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of aetiology, five clusters have been proposed. This paper considers the validity of the fourth cluster, emotional disorders, within that proposal.Method We reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force, as applied to the cluster of emotional disorders.Results An emotional cluster of disorders identified using the 11 validators is feasible. Negative affectivity is the defining feature of the emotional cluster. Although there are differences between disorders in the remaining validating criteria, there are similarities that support the feasibility of an emotional cluster. Strong intra-cluster co-morbidity may reflect the action of common risk factors and also shared higher-order symptom dimensions in these emotional disorders.Conclusion Emotional disorders meet many of the salient criteria proposed by the Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force to suggest a classification cluster. (copyright) 2009 Cambridge University Press.","azaperone, benzodiazepine derivative, neurotransmitter, serotonin uptake inhibitor, anxiety disorder, clinical feature, clinical trial, cognition, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, depression, disease course, disease marker, emotional disorder, environmental factor, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major depression, medical literature, neurasthenia, neuroimaging, panic, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, risk factor, somatoform disorder","Goldberg, D. P., Krueger, R. F., Andrews, G., Hobbs, M. J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2078,A typology of psychiatric reactions to motor vehicle accidents,"Perhaps owing to their commonness, nonserious motor vehicle accidents, i.e. those not resulting in death or major bodily injury, have received scant systematic study in the psychiatric literature. However, patients presenting with lingering psychiatric distress following such accidents are seen commonly in practice. The authors reviewed the patterns of presentation and background circumstances in a series of 55 such cases, presenting at varying periods of time after the incident. They found such patients to cluster into four distinct groups. The most common presentation was that of a depressive syndrome, outnumbering those with features of posttraumatic stress disorder by 3:1.","adult, article, car driving, depression, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, stress, traffic accident","Goldberg, L., Gara, M. A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2079,Is prolonged grief distinct from bereavement-related posttraumatic stress?,"Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) (previously called complicated grief (CG)) is proposed as a distinct post loss syndrome, with its own core symptoms. A key issue concerning the diagnostic validity of PGD is whether it can reliably be distinguished from related psychiatric outcomes following bereavement. This study therefore sought to determine whether the core symptoms of PGD could be distinguished from those of bereavement-related anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data were derived from a community sample of 223 bereaved adults in Croatia. PGD symptomatology was measured using the Revised Inventory of Complicated Grief. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, respectively. The intrusion and avoidance symptoms of PTSD were assessed using the Revised Impact of Event Scale. The distinctiveness of the five symptom clusters was examined using principal component analysis (PCA). Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, anxiety, PTSD-intrusion, and PTSD-avoidance clustered together into five distinct factors. These results support the phenomenological distinctiveness of prolonged grief symptoms, from those of bereavement-related anxiety, depression and, for the first time, PTSD. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Anxiety, Complicated grief, Depression, Principal component analysis (PCA), Prolonged grief disorder, PTSD","Golden, A. M. J., Dalgleish, T.",2010.0,,,0,1,
2080,Facets of pejorative self-processing in complicated grief,"Objective: Complicated grief (CG) has been proposed as a psychiatric response to bereavement distinct from established mood and anxiety disorder diagnoses. Little is known about the nature of cognitive-affective processing in CG, nor any similarities or differences compared with the processing profiles associated with other emotional disorders. Three studies therefore investigated 3 broad facets of negative self-processing associated with either elevated symptoms of, or diagnosis of, CG-namely, self-related attributions or blame, self-devaluation, and cognitions about the future self. Method: These self-processing domains were assessed using a variety of self-report and scenario-based measures either linked specifically to the bereavement or more general in their focus. Study 1 used a correlational design in a community bereaved sample. Study 2 employed an extreme-groups approach looking at individuals high versus low in CG symptoms, and Study 3 compared those with a CG diagnosis to healthy bereaved controls. Results: The data revealed a profile of processing in CG characterized by significant relationships between CG symptoms or diagnosis and both self-devaluation and negative self-related cognitions about the future, but the data provided no support for a similar relationship with negative self-related attributions. Conclusions: These findings extend our understanding of self-related cognitive processing in CG. They also suggest that CG is characterized by a cognitive-affective processing profile that is distinct from that associated with other disorders, notably major depression, in the literature. This has potential implications for the psychological treatment of CG and for its nosological status as a post-loss syndrome distinct from depression. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","anxiety, attributional style, bereavement, complicated grief, depression","Golden, A. M. J., Dalgleish, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2081,"Female domestic violence offenders: Their attachment security, trauma symptoms, and personality organization","Unlike male domestic violence offenders, female domestic violence offenders have traditionally been overlooked in research and theory, despite the fact that females also have high rates of domestic violence perpetration. Towards the aim of extending extant research on male and female pepetrators of domestic violence, we examined attachment style, trauma symptoms, and personality organization in 33 female offenders receiving mandated treatment for domestic violence. These offenders were compared to 32 nonoffending women receiving psychological treatment. The Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-Revised) was used to examine adult attachment, the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) was used to examine trauma symptomology, and finally, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III) was used to examine cluster B personality traits. Analyses indicated that female domestic violence offenders reported less attachment security, more trauma-related symptoms, and more personality psychopathology (Antisocial, Borderline, and Dependent Subscales) than did nonoffender clinical comparison women. © 2007 Springer Publishing Company.","Adult attachment, Female domestic violence offenders, Personality organization, Trauma-related symptoms","Goldenson, J., Geffner, R., Foster, S. L., Clipson, C. R.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2082,Psychological Distress and Substance Use Among Community-Recruited Women Currently Victimized by Intimate Partners: A Latent Class Analysis and Examination of Between-Class Differences,"Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of victimization among a community sample of 212 women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Results identified three classes of women characterized by victimization history (recent IPV, childhood victimization); classes were further differentiated by IPV-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, other indicators of psychological distress, and substance use. Differentiating levels of victimization and their associated patterns of psychosocial functioning can be used to develop intervention strategies targeting the needs of different subgroups of women so that mental health and substance use problems can be reduced or prevented altogether. Implications for treatment and future research are presented here. © The Author(s) 2012.","childhood abuse and neglect, intimate partner violence, posttraumatic stress, psychological distress substance use, women","Golder, S., Connell, C. M., Sullivan, T. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2083,Psychological distress among victimized women on probation and parole: A latent class analysis,"Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of victimized women (N = 406) on probation and parole differentiated by levels of general psychological distress. The 9 primary symptom dimensions from the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used individually as latent class indicators (Derogatis, 1993). Results identified 3 classes of women characterized by increasing levels of psychological distress; classes were further differentiated by posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, cumulative victimization, substance use and other domains of psychosocial functioning (i.e., sociodemographic characteristics; informal social support and formal service utilization; perceived life stress; and resource loss). The present research was effective in uncovering important heterogeneity in psychological distress using a highly reliable and easily accessible measure of general psychological distress. Differentiating levels of psychological distress and associated patterns of psychosocial risk can be used to develop intervention strategies targeting the needs of different subgroups of women. Implications for treatment and future research are presented.",,"Golder, S., Engstrom, M., Hall, M. T., Higgins, G. E., Logan, T. K.",2015.0,Jul,10.1037/ort0000057,0,1,
2084,Lifetime victimization and psychological distress: Cluster profiles of out of treatment drug-involved women,K-means clustering techniques were used to identify four cluster profi les characterized by unique patterns of victimization and psychological distress and further differentiated by distinct patterns of risk and protection across multiple life domains among a sample of 149 crack-using women. Results of this study suggest that important differences exist in patterns of victimization and psychological distress among drug-involved women. Identifi cation of this variation can be used to tailor intervention strategies to the particular needs of different subgroups within the population of crack-using women. © 2010 Springer Publishing Company.,"Cluster profiles, Crack cocaine, Lifetime victimization, Psychological distress, Women","Golder, S., Logan, T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2085,Lifetime victimization and psychological distress: cluster profiles of out of treatment drug-involved women,K-means clustering techniques were used to identify four cluster profiles characterized by unique patterns of victimization and psychological distress and further differentiated by distinct patterns of risk and protection across multiple life domains among a sample of 149 crack-using women. Results of this study suggest that important differences exist in patterns of victimization and psychological distress among drug-involved women. Identification of this variation can be used to tailor intervention strategies to the particular needs of different subgroups within the population of crack-using women.,"cocaine, adult, article, battered woman, cluster analysis, cocaine dependence, comorbidity, female, human, mental disease, middle aged, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, statistics, United States, victim, ""womens health""","Golder, S., Logan, T. K.",2010.0,,,0,0,2084
2086,"Rorschach patterns in Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: A study of cognition, psychophysiology, and psychological defense","To evaluate Rorschach indicators of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Rorschach was administered to 16 combat veterans with PTSD, 9 combat controls, and 12 noncombat controls while heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were continuously recorded. It was found that PTSD subjects replicated the Rorschach abnormalities previously associated with the disorder, including signs of low stress tolerance, poor coping, affect dysregulation, perceptual distortion, and interpersonal disengagement. However, only two indicators, EB (Erlebnistypus) and CC (combat content), differentiated PTSD subjects from controls. An examination of negative findings revealed that all three groups similarly deviated from Exner (1993) nonpatient norms on many PTSD-associated Rorschach variables. These findings underscore the need for control subjects in Rorschach investigations. Psychophysiologic indices revealed that Rorschach responses containing traumatic content, given only by PTSD subjects, were associated with elevated arousal. No physiologic differences between affect-toned and affect-neutral Rorschach variables were found in the areas of emotional control, experienced stress, perceptual distortion, or combat-related content when data from all three groups were included. When group differences in arousal patterns were explored, it was found that PTSD patients were more easily hyperaroused than their counterparts, especially under conditions of experienced stress and helplessness. Conversely, combat control subjects exhibited lower baseline physiologic values than their counterparts, as well as decelerated HR during combat- and stress-related Rorschach responses, suggesting a physiologic resilience to PTSD in this group. Despite popular claims that PTSD sufferers cannot symbolize or modulate their traumatic experiences, a multilevel Rorschach analysis of defenses revealed that at least some PTSD subjects were able to deploy adaptive, integrative defenses following traumatic percepts. In exploring precipitants of intrusive imagery, I found that traumatic responses appeared most frequently on color cards immediately following black ones (II and VIII), a result which is discussed in light of Rorschach's (1942) color shock hypothesis. Together, the results of this study indicate that the Rorschach is a useful assessment tool for PTSD when the test's entire data yield is considered, and when response sequences are interpreted to reflect the patient's dynamic modes of processing experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognition, *Defense Mechanisms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychophysiology, *Rorschach Test, Combat Experience, Military Veterans","Goldfinger, David Arnold",1999.0,,,0,0,
2087,"Stories of pre-war, war and exile: Bosnian refugee children in Sweden","While standardized questionnaires produce counts of isolated events, a semi-structured interview derives a story, a complex narrative in time and place. Ninety Bosnian refugee children and adolescents (ages 1-20), resettled in Sweden, were assessed in a semi-structured clinical interview designed to identify and offer support to children at risk. A family-child account of traumatic exposure was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Type-stories or clusters of experience were identified for three distinct periods: prior to war, during war, and after war in exile. The extent of trauma-stress exposure during each of these periods proved unrelated. Pre-war experience presented as preponderantly good and safe. Differences in child exposure during war and exile could be understood in relation to identifiable socio-demographic factors; particularly ethnic background, social class, child age and family size. Further, the stories derived cast light on the equity of Swedish refugee reception, exposing both egalitarian and discriminatory tendencies.","adaptive behavior, adolescent, article, Bosnia and Herzegovina, child, child psychology, cluster analysis, ethnology, family size, female, human, infant, male, needs assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, psychological aspect, questionnaire, refugee, risk factor, social support, socioeconomics, Sweden, war","Goldin, S., Levin, L., Persson, L. A., Hagglof, B.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2088,"Stories of pre-war, war and exile: Bosnian refugee children in Sweden","While standardized questionnaires produce counts of isolated events, a semi-structured interview derives a story, a complex narrative in time and place. Ninety Bosnian refugee children and adolescents (ages 1-20), resettled in Sweden, were assessed in a semi-structured clinical interview designed to identify and offer support to children at risk. A family-child account of traumatic exposure was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Type-stories or clusters of experience were identified for three distinct periods: prior to war, during war, and after war in exile. The extent of trauma-stress exposure during each of these periods proved unrelated. Pre-war experience presented as preponderantly good and safe. Differences in child exposure during war and exile could be understood in relation to identifiable socio-demographic factors; particularly ethnic background, social class, child age and family size. Further, the stories derived cast light on the equity of Swedish refugee reception, exposing both egalitarian and discriminatory tendencies.",,"Goldin, S., Levin, L., Persson, L. A., Hägglof, B.",2001.0,,,0,0,2087
2089,Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression in veterans with spinal cord injury,"Objective: To explore the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in veterans with spinal cord injury and to compare those results with results found in veterans who had sustained other traumatic injuries. Method: To investigate the relationship between PTSD and MDD in persons with spinal cord injury, the authors examined whether individuals endorsed overlapping items on measures of both disorders, evaluated the contribution of overlapping items to comorbid diagnosis, and conducted an exploratory factor analysis. Results: The overlapping symptoms between the 2 disorders did not fully explain the high rate of comorbidity, although participants who endorsed a symptom common to MDD and PTSD on 1 measure were likely to endorse the corresponding item on another measure. In both samples, items loaded on separate PTSD and MDD factors. Conclusion: MDD and PTSD appear to represent independent reactions to trauma in those individuals who had experienced either a nonspinal cord injury or a spinal cord injury. This research also provides an initial investigation of some of the possible ways that MDD and PTSD are related by addressing psychometric issues inherent in their measurement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spinal Cord Injuries","Goldman, Rachel L., Radnitz, Cynthia L., McGrath, Robert E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2090,"Potentially Modifiable Pre-, Peri-, and Postdeployment Characteristics Associated With Deployment-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers","Purpose: To evaluate potentially modifiable deployment characteristics-predeployment preparedness, unit support during deployment, and postdeployment support-that may be associated with deployment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: We recruited a sample of 2616 Ohio Army National Guard (OHARNG) soldiers and conducted structured interviews to assess traumatic event exposure and PTSD related to the soldiers' most recent deployment, consistent with DSM-IV criteria. We assessed preparedness, unit support, and postdeployment support by using multimeasure scales adapted from the Deployment Risk and Resilience Survey. Results: The prevalence of deployment-related PTSD was 9.6%. In adjusted logistic models, high levels of all three deployment characteristics (compared with low) were independently associated with lower odds of PTSD. When we evaluated the influence of combinations of deployment characteristics on the development of PTSD, we found that postdeployment support was an essential factor in the prevention of PTSD. Conclusions: Results show that factors throughout the life course of deployment-in particular, postdeployment support-may influence the development of PTSD. These results suggest that the development of suitable postdeployment support opportunities may be centrally important in mitigating the psychological consequences of war. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Military Personnel, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, War","Goldmann, E., Calabrese, J. R., Prescott, M. R., Tamburrino, M., Liberzon, I., Slembarski, R., Shirley, E., Fine, T., Goto, T., Wilson, K., Ganocy, S., Chan, P., Serrano, M. B., Sizemore, J., Galea, S.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.11.003,0,0,
2091,Factor structure and risk factors for the health status of homeless veterans,"Homeless veterans have numerous health problems that have been previously characterized as falling into four major subgroups; addiction, psychosis, vascular disorders, and generalized medical and psychiatric illness. Comorbid conditions are common, often involving a combination of psychiatric and medical disorders. Using data from the same survey of homeless veterans that was used to establish these subgroups with cluster analysis, the present study examined the structure of these subgroup patterns through the use of factor analysis. This analysis yielded a five factor solution. They were named ""Cardiac"", Mood, Stress, Addiction, and Psychosis factors. Factor scores were computed and an odds ratio analysis was accomplished to determine the association between obtaining a high score on a given factor with a number of sociodemographic and homelessness related variables. It was concluded that health status of homeless veterans is a complex condition, but has a clear latent structure demonstrated by factor analysis. Scoring high or low on a particular factor is associated with numerous historical and sociodemographic considerations, notably age, ethnicity, and employment status. (copyright) 2010 GovernmentEmployee: Department of Veterans Affairs.","adjustment disorder, adult, age, alcohol abuse, article, chronic obstructive lung disease, controlled study, demography, drug abuse, emphysema, employment status, ethnicity, eye disease, factorial analysis, female, financial management, gastrointestinal disease, health status, heart disease, homelessness, human, hypertension, injury, liver disease, major clinical study, male, marriage, mood disorder, orthopedics, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, risk factor, schizophrenia, seizure, veteran","Goldstein, G., Luther, J. F., Haas, G. L., Appelt, C. J., Gordon, A. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2092,A Preliminary Classification System for Homeless Veterans With Mental Illness,"The purpose of this study was that of defining psychiatric profiles among veterans based on a structured interview of 3,595 individuals administered by outreach mental health clinicians to individuals who were presently or recently homeless. The interview included ratings of presence or absence of current psychiatric disorders; alcoholism, drug abuse, psychosis, mood disorders, personality disorders, PTSD, and adjustment disorders. We identified three subgroups using cluster analysis each showing different diagnostic profiles that were characterized as ""addiction"" (n = 3,061), ""psychosis"" (n = 218), and ""personality"" disorders (n = 54). Cluster membership was related to demographic characteristics, living situation, length of homelessness, and symptoms and complaints including cognitive difficulties, suicidality, violence, and depression. Group comparison statistics were used to compare intercluster differences in demographics, homeless situation, symptoms, and subjective complaints. There were no major intercluster differences in socioethnic, demographic, and homeless situation variables. Differences occurred in complaints of depression, positive symptoms of psychosis, and suicidality. It was concluded that despite the disproportionate sizes of the clusters homeless veterans with mental illness are nevertheless heterogeneous with regard to their psychiatric profiles. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","cluster analysis, homelessness, mental illness","Goldstein, G., Luther, J. F., Jacoby, A. M., Haas, G. L., Gordon, A. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2093,Neuroendocrine activity and memory-related impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder,"This article reviews memory-related impairments in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder and their possible association to neuroendocrine alterations seen in this disorder. The neuroendocrine profile in PTSD first described in chronically ill combat veterans is characterized by lower basal cortisol levels, higher glucocorticoid receptor number, enhanced sensitivity to exogenous steroids, and increased variation in basal cortisol levels over the diurnal cycle. The generalizability and time course of these neuroendocrine alterations are explored in longitudinal studies and studies in other traumatized populations. These studies suggest that at least some aspects of this neuroendocrine profile can also be seen in other populations, including women, children, and victims of childhood trauma. Additionally, the alterations may be present early in the course of illness, perhaps even in the immediate aftermath of trauma, and may continue to be manifest in elderly trauma survivors. The mechanisms by which these neuroendocrine alterations may influence the formation and processing of traumatic memories are discussed.","hydrocortisone, steroid, adult, blood, child, female, human, injury, male, memory disorder, neurosecretion, pathophysiology, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, review","Golier, J., Yehuda, R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2094,Neuroendocrine response to CRF stimulation in veterans with and without PTSD in consideration of war zone era,"Background: Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity have been observed in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which differ from those observed in other veteran groups, raising the possibility that there is a unique neuroendocrine profile in this group of veterans. This study seeks to further characterize the effects of PTSD, military cohort (Vietnam, 1991 Gulf War, Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF)), and their interaction on the neuroendocrine response to synthetic corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) stimulation. Methods: 51 male veterans were studied consisting of 21 from the Vietnam era, 16 from the Gulf War era, and 14 from the OEF/OIF era. 16 of these veterans were deployed to a war zone and had chronic PTSD (PTSD+), 25 were deployed to a war zone and did not have chronic PTSD (PTSD-), and 10 were not deployed to a war zone and did not have PTSD (non-exposed). The participants underwent the CRF stimulation test in the afternoon (approximately 2:00 p.m.), which measures the integrity and sensitivity of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were measured at baseline and at intervals over a 2. h period following intravenous administration of 1μg/kg of ovine CRF (o-CRF, max 100μg). In a small subset of participants, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) were also assessed. Results: There was a significant group by era interaction in the response of ACTH to CRF, in addition to a main effect of group (PTSD+, PTSD-, non-exposed). The interaction reflected that group differences were only evident in the Gulf War cohort; among Gulf War era veterans, the PTSD+ group had higher elevations in ACTH levels following CRF than the PTSD- group and the non-exposed group. Additionally, the peak change in ACTH was associated with a self-reported environmental exposure (pyridostigmine bromide ingestion) which has been found to be linked to the excess morbidity found in Gulf War veterans. Self-reported childhood trauma was greater in veterans of the Gulf War than Vietnam or OEF/OIF, but did not account for the observed differences. There was a significant effect of group on the cortisol response to CRF, reflecting greater responsivity in both of the deployed groups (PTSD+ and PTSD-) compared to the non-exposed group which could be accounted for by baseline differences in cortisol levels; unlike the ACTH response, the cortisol response did not differ by era. There were no effects of group, era, or their interaction on the DHEA and CBG response to CRF. Conclusions: A uniform pattern of PTSD-related alterations in the response to intravenous CRF was not found. Rather, PTSD-related alterations were found only in veterans of the 1991 Gulf War, and were characterized by an enhanced pituitary response to CRF which may reflect increased sensitivity of pituitary corticotrophs or CRF hyposecretion. Together with previous neuroendocrine findings, the data suggest the HPA axis is dysregulated in Gulf War veterans in unique ways which may reflect the long-term effects of environmental exposures in addition to disease effects. Further work is needed to characterize these effects and their impact on long-term psychological and medical outcomes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","ACTH, Cortisol, CRF, Gulf War syndrome, Medically unexplained illness, Stress","Golier, J. A., Caramanica, K., Yehuda, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2095,"Pituitary response to metyrapone in Gulf War veterans: Relationship to deployment, PTSD and unexplained health symptoms","Objective: Gulf War deployment has been associated with a distinct neuroendocrine profile characterized by low 24 h basal ACTH levels and enhanced cortisol and ACTH suppression to low-dose dexamethasone. The metyrapone stimulation test was performed to further characterize hypothalamic-pituitary activity in Gulf War veterans (GWV) and its relationship to unexplained medical symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Eleven GWV without PTSD, 18 GWV with PTSD and 15 healthy subjects not exposed to the Gulf War theater (non-exposed) underwent the metyrapone stimulation test, which inhibits cortisol synthesis, impairs cortisol-mediated negative feedback inhibition and in turn increases levels of ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol, a cortisol precursor. These hormones were measured at baseline (7:00 a.m.) and at intervals (from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) following the administration of metyrapone 750 mg orally at 7:05 a.m. and at 10:05 a.m. Results: There were group differences in the ACTH response despite similar cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol responses to metyrapone. GWV without PTSD had a significantly attenuated ACTH response compared to non-exposed subjects; GWV with PTSD had a significantly higher ACTH response than GWV without PTSD but did not differ from non-exposed subjects. Among GWV, unexplained medical health symptoms (e.g., neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiac, and pulmonary symptoms) and PTSD symptoms were significantly positively associated with the ACTH response to metyrapone. Conclusion: Gulf War deployment is associated with a substantially lower ACTH response to metyrapone. In contrast, unexplained health symptoms and PTSD in Gulf War veterans are associated with relatively greater hypothalamic-pituitary activity which may reflect increased CRF activity and is evident only in consideration of deployment effects. This pattern of differences suggests either that Gulf War deployment and its associated exposures results in enduring changes in pituitary function or that reduced hypothalamic-pituitary activity protects against the development of PTSD and other deployment-related health problems.","corticotropin, corticotropin releasing factor, cortodoxone, hydrocortisone, metyrapone, adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, endocrine function test, heart disease, hormone synthesis, human, hypothalamus hypophysis system, lung disease, male, military deployment, musculoskeletal disease, negative feedback, neurologic disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, veteran, war","Golier, J. A., Schmeidler, J., Yehuda, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2096,Reduced hippocampus volume in the mouse model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Some, but not all studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), report reduced hippocampus (HPC) volume. In particular it is unclear, whether smaller hippocampal volume represents a susceptibility factor for PTSD rather than a consequence of the trauma. To gain insight into the relationship of brain morphology and trauma exposure, we investigated volumetric and molecular changes of the HPC in a mouse model of PTSD by means of in vivo Manganese Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MEMRI) and ex vivo ultramicroscopic measurements. Exposure to a brief inescapable foot shock led to a volume reduction in both left HPC and right central amygdala two months later. This volume loss was mirrored by a down-regulation of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43) in the HPC. Enriched housing decreased the intensity of trauma-associated contextual fear, independently of whether it was provided before or after the shock. Beyond that, enriched housing led to an increase in intracranial volume, including the lateral ventricles and the hippocampus, and to an up-regulation of GAP43 as revealed by MEMRI and Western blot analysis, thus partially compensating for trauma-related HPC volume loss and down-regulation of GAP43 expression. Together these data demonstrate that traumatic experience in mice causes a reduction in HPC and central amygdala volume possibly due to a shrinkage of axonal protrusions. Enriched housing might induce trophic changes, which may contribute to the amelioration of trauma-associated PTSD-like symptoms at behavioural, morphological and molecular levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Amygdala, Emotional Trauma, Mice","Golub, Yulia, Kaltwasser, Sebastian F., Mauch, Christoph P., Herrmann, Leonie, Schmidt, Ulrike, Holsboer, Florian, Czisch, Michael, Wotjak, Carsten T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2097,Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care with special reference to personality disorder comorbidity,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling disturbance in primary care. Few studies have been carried out in primary care samples and none have taken into consideration the association between PTSD and personality disorder. Aim: To describe prevalence and risk factors of PTSD and its comorbidity with personality disorder. Setting: General practice centre in Valencia (Spain). Method: Patients who had experienced at least one traumatic event in their lives were selected from a random sample attending a primary healthcare centre in Valencia and blindly assessed by trained professionals. Patients suffering from PTSD were compared with those who were not. PTSD and personality disorder diagnoses were established using CIDI and SCID-II interviews respectively. Sex, age at the time of experiencing trauma, frequency, multiplicity and type of trauma, dissociative symptoms, personality disorder and severity of PTSD were subjected to multivariate analysis to estimate the probability of developing PTSD and its duration. Results: Life prevalence rate was 14% and current prevalence 9%. Dissociative symptoms and personality disorder were significantly associated with PTSD. Cluster analysis based on age, frequency and type of trauma revealed the existence of one subgroup composed mainly of women who had experienced frequent body-contact trauma at an early age, developed severe PTSD and suffer from a variety of personality disorders, particularly paranoid personality disorder. Time to the complete disappearance of symptoms was only explained by the initial severity of PTSD. Conclusion: PTSD is a frequent disorder in general practice and it is often associated with personality disorder. Women who experienced high frequency body-contact traumatic events at an early age often suffer from personality disorder and present a particularly severe form of PTSD deserving referral to specialised care. (copyright) British Journal of General Practice 2006.","adolescent, adult, age, aged, article, cluster analysis, comorbidity, controlled study, disease association, disease severity, dissociative disorder, female, frequency analysis, gender, general practice, health center, health practitioner, human, major clinical study, male, mental health care, multivariate analysis, paranoid personality disorder, patient referral, patient selection, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, primary health care, probability, psychologic test, psychotrauma, random sample, risk factor, Spain, statistical significance","Gomez-Beneyto, M., Salazar-Fraile, J., Marti-Sanjuan, V., Gonzalez-Lujan, L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2098,Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care with special reference to personality disorder comorbidity,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling disturbance in primary care. Few studies have been carried out in primary care samples and none have taken into consideration the association between PTSD and personality disorder. Aim: To describe prevalence and risk factors of PTSD and its comorbidity with personality disorder. Setting: General practice centre in Valencia (Spain). Method: Patients who had experienced at least one traumatic event in their lives were selected from a random sample attending a primary healthcare centre in Valencia and blindly assessed by trained professionals. Patients suffering from PTSD were compared with those who were not. PTSD and personality disorder diagnoses were established using CIDI and SCID-II interviews respectively. Sex, age at the time of experiencing trauma, frequency, multiplicity and type of trauma, dissociative symptoms, personality disorder and severity of PTSD were subjected to multivariate analysis to estimate the probability of developing PTSD and its duration. Results: Life prevalence rate was 14% and current prevalence 9%. Dissociative symptoms and personality disorder were significantly associated with PTSD. Cluster analysis based on age, frequency and type of trauma revealed the existence of one subgroup composed mainly of women who had experienced frequent body-contact trauma at an early age, developed severe PTSD and suffer from a variety of personality disorders, particularly paranoid personality disorder. Time to the complete disappearance of symptoms was only explained by the initial severity of PTSD. Conclusion: PTSD is a frequent disorder in general practice and it is often associated with personality disorder. Women who experienced high frequency body-contact traumatic events at an early age often suffer from personality disorder and present a particularly severe form of PTSD deserving referral to specialised care. © British Journal of General Practice 2006.","Epidemiology, Personality disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress","Gómez-Beneyto, M., Salazar-Fraile, J., Martí-Sanjuan, V., Gonzalez-Luján, L.",2006.0,,,0,0,2097
2099,A longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with ovarian cancer,"Introduction: Exposure to the aggressive and life-threatening nature of ovarian cancer and its treatment is potentially traumatic. However, little is known about the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in these patients. Methods: A total of 121 women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer were recruited into a prospective longitudinal study of the course of PTSD and the factors that predict its development and persistence. Between 82 and 111 were assessed at each of the four time points subsequent to their diagnosis, and 63 women provided complete data from the beginning of chemotherapy treatment, midtreatment, end of treatment and 3-months follow-up on PTSD. Results: Between 36% and 45% of the total sample experienced PTSD at some point, with a nonsignificant but progressive increase in prevalence over time. Of those women with complete data, only 30% never experienced PTSD at any time. Most of the women were intermittent cases of PTSD (57%, n=36), while 13% (n=8) were persistent cases. Younger women were at higher risk of experiencing PTSD. Discussion: The prevalence of women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer with persistent PTSD is relatively low (13%); however, our findings highlight that the trajectory of the illness and its associated stressors may constitute an enormous challenge and may be perceived as traumatic and stressful for most of the women in our sample at least once. Repetitive screening for PTSD and the provision of psychological treatments could ameliorate PTSD symptoms. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Longitudinal prospective study, Ovarian cancer, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Gonçalves, V., Jayson, G., Tarrier, N.",2011.0,,,0,1,
2100,Association between patterns of drinking and symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in military veterans,"Veterans deployed in support of Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) are at an increased risk for the development of co-morbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Further, there is evidence to suggest that the link between PTSD and AUD may be driven by the use of alcohol in an effort to reduce post-traumatic symptoms of arousal (c.f., Simons et al., 2005). The current study evaluated the extent to which patterns of drinking were correlated with re-experiencing (Cluster B), avoidance/numbing (Cluster C), and arousal (Cluster D) symptoms of PTSD in a sample of OEF/OIF veterans. Veterans included in this report (N = 35; 80% male; 54% racial/ethnic minority) provided detailed drinking data including the experience of alcohol-related problems during the preceding 4 months as part of their involvement in a larger ongoing research project. Current PTSD symptoms were obtained through a structured clinical interview administered by a trained clinician (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-Military Version). Analyses of the subset of veterans who reported at least 1 drinking episode during the assessment window (63%; n = 22; 82% male; 50% minority) revealed that patterns of drinking were most closely associated with arousal (Cluster D) symptoms. Specifically, larger amounts of alcohol consumed per drinking episode were positively associated with higher clinician ratings of difficulty falling or staying asleep, r = 0.43, difficulty concentrating, r = 0.51, hypervigilance, r = 0.44, and exaggerated startle response, r = 0.39 (all p's <0.05). Further, difficulties with both sleep, r = 0.39, and concentration, r = 0.56, were positively correlated with negative alcohol-related consequences (both p's <0.05). Within the avoidance/numbing (Cluster C) symptoms, typical quantity of alcohol consumed was only associated with restricted range of affect, r = 0.44, p <0.05; and a sense of a foreshortened future was the only rating significantly correlated with the experience of alcohol-related consequences, r = 0.46, p <0.05. No re-experiencing (Cluster B) symptoms were significantly correlated with drinking patterns in this sample. In spite of the limited number of veterans who have completed the protocol to date, these preliminary findings are consistent with the published literature and suggest that the association between PTSD and alcohol use in veterans may partially be determined by the presence of arousal (Cluster D) symptoms.","alcohol, society, veteran, drinking, posttraumatic stress disorder, army, alcoholism, arousal, male, alcohol consumption, structured interview, sleep, drinking behavior, risk, startle reflex","Gonzalez, J. M., Karmali, A. R., Kruse, M. I., Steffen, L. E., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., Gulliver, S. B., Morissette, S. B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2101,Examining minor and major depression in adolescents,"Background: Research has shown that a large proportion of adolescents with symptoms of depression and substantial distress or impairment fail to meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive disorder (MDD). However, many of these undiagnosed adolescents may meet criteria for a residual category of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition-Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR), Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Minor Depression (mDEP), an example of one of these categories, allows the inclusion of sub-threshold cases that fall below the diagnostic criteria of the five symptoms required for MDD. Minor depression in adolescence is important because it is significantly related to MDD in adulthood. The present study examines a number of risk factors, functional impairment, comorbidity and service utilization patterns associated with depression in community adolescents who met the DSM-IV criteria for mDEP and compares their profile to adolescents who met the criteria for MDD. Method: Puerto Rican adolescents 11 to 17 years old were selected from an island-wide probability household sample of children ranging in age from 4 to 17. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule in Spanish (DISC IV), together with a structured protocol of risks and protective factors, and service utilization questionnaires were administered to primary caretakers and their children. Results: Our findings indicate that youngsters with mDEP had significant impairment and used more mental health services than those with major depression. In addition, adolescents with mDEP had similar outcomes when compared to those meeting full criteria for MDD in terms of psychosocial correlates and comorbidity. Conclusions: The results, although not definitive, suggest a need for further research in order to determine the validity of the present DSM IV diagnostic criteria for mDEP in adolescents. © Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2005.","Comorbidity, Functional impairment, Minor depression, Psychosocial correlates","González-Tejera, G., Canino, G., Ramírez, R., Chávez, L., Shrout, P., Bird, H., Bravo, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., Ribera, J., Bauermeister, J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2102,Anger profile of suicidal inpatient Vietnam veterans. (posttraumatic stress disorder),"This study addressed the observation of a higher incidence of suicidal behavior among the Vietnam Veterans who have developed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, as well as the additional clinical observation of elevated levels of aggression and anger. The inquiry was developed with its foundation firmly established in the psychodynamic theories of suicide. The primary clinical objective of this study was to identify the specific elements of both anger and PTSD symptoms which might assist the clinician in predicting an elevated risk of suicidal behaviors. The specific grouping variables of interest were a history of suicidal behavior and current suicidality. A MANOVA indicated no significant interaction between these two variables, however current suicidality was significant and therefore the discriminant analysis was run using this variable collapsed across history of behavior. The discriminant analysis produced a significant discriminant function consisting of numbing the only significant variable of the MANOVA, as well as those variables which displayed a trend, the Beck Depression score, trait anger and anger expression/anger held in. The inclusion of these last three variables created the most parsimonious function. However this function misclassified 84% of the suicidal group as not suicidal. Thus exhibiting that the high hit rate for the non-suicidal group as the reason for the significance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anger, *Depression (Emotion), *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicide, At Risk Populations","Goodale, Peggy Ann",1999.0,,,0,0,
2103,Reducing refugee mental health disparities: A community-based intervention to address postmigration stressors with African adults,"Refugees resettled in the United States have disproportionately high rates of psychological distress. Research has demonstrated the roles of postmigration stressors, including lack of meaningful social roles, poverty, unemployment, lack of environmental mastery, discrimination, limited English proficiency, and social isolation. We report a multimethod, within-group longitudinal pilot study involving the adaptation for African refugees of a community-based advocacy and learning intervention to address postmigration stressors. We found the intervention to be feasible, acceptable, and appropriate for African refugees. Growth trajectory analysis revealed significant decreases in participants' psychological distress and increases in quality of life, and also provided preliminary evidence of intervention mechanisms of change through the detection of mediating relationships whereby increased quality of life was mediated by increases in enculturation, English proficiency, and social support. Qualitative data helped to support and explain the quantitative data. Results demonstrate the importance of addressing the sociopolitical context of resettlement to promote the mental health of refugees and suggest a culturally appropriate, and replicable model for doing so. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Health disparities, Mental health intervention, Mixed-methods, Refugees, Social determinants of health","Goodkind, J. R., Hess, J. M., Isakson, B., LaNoue, M., Githinji, A., Roche, N., Vadnais, K., Parker, D. P.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0035081,0,1,
2104,Prevalence of delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder in military personnel: Is there evidence for this disorder?: Results of a prospective UK cohort study,"Delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined as onset at least 6 months after a traumatic event. This study investigates the prevalence of delayed-onset PTSD in 1397 participants from a two-phase prospective cohort study of UK military personnel. Delayed-onset PTSD was categorized as participants who did not meet the criteria for probable PTSD (assessed using the PTSD Checklist Civilian version) at phase 1 but met the criteria by phase 2. Of the participants, 3.5% met the criteria for delayed-onset PTSD. Subthreshold PTSD, common mental disorder (CMD), poor/fair self-reported health, and multiple physical symptoms at phase 1 and the onset of alcohol misuse or CMD between phases 1 and 2 were associated with delayed-onset PTSD. Delayed-onset PTSD exists in this UK military sample. Military personnel who developed delayed-onset PTSD were more likely to have psychological ill-health at an earlier assessment, and clinicians should be aware of the potential comorbidity in these individuals, including alcohol misuse. Leaving the military or experiencing relationship breakdown was not associated. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","cohort study, delayed-onset, military, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Goodwin, L., Jones, M., Rona, R. J., Sundin, J., Wessely, S., Fear, N. T.",2012.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e31825322fe,0,0,
2105,PTSD in the armed forces: What have we learned from the recent cohort studies of Iraq/Afghanistan?,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was formally recognised as a psychiatric disorder in 1980, largely in response to America's attempts to make sense of the costs of the Vietnam war [Wessely, S., & Jones, E. (2004). Psychiatry and the 'lessons of Vietnam': What were they, and are they still relevant? War & Society, 22(1), 89-103.]. Interestingly, all of this occurred without much contribution from epidemiology, which came later (Wessely & Jones, 2004). This cannot be said of the current conflicts, where from the outset there has been a focus of attention on the epidemiology of PTSD in those who served in either Iraq or Afghanistan, even whilst the conflicts were ongoing. In this editorial, we focus on this recent epidemiological contribution to the understanding of PTSD in military personnel. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd.","Cohort studies, Epidemiology, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Trajectories","Goodwin, L., Rona, R. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2106,Modelling psychological responses to the great east Japan earthquake and nuclear incident,"The Great East Japan (Tōhoku/Kanto) earthquake of March 2011was followed by a major tsunami and nuclear incident. Several previous studies have suggested a number of psychological responses to such disasters. However, few previous studies have modelled individual differences in the risk perceptions of major events, or the implications of these perceptions for relevant behaviours. We conducted a survey specifically examining responses to the Great Japan earthquake and nuclear incident, with data collected 11-13 weeks following these events. 844 young respondents completed a questionnaire in three regions of Japan; Miyagi (close to the earthquake and leaking nuclear plants), Tokyo/Chiba (approximately 220 km from the nuclear plants), and Western Japan (Yamaguchi and Nagasaki, some 1000 km from the plants). Results indicated significant regional differences in risk perception, with greater concern over earthquake risks in Tokyo than in Miyagi or Western Japan. Structural equation analyses showed that shared normative concerns about earthquake and nuclear risks, conservation values, lack of trust in governmental advice about the nuclear hazard, and poor personal control over the nuclear incident were positively correlated with perceived earthquake and nuclear risks. These risk perceptions further predicted specific outcomes (e.g. modifying homes, avoiding going outside, contemplating leaving Japan). The strength and significance of these pathways varied by region. Mental health and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the continuing uncertainties in Japan following the March 2011 events. © 2012 Goodwin et al.",,"Goodwin, R., Takahashi, M., Sun, S., Gaines Jr, S. O.",2012.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0037690,0,0,
2107,Mental disorders and smoking trajectories: A 10-year prospective study among adolescents and young adults in the community,"Background: Numerous studies have documented an association between mental disorders and onset of cigarette smoking. Yet, there is little understanding of the potential impact of mental disorders on trajectories of smoking over time. The objective of this study was to investigate this relationship among adolescents over a 10-year span. Methods: Data were drawn from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study, a 10-year prospective investigation of youth in Germany. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify smoking trajectories and logistic regression analyses were used to examine relationships between mental disorders and subsequent trajectories. Results: Four trajectories were identified: non-users; increasing use; decreasing use; persistent use. Alcohol/drug use disorders, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorder and nicotine dependence were associated with nicotine use (as compared to the non-smoker class). However, comparisons between trajectories of nicotine use showed that any stress disorder predicted only decreasing use compared to the other two trajectories; nicotine dependence, alcohol/illicit drug use disorders as well as panic disorder and somatoform disorders were inversely associated with increasing use; nicotine dependence and alcohol/drug use disorders were associated with persistent use. Conclusions: Several mental disorders appear to be non-specific markers of the range of smoking trajectories while others predict specific trajectories. Numerous disorders (e.g., alcohol/drug use disorders) do not appear to occur only prior to and predict increased smoking trajectory as had been previously suggested, but rather they also occur concurrently, with high levels of smoking and in some cases smoking persists at a steady level over time. (copyright) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","alcohol, illicit drug, nicotine, adolescent, adult, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, community, controlled study, disease association, disease marker, disease severity, drug dependence, female, Germany, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, mental disease, panic, prediction, priority journal, prospective study, smoking, somatoform disorder, stress, tobacco dependence","Goodwin, R. D., Perkonigg, A., Hofler, M., Wittchen, H. U.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2108,Mental disorders and smoking trajectories: A 10-year prospective study among adolescents and young adults in the community,"Background: Numerous studies have documented an association between mental disorders and onset of cigarette smoking. Yet, there is little understanding of the potential impact of mental disorders on trajectories of smoking over time. The objective of this study was to investigate this relationship among adolescents over a 10-year span. Methods: Data were drawn from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study, a 10-year prospective investigation of youth in Germany. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify smoking trajectories and logistic regression analyses were used to examine relationships between mental disorders and subsequent trajectories. Results: Four trajectories were identified: non-users; increasing use; decreasing use; persistent use. Alcohol/drug use disorders, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorder and nicotine dependence were associated with nicotine use (as compared to the non-smoker class). However, comparisons between trajectories of nicotine use showed that any stress disorder predicted only decreasing use compared to the other two trajectories; nicotine dependence, alcohol/illicit drug use disorders as well as panic disorder and somatoform disorders were inversely associated with increasing use; nicotine dependence and alcohol/drug use disorders were associated with persistent use. Conclusions: Several mental disorders appear to be non-specific markers of the range of smoking trajectories while others predict specific trajectories. Numerous disorders (e.g., alcohol/drug use disorders) do not appear to occur only prior to and predict increased smoking trajectory as had been previously suggested, but rather they also occur concurrently, with high levels of smoking and in some cases smoking persists at a steady level over time. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Anxiety, Depression, Epidemiology, Growth mixture modeling, Mental disorder, Nicotine, Smoking","Goodwin, R. D., Perkonigg, A., Höfler, M., Wittchen, H. U.",2013.0,,,0,0,2107
2109,Measuring dimensions of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Iowa Traumatic Response Inventory,"Researchers have suggested that the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be divided into the four dimensions of intrusions, avoidance, numbing or dysphoria, and hyperarousal. However, the clinical utility of a dysphoria/general distress symptom dimension is unclear, and measures of the overall structure of PTSD are limited by the small number of avoidance and prototypical hyperarousal symptoms in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The Iowa Traumatic Response Inventory (ITRI) was created as a broader measure of symptoms related to PTSD. The factor analytic method of test construction was used to create the scales from a larger pool of items. The measure was validated in a clinical sample and in a student sample. Analysis of the ITRI symptom dimensions suggests traumatic intrusions and avoidance symptoms are highly associated and are specific to PTSD, whereas dysphoria, hyperarousal, and dissociation are not specific to PTSD. Overall, the ITRI was found to be a reliable and valid measure of PTSD symptoms that better captures the observed structure of the disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Inventories, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rating Scales, *Test Construction, Anxiety, Avoidance, Major Depression, Symptoms","Gootzeit, Joshua, Markon, Kristian, Watson, David",2015.0,,,0,0,
2110,Integrating genomics and neuromarkers for the era of brain-related personalized medicine,"The harsh reality is that many medical treatments do not work as expected in a significant percentage of patients, and occasionally there are serious side effects. A new paradigm of personalized medicine is emerging, which proactively tailors treatment to each individual's biological and psychological profile. The first proof-of-concept phase of personalized medicine has now been achieved. However, it has thus far focused on the use of genomic markers and on disorders of the body. The complexity of the brain is likely to require a shift from a single genetic marker focus to a more integrated approach in which additional brain-related information (neuromarkers) is taken into account. Codevelopment of genomic neuromarkers with new compounds in a personalized medicine approach will lead to increased drug R&D and treatment benefits. The emerging genomic neuromarker potential has begun to be incorporated into the template for the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V). The statistical power of large subject numbers in databases in general (and standardized databases in particular) provides an ideal source for elucidating the best genomic-neuromarker profiles (explaining most of the main-effects variance), which will empower a brain-related personalized medicine into mainstream clinical practice. (copyright) 2007 Future Medicine Ltd.","alpha adducin, antidepressant agent, antiretrovirus agent, atomoxetine, brain derived neurotrophic factor, C reactive protein, catechol methyltransferase, cholinesterase inhibitor, citalopram, cytochrome P450 2C9, dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor, dopamine receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor 2, estrogen receptor, fluoxetine, gefitinib, hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, imatinib, methylphenidate, protein p16, reboxetine, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) dehydrogenase (quinone), tamoxifen, trastuzumab, warfarin, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, article, atherosclerosis, attention deficit disorder, behavior therapy, blood clotting disorder, brain function, breast cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia, clinical decision making, clinical practice, cognitive therapy, cost benefit analysis, data base, dementia, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DNA polymorphism, drug cost, drug efficacy, drug response, electroencephalogram, evidence based practice, functional magnetic resonance imaging, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, genetic analysis, genetic marker, genotype phenotype correlation, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, hypertension, non small cell lung cancer, magnetoencephalography, melanoma, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, pharmacogenomics, positron emission tomography, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictive validity, priority journal, prognosis, protein expression, schizophrenia, sensitivity and specificity, standardization, bidil, gleevec, herceptin, iressa, ritalin, strattera, TRUGENE HIV-1 Genotyping Test","Gordon, E.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2111,Molecular events triggered by heat shock in Y1 adrenocortical cells,"Several stimuli, including stress conditions, promote the activation of MAP kinases family members (ERK1/2, JNK, p38). In turn, these enzymes regulate several cellular functions. Given that MAPK activation requires the phosphorylation of these proteins, their inactivation depends on the activity of specific phosphatases. MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a phosphatase specifically involved in the inactivation of MAPK family members, is induced by mitogenic stimuli and stress conditions. Here we describe the effect of heat shock (HS), 10 min, 45̊C, on MAPKs activities and MKP-1 mRNA and protein levels in Y1 adrenocortical cells. Western blot analysis performed with antibodies against the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 and JNK revealed that HS produced the rapid activation of these kinases. Their inactivation was also a rapid event and occurred together with the increase of MKP-1 protein levels detected by Western blot analysis. In addition, the effect of HS on MKP-1 protein levels seems to be exerted at the transcriptional level, since the amount of its mRNA in heat shocked cells was higher than in nonheated cells. Comparison of the temporal profiles of MKP-1 protein induction and MAPKs phospho-dephosphorylation suggests that MKP-1 induction could contribute to ERK1/2 and JNK inactivation after HS.","Adrenocortical Y1 cells, Heat shock protein HSP72, Heat stress, MAP kinase phosphatase, MAP kinases","Gorostizaga, A., Brion, L., Maloberti, P., Poderoso, C., Podestá, E. J., Cornejo Maciel, F., Paz, C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2112,Cost-utility analysis of different treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is diagnosed in 20% to 53% of sexually abused children and adolescents. Living with PTSD is associated with a loss of health-related quality of life. Based on the best available evidence, the NICE Guideline for PTSD in children and adolescents recommends cognitive behavioural therapy (TFCBT) over non-directive counselling as a more efficacious treatment. Methods: A modelled economic evaluation conducted from the Australian mental health care system perspective estimates incremental costs and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) of TF-CBT, TF-CBT combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and non-directive counselling. The ""no treatment"" alternative is included as a comparator. The first part of the model consists of a decision tree corresponding to 12 month follow-up outcomes observed in clinical trials. The second part consists of a 30 year Markov model representing the slow process of recovery in non-respondents and the untreated population yielding estimates of long-term quality-adjusted survival and costs. Data from the 2007 Australian Mental Health Survey was used to populate the decision analytic model. Results: In the base-case and sensitivity analyses, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for all three active treatment alternatives remained less than A$7,000 per QALY gained. The base-case results indicated that nondirective counselling is dominated by TF-CBT and TF-CBT + SSRI, and that efficiency gain can be achieved by allocating more resources toward these therapies. However, this result was sensitive to variation in the clinical effectiveness parameters with non-directive counselling dominating TF-CBT and TF-CBT + SSRI under certain assumptions. The base-case results also suggest that TF-CBT + SSRI is more cost-effective than TF-CBT. Conclusion: Even after accounting for uncertainty in parameter estimates, the results of the modelled economic evaluation demonstrated that all psychotherapy treatments for PTSD in sexually abused children have a favourable ICER relative to no treatment. The results also highlighted the loss of quality of life in children who do not receive any psychotherapy. Results of the base-case analysis suggest that TF-CBT + SSRI is more cost-effective than TF-CBT alone, however, considering the uncertainty associated with prescribing SSRIs to children and adolescents, clinicians and parents may exercise some caution in choosing this treatment alternative. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Interdisciplinary Treatment Approach, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Counseling, Quality of Life, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors","Gospodarevskaya, Elena, Segal, Leonie",2012.0,,,0,0,
2113,Review of Post-traumatic stress disorder,"Reviews the book, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder edited by Dan J. Stein, Matthew J. Friedman, and Carlos Blanco (see record 2011-21915-000). The authors identified that specifically (a) the book aims at reviewing the many recent advances in empirical work on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), (b) it attempts to negotiate a middle path through the multiple theoretical controversies, and (c) its goal is to provide clinicians and policymakers with a practical approach to clinical and community interventions. The book contains six chapters. It is interesting to note that each chapter is organized such that the first part reviews the literature on the specific area targeted, followed by a Commentaries section that includes three to four subsections discussing a more specific aspect of the given chapter and providing additional evidence on a given controversial topic. In conclusion, this book is well written, it offers a thorough review of recent literature, of different thereof controversies in the field. After reading the book, the reader experiences the satisfaction of being able to better understand and discuss the controversies and challenges in the field and of being up to date on the latest research findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Intervention","Gosselin, Anik",2013.0,,,0,0,
2114,Behavioral and physiological assessment of an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a traumatic event. Despite recent progress, the causes and pathophysiology of PTSD remain poorly understood, partly because of ethical limitations inherent to human studies. One approach to circumvent this obstacle is to study PTSD in a valid animal model of the human syndrome. In one such model, extreme and long-lasting behavioral manifestations of anxiety develop in a subset of Lewis rats after exposure to an intense predator threat (PT) that mimics the type of life-or-death situation known to precipitate PTSD in humans. Thus, the first half of this thesis tested whether the Lewis rat model reproduces salient features of human PTSD. The results of these studies established the model's face validity. The second half of this thesis used this model to identify alterations in the physiological properties of amygdala neurons that underlie the expression of PTSD. These studies revealed that PTSD is associated with differences in the synaptic responsiveness of central amygdala (CeA) neurons. Overall, these results suggest that the Lewis rat model of PTSD can be used to gain mechanistic insights in the pathophysiology of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Amygdala, *Anxiety, *Pathophysiology, Animal Models, Mimicry (Biology), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Rats","Goswami, Sonal",2014.0,,,0,0,
2115,Symptom clustering in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a function of trauma type,"Previous researchers concerning the diagnostic criteria (e.g., DSM-IV) of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) into the three clusters of reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal have demonstrated that these symptom clusters do not accurately conceptualize the disorder. In the current study, four models of symptoms ranging from 1 to 4 factors were compared in a sample of 277 individuals exposed to either a sexual or nonsexual assault. Results demonstrated that a two-factor model yielded the best fit; however, as all proposed criteria were not met, an adjusted three factor model comprising the clusters of reexperiencing, avoidance, and dysphoria (e.g., markers of depression) improved fit on all indices. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, and study limitations and suggestions for future research are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Trauma","Gottesman, Joseph E.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2116,Peritraumatic heart rate and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe burns,"Objective: Previous studies have suggested a link between heart rate (HR) following trauma and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study expands on previous work by evaluating HR in burn patients followed longitudinally for symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) and PTSD. Method: Data were collected from consecutive patients admitted to the Johns Hopkins Burn Center, Baltimore, Maryland, between 1997 and 2002. Patients completed the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (n = 157) to assess symptoms of ASD. The Davidson Trauma Scale was completed at 1 (n = 145), 6 (n = 106), 12 (n = 94), and 24 (n = 66) months postdischarge to assess symptoms of PTSD. Heart rate in the ambulance, emergency room, and burn unit were obtained by retrospective medical chart review. Results: Pearson correlations revealed a significant relationship between HR in the ambulance (r = 0.32, P = .016) and burn unit (r = 0.30, P = .001) and ASD scores at baseline. Heart rate in the ambulance was related to PTSD avoidance cluster scores at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months. In women, HR in the ambulance was correlated with PTSD scores at 6 (r = 0.65, P = .005) and 12 (r = 0.78, P = .005) months. When covariates (gender, p-blockers, Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index score) were included in multivariate linear regression analyses, ambulance HR was associated with ASD and PTSD scores at baseline and 1 month, and the interaction of ambulance HR and gender was associated with PTSD scores at 6 and 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression results were similar at baseline and 12 months, which included an HR association yet no interaction at 6 months and a marginal interaction at 1 month. Conclusions: While peritraumatic HR is most robustly associated with PTSD symptom severity, HR on admission to burn unit also predicts the development of ASD. Gender and avoidance symptoms appear particularly salient in this relationship, and these factors may aid in the identification of subgroups for which HR serves as a biomarker for PTSD. Future work may identify endophenotypic measures of increased risk for PTSD, targeting subgroups for early intervention. © Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Gould, N. F., McKibben, J. B., Hall, R., Corry, N. H., Amoyal, N. A., Mason, S. T., McCann, U. D., Fauerbach, J. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2117,Posttraumatic stress disorder and sub-syndromal trauma symptoms in cancer patients treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant and standard dose chemotherapy,"This study sought to advance our understanding of how factors, both positive (such as social support) and negative (such as social constraint, avoidant coping, and pretreatment psychological distress) were associated with patients' experience after being diagnosed and treated for cancer with standard dose chemotherapy (SDC) and/or autologous hcmatopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT). The specific patient experience examined was development of trauma symptomatology in the AHSCT population when compared to patients receiving SDC for cancer. Further, the study sought to determine if there was an overall PTSD ""dose-effect"" associated with AHSCT patients, who must also have received SDC during their overall course of treatment. Participants were 57 AHSCT patients (28 male, 29 female) and 34 SDC patients (15 male, 19 female) who received treatment and were considered to be disease free an average of 29 months (SD = 20.03, range = 2-72) prior to completing study measures. Information regarding patient psychological and medical status was assessed using standardized self-report measures and patient chart review. No significant difference between AHSCT and SDC patients in reported PTSD, Subsyndromal PTSD (Sub-PTSD), or symptom severity was found. Eleven percent of all patients met criteria for current PTSD based on the DSM-IV-TR scoring method on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version and an additional 5.5% reported Sub-PTSD. Participants reported an average of two to three symptoms of PTSD (SD = 3.61, range = 0-16). Analyses confirmed that greater social constraint and use of avoidance coping were associated with higher levels of PTSD symptomatology. Regression analysis found that these factors accounted for a large percentage (34%) of the variance in trauma severity scores. This study concluded that A14SCT and SDC patients experience equal levels of traumatic stress following treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neoplasms, *Organ Transplantation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stem Cells, *Trauma, Chemotherapy, Patients","Gourvitz, Ross L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2118,Psychopathological profiles of mothers of premature infants and impact on mother-infant bound,"Objectives: Empirical data regarding depressive, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profile following premature birth are lacking. The present study aims to: firstly, identify the typology of women who delivered prematurely based on anxiety, depressive and PTSD symptoms; and secondly, examine whether these profiles differ on maternal perception of infant temperament, mother-infant bond and maternal involvement in infant care during the hospitalization process. Participants and method: Within four weeks of a preterm infant's hospital discharge, 110 French mothers (mean age [SD] = 29.5 [4.3] years) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD symptoms, depressive and anxiety symptoms, maternal involvement in infant care, maternal perception of infant temperament and mother-infant bound. Results: Three profiles were highlighted: a first one labeled ""resilient group"" (n = 41, 37 % of the sample), a second one labeled ""depressive group"" (n = 23, 21 % of the sample), and a third one labeled ""depressive-anxious-traumatized group"" (n = 46, 42 % of the sample). Our findings also highlight a negative impact of postpartum depressive symptoms on mother-infant bond. Discussion: Within four weeks of infant's hospital discharge, only a third of mothers exhibited a resilient profile, while depressive symptom severity seems to have a negative impact on mother-infant bond. Further research focusing on the impact of postpartum depression using direct observation and developing is warranted. (copyright) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","human, infant, mother, female, prematurity, posttraumatic stress disorder, puerperal depression, anxiety, temperament, depression, child care, hospital discharge, questionnaire, hospitalization","Goutaudier, N., Sejourne, N., Bui, E., Chabrol, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2119,Psychopathological profiles of mothers of premature infants and impact on mother-infant bound,"Objectives: Empirical data regarding depressive, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profile following premature birth are lacking. The present study aims to: firstly, identify the typology of women who delivered prematurely based on anxiety, depressive and PTSD symptoms; and secondly, examine whether these profiles differ on maternal perception of infant temperament, mother-infant bond and maternal involvement in infant care during the hospitalization process. Participants and method: Within four weeks of a preterm infant's hospital discharge, 110 French mothers (mean age [SD] = 29.5 [4.3] years) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD symptoms, depressive and anxiety symptoms, maternal involvement in infant care, maternal perception of infant temperament and mother-infant bound. Results: Three profiles were highlighted: a first one labeled ""resilient group"" (n = 41, 37 % of the sample), a second one labeled ""depressive group"" (n = 23, 21 % of the sample), and a third one labeled ""depressive-anxious-traumatized group"" (n = 46, 42 % of the sample). Our findings also highlight a negative impact of postpartum depressive symptoms on mother-infant bond. Discussion: Within four weeks of infant's hospital discharge, only a third of mothers exhibited a resilient profile, while depressive symptom severity seems to have a negative impact on mother-infant bond. Further research focusing on the impact of postpartum depression using direct observation and developing is warranted. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Anxiety, Mother-infant relationship, Postpartum depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Profiles","Goutaudier, N., Séjourné, N., Bui, E., Chabrol, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,2118
2120,"Building resiliency: A cross-sectional study examining relationships among health-related quality of life, well-being, and disaster preparedness","Background: Worldwide, disaster exposure and consequences are rising. Disaster risk in New Zealand is amplified by island geography, isolation, and ubiquitous natural hazards. Wellington, the capital city, has vital needs for evacuation preparedness and resilience to the devastating impacts and increasing uncertainties of earthquake and tsunami disasters. While poor quality of life (QoL) is widely-associated with low levels of engagement in many health-protective behaviors, the relationships among health-related quality of life (HrQoL), well-being, and preparedness are virtually unknown.Methods: We hypothesized that QoL and well-being affect household evacuation preparedness. We performed a quantitative epidemiologic survey (cross-sectional design) of Wellington adults. Our investigation assessed health-promoting attributes that build resiliency, conceptualized as health-protective attitudes and behaviors. Multidimensional QoL variables were measured using validated psychometric scales and analyzed for associations with evacuation preparedness, and we determined whether age and gender affected these relationships.Results: We received 695 survey responses (28.5% response rate; margin of error ±3.8%; 80% statistical power to detect true correlations of 0.11 or greater). Correlational analyses showed statistically significant positive associations with evacuation preparedness for spiritual well-being, emotional well-being, and life satisfaction. No associations were found for mental health, social well-being, or gender; physical health was weakly negatively associated. Evacuation preparedness increased with age. Regression analyses showed that overall health and well-being explained 4.6-6.8% of the variance in evacuation preparedness. Spiritual well-being was the only QoL variable that significantly and uniquely explained variance in preparedness.Conclusions: How well-being influences preparedness is complex and deeply personal. The data indicate that multidimensional readiness is essential, and meaningfulness is an important factor. Inadequate levels of tangible preparedness actions are accompanied by gaps in intangible readiness aspects, such as: 1) errors in perceived exposure to and salience of natural hazards, yielding circumscribed risk assessments; 2) unfamiliarity with the scope and span of preparedness; 3) underestimating disaster consequences; and 4) misinterpreting the personal resources required for self-managing disaster and uncertainty. Our results highlight that conceptualizing preparedness to include attitudes and behaviors of readiness, integrating well-being and meaningfulness into preparedness strategies, and prioritizing evacuation planning are critical for resiliency as a dynamic process and outcome. © 2014 Gowan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Earthquake, Evacuation, Hazards, Health outcomes, Health promotion, Integrative disaster resilience, Prevention, Risk perception, Self-management, Tsunami","Gowan, M. E., Kirk, R. C., Sloan, J. A.",2014.0,,10.1186/1477-7525-12-85,0,0,
2121,Obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Previous studies suggested an association between exposure to trauma or stressful life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study investigates the hypothesis that traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) precede the onset of OCD. Sampling and Methods: 210 cases with OCD from university treatment facilities were compared with 133 sex- and age-matched controls from the adult general population. The data were derived from a German family study on OCD (GENOS). Direct interviews were carried out with the German version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Lifetime Version for Anxiety Disorders (DSM-IV). Results: Severe traumatization occurred in 6.2% of the OCD cases and in 8.3% of the controls. The lifetime prevalence rates of traumatization, PTSD and acute stress disorder were not different between the subjects with OCD and controls (p > 0.05). In 6 cases, acute stress disorder, subclinical or full PTSD preceded the onset of OCD, in 3 cases the trauma-related disorders and OCD occurred within the same year, in 5 other cases, the trauma-related disorders started after the onset of OCD. Conclusion: There is no significant association of traumatization or PTSD with OCD compared with controls. Given the low rate of trauma-related disorders occurring before (2.9%) or within (1.5%) the same year as the onset of OCD other factors than severe traumatic events determine the onset of OCD in most of the cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Trauma","Grabe, Hans Joergen, Ruhrmann, Stephan, Spitzer, Carsten, Josepeit, Jana, Ettelt, Susan, Buhtz, Friederike, Hochrein, Andrea, Schulze-Rauschenbach, Svenja, Meyer, Klaus, Kraft, Susanne, Reck, Claudia, Pukrop, Ralf, Klosterkotter, Joachim, Falkai, Peter, Maier, Wolfgang, Wagner, Michael, John, Ulrich, Freyberger, Harald J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2122,Predictors of suicidal ideation in a gender-stratified sample of OEF/OIF veterans,"There is a growing concern about suicide among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. We examined the role of postdeployment mental health in associations between deployment stressors and postdeployment suicidal ideation (SI) in a national sample of 2,321 female and male OEF/OIF veterans. Data were obtained via survey, and path analysis was used. For women and men, mental health symptoms largely accounted for associations between deployment stressors and SI; however, they only partly accounted for the sexual harassment and SI association among women. These findings enhance the understanding of the mental health profile of OEF/OIF veterans. © Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Gradus, J. L., Street, A. E., Suvak, M. K., Resick, P. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2123,A Preliminary Study of DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Patterns in Veterans by Trauma Type,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a primary etiology in experiencing psychological trauma and the subsequent psychological sequelae (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are multiple trauma types that may serve as the index trauma in PTSD. This exploratory study compared DSM-5 PTSD symptoms for 3 types of trauma in veterans: combat trauma (n = 36), sexual trauma (n = 21), and civilian trauma (n = 21). Results indicated that veterans with combat trauma were likely to experience diminished interest and detachment and estrangement from others. Veterans with sexual trauma were likely to experience detachment and estrangement from others, sleep disturbances, and problems with concentration. Veterans with civilian traumas were less likely to meet criteria for PTSD and were less likely to experience a number of PTSD symptoms. Results of this preliminary study suggest that PTSD is not a unitary disorder, but a disorder characterized by different subtypes based on the precipitating trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2016 APA, all rights reserved).","DSM-5, PTSD, Symptom profile, Trauma type, Veterans","Graham, J., Legarreta, M., North, L., DiMuzio, J., McGlade, E., Yurgelun-Todd, D.",2016.0,,10.1037/mil0000092,0,0,
2124,Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world,,,"Graham, J. W.",,,,0,0,
2125,Adding missing-data-relevant variables to FIML-based structural equation models,,,"Graham, J. W.",2003.0,,10.1207/S15328007SEM1001_4,0,0,
2126,Factors discriminating among profiles of resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV),"Objective: To evaluate the social and emotional adjustment of 219 children in families with varying levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) using a model of risk and protection. To explore factors that differentiate children with poor adjustment from those with resilience. Methodology: Mothers who experienced IPV in the past year and their children ages 6-12 were interviewed. Standardized measures assessed family violence, parenting, family functioning, maternal mental health, and children's adjustment and beliefs. Results: Using cluster analysis, all cases with valid data on the Child Behavior Checklist, Child Depression Inventory, General Self-Worth and Social Self-Competence measures were described by four profiles of children's adjustment: Severe Adjustment Problems (24%); children who were Struggling (45%); those with Depression Only (11%); and Resilient (20%) with high competence and low adjustment problems. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed children in the Severe Problems cluster witnessed more family violence and had mothers higher in depression and trauma symptoms than other children. Resilient and Struggling children had mothers with better parenting, more family strengths and no past violent partner. Parents of children with Severe Problems were lacking these attributes. The Depressed profile children witnessed less violence but had greater fears and worries about mother's safety. Conclusion: Factors related to the child, to the mother and to the family distinguish different profiles of adjustment for children exposed to IPV who are living in the community. Resilient children have less violence exposure, fewer fears and worries, and mothers with better mental health and parenting skills, suggesting avenues for intervention with this population. Practice implications: Findings suggest that child adjustment is largely influenced by parent functioning. Thus, services should be targeted at both the child and the parent. Clinical interventions shaped to the unique needs of the child might also be tested with this population. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Children, Domestic violence, Intimate partner violence, Resilience adjustment","Graham-Bermann, S. A., Gruber, G., Howell, K. H., Girz, L.",2009.0,,,0,1,
2127,Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III,"IMPORTANCE Current information on the prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical profiles of individuals in the general population with DSM-5 drug use disorder (DUD) is limited. Given the present societal and economic context in the United States and the new diagnostic system, up-To-date national information is needed from a single uniform data source. OBJECTIVE To present nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, disability, and treatment of DSM-5 DUD diagnoses overall and by severity level. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In-person interviewswere conducted with 36 309 adults in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, a cross-sectional representative survey of the United States. The household response rate was 72%; person-level response rate, 84%; and overall response rate, 60.1%. Data were collected April 2012 through June 2013 and analyzed from February through March 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Twelve-month and lifetime DUD, based on amphetamine, cannabis, club drug, cocaine, hallucinogen, heroin, nonheroin opioid, sedative/tranquilizer, and/or solvent/inhalant use disorders. RESULTS Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DUD were 3.9% and 9.9%, respectively. Drug use disorder was generally greater among men, white and Native American individuals, younger and previously or never married adults, those with lower education and income, and those residing in theWest. Significant associations were found between 12-month and lifetime DUD and other substance use disorders. Significant associations were also found between any 12-month DUD and major depressive disorder (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95%CI, 1.09-1.64), dysthymia (OR, 1.5; 95%CI, 1.09-2.02), bipolar I (OR, 1.5; 95%CI, 1.06-2.05), posttraumatic stress disorder (OR, 1.6; 95%CI, 1.27-2.10), and antisocial (OR, 1.4; 95%CI, 1.11-1.75), borderline (OR, 1.8; 95%CI, 1.41-2.24), and schizotypal (OR, 1.5; 95%CI, 1.18-1.87) personality disorders. Similar associations were found for any lifetime DUD with the exception that lifetime DUD was also associated with generalized anxiety disorder (OR, 1.3; 95%CI, 1.06-1.49), panic disorder (OR, 1.3; 95%CI, 1.06-1.59), and social phobia (OR, 1.3; 95%CI, 1.09-1.64). Twelve-month DUD was associated with significant disability, increasing with DUD severity. Among respondents with 12-month and lifetime DUD, only 13.5%and 24.6%received treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE DSM-5 DUD is a common, highly comorbid, and disabling disorder that largely goes untreated in the United States. These findings indicate the need for additional studies to understand the broad relationships in more detail; estimate present-day economic costs of DUDs; investigate hypotheses regarding etiology, chronicity, and treatment use; and provide information to policy makers about allocation of resources for service delivery and research. Findings also indicate an urgent need to destigmatize DUD and educate the public, clinicians, and policy makers about its treatment to encourage affected individuals to obtain help. Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Grant, B. F., Saha, T. D., June Ruan, W., Goldstein, R. B., Patricia Chou, S., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Smith, S. M., Pickering, R. P., Huang, B., Hasin, D. S.",2016.0,,10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132,0,0,
2128,"The Structure of Distress Following Trauma: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder","The current report used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the latent structures of both key features and associated symptoms of three disorders that commonly develop following a traumatic event: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Participants were 228 motor-vehicle accident survivors who sought treatment for emotional difficulties. PTSD, MDD, and GAD were assessed with a combination of self-report and interview-based measures. The results of construct level analyses suggested that PTSD, MDD, and GAD are distinguishable but highly correlated disorders following a traumatic event. Symptom level analyses supported a model where the Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Hypervigilance factors were subsumed under the PTSD construct. However, in this model the Dysphoria factor was a higher order construct correlated with the PTSD, MDD, and GAD factors, suggesting that the Dysphoria cluster may not be unique to PTSD. Diagnostic and theoretical implications of these results are discussed. (copyright) 2008 American Psychological Association.","adult, aged, article, dysphoria, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, interview, major clinical study, major depression, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, self report, traffic accident","Grant, D. M., Beck, J. G., Marques, L., Palyo, S. A., Clapp, J. D.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2129,Narrative Focus Predicts Symptom Change Trajectories in Group Treatment for Traumatized and Bereaved Adolescents,"Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCT-A) in reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and maladaptive grief (MG) reactions. This pilot study explored whether the specific focus of students' narratives (i.e., focus on trauma vs. focus on loss) as shared by TGCT-A group members would predict initial pretreatment levels, as well as pre- to posttreatment change trajectories, of PTSD symptoms and MG reactions. Thirty-three adolescents from three middle schools completed a 17-week course of group-based TGCT-A. PTSD and MG symptoms were assessed at pretreatment, twice during treatment, and at posttreatment. The focus (trauma vs. loss) of each student's narrative was coded using transcripts of members' narratives as shared within the groups. The reliable change index showed that 61% of students reported reliable pre-post improvement in either PTSD symptoms or MG reactions. Students whose narratives focused on loss both reported higher starting levels and showed steeper rates of decline in MG reactions than students whose narratives focused on trauma. In contrast, students whose narratives focused on trauma reported higher starting levels of PTSD than students who narrated loss experiences. However, narrative focus was not significantly linked to the rate at which PTSD symptoms declined over the course of treatment. This study provides preliminary evidence that TGCT-A treatment components are associated with reduced PTSD symptoms and MG reactions. Loss-focused narratives, in particular, appear to be associated with greater decreases in MG reactions. © 2014 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Grassetti, S. N., Herres, J., Williamson, A. A., Yarger, H. A., Layne, C. M., Kobak, R.",2014.0,,,0,1,
2130,Developmental Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Current Symptoms and Impairment in Youth Referred For Trauma-Specific Services,"By the time children reach adolescence, most have experienced at least one type of severe adversity and many have been exposed to multiple types. However, whether patterns of adverse childhood experiences are consistent or change across developmental epochs in childhood is not known. Retrospective reports of adverse potentially traumatic childhood experiences in 3 distinct developmental epochs (early childhood, 0- to 5-years-old; middle childhood, 6- to 12-years-old; and adolescence, 13- to 18-years-old) were obtained from adolescents (N = 3485) referred to providers in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) for trauma-focused assessment and treatment. Results from latent class analysis (LCA) revealed increasingly complex patterns of adverse/traumatic experiences in middle childhood and adolescence compared to early childhood. Depending upon the specific developmental epoch assessed, different patterns of adverse/traumatic experiences were associated with gender and with adolescent psychopathology (e.g., internalizing/externalizing behavior problems), and juvenile justice involvement. A multiply exposed subgroup that had severe problems in adolescence was evident in each of the 3 epochs, but their specific types of adverse/traumatic experiences differed depending upon the developmental epoch. Implications for research and clinical practice are identified.","Adverse childhood experiences, Juvenile justice, Polyvictimization, Trauma, Traumatic stress","Grasso, D. J., Dierkhising, C. B., Branson, C. E., Ford, J. D., Lee, R.",2015.0,Oct 6,10.1007/s10802-015-0086-8,0,1,
2131,Patterns of Multiple Victimization Among Maltreated Children in Navy Families,"The current study examined the cumulative risk associated with children's exposure to multiple types of parent-inflicted victimization. The sample was comprised of 195 children who were 7 to 17 years old (64.1% female and 48.2% non-White) at the time of referral to the United States Navy's Family Advocacy Program due to allegations of sexual abuse, physical abuse, or parental intimate partner violence. We conducted an exploratory latent class analysis to identify distinct subgroups of children based on lifetime victimization. We hypothesized that at least 2 classes or subgroups would be identified, with 1 characterized by greater victimization and poorer outcomes. Results indicated that 3 classes of children best fit the data: (a) high victimization across all 3 categories, (b) high rates of physical abuse and witnessing intimate partner violence, and (c) high rates of physical abuse only. Findings indicated that the high victimization class was at greatest risk for alcohol and substance use, delinquent behavior, and meeting criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or depression 1 year later (odds ratio = 4.53). These findings highlight the serious mental health needs of a small but significantly high-risk portion of multiply victimized children entering the child welfare system. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Grasso, D. J., Saunders, B. E., Williams, L. M., Hanson, R., Smith, D. W., Fitzgerald, M. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2132,Predictors of treatment response to an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder,"Despite evidence for the efficacy of several treatments for deliberate self-harm (DSH) within borderline personality disorder (BPD), predictors of response to these treatments remain unknown. This study examined baseline demographic, clinical, and diagnostic predictors of treatment response to an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy (ERGT) for DSH among women with BPD. A recent RCT provided evidence for the efficacy of this ERGT (relative to a treatment-as-usual only waitlist condition). Participants in this study include the full intent-to-treat sample who began ERGT (across treatment and waitlist conditions; n = 51). Baseline diagnostic and clinical data were collected at the initial assessment, and outcome measures of DSH and self-destructive behaviors, emotion dysregulation/avoidance, and BPD symptoms (among others) were administered at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3- and 9-months posttreatment. Notably, both demographic variables and characteristics of participants' ongoing therapy in the community had minimal impact on treatment response. However, several indicators of greater severity in domains relevant to this ERGT (i.e., baseline emotion dysregulation and BPD criteria, lifetime and recent DSH, and past-year hospitalization and suicide attempts) predicted better responses during treatment and follow-up across the primary targets of treatment. Likewise, several co-occurring disorders (i.e., social phobia, panic disorder, and a cluster B personality disorder) predicted greater improvements in BPD symptoms during treatment or follow-up. Finally, although co-occurring generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and cluster A and C personality disorders were associated with poorer treatment response during follow-up, most of these effects reflected a lack of continued improvements during this period (vs. worsening of symptoms). © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Borderline personality, Group therapy, Predictors, Self-injury, Treatment response","Gratz, K. L., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Tull, M. T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2133,"Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale","Given recent attention to emotion regulation as a potentially unifying function of diverse symptom presentations, there is a need for comprehensive measures that adequately assess difficulties in emotion regulation among adults. This paper (a) proposes an integrative conceptualization of emotion regulation as involving not just the modulation of emotional arousal, but also the awareness, understanding, and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to act in desired ways regardless of emotional state; and (b) begins to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of a new measure, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Two samples of undergraduate students completed questionnaire packets. Preliminary findings suggest that the DERS has high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and adequate construct and predictive validity.","Assessment, Deliberate self-harm, Emotion dysregulation, Emotion regulation, Experiential avoidance","Gratz, K. L., Roemer, L.",2004.0,,10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94,0,0,
2134,Sedation of critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation,"Achieving and maintaining an optimal level of comfort and safety in the ICU plays an integral part in caring for critically ill patients. In general, the choice of sedative agent used in ICU patients should be driven by the specific indications and goals of sedation for each patient and the clinical pharmacology of the sedative agent in a particular patient, including its onset and offset of effect and its side-effect profile. Utilizing standard rating scales and unit-based guidelines facilitates the proper use of sedation and analgesia. The triad of factors that lead to agitation include pain, delirium, and anxiety. These factors should be addressed in a stepwise manner and treatment should be focused to a specific indication. Use of sedative hypnotics should be limited to those patients requiring a deeper level of sedation to provide maximal comfort and safety for the patient, or in those in whom agitation is not controlled even after addressing the factors of the triad. © 2013, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",,"Grawe, E. S., Bennett, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2135,Prevalence and Incidence of Traumatic Experiences Among Orphans in Institutional and Family-Based Settings in 5 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Longitudinal Study,"BACKGROUND: Policy makers struggling to protect the 153 million orphaned and separated children (OSC) worldwide need evidence-based research on the burden of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and the relative risk of PTEs across different types of care settings. METHODS: The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study used a 2-stage, cluster-randomized sampling design to identify 1,357 institution-dwelling and 1,480 family-dwelling orphaned and separated children in 5 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We used the Life Events Checklist developed by the National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to examine self-reported PTEs among 2,235 OSC ages 10-13 at baseline. We estimated prevalence and incidence during 36-months of follow-up and compared the risk of PTEs across care settings. Data collection began between May 2006 and February 2008, depending on the site. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence by age 13 of any PTE, excluding loss of a parent, was 91.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 85.6, 94.5) in institution-dwelling OSC and 92.4% (95% CI = 90.3, 94.0) in family-dwelling OSC; annual incidence of any PTE was lower in institution-dwelling (23.6% [95% CI = 19.4, 28.7]) than family-dwelling OSC (30.0% [95% CI = 28.1, 32.2]). More than half of children in institutions (50.3% [95% CI = 42.5, 58.0]) and in family-based care (54.0% [95% CI = 50.2, 57.7]) had experienced physical or sexual abuse by age 13. Annual incidence of physical or sexual abuse was lower in institution-dwelling (12.9% [95% CI = 9.6, 17.3]) than family-dwelling OSC (19.4% [95% CI = 17.7, 21.3]), indicating statistically lower risk in institution-dwelling OSC (risk difference = 6.5% [95% CI = 1.4, 11.7]). CONCLUSION: Prevalence and incidence of PTEs were high among OSC, but contrary to common assumptions, OSC living in institutions did not report more PTEs or more abuse than OSC living with families. Current efforts to reduce the number of institution-dwelling OSC may not reduce incidence of PTEs in this vulnerable population. Protection of children from PTEs should be a primary consideration, regardless of the care setting.",,"Gray, C. L., Pence, B. W., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R. A., ""ODonnell, K."", Thielman, N. M., Whetten, K.",2015.0,Sep,10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00093,0,0,
2136,Cognitive factors as sources of vulnerability in the development of PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event,"Although the experience of traumatic events is unfortunately and surprisingly prevalent, a substantial majority of trauma victims do not ultimately develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Accordingly, it is incumbent upon researchers to identify factors associated with vulnerability and resiliency following exposure to a traumatic event. This investigation sought to investigate the relationship between attributions for different types of life events and PTSD symptoms. Narratives and attributions for traumatic, pleasant, and unpleasant (nontraumatic) life events were obtained from twenty-nine individuals experiencing significant symptoms of PTSD and twenty-nine individuals who experienced similar traumatic events but were largely free of post-trauma psychopathology. The PTSD group offered life event attributions that were rated as being significantly more global and stable than did the non-PTSD group. This investigation also sought to evaluate a recently proposed operationalization of trauma-specific memory deficits. Consistent with past research, individuals experiencing significant trauma-related distress produced narratives that were less complex and more poorly articulated (as evidenced by reading levels of the narratives) than did similarly trauma-exposed non-PTSD individuals. However, these differences may be more parsimoniously accounted for by more generalized (i.e., not trauma-specific) cognitive differences, as observed differences in narrative articulation were strikingly similar across life event narratives. Moreover, these differences did not persist after controlling for relevant verbal skills and abilities. Implications for etiological models of PTSD are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attribution, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders)","Gray, Matthew James",2001.0,,,0,0,
2137,A longitudinal analysis of PTSD symptom course: Delayed-onset PTSD in Somalia peacekeepers,,,"Gray, M. J., Bolton, E. E., Litz, B. T.",2004.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.909,0,1,
2138,Evaluation of the Atypical Response scale of the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 in detecting simulated posttraumatic stress disorder,"This investigation evaluated the Atypical Response (ATR) scale of the Trauma Symptom Inventory - 2nd edition (TSI-2) in terms of its ability to distinguish genuine symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from simulated PTSD. Seventy-five undergraduate students were trained to simulate PTSD and were given monetary incentives to do so. Their responses on the PTSD Checklist (PCL), TSI-2 ATR, and Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) validity scales were compared to responses of 49 undergraduate students with genuine symptoms of PTSD instructed to respond honestly on testing. Results indicate that the revised version of the ATR is superior to the original version in detecting malingered PTSD. Discriminant Function Analyses revealed correct classification of 75% of genuinely distressed individuals and 74% of PTSD simulators. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","accuracy, adult, article, Atypical Response scale, checklist, classification, controlled study, discriminant analysis, female, human, human experiment, male, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychological rating scale, sensitivity and specificity, symptom, Trauma Symptom Inventory 2","Gray, M. J., Elhai, J. D., Briere, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2139,Provision of evidence-based therapies to rural survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault via telehealth: Treatment outcomes and clinical training benefits,"Rural survivors of sexual assault and domestic violence experience considerable difficulties accessing mental health services. Similarly, graduate psychology training programs located in rural locations have historically been limited in their ability to provide trainees with extensive exposure to specific client populations. With the advent of distal technologies-especially secure, encrypted videoconferencing capabilities-it is now possible to connect rural clients with specialized, mental health services provided by university-based training clinics. This article reviews mental health care needs and treatment barriers experienced by rural populations, and describes an innovative solution to begin to address these problems. Specifically, a partnership between a university-based mental health care clinic and 3 rural domestic violence/rape crisis centers is described, and preliminary treatment outcome data are presented. Training benefits reported by graduate student therapists and satisfaction ratings provided by crisis center staff and advocates are also presented and discussed. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Clinical training, Rural, Telehealth, Telemedicine","Gray, M. J., Hassija, C. M., Jaconis, M., Barrett, C., Zheng, P., Steinmetz, S., James, T.",2015.0,,10.1037/tep0000083,0,0,
2140,Psychometric properties of the life events checklist,,,"Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., Lombardo, T. W.",2004.0,,10.1177/1073191104269954,0,0,
2141,Post-traumatic stress disorder caused in mentally disordered offenders by the committing of a serious violent or sexual offence,"The aim of the study was to measure in a sample of mentally disordered offenders the frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to the committing of an offence and to consider what factors might be contributory to the onset and maintenance of these symptoms. The study was the first to investigate the incidence of PTSD in a primarily mentally ill population. A sample of 37 mentally disordered offenders was assessed for PTSD according to the DSM III-R and the Impact of Events Scale (IES; Horowitz, Wilner and Alvarez, 1979). 33% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 54% had significant PTSD symptomatology as indexed by the IES. The IES scores were greater in those who had committed violent offences than in those who had committed sexual offences, and in those who had an affective diagnosis. Frequency of PTSD symptoms was greater in those offenders who now felt regret for their actions. The high frequency of PTSD symptoms in this population may serve as a significant stressor and may exacerbate co-morbid psychiatric illness and contribute to poor treatment response and relapse. If risk of future dangerousness is associated with unstable mental state then the development of PTSD post-offence may prolong or increase risk of harm to self and others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mental Disorders, *Mentally Ill Offenders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sex Offenses, *Violent Crime, Stress, Symptoms","Gray, Nicola S., Carman, Nicole G., Rogers, Paul, MacCulloch, Malcolm J., Hayword, Peter, Snowden, Robert J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2142,Treating women incest survivors: A bridge between 'cumulative trauma' and 'post-traumatic stress',"While the concept of traumatic stress plays an intrinsic part in the diagnosis and treatment of adult incest survivors, the developmental framework within which the victimization has occurred may be overlooked. This paper presents a treatment model that integrates theories of post-traumatic stress and early environmental trauma. A profile of women incest survivors is given and an overview of treatment strategies utilizing the above theories is discussed.","adult, aged, clinical article, female, human, incest, model, mother, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, psychotrauma, review, sexual abuse, social aspect, social work, theory","Graziano, R.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2143,"Commentary: Key Issues, Concluding Thoughts, and Future Directions for the Study of Trauma and Child Health",,,"Greca, La, M, A., Comer, J. S., Lai, B. S.",2015.0,2015,,0,0,
2144,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Symptom profiles in men and women,"Objective: To investigate the symptom frequencies of a relatively large sample of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers and compare male and female symptom profiles. Research design and methods: A total of 103 consecutive attendees at a clinic for PTSD were examined using a checklist of DSM-IV PTSD characteristics. The presence and absence of all symptoms was evaluated in a research interview. Some additional symptoms were also routinely asked about, such as mood lability, substance use, sex drive or libido. Symptom profiles of male and female sufferers of PTSD were compared using the chi-squared statistical test. Main outcome measures: Structured interview using checklist of DSM-IV PTSD characteristics. Results: Certain symptoms were present in more than 30% of sufferers. Symptom frequencies for anxiety, insomnia, distressing and recurrent dreams, flashback imagery and intrusive thoughts, irritability, poor concentration, avoidance behaviour and detachment all reached frequencies above 70%. Some symptoms (such as inability to recall parts of the trauma and restricted affect) occurred in no more than 35% of sufferers. Conclusions: Men are significantly more likely than women to suffer with irritability (p < 0.05) and to use alcohol to excess (p < 0.05). Symptoms tend to follow an acute stress reaction, occur early and persist for many months. A case is made for restricting the diagnosis to the most prevalent symptoms and for including some often overlooked symptoms in the diagnostic guidelines, namely low mood, mood lability, and impaired libido.","Gender, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Psychopathology, Symptom frequency, Symptom profiles","Green, B.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2145,Prazosin in the treatment of PTSD,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often follows a chronic course, and the disorder is resistant to treatment with antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy in a proportion of patients. Prazosin, an a1-adrenoceptor blocker, has shown some promise in treating chronic PTSD. A review of this literature was conducted via a search of MEDLINE and SUMMON, using keywords such as PTSD, prazosin, treatment, and resistance. At least 10 clinical studies of prazosin in the treatment of PTSD, including open-label and randomized controlled trials, have been published. All of these studies support the efficacy of prazosin either for treating nightmares and improving sleep or for reducing the severity of PTSD. Treatment of PTSD with prazosin is usually initiated at a dose of 1 mg, with monitoring for hypotension after the first dose. The dose is then gradually increased to maintenance levels of 2-6 mg at night. Studies of military patients with PTSD have used higher doses (e.g., 10-16 mg at night). Prazosin has also been studied in younger and older adults with PTSD and in patients with alcohol problems, in whom it was found to reduce cravings and stress responses. Prazosin offers some hope for treating resistant cases of PTSD in which recurrent nightmares are problematic, with a relatively rapid response within weeks. It is suggested that large-scale civilian trials of prazosin be done, as well as studies concerning the use of prazosin in acute PTSD and as a potential preventive agent. Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Inc.","nightmares, posttraumatic stress disorder, prazosin, sleep","Green, B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2146,War stressors and symptom persistence in posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study focused on delineating aspects of war stressors associated with risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Findings from 191 Vietnam war veterans are presented, addressing which elements of the war experience predicted PTSD in remission or persistent PTSD. Some experiences, like loss and injury, predicted having had PTSD symptoms in the past, while other experiences, such as exposure to grotesque death, predicted current (persistent) PTSD. Discriminant analysis showed that the more extreme/intense the stressor experiences, the higher the risk for developing PTSD and for persistent symptoms. These findings provide empirical support for the PTSD diagnosis and additional data for refining the PTSD stressor criterion.","adult, article, clinical article, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, war","Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Gleser, G. C.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2147,Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of vietnam veterans,,,"Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Gleser, G. C., Leonard, A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2148,Buffalo Creek survivors in the second decade: Stability of stress symptoms,"A follow-up study of 120 adult survivors of the Buffalo Creek dam collapse of 1972 showed group changes 14 years after the event. Decreased symptoms were noted in all areas, although significant psychopathology remained in about one-quarter of the survivors. A small group with delayed onset of symptoms was identified.",,"Green, B. L., Lindy, J. D., Grace, M. C., Gleser, G. C., Leonard, A. C., Korol, M., Winget, C.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2149,Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and diagnostic comorbidity in a disaster sample,,,"Green, B. L., Lindy, J. D., Grace, M. C., Leonard, A. C.",1992.0,,10.1097/00005053-199212000-00004,0,0,
2150,"Race, age, and gender influences among clusters of african american and white patients with chronic pain","Racial and ethnic minorities, older people, and women are differentially affected by chronic pain. This study aimed to identify the experiences of adult African Americans and whites with chronic pain while identifying patient clusters on the basis of clinical characteristics as well as race, age, and gender influences within and between clusters. Three clusters of patients with chronic pain were identified within race, age, and gender categories: chronic pain syndrome, good pain control, and disability with mild syndrome. African American and younger patients experiencing chronic pain were more likely to present with chronic pain syndrome. African American patients presenting with chronic pain syndrome or disability with mild pain syndrome reported a higher disability than their counterparts. Older patients and women within the good pain control cluster reported a lower level of (1) pain and depression and (2) depression, respectively. Older patients presenting with a disability with mild syndrome also reported lower pain and depression. Despite similar physical, emotional, and pain characteristics, this study confirmed that the chronic pain experience differs across racial and age groups. Further study is necessary to evaluate how these factors influence pain services among an ethnically diverse population across the age continuum. Perspective This study found important racial and age-related variability in the symptom severity of patients with chronic pain presenting with similar physical, emotional, and pain characteristics to a tertiary care pain center. These findings have important clinical implications on chronic pain assessment and management. © 2004 by the American Pain Society.","age, chronic pain, cluster analysis, gender, health, patient classification types, Race and ethnicity","Green, C. R., Ndao-Brumblay, S. K., Nagrant, A. M., Baker, T. A., Rothman, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2151,What can multiwave studies teach us about disaster research: An analysis of low-income Hurricane Katrina survivors,"Previous research on natural disasters has been limited by a lack of predisaster data and statistical analyses that do not adequately predict change in psychological symptoms. In the current study, we addressed these limitations through analysis of 3 waves of data from a longitudinal investigation of 313 low-income, African American mothers who were exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Although postdisaster cross-sectional estimates of the impact of traumatic stress exposure and postdisaster social support on postdisaster psychological distress were somewhat inflated, the general trends persisted when controlling for predisaster data (B = 0.88 and -0.33, vs. B = 0.81 and -0.27, respectively). Hierarchical linear modeling of the 3 waves of data revealed that lower predisaster social support was associated with higher psychological distress at the time of the disaster (β = -16), and that higher traumatic stress exposure was associated with greater increases in psychological distress after the storm (β = .86). Based on the results, we suggest that the impact of traumatic stress on psychological trajectories cannot be accounted for solely by preexisting risk, and recommend more complex research designs to further illuminate the complex, dynamic relationships between psychological distress, traumatic stress exposure, and social support. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Green, G., Lowe, S. R., Rhodes, J. E.",2012.0,,,0,1,
2152,Five psychosocial variables related to the existence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms,"Investigated the relative contribution of specific preservice, service, and postservice psychosocial variables to severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 60 Vietnam veterans (mean age 35.6 yrs). The following variables were surveyed: intensity of combat experienced in Vietnam, current subjective impact of the stress of Vietnam experiences, current level of life stress, extent and nature of social support available to the veteran during the 1st yr of return from Vietnam, and preservice psychosocial functioning. A stepwise discriminant function analysis revealed that combat intensity, current impact of the previously experienced events in Vietnam, and current level of life stress correctly classified 75% of the total cases. Findings were supported by tests of correlation and stepwise regression analysis. Current levels of life stress, especially disruption in interpersonal relationships, were associated significantly with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Severity (Disorders), *Social Support, *Stress Reactions, Military Veterans, War","Green, Monica A., Berlin, Meryl A.",1987.0,,,0,0,
2153,"Prenatal stress induces long term stress vulnerability, compromising stress response systems in the brain and impairing extinction of conditioned fear after adult stress","Stress is a risk factor for the development of affective disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other anxiety disorders. However, not all individuals who experience either chronic stress or traumatic acute stress develop such disorders. Thus, other factors must confer a vulnerability to stress, and exposure to early-life stress may be one such factor. In this study we examined prenatal stress (PNS) as a potential vulnerability factor that may produce stable changes in central stress response systems and susceptibility to develop fear- and anxiety-like behaviors after adult stress exposure. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were immobilized for 1 h daily during the last week of pregnancy. Controls were unstressed. The male offspring were then studied as adults. As adults, PNS or control rats were first tested for shock-probe defensive burying behavior, then half from each group were exposed to a combined chronic plus acute prolonged stress (CAPS) treatment, consisting of chronic intermittent cold stress (4 degrees C, 6 h/d, 14 days) followed on day 15 by a single session of sequential acute stressors (social defeat, immobilization, cold swim). After CAPS or control treatment, different groups were tested for open field exploration, social interaction, or cued fear conditioning and extinction. Rats were sacrificed at least 5 days after behavioral testing for measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in specific brain regions, and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Shock-probe burying, open field exploration and social interaction were unaffected by any treatment. However, PNS elevated basal corticosterone, decreased GR protein levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and decreased TH mRNA expression in noradrenergic neurons in the dorsal pons. Further, rats exposed to PNS plus CAPS showed attenuated extinction of cue-conditioned fear. These results suggest that PNS induces vulnerability to subsequent adult stress, resulting in an enhanced fear-like behavioral profile, and dysregulation of brain noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity.","Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood, *Aging, Animals, Brain/*metabolism, Conditioning, Classical, Corticosterone/blood, Extinction, Psychological/*physiology, Fear, Female, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/*physiopathology, Radioimmunoassay, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Restraint, Physical/psychology, Stress, Psychological/*complications/*physiopathology","Green, M. K., Rani, C. S., Joshi, A., Soto-Pina, A. E., Martinez, P. A., Frazer, A., Strong, R., Morilak, D. A.",2011.0,Sep 29,10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.041,0,0,
2154,"Prenatal stress induces long term stress vulnerability, compromising stress response systems in the brain and impairing extinction of conditioned fear after adult stress","Stress is a risk factor for the development of affective disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other anxiety disorders. However, not all individuals who experience either chronic stress or traumatic acute stress develop such disorders. Thus, other factors must confer a vulnerability to stress, and exposure to early-life stress may be one such factor. In this study we examined prenatal stress (PNS) as a potential vulnerability factor that may produce stable changes in central stress response systems and susceptibility to develop fear- and anxiety-like behaviors after adult stress exposure. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were immobilized for 1 h daily during the last week of pregnancy. Controls were unstressed. The male offspring were then studied as adults. As adults, PNS or control rats were first tested for shock-probe defensive burying behavior, then half from each group were exposed to a combined chronic plus acute prolonged stress (CAPS) treatment, consisting of chronic intermittent cold stress (4 (degrees)C, 6 h/d, 14 days) followed on day 15 by a single session of sequential acute stressors (social defeat, immobilization, cold swim). After CAPS or control treatment, different groups were tested for open field exploration, social interaction, or cued fear conditioning and extinction. Rats were sacrificed at least 5 days after behavioral testing for measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in specific brain regions, and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Shock-probe burying, open field exploration and social interaction were unaffected by any treatment. However, PNS elevated basal corticosterone, decreased GR protein levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and decreased TH mRNA expression in noradrenergic neurons in the dorsal pons. Further, rats exposed to PNS plus CAPS showed attenuated extinction of cue-conditioned fear. These results suggest that PNS induces vulnerability to subsequent adult stress, resulting in an enhanced fear-like behavioral profile, and dysregulation of brain noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity. (copyright) 2011 IBRO.","corticosterone, corticotropin, glucocorticoid receptor, messenger RNA, tyrosine 3 monooxygenase, acute stress, adrenal medulla, animal behavior, animal experiment, animal tissue, anxiety, article, brain function, brain region, brain tissue, chronic stress, cold stress, conditioning, controlled study, corticosterone blood level, corticotropin blood level, disease predisposition, exploratory behavior, fear, female, gene expression, hippocampus, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, immobilization, locus ceruleus, long term exposure, male, nonhuman, noradrenergic nerve, noradrenergic system, open field behavior, pons, prefrontal cortex, prenatal stress, priority journal, protein expression, rat, reinforcement, shock probe defensive burying behavior, social interaction, swimming","Green, M. K., Rani, C. S. S., Joshi, A., Soto-Pina, A. E., Martinez, P. A., Frazer, A., Strong, R., Morilak, D. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,2153
2155,"Prenatal stress induces long term stress vulnerability, compromising stress response systems in the brain and impairing extinction of conditioned fear after adult stress","Stress is a risk factor for the development of affective disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other anxiety disorders. However, not all individuals who experience either chronic stress or traumatic acute stress develop such disorders. Thus, other factors must confer a vulnerability to stress, and exposure to early-life stress may be one such factor. In this study we examined prenatal stress (PNS) as a potential vulnerability factor that may produce stable changes in central stress response systems and susceptibility to develop fear- and anxiety-like behaviors after adult stress exposure. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were immobilized for 1 h daily during the last week of pregnancy. Controls were unstressed. The male offspring were then studied as adults. As adults, PNS or control rats were first tested for shock-probe defensive burying behavior, then half from each group were exposed to a combined chronic plus acute prolonged stress (CAPS) treatment, consisting of chronic intermittent cold stress (4 °C, 6 h/d, 14 days) followed on day 15 by a single session of sequential acute stressors (social defeat, immobilization, cold swim). After CAPS or control treatment, different groups were tested for open field exploration, social interaction, or cued fear conditioning and extinction. Rats were sacrificed at least 5 days after behavioral testing for measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in specific brain regions, and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Shock-probe burying, open field exploration and social interaction were unaffected by any treatment. However, PNS elevated basal corticosterone, decreased GR protein levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and decreased TH mRNA expression in noradrenergic neurons in the dorsal pons. Further, rats exposed to PNS plus CAPS showed attenuated extinction of cue-conditioned fear. These results suggest that PNS induces vulnerability to subsequent adult stress, resulting in an enhanced fear-like behavioral profile, and dysregulation of brain noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activity. © 2011 IBRO.","Fear extinction, HPA axis, Prenatal stress, Traumatic stress, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Vulnerability","Green, M. K., Rani, C. S. S., Joshi, A., Soto-Piña, A. E., Martinez, P. A., Frazer, A., Strong, R., Morilak, D. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,2153
2156,Undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents,"Objectives: To determine the pattern of emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among motor vehicle accident victims and to examine the influence of PTSD on subsequent levels of disability. Design: A longitudinal study of motor vehicle accident victims one month and 18 months after the accident. Subjects: Twenty-four motor vehicle accident victims admitted by the trauma team at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. A 52% response rate was achieved. Main outcome measures: Post-traumatic stress disorder as diagnosed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and disability as measured with the Sickness Impact Profile. Results: Eighteen months after their accidents, six of the 24 subjects had clinically significant PTSD and one was considered borderline. None had been previously diagnosed or treated. The group with PTSD had higher scores on all measures of psychological distress one month after the accident and were more likely to use immature psychological defences. There was no association between physical outcome (measured with the modified Glasgow Outcome Scale) at six months and subsequent diagnosis of PTSD. However, the group with PTSD had higher levels of disability on assessment with the Sickness Impact Profile, particularly in the domain of social functioning. The results suggest PTSD was associated with work-related dysfunction equal to that associated with severe physical handicap. Conclusion: The data from this pilot study suggest that PTSD after motor vehicle accidents is an important cause of disability, which may also become the focus for damages in litigation. Thus, there is a need for further investigation of the early patterns of distress and to design preventive programs for victims of road accidents.","article, clinical article, disability, distress syndrome, female, human, law suit, longitudinal study, male, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, social interaction, traffic accident","Green, M. M., McFarlane, A. C., Hunter, C. E., Griggs, W. M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
2157,Complex posttraumatic stress disorder,"The characteristic symptoms resulting from exposure to an extreme trauma include three clusters of symptoms: persistent experience of the traumatic event, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and persistent symptoms of increased arousal. Beyond the accepted clusters of symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder exists a formation of symptoms related to exposure to extreme or prolonged stress e.g. childhood abuse, physical violence, rape, and confinement within a concentration camp. With accumulated evidence of the existence of these symptoms began a trail to classify a more complex syndrome, which included, but was not confined to the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. This review addresses several subjects for study in complex posttraumatic stress disorder, which is a complicated and controversial topic. Firstly, the concept of complex posttraumatic stress disorder is presented. Secondly, the professional literature relevant to this disturbance is reviewed and finally, the authors present the polemic being conducted between the researchers of posttraumatic disturbances regarding validity, reliability and the need for separate diagnosis for these symptoms.","Childhood abuse, Complex, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Green, T., Kotler, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2158,Associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and cigarette smoking,"Understanding the relationship between Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cigarette smoking has been difficult because of PTSD's symptomatic heterogeneity. This study examined common and unique lifetime cross-sectional relationships between PTSD symptom clusters [Re-experiencing (intrusive thoughts and nightmares about the trauma), Avoidance (avoidance of trauma-associated memories or stimuli), Emotional Numbing (loss of interest, interpersonal detachment, restricted positive affect), and Hyperarousal (irritability, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, insomnia)] and three indicators of smoking behavior: (1) smoking status; (2) cigarettes per day; and (3) nicotine dependence. Participants were adult respondents in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions with a trauma history (n = 23,635). All four symptom clusters associated with each smoking outcome in single-predictor models (ps <. 0001). In multivariate models including all of the symptom clusters as simultaneous predictors, Emotional Numbing was the only cluster to retain a significant association with lifetime smoking over and above the other clusters, demographics, and Axis-I comorbidity (OR = 1.30, p <.01). While Avoidance uniquely associated with smoking status and nicotine dependence in multivariate models, these relations fell below significance after adjusting for demographics and comorbidity. No clusters uniquely associated with cigarettes per day. Hyperarousal uniquely related with nicotine dependence over and above the other clusters, demographics, and Axis-I comorbidity (OR = 1.51, p <.001). These results suggest the following: (a) common variance across PTSD symptom clusters contribute to PTSD's linkage with smoking in the American population; and (b) certain PTSD symptom clusters may uniquely associate with particular indicators of smoking behavior. These findings may clarify the underpinnings of PTSD-smoking comorbidity and inform smoking interventions for trauma-exposed individuals. © 2012 Canadian Psychological Association.","comorbidity, nicotine dependence, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, smoking","Greenberg, J. B., Ameringer, K. J., Trujillo, M. A., Sun, P., Sussman, S., Brightman, M., Pitts, S. R., Leventhal, A. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2159,A cluster randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) in a military population,"Trauma Risk Management is a peer-support program that aims to promote help-seeking in the aftermath of traumatic events. Prior to its implementation, the British military conducted a randomized controlled trial of Trauma Risk Management against standard care in 12 warships; 6 were randomized to use Trauma Risk Management after collecting baseline measurements. Follow up after 12-18 months found no significant change in psychological health or stigma scores in either group; however, the studied vessels only encountered low numbers of critical incidents. Additionally, measurements of organizational functioning were modestly better in the Trauma Risk Management ships. The authors conclude that within organizations using Trauma Risk Management may be beneficial and may, in time, lead to a valuable cultural shift.","adult, article, clinical trial, cluster analysis, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, female, follow up, human, male, medicine, organization and management, patient attitude, peer group, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, randomized controlled trial, risk assessment, risk management, social psychology, social support, soldier, United Kingdom","Greenberg, N., Langston, V., Everitt, B., Iversen, A., Fear, N. T., Jones, N., Wessely, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2160,"Differential diagnosis of PTSD, schizophrenia, and depression with the MMPI-2","This study used 102 male, veteran, psychiatric inpatients to describe patterns of MMPI-2 clinical and content scales that most accurately discriminate among patients diagnosed with PTSD, schizophrenia, and depression. Single scale accuracy classification using scales PK and PS was unacceptably low. Optimally weighted scales, including PK, Sc, BIZ, and ANX, correctly classified 70% of the patients. Suggestions for facilitating the use of formal decision rules are offered.","Adult, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology, Diagnosis, Differential, Discriminant Analysis, Humans, *Mmpi, Male, Middle Aged, Schizophrenia/*diagnosis, Schizophrenic Psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology","Greenblatt, R. L., Davis, W. E.",1999.0,Feb,,0,0,
2161,"Depression, anxiety, and perinatal-specific posttraumatic distress in mothers of very low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","OBJECTIVE: To compare the trajectories and determine the predictors of maternal distress defined as a continuous spectrum of symptomatology and elevated symptomatology, of depression, anxiety, and perinatal-specific posttraumatic stress (PPTS), in mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants throughout the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. METHOD: Sixty-nine mothers completed psychological questionnaires within the first month of their infant's NICU hospitalization and again 2 weeks before NICU discharge. Multiple regression models determined maternal psychological, reproductive, sociodemographic, and infant medical predictors of maternal distress. RESULTS: Perinatal-specific posttraumatic stress remained stable throughout the NICU hospitalization, whereas other aspects of distress declined. Previous psychological history and infant medical variables predicted higher PPTS but no other aspects of distress. Reproductive variables predicted anxiety and PPTS; history of fetal loss initially predicted lower PPTS but throughout hospitalization primipara status emerged as a predictor of higher anxiety and PPTS. Sociodemographic variables predicated initial, but not later, depressive distress. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological screening is important in the NICU. The PPTS profile suggests it may require distinct treatment. Primiparas should be targeted for intervention.",,"Greene, M. M., Rossman, B., Patra, K., Kratovil, A. L., Janes, J. E., Meier, P. P.",2015.0,Jun,10.1097/dbp.0000000000000174,0,0,
2162,The role of ex-POWs' PTSD symptoms and trajectories in wives' secondary traumatization,"Secondary traumatization describes the phenomenon whereby those in proximity to trauma survivors develop psychological symptoms similar to those experienced by the direct survivor. The current study examined secondary trauma (ST) and generalized distress symptoms (general psychiatric symptomatology, functional disability, and self-rated health) in wives of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs). The study compared wives of Israeli ex-POWs from the 1973 Yom Kippur War with wives of a matched control group of non-POW Yom Kippur War combat veterans (CVs). The wives also were divided into groups based on their husbands' current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) status and PTSD trajectory (i.e., chronic, delayed), and their outcomes were compared with resilient CVs. We found that wives of ex-POWs with PTSD reported higher ST and generalized distress than wives of ex-POWs and non-POW CVs without PTSD. Wives of ex-POWs with chronic PTSD reported the highest levels of functional disability. We also found that the relationships between husbands' prior captivity, and wives' ST and general psychiatric symptomatology were fully mediated by the husbands' PTSD symptoms. These findings indicate that it is exposure to a partner with PTSD that leads to overall ST and other distress symptoms, and not simply to a trauma survivor. Furthermore, the more severe their husbands' PTSD, the more wives are at risk for ST and general psychiatric symptomatology. Wives of partners with PTSD should therefore be considered high-risk groups for ST and distress that may require targeted interventions.",,"Greene, T., Lahav, Y., Bronstein, I., Solomon, Z.",2014.0,Oct,10.1037/a0037848,0,1,
2163,A Longitudinal Study of Secondary Posttraumatic Growth in Wives of Ex-POWs,"OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to investigate (a) ""secondary"" posttraumatic growth (PTG) in wives of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and its association to husbands' captivity, husbands' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and husbands' PTSD trajectories; and (b) the bidirectional relationships over time between wives' posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTG. METHOD: The study compared 116 wives of Israeli ex-POWs from the 1973 Yom Kippur War with 56 wives of a matched control group of non-POW combat veterans. Wives were divided into groups according to husbands' captivity status, husbands' PTSD status, and husbands' PTSD trajectories; and ANOVAs and MANOVAs were conducted to assess group differences in PTSS and PTG, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Autoregressive cross-lag modeling was also used to assess bidirectional relationships between wives' PTSS and PTG over time. RESULTS: Wives of ex-POWs with PTSD reported significantly higher PTG compared with wives of ex-POWs without PTSD and wives of controls. While PTG and PTSS remained stable over time, importantly, the Time 1 (T1) level of PTG predicted avoidance symptoms at Time 2 (T2); the higher the wives' PTG at T1, the higher their avoidance symptoms at T2, but not vice versa. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the notion that ""secondary PTG"" exists. They also strengthen the theory that growth and distress can co-occur. Finally, the finding that PTG predicted subsequent avoidance symptoms suggests that PTG does not prevent the future development of distress.",,"Greene, T., Lahav, Y., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Solomon, Z.",2015.0,,10.1080/00332747.2015.1051451,0,0,
2164,Identifying experiences of physical and psychological violence in childhood that jeopardize mental health in adulthood,"Objective: This study examined associations between profiles of physical and psychological violence in childhood from parents and two dimensions of mental health in adulthood (negative affect and psychological well-being). Profiles were distinguished by the types of violence retrospectively self-reported (only physical, only psychological, or both psychological and physical violence), as well as by the frequency at which each type of violence reportedly occurred (never, rarely, or frequently). Methods: Multivariate regression models were estimated using data from the National Survey of Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS). An adapted version of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) was used to collect respondents' reports of physical and psychological violence in childhood from each parent. Respondents also reported on current experiences of negative affect and psychological well-being. Results: Regarding violence from mothers, reports of frequent psychological violence-even when coupled with never or rarely having experienced physical violence-were associated with more negative affect and less psychological well-being in adulthood. Nearly all profiles of violence in childhood from fathers-with the exception of reports of rare physical violence only-were associated with poorer adult mental health. Conclusions: Results provide evidence that frequent experiences of psychological violence from parents-even in the absence of physical violence and regardless of whether such violence is from mothers or fathers-can place individuals' long-term mental health at risk. Moreover, frequent physical violence from fathers-even in the absence of psychological violence-also serves as a risk factor for poorer adult mental health. Practice implications: Findings provide additional empirical support for the importance of prevention and intervention efforts directed toward children who experience physical and psychological violence from parents, as well as among adults who reportedly experienced in childhood only one type of violence and especially psychological violence at high levels of frequency. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Adulthood, Gender, Long-term effects of family violence in childhood, Mental health, Physical violence, Psychological violence, Psychological well-being, Violence from parents","Greenfield, E. A., Marks, N. F.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2165,"Brief report: Pediatric cancer, parental coping style, and risk for depressive, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety symptoms",,,"Greening, L., Stoppelbein, L.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
2166,Symptoms of post-traumatic stress: Intrusion and avoidance 6 and 12 months after TBI,,,"Greenspan, A. I., Stringer, A. Y., Phillips, V. L., Hammond, F. M., Goldstein, F. C.",2006.0,,10.1080/02699050600773276,0,0,
2167,Diagnostic profiles of offenders in substance abuse treatment programs,"This study examined the association of Aids I and Axis II disorders among offenders who were in prison-based substance abuse treatment in a national multi-site study. Participants (N = 280) received a psychosocial assessment and a structured diagnostic interview in two separate sessions. Logistic regression models examined the association between lifetime mood and anxiety disorders with two personality disorders, and the relationship of Axis I and Axis II disorders (alone and in combination) to pre-treatment psychosocial functioning. Over two-thirds of the sample met criteria for at least one mental disorder. Borderline personality disorder was strongly associated with having a lifetime mood disorder (odds ratio = 7.5) or lifetime anxiety disorder (odds ratio = 8.7). Individuals with only an Axis II disorder, or who had both Axis I and Axis II disorders, had more severe problems in psychosocial functioning than those without any disorder. Clinical treatment approaches need to address this heterogeneity in diagnostic profiles, symptom severity, and psychosocial functioning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Grella, C. E., Greenwell, L., Prendergast, M., Sacks, S., Melnick, G.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2168,Post-traumatic condition and psychological distress/well-being in a sample of inmates: A cluster analytic approach,"Aim. Researchers addressing the mental health needs of inmates reported that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was one of the most common disorders. This study examined the patterns of PTSD symptoms and their relation to the self-reported level of distress and psychological wellbeing in a sample of Italian inmates. Methods. Fifty inmates, 90% male, 54% aged 31-50 years, 70% awaiting trial, completed a battery of tests including the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ), and the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS). Results. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters of respondents, which presents varying combination of PTSD symptoms, as measured with the three subscales of the DTS. Accordingly, these clusters were labeled Cluster 1 - Traumatized (n=18), Cluster 2 - Non-traumatized (n=18), and Cluster 3 - Seriously traumatized (n=14). Findings indicated that the three groups differed consistently across all the domains of the SQ and on the environmental mastery scale of the PWBS.Those in the Traumatized clusters, as compared to the Nontraumatized, demonstrated higher overall psychological distress and lower perceived environmental mastery. Moreover, independent of posttraumatic level, inmates showed poorer psychological wellbeing and higher distress than the normative population. Discussion. The patterns manifested in clusters 1 and 3 could become the focus of attention to deliver specific intervention aimed at reducing inmates' distress and encouraging their adjustment to prison life.","adult, article, clinical article, clinical feature, distress syndrome, female, human, Italy, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prison, prisoner, psychologic test, psychological well being, questionnaire","Gremigni, P., Del Bene, S., Tossani, E.",2010.0,,,0,1,
2169,Examining the use of the Beck Depression Inventory in Vietnam War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is classified as an anxiety disorder that results from exposure to a traumatic stressor and is diagnostically characterized by three main symptom clusters: reexperiencing the trauma, avoidance and emotional numbing, and hyperarousal. Two of the prevalent issues that arise with PTSD assessment are the often high rates of comorbidity and heterogeneous clinical presentation. One of the most common comorbid disorders with PTSD is Major Depression, as well as the similarities in symptom overlap and shared vulnerability subsequent to a traumatic stressor. One of the most widely administered and valid self-report measures of depressive symptomatology are the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Research using the BDI has progressed into factor analytic studies, which gives more specific descriptions of depressive symptom endorsements. The purpose of this study was to derive a three-factor structure of the BDI in order to assess which factor contributed most to a classification of severe depression. This preliminary study was important because it attempted to provide a more accurate assessment and treatment for individuals who clinically present with both VISE) and depression. Archival data was collected from Hines VA Hospital's Clinical Neuroscience Section and PTSD Clinic, which resulted in 45 BDI's of male, Vietnam War Veterans with a PTSD diagnosis being analyzed. The first hypothesis was that a three-factor structure of the BDI could be derived, based on methods that have been used in the established studies of Green, Felmingham. Baguley, Slewa-Younan, and Simpson (2001) and Novy, Nelson, Berry, and Averill (1995). It was also hypothesized that from the three-factor structure, the Somatic Complaints factor would most contribute to a severe depression classification. A principal components analysis of the BDI provided partial support for a three-factor structure that represented factors based on established studies. These established factors were named the Affective-Performance Complaints. Negative Attitudes towards Self and Somatic Complaints. Discriminant analysis did not find evidence for the second hypothesis. Conversely, the Affective-Performance Complaints factor was found to contribute the most to a classification of severe depression. The implications and future directions for research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Beck Depression Inventory, *Major Depression, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms, War","Gresko, Erica",2012.0,,,0,0,
2170,The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis,"Environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Variation in the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene has been hypothesized to affect risk for PTSD. With the aim of investigating this association, we conducted a meta-analysis to shed light on prior controversial results and increase statistical power to detect smaller effect sizes. PubMed and ISI databases were searched for studies published until December 2012. Twelve studies have been included, all based on trauma-exposed samples. Data were analyzed with Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager Software (Version 5). Quality and publication bias were assessed. Metaregressions were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, Version 2. Taking into account all studies, no association was found between 5-HTTLPR and PTSD (p = .10), with evidence of between-study heterogeneity, which could be partly explained by gender differences. In sensitivity analyses, we found an association between SS genotype and PTSD in high trauma-exposed participants (p < .001). To be a carrier of the SS genotype seems to represent a risk factor for PTSD in high trauma exposure. Further studies focusing on Gene x Environment interactions are needed to better understand the role of this polymorphism in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Genetics, *Polymorphism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Gressier, Florence, Calati, Raffaella, Balestri, Martina, Marsano, Agnese, Alberti, Siegfried, Antypa, Niki, Serretti, Alessandro",2013.0,,,0,0,
2171,Intensive cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Case studies,"(create) There is good evidence from randomized controlled trials that cognitive therapy (CT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Ehlers et al., 2009) is an effective treatment (Duffy, Gillespie, & Clark, 2007; Ehlers, Clark, Hackmann, McManus, & Fennell, 2005; Ehlers et al., 2003). Furthermore, CT has been successfully disseminated to routine clinical settings in which, in contrast to randomized trials, no exclusion criteria are applied (Duffy et al., 2007; Gillespie, Duffy, Hackmann, & Clark, 2002). Finally, CT has been shown to work for acute and chronic PTSD following from one or two events (Ehlers et al., 2003, 2005), and for very chronic PTSD following multiple traumas (Duffy et al., 2007). This chapter describes the assessment, formulation, and treatment of two patients who received CT for PTSD in an intensive format. Typically CT for PTSD covers the following: the first session or two cover normalization of symptoms, starting 'reclaiming your life' (assignments designed to re-engage the patient with meaningful activities that were important to them before the trauma, such as meeting friends or exercise), and the formulation and rationale for working on the trauma memory. The next session will include imaginal reliving of the trauma (Foa & Rothbaum, 1998) (or narrative writing in some cases) to access the problematic moments in the trauma memory, identification of hotspots, and peri-traumatic cognitive themes. Following sessions interweave working on the trauma memory directly (e.g., using reliving, narrative writing, stimulus discrimination of sensory triggers of intrusions, site visit, and behavioural experiments) with work on changing excessively negative post- and peri-traumatic appraisals using a mixture of verbal and imaginal cognitive therapy techniques. The same therapeutic procedures are used in intensive CT for PTSD, but they are carried out within a week, followed by a session 1 week later and up to three follow-ups at monthly intervals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cognitive Techniques, Memory, Psychotherapeutic Processes","Grey, Nick, McManus, Freda, Hackmann, Ann, Clark, David M., Ehlers, Anke",2009.0,,,0,0,
2172,Editorial,"The health burden of psychiatric disorders is rapidly increasing, whilst the range of available pharmacotherapies is limited and suboptimal with regard to efficacy and tolerability. Recent findings support a major role for neuropeptides in several of these conditions and thereby identify neuropeptide systems as potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In preclinical models, pharmacological and/or genetic manipulation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), vasopressin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, bombesin, nociceptin and neurotensin alters anxiety-, depression- or schizophrenia- related responses. Recently, specific and highly potent small molecule neuropeptide receptor agonists and antagonists have been developed that can readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical assessment of several compounds is currently underway. This issue will provide an overview of recent developments in this rapidly advancing field. The introductory paper by Catherine Belzung and colleagues [1] describes general features of neuropeptides, including the history of their discovery, their definition, classification, biosynthesis, transport, release, inactivation, as well as their interaction with specific neuronal receptors. It focuses more particularly on the involvement of neuropeptides in depression, and anxiety disorders. CRF is undoubtedly the most extensively studied neuropeptide, notably because of its well-known involvement in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis, whose dysfunctioning has been directly linked to the development of stress-related disorders. Thomas Steckler and Frank Dautzenberg give a comprehensive update on the involvement of CRF and its receptor subtypes in affective disorders and drug abuse [2]. Since vasopressin has been shown to be critical for adaptation of the HPA axis during stress through its ability to potentiate the stimulatory effect of CRF, it has been hypothesized that this peptide may provide a good opportunity for pharmacological treatment of stress-related disorders. The availability of the first orally active non-nonpeptide V1b receptor antagonist, SSR149415, opened a new era for examining the role of vasopressin in stress-related disorders. Rainer Landgraf in his review [3] elegantly demonstrates that the capability of vasopressin to respond to both stressful stimuli and mediate genetic polymorphisms makes the central release of this peptide a key process for converging behavioral regulation related to stress disorders. Christina Carjaval and colleagues [4] review recent developments on the role of NPY in emotion and alcohol dependence and they examine the potential of the NPY system as a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of anxiety, depression and alcohol-related disorders. Although less studied within the CNS field than the previous peptides, gastrin-releasing peptides and their receptors are increasingly examined for their involvement in psychiatric and neurological diseases. Rafael Roesler and his colleagues [5] review this emerging idea. Becky Kinkead and Charles Nemeroff [6] discuss the idea that neurotensin receptor ligands may represent an innovative approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. There is now compelling evidence that the orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) system may represent a valuable target for the development of drugs treating a variety of psychiatric disorders. Rainer Reinscheid [7] discusses the recent development of OFQ/N ligands and their behavioral effects in animal studies. Our understanding of the role of the galanin system in modulating emotional behavior and drug withdrawal has progressed in recent years. Andrew Holmes and Marina Picciotto [8] summarize in their review current developments and scientific achievements that have been made to elucidate the functions of galanin in psychiatric disorders. In the last review article, Michael Cowen and Andrew Lawrence [9] discuss the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting neuropeptide systems implicated in aberrant alcohol-seekin behaviour. The search for novel treatment strategies for psychiatric disorders is driven by the growing medical need to enhance the response rate, efficacy and side-effect profile of existing drugs. Given the wealth of animal and human data supporting the role for neuropeptides in modulating behavioral responses, targeting these systems remains a highly promising avenue for the development of novel clinical entities in psychiatric disorders.",,"Griebel, G.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2173,50 years of hurdles and hope in anxiolytic drug discovery,"Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent group of psychiatric diseases, and have high personal and societal costs. The search for novel pharmacological treatments for these conditions is driven by the growing medical need to improve on the effectiveness and the side effect profile of existing drugs. A huge volume of data has been generated by anxiolytic drug discovery studies, which has led to the progression of numerous new molecules into clinical trials. However, the clinical outcome of these efforts has been disappointing, as promising results with novel agents in rodent studies have very rarely translated into effectiveness in humans. Here, we analyse the major trends from preclinical studies over the past 50 years conducted in the search for new drugs beyond those that target the prototypical anxiety-associated GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-benzodiazepine system, which have focused most intensively on the serotonin, neuropeptide, glutamate and endocannabinoid systems. We highlight various key issues that may have hampered progress in the field, and offer recommendations for how anxiolytic drug discovery can be more effective in the future. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.",,"Griebel, G., Holmes, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2174,Neuropeptide receptor ligands as drugs for psychiatric diseases: The end of the beginning?,"The search for novel drugs for treating psychiatric disorders is driven by the growing medical need to improve on the effectiveness and side-effect profile of currently available therapies. Given the wealth of preclinical data supporting the role of neuropeptides in modulating behaviour, pharmaceutical companies have been attempting to target neuropeptide receptors for over two decades. However, clinical studies with synthetic neuropeptide ligands have been unable to confirm the promise predicted by studies in animal models. Here, we analyse preclinical and clinical results for neuropeptide receptor ligands that have been studied in clinical trials for psychiatric diseases, including agents that target the receptors for tachykinins, corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and neurotensin, and suggest new ways to exploit the full potential of these candidate drugs. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.",,"Griebel, G., Holsboer, F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2175,Selective blockade of 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolysis affects learning and memory performance while slowing down epileptogenesis in rodents,"Background: Endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a key neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system, regulating appetite, cognition, emotion, mood and pain by activation of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Alterations in the eCB system has been associated with disease in several major therapeutic areas. In particular, changes in tissue concentrations of their natural lipid ligands, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyglycerol (2-AG) have been observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders, observations which have fueled considerable pharmaceutical interest in developing eCB-manipulating drugs to treat these conditions. These include compounds that act at CB1 receptors or inhibit anandamide degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Much less attention focused on the identification of drugs that modify 2-AG levels via manipulation of the serine hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), its principal degradative enzyme. Here we report the pharmacological profile of a potent and selective MAGL inhibitor, Compound A. Methods: MAGL selectivity and activity of Compound A were determined in in vitro and ex vivo biochemical assays, followed by a pharmacokinetic study to measure its brain exposure in mice. The effects of Compound A were then evaluated using rodent models with a focus on cognition and epilepsy tests since there is recent evidence that the modulation of 2-AG levels affects cognitive processes and seizure activity. Results: Compound A behaves as a highly selective and competitive reversible inhibitor of mouse and human MAGL (IC50=29 and 3.8 nM, respectively). It does not affect the activities of other human serine hydrolases or interact with a panel of selected kinases, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels and receptors, including the binding of a highaffinity ligand to CB1 and CB2 receptors. Ex vivo assays confirmed the degree of selectivity across eCBs as Compound A decreased MAGL activity (ID50=2.7mg/kg po), while increasing levels of 2-AG (MED=3mg/kg po) in the absence of effect on other serine hydrolase substrates. Compound A demonstrated excellent brain permeability in the mouse (brain/plasma 4.3 at 10 mg/kg po). In a preliminary experiment, Compound A was found to decrease in vitro long term potentiation in rat hippocampus. This finding is in line with those of behavioral experiments showing that Compound A affected learning performance in the novel object recognition task (NOR), the Y-maze (YM) and the Morris water maze test, suggesting alterations in episodic, working and spatial memory. The effects of Compound A in the NOR and YM were antagonized by rimonabant suggesting that they were mediated by CB1 receptors. It is noteworthy that no tolerance to the effects of the drug was observed in the latter test upon repeated administration for 5 days. Interestingly, the effects of Compound A in the NOR were similar to those observed following genetic deletion of MAGL, supporting further the role of 2-AG in the intrinsic modulation of cognitive processes. In acute seizure tests in mice, Compound A was inactive over a wide dose-range in the 6-Hz model and after the administation of the convulsants pentylenetetrazole and kainate. However, in the mouse corneal kindling model of partial epilepsy, repeated administration of Compound A for 2 weeks delayed the acquisition and decreased the expression of kindled seizures, suggesting antiepileptogenic and anticonvulsant activities. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that selective pharmacological or genetic blockade of 2-AG hydrolysis affects memory performance, suggesting that MAGL inhibitors may be of limited utility as therapeutic agents for CNS disorders. However, it cannot be totally excluded that they may serve to treat psychopathologies hallmarked by an inability to extinguish maladaptive behaviors, such as posttraumatic stress syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, our study reveals a previously unsuspected role of 2-AG in epileptogenesis process, a finding which deserves further investigation to determine t e therapeutic potential of MAGL inhibitors as antiepileptic drugs.","acylglycerol lipase, 2 arachidonoylglycerol, endocannabinoid, silver, receptor, serine, hydrolase, anandamide, ligand, lipid, phosphotransferase, neurotransmitter transporter, ion channel, kainic acid, enzyme, convulsant agent, rimonabant, fatty acid amidase, pentetrazole, anticonvulsive agent, cannabinoid receptor, memory, learning, epileptogenesis, psychopharmacology, hydrolysis, rodent, college, epilepsy, mouse, human, seizure, modulation, repeated drug dose, ex vivo study, model, cognition, brain, assay, mental disease, in vitro study, central nervous system, long term potentiation, permeability, tissues, rodent model, exposure, pain, obsessive compulsive disorder, pharmacokinetics, mood, focal epilepsy, kindling, emotion, gene deletion, spatial memory, appetite, Morris water maze test, maze test, hippocampus, rat, anticonvulsant activity, diseases, posttraumatic stress disorder","Griebel, G., Pichat, P., Beeske, S., Biton, B., Francon, D., Alonso, R., Wiederschain, D., Arlt, H., Zhang, B., Avenet, P., Koob, G. F., Escoubet, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2176,The vasopressin V1b receptor as a therapeutic target in stress-related disorders,"The complexity of the stress response would appear to provide multiple opportunities for intervention, but treatment strategies are often centered on the improvement of symptoms rather than attempting to ""treat"" the stress response. However, recent efforts have begun to focus on the development of pharmacological agents that can attenuate the stress response itself, rather than the symptoms associated with stress. Although CRF, which is the main regulator of the stress system, is the focus of current interest, there is an accumulating body of evidence suggesting that the vasopressinergic system may play an equal role in the regulation of the stress response, and that V(1b) receptor antagonists may be of potential therapeutic benefit. The availability of SSR149415, the first selective antagonist for the V(1b) receptor has allowed us to evaluate this hypothesis. SSR149415 is able to attenuate some but not all stress-related behaviors in rodents. While the antidepressant-like activity of the compound was comparable to that of reference antidepressants, the overall profile displayed in anxiety tests was different from that of classical anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines. The latter were active in a wide range of anxiety models, whereas the V(1b) receptor antagonist showed clear-cut effects only in particularly stressful situations. It is important to note that SSR149415 is devoid of central depressant effects, even at high doses, and does not affect cognitive processes, suggesting a large therapeutic window. Altogether, these findings suggest that V(1b) receptor antagonists might be useful as a treatment for major depression and stress disorders that result from traumatic events.",,"Griebel, G., Simiand, J., Stemmelin, J., Gal, C. S., Steinberg, R.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2177,Psychiatric disorders following return from combat duty during the twenty-first century,"Knowledge of the psychiatric consequences of combat deployment expanded rapidly during the late 20th century as large numbers of Vietnam veterans experienced substantial difficulties with readjustment upon return from deployment. Current warfare in Afghanistan and Iraq has resulted in the longest period of sustained combat exposure for United States forces since Vietnam. This article compares the nature of conflict, composition of deployed forces, combat exposures, and injuries in these deployment settings compared to late 20th century conflicts. It also reviews early findings on rates of psychiatric disorders among returning troops and compares these findings with those of studies of troops returning from prior conflicts. Evaluation and treatment approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder in combat veterans are then provided. Preliminary findings suggest that early assessment of veterans may not represent the long-term psychiatric needs of returning veterans and that ongoing surveillance and availability of psychiatric care will be needed for this population.",,"Grieger, T. A., Benedek, D. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2178,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and perceived safety after the terrorist attack on the Pentagon",,,"Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J.",2003.0,,10.1176/appi.ps.54.10.1380,0,0,
2179,The speed of effects of atypical antipsychotic agents on cholesterol,"Background: Over the past decade, the metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics have been well established through evidence-based medicine. The adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic agents range from weight gain, elevated blood glucose, elevated lipid panel, hyperglycemia-to-elevated blood pressure, referred to metabolic syndrome, when combined. However, more clinical trials are warranted to determine the incidence of the occurrence for metabolic syndrome. Patient History: Patient X is a 27-year-old African American who was admitted to the DRRTP on 12/09 with a primary diagnosis of PTSD. His admission profile showed the following metabolic parameters: total cholesterol (189); triglyceride (240); HDL (39); LDL (101); and glucose (111). Patient was prescribed seroquel 50 mg po hs for sleep with a diagnosis of PTSD. He left our facility and was admitted at another mental health facility on 1/10 and started on olanzapine 10 mg orally tid, and seroquel 800 mg po hs. His lipid panel on returned to our medical center on 01/10 was cholesterol (304); triglycerides (1136); HDL (29) and LDL (114.9); and glucose (195). Clinical interventions included tapering off zyprexa and quetiapine; initiating aripiprazole and simvastatin. His lipid panel was repeated on 3/10 to reflect cholesterol (309); triglycerides (528); HDL (36); LDL (162.4); and glucose (117). His cholesterol level 1 month later on 04/10 was cholesterol (145); triglycerides (351); HDL (33); and LDL (68.4). Review of Literature: A review of MEDLINE search revealed a number of published case reports and studies depicting the effects of both typical and atypical agents on metabolic syndrome and cholesterol levels. Conclusion: This case report confirms that combination of 2 or more agents that have the propensity for an adverse effect on the metabolic syndrome, can lead to significant increases in metabolic syndrome within 1 month.","cholesterol, atypical antipsychotic agent, low density lipoprotein, triacylglycerol, high density lipoprotein, glucose, quetiapine, lipid, olanzapine, simvastatin, aripiprazole, pharmacist, human, college, velocity, metabolic syndrome X, case report, patient, adverse drug reaction, diagnosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, clinical trial (topic), weight gain, evidence based medicine, glucose blood level, hyperglycemia, blood pressure, medical history, African American, metabolic parameters, cholesterol blood level, sleep, mental health, health care facility","Griffith, J. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2180,Pharmacological management of mood and anxiety disorders in headache patients,"There is emerging evidence that treatment of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders can improve headache treatment outcome when implemented within a comprehensive program. Effective treatment for comorbid mood and anxiety disorders requires screening headache patients and accurately diagnosing specific psychiatric disorders when present. Specific dual-action antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and atypical antipsychotic medications can serve as dual agents that simultaneously treat both headaches and a mood or anxiety disorder. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and most other antidepressant, anxiolytic, and mood-stabilizing medications are generally ineffective for headache prophylaxis. However, they can be safely added to a headache regimen for treatment of a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in headache patients requires patient education about the psychiatric disorder, its treatment, possible side-effects, and expected benefits. Clinicians need to be sensitive to possible stigma that some patients fear from a psychiatric diagnosis or its treatment. (copyright) 2006 by American Headache Society.","amitriptyline, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, doxepin, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, lithium carbonate, mirtazapine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, mood stabilizer, nefazodone, nortriptyline, olanzapine, paroxetine, phenelzine, protriptyline, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, topiramate, tranylcypromine, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, valproic acid, venlafaxine, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, blurred vision, cluster headache, comorbidity, constipation, drug mechanism, gastrointestinal symptom, generalized anxiety disorder, headache, human, hypertension, insomnia, liver toxicity, major depression, migraine, mood disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, orthostatic hypotension, panic, patient education, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacology, review, sedation, sexual dysfunction, side effect, stigma, tension headache, treatment outcome, urine retention, weight gain, xerostomia","Griffith, J. L., Razavi, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2181,The effect of strategies of personal resilience on depression recovery in an Australian cohort: A mixed methods study,"Strategies of personal resilience enable successful adaptation in adversity. Among patients experiencing depression symptoms, we explored which personal resilience strategies they find most helpful and tested the hypothesis that use of these strategies improves depression recovery. We used interview and survey data from the Diagnosis, Management and Outcomes of Depression in Primary Care 2005 cohort of patients experiencing depression symptoms in Victoria, Australia. A total of 564 participants answered a computer-assisted telephone interview question at 12 months follow-up, about what they found most helpful for their depression, stress or worries. Depressive disorder and severity were measured at annual follow-up using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Patient Health Questionnaire self-rating questionnaire. Using interview responses, we categorised participants as users or not of strategies of personal resilience, specifically, drawing primarily on expanding their own inner resources or pre-existing relationships: 316 (56%) were categorised as primarily users of personal resilience strategies. Of these, 193 (61%) reported expanding inner resources, 79 (25%) drawing on relationships and 44 (14%) reported both. There was no association between drawing on relationships and depression outcome. There was evidence supporting an association between expanding inner resources and depression outcome: 25 per cent of users having major depressive disorder 1 year later compared to 38 per cent of non-users (adjusted odds ratio: 0.59, confidence interval: 0.36–0.97). This is the first study to show improved outcome for depression for those who identify as most helpful the use of personal resilience strategies. The difference in outcome is important as expanding inner resources includes a range of low intensity, yet commonly available strategies. © The Author(s) 2014.","Australia, cohort, depression, mixed methods, resilience","Griffiths, F. E., Boardman, F. K., Chondros, P., Dowrick, C. F., Densley, K., Hegarty, K. L., Gunn, J.",2015.0,,10.1177/1363459314539774,0,0,
2182,A second-order growth mixture model for developmental research,,,"Grimm, K. J., Ram, N.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2183,Diagnosis and Management of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,"Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder that may cause significant distress and increased use of health resources, the condition often goes undiagnosed. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the United States is 8 to 9 percent, and approximately 25 to 30 percent of victims of significant trauma develop PTSD. The emotional and physical symptoms of PTSD occur in three clusters: re-experiencing the trauma, marked avoidance of usual activities, and increased symptoms of arousal. Before a diagnosis of PTSD can be made, the patient's symptoms must significantly disrupt normal activities and last for more than one month. Approximately 80 percent of patients with PTSD have at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. The most common comorbid disorders include depression, alcohol and drug abuse, and other anxiety disorders. Treatment relies on a multidimensional approach, including supportive patient education, cognitive behavior therapy, and psychopharmacology. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay of pharmacologic treatment. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians.",,"Grinage, B. D.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2184,Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer,"Context: Researchers conducted extensive investigations of hallucinogens in the 1950s and 1960s. By the early 1970s, however, political and cultural pressures forced the cessation of all projects. This investigation reexamines a potentially promising clinical application of hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety reactive to advanced- stage cancer. Objective: To explore the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with advanced-stage cancer and reactive anxiety. Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of patients with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety, with subjects acting as their own control, using a moderate dose (0.2 mg/kg) of psilocybin. Setting: A clinical research unit within a large public sector academic medical center. Participants: Twelve adults with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety. Main Outcome Measures: In addition to monitoring safety and subjective experience before and during experimental treatment sessions, follow-up data including results from the Beck Depression Inventory, Profile of Mood States, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were collected unblinded for 6 months after treatment. Results: Safe physiological and psychological responses were documented during treatment sessions. There were no clinically significant adverse events with psilocybin. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait anxiety subscale demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety at 1 and 3 months after treatment. The Beck Depression Inventory revealed an improvement of mood that reached significance at 6 months; the Profile ofMoodStates identified mood improvement after treatment with psilocybin that approached but did not reach significance. Conclusions: This study established the feasibility and safety of administering moderate doses of psilocybin to patients with advanced-stage cancer and anxiety. Some of the data revealed a positive trend toward improved mood and anxiety. These results support the need for more research in this long-neglected field. © 2011 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstad, A. L., Greer, G. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2185,Characteristics associated with use of homeopathic drugs for psychiatric symptoms in the general population,"Objective: To explore which patient characteristics are associated in naturalistic conditions with the lifetime use of homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms. Method: Lifetime use of psychotropic treatment was explored in a sample of 36,785 persons, participating in the Mental Health Survey in the General Population. Characteristics associated with use of homeopathic treatments, associated or not with conventional psychotropic drugs, were explored using multivariate analyses. Results: Use of homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms was reported by 1.3% of persons. Younger age, female gender and high educational level were associated with use of homeopathy. Half of homeopathy users presented at least one Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) diagnosis, most frequently anxiety disorders. Their diagnostic profile was similar to that of persons reporting use of anxiolytics or hypnotics. Compared to persons with no lifetime use of psychotropic drugs, persons using homeopathy were more likely to present with a diagnosis of mood disorder or anxiety disorder. Compared to those using conventional psychotropic drugs, they presented less frequently with psychiatric disorders, with the exception of anxiety disorders. Conclusion: Homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms appears to be used mainly to reduce anxiety symptoms in the general population. (copyright) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.","antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, homeopathic agent, hypnotic agent, mood stabilizer, psychotropic agent, adult, aged, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse, article, cross-sectional study, disease association, dysthymia, educational status, female, France, generalized anxiety disorder, health survey, homeopathy, human, interview, long term care, major clinical study, major depression, male, mania, mental disease, mini international neuropsychiatric interview, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychopharmacotherapy, psychosis, social phobia, substance abuse, treatment response","Grolleau, A., Begaud, B., Verdoux, H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2186,Characteristics associated with use of homeopathic drugs for psychiatric symptoms in the general population,"Objective: To explore which patient characteristics are associated in naturalistic conditions with the lifetime use of homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms. Method: Lifetime use of psychotropic treatment was explored in a sample of 36,785 persons, participating in the Mental Health Survey in the General Population. Characteristics associated with use of homeopathic treatments, associated or not with conventional psychotropic drugs, were explored using multivariate analyses. Results: Use of homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms was reported by 1.3% of persons. Younger age, female gender and high educational level were associated with use of homeopathy. Half of homeopathy users presented at least one Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) diagnosis, most frequently anxiety disorders. Their diagnostic profile was similar to that of persons reporting use of anxiolytics or hypnotics. Compared to persons with no lifetime use of psychotropic drugs, persons using homeopathy were more likely to present with a diagnosis of mood disorder or anxiety disorder. Compared to those using conventional psychotropic drugs, they presented less frequently with psychiatric disorders, with the exception of anxiety disorders. Conclusion: Homeopathic treatment for psychiatric symptoms appears to be used mainly to reduce anxiety symptoms in the general population. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Anxiety, Complementary and alternative medicine, General population, Homeopathy, Psychiatric symptoms","Grolleau, A., Bégaud, B., Verdoux, H.",2013.0,,,0,0,2185
2187,Traumatic life events and posttraumatic stress disorder linked to methamphetamine dependence,"Thirty, methamphetamine dependent individuals were recruited through Crystal Methamphetamine Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Craigslist website, and personal/professional referrals. This study assessed the number and type of traumatic life events experienced; number of methamphetamine dependent individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); and assessed the individuals on several factors, including medical, employment, legal, family, social, substance abuse, and psychiatric. About 80% of sample participants met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for PTSD (APA, 2000). Participants reported the most common traumatic life event experienced being the unexpected death of a loved one (82.8%). A comparison of methamphetamine dependent participants with and without PTSD was the original goal of this study. However, due to the small sample size of the non-PTSD group (n=6), significant results were not found. Further studies of the relationship between PTSD and methamphetamine abuse are warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Dependency, *Family, *Life Experiences, *Methamphetamine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Drug Abuse, Social Behavior","Groneweg, Nikki Jo",2008.0,,,0,0,
2188,Using a hybrid model to investigate the comorbidity and symptom overlap between social phobia and the other anxiety disorders and unipolar mood disorders,New hybrid models of psychopathology have been proposed that combine the current categorical approach with symptom dimensions that are common across various disorders. The present study investigated the new hybrid model of social anxiety in a large sample of participants with anxiety disorders and unipolar mood disorders to improve understanding of the comorbidity and symptom overlap between social phobia (SOC) and the other anxiety disorders and unipolar mood disorders. Six hundred and eighty two participants from a specialized outpatient clinic for anxiety treatment completed a semi-structured diagnostic interview and the Multidimensional Assessment of Social Anxiety (MASA). A hybrid model symptom profile was identified for SOC and compared with each of the other principal diagnoses. Significant group differences were identified on each of the MASA scales. Differences also were identified when common sets of comorbidities were compared within participants diagnosed with SOC. The findings demonstrated the influence of both the principal diagnosis of SOC and other anxiety disorders and unipolar mood disorders as well as the influence of comorbid diagnoses with SOC on the six symptom dimensions. These findings highlight the need to shift to transdiagnostic assessment and treatment practices that go beyond the disorder-specific focus of the current categorical diagnostic systems. © 2013 .,"MASA, Multidimensional Assessment of Social Anxiety, Social anxiety disorder, Transdiagnostic","Gros, D. F., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2189,Frequency and severity of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders in prescription opioid dependence,"Background and Objectives Comorbid substance use disorders and mood and anxiety disorders are associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms, social and occupational impairment, and economic burden. To date, the majority of research has focused on comorbidity in illicit drug users, rather than prescription drug users. To address this gap in the literature, the present cross-sectional study investigated the clinical profiles of individuals with prescription opioid dependence with or without comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Methods Ninety individuals with prescription opioid use were recruited to participate in the study procedures. All participants completed a structured clinical interview and series of self-report measures. Results and Conclusions Of the 85 individuals with prescription opioid dependence, 47.1% (n = 40) were diagnosed with a comorbid mood or anxiety disorder. The findings showed that individuals with prescription opioid dependence and comorbid mood and anxiety disorders demonstrated significantly more severe alcohol use, psychiatric symptoms, and sleep impairment than individuals without comorbidity. Scientific Significance The findings highlight the frequency and severity of co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders in individuals with prescription opioid dependence and suggest that integrated interventions are needed to address these growing problems. © American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.",,"Gros, D. F., Milanak, M. E., Brady, K. T., Back, S. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2190,Specificity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: An investigation of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depression in treatment-seeking veterans,"In response to high levels of comorbidity and symptom overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and other disorders, much attention has been devoted to the role of specific and nonspecific symptoms among the disorders. The present study investigated the overlapping symptoms of PTSD and MDD in treatment-seeking veterans. Exploratory factor analyses were used to identify latent factors of both self-reported and clinician-rated symptoms of PTSD and MDD. Results of exploratory factor analyses supported a 2-factor model representing symptoms of depression and PTSD; however, a subset of PTSD symptoms, characterized by emotional numbing and dysphoria, loaded onto the depression factor, rather than the PTSD factor. These nonspecific PTSD symptoms were predictive of comorbid MDD and increased depression symptomatology in patients with PTSD. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of accounting for nonspecific symptoms in diagnosis and treatment of PTSD, highlighting a need for revisions to our current diagnostics. Copyright (copyright) 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","adult, agitation, alertness, article, Beck Depression Inventory, comorbidity, concentration loss, crying, decreased appetite, disease association, dysphoria, factorial analysis, fatigue, female, guilt, help seeking behavior, human, insomnia, irritability, major clinical study, major depression, male, paresthesia, pessimism, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychomotor retardation, punishment, self report, sleep pattern, startle reflex, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, suicide attempt, symptomatology, veteran, weight reduction","Gros, D. F., Simms, L. J., Acierno, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2191,An examination of the construct validity of posttraumatic stress disorder with veterans using a revised criterion set,"Ongoing concerns exist in the literature regarding the construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how to best conceptualize and measure this disorder. We compared the traditional DSM-IV PTSD symptom criteria (i.e., symptoms from clusters B, C, and D) to a revised criterion set that omits overlapping mood and other anxiety symptoms on PTSD prevalence, PTSD diagnostic caseness, associated psychiatric comorbidity, functional status, and structural validity using a cross-sectional, multi-site primary care sample of 747 veterans. After removing items theorized to overlap with mood and other anxiety disorders, PTSD prevalence was identical using both criterion sets (i.e., 12%). Overall, there were few statistically significant differences in PTSD caseness, associated psychiatric comorbidity, functional status, and structural validity across the two diagnostic criterion sets. These data provide further support that removing items that overlap with other psychiatric disorders does not significantly impact the prevalence of PTSD, its associated comorbidity and functional impairment, or its structural validity. Although the revised criterion set represents a more parsimonious model, the current study findings generally support the strong construct validity of PTSD. The implications of these study findings for research and clinical practice are discussed. © 2010.","Construct validity, DSM-IV, Factor analysis, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Primary care, Veterans","Grubaugh, A. L., Long, M. E., Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C., Magruder, K. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2192,The geography of post-disaster mental health: Spatial patterning of psychological vulnerability and resilience factors in New York City after Hurricane Sandy,"Background: Only very few studies have investigated the geographic distribution of psychological resilience and associated mental health outcomes after natural or man made disasters. Such information is crucial for location-based interventions that aim to promote recovery in the aftermath of disasters. The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate geographic variability of (1) posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depression in a Hurricane Sandy affected population in NYC and (2) psychological vulnerability and resilience factors among affected areas in NYC boroughs. Methods: Cross-sectional telephone survey data were collected 13 to 16 months post-disaster from household residents (N?=?418 adults) in NYC communities that were most heavily affected by the hurricane. The Posttraumatic Stress Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was applied for measuring posttraumatic stress and the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used for measuring depression. We applied spatial autocorrelation and spatial regimes regression analyses, to test for spatial clusters of mental health outcomes and to explore whether associations between vulnerability and resilience factors and mental health differed among New York City's five boroughs. Results: Mental health problems clustered predominantly in neighborhoods that are geographically more exposed towards the ocean indicating a spatial variation of risk within and across the boroughs. We further found significant variation in associations between vulnerability and resilience factors and mental health. Race/ethnicity (being Asian or non-Hispanic black) and disaster-related stressors were vulnerability factors for mental health symptoms in Queens, and being employed and married were resilience factors for these symptoms in Manhattan and Staten Island. In addition, parental status was a vulnerability factor in Brooklyn and a resilience factor in the Bronx. Conclusions: We conclude that explanatory characteristics may manifest as psychological vulnerability and resilience factors differently across different regional contexts. Our spatial epidemiological approach is transferable to other regions around the globe and, in the light of a changing climate, could be used to strengthen the psychosocial resources of demographic groups at greatest risk of adverse outcomes pre-disaster. In the aftermath of a disaster, the approach can be used to identify survivors at greatest risk and to plan for targeted interventions to reach them. © 2015 Gruebner et al.; licensee BioMed Central.","Mental health, ""Morans I"", Natural disasters, Spatial epidemiology, Spatial regime, Urban","Gruebner, O., Lowe, S. R., Sampson, L., Galea, S.",2015.0,,10.1186/s12942-015-0008-6,0,0,
2193,The Geography of Mental Health and General Wellness in Galveston Bay After Hurricane Ike: A Spatial Epidemiologic Study With Longitudinal Data,"Objectives: To demonstrate a spatial epidemiologic approach that could be used in the aftermath of disasters to (1) detect spatial clusters and (2) explore geographic heterogeneity in predictors for mental health and general wellness. Methods: We used a cohort study of Hurricane Ike survivors (n=508) to assess the spatial distribution of postdisaster mental health wellness (most likely resilience trajectory for posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS] and depression) and general wellness (most likely resilience trajectory for PTSS, depression, functional impairment, and days of poor health) in Galveston, Texas. We applied the spatial scan statistic (SaTScan) and geographically weighted regression. Results: We found spatial clusters of high likelihood wellness in areas north of Texas City and spatial concentrations of low likelihood wellness in Galveston Island. Geographic variation was found in predictors of wellness, showing increasing associations with both forms of wellness the closer respondents were located to Galveston City in Galveston Island. Conclusions: Predictors for postdisaster wellness may manifest differently across geographic space with concentrations of lower likelihood wellness and increased associations with predictors in areas of higher exposure. Our approach could be used to inform geographically targeted interventions to promote mental health and general wellness in disaster-affected communities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 13) Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2016","geographic mapping, mental disorders, natural disasters, post-traumatic stress disorders, psychological resilience","Gruebner, O., Lowe, S. R., Tracy, M., Cerdá, M., Joshi, S., Norris, F. H., Galea, S.",2016.0,,10.1017/dmp.2015.172,0,0,
2194,Sex-specific behavioral and neuroanatomical markers of susceptibility to failed fear suppression,"Background: A majority of Americans experience a severe trauma in their lifetime, and yet only a small fraction of those people go on to develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a result. The identification of biological markers that distinguish resilience vs susceptibility in this context has been a major focus in both clinical and basic research in the last decade, but a clear picture has yet to emerge. Information is particularly lacking in female-oriented research, despite reports that women are twice as likely as men to develop PTSD after a trauma. In animal models, fear conditioning and extinction paradigms are used to understand the neural circuits and mechanisms that mediate the processing of a traumatic event. However, less than two percent of this research has been done in female animals, and a consensus on the nature of sex differences in these processes has yet to be reached. Methods: To address this problem, we conducted a large-scale evaluation of behavioral variability in fear conditioning and extinction in gonadally intact male and female rats. Animals that fail to maintain fear suppression after extinction may be a good model of PTSD susceptibility, and we sought to determine whether the behavioral and neuroanatomical profile of susceptible males differed from that of susceptible females. N=55 male and n=60 female Sprague Dawley rats underwent stereotaxic surgery to inject the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) into the BLA, for later identification of the IL-BLA circuit, known to be critical to fear suppression. After recovery from surgery, all animals were tested on classic 3-day cued fear conditioning, extinction, and extinction retrieval. Animals that reached criterion for fear conditioning were sorted by % freezing to tone during extinction retrieval, and the top and bottom 25% for each sex were classified as high fear (HF) or low fear (LF). To probe potential neurological bases for these behavioral discrepancies, we next asked whether HF and LF animals differed in the morphological characteristics of BLA-projecting IL neurons. FG-labeled IL neurons were filled with Lucifer Yellow and imaged in 3D using confocal microscopy. Neurons were digitally reconstructed and analyzed for dendritic arborization and complexity, as well as spine density and morphology. Results: HF and LF males did not differ in freezing during fear conditioning, but LF males demonstrated facilitated extinction learning. Conversely, HF females froze significantly more during fear conditioning than LF females, but the two groups did not differ during extinction learning. Preliminary neuroanatomical data suggest distinct disparities between HF vs LF males and females. Conclusions: Our data suggest that both the behavioral predictors and neuroanatomical markers of failed fear suppression are fundamentally different in males and females, and hold implications for the interpretation of these measures in future sex differences studies, as well as for the understanding of the biological substrates of susceptibility in males and females.","marker, tracer, fluorogold, lucifer yellow, biological marker, sex difference, fear, college, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, female, male, conditioning, human, nerve cell, freezing, learning, injury, morphological trait, surgery, stereotaxic surgery, animal model, Sprague Dawley rat, model, density, rat, basic research, consensus, confocal microscopy, spine, female animal, morphology, processing, lifespan","Gruene, T., Roberts, E., Shansky, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2195,Katrina and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf coast of the United States America this fall and changed the lives of millions of people forever. Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama suffered great human and financial loss, in an area, which had lagged behind the rest of the country historically. Fear, panic, claustrophobia, stress, emotional and physical turmoil contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in some of us. Katrina, a category 5 hurricane, drove people of New Orleans out of their home to nearby man-made shelters such as city's convention centre and its famous stadium, the Superdome, creating immeasurable chaos. The counselors, psychologists and aid workers in the affected region must now work together with the survivors to overcome the horror and shock they experienced in order to move forward and recognize ""what can we do right now in order to improve the situation"". This may foster new feelings of hope, vitality and community and the knowledge that even great tragedies can be overcome by solidarity and positive growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Claustrophobia, *Counselors, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychologists","Grunfeld, Robert",2006.0,,,0,0,
2196,The effectiveness of anticonvulsants in psychiatric disorders,"Anticonvulsant drugs are widely used in psychiatric indications. These include mainly alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes, panic and anxiety disorders, dementia, schizophrenia, affective disorders, bipolar affective disorders in particular, and, to some extent, personality disorders. A further area in which neurology and psychiatry overlap is pain conditions, in which some anticonvulsants, and also typical psychiatric medications such as antidepressants, are helpful. From the beginning of their psychiatric use, anticonvulsants have also been used to ameliorate specific symptoms of psychiatric disorders independently of their causality and underlying illness, eg, aggression, and, more recently, cognitive impairment, as seen in affective disorders and schizophrenia. With new anticonvulsants currently under development, it is likely that their use in psychiatry will further increase, and that psychiatrists need to learn about their differential efficacy and safety profiles to the same extent as do neurologists. © 2008, LLS SAS.","Addiction, Agitation, Anticonvulsant, Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, Depression, Pain, Personality disorder, Schizophrenia","Grunze, H. C. R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2197,"Altered gene expression of the innate immune, neuroendocrine, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) systems is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in military personnel","Whole transcriptome analysis provides an unbiased examination of biological activity, and likely, unique insight into the mechanisms underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid depression and traumatic brain injury. This study compared gene-expression profiles in military personnel with PTSD (n = 28) and matched controls without PTSD (n = 27) using HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix), which contain 54,675 probe sets representing more than 38,500 genes. Analysis of expression profiles revealed 203 differentially expressed genes in PTSD, of which 72% were upregulated. Using Partek Genomics Suite 6.6, differentially expressed transcription clusters were filtered based on a selection criterion of ≥1.5 relative fold change at a false discovery rate of ≤5%. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Qiagen) of the differentially expressed genes indicated a dysregulation of genes associated with the innate immune, neuroendocrine, and NF-κB systems. These findings provide novel insights that may lead to new pharmaceutical agents for PTSD treatments and help mitigate mental and physical comorbidity risk.","immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein, adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, disease association, female, gene cluster, gene expression profiling, human, innate immunity, male, microarray analysis, neuroendocrine system, NF kappa B gene, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier, transcription regulation, upregulation","Guardado, P., Olivera, A., Rusch, H. L., Roy, M., Martin, C., Lejbman, N., Lee, H., Gill, J. M.",2016.0,,,0,0,
2198,Agomelatine: Mechanism of action and pharmacological profile in relation to antidepressant properties,"Agomelatine behaves both as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors. Accumulating evidence in a broad range of experimental procedures supports the notion that the psychotropic effects of agomelatine are due to the synergy between its melatonergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic effects. The recent demonstration of the existence of heteromeric complexes of MT1 and MT2 with 5-HT2C receptors at the cellular level may explain how these two properties of agomelatine translate into a synergistic action that, for example, leads to increases in hippocampal proliferation, maturation and survival through modulation of multiple cellular pathways (increase in trophic factors, synaptic remodelling, glutamate signalling) and key targets (early genes, kinases). The present review focuses on the pharmacological properties of this novel antidepressant. Its mechanism of action, strikingly different from that of conventional classes of antidepressants, opens perspectives towards a better understanding of the physiopathological bases underlying depression. (copyright) 2014 The British Pharmacological Society.","agomelatine, brain derived neurotrophic factor, clorazepate, cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein, doublecortin, glutamic acid, glycogen synthase kinase 3, interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6, melatonin 1 receptor, melatonin 2 receptor, microtubule associated protein 2, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor, PER1 protein, PER2 protein, serotonin 2C receptor, transcription factor CLOCK, vesicular glutamate transporter, antidepressant activity, chronic drug administration, chronobiology, circadian rhythm, cognition, depression, dosage schedule comparison, drug dose comparison, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug receptor binding, evening dosage, forced swim test, gastrointestinal disease, hippocampus, human, light dark cycle, long term potentiation, memory consolidation, mental stress, morning dosage, nerve cell plasticity, nervous system development, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, REM sleep, review, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder, slow wave sleep, suprachiasmatic nucleus, tail suspension test, tranquilizing activity, Vogel test, withdrawal syndrome","Guardiola-Lemaitre, B., De Bodinat, C., Delagrange, P., Millan, M. J., Munoz, C., Mocaer, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2199,Agomelatine: Mechanism of action and pharmacological profile in relation to antidepressant properties,"Agomelatine behaves both as a potent agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2C receptors. Accumulating evidence in a broad range of experimental procedures supports the notion that the psychotropic effects of agomelatine are due to the synergy between its melatonergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic effects. The recent demonstration of the existence of heteromeric complexes of MT1 and MT2 with 5-HT2C receptors at the cellular level may explain how these two properties of agomelatine translate into a synergistic action that, for example, leads to increases in hippocampal proliferation, maturation and survival through modulation of multiple cellular pathways (increase in trophic factors, synaptic remodelling, glutamate signalling) and key targets (early genes, kinases). The present review focuses on the pharmacological properties of this novel antidepressant. Its mechanism of action, strikingly different from that of conventional classes of antidepressants, opens perspectives towards a better understanding of the physiopathological bases underlying depression. © 2014 The British Pharmacological Society.","agomelatine, antidepressant, melatonin receptors","Guardiola-Lemaitre, B., De Bodinat, C., Delagrange, P., Millan, M. J., Munoz, C., Mocaër, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,2198
2200,Consumer involvement in consent document development: A multicenter cluster randomized trial to assess study participants' understanding,"Background: Despite widespread agreement on the importance of informed consent in clinical research, uncertainty remains about the adequacy of current consent procedures and documentation. Methods: The objective of the study was to compare an informed consent document developed by a consumer group of potential study participants to one developed by the study investigators. The study was a cluster randomized, controlled study embedded in a 'parent' randomized controlled trial of 1092 participants with Gulf War veterans' illnesses recruited in 1999-2000 at 20 US medical centers. Centers were randomized to the investigator-developed or participant-developed consent document. The primary outcome measure was an Informed Consent Questionnaire-4 (ICQ-4), a validated four-item scale measuring self-reported participant understanding scored from 0 to 1. Secondary outcomes included the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 and measures of study refusal and adherence to the parent trial protocol. Results: There were no significant differences between consent documents on the ICQ-4 score overall or at any of the time points. Mean (95% CI) treatment differences ranged from +0.020 (-0.015, 0.055) (better understanding) at entry to -0.021 (-0.054, 0.012) (worse understanding) at three-months for the participant versus the investigator document group. There were also no significant differences in satisfaction, adherence to the protocol, or in the proportion of patients who refused to participate in the trial. Limitations: The consumer group may not have been representative of the study participants and they did not suggest dramatic changes to the consent document. The outcome assessment questionnaire was not validated prior to the trial's initiation. Conclusions: Consumer modification of the consent document did not lead to either benefit or harm in understanding, satisfaction, or study refusal and adherence rates. This study did demonstrate, however, that embedding consent studies in a clinical trial is feasible and can address important questions about informed consent without disrupting the primary study. (copyright) Society for Clinical Trials 2006.","adult, article, behavior therapy, clinical research, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, consumer, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, exercise, female, follow up, human, informed consent, Informed Consent Questionnaire 4, Iran, major clinical study, male, medical ethics, mental disease, multicenter study, outcomes research, patient compliance, patient satisfaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, scoring system, self report, treatment outcome, veteran, war","Guarino, P., Elbourne, D., Carpenter, J., Peduzzi, P.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2201,"Social support and its influence on post-traumatic stress disorder: Empirical evidence, theoretical explanations, new avenues of research, and clinical recommendations","Reviews recent research on the association of social support and development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Empirical evidence on the effects of social support on PTSD, etiological models of PTSD, and theoretical models explaining the processes linking social support to PTSD are considered, including the direct effects model and the stress buffering model. Research avenues, intervention strategies, and clinical recommendations are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support","Guay, Stephane, Billette, Valerie, Marchand, Andre",2002.0,,,0,0,
2202,The relationship of temperament and character profiles with posttraumatic stress disorder in women undergoing termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly,"Objective: The present study aimed to investigate whether the temperament and character profiles have an effect on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSDI in pregnant women who were detected to have a baby with severe fetal anomalies incompatible with life or those who decided to terminate the pregnancy for the presence of fetal anomaly that may significantly affect normal life. Method: The present study included eighty women who attended to the Gynecology Clinic at Istanbul Bakirkoy Gynecology and Children's Diseases Hospital between May and August 2010 and decided to undergo termination due to fetal anomaly. The participants were informed about the study and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects who were assessed by sociodemographic and clinical interview form, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Coping Strategies Inventory (COPE), and Temperament and Character Inventory, respectively. Six months after the termination, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was administered to the participants at the follow-up examination. Results: 62.5% of women who had terminated the pregnancy had PTSD and 65% of participants had symptoms of postpartum depression. The participants, who were diagnosed with PTSD, had significantly higher scores on novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence temperament sub-scales. The women who were diagnosed with PTSD and those who had risk of postpartum depression were found to have lower education level and economic status. Besides, in this group, social and occupational functioning was significantly lower. Emotion-focused coping style was prominently higher in women who were not diagnosed with PTSD. Conclusion: In cases of certain temperament and character profiles, psychiatric support during the decision process of termination is suggested to be important for reducing the risk of PTSD and depression development. © Archives of Neuropsychiatry.","Cope, Post traumatic stress disorder, Temperament and character, Termination","Güçlü, O. G., Arslan, Ö, Erkiran, M., Gedikbaşi, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2203,Understanding the pattern of PTSD symptomatology: A comparison of between versus within-group approaches,"This report examines the influence of statistical approach on patterns of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In this report, 114 women and 51 men were assessed using both the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Posttraumatic Symptom Scale-Self Report measure (PSS-SR). Data were examined using both a between-group and a within-group design. In the between-group approach, three subsamples were formed, representing full syndrome PTSD (fPTSD), partial PTSD (pPTSD), and no PTSD. The fPTSD and pPTSD groups differed on total scores on both PTSD measures, although differences were noted between clinician and self-report measures in specific symptom clusters. In the within-group approach, curve estimation techniques were used to examine linear versus quadratic fit of the data, utilizing the sample as a whole, ranked according to a separate scale of clinical severity. A linear approach was noted for each measure. Results are discussed in light of current design choices in the literature and its impact on the understanding of post-trauma problems. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",,"Gudmundsdottir, B., Beck, J. G.",2004.0,,,0,1,
2204,Trajectories of depression severity in clinical trials of duloxetine: Insights into antidepressant and placebo responses,"Context: The high percentage of failed clinical trials in depression may be due to high placebo response rates and the failure of standard statistical approaches to capture heterogeneity in treatment response. Objective: To assess whether growth mixture modeling can provide insights into antidepressant and placebo responses in clinical trials of patients with major depression. Design: We reanalyzed clinical trials of duloxetine to identify distinct trajectories of Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scores during treatment. We analyzed the trajectories in the entire sample and then separately in all active arms and in all placebo arms. Effects of duloxetine hydrochloride, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and covariates on the probability of following a particular trajectory were assessed. Outcomes in different trajectories were compared using mixed-effects models. Setting: Seven randomized double-blind clinical trials of duloxetine vs placebo and comparator SSRI. Patients: A total of 2515 patients with major depression. Interventions: Duloxetine and comparator SSRI. Main Outcome Measure: Total score on the HAM-D. Results: In the entire sample and in the antidepressant treated subsample, we identified trajectories of responders (76.3% of the sample) and nonresponders (23.7% of the sample). However, placebo-treated patients were characterized by a single response trajectory. Duloxetine and SSRI did not differ in efficacy, and compared with placebo they significantly decreased the odds of following the nonresponder trajectory. Antidepressant responders had significantly better HAM-D scores over time than placebo-treated patients, but antidepressant nonresponders had significantly worse HAM-D scores over time than the placebo-treated patients. Conclusions: Most patients treated with serotonergic antidepressants showed a clinical trajectory over time that is superior to that of placebo-treated patients. However, some patients receiving these medications did more poorly than patients receiving placebo. These data highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring of medication risks and benefits during serotonergic antidepressant treatment. They should further stimulate the search for biomarkers or other predictors of responder status in guiding antidepressant treatment. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00073411. (copyright)2011 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","NCT00073411, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, adult, article, controlled study, disease severity, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, female, Hamilton scale, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, multicenter study, randomized controlled trial, treatment response","Gueorguieva, R., Mallinckrodt, C., Krystal, J. H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2205,Air disaster and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Comments on the prospective study by R. S. Epstein et al (see record 1998-04659-013) regarding factors in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following an air disaster. The present author notes that study's ignorance of certain psychosocial and sociocultural aspects likely to have impacted pre-traumatic self perception and mental status of the subjects examined. A reply from the study's authors is appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Air Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Health Personnel, Educational Attainment Level, Emotional Trauma, Psychosocial Factors, Stress","Guerin, Edward J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2206,Examining the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation in an OEF/OIF veteran sample,"This study examined the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal ideation among U.S. military veterans deployed during Operation Enduring Freedom and/or Operation Iraqi Freedom. Specific aims included investigation of (1) whether PTSD was associated with suicidal ideation after controlling for combat exposure and history of suicide attempt(s), (2) whether PTSD was associated with suicidal ideation absent a co-occurring depressive disorder (MDD) or alcohol use disorder (AUD), (3) whether co-occurring MDD or AUD increased risk of suicidal ideation among those with PTSD and (4) whether PTSD/MDD symptom clusters were differentially associated with suicidal ideation. Results pointed to unique effects associated with prior suicide attempt(s), PTSD and MDD. PTSD-diagnosed participants with co-occurring MDD or AUD were not significantly more likely to endorse suicidal ideation than PTSD-diagnosed participants without such comorbidity. The 'emotional numbing' cluster of PTSD symptoms and the 'cognitive-affective' cluster of MDD symptoms were uniquely associated with suicidal ideation. © 2010.","Military, OEF/OIF, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Suicide, Trauma","Guerra, V. S., Calhoun, P. S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2207,Resilience following spinal cord injury: A prospective controlled study investigating the influence of the provision of group cognitive behavior therapy during inpatient rehabilitation,"Purpose: To examine change in resilience in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) when group cognitive behavior therapy (GCBT) was added to routine psychosocial rehabilitation (RPR). Research Method/ Design: A prospective repeated-measures cohort design was used to determine the efficacy of the addition of GCBT (n = 50). The control group consisted of individuals receiving RPR, which included access to individual CBT (ICBT) when required (n = 38). Groups were assessed on 3 occasions: soon after admission, within 2 weeks of discharge, and 6-months postdischarge. Measures included sociodemographic, injury, and psychosocial factors. The outcome variable was resilience, considered an important outcome measure for recovery. To adjust for baseline differences in self-efficacy, depressive mood and anxiety between the 2 groups, these factors were entered into a repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) as covariates. Latent class analysis was used to determine the best-fitting model of resilience trajectories for both groups. Results: The MANCOVA indicated that the addition of GCBT to psychosocial rehabilitation did not result in improved resilience compared with the ICBT group. Trajectory data indicated over 60% were demonstrating acceptable resilience irrespective of group. Conclusion/Implications: Changes in resilience mean scores suggest the addition of GCBT adds little to resilience outcomes. Latent class modeling indicated both groups experienced similar trajectories of improvement and deterioration. Results highlight the importance of conducting multivariate modeling analysis that isolates subgroups of related cases over time to understand complex trajectories. Further research is needed to clarify individual differences in CBT intervention preference as well as other factors which impact on resilience. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Cognitive behavior therapy, Rehabilitation, Resilience, Spinal cord injury","Guest, R., Craig, A., Perry, K. N., Tran, Y., Ephraums, C., Hales, A., Dezarnaulds, A., Crino, R., Middleton, J.",2015.0,,10.1037/rep0000052,0,0,
2208,"Sociodemographic profiles, addictive and mental comorbidity in cannabis users in an outpatient specific setting","Context.-In the 1990s, cannabis consumption in France increased considerably. So, in 10 years, the number of adolescents reporting regular cannabis use (10 or more times during the last 12 months) tripled. In 2004, an official program to address problems related to cannabis addiction was implemented. As part of this program, specific outpatient settings for cannabis use disorders were created. Objective.-We present the sociodemographic characteristics, the prevalence of cannabis, alcohol and others psychoactive substances and the prevalence of mental disorders in 90 cannabis users seen at an outpatient specific setting for cannabis use disorders in the Lariboisière hospital (a university hospital in Paris). Measures.-Twelve months prevalence of substance abuse and dependence, psychiatric diagnoses based on the DSM-IV and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) results are described. Results.-The study population had the following characteristics: 67% male, mean age 27.5 (S.D. = 8.4) years and 59% single or divorced. Approximately, two-thirds of the users (67%) were students or currently working and 32% were unemployed. Twenty-two percent of the cannabis users received unemployment, welfare or disability benefits and 11% declared no source of revenue. Most of the users (63%) decided on their own to seek care at the setting. Seventythree percent of the subjects had seen a psychologist or a psychiatrist in the past, with or without relation to cannabis use. By far, most of the users were cannabis dependent (82%) and 9% cannabis abusers in the last 12 months according to DSM-IV criteria prior to their visit. Seven percent of the cannabis users had alcohol dependence and 7% were abusers. The 12 months prevalence of cocaine or ecstasy dependence was 2% and the prevalence of benzodiazepines, heroin or stimulants dependence 1%. The main substances used over lifetime were tobacco (99%); alcohol (96%); cocaine (41%); benzodiazepines and hypnotics (41%); ecstasy (40%) and heroin (23%). Four percent of cannabis users had a history of intravenous drug use. The main consumption mode of cannabis in France is the blunt. About three-quarters of the consumption is in the form of resin (hashish) and one-quarter as marijuana (grass). The average consumption of cannabis in the last six months was equivalent to 5.8 blunts per day (S.D. = 4.4) and 12 g per week (S.D. = 10.5), and the average monthly cost was 159 € (S.D. = 133) (234 USD, S.D. = 196). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders according to DSM-IV criteria in the sample is high. A current mood disorder was present in 48% and an anxiety disorder in 55% of the cannabis users in the last 12 months. The prevalence of affective disorders in the last 12 months was major depressive disorder (38%), dysthymia (19%), hypomania (3%) and mania (1%). The prevalence of anxiety disorders in the last 12 months was social phobia (29%); generalised anxiety disorder (17%); panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (16%); obsessive compulsive disorder (12%); agoraphobia without panic disorder (9%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (5%). The prevalence of schizophrenia was 4%. The prevalence of bulimia was 4% and no anorexia. Women are more likely to report an affective disorder (64% versus 41%; p = 0.04) or a posttraumatic stress disorder (17% versus 0%; p < 0.001) in the last 12 months. The prevalence of family history for psychiatric disorders was 52% and for addiction, 59%. Conclusions.- The cannabis users seen in our specific setting are a fairly homogeneous group and for the most part addicted to cannabis only, but with very high rates of dependence. Indeed, other than tobacco dependence, 80% of the users were only dependent on, or abused on cannabis in the last 12 months. In comparison with the cohort of French cannabis users (n = 4202) seen at specific outpatient settings for marijuana users in 2005, cannabis users seen in Lariboisière Hospital are older, the percentage of females is greater, they are more dependent on marijuanaand have a high prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders. © 2008 L'Encéphale, Paris.","Cannabis, Comorbidity of mental disorders, Drug abuse/dependence, Specific setting","Guillem, E., Pelissolo, A., Vorspan, F., Bouchez-Arbabzadeh, S., Lépine, J. P.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2209,Posttraumatic stress disorder among Turkish veterans of the southeast,"Objective: Traumatic events induced deliberately by humans such as terrorismcauses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders. Data analysis of the present study consists of two phases. At first phase, the prevalence of PTSD and depression comorbid to PTSD of veterans who were physically injured while doing their military service at South East Region was investigated. At the second phase, the role of risk factors of negative changes at the relationship with their environment and the need of psychological help on developing PTSD and depression comorbid to PTSD was examined. Methods: The study conducted with 247 southeast veterans. Age range of veterans is 24-49 (36.55 +/- 5.29). The years after the injury ranged from 2 to 28 years (15.35 +/- 5.3). All participants were evaluated with Demographic Information Questionnaire and Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC). Findings: The prevalence of PTSD was%29.6, depression comorbid to PTSD %16.6. There was a significant difference on PTSD and depression comorbid to PTSD among veterans who reported negative changes in the relationship with their environment and veterans who don't reported negative changes in the relationship with their environment. Similariy, there was a significant difference on PTSD and depression comorbid to PTSD between veterans who need of psychological help and veterans who don't need psychological help. However, there was no significant interaction effect among veterans who reported negative changes in the relationship with their environment and need of psychological help. Discussion: Southeast veterans are under the risk of direct death treat such as taking a part in battle or facing with mine explosion. Therefore, psychological and psychiatric services should be constituted to those who are physically injured and veterans who done military service at that region but not injured. Although it has been a long time, PTSD and depression comorbid to PTSD was found among southeast veterans who were exposed to frequent life-threatening traumatic experiences such as being in the middle of battle or stepping on mine. Since it is observed that both having a negative relationships with their surroundings and the need of psychological help increase the probability of PTSD and depression comorbid to PTSD, institutions which will provide psychological and psychiatric services to veterans deployed in the area should established. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Mental Disorders, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Epidemiology","Guloglu, Berna, Karairmak, Ozlem",2013.0,,,0,0,
2210,Research to practice: A disaster behavioral health framework,"Purpose: Research and experience following a variety of recent disasters has fostered the development of a range of disaster behavioral health interventions that can be used post-disaster. Consensus documents recommend that five guiding principles be used to inform intervention efforts. These five essential elements, a sense of safety, calming, efficacy, connectedness, and hope, appear critical to the fostering of adaptation and resilience in affected communities. This paper aims to examine the use of these principles in practice. Design/methodology/approach: Translating these five evidence-informed principles into practice requires dissemination, delivery and prioritizing and validation of the elements. Scholars identify actions for dissemination, delivery, and prioritization and validation, and this paper expands on the literature to identify processes that actualize the research into a framework for practice. Findings: This article describes how disaster behavioral health professionals in Colorado have advanced these five principles into practice. Originality/value: While literature clearly dictates the importance of addressing the impacts of extreme stress on individuals and communities, there remains a gap to explain how to bridge the research and practice. These strategies included in this paper begin to bridge this gap and can be used by others charged with disaster planning and response to inform their practices. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Behavioural health, Disaster response, Evidence-based practice, Stress and trauma","Gunderson, J., Crepeau-Hobson, F., Drennen, C.",2012.0,,10.1108/09653561211278707,0,0,
2211,Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing method [EMDR] specifically designed for Turkish patient population in the Netherlands,"Dr. Serdar Guner reports that those behaviorally troubled Dutch patients with Turkish origin have not necessarily been benefitted by those 10-15 sessions of EMDR during their psychiatric evaluations necessitated by different conditions. The clinicians have reportedly been applying traditional EMDR methods first to be objectifying relaxation through imagination and later on processing the completion of catharsis during as well as after the said eye movements. The patients, however, have been reporting no benefits and even at times, worsened clinical conditions after the given session. Dr. Guner has finally extracted the facts centered on this failure relevant to the given patient population. Those Turkish-Dutch clients have not been acknowledged about the rationale relevant to which-treats-what phenomenon through the catharsis. Lacking of explanation centralized around acknowledgement along with a possible language barrier has been hindering the therapeutic process. This finding has eventually led him to develop a sister method specifically designed for this patient population. He has slowly but steadily, started informing his patients about shock, repression of the feelings during it, and the effect of those repressed emotions on the people in short as well as long term trajectories. He, later on, used metaphors in picturing the process through which the said repressed emotions would be surfaced by means of EMDR. One of the interesting demographics has been the cultural difference of this given patient population. Those Dutch clients with Turkish origins have not been motivated in processing anything if they had not understood what they were doing. While this, in fact, is also true with the people from the other cultures, Dutch-Turks appeared to be a bit more autonomous in directing themselves in comparison with the Western Europeans who have likely been more conformists with their clinicians even when they have not necessarily been understanding what and why they were doing in any recommended method. Dr. Guner reviews his methodology designed for this population during his presentation. Most of the work has been an nullacknowledgementnull in his following up with his patients. This variant method has been helping PTSD patients' feeling relaxation even after first two sessions. Dr. Guner reports that about 150 of his patients have been very happy about the outcome of this EMDR variant.","psychotherapy, patient, human, behavior therapy, population, Netherlands, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, processing, emotion, language, eye movement, methodology, literature, imagination","Guner, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2212,Post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A repeated cross-sectional study,"The objective of the study was to examine trends in the prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Wenchuan, China, over the four-year period following its 2008 earthquake, and to explore the risk factors related to current PTSD. Chi-square analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to assess PTSD morbidity and identify associated risk factors. The results indicated that the prevalence of PTSD was 58.2% at two months, 22.10% at 8 months, 19.8% at 14 months, 19.0% at 26 months, and 8.0% at about 44 months after the earthquake. Female gender, being married, low education, non-drinking, and poor self-perceived health status were significantly associated with PTSD during the early period following the earthquake. Depression was significantly associated with survivors' PTSD throughout the study period. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Survivors","Guo, Jing, Wu, Ping, Tian, Donghua, Wang, Xiaohua, Zhang, Weijun, Zhang, Xiulan, Qu, Zhiyong",2014.0,,,0,0,
2213,Effect of the interplay between trauma severity and trait neuroticism on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents exposed to a pipeline explosion,"Background: While numerous studies have explored relevant factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, there have been few joint investigations of trauma severity and trait neuroticism on the development of PTSD symptoms. This study aims to assess the involvement and interrelationship of trauma severity and neuroticism in the expression of PTSD symptoms among adolescents exposed to an accidental explosion. Methods: Six hundred and sixty-two adolescents were recruited from a junior middle school closest to the 2013 pipeline explosion site in China and were assessed using the Explosion Exposure Questionnaire, the NEO Five Factor Inventory-Neuroticism Subscale (FFI-N), and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C). A battery of hierarchical multiple regression analyses and two-way ANOVAs were performed to examine the effect of trauma severity and trait neuroticism on adolescent PTSD symptoms. Results: Eighty-seven adolescents (13.1%) showed PTSD symptoms after the pipeline explosion. Correlation analysis showed that all the factors of explosion exposure and trait neuroticism were positively associated with adolescent PTSD symptoms. Being male and younger was linked to lower risk for PTSD symptoms. The regression models identified explosion exposure and neuroticism as independent risk factors for PTSD symptoms, and the interactions between trait neuroticism and trauma exposure (personal casualty, degree of influence, total traumatic severity) were related to PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: The results highlight the role of trauma exposure and trait neuroticism as risk factors for PTSD symptoms. Therefore, the combination of these two factors should be investigated in clinical settings due to an augmented risk for more severe PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disasters, *Neuroticism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Adolescent Development, Middle School Students, Personality Traits, Symptoms, Trauma","Guo, Wei, Xue, Jiao-Mei, Shao, Di, Long, Zhou-Ting, Cao, Feng-Lin",2015.0,,,0,0,
2214,The use of antidepressant drugs in dermatology,"This paper provides an updated review of the use of antidepressant drugs in dermatology. Some of the psychiatric disorders that are usually comorbid with dermatological disorders and respond to antidepressants include major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, social phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder usually secondary to trauma and abuse during early life. Cutaneous symptoms may be the feature of a primary psychiatric disorder, e.g. cutaneous body image problems, dermatitis artefacta, neurotic excoriations and trichotillomania, or psychiatric syndromes may be comorbid with a primary dermatological disorder such as the association of major depressive disorder or social phobia with psoriasis and obsessive compulsive disorder with acne excoriee. Some of the salient pharmacological properties of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are reviewed. The review indicates that the SSRI antidepressants are potentially beneficial in the management of all the major psychiatric syndromes that are encountered in dermatological disorders. The generally more favourable side-effect profile of the SSRIs, such as lower cardiotoxicity in contrast to the TCAs, has made them the first-line agents for the treatment of depression. Furthermore, some of the pharmacological properties of the antidepressant agents that are not related to their antidepressant activity, such as the histamine H1 blocking effect of TCAs, such as doxepin, amitriptyline and trimipramine, are of benefit in dermatological conditions such as urticaria and pruritus. This paper reviews the general guidelines for use of antidepressants and salient drug-drug interactions resulting mainly from the inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 3A3/4 isoenzymes by some of the SSRI antidepressants. Before prescribing an antidepressant agent, the specific guidelines, side-effect profile, drug-drug interactions and most current indications should always be obtained.","amfebutamone, amine oxidase (flavin containing), amitriptyline, antiarrhythmic agent, antidepressant agent, astemizole, citalopram, clomipramine, codeine, cytochrome P450 2D6, cytochrome P450 3A, cytochrome P450 isoenzyme, doxepin, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, fluvoxamine maleate, histamine H1 receptor, imipramine, ketoconazole, nefazodone, neuroleptic agent, paroxetine, pimozide, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, terfenadine, tricyclic antidepressant agent, trimipramine, unindexed drug, venlafaxine, acne, body dysmorphic disorder, body image, cardiotoxicity, child abuse, clinical feature, comorbidity, depression, dermatitis, drug activity, drug blood level, drug choice, drug inhibition, drug metabolism, human, obsession, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, prescription, priority journal, pruritus, psoriasis, receptor blocking, review, skin disease, social phobia, trichotillomania, urticaria, adapin, celexa, effexor, elavil, luvox, paxil, prozac, serzone, sinequan, surmontil, tofranil, wellbutrin, zoloft","Gupta, M. A., Gupta, A. K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2215,Antidepressant drugs in dermatology,"Antidepressant drugs can be an important component of the dermatologists' therapeutic armamentarium. When considering the use of psychotropic agents in dermatology two major factors should be considered: (1) the accurate diagnosis of the comorbid psychiatric disorder, and (2) the presence of proper indications for the use of antidepressant agents. Antidepressant drugs are used in the management of the psychiatric syndromes, which are most frequently comorbid with dermatologic disorders, i.e., Major Depressive Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Phobia. The antihistaminic and analgesic properties of some antidepressants such as doxepin and amitriptyline, are also of benefit in the treatment of some pruritic and neuralgic states. The specific guidelines, side effect profile, drug-drug interactions, and the most current indications should always be obtained for any particular antidepressant agent before it is prescribed.","antidepressant agent, article, depression, dermatology, drug interaction, human, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder","Gupta, M. A., Gupta, A. K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2216,The use of antidepressant drugs in dermatology,"This paper provides an updated review of the use of antidepressant drugs in dermatology. Some of the psychiatric disorders that are usually comorbid with dermatological disorders and respond to antidepressants include major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, social phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder usually secondary to trauma and abuse during early life. Cutaneous symptoms may be the feature of a primary psychiatric disorder, e.g. cutaneous body image problems, dermatitis artefacta, neurotic excoriations and trichotillomania, or psychiatric syndromes may be comorbid with a primary dermatological disorder such as the association of major depressive disorder or social phobia with psoriasis and obsessive compulsive disorder with acne excoriee. Some of the salient pharmacological properties of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are reviewed. The review indicates that the SSRI antidepressants are potentially beneficial in the management of all the major psychiatric syndromes that are encountered in dermatological disorders. The generally more favourable side-effect profile of the SSRIs, such as lower cardiotoxicity in contrast to the TCAs, has made them the first-line agents for the treatment of depression. Furthermore, some of the pharmacological properties of the antidepressant agents that are not related to their antidepressant activity, such as the histamine H1 blocking effect of TCAs, such as doxepin, amitriptyline and trimipramine, are of benefit in dermatological conditions such as urticaria and pruritus. This paper reviews the general guidelines for use of antidepressants and salient drug-drug interactions resulting mainly from the inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 3A3/4 isoenzymes by some of the SSRI antidepressants. Before prescribing an antidepressant agent, the specific guidelines, side-effect profile, drug-drug interactions and most current indications should always be obtained.","Antidepressive Agents/*therapeutic use, Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use, Clomipramine, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*complications, Prognosis, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use, Skin Diseases/complications/*drug therapy/*psychology, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome","Gupta, M. A., Guptat, A. K.",2001.0,Nov,,0,0,2214
2217,A quantitative analysis of single-photon emission computed tomography scans of Vietnam war veterans diagnosed with immediate onset post-traumatic stress disorder and delayed onset post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which falls under the rubrique of an anxiety disorder, is a clinical syndrome resulting from experiencing or witnessing an extreme traumatic stressor. DSM-IV distinguishes between three different subtypes of PTSD according to the time of onset and duration of the symptoms: acute, chronic, and delayed onset PTSD. Although delayed onset PTSD is uncommon, a number of studies indicate that the initial onset of PTSD may occur many months or years after the original traumatic event. Research in the realm of PTSD has provided evidence that there are anatomical, functional, and biochemical differences in the central nervous systems of individuals with PTSD compared with normal control subjects. However, thus far, studies have not sought to distinguish between and compare delayed onset and immediate onset PTSD along these dimensions. The present study utilized SPECT technology to investigate cerebral blood flow in Vietnam veterans with immediate onset PTSD, delayed onset PTSD, and a PTSD negative control group. The results indicated that both experimental groups demonstrated statistically significant differences in cerebral blood flow in numerous regions of the brain relative to the control group. In addition, the PTSD delayed onset and immediate onset subjects presented with distinct perfusion profiles. The implications of these findings were discussed in terms of differentiating between delayed and immediate onset PTSD and PTSD symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cerebral Blood Flow, *Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Gupta, Sonali Priyanka",2003.0,,,0,0,
2218,The relation between multiple pains and mental disorders: Results from the World Mental Health Surveys,"It is unclear whether differences exist in the prevalence of mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders among persons with multiple pain conditions compared with those with single pain problems. We conducted population surveys in 17 countries in Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific. Participants were community-dwelling adults (N = 85,088). Mental disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Pain was assessed by self-report. Both multiple and single site pain problems were associated with mood and anxiety disorders, but not with alcohol abuse or dependence. In general, the prevalence of specific mood and anxiety disorders followed a linear pattern with the lowest rates found among persons with no pain, intermediate rates among those with one pain, and highest rates among those with multi-site pain problems. Relative to persons not reporting pain, the pooled estimates of the age-sex adjusted odds ratios were 1.8 (1.7-2.0) for mood disorders and 1.9 (1.8-2.1) for anxiety disorders for persons with single site pain; 3.7 (3.3-4.1) for mood disorders and 3.6 (3.3-4.0) for anxiety disorders among those with multi-site pain. Our results indicate that the presence of multiple pain conditions was strongly and comparably associated with mood and anxiety disorders in diverse cultures. This consistent pattern of associations suggests that diffuse pain and psychiatric disorders are generally associated, rather than diffuse pain representing an idiom for expressing distress that is specific to particular cultural settings or diffuse pain solely representing a form of masked depression. © 2007 International Association for the Study of Pain.","Alcohol abuse, Anxiety, Cross national, Depression, Multiple pains","Gureje, O., Von Korff, M., Kola, L., Demyttenaere, K., He, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Lepine, J. P., Angermeyer, M. C., Levinson, D., de Girolamo, G., Iwata, N., Karam, A., Luiz Guimaraes Borges, G., de Graaf, R., Browne, M. O., Stein, D. J., Haro, J. M., Bromet, E. J., Kessler, R. C., Alonso, J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2219,Ten years follow-up of trauma-related psychological distress in a cohort of patients with acute traumatic hand injury,"Though early psychological symptoms after an acute traumatic hand injury have been described, there remains a need for knowledge concerning the trajectory of the individual's response over time to the traumatic event. The purpose of this study was to describe psychological distress related to the traumatic experience in a cohort of patients with acute traumatic hand injury in a 10-year perspective. Patients were recruited consecutively at a hand surgery department. Data were collected by means of mailed questionnaires one week, three months, one year and 10. years after the accident. Eighty-three patients participated in all four measurements. Their experience of psychological distress related to the trauma differed significantly during the 10. years (p<0.001). A quarter of the patients had symptoms indicating a risk of a psychiatric disorder one week after the accident. Most of them recovered naturally during the first three months but 10% had more persistent high level of symptoms during the first year after the accident. A few patients developed symptoms at risk level at three months and still had symptoms 10. years after the accident. At three months it appears possible to identify hand-injured patients with more persistent psychological symptoms and probably in need of a psychiatric consultation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Clinical nursing research, Cohort studies, Hand injuries, Psychological, Stress Disorders, Stress, psychological, Traumatic","Gustafsson, M., Windahl, J., Blomberg, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2220,Pharmacological memory modification for post-traumatic stress disorder: An ethical analysis,"Definition of the problem Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychological condition that can develop after experiencing traumatic events. In the context of the German military's foreign deployments, cases of soldiers affected by PTSD have received public attention. Likewise, civil traumas carry a significant risk of subsequent PTSD development. Pharmacological approaches to PTSD prevention have been a subject of research for serveral years. The two most promising approaches-prevention using beta-blockers and glucocorticoids-are based on the notion that the long-term consolidation of traumatic events can be modulated by intervention in neuroendocrine stress axes. By blunting the emotional content of memories, a later development of PTSD could be prevented. Both approaches show promising results in pilot studies. Given the outstanding importance of memory both for the individual and for society such approaches of pharmacological memory modification (PMM) call for an in-depth discussion of the neuroethical implications. Arguments The article discusses five clusters of neuroethical problems: (1) the influence of PMM on normal psychological processing of traumatic memory, (2) the danger of uncoupling memory from reality, (3) the importance of emotional memories for moral behavior, (4) the social, legal and historical relevance of authentic memories, and (5) the potential of medicalization inherent in PMM. Conclusion Despite some serious ethical concerns we argue that, in view of the gravity of the disorder, PMM to prevent PTSD is generally justified, but should currently only be done within clinical trials. We present eight research ethics concerns that should be considered in such trials. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Memory, Neuroethics, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prevention","Guth, M., Jox, R. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2221,A prospective psychophysiological study of posttraumatic stress,"The studies conducted in this thesis employed a prospective, longitudinal design to examine psychophysiological predictors of posttraumatic stress. Existing biological models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including fear conditioning and sensitisation, provide potent explanatory models for the development of the disorder. However, these models fail to account for the emergence of PTSD in some individuals but not others following exposure to potentially traumatic events. The specific aim of this research was to assess the extent to which psychophysiological activity is a risk factor for the development of acute and chronic posttraumatic stress. Convergent psychophysiological methodologies were employed to examine tonic activity, unconditioned responses and conditioned responses. These processes were assessed before trauma, and in the acute and chronic phases after trauma, in a cohort of firefighters, to gain insight into the biological mechanisms that may be risk factors for acute and chronic posttrauma reactions. This thesis has extended our evidence-based understanding of biological risk factors for posttraumatic stress. Specifically, the findings provide initial support for pretrauma tonic psychophysiological arousal and heightened unconditioned responding as risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress symptoms. Further, the results offer preliminary support for reduced extinction of an aversively conditioned response as a risk factor for chronic posttraumatic stress symptoms. Finally, the current findings provide some initial evidence that pretrauma psychophysiological hyperactivity may be a risk factor for psychophysiological hyperactivity in the acute and chronic posttrauma phases. These findings extend fear conditioning and sensitisation models of PTSD by providing initial support for the role of pretrauma biological risk factors in the development of posttraumatic stress. Identification of these risk factors offers insight into the emergence of posttraumatic stress in only a subset of trauma-exposed individuals. Evidence of a predisposition towards pychophysiological hyperactivity and reduced extinction before trauma exposure offers a promising avenue for future research into understanding the biological mechanisms of posttraumatic stress reactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Fire Fighters, Hyperkinesis, Psychophysiology, Risk Factors, Stress","Guthrie, Rachel Marie",2005.0,,,0,0,
2222,Viewing suicide risk through a new lens: The benefits of examining symptom trajectories,,"automutilation, Beck Depression Inventory, cost effectiveness analysis, disease association, high risk population, human, military deployment, military service, note, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, risk assessment, risk reduction, soldier, suicidal ideation","Gutierrez, P. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2223,Longitudinal course of anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptoms in cognitive-behavioral therapies for PTSD,"Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has been conceptualized as trait-like vulnerability and maintenance factor for PTSD. Although recent literature has demonstrated its malleability during treatment, few have examined its influence on and effect from PTSD treatment. Using multilevel regression analyses we examined: (a) changes in AS during treatment and (b) whether pre-treatment AS predicted PTSD treatment response, in sample of female victims of interpersonal trauma receiving one of three treatments (cognitive processing therapy, cognitive processing therapy-cognitive, and written accounts). Participants exhibited reductions in total ASI scores from pre- to post-treatment. Growth curve modeling revealed slightly different trajectories of PTSD symptoms as a function of pre-treatment AS, and overall decreases in PTSD symptoms during treatment were not associated with pretreatment AS. Pretreatment AS dimensions impacted PTSD total scores and symptoms clusters differentially. Clinical and theoretical implications for these results are discussed. © 2013 .","Anxiety sensitivity, Cognitive therapy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Treatment","Gutner, C. A., Nillni, Y. I., Suvak, M., Wiltsey-Stirman, S., Resick, P. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2224,Individual medical relevance of headaches: Comorbidities and quality of life,"In a multitude of cases, very frequent primary headaches lead to a clear deterioration in quality of life. Particularly in patients with chronic migraine, chronic tension headache, and cluster headache, quality of life is limited. This contradicts the preconception still encountered today that headaches are not a serious illness. Comorbidities with somatic and above all mental disorders are also very frequently observed in headache patients. In the foreground are the cardiovascular diseases of arterial hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease, as well as the mental disorders of depression, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, and sleep disorders. When such comorbidities are present, the quality of life of the sufferers is significantly reduced. Therefore, headache disorders should be taken seriously and sufferers should be provided with a consistent therapy. In cases of severe types of headache and in the presence of comorbidities, it is imperative that therapy is also prophylactic and multimodal in nature. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Cluster headache, Comorbidities, Migraine, Quality of life, Tension-type headache","Haag, G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2225,Impact of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder on functional outcome and health-related quality of life of patients with mild traumatic brain injury,"The impact of disability following traumatic brain injury (TBI), assessed by functional measurement scales for TBI or by health-related quality of life (HRQoL), may vary because of a number of factors, including presence of depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and impact of depression and PTSD on functional outcome and HRQoL six and 12 months following mild TBI. We selected a sample of 1919 TBI patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) followed by either hospital admission or discharge to the home environment. The sample received postal questionnaires six and 12 months after treatment at the ED. The questionnaires included items regarding socio-demographics, the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Perceived Quality of Life Scale (PQoL), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Impact of Event Scale. A total of 797 (42%) TBI patients completed the six-month follow-up survey. Depression and PTSD prevalence rates at both the six- and 12-month follow-up were 7% and 9%, respectively. Living alone was an independent predictor of depression and/or PTSD at six- and 12-month follow-up. Depression and PTSD were associated with a significantly decreased functional outcome (measured with Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended) and HRQoL (measured using the SF-36 and the PQoL). We conclude that depression and/or PTSD are relatively common in our sample of TBI patients and associated with a considerable decrease in functional outcome and HRQoL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Behavior, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Patients","Haagsma, Juanita A., Scholten, Annemieke C., Andriessen, Teuntje M. J. C., Vos, Pieter E., Van Beeck, Ed F., Polinder, Suzanne",2015.0,,,0,0,
2226,Analysis of Qualitative Data,,,"Haberman, S. J.",1978.0,,,0,0,
2227,Health in police officers: Role of risk factor clusters and police divisions,"OBJECTIVE: Law enforcement is a stressful occupation associated with significant health problems. To date, most studies have focused on one specific factor or one domain of risk factors (e.g., organizational, personal). However, it is more likely that specific combinations of risk factors are differentially health relevant and further, depend on the area of police work. METHODS: A self-selected group of officers from the criminal, community, and emergency division (N = 84) of a Swiss state police department answered questionnaires assessing personal and organizational risk factors as well as mental and physical health indicators. RESULTS: In general, few differences were observed across divisions in terms of risk factors or health indicators. Cluster analysis of all risk factors established a high-risk and a low-risk cluster with significant links to all mental health outcomes. Risk cluster-by-division interactions revealed that, in the high-risk cluster, Emergency officers reported fewer physical symptoms, while community officers reported more posttraumatic stress symptoms. Criminal officers in the high-risk cluster tended to perceived more stress. Finally, perceived stress did not mediate the relationship between risk clusters and posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results support the notion that police officers are a heterogeneous population in terms of processes linking risk factors and health indicators. This heterogeneity thereby appeared to be more dependent on personal factors and individuals' perception of their own work conditions than division-specific work environments. Our findings further suggest that stress-reduction interventions that do not target job-relevant sources of stress may only show limited effectiveness in reducing health risks associated with police work.","Cluster analysis, Health outcomes, Police division, Risk factors","Habersaat, S. A., Geiger, A. M., Abdellaoui, S., Wolf, J. M.",2015.0,Oct,10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.043,0,0,
2228,Life outcomes influenced by war-related experiences during the Gulf crisis,"This study examined the life outcomes of children exposed to the Gulf crisis in 1990-1991. We expected war-trauma exposure and psychological distress symptoms to predict poorer educational and occupational outcomes. Participants were 151 Kuwaiti citizens who were assessed during childhood (in 1993; M age = 10.6 years), and who were reassessed 10 years later in young adulthood (in 2003; M age = 21.2 years). Participants completed measures of intelligence, war-trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, intervening life events, and life outcomes. Results indicated that war-trauma exposure negatively impacted children's educational and occupational outcomes as young adults. Boys with higher levels of war-trauma exposure were less likely to attend University. Posttraumatic stress and anxiety symptoms also predicted poorer educational and occupational outcomes. However, this relationship was not significant when we accounted for children's intelligence. Depressive symptoms were not predictive of children's educational or occupational outcomes. Results suggest that war-trauma exposure may have life-altering effects on children. Tailored, early interventions are needed for children exposed to war traumas. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","children, education, exposure, life outcomes, war","Hadi, F., Lai, B. S., Llabre, M. M.",2014.0,,10.1080/10615806.2013.832219,0,0,
2229,Finding patterns and groupings: II. Introduction to latent profile analysis and finite mixture models,"An latent class analysis (LCA) is a particular kind of mixture analysis. If we take the LCA concept and change it so that the dataset now comprises observed continuous variables; and the classes differ in their means on one or more variables; then the resulting model is called latent profile analysis (LPA). As with LCA, the model assumes that classes explain associations so that within classes the observed variables are now modeled as uncorrelated. A similar looking model to LPA, one which does not make the assumption of zero within-class correlations, is the finite mixture model (FMM) model, which tries to find underlying clusters of distributed data-univariate if there is only one variable, multivariate if there are two or more. The FMM typically assumes the data have a normal distribution. Depending on which assumptions you include it is easy to move between an LPA and an FMM and indeed obtain quite similar looking answers, but keep in mind that the conceptual models behind these are quite different. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mathematical Modeling, *Statistical Analysis","Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan",2010.0,,,0,0,
2230,The relationship of violence-related trauma and length of trauma exposure to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Emergency Medical Services personnel,"This study examines the relationship of the level of violence-related trauma and the occurrence and severity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. It also examines the relationship between PTSD and years of exposure to job related violence. The present study categorized three areas of New York City as high, medium and low violence. The predictor variables are the level of violence and length of exposure to traumatic, job related events. The criterion variable is the occurrence and severity of PTSD in the EMTs and paramedics. The measures used are the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale-Revised, (Foa, 1995), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (Weiss & Marmar. 1997), the Violence Attitudes Scale (Jackson et al., 1994) and a demographic questionnaire. CompStat reports provided the crime statistics on all the boroughs used for areas of varying violence. It was expected that those EMS personnel who work in high violent crime areas would be more likely to develop PTSD than those in medium and low violent crime areas. It was also expected that those with fewest and the most number of years on the job would have higher levels of PTSD than those with intermediate number of years. The overall PTSD rate in the present EMS sample from New York City was 19.2%. However, results indicated that PTSD rates were not significantly different with varying degree of violence and years of exposure. Marital status and attitudes toward violence were both found to be significantly related to PTSD. EMS personnel who bore a less accepting view of violence were also more likely to develop PTSD. While it appears that the EMS population in NYC is at a greater risk for PTSD than the general population and other EMS personnel in less urban areas, PTSD rates did not differ as a function of degree of violence and years of exposure. It is possible that the critical factor in PTSD may be the perceived severity rather than the frequency of the trauma. The present study implicates the role of perceived severity of violent trauma and social support for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emergency Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Service Personnel, *Violence","Hafeez, Sanam",2003.0,,,0,0,
2231,PTSD prevalence and symptom structure of DSM-5 criteria in adolescents and young adults surviving the 2011 shooting in Norway,"BACKGROUND: Diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been revised for DSM-5. Two key changes include alteration of the clustering of PTSD symptoms and new PTSD symptom criteria related to negative alterations in cognition and mood. In this study, we empirically investigated these changes. METHODS: We interviewed 325 adolescents and young adults who survived the 2011 youth camp shooting at Utoya Island, Norway. The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV was used to assess symptoms of PTSD. In addition, 11 questions were added to assess the four new symptom criteria within the new DSM-5 symptom categories. RESULTS: PTSD prevalence did not differ significantly whether DSM-IV (11.1%) or DSM-5 (11.7%) criteria were used and the Cohens Kappa for consistency between the diagnoses was 0.061. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the four-factor structure of the DSM-5 fit the data adequately according to the conceptual model outlined. LIMITATIONS: The homogeneity of this sample of highly exposed subjects may preclude generalization to less severely exposed groups. Also, we did not assess criterion G in regard to symptoms causing clinically significant distress and functional impairment. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PTSD was quite similar regardless of diagnostic system. The relatively low concordance between the diagnoses has implications for eligibility for a diagnosis of PTSD.","Adolescent, Adult, Cluster Analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Norway/epidemiology, Prevalence, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, Survivors, Young Adult, Adolescents, Dsm-5, Factor analysis, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Hafstad, G. S., Dyb, G., Jensen, T. K., Steinberg, A. M., Pynoos, R. S.",2014.0,Dec,10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.055,0,0,
2232,"Traumatic Life Events and Psychopathology in a High Risk, Ethnically Diverse Sample of Young Children: A Person-Centered Approach","Studies of the association between traumatic experiences and psychopathology in early childhood have primarily focused on specific types of events (e.g., sexual abuse) or aggregated different types of events without differentiating among them. We extend this body of work by investigating patterns of traumatic event exposure in a high-risk, ethnically diverse sample of children ages 3-6 (N = 211; 51 % female) and relating these different patterns to parents' reports of child externalizing, internalizing, and post-traumatic stress symptomatology. Using latent class analysis, which divides a heterogeneous population into homogenous subpopulations, we identified three patterns of traumatic events based on parents' responses to an interview-based assessment of trauma exposure in young children: (1) severe exposure, characterized by a combination of family violence and victimization; (2) witnessing family violence without victimization; and (3) moderate exposure, characterized by an absence of family violence but a moderate probability of other events. The severe exposure class exhibited elevated internalizing and post-traumatic stress symptoms relative to the witness to violence and moderate exposure classes, controlling for average number of traumatic events. Results highlight the need for differentiation between profiles of traumatic life event exposure and the potential for person-centered methods to complement the cumulative risk perspective.","Early childhood, Latent class analysis, Post-traumatic stress, Psychopathology, Traumatic events","Hagan, M. J., Sulik, M. J., Lieberman, A. F.",2015.0,Sep 10,10.1007/s10802-015-0078-8,0,0,
2233,The effect of trauma onset and frequency on PTSD-associated symptoms,"Background: Different trauma characteristics have been suggested to lead to distinct symptom profiles. This study investigates the effect of two trauma characteristics, age of onset and frequency, on PTSD symptom profiles. Methods: Trauma characteristics (childhood versus adulthood trauma and single versus multiple trauma), psychiatric diagnosis, PTSD severity, depressive symptoms, dissociation, guilt, shame, anger, and interpersonal sensitivity were assessed in 110 PTSD outpatients. Results: Single versus multiple trauma and childhood versus adulthood trauma groups did not differ in depressive symptom and co-morbidity. Multiple trauma patients reported more dissociation, guilt, shame, and interpersonal sensitivity than those that experienced single trauma. Anger of multiple trauma patients was more often directed towards themselves, whereas anger in single trauma patients was more often directed towards others. Childhood trauma patients reported more dissociation and state anger than adulthood trauma patients. However, with the exception of multiple trauma patients having more dissociation and shame than those with single trauma, all differences disappeared after controlling for PTSD severity. Limitations: This study is a first step in unraveling the impact of different trauma characteristics. Causal inferences are limited, though, because of the cross-sectional design. Conclusions: The results suggest that experiencing trauma at young age or multiple times may lead to different symptom profiles but these are, with the exception of dissociation and shame, dependent on PTSD severity. These results support the proposed DSM-V criteria in which these symptoms appear as part of the disorder, and stress the importance of early treatment. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anger, Complex PTSD, Dissociation, Guilt, PTSD, Shame, Trauma","Hagenaars, M. A., Fisch, I., Van Minnen, A.",2011.0,,,0,1,
2234,A brief inpatient measure of global psychiatric symptom severity: Initial validation of the brief symptom measure-25 for an adolescent inpatient sample,"Adolescent psychiatry is experiencing a growing need for brief yet psychometrically robust outcome measures for inpatient settings. Outcome measures currently available present limitations to clinicians and patients alike in terms of their excessive length, time of completion, difficulty to score, and focus on specific clusters of symptoms. The present study sought to validate the Brief Symptom Measure-25 (BSM-25) as a brief and easily administered measure of global psychiatric symptom severity in adolescent inpatient samples. This study evaluated the results from 154 adolescent inpatients who completed several self-report measures at admission. The findings demonstrate that the instrument has good construct validity when compared with validated measures of psychological health and well-being, behavioral problems, and interpersonal distress. We also showed the sensitivity to change of the BSM-25 from admission to discharge, and we showed that this healthy change was paralleled in several measures (self-reports and clinician ratings), using data from 75 adolescent psychiatric inpatients who were assessed at admission and also at discharge. Although this is only the first step in the validation of this measure for an adolescent inpatient setting, the BSM-25 shows promise as a brief outcome measure of global psychiatric symptom severity while maintaining validity and instrument sensitivity. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Adolescent, Assessment, Global symptom severity, Inpatient, Outcome","Haggerty, G., Kahoud, D., Walsh, E., Ahmed, Z., Blais, M. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2235,Neuronal DNA Methylation Profiling of Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury,"Long-term molecular changes in the brain resulting from blast exposure may be mediated by epigenetic changes, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, that regulate gene expression. Aberrant regulation of gene expression is associated with behavioral abnormalities, where DNA methylation bridges environmental signals to sustained changes in gene expression. We assessed DNA methylation changes in the brains of rats exposed to three 74.5 kPa blast overpressure events, conditions that have been associated with long-term anxiogenic manifestations weeks or months following the initial exposures. Rat frontal cortex eight months post-exposure was used for cell sorting of whole brain tissue into neurons and glia. We interrogated DNA methylation profiles in these cells using Expanded Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing. We obtained data for millions of cytosines, showing distinct methylation profiles for neurons and glia and an increase in global methylation in neuronal versus glial cells (p<10-7). We detected DNA methylation perturbations in blast overpressure-exposed animals, compared with sham blast controls, within 458 and 379 genes in neurons and glia, respectively. Differentially methylated neuronal genes showed enrichment in cell death and survival and nervous system development and function, including genes involved in transforming growth factor β and nitric oxide signaling. Functional validation via gene expression analysis of 30 differentially methylated neuronal and glial genes showed a 1.2 fold change in gene expression of the serotonin N-acetyltransferase gene (Aanat) in blast animals (p<0.05). These data provide the first genome-based evidence for changes in DNA methylation induced in response to multiple blast overpressure exposures. In particular, increased methylation and decreased gene expression were observed in the Aanat gene, which is involved in converting serotonin to the circadian hormone melatonin and is implicated in sleep disturbance and depression associated with traumatic brain injury. © Copyright 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","blast overpressure, DNA methylation, epigenetic, sleep disturbance, traumatic brain injury","Haghighi, F., Ge, Y., Chen, S., Xin, Y., Umali, M. U., De Gasperi, R., Gama Sosa, M. A., Ahlers, S. T., Elder, G. A.",2015.0,,10.1089/neu.2014.3640,0,0,
2236,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer survivors: Relationship to the impact of cancer scale and other associated risk factors,"Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a sample of cancer survivors and to investigate their association with the impact of cancer, depressive symptoms, and social support. Methods We administered a survey to participants in a cancer survivor registry. It included: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C), Impact of Cancer Scale (IOC) v.2, and measures of social support, income, and long-term effects of cancer. We performed multivariate analyses to estimate associations between PCL-C and other variables. PCL-C score was examined as a continuous dependent variable and categorically. Results Responses were available from 162 cancer survivors. Mean age was 51 years (standard deviation (SD) 16); mean time since diagnosis was 11 years (SD 10). Mean PCL-C score was 27 (SD 9, range 17-64); 29% of the sample scored 30 and above, 13% scored 38 and above, 7% scored 44 and above. Linear regression indicated that PCL-C scores were significantly associated with the IOC negative impact summary scale (NIS) (p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (p = 0.003), less social support (p = 0.02), and lower income (p = 0.03). NIS subscale analyses showed that two subscales, life interference (LI) and worry (W), were significantly correlated with PCL-C score (LI: p < 0.001; W: p = 0.02). Conclusions In this study, the IOC NIS was associated with endorsement of PTSD symptoms. Assessing survivors for PTSD symptoms with the PCL-C could detect those individuals in need of psychosocial support. The IOC may be useful for identifying target areas for interventions to reduce these symptoms among cancer survivors. Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Hahn, Erin E., Hays, Ron D., Kahn, Katherine L., Litwin, Mark S., Ganz, Patricia A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2237,"A mental health intervention for rural, foster children from methamphetamine-involved families: Experimental assessment with qualitative elaboration","This mixed method study describes the cultural adaptation, implementation and impact of a mental health intervention for individual rural children aged 7-17 from methamphetamine-involved families who are in foster care. Features of the culturally-shaped intervention include: 1) close collaboration with local professionals who provide the intervention over a seven month period; 2) provision of the intervention in and around children's homes; and 3) the use of local storytelling traditions in a narrative- and relationship-based intervention. As a group, children (N. =15) showed problematic levels of Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL) externalizing and total problem behaviors and symptoms of PTSD/dissociation during the pretest. Children were randomly assigned to an experimental group who received the intervention immediately (n. =8), or a wait-list control group (n. =7) who received the intervention at the end of the study. There was a significant interaction effect of time (pre and post test) and group on externalizing behavior with the trajectory of the experimental group improving while that of the control group worsened. Gains made by the experimental group were maintained over a seven month follow-up period. Comparative case studies, individual qualitative interviews and open-ended questionnaires provided rich elaboration of participants' experiences and illuminated complexities and challenges of the intervention. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Mental health intervention, Methamphetamine, Rural families","Haight, W., Black, J., Sheridan, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2238,A comparison of UK-Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome 14-Questions Inventory (PTSS-14) in ICU survivors done in-hospital and again at one month after ICU discharge,"Detection and intervention in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after ICU admission is important for patient's quality of recovery. Data from the UK suggest that there is a high incidence of PTSD in ICU survivors, and an early specialist referral is required for these patients. A simple 14-point questionnaire such as PTSS-14 (which could be administered by clinicians without specialist psychological training) could be used to screen for risk of PTSD in ICU survivors. Literature is sparse on looking at the temporal profile and evolution of PTSS scores in hospital after ICU discharge and at one month at which the diagnosis of PTSD can be made. After ethics committee approval 447 survivors of ICU were prospectively enrolled from the Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, over a period from March 2010 to August 2013. Data collected included demographics, previous psychiatric history and PTSS scores. While all subjects (n=447) completed the initial questionnaire, 337 patients completed the questionnaire at one month. Mean age of this cohort was 59±16 years (279 males and 168 females). In the ward after ICU discharge there was a significant increase in the PTSS-14 scores 31±15 (mean±SD), which reduced at one month to 28±14 (p value 0.0004, paired t test, CI 1.0 to 3.5 ). There was correlation between the in-hospital and one-month PTSS-14 scores in patients (slope 0.572, R2 0.388) (Figure 1, following page). The scores correlated better in patients without a previous psychiatric history (R2 0.42 vs 0.21) and patients with an ICU length of stay (LOS) of less than five days (R2 0.49 vs 0.338). The strength of association (R2 value) declined further with increased ICU LOS. Gender and age did not influence the predictive value (males R2 0.395, females R2 0.369, <70 years R2 0.4, ≥70 years 0.4). (Table Presented) PTSS 14 can be used to screen for PTSD in ICU survivors early after ICU discharge. There is a temporal correlation between the in-hospital and the one-month PTSS scores in ICU survivors. Caution is advised in interpreting the results of patients with a previous psychiatric history and patients with an ICU LOS of five or more days. This could have a significant effect on the fraction of ICU survivors that could effectively be screened and followed up for risk of PTSD.","posttraumatic stress disorder, survivor, hospital, United Kingdom, human, patient, questionnaire, risk, male, medical specialist, female, predictive value, professional standard, length of stay, Student t test, statistical significance, gender, ward, diagnosis","Hails, J., Veenith, T., Bishop, S., Taggart, P., Preller, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2239,Psychosocial Outcomes in Informal Caregivers of the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review,"OBJECTIVE:: The objective of the review was to evaluate and synthesize the prevalence, risk factors, and trajectory of psychosocial morbidity in informal caregivers of critical care survivors. DATA SOURCES:: A systematic search of MEDLINE, PsychInfo, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PILOTS, EMBASE, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database was undertaken between January and February 2014. STUDY SELECTION:: Citations were screened independently by two reviewers for studies that investigated psychosocial outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, burden, activity restriction, and health-related quality of life) for informal caregivers of critical care survivors (mechanically ventilated for 48 hr or more). DATA EXTRACTION:: Data on study outcomes were extracted into a standardized form and quality assessed by two independent reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and the National Health and Medical Research Council Hierarchy of Evidence guide. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines were followed. DATA SYNTHESIS:: Fourteen studies of 1,491 caregivers were included. Depressive symptoms were the most commonly reported outcome with a prevalence of 75.5% during critical care and 22.8–29% at 1-year follow-up. Risk factors for depressive symptoms in caregivers included female gender and younger age. The greatest period of risk for all outcomes was during the patient’s critical care admission although psychological symptoms improved over time. The overall quality of the studies was low. CONCLUSIONS:: Depressive symptoms were the most prevalent in informal caregivers of survivors of intensive care who were ventilated for more than 48 hours and persist at 1 year with a prevalence of 22.8–29.0%, which is comparable with caregivers of patients with dementia. Screening for caregiver risks could be performed during the ICU admission where intervention can be implemented and then evaluated. Further high-quality studies are needed to quantify anxiety, stress, caregiver burden, and posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes in informal caregivers of long-stay patients surviving ICU. Copyright © by 2015 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.",,"Haines, K. J., Denehy, L., Skinner, E. H., Warrillow, S., Berney, S.",2015.0,,10.1097/CCM.0000000000000865,0,0,
2240,"Mortality displacement of heat-related deaths: A comparison of Delhi, São Paulo, and London","Background: Mortality increases with hot weather, although the extent to which lives are shortened is rarely quantified. We compare the extent to which short-term mortality displacement can explain heat deaths in Delhi, São Paulo, and London given contrasting demographic and health profiles. Methods: We examined time-series of daily mortality data in relation to daily ambient temperature using Poisson models and adjusting for season, relative humidity, rainfall, particulate air pollution, day of the week, and public holidays. We used unconstrained distributed lag models to identify the extent to which heat-related excesses were followed by deficits (mortality displacement). Results: For each city, an increase in all-cause mortality was observed with same-day (lag 0) and previous day (lag 1) temperatures greater than a threshold of 20°C. At lag 0, the excess risk was greatest in Delhi and smallest in London. In Delhi, an excess was apparent up to 3 weeks after exposure, after which a deficit was observed that offset just part of the overall excess. In London, the heat excess persisted only 2 days and was followed by deficits, such that the sum of effects was 0 by day 11. The pattern in São Paulo was intermediate between these. The risk summed over the course of 28 days was 2.4% (95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 4.7%) per degree greater than the heat threshold in Delhi, 0.8% (-0.4 to 2.1%) in São Paulo and -1.6% (-3.4 to 0.3%) in London. Excess risks were sustained up to 4 weeks for respiratory deaths in São Paulo and London and for children in Delhi. Conclusions: Heat-related short-term mortality displacement was high in London but less in Delhi, where infectious and childhood mortality still predominate. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",,"Hajat, S., Armstrong, B. G., Gouveia, N., Wilkinson, P.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2241,Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and management of chronic sequelae of war-related mild to moderate traumatic brain injury,"Soldiers with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) present with an array of neuropsychiatric symptoms that can be grouped into nosological clusters: (1) cognitive dysfunctions: difficulties in memory, attention, language, visuospatial cognition, sensory-motor integration, affect recognition, and/or executive function typically associated with neocortical damage; (2) neurobehavioral disorders: mood, affect, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and psychosis, as well as agitation, sleep problems, and libido loss, that may have been caused by damage to the cortex, limbic system, and/or brain stem monoaminergic projection systems; (3) somatosensory disruptions: impaired smell, vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and somatosensory perception frequently caused by trauma to the sensory organs or their projections through the brain stem to central processing systems; (4) somatic symptoms: headache and chronic pain; and (5) substance dependence. TBI-related cognitive impairment is common in veterans who have served in recent conflicts in the Middle East and is often related to blasts from improvised explosive devices. Although neurobehavioral disorders such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder commonly occur after combat, the presentation of such disorders in those with head injury may pass undetected with use of current diagnostic criteria and neuropsychological instruments. With a multidimensional approach (such as the biopsychosocial model) applied to each symptom cluster, psychological, occupational, and social dysfunction can be delineated and managed.","alpha adrenergic receptor stimulating agent, amantadine, amfebutamone, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, atomoxetine, atypical antipsychotic agent, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, bromocriptine, central stimulant agent, clonidine, dexamphetamine, donepezil, galantamine, lithium, memantine, methylphenidate, mirtazapine, modafinil, mood stabilizer, neuroleptic agent, piracetam, rivastigmine, sedative agent, serotonin agonist, serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, accommodation disorder, aggression, agitation, agnosia, amnesia, anxiety disorder, aphasia, apraxia, attention deficit disorder, balance disorder, battle injury, behavior disorder, brain disease, brain stem, chronic pain, clinical trial, cognitive defect, cognitive rehabilitation, depression, depth perception, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease severity, dizziness, dose response, drug mechanism, emotion, headache, hearing disorder, human, International Classification of Diseases, libido, libido disorder, limbic cortex, low drug dose, mania, memory disorder, mental disease, Middle East, monoaminergic system, mood disorder, neocortex, personality disorder, physiotherapy, postconcussion syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, psychologic test, psychological rating scale, psychosis, review, self report, sensorimotor function, sensorimotor neuropathy, sex difference, sexual dysfunction, sexual health, sleep disorder, smelling disorder, somatosensory disorder, substance abuse, suicide, taste disorder, traumatic brain injury, verbal communication, veteran, visual disorder, white matter","Halbauer, J. D., Ashford, J. W., Zeitzer, J. M., Adamson, M. M., Lew, H. L., Yesavage, J. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2242,Harvard Trauma Questionnaire Urdu Translation: The only cross-culturally validated screening instrument for the assessment of trauma and torture and their sequelae,"Background and Objective: There is no valid clinical instrument in Urdu for assessing postpartum depressive disorders. This study was undertaken to translate into Urdu, validate and test the reliability of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). At the same time various psychosocial dimensions of the presentation of postpartum depressive illness were studied. Methodology: Randomly selected women after childbirth (n=66) underwent (on the tenth postpartum day) a semi-structured interview after first having answered the translated EPDS questionnaire. At the same time psychosocial profile was obtained through a structured checklist. The diagnosis of depressive disorder was made according to the ICD-10. For validation the results of the EPDS were compared with the clinical diagnosis of depression, based on the Mental Status Examination. Results: The average age of the tested women was 26.86% years;100% were married and 45.45% were primiparae: 27.27% and 25.57% reported Pre-Menstrual Tension and Dysmennorhea respectively. Conflict with in laws was reported by 15.15% and 10.6% reported Domestic Violence or were Battered wives. For an EPDS total score, threshold value of >12 was taken, which showed 39.39% depression in the study population. Conclusion: The results of the study are alarming and indicates a grave public health issue which goes urrecognized and unacknowledged. The Urdu version of the EPDS with ten questions is ""application friendly"" as well as a valid and reliable method for the diagnosis of postpartum depression. It is suitable for both clinical and research use.",,"Halepota, A. A., Wasif, S. A.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2243,Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms,"Objective. - To search for syndromes in Persian Gulf War veterans. Participants. - Two hundred forty-nine (41%) of the 606 Gulf War veterans of the Twenty-fourth Reserve Naval Mobile Construction Battalion living in 5 southeastern states participated; 145 (58%) had retired from service, and the rest were still serving in the battalion. Design. - Participants completed a standardized survey booklet measuring the anatomical distributions or characteristics of each symptom, a booklet measuring wartime exposures, and a standard psychological personality assessment inventory. Two-stage factor analysis was used to disentangle ambiguous symptoms and identity syndromes. Main Outcome Measures. - Factor analysis-derived syndromes. Results. - Of 249 participants, 175 (70%) reported having had serious health problems that most attributed to the war, and 74 (30%) reported no serious health problems. Principal factor analysis yielded 6 syndrome factors, explaining 71% of the variance. Dichotomized syndrome indicators identified the syndromes in 63 veterans (25%). Syndromes 1 ('impaired cognition,' characterized by problems with attention, memory, and reasoning, as well as insomnia, depression, daytime sleepiness, and headaches), 2 ('confusion-ataxia,' characterized by problems with thinking, disorientation, balance disturbances, vertigo, and impotence), and 3 ('arthro-myo-neuropathy,' characterized by joint and muscle pains, muscle fatigue, difficulty lifting, and extremity paresthesias) represented strongly clustered symptoms; whereas, syndromes 4 ('phobia- apraxia'), 5 ('fever-adenopathy'), and 6 ('weakness-incontinence') involved weaker clustering and mostly overlapped syndromes 2 and 3. Veterans with syndrome 2 were 12.5 times (95% confidence interval, 3.5-44.8) more likely to be unemployed than those with no health problems. A psychological profile, found in 48.4% of those with the syndromes, differed from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, somatoform disorder, and malingering. Conclusion. - These findings support the hypothesis that clusters of symptoms of many Gulf War veterans represent discrete factor analysis-derived syndromes that appear to reflect a spectrum of neurologic injury involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.","adult, apraxia, arthropathy, article, ataxia, cognitive defect, confusion, factorial analysis, fever, human, incontinence, lymphadenopathy, major clinical study, male, muscle weakness, myopathy, neurologic disease, neuropathy, Persian Gulf syndrome, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, soldier, war","Haley, R. W., Kurt, T. L., Hom, J.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2244,Exploring the association between posttraumatic growth and PTSD: National Study of Jews and Arabs following the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War,"Posttraumatic growth (PTG)-deriving benefits following potentially traumatic events-has become a topic of increasing interest. We examined factors that were related to self-reported PTG, and the relationship between PTG and symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS) following the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah. Drawing from a national random sample of Israel, data from 806 terrorism-exposed Israeli adults were analyzed. PTG was associated with being female, lower education, greater recent terrorism exposure, greater loss of psychosocial resources, greater social support, and greater self-efficacy. PTG was a consistent predictor of PTS across hierarchical linear regression models that tested whether demographic, stress, or personal resources moderated the relationship between PTG and PTS. PTG did not relate to PTS differently for people who differed by age, sex, ethnicity, education, religiosity, degree of terrorism exposure, self-efficacy, nonterrorism stressful life events, and loss of psychosocial and economic resources. PTG was not related to well-being for any of these subgroups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Efficacy, *Terrorism, *Posttraumatic Growth, Jews","Hall, Brian J., Hobfoll, Stevan E., Canetti, Daphna, Johnson, Robert J., Palmieri, Patrick A., Galea, Sandro",2010.0,,,0,0,
2245,Loss of social resources predicts incident posttraumatic stress disorder during ongoing political violence within the Palestinian Authority,"Methods: A 3-stage cluster random stratified sampling methodology was used to obtain a representative sample of 1,196 Palestinian adults living in Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at two time points 6-months apart. Logistic regression analyses were conducted on a restricted sample of 643 people who did not have PTSD at baseline and who completed both interviews. Results: The incidence of PTSD was 15.0 % over a 6-month period. Results of adjusted logistic regression models demonstrated that talking to friends and family about political circumstances (aOR = 0.78, p = 0.01) was protective, and female sex (aOR = 1.76, p = 0.025), threat perception of future violence (aOR = 1.50, p = 0.002), poor general health (aOR = 1.39, p = 0.005), exposure to media (aOR = 1.37, p = 0.002), and loss of social resources (aOR = 1.71, p = 0.006) were predictive of incident cases of PTSD. Conclusions: A high incidence of PTSD was documented during a 6-month follow-up period among Palestinian residents of Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem. Interventions that promote health and increase and forestall loss to social resources could potentially reduce the onset of PTSD in communities affected by violence. Background: Exposure to ongoing political violence and stressful conditions increases the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in low-resource contexts. However, much of our understanding of the determinants of PTSD in these contexts comes from cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies that examine factors associated with incident PTSD may be useful to the development of effective prevention interventions and the identification of those who may be most at-risk for the disorder.","Conflict, Incidence, Israel, Palestine, Political violence, PTSD, Social resources","Hall, B. J., Murray, S. M., Galea, S., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2246,A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth in a Cohort of Israeli Jews and Palestinians during Ongoing Violence,"OBJECTIVES: Meta-analytic evidence based on cross-sectional investigations between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrates that the two concepts are positively related and that ethnic minorities report greater PTG. Few longitudinal studies have quantified this relationship so the evidence is limited regarding the potential benefit PTG may have on post-traumatic adjustment and whether differences between ethnic groups exist. METHODS: The current study attempts to fill a substantial gap in the literature by exploring the relationship between PTG and PTSD symptom clusters longitudinally using a nationally representative cohort of 1613 Israelis and Palestinian Citizens of Israel (PCI) interviewed via telephone on three measurement occasions during one year. Latent cross-lagged structural models estimated the relationship between PTG and each PTSD symptom cluster, derived from confirmatory factor analysis, representing latent and statistically invariant PTSD symptom factors, best representing PTSD for both ethnic groups. RESULTS: PTG was not associated with less PTSD symptom severity in any of the four PTSD clusters, for Jews and PCI. In contrast, PTSD symptom severity assessed earlier was related to later reported PTG in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that PTSD symptoms contribute to greater reported PTG, but that PTG does not provide a salutatory benefit by reducing symptoms of PTSD.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Arabs, Cross-Sectional Studies, Culture, Female, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, *Jews, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, *Violence, Young Adult","Hall, B. J., Saltzman, L. Y., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0124782,0,0,
2247,Understanding resilience in armed conflict: social resources and mental health of children in Burundi,"Little is known about the role of cognitive social capital among war-affected youth in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the longitudinal association between cognitive social capital and mental health (depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms), functioning, and received social support of children in Burundi. Data were obtained from face-to-face interviews with 176 children over three measurement occasions over the span of 4-months. Cognitive social capital measured the degree to which children believed their community was trustworthy and cohesive. Mental health measures included the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) (Birleson, 1981), the Child Posttraumatic Symptom Scale (Foa et al., 2001), and a locally constructed scale of functional impairment. Children reported received social support by listing whether they received different types of social support from self-selected key individuals. Cross-lagged path analytic modeling evaluated relationships between cognitive social capital, symptoms and received support separately over baseline (T1), 6-week follow-up (T2), and 4-month follow-up (T3). Each concept was treated and analyzed as a continuous score using manifest indicators. Significant associations between study variables were unidirectional. Cognitive social capital was associated with decreased depression between T1 and T2 (B = -.22, p < .001) and T2 and T3 (beta = -.25, p < .001), and with functional impairment between T1 and T2 (beta = -.15, p = .005) and T2 and T3 (beta = -.14, p = .005); no association was found for PTSD symptoms at either time point. Cognitive social capital was associated with increased social support between T1 and T2 (beta = .16, p = .002) and T2 and T3 (beta = .16, p = .002). In this longitudinal study, cognitive social capital was related to a declining trajectory of children's mental health problems and increases in social support. Interventions that improve community relations in war-affected communities may alter the trajectories of resource loss and gain with conflict-affected children.","Children, Depression, Functioning, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Resilience, Social capital, War","Hall, B. J., Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J., Bass, J., de Jong, J. T.",2014.0,Aug,10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.042,0,0,
2248,Understanding resilience in armed conflict: Social resources and mental health of children in Burundi,"Little is known about the role of cognitive social capital among war-affected youth in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the longitudinal association between cognitive social capital and mental health (depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms), functioning, and received social support of children in Burundi. Data were obtained from face-to-face interviews with 176 children over three measurement occasions over the span of 4-months. Cognitive social capital measured the degree to which children believed their community was trustworthy and cohesive. Mental health measures included the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) (Birleson, 1981), the Child Posttraumatic Symptom Scale (Foa etal., 2001), and a locally constructed scale of functional impairment. Children reported received social support by listing whether they received different types of social support from self-selected key individuals. Cross-lagged path analytic modeling evaluated relationships between cognitive social capital, symptoms and received support separately over baseline (T1), 6-week follow-up (T2), and 4-month follow-up (T3). Each concept was treated and analyzed as a continuous score using manifest indicators. Significant associations between study variables were unidirectional. Cognitive social capital was associated with decreased depression between T1 and T2 (B=-22, p<.001) and T2 and T3 (β=-25, p<.001), and with functional impairment between T1 and T2 (β=-15, p=005) and T2 and T3 (β=-14, p=005); no association was found for PTSD symptoms at either time point. Cognitive social capital was associated with increased social support between T1 and T2 (β=16, p=002) and T2 and T3 (β=16, p=002). In this longitudinal study, cognitive social capital was related to a declining trajectory of children's mental health problems and increases in social support. Interventions that improve community relations in war-affected communities may alter the trajectories of resource loss and gain with conflict-affected children. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Children, Depression, Functioning, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Resilience, Social capital, War","Hall, B. J., Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Bass, J., de Jong, J. T. V. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,2247
2249,Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with acute burns,,,"Hall, E., Saxe, G., Stoddard, F., Kaplow, J., Koenen, K., Chawla, N., Lopez, C., King, L., King, D.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
2250,Dissociative experiences of women child abuse survivors: a selective constructivist review,"A selective literature review of dissociation in women abuse survivors was under-taken from a feminist, constructivist perspective. Dissociation has been conceptualized many ways historically. Current understandings of dissociative phenomena are diverse, as reflected in the research and treatment literature. Dissociation has been linked to physical and psychological problems, including major mental illnesses, pelvic pain, somatization disorders, and eating disorders. There has been a preoccupation with rare but fascinating extremes of dissociation, such as multiple personality disorder, with less emphasis on more frequently seen types of dissociation, such as depersonalization and derealization. Views of dissociation as it occurs in women child abuse survivors affect their autonomy and perceived credibility and determine treatment trajectories. Questions remain as to what aspects and types of dissociation are ""pathological."" There is evidence that dissociation may be a commonplace human experience in the general population. Implications for theory, research, and practice are included.","adaptive behavior, adult, automutilation, battered woman, child, child abuse, depersonalization, dissociative disorder, eating disorder, female, human, multiple personality, pelvis pain syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, review, somatoform disorder, survivor","Hall, J. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2251,Narrative methods in a study of trauma recovery,"Multiple narrative perspectives can guide narrative research. The complexity of health narratives presents a significant challenge. Trauma recovery accounts are health narratives demonstrating successes as well as struggles. In this article, I describe a large-scale narrative study in which specific qualitative methods were combined to fit research aims, stories elicited, and emergent questions in the analysis process. Under my direction, an interdisciplinary team conducted this constructivist, feminist, narrative study describing the trauma recovery process. The study was focused on success or thriving in women surviving childhood maltreatment. I took an advocacy stance in favor of participants' interests, as is commensurate with a critical feminist standpoint. Through initial analyses the research team constructed a trauma recovery process termed ""becoming resolute."" Subanalyses were focused on key relationships, life trajectories, self-strategies, and perceptual changes. My purpose is to explain the various kinds and levels of analysis used here to provide options for others studying recovery narratives. © The Author(s) 2011.","abuse, child, constructivism, distress, feminism, life history, mental health and illness, narrative inquiry, recovery, stress, survivorship, trauma","Hall, J. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2252,Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder: A comprehensive analysis of recognized treatment options considering the neurobiological impact of trauma,"This theoretical dissertation describes the inclusion of neurobiological sequelae in the analysis of recognized treatment options for childhood Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Research regarding central facets of PTSD in children, including diagnostic criteria, is explored. The stress response is investigated, including the roles of pertinent neurobiological systems and patterns of reaction to stressors, subsequent to a review of normal neurobiological development. A review of professional literature regarding the relationship between neuronal development of attention, memory, and learning as they are affected by the traumatic events prodromal to the diagnosis of childhood Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ensues. Detailed literature includes that which describes brain organization and the role of experience in shaping neurological development in children. Possible alterations in neural circuitry development subsequent to traumatic stressors are examined with a particular emphasis on how alterations of the child's ability to learn impact behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. A comprehensive appraisal of recognized childhood posttraumatic stress disorder treatment methods utilized by clinicians will precede an analysis of the means by which specified treatment components aid in the abatement of neurobiological sequelae of trauma. Finally, suggestions for the advancement of child trauma treatment and research will be presented subsequent to consideration of the adeptness with which clinicians are currently treating childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neurobiology, *Neurology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma","Hall, Rebecca L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2253,"Coping, conversation tactics and marital interaction in persons with acquired profound hearing loss (APHL): Correlates of distress","This study investigated coping strategies, conversation tactics, and marital interaction in acquired profound hearing loss (APHL) and compared emotionally stable (n = 15) and emotionally distressed (n = 7) participants. Nominated family members were assessed on most measures. Comparisons were also made in the subgroup of married participants. A combined distress criterion was derived from scores on standardized measures of anxiety, depression, hearing handicap, and post-traumatic stress. Groups were compared on the Ways-of-Coping Checklist, a newly devised measure of conversation tactics, and on the Couple Behaviour Report. It was found that distressed APHL participants were more likely to cope through avoidance, self-blame, and wishful thinking, and they used more avoidant tactics in conversation. The coping profile of family members did not differentiate distress groups. However, there was some indication of greater employment of coercive tactics by family members of distressed participants. The results are consistent with the view that the coping style of a person with APHL and the nature of their conversational interactions with family members contribute to their level of distress. Implications for audiological rehabilitation are discussed. (copyright) 2007 Taylor & Francis.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, auditory rehabilitation, avoidance behavior, behavior, clinical article, controlled study, conversation, coping behavior, depression, disability, emotion, emotional disorder, employment, family study, female, hearing impairment, human, male, marriage, persuasive communication, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, self concept, thinking, Ways of Coping Questionnaire","Hallam, R. S., Ashton, P., Sherbourne, K., Gailey, L., Corney, R.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2254,Post-traumatic growth in stroke carers: A comparison of theories,"Objectives: This study examined variables associated with post-traumatic growth (PTG) in stroke carers and compared predictions of two models of PTG within this population: the model of Schaefer and Moos was compared to that of Tedeschi and Calhoun (1992, Personal coping: Theory, research, and application. Westport, CT: Praeger, 149; 1998, Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 99; 2004, Psychol. Inq., 15, 1, respectively). Design: A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Methods: Carers of stroke survivors (N = 71) completed questionnaires measuring PTG, coping style, social support, survivor functioning, age, and carer quality of life. Correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analyses were used to test hypotheses. Results: All carers completing the PTG measure (N = 70) reported growth, but average scores differed from cancer carers (Chambers et al., 2012, Eur. J. Cancer Care, 21, 213; Thombre et al., 2010, J. Psychosocial Oncol., 28, 173). PTG was positively correlated with deliberate and intrusive rumination, avoidance coping, social support, and quality of life. Regression analysis showed that factors identified by Tedeschi and Calhoun (deliberate rumination, intrusive rumination, social support, acceptance coping, survivor functioning) accounted for 49% of variance in PTG, whereas those identified by Schaefer and Moos (active coping, avoidance coping, social support, survivor functioning, and age) accounted for only 21%. Rumination, especially deliberate rumination, explained most variance in PTG and mediated the effect of social support on PTG. Conclusions: The findings add to the limited body of evidence suggesting that stroke carers experience growth. Deliberate rumination and social support are important in explaining growth, and the findings support the model proposed by Tedeschi and Calhoun over that of Schaefer and Moos. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Caregivers, *Cerebrovascular Accidents, *Posttraumatic Growth, Ability Level, Coping Behavior, Quality of Life, Social Support, Survivors","Hallam, William, Morris, Reg",2014.0,,,0,0,
2255,"Disentangling the directions of influence among trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol and drug problems","The present study utilized longitudinal data from a high-risk community sample (n= 377; 166 trauma-exposed; 54% males; 52% children of alcoholics; 73% non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian; 22% Hispanic/Latino; 5% other ethnicity) to test a series of hypotheses that may help explain the risk pathways that link traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, and problematic alcohol and drug use. Specifically, this study examined whether pre-trauma substance use problems increase risk for trauma exposure (the high-risk hypothesis) or PTSD symptoms (the susceptibility hypothesis), whether PTSD symptoms increase risk for later alcohol/drug problems (the self-medication hypothesis), and whether the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol/drug problems is due to shared risk factors (the shared vulnerability hypothesis). This study also examined the roles of gender and ethnicity in these pathways. A series of logistic and negative binomial regressions were performed in a path analysis framework. A composite pre-trauma family adversity variable was formed from measures of family conflict, family life stress, parental alcoholism, and other parent psychopathology. Results provided the strongest support for the self-medication hypothesis, such that PTSD symptoms predicted higher levels of later alcohol and drug problems among non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian participants, over and above the influences of pre-trauma family adversity, pre-trauma substance use problems, trauma exposure, and demographic variables. Results partially supported the high-risk hypothesis, such that adolescent substance use problems had a marginally significant unique effect on risk for assaultive violence exposure but not on overall risk for trauma exposure. There was no support for the susceptibility hypothesis, as pre-trauma adolescent substance use problems did not significantly influence risk for PTSD diagnosis/symptoms over and above the influence of pre-trauma family adversity. Finally, there was little support for the shared vulnerability hypothesis. Neither trauma exposure nor preexisting family adversity accounted for the link between PTSD symptoms and later substance use problems. These results add to a growing body of literature in support of the self-medication hypothesis. Findings extend previous research by showing that PTSD symptoms may influence the development of alcohol and drug problems over and above the influence of trauma exposure itself, preexisting family risk factors, and baseline levels of substance use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Children of Alcoholics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Trauma","Haller, Moira",2013.0,,,0,0,
2256,"Risk pathways among traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol and drug problems: A test of four hypotheses","The present study utilized longitudinal data from a community sample (n = 377; 166 trauma-exposed; 54% males; 73% non-Hispanic Caucasian; 22% Hispanic; 5% other ethnicity) to test whether pretrauma substance use problems increase risk for trauma exposure (high-risk hypothesis) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (susceptibility hypothesis), whether PTSD symptoms increase risk for later alcohol/drug problems (self-medication hypothesis), and whether the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol/drug problems is attributable to shared risk factors (shared vulnerability hypothesis). Logistic and negative binomial regressions were performed in a path analysis framework. Results provided the strongest support for the self-medication hypothesis, such that PTSD symptoms predicted higher levels of later alcohol and drug problems, over and above the influences of pretrauma family risk factors, pretrauma substance use problems, trauma exposure, and demographic variables. Results partially supported the high-risk hypothesis, such that adolescent substance use problems increased risk for assaultive violence exposure but did not influence overall risk for trauma exposure. There was no support for the susceptibility hypothesis. Finally, there was little support for the shared vulnerability hypothesis. Neither trauma exposure nor preexisting family adversity accounted for the link between PTSD symptoms and later substance use problems. Rather, PTSD symptoms mediated the effect of pretrauma family adversity on later alcohol and drug problems, thereby supporting the self-medication hypothesis. These findings make important contributions to better understanding the directions of influence among traumatic stress, PTSD symptoms, and substance use problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Medication, Comorbidity, Risk Factors, Stress, Trauma","Haller, Moira, Chassin, Laurie",2014.0,,,0,0,
2257,Identifying latent trajectories of personality disorder symptom change: Growth mixture modeling in the longitudinal study of personality disorders,"Although previous reports have documented mean-level declines in personality disorder (PD) symptoms over time, little is known about whether personality pathology sometimes emerges among nonsymptomatic adults, or whether rates of change differ qualitatively among symptomatic persons. Our study sought to characterize heterogeneity in the longitudinal course of PD symptoms with the goal of testing for and describing latent trajectories. Participants were 250 young adults selected into two groups using a PD screening measure: those who met diagnostic criteria for a DSM-III-R PD (PPD, n = 129), and those with few PD symptoms (NoPD, n = 121). PD symptoms were assessed three times over a 4-year study using semistructured interviews. Total PD symptom counts and symptoms of each DSM-III-R PD were analyzed using growth mixture modeling. In the NoPD group, latent trajectories were characterized by stable, minor symptoms; the rapid or gradual remission of subclinical symptoms; or the emergence of symptoms of avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, or paranoid PD. In the PPD group, three latent trajectories were evident: rapid symptom remission, slow symptom decline, or a relative absence of symptoms. Rapid remission of PD symptoms was associated with fewer comorbid disorders, lower Negative Emotionality, and greater Positive Emotionality and Constraint, whereas emergent personality dysfunction was associated with comorbid PD symptoms and lower Positive Emotionality. In most cases, symptom change for one PD was associated with concomitant changes in other PDs, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. These results indicate that the longitudinal course of PD symptoms is heterogeneous, with distinct trajectories evident for both symptomatic and nonsymptomatic individuals. The prognosis of PD symptoms may be informed by an assessment of personality and comorbid psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disease Course, *Personality Disorders, *Symptoms","Hallquist, Michael N., Lenzenweger, Mark F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2258,Decreased N-acetyl-aspartate levels in anterior cingulate and hippocampus in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study,"The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) in the brain and its relationship with clinical characteristics in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed in order to measure NAA concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and bilateral hippocampus in 26 subjects with fire-related PTSD, who were survivors of a subway fire in South Korea, and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects. There were decreased NAA levels in the ACC (t = -3.88, d.f. = 49, P < 0.001) and bilateral hippocampus (right, t = -3.88, d.f. = 49, P < 0.001; left, t = -3.62, d.f. = 49, P < 0.001) in the PTSD group relative to the healthy comparison group. Also, NAA levels of the ACC (r = -0.43, n = 26, P < 0.027) and bilateral hippocampus (right, r = -0.48, n = 26, P = 0.013; left, r = -0.40, n = 26, P = 0.04) were negatively correlated with re-experience symptom scores in subjects with PTSD. In conclusion, our findings suggest that subjects with PTSD had decreased neuronal viabilities in the ACC and bilateral hippocampus, and that these deficits may play an important role in the pathophysiology of PTSD, especially regarding the re-experiencing of traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Aspartic Acid, *Brain, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Cingulate Cortex, Stress","Ham, Byung-Joo, Chey, Jeanyung, Yoon, Sujung J., Sung, Younghoon, Jeong, Do-Un, Kim, Seog Ju, Sim, Minyoung E., Choi, Namhee, Choi, Ihn-Geun, Renshaw, Perry F., Lyoo, In Kyoon",2007.0,,,0,0,
2259,The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder: Taking a nutritional approach toward universal prevention,"Several cross-sectional studies, but no prospective studies, have reported an association between an abnormal lipid profile and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that an abnormal lipid profile might predict risk for developing PTSD. In this prospective study, we analyzed data from 237 antidepressant-naïve severely injured patients who participated in the Tachikawa Cohort of Motor Vehicle Accident Study. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels at baseline were significantly lower in patients with PTSD than those without PTSD at 6 months after motor vehicle accident (MVA) and were inversely associated with risk for PTSD. In contrast, triglycerides (TG) at baseline were significantly higher in patients with PTSD than in those without PTSD at 6 months post-MVA and were positively associated with risk for PTSD. There was no clear association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or total cholesterol and risk for PTSD. In conclusion, low HDL-C and high TG may be risk factors for PTSD. Determining lipid profiles might help identify those at risk for PTSD after experiencing trauma. © 2014.","Epidemiology, Lipid profile, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Hamazaki, K., Nishi, D., Yonemoto, N., Noguchi, H., Kim, Y., Matsuoka, Y.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2260,Psychological profile and quality of life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after intensive care unit stay,"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease strongly associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. There is an inseparable link between dyspnea, anxiety, depression and quality of life in COPD patients. Psychological comorbidities increase the frequency of exacerbations, hospitalizations, and mortality. Treatment of these disorders has been recommended for several years now. Hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) represents an additional trauma with its own physical and psychological consequences. The occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder is more common in patients with COPD following ICU stay, probably in relation to ICU cares and environment. The psychological support plays a major role in the management of COPD patients, diagnosis, at the steady state, during the acute episode, and after hospitalization. Therefore, it seems necessary to establish an approach to prevent and detect psychological disorders as soon as the time of ICU admission. Improving psychological symptoms contributes to improve quality of life. © 2013 Société de réanimation de langue française (SRLF) and Springer-Verlag France.","Anxiety, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD, Depression, Intensive care unit, Quality of life","Hamidfar-Roy, R., Potton, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2261,Discriminant analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in U.S. military chaplains,,,"Hamill, Daniel W.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2262,Murine model of repeated exposures to conspecific trained aggressors simulates features of post-traumatic stress disorder,"We evaluated repeated exposures of mice to a trained aggressor mouse as a model (adapted from ""social stress"" models of traumatic stress) for aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using a ""cage-within-cage resident-intruder"" protocol, subject C57BL/6J mice were exposed to aggressors for 6 h daily for 5 or 10 days. At one to three random times during each 6-h session, subjects were exposed directly to aggressor for 1 min or 10 bites, whichever came first. Behavioral, physiological, and histological changes associated with aggressor-exposure were assessed for up to 6 weeks. During aggressor exposure, subjects displayed less territorial behavior, gained weight, and increased body temperature. One day after the last aggressor exposure, inflammatory cardiac histopathologies were prevalent; after 10 days, only mild myocardial degeneration with fibrosis or fibroplasias was evident, while controls showed almost no cardiac abnormalities at any time. After 4 weeks, the medial prefrontal cortex of control mice showed increased dendritic spine density, but aggressor-exposed mice showed no increase. Behaviors affected by aggressor exposure were evaluated in a partition test wherein the subject mouse is separated from the aggressor by a fenestrated partition that permits sensory cues to pass but prevents direct physical interaction. For up to 4-6 weeks after the last aggressor exposure, subjects showed prolonged grooming, freezing, retarded locomotion and no tail rattling. PTSD and its co-morbidities are often consequent to repeated aggravated ""social"" assaults (e.g., combat) and manifest socially over time, suggesting the relevance of this repeated aggressor-exposure model to clinical aspects of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Aggressive Behavior, *Conspecifics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Models, Mice","Hammamieh, Rasha, Chakraborty, Nabarun, De Lima, Thereza C. M., Meyerhoff, James, Gautam, Aarti, Muhie, Seid, ""DArpa, Peter"", Lumley, Lucille, Carroll, Erica, Jett, Marti",2012.0,,,0,0,
2263,Psychotic features and combat-associated PTSD,"Psychotic symptoms and psychotic disorder diagnoses have occasionally been reported in association with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although psychotic features may be related to core PTSD symptoms, i.e., part of the reexperiencing phenomena, it is possible that they are secondary to certain comorbid disorders which are also prevalent in this patient population, e.g., major depression or substance abuse. In a prospective study, combat associated PTSD patients (n = 25) were administered clinical ratings, including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R with psychotic screen (SCID-P), Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Impact of Events Scale (IES). Thirty-six percent (n = 9) endorsed psychotic symptoms with associated comorbidity including: major depressive episode, bipolar disorder, alcohol or polysubstance abuse panic disorder, and phobias. All but one of the patients with psychotic features also met criteria for major depressive episode. None had a primary psychotic disorder diagnosis. There were no significant differences in total CAPS scores between patients with or without psychotic features (82.6 (plus or minus) 17.6 versus 75.3 (plus or minus) 22.4, p ns), nor for the different symptom cluster subscales. There were also no differences in the IES scores between groups (34.8 (plus or minus) 10 versus 32.6 (plus or minus) 10 p ns). This suggests that these psychotic features may not necessarily reflect severity of PTSD symptoms. PTSD may share a common diathesis with mood disorders including psychotic depression. Further study is needed of these phenomena.","aggressiveness, anxiety neurosis, article, clinical feature, depression, disease association, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosis, scoring system, stress, substance abuse","Hamner, M. B.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2264,Emerging roles for atypical antipsychotics in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that may occur after the individual is exposed to severe psychologic trauma such as combat, sexual assault, or childhood physical or sexual abuse. Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder may result in considerable psychologic pain and suffering for the individual In addition to significant functional Impairment. In addition to the heterogeneity of symptoms that occur in post-traumatic stress disorder, there may also be extensive comorbidity with other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and other psychiatric disorders. This complicates the treatment picture. Currently, accepted treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder include psychotherapy, in particular cognitive behavioral-based approaches and antidepressant medication. However, many patients are refractory to these initial treatments or have only a partial response, in light of this, may clinicians combine additional classes of psychotropic agents and different psychotherapeutic approaches to enhance treatment response. This article reviews the literature on the use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Most of the research to date has involved combat veterans partially responsive or refractory to treatment, namely with antidepressants. Studies have shown improvement across post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, as well as improvement in comorbid psychotic symptoms or disorders. More research is needed to confirm these recent findings and further delineate the role of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Currently, possible indications for their use include treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder with comorbid psychotic features. © 2005 Future Drugs Ltd.","Atypical antipsychotic, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychologic","Hamner, M. B., Robert, S.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2265,Treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: Strategies for intervention,"The mainstay of treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a combination of psychotherapy and medication treatments. The first-line medications for PTSD are antidepressants, with two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (sertraline and paroxetine) currently Food and Drug Administration-indicated for PTSD. However, many patients do not have an adequate response to antidepressants, therefore, combinations with other antidepressants or with other classes of psychotropic medication are often utilized to enhance the therapeutic response. Other agents that have been used include mood stabilizers, antiadrenergics, anxiolytics, and atypical antipsychotics. The heterogeneity of symptom clusters in PTSD as well as the complex psychiatric comorbidities (eg, with depression or substance abuse) further support the notion that combinations of medications may be needed. To date, there is a paucity of data to support specific strategies for augmenting antidepressants in PTSD. This review will address representative existing studies and discuss several potential pharmacologic strategies for patients suffering from treatment refractory PTSD.",,"Hamner, M. B., Robert, S., Frueh, B. C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2266,Differential patterns of HPA activity and reactivity in adult posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder,"Despite a number of overlapping symptoms, individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) often display hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) profiles that appear quite different from one another. This review describes the patterns of HPA-axis activity and reactivity in healthy individuals compared to individuals with these two disorders. Measures of HPA-axis activity and reactivity include cortisol levels at rest, in response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and in response to psychological stress. The research reviewed presents the possibility of diagnostic specificity with regard to HPA function. In particular, the differential response pattern to the DST suggests that, while it cannot be considered a pure diagnostic tool, it should be one measure taken into consideration during diagnosis. © 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.","Cortisol, Dexamethasone suppression test, HPA, Major depressive disorder, Neuroendocrinology, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Handwerger, K.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2267,"Psychological, physiological, and developmental aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder among older male veterans seeking outpatient medical care","While research indicates that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a chronic and fluctuating course, little is known about manifestations of PTSD in late life. Investigators hypothesize that PTSD among older adults is expressed somatically, although there is little empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. The aims of this study were (1) to identify older, outpatient, medical help-seeking veterans with PTSD arising from a variety of stressors across the life span; and (2) to assess differences between PTSD and nonPTSD older veteran groups along somatically-related indices. Psychological and developmental dimensions of PTSD among older adults were also investigated. Ninety nine consecutive veterans seeking outpatient medical care in the General Medical Clinic of a Veterans Administration Medical Center were approached for participation. Seventy six male veterans aged 60 years or older completed a brief screening interview which included demographics, self reported medical illness and chronic pain, adverse health practices, military history, and lifetime occurrence of traumatic events. Thirty two of the 76 participants subsequently completed an interview which assessed frequency and intensity of traumatic events throughout the life span, and presence or absence of lifetime partial diagnoses of PTSD. Self-reports assessed the presence of depression, anxiety, somatization, and alexithymia. Participants' utilization of VAMC medical services were also compiled. Thirteen participants received lifetime diagnoses of partial PTSD, and 19 participants received no PTSD diagnosis. The hypothesis that PTSD among older adults is manifested somatically was not upheld. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed no differences between PTSD and nonPTSD groups with regard to self reports of medical illness and pain, participation in adverse health practices, frequency of utilization of VAMC medical health care services, or the presence of anxiety. After controlling for depres (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Human Males, *Life Experiences, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Developmental Stages, Outpatients, Physiology, Psychology","Hankin, Cheryl S.",1996.0,,,0,0,
2268,"Gulf coast resilience coalition: An evolved collaborative built on shared disaster experiences, response, and future preparedness","Objective For close to a decade, the Gulf Coast of the United States has been in almost constant disaster recovery mode, and a number of lessons have been learned concerning disaster recovery and behavioral health. The purpose of this report was to describe the natural development of a Gulf Coast Resilience Coalition (GCRC). Methods The GCRC methods began with state-specific recovery goals following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and transitioned to a shared multistate and multidiscipline coalition. The coalition's effectiveness is demonstrated through continuation, procurement of funding to provide response services, and increased membership to ensure sustainability. Results The coalition has enhanced response, recovery, and resilience by providing strategic plans for dissemination of knowledge; post-disaster surveillance and services; effective relationships and communication with local, state, and regional partners; disaster response informed by past experience; a network of professionals and community residents; and the ability to improve access to and efficiency of future behavioral health coordination through an organized response. Conclusions The GCRC can not only improve readiness and response, but work toward a shared vision of improved overall mental and behavioral health and thus resilience, with beneficial implications for the Gulf South and other communities as well. © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2015.","community mental health services, disaster planning, disasters","Hansel, T. C., Osofsky, H. J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Speier, A., Rehner, T., Osofsky, J. D., Rohrer, G.",2015.0,,10.1017/dmp.2015.118,0,0,
2269,Assessing a dysphoric arousal model of Acute Stress Disorder symptoms in a clinical sample of rape and bank robbery victims,"Background: Since the introduction of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) into the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) research has focused on the ability of ASD to predict PTSD rather than focusing on addressing ASD's underlying latent structure. The few existing confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) studies of ASD have failed to reach a clear consensus regarding ASD's underlying dimensionality. Although, the discrepancy in the results may be due to varying ASD prevalence rates, it remains possible that the model capturing the latent structure of ASD has not yet been put forward. One such model may be a replication of a new five-factor model of PTSD, which separates the arousal symptom cluster into Dysphoric and Anxious Arousal. Given the pending DSM-5, uncovering ASD's latent structure is more pertinent than ever. Objective: Using CFA, four different models of the latent structure of ASD were specified and tested: the proposed DSM-5 model, the DSM-IV model, a three factor model, and a five factor model separating the arousal symptom cluster. Method: The analyses were based on a combined sample of rape and bank robbery victims, who all met the diagnostic criteria for ASD (N = 404) using the Acute Stress Disorder Scale. Results: The results showed that the five factor model provided the best fit to the data. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the dimensionality of ASD may be best characterized as a five factor structure which separates dysphoric and anxious arousal items into two separate factors, akin to recent research on PTSD's latent structure. Thus, the current study adds to the debate about how ASD should be conceptualized in the pending DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Major Depression, *Rape, *Theft, Clinical Practice, Crime Victims, Factor Structure, Models","Hansen, Maj, Armour, Cherie, Elklit, Ask",2012.0,,,0,0,
2270,Assessing possible DSM-5 ASD subtypes in a sample of victims meeting caseness for DSM-5 ASD based on self-report following multiple forms of traumatic exposure,"Acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into the DSM-IV to recognize early traumatic responses and as a precursor of PTSD. Although the diagnostic criteria for ASD were altered and structured more similarly to the PTSD definition in DSM-5, only the PTSD diagnosis includes a dissociative subtype. Emerging research has indicated that there also appears to be a highly symptomatic subtype for ASD. However, the specific nature of the subtype is currently unclear. The present study investigates the possible presence of ASD subtypes in a mixed sample of victims meeting caseness for DSM-5 ASD based on self-report following four different types of traumatic exposure (N=472). The results of latent profile analysis revealed a 5-class solution. The highly symptomatic class was marked by high endorsement on avoidance and dissociation compared to the other classes. Findings are discussed in regard to its clinical implications including the implications for the pending the ICD-11 and the recently released DSM-5.","Crime Victims/*psychology, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Disaster Victims/*psychology, Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis, Female, Humans, Male, Rape/psychology, Self Report, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/*diagnosis/psychology, Violence/psychology, ASD subtypes, Acute stress disorder, Dsm-5, Icd-11, Latent profile analysis","Hansen, M., Armour, C., Wang, L., Elklit, A., Bryant, R. A.",2015.0,Apr,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.005,0,1,
2271,Does Acute Stress Disorder Predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Bank Robbery?,"Unfortunately, the number of bank robberies is increasing and little is known about the subsequault. The present study investigated the predictive power of different aspects of the ASD diagnosis and symptom severity on PTSD prevalence and symptom severity in 132 bank employees. The PTSD diagnosis, based on the three core symptom clusters, was best identified using cutoff scores on the Acute Stress Disorder scale. ASD severity accounted for 40% and the inclusion of other risk factors accounted for 50% of the PTSD severity variance. In conclusion, results indicated that ASD appears to predict PTSD differently following nonsexual assault than other trauma types. ASD severity was a stronger predictor of PTSD than ASD diagnosis. © The Author(s) 2013.","acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), predictor, robbery, trauma","Hansen, M., Elklit, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2272,Less is more? Assessing the validity of the ICD-11 model of PTSD across multiple trauma samples,"BACKGROUND: In the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the symptom profile of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was expanded to include 20 symptoms. An alternative model of PTSD is outlined in the proposed 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) that includes just six symptoms. OBJECTIVES AND METHOD: The objectives of the current study are: 1) to independently investigate the fit of the ICD-11 model of PTSD, and three DSM-5-based models of PTSD, across seven different trauma samples (N=3,746) using confirmatory factor analysis; 2) to assess the concurrent validity of the ICD-11 model of PTSD; and 3) to determine if there are significant differences in diagnostic rates between the ICD-11 guidelines and the DSM-5 criteria. RESULTS: The ICD-11 model of PTSD was found to provide excellent model fit in six of the seven trauma samples, and tests of factorial invariance showed that the model performs equally well for males and females. DSM-5 models provided poor fit of the data. Concurrent validity was established as the ICD-11 PTSD factors were all moderately to strongly correlated with scores of depression, anxiety, dissociation, and aggression. Levels of association were similar for ICD-11 and DSM-5 suggesting that explanatory power is not affected due to the limited number of items included in the ICD-11 model. Diagnostic rates were significantly lower according to ICD-11 guidelines compared to the DSM-5 criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed factor structure of the ICD-11 model of PTSD appears valid across multiple trauma types, possesses good concurrent validity, and is more stringent in terms of diagnosis compared to the DSM-5 criteria.","Cfa, Dsm-5, Icd-11, Ptsd, latent structure","Hansen, M., Hyland, P., Armour, C., Shevlin, M., Elklit, A.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.28766,0,0,
2273,The latent factor structure of acute stress disorder following bank robbery: Testing alternative models in light of the pending DSM-5,"Objective Acute stress disorder (ASD) was introduced into the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) to identify posttraumatic stress reactions occurring within the first month after a trauma and thus help to identify victims at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Since its introduction, research into ASD has focused on the prediction of PTSD, whereas only a few studies have investigated the latent structure of ASD. Results of the latter have been mixed. In light of the current proposal for the ASD diagnosis in the pending DSM-5, there is a profound need for empirical studies that investigate the latent structure of ASD prior to the DSM-5 being finalized. Design Based on previous factor analytic research, the DSM-IV, and the proposed DSM-5 formulation of ASD, four different models of the latent structure of ASD were specified and estimated. Method The analyses were based on a national study of bank robbery victims (N = 450) using the acute stress disorder scale. Results The results of the confirmatory factor analyses showed that the DSM-IV model provided the best fit to the data. Thus, the present study suggests that the latent structure of ASD may best be characterized according to the four-factor DSM-IV model of ASD (i.e., dissociation, re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal) following exposure to bank robbery. Conclusions The results are pertinent in light of the pending DSM-5 and add to the debate about the conceptualization of ASD. © 2012 The British Psychological Society.",,"Hansen, M., Lasgaard, M., Elklit, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2274,An Expressive Arts Therapy Model with Groups for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"(from the chapter) This chapter sets forth a model of group treatment for children who have been impacted by abuse and neglect. This model of group therapy was developed for a population of children aged between 9 and 12. An overview of group therapy theory precedes a brief review of my integration of recent trauma research with direct clinical practice in the field. This research has served as a foundation for the treatment model as well as a rationale for the use of expressive arts and play therapy with children who have developed post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD). A case example will be presented to demonstrate how theory and practice can be integrated. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the specifics of this particular treatment model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Art Therapy, *Child Abuse, *Group Psychotherapy, *Models, *Play Therapy, Child Neglect, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Hansen, Susan",2006.0,,,0,0,
2275,"Post-traumatic stress disorder: The role of trauma, pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and gender","Background: The study is aimed at investigating the influence of trauma type, pre-existing psychiatric disorders with an onset before trauma, and gender on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Traumas, PTSD and psychiatric disorders were assessed in a representative sample of 4075 adults aged 18-64 years using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Pre-existing DSM-IV diagnoses of anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, somatoform disorders, alcohol abuse and dependence, nicotine dependence, gender, and the type of trauma were analysed with logistic regressions to estimate the influence of these factors on the risk for developing PTSD. Results: The lifetime prevalence of exposure to any trauma did not vary by gender. The conditional probability of PTSD after exposure to trauma was higher in women (11.1% SE = 1.58) than men (2.9% SE = 0.83). Univariate analyses showed that pre-existing anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders and depressive disorders significantly increase the risk of PTSD. Multivariate analyses revealed that specific types of trauma, especially rape and sexual abuse, pre-existing anxiety disorders and somatoform disorders are predictors of an increased risk of PTSD, while gender and depressive disorder were not found to be independent risk factors. Conclusion: Women do not have a higher vulnerability for PTSD in general. However, especially sexually motivated violence and pre-existing anxiety disorders are the main reasons for higher prevalences of PTSD in women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma","Hapke, Ulfert, Schumann, Anja, Rumpf, Hans-Juerger, John, Ulrich, Meyer, Christian",2006.0,,,0,0,
2276,Volunteers and professional rescue workers: Traumatization and adaptation after an avalanche disaster,,,"Haraldsdo ́ttir, H. A., Gudmundsdo ́ttir, D., Romano, E., Þo ́rdardo ́ttir, E. B., Gudmundsdo ́ttir, B., Elklit, A.",2014.0,2014,,0,1,
2277,A phase I study of low-pressure hyperbaric oxygen therapy for blast-induced post-concussion syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder,"This is a preliminary report on the safety and efficacy of 1.5 ATA hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in military subjects with chronic blast-induced mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI)/post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sixteen military subjects received 40 1.5 ATA/60 min HBOT sessions in 30 days. Symptoms, physical and neurological exams, SPECT brain imaging, and neuropsychological and psychological testing were completed before and within 1 week after treatment. Subjects experienced reversible middle ear barotrauma (5), transient deterioration in symptoms (4), and reversible bronchospasm (1); one subject withdrew. Post-treatment testing demonstrated significant improvement in: symptoms, neurological exam, full-scale IQ (+14.8 points; p < 0.001), WMS IV Delayed Memory (p = 0.026), WMS-IV Working Memory (p = 0.003), Stroop Test (p < 0.001), TOVA Impulsivity (p = 0.041), TOVA Variability (p = 0.045), Grooved Pegboard (p = 0.028), PCS symptoms (Rivermead PCSQ: p = 0.0002), PTSD symptoms (PCL-M: p < 0.001), depression (PHQ-9: p < 0.001), anxiety (GAD-7: p = 0.007), quality of life (MPQoL: p = 0.003), and self-report of percent of normal (p < 0.001), SPECT coefficient of variation in all white matter and some gray matter ROIs after the first HBOT, and in half of white matter ROIs after 40 HBOT sessions, and SPECT statistical parametric mapping analysis (diffuse improvements in regional cerebral blood flow after 1 and 40 HBOT sessions). Forty 1.5 ATA HBOT sessions in 1 month was safe in a military cohort with chronic blast-induced PCS and PTSD. Significant improvements occurred in symptoms, abnormal physical exam findings, cognitive testing, and quality-of-life measurements, with concomitant significant improvements in SPECT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Concussion, *Oxygen, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Syndromes, Traumatic Brain Injury, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography","Harch, Paul G., Andrews, Susan R., Fogarty, Edward F., Amen, Daniel, Pezzullo, John C., Lucarini, Juliette, Aubrey, Claire, Taylor, Derek V., Staab, Paul K., Van Meter, Keith W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2278,Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in veterans with chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and tobacco dependence,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition in which the experience of a traumatic event results in symptoms including intrusive memories and/or nightmares related to the trauma, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, emotional numbing, and increased vigilance and irritability from pre- to post-trauma. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is a construct designed to measure the effect of disease on physical, social/role, psychological/emotional, and cognitive functioning. Tobacco use is associated with both PTSD and HRQoL. PTSD is associated with higher rates of smoking than the national average (45% versus 23%). Additionally, smokers have well-documented negative health outcomes, and smoking is a major predictor of poorer HRQoL in the general population across both physical and mental health domains. PTSD is not generally associated in the public opinion with negative health consequences in the way that cigarette smoking is. However, PTSD has been causally linked with negative health outcomes, namely cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. There are a lack of studies that examine the relationship between tobacco dependence and HRQoL, specifically in a PTSD population. Studies examining the effect of quitting smoking on HRQoL in the chronic tobacco dependent, PTSD population are also lacking. The proposed study aimed to examine the effect of post-treatment smoking status on post-treatment HRQoL scores by testing whether the interaction between quitting smoking and changes in PTSD symptom severity and/or depression severity from pre- to post-treatment predicted improvement in physical HRQoL from pre- to post-treatment. Hypotheses were tested using hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated that reductions in PTSD symptom severity, particularly the numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters, from pre- to post-treatment predicted improvement in the SF-36 Vitality and General Health subscales from pre- to post-treatment. We also found that PTSD and depressive symptoms differentially predicted the SF-36 subscales, and achievement of prolonged abstinence was associated with higher physical HRQoL scores. Our findings provide further evidence of a strong relationship between PTSD, tobacco dependence, and poor physical health status and HRQoL. Clinically, it may be important to examine HRQoL as a PTSD and depression treatment outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Dependency, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Tobacco Smoking, Major Depression, Symptoms, Trauma, Vigilance","Harder, Laura",2013.0,,,0,0,
2279,The influence of posttraumatic stress disorder numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters in the prediction of physical health status in veterans with chronic tobacco dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Smoking and PTSD are predictors of poor physical health status. This study examined the unique contribution of PTSD symptoms in the prediction of the SF-36 physical health status subscales accounting for cigarette smoking, chronic medical conditions, alcohol and drug use disorders, and depression. This study examined baseline interview and self-report data from a national tobacco cessation randomized, controlled trial (Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 519) that enrolled tobacco-dependent veterans with chronic PTSD (N = 943). A series of blockwise multiple regression analyses indicated that PTSD numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters explained a significant proportion of the variance across all physical health domains except for the Physical Functioning subscale, which measures impairments in specific physical activities. Our findings further explain the impact of PTSD on health status by exploring the way PTSD symptom clusters predict self-perceptions of health, role limitations, pain, and vitality. Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.","avoidance, Health-related quality of life, hyperarousal, numbing, PTSD, SF-36, smoking, tobacco","Harder, L. H., Chen, S., Baker, D. G., Chow, B., McFall, M., Saxon, A., Smith, M. W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2280,Identification of child sexual abuse survivor subgroups based on early maladaptive schemas: Implications for understanding differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity,"Cognitive models have informed understanding of the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Limited research, however, has examined the relationship of early maladaptive schemas (EMS; Young in Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (rev. ed.). Professional Resource Press, Sarasota, 1994) to PTSD among trauma survivors. The current study, using a sample of 127 female child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors, applied a model-based clustering procedure (Mclust; Fraley and Raftery in MCLUST Version 3 for R: Normal Mixture Modeling and Model-based Clustering, Technical Report No. 504, Department of Statistics, University of Washington, 2006) to the 15 subscales of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-S; Young and Brown in Young Schema Questionnaire- short form. Cognitive Therapy Center, New York, 1994) and revealed three clusters differentiated primarily by level of schema elevation. Women in the cluster characterized by the highest schema scores reported the most severe PTSD symptoms. A discriminant analysis indicated that schemas of Mistrust/ Abuse, Vulnerability to Harm, and Emotional Deprivation contributed most to distinguishing women differentiated on the basis of presumptive PTSD diagnostic status. Results underscore the importance of cognitive factors in the development and/or maintenance of PTSD symptoms and suggest possible treatment targets for cognitive therapy with CSA survivors. ©Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.","Child sexual abuse, Cognitive models, Early maladaptive schemas (EMS), Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Harding, H. G., Burns, E. E., Jackson, J. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2281,"Future of brain stimulation: New targets, new indications, new technology","In the last quarter of a century, DBS has become an established neurosurgical treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), dystonia, and tremors. Improved understanding of brain circuitries and their involvement in various neurological and psychiatric illnesses, coupled with the safety of DBS and its exquisite role as a tool for ethical study of the human brain, have unlocked new opportunities for this technology, both for future therapies and in research. Serendipitous discoveries and advances in structural and functional imaging are providing abundant ""new"" brain targets for an ever-increasing number of pathologies, leading to investigations of DBS in diverse neurological, psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive conditions. Trials and ""proof of concept"" studies of DBS are underway in pain, epilepsy, tinnitus, OCD, depression, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, as well as in eating disorders, addiction, cognitive decline, consciousness, and autonomic states. In parallel, ongoing technological development will provide pulse generators with longer battery longevity, segmental electrode designs allowing a current steering, and the possibility to deliver ""on-demand"" stimulation based on closed-loop concepts. The future of brain stimulation is certainly promising, especially for movement disorders-that will remain the main indication for DBS for the foreseeable future-and probably for some psychiatric disorders. However, brain stimulation as a technique may be at risk of gliding down a slippery slope: Some reports indicate a disturbing trend with suggestions that future DBS may be proposed for enhancement of memory in healthy people, or as a tool for ""treatment"" of ""antisocial behavior"" and for improving ""morality"". © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.","Addiction, Behavior, Cognition, Deep brain stimulation, Eating disorders, Ethics, Future, Movement disorders, ""Parkinsons disease"", Psychiatry","Hariz, M., Blomstedt, P., Zrinzo, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2282,"Neighborhood effects on heat deaths: Social and environmental predictors of vulnerability in Maricopa county, Arizona","Background: Most heat-related deaths occur in cities, and future trends in global climate change and urbanization may amplify this trend. Understanding how neighborhoods affect heat mortality fills an important gap between studies of individual susceptibility to heat and broadly comparative studies of temperature-mortality relationships in cities. Objectives: We estimated neighborhood effects of population characteristics and built and natural environments on deaths due to heat exposure in Maricopa County, Arizona (2000-2008). Methods: We used 2000 U.S. Census data and remotely sensed vegetation and land surface temperature to construct indicators of neighborhood vulnerability and a geographic information system to map vulnerability and residential addresses of persons who died from heat exposure in 2,081 census block groups. Binary logistic regression and spatial analysis were used to associate deaths with neighborhoods. results: Neighborhood scores on three factors-socioeconomic vulnerability, elderly/isolation, and unvegetated area-varied widely throughout the study area. Te preferred model (based on ft and parsimony) for predicting the odds of one or more deaths from heat exposure within a census block group included the first two factors and surface temperature in residential neighborhoods, holding population size constant. Spatial analysis identified clusters of neighborhoods with the highest heat vulnerability scores. A large proportion of deaths occurred among people, including homeless persons, who lived in the inner cores of the largest cities and along an industrial corridor. Conclusions: Place-based indicators of vulnerability complement analyses of person-level heat risk factors. Surface temperature might be used in Maricopa County to identify the most heat- vulnerable neighborhoods, but more attention to the socioecological complexities of climate adaptation is needed.","Climate, GIS, Heat mortality, Neighborhoods, Remote sensing, Vulnerability","Harlan, S. L., Declet-Barreto, J. H., Stefanov, W. L., Petitti, D. B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2283,The role of shame and self-critical thinking in the development and maintenance of current threat in post-traumatic stress disorder,"There is increasing recognition of emotions other than fear in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recent research has looked at the role of shame. Cognitive theory suggests that PTSD is caused by traumatic experiences being processed in a way that causes ongoing current threat. In this paper we suggest that shame might contribute to the creation/maintenance of ongoing current threat as it attacks an individual's psychological integrity. A correlational design was used to investigate some of the factors that might contribute to a shame response within a PTSD sample. It was hypothesized that individuals with PTSD who report higher levels of shame would be more prone to engage in self-critical thinking and less prone to engage in self-reassuring thinking than individuals with PTSD who report lower levels of shame. Data were gathered using self-report questionnaires, and results supported the hypotheses. It is suggested therapy for shame-based PTSD needs to incorporate strategies to help individuals develop inner caring, compassion and self-reassurance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Criticism, *Shame, *Threat","Harman, Rachel, Lee, Deborah",2010.0,,,0,0,
2284,Resolution of stressful experiences as an indicator of coping effectiveness in young adults: An event history analysis,,,"Harnish, J. D., Aseltine Jr, R. H., Gore, S.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2285,"The dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in 323,903 U.S. veterans","There is ongoing debate regarding the optimal dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. A better understanding of this structure has significant implications, as it can provide more refined phenotypic measures for use in studies of the etiology and neurobiology of PTSD, as well as for use as endpoints in treatment studies of this disorder. In this study we analyzed the dimensional structure of PTSD symptomatology, as assessed using the PTSD Symptom Checklist-Military Version in 323,903 Veterans. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to compare two 4-factor models and a newly proposed 5-factor model to the 3-factor DSM-IV model of PTSD symptom dimensionality. To evaluate the external validity of the best-fitting model, we then conducted a structural equation model examining how the symptom dimensions of this model related to diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. Results indicated that a newly proposed 5-factor 'dysphoric arousal' model comprised of separate re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal symptom clusters provided a significantly better fit to the data compared to the DSM-IV and the two alternative four-factor models. External validity analyses revealed that numbing symptoms were most strongly related to diagnoses of depression and substance use disorder, and that dysphoric arousal symptoms were most strongly related to a diagnosis of anxiety disorder. Thus the dimensional structure of PTSD may be best represented by five symptom dimensions. The clinical implications of these results and implications for further refinement of extant PTSD assessment instruments are discussed. © 2013.","Anxiety, Depression, Psychopathology, PTSD, Substance use disorder","Harpaz-Rotem, I., Tsai, J., Pietrzak, R. H., Hoff, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2286,Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Assessment,,,"Harper, A., Power, M., Orley, J., Herrman, H., Schofield, H., Murphy, B., Metelko, Z., Szabo, S., Pibernik-Okanovic, M., Quemada, N., Caria, A., Rajkumar, S., Kumar, S., Saxena, S., Chandiramani, K., Amir, M., Bar-On, D., Tazaki, M., Noji, A., Van Heck, G., De Vries, J., Sucre, J. A., Picard-Ami, L., Kabanov, M., Lomachenkov, A., Burkovsky, G., Carrasco, R. L., Bodharamik, Y., Meesapya, K., Skevington, S., Patrick, D., Martin, M., Wild, D., Acuda, W., Mutambirwa, J., Bonicaato, S., Yongping, G., Fleck, M., Angermeyer, M. C., Kilian, R., Kwok-fai, L., Billington, R., Bullinger, M., Kuyken, W., Sartorius, N.",1998.0,,10.1017/S0033291798006667,0,0,
2287,Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study examined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity in military veterans with a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and evaluated the relationships between the 2 disorders and exposure to traumatic events. The sample included 222 male and female military veterans who were administered structured clinical interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Results show that 54.5% met the criteria for current PTSD, 11.5% of whom also met the criteria for current adult ADHD. Level of trauma exposure and ADHD severity were significant predictors of current PTSD severity. Evaluation of the underlying structure of symptoms of PTSD and ADHD using confirmatory factor analysis yielded a best-fitting measurement model that comprised 4 PTSD factors and 3 ADHD factors. Standardized estimates of the correlations among PTSD and ADHD factors suggested that the largest proportion of shared variance underlying PTSD-ADHD comorbidity is related to problems with modulating arousal levels that are common to both disorders (ie, hyperarousal and hypoarousal). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, *Comorbidity, *Epidemiology, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Harrington, Kelly M., Miller, Mark W., Wolf, Erika J., Reardon, Annemarie F., Ryabchenko, Karen A., Ofrat, Shani",2012.0,,,0,0,
2288,Predictors of general health after major trauma,"BACKGROUND: Traumatic injury is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease, yet there has been little research on possible predictors of general health after major trauma. This study aims to explore possible predictors of general health after major physical trauma. METHODS: A survey was performed of 731 surviving consecutive adult patients presenting to a major trauma center with accidental major trauma, between 1 year and 5 years postinjury. Data pertaining to general patient factors, injury severity factors, socioeconomic factors, and claim-related factors were abstracted from the hospital trauma database and the questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to develop a predictive model for the main outcome, the physical and mental component summaries of the SF-36 General Health Survey. RESULTS: One hundred and forty nine patients were excluded, 93 refused to participate, and 134 did not respond, leaving 355 participants. On multivariate analysis, better physical health was significantly associated with increasing time since the injury and lower Injury Severity Scores (p = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Having a settled compensation claim, having an unsettled compensation claim, and using a lawyer were independently associated with poor physical health (p = 0.02, 0.006, and <0.0001, respectively). Measures of injury severity or socioeconomic status were not associated with mental health. However, having an unsettled compensation claim was strongly associated with poor mental health (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: General health after major physical trauma is more strongly associated with factors relating to compensation than with the severity of the injury. Processes involved with claiming compensation after major trauma may contribute to poor patient outcomes. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","Compensation, General health, Injury, Trauma","Harris, I. A., Young, J. M., Rae, H., Jalaludin, B. B., Solomon, M. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2289,Early trajectory of psychiatric symptoms after traumatic brain injury: Relationship to patient and injury characteristics,"Psychiatric disturbance is common and disabling after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Few studies have investigated the trajectory of psychiatric symptoms in the first 6 months postinjury, when monitoring and early treatment might prevent persistent difficulties. The aim of this study was to examine the trajectory of psychiatric symptoms 1-6 months post-TBI, the patient/injury characteristics associated with changes, and characteristics predictive of persisting symptoms. A secondary analysis was performed on data from a clinical trial with three data collection points. Across eight centers, 872 participants with complicated mild to severe TBI were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) at 30, 90, and 180 days postinjury. Mixed-effects models were used to assess longitudinal changes in the BSI Global Severity Index (GSI). Multi-variate logistic regression was used to assess predictors of clinically significant GSI elevations persisting to 6 months post-TBI. In general, GSI scores improved over time. Women improved faster than men; race/ethnicity was also significantly associated with rate of change, with Hispanics showing the most and African Americans the least improvement. Clinically significant psychiatric symptoms (caseness) occurred in 42% of the sample at 6 months, and more than one type of symptom was common. Significant predictors of caseness included African American race, age from 30 to 60 years, longer post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) duration, pre-TBI unemployment, and pre-TBI risky alcohol use. Findings indicate that psychiatric symptoms are common in the first 6 months post-TBI and frequently extend beyond the depression and anxiety symptoms that may be most commonly screened. Patients with longer PTA and preinjury alcohol misuse may need more intensive monitoring for symptom persistence. © Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014.","Longitudinal studies, Neurobehavioral signs and symptoms, Psychological outcome, Traumatic brain injury","Hart, T., Benn, E. K. T., Bagiella, E., Arenth, P., Dikmen, S., Hesdorffer, D. C., Novack, T. A., Ricker, J. H., Zafonte, R.",2014.0,,10.1089/neu.2013.3041,0,1,
2290,Association Between Exercise and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed Adults,"The present investigation examined associations between intensities of exercise involvement and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom cluster severity (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal). The sample was comprised of 108 adults (54.6% women; Mage = 23.9, SD = 10.22, range = 18-62), who endorsed exposure to a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth edition, Text Revision) posttraumatic stress disorder Criterion A traumatic life event but did not meet criteria for any current Axis I psychopathology. After controlling for gender and lifetime number of trauma exposure types experienced, results indicated that vigorous-intensity exercise, but not light- or moderate-intensity exercise, was significantly inversely associated with hyperarousal symptom cluster severity. This study adds to the scarce, yet growing, body of exercise-PTS literature-by illuminating the inverse associations of vigorous-intensity exercise, specifically, and PTS hyperarousal symptom severity among trauma-exposed individuals.",,"Harte, C. B., Vujanovic, A. A., Potter, C. M.",2013.0,Jul 17,10.1177/0163278713494774,0,0,
2291,Manual for the Social Support Scale for Children,,,"Harter, S.",1985.0,,,0,0,
2292,Factors influencing psychotherapeutic treatment outcome of various syndroms,"The authors investigated specific and unspecific factors influencing the psychotherapeutic treatment of various syndroms using a questionnaire which systematically replicated the Consumer Reports Study performed in the USA in 1994. The authors were particularly concerned with the degree to which certain psychotherapeutic methods - psychoanalysis, depth psychology-based psychotherapy and behavioral therapy - produced differing results following treatment of syndromes. Using cluster-analysis, two groups of syndromes could be distinguished: Patients with depressive symptoms, stress-related disorders and/or relationship problems (depression-group) and patients with anxiety disorders and/or eating-related disorders (anxiety-group). With the help of cart-analysis (Classification and Regression Trees) it was possible to identify factors influencing the improvement of symptoms. The method of treatment had not a specific effect on the improvement of symptoms. In both groups the most important predictor was the length of treatment. Furthermore in the depression group the sex of the patients and a possible restriction of the treatment by the health insurance companies influenced the treatment results and in the anxiety group the frequency of treatment and the age of the patients.","acute stress disorder, adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, behavior therapy, cluster analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, depression, eating disorder, female, health insurance, human, major clinical study, male, priority journal, psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, questionnaire, stress, treatment outcome","Hartmann, S., Zepf, S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2293,"Affective forecasts and the Valentine's day shootings at NIU: People are resilient, but unaware of it","People overestimate the extent to which emotion-producing life events affect subsequent affect. However, research has yet to conclusively demonstrate that this phenomenon occurs following significant trauma affecting entire communities, or whether it applies to predictions of discrete emotions. Exploring such issues, student reports of emotion states were collected both before and after the oncampus Valentine's Day, 2008 shootings at Northern Illinois University (NIU). A separate group of students not on campus when the shootings occurred provided emotion state reports and predictions of the emotions they would expect to experience 2 weeks after a shooting occurred. Examination of these data suggests that: (1) emotion states of NIU students reflected resilience, and (2) students made affective forecasting errors indicating that this resilience was unexpected. These data confirm results of prior affective forecasting studies, extending them to cases of traumatic experiences, and suggest that such studies can expand their focus to explore specific post-event emotions. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.","Affective forecasting, Emotions, Resilience, Trauma","Hartnett, J. L., Skowronski, J. J.",2010.0,,10.1080/17439760.2010.498615,0,0,
2294,The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors,"Motor vehicle accident survivors (n = 92) were assessed for acute stress disorder (ASD) within 1 month of the trauma and reassessed (n = 71) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months posttrauma. ASD was diagnosed in 13% of participants, and a further 21% had subclinical levels of ASD. At follow-up, 78% of ASD participants and 60% of subclinical ASD participants met criteria for PTSD. The strong predictive power of acute numbing, depersonalization, a sense of reliving the trauma, and motor restlessness, in contrast to the low to moderate predictive power of other symptoms, indicates that only a subset of ASD symptoms is strongly related to the development of chronic PTSD. Although these findings support the use of the ASD diagnosis, they suggest that the dissociative and arousal clusters may require revision.",,"Harvey, A. G., Bryant, R. A.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2295,Dissociative symptoms in acute stress disorder,"This study provides a profile of symptoms, and particularly dissociative symptoms, in the diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) following motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). Consecutive adult non-brain-injured admissions to a major trauma hospital (N = 92) were assessed between 2 days and 4 weeks following an MVA. Presence of ASD was determined by a structured clinical interview. The occurrence of full and subsyndromal ASD was approximately 13% and 21%, respectively. The majority of those who met criteria for subsyndromal ASD did not meet the ASD criteria for dissociation. At least 80% of individuals who reported derealization also reported reduced awareness and depersonalization. This significant overlap between dissociative symptoms questions the discriminatory power and conceptual independence of the dissociative criteria. These findings suggest the need for a more refined conceptual and operational understanding of dissociative symptoms in the acute trauma stage.","adolescent, adult, article, depersonalization, disease severity, female, human, hysteria, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, symptomatology, syndrome delineation, traffic accident","Harvey, A. G., Bryant, R. A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2296,Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury,"Objective: To assess the ability of acute stress disorder to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD over the 2 years following mild traumatic brain injury was determined. Method: Survivors of motor vehicle accidents who sustained mild traumatic brain injuries were assessed for acute stress disorder within 1 month of the trauma (N=79) and for PTSD at 6 months (N=63) and 2 years (N=50) posttrauma. Results: Acute stress disorder was diagnosed in 14% of the patients. Among the patients who participated in all three assessments, 80% of the subjects who met the criteria for acute stress disorder were diagnosed with PTSD at 2 years. Of the total initial group, 73% of those diagnosed with acute stress disorder had PTSD at 2 years. Conclusions: This study provides further support for the utility of the acute stress disorder diagnosis as a predictor of PTSD but indicates that the predictive power of the diagnostic criteria can be increased by placing greater emphasis on reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, brain injury, cluster analysis, experience, female, follow up, human, major clinical study, male, mental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, risk assessment, traffic accident","Harvey, A. G., Bryant, R. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2297,Memory for acute stress disorder symptoms: A two-year prospective study,"The present study aimed to index the accuracy of memory for acute trauma symptoms by comparing the symptoms reported by motor vehicle accident (MVA) victims within 1 month posttrauma with the recall of these symptoms at 2 years posttrauma. Ninety-two consecutive MVA admissions were assessed for the presence of acute stress disorder (ASD) within 1 month posttrauma. At 2 years posttrauma, 61% (N = 56) of the sample were reassessed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and for accuracy of recall of the symptoms reported during the first assessment. At least one of the four ASD diagnostic clusters was recalled inaccurately by 75% of patients. High levels of posttraumatic stress severity and high subjective ratings of injury severity at 2 years posttrauma were associated with errors of addition (i.e., recalling the presence of acute symptoms 2 years posttrauma that were not reported during the first assessment). Low levels of posttraumatic stress severity and low subjective ratings of injury severity at 2 years posttrauma were associated with errors of omission (i.e., omitting to recall acute symptoms 2 years posttrauma that were reported during the first assessment). These results suggest that retrospective reports of acute stress symptoms should be interpreted cautiously because of the influence of current symptoms on recall of acute symptoms.",,"Harvey, A. G., Bryant, R. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2298,"Cortical/hippocampal monoamines, HPA-axis changes and aversive behavior following stress and restress in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by monoaminergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis abnormalities. Understanding monoamine-HPA-axis responses following stress and restress may provide a greater understanding of the neurobiology of PTSD and of its treatment. Hippocampal and frontal cortex serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, plasma corticosterone and aversive behavior were studied in rats on day 1 and day 7 post acute stress (AS = sequential restraint stress, swim stress and halothane exposure), and on day 1 and day 7 post restress (RS = swim stress). After AS, there was an early increase in both avoidant behavior and corticosterone (1 h after stress), with subsequent normalisation (day 7), suggesting an adequate adaptive response to the stressor. However, restress (RS) evoked a significant early HPA-axis hyporesponsiveness (1 h after RS) and a later significant increase in avoidant behavior on day 7 post RS. Hippocampal serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations were unchanged 1 h post AS, but were significantly raised on day 7 post AS. Restress, however, reduced serotonin and noradrenaline levels 1 h after and on day 7 post RS, respectively, while dopamine was unchanged. In the frontal cortex only dopamine levels were altered, being significantly elevated 1 h after AS, and reduced on day 7 post RS. AS and RS thus differently effect the HPAaxis, evoking regional-specific brain monoamine changes that underlie maladaptive behavior and other post stress-related sequelae. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Catecholamines, *Hippocampus, *Hypothalamus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rats, Animal Models, Pituitary Gland, Stress","Harvey, Brian H., Brand, Linda, Jeeva, Zakkiyya, Stein, Dan J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2299,Effects of the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest: Post traumatic stress disorder symptomatology among law enforcement officers,"Examined the psychological impact of the April 29, 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest on the stress levels of law enforcement officers. Levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in Los Angeles Police Department officers assigned to a major riot area were evaluated. Factors implicated in individual coping processes after a traumatic event were examined, as were Ss' perceptions of the event. 141 Ss (aged 20-51 yrs) replied to a questionnaire that included 4 instruments: The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, Moos' Coping Responses Inventory, the Police Perception Survey, and a demographic survey. Results indicate that 17% of the Ss who responded are experiencing stress symptomatology, and that these Ss are twice as likely to use approximately twice the avoidance coping strategies than are their counterparts without symptomatology. Results indicate a positive relationship of PTSD symptomatology with cognitive avoidance, acceptance or resignation, and emotional discharge, and suggest an inverse relationship between PTSD symptomatology and seeking support and information, and seeking alternative rewards. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Employee Attitudes, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Riots","Harvey-Lintz, Terri, Tidwell, Romeria",1997.0,,,0,0,
2300,Birth Outcomes in a Disaster Recovery Environment: New Orleans Women After Katrina,"Objectives: To examine how the recovery following Hurricane Katrina affected pregnancy outcomes. Methods: 308 New Orleans area pregnant women were interviewed 5–7 years after Hurricane Katrina about their exposure to the disaster (danger, damage, and injury); current disruption; and perceptions of recovery. Birthweight, gestational age, birth length, and head circumference were examined in linear models, and low birthweight (<2500 g) and preterm birth (<37 weeks) in logistic models, with adjustment for confounders. Results: Associations were found between experiencing damage during Katrina and birthweight (adjusted beta for high exposure = −158 g) and between injury and gestational age (adjusted beta = −0.5 days). Of the indicators of recovery experience, most consistently associated with worsened birth outcomes was worry that another hurricane would hit the region (adjusted beta for birthweight: −112 g, p = 0.08; gestational age: −3.2 days, p = 0.02; birth length: −0.65 cm, p = 0.06). Conclusions: Natural disaster may have long-term effects on pregnancy outcomes. Alternately, women who are most vulnerable to disaster may be also vulnerable to poor pregnancy outcome. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Birthweight, Disaster, Pregnancy","Harville, E. W., Giarratano, G., Savage, J., Barcelona de Mendoza, V., Zotkiewicz, T. M.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10995-015-1772-4,0,0,
2301,Neuroticism and posttraumatic stress disorder of bosnia-herzegovina adolescents from three different regions after the 1992-1995 war,"Aim: To estimate the neuroticism and its relations towards psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Bosnia-Herzegovina (BH) adolescents after the war 1992-1995. Methods: The sample of 217 pupils (108 females and 109 males) aged 15.1(plus or minus)2.1 years divided in three groups from: Srebrenica (n=69), Zvornik (n=79), and Bijeljina (n=69), who were exposed to the war catastrophes in the 1992-1995 war and became refugees and internally displaced persons during and after the war, were assessed on war traumatic events, PTSD presence, neuroticism, and its' associations. Data collection took place in June 1999 in the adolescents' schools, with the ethical aproval. Results: Srebrenica pupils were significantly more introverted. The prevalence of PTSD statistically significantly differed between groups: Srebrenica (73.9%), Zvornik (60.8%) and Bijeljina (47.6%)(Chi-square=9.854, df=2, p=0.007). The PTSD prevalence, PTSD symptoms' and social dysfunction were the most severe in Srebrenica, than in Zvornik and finally in Bijeljina group. In Srebrenica group neuroticism significantly associated with PTSD cluster symptoms and problems in social functioning. Adolescents with PTSD, in all three groups and in whole sample, were more nervous. Los of father significantly increased introversion of adolescents in all three groups, and decreased adolescent's sociability in Zvornik and Bijeljina. Conclusions: Bosnia-Herzegovina refugee and internally displaced adolescents, suffer very frequently from PTSD 3.5 years after war. PTSD prevalence is highly reported and significantly differed between groups. PTSD associated positively with neuroticism and introversion. Los of father significantly increased adolescents' introversion in all three groups, and it decreased adolescent's sociability in Zvornik and Bijeljina.","posttraumatic stress disorder, Bosnia and Herzegovina, adolescent, human, war, psychiatry, neurosis, prevalence, male, introversion, refugee, father, information processing, disaster, social interaction, social disability, female, school, psychotrauma","Hasanovic, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2302,Posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic injury: Narratives as unconscious indicators of psychopathology,"Current conventional assessment methodologies used to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely heavily on symptom counts obtained from clinical interviews or self-report questionnaires. Such measures may underestimate the impact of traumatic events, particularly in individuals who deny or repress emotional distress. This case report illustrates the use of two methods of narrative analysis to assess unconscious representations of PTSD. Linguistic analysis and a computerized analysis of referential activity were able to capture unconscious aspects of the traumatic experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Emotional Trauma, *Narratives, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Unconscious (Personality Factor)","Hashemi, Bahar, Shaw, Richard J., Hong, David S., Hall, Rebecca, Nelson, Kristin, Steiner, Hans",2008.0,,,0,0,
2303,A Longitudinal Study of Emotional Distress Intolerance and Psychopathology Following Exposure to a Potentially Traumatic Event in a Community Sample,"This study focused on better understanding the association between anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), and psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress, depression, panic and suicidality, in the aftermath of a potentially traumatizing event. A community-based sample of 151 adults exposed to the Mount Carmel Forest Fire Disaster were assessed within 30-days of exposure (T1) and then at 3- (T2) and 6-month (T3) follow-up intervals. At T1, AS, DT, and psychopathology symptoms loaded on a single common latent factor reflecting Emotional Avoidance and Distress; whereas by T2 AS-DT and psychopathology symptoms diverged into distinct latent variables—Emotional Distress Intolerance and Distress Post-Trauma, respectively. Levels of Emotional Distress and Avoidance at T1 predicted levels of Emotional Distress Intolerance as well as Distress Post-Trauma at T2. Finally, levels of Emotional Intolerance at T2 predicted levels of Distress Post-Trauma at T3 above and beyond the strong stability effects of Distress Post-Trauma over time. Findings are discussed with respect to their theoretical and clinical implications for understanding and promoting resilience to, and recovery following, exposure to potentially traumatic events. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Anxiety Sensitivity, Distress Tolerance, Psychopathology, PTSD, Structural Equation Modeling, Trauma","Hashoul-Andary, R., Assayag-Nitzan, Y., Yuval, K., Aderka, I. M., Litz, B., Bernstein, A.",2016.0,,10.1007/s10608-015-9730-4,0,0,
2304,Numbing and Dysphoria Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans: A Review of Findings and Implications for Treatment,"Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans experience significant rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental health conditions. Understanding how specific PTSD symptomatology affects physical health and psychosocial functioning may be useful in improving the conceptualization of PTSD nosology and informing treatment approaches for this population. Confirmatory factor analytic evidence supports four-factor models of PTSD symptoms that classify emotional numbing and/or dysphoria symptoms as a distinct PTSD symptom cluster, and these symptoms appear to be related to poorer psychological adjustment among returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. This review briefly describes current conceptualizations of numbing/dysphoria symptoms of PTSD and summarizes research on the factor structure of PTSD symptoms. Then, the literature on the influence of numbing/dysphoria symptoms on physical and psychological health among these veterans is reviewed, and implications for treatment and directions for future research are presented. © The Author(s) 2012.","dysphoria, numbing, PTSD, veterans","Hassija, C. M., Jakupcak, M., Gray, M. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2305,Development and validation of the screen for adolescent violence exposure (SAVE),,,"Hastings, T. L., Kelley, M. L.",1997.0,,10.1023/A:1022641916705,0,0,
2306,Quality of life after intensive care preliminary data from the intensive care outcomes network study,"Introduction: The effectiveness of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) treatment has traditionally been judged by patient survival. However, research has highlighted that many ICU survivors suffer extended physical and psychological morbidity that ultimately affects their health-related quality of life (HRQL). Existing studies of the HRQL of ICU survivors are predominately single centre, underpowered and of limited case mix. Aim: To determine the HRQL and psychological outcome of a large sample of UK ICU survivors. Method: Intensive Care Outcomes Network Study is a multi-centre, longitudinal study of patients receiving at least 24 h of ICU treatment on one of 27 ICUs within the UK. At 3, 12 and 24 months post ICU discharge a variety of validated, self-report instruments are posted to ICU survivors. Instruments include the EuroQuol and Short Form 36 (to measure HRQL), the HADS (to measure anxiety and depression symptoms) and the PCL-C (to measure post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms). Results: For those patients that survived to ICU discharge, full follow-up data was available for 2145 patients at 3 months, 1593 patients at 12 months and 1310 patients at 24 months. HRQL scores were below population norms at all time points. The 3 month prevalence of major anxiety and depression (18%) and PTSD symptoms (21%) was unchanged at 12 months. Reported HRQL scores demonstrated a bimodal distribution. At all three time points, patients within the lowest HRQL cluster had a higher prevalence of psychological morbidity (86%), when compared with those within the higher cluster (37%). Conclusion: Survivors of ICU treatment in the UK experience a considerable long-term burden of ill health. This is characterized by significant physical and psychological morbidity and is associated with poor subjective HRQL when compared to population norms. The interplay between poor HRQL and psychological morbidity remains to be determined.","intensive care, clinical practice, quality of life, patient, human, survivor, morbidity, United Kingdom, prevalence, population, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, longitudinal study, follow up, case mix, Short Form 36, survival, health, self report, intensive care unit, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","Hatch, R., Griffiths, J., Barber, V., Young, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2307,"Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and age: A review of the research",,,"Hatch, S. L., Dohrenwend, B. P.",2007.0,,10.1007/s10464-007-9134-z,0,0,
2308,What predicts post-traumatic stress following spinal cord injury?,"Objectives. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe, traumatic event and recently research into the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subsequent to the injury has become of increasing interest. This study has been conducted in order to investigate potential risk factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in those with SCI. Design. This cross-sectional study used multiple regression analysis to look for associations between post-traumatic stress symptom severity, SCI-related factors and previously identified risk factors for PTSD such as dysfunctional cognitions, demographic factors and personality predispositions (neuroticism, alexithymia). Method. A total of 102 participants with SCI completed measures of post-traumatic stress severity, acceptance of injury, post-traumatic cognitions, social support, neuroticism and alexithymia. In addition, information about type, level and cause of the SCI was assessed. Results. High levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms were found. Potential risk factors for the development of PTSD were negative cognitions of self and neuroticism. Variables that added to the variance explained by the models included time since injury and difficulty identifying feelings. Acceptance of injury was mediated by negative cognitions of the self and neuroticism. Conclusions. The study highlights the need for services to be aware of the psychological difficulties experienced by this client group. An important finding is that the acceptance of the injury is mediated by negative cognitions of the self which need to be identified as potential risk factors in order to prevent the development of posttraumatic symptoms in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Severity (Disorders), *Spinal Cord Injuries, Alexithymia, Cognitive Impairment, Demographic Characteristics, Neuroticism","Hatcher, Mal B., Whitaker, Chris, Karl, Anke",2009.0,,,0,0,
2309,Type and severity of abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms reported by women who killed abusive partners,"This study investigated the type, severity, and frequency of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced by battered women prior to killing male partners. Eighteen women were assessed for frequency and severity of lifetime PTSD symptoms and type of abuse endured. Correlations were performed between clusters of PTSD symptoms and composites of violent experiences. It was found that before killing male partners, these battered women suffered moderate to high levels of PTSD symptom frequency and severity, except for an inability to recall important aspects of the trauma. Significant canonical correlations were found between the frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms and the severity of types of abuses inflicted.",,"Hattendorf, J., Ottens, A. J., Lomax, R. G.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2310,Psychiatric comorbidity and PTSD in addicted prostitutes,"In the city of Rotterdam prostitution used to take place not only in sexclubs but also in and around a designated prostitution streetzone in the harbor area outside the city center. The group of sexworkers at this street-zone consisted primarily of severely addicted women. For a long period of time the harm reduction approach had been the major intervention for this socially marginalized group of women. From January 2003 to December 2004 184 of them could be interviewed and diagnosed according to DSM IV. Nearly all of them were addicted to heroin and cocaine and most of them also were dependent on alcohol and benzodiazepines. Psychiatric comorbidity was almost 100 %. Co-morbid conditions existed of cluster B and C personality disorders, psychotic disorders (26 %), affective disorders (31 %), acute PTSD (9 %) and adult-ADHD (8%). In 2006 the government had closed the prostitution street-zone and many of the women could be placed in therapeutic and protected homes. Now, 2 years later, we reinvestigate these women with respect to their actual social situation, their quality of life, psychiatric comorbidity and persisting (acute and chronic) PTSD. During the interviews we use the WHO Quality of life questionnaire and the KIP (clinical interview for PTSD). It is an ongoing study and the (preliminary) results will be presented during the symposium.","diamorphine, cocaine, alcohol, benzodiazepine derivative, posttraumatic stress disorder, prostitution, comorbidity, female, quality of life, city, interview, questionnaire, harm reduction, personality disorder, world health organization, psychosis, mood disorder, adult, government, attention deficit disorder","Hauptmann, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2311,Attentional bias for affective visual stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder and the role of depression,"An attentional bias for trauma-related verbal cues was frequently demonstrated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using variants of the emotional Stroop task (EST). However, the mechanisms underlying the Stroop-effect are ill-defined and it is yet unclear how the findings apply to different paradigms and stimulus modalities. To address these open questions, for the first time a spatial-cuing task with pictorial cues of different emotional valence was administered to trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD, and non-trauma-exposed controls. Groups did not show different response profiles across affective conditions. However, a group effect was evident when comparing depressed with non-depressed individuals: Those with depression showed delayed attending towards trauma-related cues and faster attending away from negative cues. In correlational analyses, attentional avoidance was associated with both depression and PTSD symptom severity. These findings highlight the need for research on trauma populations and anxiety in general to pay closer attention to depression as an important confound in the study of emotional information processing. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Attention, Attentional bias, Depression, Information processing bias, Trauma","Hauschildt, M., Wittekind, C., Moritz, S., Kellner, M., Jelinek, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2312,"Prevalence and trends of benzodiazepine use among Veterans Affairs patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, 2003-2010","Background: Although the Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (VA/DoD) clinical guidelines for management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) recommend against routine benzodiazepine use, little is known about the trends and clinical and prescription profiles of benzodiazepine use since these guidelines were released in 2004. Methods: This retrospective study included 64,872 patients with a PTSD diagnosis received from care at facilities in VA Northwest Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN 20) during 2003-2010. Annual prevalence of any use was defined as any prescription for benzodiazepines, and long-term use was defined as >90 days' supply, in a year. Gender-specific logistic regressions were fit to estimate any and long-term benzodiazepine use, test for linear trends over 8-years and explore factors associated with trends. Results: The trend of age-adjusted benzodiazepine use over 8-years rose significantly from 25.0 to 26.8% among men and 31.2 to 38.8% among women. Long-term use in men and women increased from 15.4 to 16.4% and 18.0 to 22.7%, respectively. Comorbid psychiatric and alcohol use disorders (AUD) were associated with a greater increase in long-term use of benzodiazepines. In 2010, 61% of benzodiazepine users received >90 days' supply. Among those prescribed benzodiazepines long-term, 11% had AUD and 47% were also prescribed opioids long-term. Conclusion: Despite VA/DoD clinical guidelines recommending against routine use of benzodiazepines for PTSD, the adjusted prevalence of long-term use increased among men and women with PTSD in VISN 20. Widespread concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids suggests risk management systems and research on the efficacy and safety of these medications are needed. © 2012.","Opioid analgesics use, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trends in benzodiazepine use","Hawkins, E. J., Malte, C. A., Imel, Z. E., Saxon, A. J., Kivlahan, D. R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2313,Interpreting the WHOQOL-Brèf: Preliminary population norms and effect sizes,,,"Hawthorne, G., Herrman, H., Murphy, B.",2006.0,,10.1007/s11205-005-5552-1,0,0,
2314,A case of frontal neuropsychological and neuroimaging signs following multiple primary-blast exposure,"Blast-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the Afghanistan and Iraq wars represents a significant medical concern for troops and veterans. To better understand the consequences of primary-blast injury in humans, we present a case of a Marine exposed to multiple primary blasts during his 14-year military career. The neuropsychological profile of this formerly high-functioning veteran suggested primarily executive dysfunction. Diffusion-tensor imaging revealed white-matter pathology in long fiber tracks compared with a composite fractional-anisotropy template derived from a veteran reference control group without TBI. This study supports the existence of primary blast-induced neurotrauma in humans and introduces a neuroimaging technique with potential to discriminate multiple-blast TBI. (copyright) 2012 Copyright 2012 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business.","adult, amputation, article, blast injury, case report, cognitive defect, compensation, confusion, consciousness, decision making, diffusion tensor imaging, disability, fractional anisotropy, headache, human, male, military service, nervous system injury, neuroimaging, neuropsychological test, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, otalgia, tinnitus, training, traumatic brain injury, veteran, white matter","Hayes, J. P., Morey, R. A., Tupler, L. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2315,Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment,"Syndromal classification is a well-developed diagnostic system but has failed to deliver on its promise of the identification of functional pathological processes. Functional analysis is tightly connected to treatment but has failed to develop testable, replicable classification systems. Functional diagnostic dimensions are suggested as a way to develop the functional classification approach, and experiential avoidance is described as 1 such dimension. A wide range of research is reviewed showing that many forms of psychopathology can be conceptualized as unhealthy efforts to escape and avoid emotions, thoughts, memories, and other private experiences. It is argued that experiential avoidance, as a functional diagnostic dimension, has the potential to integrate the efforts and findings of researchers from a wide variety of theoretical paradigms, research interests, and clinical domains and to lead to testable new approaches to the analysis and treatment of behavioral disorders.",,"Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., Strosahl, K.",1996.0,,,0,0,
2316,"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social rhythm group therapy (CBSRT) for male veterans with PTSD, major depressive disorder, and sleep problems","Introduction: This study employed a double blind randomized controlled design to compare group Cognitive Behavioral Social Rhythm Therapy (CBSRT) to Present Centered Group Therapy (PCGT) in 43 male Veterans with PTSD, Major Depressive Disorder, and dificulties with sleep. CBSRT is an integrative group psychotherapy targeting both sleep and psychiatric symptoms via change of daytime and nighttime behavioral patterns. PCGT is a well-established, interpersonal group therapy for PTSD that has previously been shown to have equal beneit as trauma-focused group therapy but with fewer patient drop-outs. To our knowledge, this is the irst randomized controlled group therapy trial comparing a behavioral sleep treatment to a well-researched mental health treatment in Veterans with PTSD and comorbid depression. Methods: Forty three male subjects (M age = 48.81 years, SD = 13.45 years) were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, post-treatment, 3 months and 6 months post-treatment. PTSD symptoms were assessed via the Clinician Assessment of PTSD Scale (CAPS), and depression symptoms were assessed via the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Mixed modeling was employed to examine preliminary differences in trajectories across the course of therapy and at follow-up. Results: Preliminary intent-to-treat analyses indicated that both therapies resulted in improvements in depression and clinically signiicant improvements in PTSD (> 10 point drop on CAPS) with no differences between conditions. CBSRT was associated with fewer therapy dropouts ((chi)2 = 2.75, p < .10). Only 14% of the CBSRT group (n = 3) attended less than 75% sessions versus PCGT, where 36% of the sample attended less than 75% of sessions. Conclusion: CBSRT appears to be equivalent to PCGT on psychiatric outcomes. This inding is similar to those from VA Cooperative Study 420 showing the equivalency of PCGT with trauma focused group therapy for PTSD. In the current trial, fewer participants appear to drop-out of CBSRT as compared to PCGT, suggesting that CBSRT may be a more acceptable group therapy than PCGT for Veterans with PTSD. Analysis of sleep outcomes is pending.","sleep, human, organization, rhythm, randomized controlled trial, major depression, veteran, male, group therapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, therapy, injury, intention to treat analysis, follow up, mental disease, model, Hamilton scale, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, mental health, patient","Haynes, P., Kelly, M. R., Parthasarathy, S., Bootzin, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2317,Comorbidity of personality disorders and mental illnesses,"Mental illness and personality disorder often occur in the same person. Although concern has been expressed that this may be due to overlapping diagnostic criteria, many different studies have confirmed this finding. Various models have been proposed to explain the association, and it is likely that different models will be relevant to different associations. Associations between specific personality disorders and categories of mental illness include those between Cluster A personality disorders and schizophrenia, Cluster B personality disorders and substance misuse and post-traumatic stress disorder, and Cluster C personality disorders and depression, eating disorders and a number of neurotic disorders. (copyright) 2008.","anxiety disorder, clinical feature, comorbidity, depression, disease association, eating disorder, mental disease, neurosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, pathophysiology, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychopathy, psychosis, review, schizophrenia, social phobia, somatoform disorder, substance abuse, theoretical model","Hayward, M., Moran, P.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2318,A study of symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder and its related factors in adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake,"Objective: To investigate the related factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents in different areas after the Wenchuan Earthquake. Methods: With Revised Impact of Events Scale for Children (CRIES-13) and self made survey, 1267 students in the extremely severe disaster areas in Mianzhu, Sichuan province and the severe disaster areas in Baoji, Shaanxi were tested. Results: The extent of disaster exposure in Mianzhu was significantly higher than that in Baoji. However, there was no difference in the extent of PTSD symptoms between the two areas (t = 0.181, df = 1265, P = 0.857), but only significant difference in the incidence rate (chi2 = 8.766, df = 1, P = 0.003), and the incidence rate of PTSD in Mianzhu areas was significantly higher than that of Baoji areas. Conclusion: 5 . 12 Wenchuan earthquake has caused severe post-traumatic response in adolescents both in the extremely severe disaster areas and the severe disaster areas, but the former is higher in the incidence rate of PTSD, and age, sex, getting trapped in the earthquake, having relatives and friends injured in the earthquake, witnessing death in the earthquake were all significant predictors for PTSD severity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","He, Jie, Xu, Sha-sha, Zhu, Zhuo-hong, Wang, Li, Wang, Wen-zhong",2011.0,,,0,0,
2319,Assessing impact of differential symptom functioning on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis,"Abstract This article explores the generalizability of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to various subpopulations. Besides identifying the differential symptom functioning (also referred to as differential item functioning [DIF]) related to various background variables such as gender, marital status and educational level, this study emphasizes the importance of evaluating the impact of DIF on population inferences as made in health surveys and clinical trials, and on the diagnosis of individual patients. Using a sample from the National Comorbidity Study-Replication (NCS-R), four symptoms for gender, one symptom for marital status, and three symptoms for educational level were significantly flagged as DIF, but their impact on diagnosis was fairly small. We conclude that the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD do not produce substantially biased results in the investigated subpopulations, and there should be few reservations regarding their use. Further, although the impact of DIF (i.e. the influence of differential symptom functioning on diagnostic results) was found to be quite small in the current study, we recommend that diagnosticians always perform a DIF analysis of various subpopulations using the methodology presented here to ensure the diagnostic criteria is valid in their own studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Item Response Theory","He, Qiwei, Glas, Cees A. W., Veldkamp, Bernard P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2320,Determinates of persistent pain and maladjustment at discharge,"Introduction: Multiple burn studies have shown a link between poor pain control, lower adjustment and higher incidence of PTSD post discharge. The reasons for poor pain control, however, are largely unknown. We sought to determine contributing factors to uncontrolled pain in our burn patients and their impact on function post discharge. Methods: Twenty-nine acutely burned patients were prospectively enrolled from 6/2010 to 8/2010. Self reported Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain, anxiety and tolerability ratings were obtained multiple times. Pain ratings were collected at baseline, during procedures and one hour after narcotic administration. Patients were asked daily to rate their pain control over the last 24 hours as well as their perception of pain medication effectiveness over that same interval. At least twice daily, nurses rated their patients' pain and tolerability. Post discharge (Average= 12.8 days post discharge) adjustment and functioning were evaluated with the Rand SF-36, the American Pain Association - Pain Outcome Profile, and the Posttraumatic Chronic Pain Test (PCPT). Preliminary correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between variables. Results: Preliminary results indicate that pain was well controlled in the study population. On a five point scale with 0 being no uncontrolled pain and 4 being constant uncontrolled pain, patients scored a 0.93 (plus or minus) 0.85 for pain control. Both pain and anxiety ratings by nursing staff significantly correlated well with patient pain at rest (average 3.7, C=0.51 p<0.0000), procedural pain (average 5.6, C=.51 p<0.0000) and anxiety ratings (average 2.7, C=0.42 p<0.0000). Pain was also significantly correlated with patient anxiety (C=.41 p<0.0000). Pain medicine administration, however, only weakly correlated with nurse pain ratings (C=.2978 p=.001) and did not correlate with patient pain ratings (C=.1179 p=.19). Follow up data showed a correlation of a positive screen for PTSD with decreased function (C=.45, p=.05), decreased energy (C=.46 p=.05), decreased social functioning (C=.62, p=.004) and persistent pain at follow up (C=.45 p=.049). Conclusions: These preliminary results show that unlike recent literature, pain was relatively well controlled in this study population. Both baseline and procedural pain, tolerability, and anxiety ratings by nursing staff were accurate and correlate strongly with patient reported scores. As in other studies, persistent pain at follow up correlated with a positive PTSD screen.","narcotic agent, pain, maladjustment, human, patient, anxiety, follow up, posttraumatic stress disorder, population, nursing staff, nurse, drug therapy, social interaction, chronic pain, correlation analysis, burn patient, rating scale, procedures","Heard, J., Eid, A., De La Garza, J., Wibbenmeyer, L. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2321,A french adaptation of the posttraumatic diagnostic scale,"The factor structure of a French adaptation of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS-F) based on the original scale by Foa, Cashman, Jaycox, and Perry (1997) was examined in 287 community members. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluated three models: the three symptom clusters of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), me 4-factor King, Leskin, King, and Weathers (1998) model and the 4-factor Simms, Watson, and Doebbelling (2002) model. The data's fit to the DSM-IV model was unacceptable. Bom 4-factor models demonstrated a good fit; however, the Simms et al. (2002) model with intrusions, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal factors showed the best fit Scores calculated for the Simms et al. (2002) factors showed good reliability and validity. The study also examined lifetime stressful event reporting and PTSD severity. ""Stressful"" events not traditionally defined as ""traumatic"" (e.g., deam of a loved one) were frequendy endorsed as the respondent's most stressful event (i.e., index event) and corresponded to a possible PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, PTSD severity was associated with negative emotional appraisals of the index event (DSM-TV criterion A2 for PTSD) and lifetime cumulative stressful event intensity whereas PTSD severity was not associated with me degree of physical harm of the index event (criterion Al). Lifetime stressful experiences are discussed in light of evidence supporting a dysphoria component in PTSD. © 2011 Canadian Psycholosical Association.","Dysphoria, Factor analysis, PDS, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Hearn, M., Ceschi, G., Fürst, G., Brillon, P., Van Linden, M. D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2322,Latent classes of PTSD symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan female veterans,"Background Recent studies have used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subgroups of individuals who share similar patterns of PTSD symptom endorsement; however, further study is needed among female veterans, whose PTSD symptom expression may vary from that of their male counterparts. The current study examined latent PTSD symptom classes in female veterans who returned from recent military service in Iraq and Afghanistan, and explored military and demographic variables associated with distinct PTSD symptom presentations. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using existing medical records from female Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who were new users of VA mental health outpatient (MHO) care, had received a PTSD diagnosis anytime during the post-deployment period, and completed the PTSD checklist within 30 days of their first MHO visit (N=2425). Results The LCA results identified four latent classes of PTSD symptom profiles in the sample: High Symptom, Intermediate Symptom, Intermediate Symptom with High Emotional Numbing (EN), and Low Symptom. Race/ethnicity, age, time since last deployment, and distance from a VA facility emerged as predictors of PTSD symptom presentation. Limitations The current study was cross-sectional and utilized administrative data. The results may not be generalizable to female veterans from other service eras. Conclusions Longer times between end of last deployment and initiation of MHO services were associated with more symptomatic classes. Exploration of PTSD symptom presentation may enhance our understanding of the service needs of female veterans with PTSD, and suggests potential benefits to engaging veterans in MHO soon after last deployment. © Published by Elsevier B.V.","Posttraumatic stress disorder, Women","Hebenstreit, C., Madden, E., Maguen, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2323,Minimally adequate mental health care and latent classes of PTSD symptoms in female Iraq and Afghanistan veterans,"Female veterans of Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) represent a growing segment of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care users. A retrospective analysis used national VA medical records to identify factors associated with female OEF/OIF/OND veterans' completion of minimally adequate care (MAC) for PTSD, defined as the completion of at least nine mental health outpatient visits within a 15-week period or at least twelve consecutive weeks of medication use. The sample included female OEF/OIF/OND veterans with PTSD who initiated VA health care between 2007-2013, and were seen in outpatient mental health (N=2183). Multivariable logistic regression models examined factors associated with completing MAC for PTSD, including PTSD symptom expression (represented by latent class analysis), sociodemographic, military, clinical, and VA access factors. Within one year of initiating mental health care, 48.3% of female veterans completed MAC. Race/ethnicity, age, PTSD symptom class, additional psychiatric diagnoses, and VA primary care use were significantly associated with completion of MAC for PTSD. Results suggest that veterans presenting for PTSD treatment should be comprehensively evaluated to identify factors associated with inadequate completion of care. Treatments that are tailored to PTSD symptom class may help to address potential barriers.","Posttraumatic stress disorder, Service utilization, Veterans, Women","Hebenstreit, C. L., Madden, E., Koo, K. H., Maguen, S.",2015.0,Nov 30,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.028,0,0,
2324,Latent profiles of PTSD symptoms in women exposed to intimate partner violence,"BACKGROUND: Studies have utilized latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) to examine posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profiles in a range of populations. Further study is needed to explore symptom profiles among women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The current study examined latent symptom profiles in a sample of IPV-exposed women, and explored trauma-related cognitive appraisals associated with these PTSD symptom presentations. METHODS: An LPA was conducted using cross-sectional data from a non-treatment seeking community sample of women recruited following a police-reported incident of IPV by a male perpetrator (N=229). Multinomial regression analyses determined associations between latent profile membership and trauma-related appraisals. RESULTS: The LPA identified five PTSD symptom profiles: Low Symptom (46% of the sample); Low Symptom with High Hypervigilance (17%); Intermediate Symptom (16%); Intermediate Symptom with High Hypervigilance (11%); and High Symptom (10%). Trauma-related appraisals, including fear, alienation, and self-blame, were the strongest independent predictors of PTSD symptom profile membership. LIMITATIONS: The study focused on female victims of IPV by a male partner, and findings may not generalize to other gender configurations (e.g. same-sex couples, male victims, etc.). The LPA is cross-sectional, and the stability of these profiles over time warrants further study. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the need for careful consideration of differences among IPV-exposed women within the larger context of PTSD research and clinical intervention. Identifying latent subgroups may provide an empirical basis for practitioners to design and implement PTSD intervention efforts that are tailored to specific symptom profiles.","Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Intimate Partner Violence/*psychology, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Symptom Assessment, Young Adult, Appraisal, Intimate partner violence, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Hebenstreit, C. L., Maguen, S., Koo, K. H., DePrince, A. P.",2015.0,Jul 15,10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.047,0,1,
2325,A typological analysis of behavioral profiles of sexually abused children,"A cluster analysis is used to explore differential outcomes in 123 French Canadian children reporting sexual abuse contrasted with 123 control children. Mothers' reports of behavioral problems on the Child Behavior Checklist, abuse-related variables, personal factors, and family characteristics are used as potential variables discriminating clusters. Results reveal four clusters: (a) anxiety constellation group refers to children displaying behavior problems on a subset of scales, (b) the severe distress group refers to children showing a broader array of behavior problems, (c) victims of less severe sexual abuse (SA) group consists of children disclosing mostly extrafamilial SA, and (d) resilient children refers to children who, while disclosing severe abuse, rely less on avoidance coping. Findings underscore the need to go beyond abuse-related variables to orient treatment for children disclosing sexual abuse and for tailoring interventions to distinct subgroups. (copyright) 2006 Sage Publications.","anxiety, article, behavior disorder, Canada, child, child sexual abuse, classification, cluster analysis, control, cross-sectional study, family size, female, human, incest, individuality, male, outcome assessment, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, questionnaire, reference value, self concept, self disclosure, social support, statistics, victim","Hebert, M., Parent, N., Daignault, I. V., Tourigny, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2326,A typological analysis of behavioral profiles of sexually abused children,"A cluster analysis is used to explore differential outcomes in 123 French Canadian children reporting sexual abuse contrasted with 123 control children. Mothers' reports of behavioral problems on the Child Behavior Checklist, abuse-related variables, personal factors, and family characteristics are used as potential variables discriminating clusters. Results reveal four clusters: (a) anxiety constellation group refers to children displaying behavior problems on a subset of scales, (b) the severe distress group refers to children showing a broader array of behavior problems, (c) victims of less severe sexual abuse (SA) group consists of children disclosing mostly extrafamilial SA, and (d) resilient children refers to children who, while disclosing severe abuse, rely less on avoidance coping. Findings underscore the need to go beyond abuse-related variables to orient treatment for children disclosing sexual abuse and for tailoring interventions to distinct subgroups. © 2006 Sage Publications.","Adaptation, Child sexual abuse, Consequences, Coping, Family, Profiles","Hébert, M., Parent, N., Daignault, I. V., Tourigny, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,2325
2327,Levels of trauma among women inmates with HIV risk and alcohol use disorders: Behavioral and emotional impacts,"An increasing number of women are involved in the criminal justice system. Women in corrections are often of low socioeconomic status, medically underserved and exposed to a variety of traumatic events. Programs and services provided in correctional settings should be informed by the unique profiles and needs of these women. This study sought to identify distinct sub-groups (classes) of incarcerated women based on differences in their qualitative (types of trauma) and quantitative (number of) trauma experiences. Demographics, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics were measured in 149 women entering jail, who reported recent hazardous drinking and HIV sexual risk behavior. Two classes based on trauma exposure of women were identified through latent class analysis. The classes did not differ with respect to qualitative differences in trauma exposure (both classes reported all forms of trauma), but did differ with respect to quantitative differences (Class 2 reported more exposure to trauma in all categories than Class 1). The classes also differed significantly on current psychological functioning, alcohol treatment, problems, and consequences, drug histories, sexual risk, medical conditions, and social group characteristics. In all areas, members of Class 2 were significantly more likely to report higher levels of measured variables. Nearly all women in our sample reported levels of trauma exposure, suggesting a need for intervention and attention. Through identifying these separate classes, limited resources for trauma survivors in the correctional setting could be most appropriately allocated. © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Risk behaviors, Trauma exposure, Women inmates","Hebert, M. R., Rose, J. S., Rosengard, C., Clarke, J. G., Stein, M. D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2328,Longitudinal measures of hostility in deployed military personnel,"Increases in anger and hostility are commonly found after military deployment. However, it is unknown how anger and hostility develop over time, and which veterans are more at risk for developing these complaints. Data of 745 veterans one month before deployment to Afghanistan and one, six, twelve and 24 months after deployment were analyzed in a growth model. Growth mixture modeling revealed four classes based on their growth in hostility. Most of the participants belonged to a low-hostile group or a mild-hostile group that remained stable over time. Two smaller groups were identified that displayed increase in hostility ratings after deployment. The first showed an immediate increase after deployment. The second showed a delayed increase between twelve and 24 months after deployment. No groups were identified that displayed a decrease of hostility symptoms over time. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to predict group membership by age, education, early trauma, deployment stressors and personality factors. This study gains more insight into the course of hostility over time, and identifies risk factors for the progression of hostility. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Aggression, Anger, Deployment, Growth mixture modeling, Hostility, Personality","Heesink, L., Rademaker, A., Vermetten, E., Geuze, E., Kleber, R.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.082,0,0,
2329,Longitudinal cluster analysis with applications to growth trajectories,"Longitudinal studies play a prominent role in health, social, and behavioral sciences as well as in the biological sciences, economics, and marketing. By following subjects over time, temporal changes in an outcome of interest can be directly observed and studied. An important question concerns the existence of distinct trajectory patterns. One way to discover potential patterns in the data is through cluster analysis, which seeks to separate objects (individuals, subjects, patients, observational units) into homogeneous groups. There are many ways to cluster multivariate data. Most methods can be categorized into one of two approaches: nonparametric and model-based methods. The first approach makes no assumptions about how the data were generated and produces a sequence of clustering results indexed by the number of clusters k = 2,3,... and the choice of dissimilarity measure. The later approach assumes data vectors are generated from a finite mixture of distributions. The bulk of the available clustering algorithms are intended for use on data vectors with exchangeable, independent elements and are not appropriate to be directly applied to repeated measures with inherent dependence. Multivariate Gaussian mixtures are a class of models that provide a flexible parametric approach for the representation of heterogeneous multivariate outcomes. When the outcome is a vector of repeated measurements taken on the same subject, there is often inherent dependence between observations. However, a common covariance assumption is conditional independence---that is, given the mixture component label, the outcomes for subjects are independent. In Chapter 2, I study, through asymptotic bias calculations and simulation, the impact of covariance misspecification in multivariate Gaussian mixtures. Although maximum likelihood estimators of regression and prior probability parameters are not consistent under misspecification, they have little asymptotic bias when mixture components are well separated or if the assumed correlation is close to the truth even when the covariance is misspecified. I also present a robust standard error estimator and show that it outperforms conventional estimators in simulations and can provide evidence that the model is misspecified. The main goal of a longitudinal study is to observed individual change over time; therefore, observed trajectories have two prominent features: level and shape of change over time. These features are typically associated with baseline characteristics of the individual. Grouping by shape and level separately provides an opportunity to detect and estimate these relationships. Although many nonparametric and model-based methods have been adapted for longitudinal data, most fail to explicitly group individuals according to the shape of their repeated measure trajectory. Some methods are thought to group by shape, but the dissimilarity between trajectories is not defined in terms of any one specific feature of the data. Rather, the methods are based on the entire vector and cluster trajectories by the level because it tends to dominate the variability between data vectors. These methods discover shape groups only if level and shape are correlated. To fulfill the need for clustering based explicitly on shape, I propose three methods Chapter 4 that are adaptations of available algorithms. One approach is to use a dissimilarity measure based on estimated derivatives of functions underlying the trajectories. One challenge for this approach is estimating the derivatives with minimal bias and variance. The second approach explicitly models the variability in the level within a group of similarly shaped trajectories using a mixture model resulting in a multilayer mixture model. One difficulty with this method comes in choosing the number of shape clusters. Lastly, vertically shifting the data by subtracting the subject-specific mean directly ... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cluster Analysis, *Maximum Likelihood, Models, Truth","Heggeseth, Brianna Christine",2014.0,,,0,0,
2330,"Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: Study 1 results","Aim: To explore compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction with the potential contributing factors of anxiety, depression and stress. Background: To date, no studies have connected the quality of work-life with other contributing and co-existing factors such as depression, anxiety and stress. Method: A self-report exploratory cross sectional survey of 132 nurses working in a tertiary hospital. Result: The reflective assessment risk profile model provides an excellent framework for examining the relationships between the professional quality of work factors and contributing factors within the established risk profiles. The results show a definite pattern of risk progression for the six factors examined for each risk profile. Additionally, burnout and secondary traumatic stress were significantly related to higher anxiety and depression levels. Higher anxiety levels were correlated with nurses who were younger, worked full-time and without a postgraduate qualification. Twenty percent had elevated levels of compassion fatigue: 7.6% having a very distressed profile. At-risk nurses' stress and depression scores were significantly higher than nurses with higher compassion satisfaction scores. Implications for nursing managers: The employed nurse workforce would benefit from a psychosocial capacity building intervention that reduces a nurse's risk profile, thus enhancing retention. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Anxiety, Compassion fatigue, Depression, Model, Nurse, Resilience, Stress","Hegney, D. G., Craigie, M., Hemsworth, D., Osseiran-Moisson, R., Aoun, S., Francis, K., Drury, V.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2331,Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonism: From escalated consumption and relapse in rats to co-morbid alcoholism and PTSD,"In 2008, we reported that genetic deletion of NK1Rs blocks alcohol reward in mice, while NK1R antagonism alleviates alcohol craving in humans. Since then, a translational program has been established at the NIAAA intramural clinical program to validate these findings, and characterize conditions under which NK1 blockade would be optimally useful therapeutically. We first showed that in C57BL/6 mice, the NK1R antagonist L-703606 dose dependently suppressed alcohol intake, but was ineffective in NK1R KOs, demonstrating receptor specificity of suppressed drinking. We then used an NK1R antagonist specifically engineered for high affinity to the rat receptor, L822429, and assessed its effects on alcohol-related behaviors in rats. At the doses used, L822429 did not suppress alcohol self-administration or cue-induced reinstatement in non-dependent Wistar rats, but potently and dose-dependently suppressed stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking, with a complete suppression at the highest dose. This effect was highly specific behaviorally. Finally, while L822429 was not effective in suppressing the modest rates of alcohol self-administration in non-dependent Wistars, it potently and dose-dependently suppressed the escalated self-administration rates in genetically selected, alcohol preferring P-rats, eliminating the difference between the lines. To translate these result, we initiated a human experimental medicine study in a population of 50 patients with co-morbid alcohol addiction and PTSD. During early abstinence, subjects are randomized to short term treatment with the NK1 antagonist aprepitant, or placebo, and evaluated for stress- or cue-induced alcohol craving, neuroendocrine responses, and brain responses to stressful stimuli as assessed by fMRI BOLD. The study is currently nearing completion. Taken together, NK1R antagonism shows an activity profile similar to other nullantistress mechanismsnull, e.g. CRH1 blockade: minimal behavioral effects in non-dependent, nonpreferring animals under basal conditions, but potent suppression of escalated selfadministration rates, and blockade of stress-induced relapse-like behavior. NK1R antagonists have well established safety and tolerability as a class. If supported by the forthcoming human data, this mechanism offers an attractive approach to conditions with stress-related alcohol use, such as comorbid alcoholism and PTSD.","neurokinin 1 receptor, alcohol, receptor, 2 benzhydryl 3 (2 iodobenzylamino)quinuclidine, placebo, aprepitant, alcoholism, relapse, rat, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, drug self administration, withdrawal syndrome, alcohol consumption, mouse, population, experimental medicine, Wistar rat, drinking, reward, safety, functional magnetic resonance imaging, gene deletion, brain, stimulus, short course therapy, abstinence, patient","Heilig, M., Schank, J., Kwako, L., Rice, K., Hommer, D., George, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2332,Safety of a new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone,"New chemical entities must undergo rigorous, and preferably independent, safety and efficacy assessments before entry into the market. This is also true for oral contraceptives (OCs) given their extensive usage by healthy women and the safety concerns highlighted by the so-called 'third generation pill scare' in Europe a decade ago. This scare heightened patient and physician awareness of the increased risk of thromboembolic complications (mainly venous thromboembolism [VTE]) associated with OC use. Yasmin(registered trademark) (ethinylestradiol 30(mu)g/drospirenone 3mg [EE/DRSP]) is a novel OC that was demonstrated in clinical phase I-III studies to be highly effective in preventing pregnancy and to have a good safety profile. Nonetheless, clinical trials are not usually sufficiently powered to detect rare adverse events such as VTE to enable comparison with other OCs, which could allay fears and concerns about their inherent risks. Therefore, an extensive assessment of the VTE risk associated with EE/DRSP has been undertaken by reviewing data from the clinical development programme, postmarketing surveillance and spontaneous worldwide reporting, as well as information from other sources. Spontaneous worldwide reporting has revealed a VTE reporting rate of 5.1/100 000 women-years with EE/DRSP use. In contrast, 3-year interim results from a large, controlled, prospective postmarketing surveillance study suggest a VTE rate of 61/100 000 women-years for EE/DRSP, which is similar to the rates of 60/100 000 and 73/100 000 women-years for levonorgestrel-containing OCs and other OCs, respectively. When placed in context with potential biases and confounding factors that would inflate the perceived risk of VTEs with a novel OC, the VTE rate with EE/DRSP does not highlight any safety concerns. Furthermore, the risk of VTE with EE/DRSP or other OCs is far less than that associated with pregnancy and delivery (up to 800/100 000 women-years) or than other risks of daily living. Available data indicate that EE/DRSP is not associated with any increased risk of other serious adverse events such as hyperkalaemia, cardiac arrhythmia or birth defects. Nonetheless, caution should be exerted in prescribing EE/DRSP to women with conditions that predispose to hyperkalaemia. Overall, the safety data with EE/DRSP and other OCs indicate that these products have no negative impact on the risk of VTE (and other adverse events) in women who receive OCs for contraception.","conjugated estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, desogestrel plus ethinylestradiol, dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor, drospirenone plus estradiol, drospirenone plus ethinylestradiol, enalapril, estrogen, ethinylestradiol plus gestodene, ethinylestradiol plus norgestimate, gestagen, gestodene, indometacin, levonorgestrel, oral contraceptive agent, acute stress disorder, birth defect, contraception, depression, drug safety, drug surveillance program, eating disorder, electrolyte disturbance, female, heart arrhythmia, high risk population, hormonal contraception, hormone substitution, human, hyperkalemia, hypertension, incidence, major clinical study, mental disease, oral contraception, pregnancy rate, prescription, priority journal, puerperium, review, risk assessment, faintness, thromboembolism, angeliq, cilest, femovan, marvelon, prempro, yasmin","Heinemann, L. A. J., Dinger, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2333,Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters,"Objective: Most studies focusing on risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have used retrospective study designs. Only a small number of studies have prospectively examined risk factors in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure in predicting PTSD symptoms. The purpose of this study was to identify predictive risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms and comorbid psychopathological symptoms present during the time before exposure to traumatic stress in a high-risk population. Method: Forty-three professional firefighters were assessed immediately after basic training (baseline) and at 6, 9, 12, and 24 months after entry into firefighter service. Subjects were screened for psychopathological symptoms, including symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Subjects were also characterized with regard to personality traits such as self-efficacy, hostility, and alexithymia. Neuroendocrine activity was assessed by examination of awakening and diurnal salivary cortisol profiles and 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze posttraumatic stress symptoms at 24-month follow-up as a function of pretraumatic characteristics. Results: A high level of hostility and a low level of self-efficacy at baseline accounted for 42% of the variance in posttraumatic stress symptoms after 2 years. Subjects who had both risk factors at baseline showed a significant increase in measures of PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, general psychological morbidity, global symptom severity, and alexithymia during the 2-year period. Biological characteristics were not predictive of the development of psychopathological symptoms. Conclusions: These results suggest that specific personality traits may constitute markers of vulnerability to the development of psychopathological symptoms after trauma exposure. Early identification of preexisting risk factors is needed to provide effective prevention and intervention for individuals who are at risk of developing trauma-related disorders.",,"Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., Ehlert, U.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2334,Military personnel with chronic symptoms following blast traumatic brain injury have differential expression of neuronal recovery and epidermal growth factor receptor genes,"Objective: Approximately one-quarter of military personnel who deployed to combat stations sustained one or more blast-related, closed-head injuries. Blast injuries result from the detonation of an explosive device. The mechanisms associated with blast exposure that give rise to traumatic brain injury (TBI), and place military personnel at high risk for chronic symptoms of post-concussive disorder (PCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression are not elucidated. Methods: To investigate the mechanisms of persistent blast-related symptoms, we examined expression profiles of transcripts across the genome to determine the role of gene activity in chronic symptoms following blast-TBI. Active duty military personnel with (1) a medical record of a blast-TBI that occurred during deployment (n = 19) were compared to control participants without TBI (n = 17). Controls were matched to cases on demographic factors including age, gender, and race, and also in diagnoses of sleep disturbance, and symptoms of PTSD and depression. Due to the high number of PCD symptoms in the TBI+ group, we did not match on this variable. Using expression profiles of transcripts in microarray platform in peripheral samples of whole blood, significantly differentially expressed gene lists were generated. Statistical threshold is based on criteria of 1.5 magnitude fold-change (up or down) and p-values with multiple test correction (false discovery rate <0.05). Results: There were 34 transcripts in 29 genes that were differentially regulated in blast-TBI participants compared to controls. Up-regulated genes included epithelial cell transforming sequence and zinc finger proteins, which are necessary for astrocyte differentiation following injury. Tensin-1, which has been implicated in neuronal recovery in pre-clinical TBI models, was down-regulated in blast-TBI participants. Protein ubiquitination genes, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, were also down-regulated and identified as the central regulators in the gene network determined by interaction pathway analysis. Conclusion: In this study, we identified a gene-expression pathway of delayed neuronal recovery in military personnel a blast-TBI and chronic symptoms. Future work is needed to determine if therapeutic agents that regulate these pathways may provide novel treatments for chronic blast-TBI-related symptoms.","Gene-expression, Military, Post-concussive disorder, Traumatic brain injury","Heinzelmann, M., Reddy, S. Y., French, L. M., Wang, D., Lee, H., Barr, T., Baxter, T., Mysliwiec, V., Gill, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2335,Posttraumatic stress symptom clusters associations with psychopathology and functional impairment,"We examined posttraumatic stress symptom clusters associations with psychopathology and functional impairment in 899 Norwegian survivors of the 2004 South-East Asia tsunami six months post-disaster. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) with intrusion, avoidance, and hyper-arousal subscales. For criterion variables, we used 10 indicators of psychopathology and functional impairment, e.g. having mental health problems, seeing mental health professionals, and use of medication or sick leave. Hyper-arousal had stronger correlations than avoidance with all criterion variables (p values < 0.001) and stronger correlations than intrusion with seven of the 10 criterion variables (p values < 0.01). Also, intrusion had stronger correlations than avoidance with seven of 10 criterion variables (p values < 0.05). Thus, our findings indicate that symptoms of hyper-arousal may be more closely linked to psychopathology and functional impairment than other symptoms of posttraumatic stress following a sudden onset, short duration, natural disaster event. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Natural disasters, Post-traumatic stress, PTSD conceptualization, PTSD criteria","Heir, T., Piatigorsky, A., Weisæth, L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2336,Hallmarks of posttraumatic stress: Symptom Z-scores in a tsunami-affected tourist population,"Background: To date, little research has been published on the prominence of the various psychiatric symptoms that result from exposure to a natural disaster. In our study of stress-related symptoms among Norwegian tourists who were repatriated after the 2004 southeast Asian tsunami, we evaluated to what extent symptom scores differed between individuals who were exposed to the disaster and those who were not. Methods: Participants (n = 899) completed a questionnaire via post 6 months after the disaster. The participants were categorized according to their level of exposure to the disaster: danger exposed (caught or chased by the waves), nondanger exposed (other disaster-related stressors) and not exposed. Symptoms were assessed by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS-10), and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). We used z-transformation of symptom scores (Z-scores) to evaluate the extent to which symptom scores among disaster-exposed individuals differed from those in the nonexposed reference group. Results: The IES-R revealed the greatest differences between nonexposed and disaster-exposed individuals. Hyperarousal was the most prominent symptom cluster that related to disaster exposure, followed by intrusion and then avoidance. Symptoms of anxiety, social dysfunction, withdrawal, somatization and feelings of guilt were more closely linked to exposure than were symptoms of depression. Conclusions: Our results indicate that symptoms of hyperarousal may be more closely linked to acute exposure to a natural disaster such as a tsunami than other symptoms of psychological distress. Copyright (copyright) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.","adult, aged, anxiety, article, avoidance behavior, clinical feature, controlled study, depression, disaster, distress syndrome, female, General Health Questionnaire, guilt, human, hyperactivity, Impact of Events Scale, male, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, Norway, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic symptom scale, psychologic assessment, psychological rating scale, psychosocial withdrawal, scoring system, social disability, somatization, tourism, tsunami","Heir, T., Sandvik, L., Weisaeth, L.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2337,Hallmarks of posttraumatic stress: Symptom Z-scores in a tsunami-affected tourist population,"Background: To date, little research has been published on the prominence of the various psychiatric symptoms that result from exposure to a natural disaster. In our study of stress-related symptoms among Norwegian tourists who were repatriated after the 2004 southeast Asian tsunami, we evaluated to what extent symptom scores differed between individuals who were exposed to the disaster and those who were not. Methods: Participants (n = 899) completed a questionnaire via post 6 months after the disaster. The participants were categorized according to their level of exposure to the disaster: danger exposed (caught or chased by the waves), nondanger exposed (other disaster-related stressors) and not exposed. Symptoms were assessed by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS-10), and the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). We used z-transformation of symptom scores (Z-scores) to evaluate the extent to which symptom scores among disaster-exposed individuals differed from those in the nonexposed reference group. Results: The IES-R revealed the greatest differences between nonexposed and disaster-exposed individuals. Hyperarousal was the most prominent symptom cluster that related to disaster exposure, followed by intrusion and then avoidance. Symptoms of anxiety, social dysfunction, withdrawal, somatization and feelings of guilt were more closely linked to exposure than were symptoms of depression. Conclusions: Our results indicate that symptoms of hyperarousal may be more closely linked to acute exposure to a natural disaster such as a tsunami than other symptoms of psychological distress. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Natural disasters, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological stress","Heir, T., Sandvik, L., Weisæth, L.",2009.0,,,0,0,2336
2338,Elucidating posttraumatic stress symptom profiles and their correlates among women experiencing bidirectional intimate partner violence,"Objective: This study employed latent class analysis to identify profiles of women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) based on the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Method: Self-report data from a sample of 369 women experiencing bidirectional IPV was used. Results: A 3-class solution comprising low, moderate, and high PTSD severity profiles best fit the data. Profiles were differentially related to whether IPV victimization was considered traumatic (PTSD criterion A); whether functioning was impaired as a result of PTSD symptoms (PTSD criterion F); whether the woman met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD; depression symptom severity; and severity of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV victimization and use of IPV. An extremely high percentage of women in the high (96%) and moderate (88%) severity classes experienced functional impairment, although many did not meet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Conclusions: Findings support the need for interventions individually tailored to one's treatment needs based on the nature of one's traumatic stressor and the impact of PTSD on daily functioning.","Domestic violence, Intimate partner violence, PTSD, Substance use depression, Traumatic stress, ""Womens aggression""","Hellmuth, J. C., Jaquier, V., Swan, S. C., Sullivan, T. P.",,,,0,0,
2339,Elucidating posttraumatic stress symptom profiles and their correlates among women experiencing bidirectional intimate partner violence,"OBJECTIVE: This study employed latent class analysis to identify profiles of women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) based on the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. METHOD: Self-report data from a sample of 369 women experiencing bidirectional IPV was used. RESULTS: A 3-class solution comprising low, moderate, and high PTSD severity profiles best fit the data. Profiles were differentially related to whether IPV victimization was considered traumatic (PTSD criterion A); whether functioning was impaired as a result of PTSD symptoms (PTSD criterion F); whether the woman met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD; depression symptom severity; and severity of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV victimization and use of IPV. An extremely high percentage of women in the high (96%) and moderate (88%) severity classes experienced functional impairment, although many did not meet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the need for interventions individually tailored to one's treatment needs based on the nature of one's traumatic stressor and the impact of PTSD on daily functioning.","Ptsd, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, substance use, depression, traumatic stress, ""womens aggression""","Hellmuth, J. C., Jaquier, V., Swan, S. C., Sullivan, T. P.",2014.0,Oct,10.1002/jclp.22100,0,0,2338
2340,"Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, alcohol misuse, and women's use of intimate partner violence","Exploring how PTSD and alcohol misuse relate to women's use of intimate partner violence (IPV) is vital to develop our understanding of why some women may engage in IPV, which can serve to maximize intervention efforts for women. This study examined the extent to which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters are directly and indirectly related to women's use of IPV through pathways involving alcohol misuse while controlling for severity of women's IPV victimization. The sample was comprised of substance-using, low socioeconomic status community women (N = 143) currently experiencing IPV victimization. The majority of the sample was African American (n = 115, 80.42%). This sample had an average annual household income of $14,368.68 (SD = $12,800.68) and the equivalent of a high school education (11.94 years, SD = 1.32). Path analyses indicated that the strongest statistical relationship emerged between women's use of IPV and women's IPV victimization. PTSD reexperiencing and numbing symptom severity was related to women's use of psychological, minor physical, and severe physical IPV; however, these relationships were indirect through alcohol misuse. Findings lend preliminary support for the application of the self-medication hypothesis to the study of PTSD, alcohol misuse, and IPV among women. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Hellmuth, J. C., Jaquier, V., Young-Wolff, K., Sullivan, T. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2341,"Modeling PTSD Symptom Clusters, Alcohol Misuse, Anger, and Depression as They Relate to Aggression and Suicidality in Returning U.S. Veterans","Suicidal ideation and aggression are common correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. The existing literature has established a strong link between these factors, but a more nuanced understanding of how PTSD influences them is needed. The current study examined the direct and indirect relationships between PTSD symptom clusters and suicidal ideation in general aggression (without a specified target) regarding depression, alcohol misuse, and trait anger. Participants were 359 (92% male) U.S. Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. Path analysis results suggested that the PTSD numbing cluster was directly (β = 28, p < .01) and indirectly (β = 17, p = 001) related through depression. The PTSD hyperarousal cluster was indirectly related to suicidal ideation through depression (β = 13, p < .001). The PTSD reexperiencing cluster was directly related to aggression (β = 17, p < .05), whereas the PTSD numbing and hyperarousal clusters were indirectly related to aggression through trait anger (β = 05, p < .05; β = 20, p < .001). These findings indicate that adjunct treatments aimed at stabilizing anger, depression, and alcohol misuse may help clinicians ameliorate the maladaptive patterns often observed in veterans. These results also point to specific manifestations of PTSD and co-occurring conditions that may inform clinicians in their attempts to identify at risk veterans and facilitate preventative interventions.",,"Hellmuth, J. C., Stappenbeck, C. A., Hoerster, K. D., Jakupcak, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2342,Habituation to stress and dexamethasone suppression in rats with selective basal forebrain cholinergic lesions,"Previous studies suggest a role for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in enhancing the inhibitory influence of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on glucocorticoid stress responses mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. An inhibitory action of the basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) system may occur through facilitation of stress-related information processing and maintenance of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression and negative feedback signaling in these target regions. The current study investigated the possibility that BFC input to the hippocampus contributes to habituation of the glucocorticoid response following repeated exposure to a stressor. Cholinergic lesions were made by microinjections of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band, and 3 weeks later rats were subjected to six daily sessions of restraint stress. Blood samples taken before, during and after acute stress revealed a significant increase in peak activation and protracted elevation of corticosterone in cholinergic lesioned rats. After 5 days of repeated stress, however, both groups habituated to the stressor, as indicated by similarly low corticosterone profiles throughout both the response and recovery period. Against that habituated background, rats were administered a dexamethasone challenge on day 6, so that feedback status could be examined. Dexamethasone-induced suppression of endogenous corticosterone before, during, and after stress was significantly attenuated in lesioned rats. The profile of dysfunction in glucocorticoid regulation after selective cholinergic lesions in young animals may be relevant to the adrenocortical hyperactivity and negative feedback deficits seen in conditions such as normal aging and Alzheimer's dementia, in which integrity of the basal forebrain cholinergic system is compromised. (copyright) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","corticosterone, d 1756, dexamethasone, glucocorticoid, immunoglobulin G, immunotoxin, saporin, acute stress disorder, adrenal cortex, aging, Alzheimer disease, animal experiment, animal tissue, attenuation, cholinergic activity, cholinergic stimulation, controlled study, corticosterone blood level, corticosterone release, dexamethasone suppression test, diagonal band of Broca, exposure, forebrain, habituation, hippocampus, hormonal regulation, hyperactivity, male, microinjection, negative feedback, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, review, septum pellucidum","Helm, K. A., Ziegler, D. R., Gallagher, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2343,Acute posttraumatic stress symptoms but not generalized anxiety symptoms are associated with severity of exposure to war trauma: A study of civilians under fire,"Posttraumatic stress (PTSS) and generalized anxiety symptoms (GAS) may ensue following trauma. While they are now thought to represent different psychopathological entities, it is not clear whether both GAS and PTSS show a dose-response to trauma exposure. The current study aimed to address this gap in knowledge and to investigate the moderating role of subjects' demographics in the exposure-outcome associations. The sample included 249 civilian adults, assessed during the 2014 Israel-Gaza military conflict. The survey probed demographic information, trauma exposure, and symptoms. PTSS but not GAS was associated with exposure severity. Women were at higher risk for both PTSS and GAS than men. In addition, several demographic variables were only associated with PTSS levels. PTSS dose-response effect was moderated by education. These findings are in line with emerging neurobiological and cognitive research, suggesting that although PTSS and GAS have shared risk factors they represent two different psychopathological entities. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Buffers, Demography, GAD, PTSD, Risk factors, Violence","Helpman, L., Besser, A., Neria, Y.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.001,0,0,
2344,Posttraumatic Symptom Structure Across Age Groups,"The applicability of diagnostic criteria of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to the pediatric population has been a focus of much debate (e.g., Carrion, Weems, Ray, & Reiss, 2002), informing changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). The current study examined the factor structure of posttraumatic distress among adult versus pediatric samples using confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis was performed on the DSM-IV-adherent Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (Foa, Cashman, Jaycox, & Perry, 1997) and Child Posttraumatic Symptom Scale (Foa, Johnson, Feeny, & Treadwell, 2001). The sample included 378 adult and 204 child and adolescent victims of diverse single-event traumas. A series of models based on previous findings and DSM-IV specification were evaluated. A 4-factor model (Intrusions, Avoidance, Dysphoria, and Hyperarousal), similar to the DSM-5 model, best fit the data among adults, and a different 4-factor model (Intrusion, Avodiance, Numbing, and Hyperarousal) best fit the data among children and adolescents. Despite some similarity, the posttraumatic symptom profiles of pediatric and adult samples may differ. These differences are not fully incorporated into the DSM-5, and warrant further examination. © 2014 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Helpman, L., Rachamim, L., Aderka, I. M., Gabai-Daie, A., Schindel-Allon, I., Gilboa-Schechtman, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2345,The Norwegian version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL): Construct validity in a community sample of 2004 tsunami survivors,"Background: The PTSD Checklist (PCL) is a widely used self-administered measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and it has been validated in a variety of languages and cultures. Aim: Evaluate the diagnostic validity of the Norwegian version of a specific PCL (PCL-S) for detecting PTSD in epidemiological research. Methods: Participants were severely exposed Norwegian survivors from the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami. Of 75 individuals asked to participate, 63 responded (84%). PTSD was assessed by PCL-S and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). These instruments were compared to evaluate the diagnostic validity of the PCL. We used two different scoring methods to diagnose PTSD based on PCL. The first method was based on the dichotomized sum score (cut-off ≥ 50) and the second was based on the flowchart method following DSM-IV symptom criteria. Area under the curve (AUC), Cohen's kappa, sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the agreement between the PCL and SCID-I. Results: According to the clinical interview, 11.3% of the participants met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The two scoring methods of PCL-S revealed similar results: according to both methods, 14.5% were categorized with PTSD. AUC was 0.98 (95% CI 0.931.00). For Cohen's kappa, the agreement was 0.71. Sensitivity was 0.86 and specificity 0.95. Agreement between PCL and SCID-I investigated for each of the three symptom clusters of PTSD and for the 17 individual items showed mostly a moderate to substantial agreement. Conclusions: The Norwegian version of the PCL-S performed well as a diagnostic instrument for detecting PTSD in epidemiological research. © 2012 Informa Healthcare.","Disaster, Epidemiology, PCL Norwegian version, PTSD Checklist, Tsunami","Hem, C., Hussain, A., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Heir, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2346,Building primary care practitioners' attitudes and confidence in mental health skills in a post-conflict society: A Cambodian example,"Our program attempted to integrate community mental health in primary care settings in Cambodia and to evaluate the effects of training on local providers. The training program underwent an extensive evaluation to determine its impact on the mental health knowledge, confidence in performing medical and psychiatric procedures, skills and attitudes of its trainees. One hundred four Cambodian primary care practitioners (PCPs) were trained in a primary care setting in Siem Reap, Cambodia, over a 2-year period. There was a significant improvement in PCPs' confidence in all clusters of medical and psychiatric procedures (counseling, medical evaluation, prescribing medications, psychiatric diagnosis, assessing risk for violence, traditional treatments, and treating trauma victims) comparing baseline to posttraining and baseline to 2-year follow-up (p < 0.05). Only confidence in prescribing psychotropic medications improved from posttraining to 2-year follow-up. This study supports the feasibility of training PCPs in a culturally effective manner in a postconflict society. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Categories of emotional distress, Confidence, Depression, Folk diagnosis, Primary care practitioners (PCPS), Psychiatric symptoms","Henderson, D. C., Mollica, R. F., Tor, S., Lavelle, J., Culhane, M. A., Hayden, D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2347,Validation of the Purdue Post-traumatic Stress Scale on a sample of Vietnam veterans,"Conducted testing to validate the Purdue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PPS) for use as a measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from combat stress experienced by Vietnam veterans. The PPS is a quick, easily administered, measure of psychological reactions to a traumatic event. 133 Vietnam veterans (aged 39-57 yrs) were administered the PPS, the Impact of Event Scale, the Abusive Violence Scale, and the Combat Exposure Scale. The PPS demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency. The PPS also demonstrated construct validity through significant correlations with the other measures of combat experience and residual psychological distress, and through a factor analysis yielding 3 factors. These factors were arousal, avoidance, and the global perception of distress. Results support further use of the PPS as a research instrument for assessing the long-term impact of a traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rating Scales, *Test Validity","Hendrix, Charles C., Anelli, Lisa M., Gibbs, Jinnifer P., Fournier, David G.",1994.0,,,0,0,
2348,"""Validation of the Purdue Post-traumatic Stress Scale on a sample of Vietnan veterans"": Erratum","Reports an error in the original article by C. Hendrix et al (Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1994[Apr], Vol 7[2], 311-318). On page 312, the Purdue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale was incorrectly referenced. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 81:35787.) Conducted testing to validate the Purdue Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PPS) for use as a measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from combat stress experienced by Vietnam veterans. The PPS is a quick, easily administered, measure of psychological reactions to a traumatic event. 133 Vietnam veterans (aged 39-57 yrs) were administered the PPS, the Impact of Event Scale, the Abusive Violence Scale, and the Combat Exposure Scale. The PPS demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency. The PPS also demonstrated construct validity through significant correlations with the other measures of combat experience and residual psychological distress, and through a factor analysis yielding 3 factors. These factors were arousal, avoidance, and the global perception of distress. Results support further use of the PPS as a research instrument for assessing the long-term impact of a traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rating Scales, *Test Validity","Hendrix, Charles C., Anelli, Lisa M., Gibbs, Jinnifer P., Fournier, David G.",1995.0,,,0,0,
2349,Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims,"AIM: To evaluate how the type of trauma is related to specific symptom patterns in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. METHODS: A total of 136 PTSD patients exposed to war-related traumatic experiences were divided in four groups: 79 veterans, 18 former prisoners (who witnessed or were subject to torture or frequent assaults), 15 victims of rape, and 24 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Each group was homogenous in regard to traumatic experiences. RESULTS: Significant inter-group differences were found in symptoms listed in the DSM-IV criteria, and under criteria C (avoidance) and D (arousal). No such differences were observed in symptoms listed under criterion B (intrusive symptoms). The results indicate that stressor characteristics may play a role not only in the variety of symptoms exhibited, but particularly in the number of avoidance and arousal symptoms. Victims of rape tended to present with more avoidance symptoms and fewer hyperarousal symptoms, whereas former prisoners and veterans tended to report more hyperarousal symptoms. Rape victims and former prisoners also reported more symptoms than the other groups. CONCLUSION: There is a strong indication that stressor characteristics influence the variety and number of exhibited intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. More research is needed to precisely define individual symptom dimensions possibly relating to particular stressor characteristics. Additional studies are needed to determine whether PTSD, as it is currently defined in the DSM-IV, is really a homogenous diagnostic category.","Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cluster Analysis, Croatia, Female, Humans, Male, Rape/psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*etiology, Torture/psychology, *War","Henigsberg, N., Folnegovic-Smalc, V., Moro, L.",2001.0,Oct,,0,0,
2350,Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims,"Aim. To evaluate how the type of trauma is related to specific symptom patterns in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. Methods. A total of 136 PTSD patients exposed to war-related traumatic experiences were divided in four groups: 79 veterans, 18 former prisoners (who witnessed or were subject to torture or frequent assaults), 15 victims of rape, and 24 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Each group was homogenous in regard to traumatic experiences. Results. Significant inter-group differences were found in symptoms listed in the DSM-IV criteria, and under criteria C (avoidance) and D (arousal). No such differences were observed in symptoms listed under criterion B (intrusive symptoms). The results indicate that stressor characteristics may play a role not only in the variety of symptoms exhibited, but particularly in the number of avoidance and arousal symptoms. Victims of rape tended to present with more avoidance symptoms and fewer hyperarousal symptoms, whereas former prisoners and veterans tended to report more hyperarousal symptoms. Rape victims and former prisoners also reported more symptoms than the other groups. Conclusion. There is a strong indication that stressor characteristics influence the variety and number of exhibited intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. More research is needed to precisely define individual symptom dimensions possibly relating to particular stressor characteristics. Additional studies are needed to determine whether PTSD, as it is currently defined in the DSM-IV, is really a homogenous diagnostic category.","Biological psychiatry, Classification, Combat disorders, Diagnostic techniques and procedures, Military psychiatry, Prisoners, Psychiatric diagnosis, Psychiatric status rating scales, Rape, Stress disorders, post-traumatic, War","Henigsberg, N., Folnegović-Šmalc, V., Moro, L.",2001.0,,,0,0,2349
2351,Meta-analysis of risk factors for secondary traumatic stress in therapeutic work with trauma victims,"Revisions to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) clarify that secondary exposure can lead to the development of impairing symptoms requiring treatment. Historically known as secondary traumatic stress (STS), this reaction occurs through repeatedly hearing the details of traumatic events experienced by others. Professionals who work therapeutically with trauma victims may be at particular risk for this exposure. This meta-analysis of 38 published studies examines 17 risk factors for STS among professionals indirectly exposed to trauma through their therapeutic work with trauma victims. Small significant effect sizes were found for trauma caseload volume (r = .16), caseload frequency (r = .12), caseload ratio (r = .19), and having a personal trauma history (r = .19). Small negative effect sizes were found for work support (r = -.17) and social support (r = -.26). Demographic variables appear to be less implicated although more work is needed that examines the role of gender in the context of particular personal traumas. Caseload frequency and personal trauma effect sizes were moderated by year of publication. Future work should examine the measurement of STS and associated impairment, understudied risk factors, and effective interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Health Personnel, Therapeutic Processes","Hensel, Jennifer M., Ruiz, Carlos, Finney, Caitlin, Dewa, Carolyn S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2352,Identification and Prediction of Distress Trajectories in the First Year After a Breast Cancer Diagnosis,"Objective: In this article, we aim to (a) identify distinct trajectories of psychological distress in the first year after a breast cancer diagnosis in women treated with adjuvant therapy and (b) explore possible predictors of these trajectories, that is, demographic, medical, and personal characteristics. Method: The 171 patients were assessed after diagnosis, after surgery, after adjuvant treatment, in the reentry phase, and in the (short-term) survivorship phase (2 and 6 months after the end of treatment, respectively). Main Outcome Measure: Psychological distress was assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Results: There were four trajectories of distress: a group that experienced no distress (36.3%), a group that experienced distress only in the active treatment phase (33.3%), a group that experienced distress in the reentry and survivorship phase (15.2%), and a group that experienced chronic distress (15.2%). Personality and physical complaints resulting from adjuvant treatment could distinguish the distress trajectories. Mastery was the only unique predictor. Conclusion: Most patients were not distressed in response to breast cancer or only temporarily so. Yet, a minority of patients became or remained distressed after the end of treatment. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","breast cancer, personal control, psychological adjustment, psychological distress, trajectories","Henselmans, I., Helgeson, V. S., Seltman, H., de Vries, J., Sanderman, R., Ranchor, A. V.",2010.0,,,0,1,
2353,Problems in statistical analysis of attrition in randomized controlled clinical trials of antidepressant for geriatric depression,,,"Heo, M., Leon, A. C., Meyers, B. S., Alexopoulos, G. S.",2007.0,,10.2174/157340007781369694,0,0,
2354,Post-traumatic stress disorder in serious accidental injury: 3-year follow-up study,"Background: Long-term data on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following accidents are scarce. Aims: To assess and predict PTSD in people 3 years after severe accidental injury. Method: Severely injured patients were recruited consecutively from the intensive care unit (n=121 and assessed within 1 month of the trauma. Follow-up interviews were conducted 6 months, 12 months and 36 months later; 90 patients participated in all four interviews. Symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Results: Post-traumatic stress disorder was diagnosed in 6% of patients 2 weeks after the accident, in 2% after 1 year and in 4% after 3 years. Robust predictors of later PTSD symptom level were intrusive symptoms shortly after the accident and biographical risk factors. There were individual changes over time between the categories PTSD, sub-threshold PTSD and no PTSD. Whereas PTSD symptom severity was low or decreased for most of the patients, some of them showed an increase or a delayed onset. Patients with persisting PTSD symptoms at 6 months and patients with delayed onset of symptoms are at risk of long-term PTSD. Conclusions: The prevalence of PTSD was low over the whole period of 3 years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Disease Course, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Accidents, Injuries, Symptoms","Hepp, Urs, Moergeli, Hanspeter, Buchi, Stefan, Bruchhaus-Steinert, Helke, Kraemer, Bernd, Sensky, Tom, Schnyder, Ulrich",2008.0,,,0,0,
2355,Metabolic syndrome: Relative risk associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and antipsychotic medication use,"Background: In recent years, numerous lines of converging evidence have revealed an association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and impaired physical health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Although these findings have been interpreted as indicating a direct association of PTSD with metabolic syndrome and obesity, previous studies have not addressed the important confound of antipsychotic drug usage in this population. Second generation antipsychotic medications themselves are associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity, and it is unclear whether the common utilization of these drugs in PTSD may account for some if not all of the observed metabolic problems. Objective: The present study examined the relative contributions of PTSD severity and use of antipsychotic medications to risk of metabolic syndrome among veterans. Method: Cross-sectional clinical data, including five factors representing metabolic syndrome, psychiatric diagnoses, and medications were gathered from 253 veterans enrolling in mental health services. We used a logistic regression model to measure the relative association of antipsychotic medication use and PTSD severity on risk of metabolic syndrome. Results: We found that antipsychotic medication usage was not uniquely associated with elevated risk of metabolic syndrome (Wald = 0.30, ns) when PTSD severity and other sociodemographic, psychiatric, and behavioral variables were accounted for. Furthermore, PTSD severity continued to be a significant and unique predictor of risk for metabolic syndrome (Wald = 4.04, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that chronic and moderately severe PTSD, independent of antipsychotic medications, is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Metabolic Syndrome, *Neuroleptic Drugs, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), Military Veterans","Heppner, Pia S., Lohr, James B., Kash, Taylor P., Jin, Hua, Wang, Hongjun, Baker, Dewleen G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2356,The World Trade Center disaster and the health of workers: Five-year assessment of a unique medical screening program,"Background: Approximately 40,000 rescue and recovery workers were exposed to caustic dust and toxic pollutants following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC). These workers included traditional first responders, such as firefighters and police, and a diverse population of construction, utility, and public sector workers. Methods: To characterize WTC-related health effects, the WTC Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program was established. This multicenter clinical program provides free standardized examinations to responders. Examinations include medical, mental health, and exposure assessment questionnaires; physical examinations; spirometry; and chest X rays. Results: Of 9,442 responders examined between July 2002 and April 2004, 69% reported new or worsened respiratory symptoms while performing WTC work. Symptoms persisted to the time of examination in 59% of these workers. Among those who had been asymptomatic before September 11, 61% developed respiratory symptoms while performing WTC work. Twenty-eight percent had abnormal spirometry; forced vital capacity (FVC) was low in 21%; and obstruction was present in 5%. Among nonsmokers, 27% had abnormal spirometry compared with 13% in the general U.S. population. Prevalence of low FVC among nonsmokers was 5-fold greater than in the U.S. population (20% vs. 4%). Respiratory symptoms and spirometry abnormalities were significantly associated with early arrival at the site. Conclusion: WTC responders had exposure-related increases in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function test abnormalities that persisted up to 2.5 years after the attacks. Long-term medical monitoring is required to track persistence of these abnormalities and identify late effects, including possible malignancies. Lessons learned should guide future responses to civil disasters.","Air pollution, Disaster response, Occupational lung disease, Pulmonary function, September 11, Spirometry, World Trade Center","Herbert, R., Moline, J., Skloot, G., Metzger, K., Baron, S., Luft, B., Markowitz, S., Udasin, I., Harrison, D., Stein, D., Todd, A., Enright, P., Stellman, J. M., Landrigan, P. J., Levin, S. M.",2006.0,,10.1289/ehp.9592,0,0,
2357,Assessment of PTSD symptoms in a community exposed to serial murder,,,"Herkov, M. J., Biernat, M.",1997.0,,10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199712)53:8<809::AID-JCLP4>3.0.CO;2-A,0,0,
2358,Adult memories of childhood trauma: A naturalistic clinical study,"The clinical evaluations of 77 adult psychiatric outpatients reporting memories of childhood trauma were reviewed. A majority of patients reported some degree of continuous recall. Roughly half (53%) said they had never forgotten the traumatic events. Two smaller groups described a mixture of continuous and delayed recall (17%) or a period of complete amnesia followed by delayed recall (16%). Patients with and without delayed recall did not differ significantly in the proportions reporting corroboration of their memories from other sources. Idiosyncratic, trauma-specific reminders and recent life crises were most commonly cited as precipitants to delayed recall. A previous psychotherapy was cited as a factor in a minority (28%) of cases. By contrast, intrusion of new memories after a period of amnesia was frequently cited as a factor leading to the decision to seek psychotherapy. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the role of psychotherapy in the process of recovering traumatic memories.","adult, article, battered child syndrome, child abuse, family violence, female, human, major clinical study, male, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, recall, sexual abuse","Herman, J. L., Harvey, M. R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2359,Trajectories of life satisfaction five years after medical discharge for traumatically acquired disability,"Objectives: We studied the predictive impact of family satisfaction, marital status, and functional impairment on the trajectories of life satisfaction over the first 5 years following medical treatment for traumatic spinal cord injury, burns, or interarticular fractures (total N = 662). It was anticipated that fewer functional impairments, being married, and greater family satisfaction would predict higher life satisfaction trajectories. Method: The Functional Independence Measure, the Family Satisfaction Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Index were administered 12, 24, 48, and 60 months postdischarge. Results: Trajectory modeling revealed that greater functional impairment significantly predicted lower life satisfaction, regardless of injury type. However, this association diminished when marital status and family satisfaction were entered into the models. Greater family satisfaction and being married predicted greater life satisfaction across time. Moreover, there was no evidence for increases in life satisfaction trajectories over time: Trajectories were stable across time for all injury groups. Conclusions: Results suggest that being married and greater family satisfaction promote life satisfaction among those who traumatically acquire disability, and these beneficial effects may be more salient than the degree of functional impairment imposed by the condition. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Burns, Family, Life satisfaction, Spinal cord injury, Trauma","Hernandez, C. L., Elliott, T. R., Berry, J. W., Underhill, A. T., Fine, P. R., Lai, M. H. C.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0035887,0,0,
2360,Presentation and prevalence of PTSD in a bipolar disorder population: A STEP-BD examination,"Background Co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses have a negative impact on quality of life and change the presentation and prognosis of bipolar disorder (BD). To date, comorbidity research on patients with BD has primarily focused on co-occurring anxiety disorders and trauma history; only recently has there been a specific focus on co-occurring PTSD and BD. Although rates of trauma and PTSD are higher in those with bipolar disorder than in the general population, little is known about differences across bipolar subtypes. Methods Using the NIMH STEP-BD dataset (N=3158), this study evaluated whether there were baseline differences in the prevalence of PTSD between participants with bipolar disorder I (BDI) and bipolar disorder II (BDII), using the MINI and the Davidson Trauma Scale. Differences in PTSD symptom clusters between patients with BDI and BDII were also evaluated. Results A significantly greater proportion of participants with BDI had co-occurring PTSD at time of study entry (Χ2(1)=12. 6; p&lt;.001). BDI and BDII subgroups did not significantly differ in re-experiencing, avoidance, or arousal symptoms. Limitations The analysis may suggest a correlational relationship between PTSD and BD, not a causal one. Further, it is possible this population seeks treatment more often than individuals with PTSD alone. Finally, due to the episodic nature of BD and symptom overlap between the two disorders, misdiagnosis is possible. Conclusions PTSD may be more prevalent in patients with BDI. However, the symptom presentation of PTSD appears similar across BD subtypes. Individuals should be thoroughly assessed for co-occurring diagnoses in an effort to provide appropriate treatment. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Anxiety/anxiety disorders, Assessment/diagnosis, Bipolar disorder, PTSD","Hernandez, J. M., Cordova, M. J., Ruzek, J., Reiser, R., Gwizdowski, I. S., Suppes, T., Ostacher, M. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2361,Trial of trazodone for posttraumatic stress disorder using a multiple baseline group design,"Six patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) entered a multiple-baseline trial of trazodone, beginning with 50 mg/day and increasing to 400 mg/day until response was maximal. Total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores decreased from a mean of 92 at baseline to 79 at endpoint, and self-reported PTSD symptoms as measured by the Davidson Trauma Scale paralleled these results (mean of 102 at baseline to 88 at endpoint). Based on clinician global improvement scores, four patients were rated as much improved and two were rated to be minimally improved. Improvement in social and occupational functioning, and depression was minimal. Available follow-up scores for PTSD symptoms indicated that gains were maintained. Sleep was the first symptom to improve at 2 to 3 months. No dropouts during the treatment period occurred, and reported side effects were quite low. These preliminary data suggest that trazodone may be effective in reducing the three primary clusters of symptoms of PTSD. These findings should be confirmed by using a larger sample in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.",,"Hertzberg, M. A., Feldman, M. E., Beckham, J. C., Davidson, J. R. T.",1996.0,,,0,0,
2362,Open trial of nefazodone for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Because of its ability to block 5-HT2 receptors postsynaptically and inhibit 5-HT reuptake presynaptically and/or its enhancement of sleep quality, nefazodone may be useful for symptom management in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Method: Ten patients with combat-related DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) entered an open- label 12-week trial of nefazodone with a 4-week follow-up, beginning with 100 mg/day and increasing as necessary to achieve a maximal response or until reaching a maximum dosage of 600 mg/day. Results: Nefazodone was well tolerated, and no significant changes in sexual function were reported. Based on Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scores, all 10 patients were rated as much improved. All PTSD symptoms (except self-reported PTSD reexperiencing symptoms), sleep, and clinician-rated depression significantly improved at week 12. At follow-up, significant changes were maintained, and self-reported PTSD reexperiencing symptoms had also significantly improved. Effect sizes for all changed symptoms were moderate to large at week 12 and at follow-up. Self-reported and clinician-rated anger significantly improved. Self-reported depression failed to improve. Improvement in social and occupational functioning was minimal. Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that nefazodone may be effective in reducing the 3 primary PTSD symptom clusters and may be particularly helpful in improving sleep and decreasing anger.",,"Hertzberg, M. A., Feldman, M. E., Beckham, J. C., Moore, S. D., Davidson, J. R. T.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2363,Quality of life and its predictors in adolescents after general traumatic injury,"Background: Injury is a leading cause of morbidity in adolescents in the United States, with almost 4 million 12- to 18-year olds experiencing non-fatal injury in 2009 alone. As survival rates improved, negative psychosocial outcomes were noted, including reduced health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Several variables have been investigated for association with worse HRQOL outcomes. However, no study has reported on the broader construct of quality of life (QOL) in this setting. The current project studied QOL in adolescents after general traumatic injury, specifically investigating whether it differed from a comparison group or changed over the year after injury. Factors potentially associated with poorer QOL outcomes were also evaluated, as they might serve as potential targets for intervention. Method: One-hundred eight 12- to 18-year-olds admitted to a level 1 trauma center after injury participated in this prospective cohort study with a population-based sampling frame. Data were collected within 30 days of injury and 2, 5, and 12 months after injury. The comparison sample was 116 12- to 18-year-olds without disability, mental health diagnosis or chronic illness. Adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSS), depressive symptoms, traumatic or stressful life events and parental PTSS were all considered for potential relationship to adolescent QOL. Analyses included descriptive statistics, paired comparisons, ANOVAs, mixed-model and linear regression and mediation analysis. Results: In general, injured adolescents reported normative QOL at injury and 2 months later and significantly better QOL at 5 and 12 months after injury. However, posttraumatic stress disorder was associated with significantly poorer QOL, and those with a higher number of postinjury traumatic or stressful life events had poorer QOL 1 year after injury. Depressive symptoms were also significantly correlated with lower QOL. Parental PTSS did not mediate the relationship between adolescent PTSS and QOL. Conclusions: Findings suggest points of intervention to improve QOL after adolescent injury. They further highlight a need for close communication between trauma center staff and primary care practitioners as well as education for primary providers. Future directions include attention to preinjury mental health and family functioning, investigations with younger children, and longer follow-up. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Injuries, *Quality of Life, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Morbidity, Health, Intervention, Stress","Herz, Susanne Pelley Martin",2012.0,,,0,0,
2364,"Hierarchical convergence of PTSD symptom clusters: A comparison of the numbing, dysphoria, and dysphoric arousal models of PTSD","Previous research has found support for 3 intercorrelated models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the Numbing model (King, Leskin, King, & Weathers, 1998), the Dysphoria model (Simms, Watson, & Doebbelling, 2002), and the Dysphoric Arousal model (Elhai et al., 2011). Researchers have not yet examined whether the symptom clusters represented by these 3 models would converge together in the same manner at the second-order level. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of 1- and 2-factor hierarchical structures for each of the 3 PTSD models. Two large samples (total N = 3,178) of college students who reported a traumatic event completed a measure of PTSD. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that Elhai et al.'s (2011) Dysphoric Arousal model fit the data best at the first-order, intercorrelated level. Examination of the fit of the hierarchical structures showed important differences among the models: the Numbing model fit a 2-factor second-order structure more efficiently than it fit a single-factor hierarchical structure, whereas the Dysphoria model was better explained at the second-order level by a single-factor, General PTSD structure. The Dysphoric Arousal model showed poor fit statistics with both the 1- and 2-factor hierarchical structures, suggesting that Elhai et al.'s (2011) model does not fit either the General PTSD representation or a 2-factor hierarchical conception of PTSD. The differences in fit of the 3 models at the hierarchical level have implications for the measurement, theoretical understanding, and treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","Hetzel-Riggin, Melanie D., Harbke, Colin R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2365,"Trauma Type and Gender Effects on PTSD, General Distress, and Peritraumatic Dissociation","This study examined the independent and interaction effects of trauma type and gender on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general psychopathology, and peritraumatic dissociation. We assessed 1,503 college students (58.3% female) who experienced a natural disaster, loss of a loved one, or interpersonal violence. Interpersonal violence survivors, those with multiple trauma histories, and women reported more PTSD symptoms, general psychopathology, and peritraumatic dissociation than other trauma group survivors, single trauma group survivors, and men. A trauma type by gender interaction was identified for peritraumatic dissociation. The results are discussed within the context of clinical practice and assessment. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","dissociation, gender, mental health, PTSD, trauma","Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., Roby, R. P.",2013.0,,10.1080/15325024.2012.679119,0,0,
2366,Psychological effects on children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict in a rural area of Colombia,"Psychological effects were determined in 284 children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict in a rural area of Colombia, selected through random sampling proportional allocation. The instruments applied were: The Child Behavior Checklist, the Youth Behavior Self-report, the Trauma Symptoms Checklist for Children, the Coping Scale for Adolescents and the Resilience Scale for School Children. Findings showed that 72% of the population suffers from psychological problems, 64.4 from internalizing behavior and 47% from externalizing behavior within clinical range. It was also found that 32% had somatic problems, 56% were at risk for PTSD and 93% had moderate alcohol consumption. The most frequently used coping strategy was to leave things get fixed by themselves. There was a high need for health care. Being male constituted a risk factor for depression, aggression and social problems in children. In turn, being up to12 years old and a student of a lower grade were risk factors for somatic symptoms in adolescents. Results clearly revealed the impact on mental health of the population under study.","Adolescents, Children, Externalizing behaviors, Internalizing behaviors, Risk factors","Hewitt Ramírez, N., Gantiva Díaz, C. A., Vera Maldonado, A., Cuervo Rodríguez, M. P., Nelly Liliam, H. O., Juárez, F., Parada Baños, A. J.",2014.0,,10.14718/ACP.2014.17.1.9,0,0,
2367,The many presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical examination of theoretical possibilities,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been a controversial diagnosis, with concerns including the sheer number of possible minimal diagnostic combinations (1,750), increasing to >10,000 theoretical possibilities in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) proposals. This study examined whether the theoretical combinations postulated actually occur in a large sample of military personnel. The design of the study was a retrospective examination of PTSD checklists from 3,810 participants who, based on scores, endorsed symptoms consistent with probable PTSD. Combinations of PTSD Checklist- Civilian Version (PCL-C) symptom clusters were identified using data from active-duty military personnel who completed the 2005 and the 2008 Department of Defense (DoD) Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel Survey. The study examined (a) occurrence of combinations, (b) unique minimum combinations, (c) most frequent combinations, and (d) replication of symptom combinations and clusters. The PCL-C scores showed 1,837 unique scoring combinations, 83.5% (1,533/1,837) of the observed unique scoring combinations occurred just once. The most frequently occurring combination (17/17 endorsed) accounted for 955 participants (25.1%), the second most frequent (16/17 endorsed) accounted for 75 participants (2.0%). PTSD most often presented as a unique constellation of symptom clusters, either capturing symptoms while allowing for considerable variability in its presentation, reflecting different severities of the disorder, or raising concerns about the classification itself, and any future classification that Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-V) might develop. © The Author(s) 2013.","Healthcare survey, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Hickling, E. J., Barnett, S. D., Gibbons, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2368,"Effects of attribution of responsibility for motor vehicle accidents on severity of PTSD symptoms, ways of coping, and recovery over six months",,,"Hickling, E. J., Blanchard, E. B., Buckley, T. C., Taylor, A. E.",1999.0,,10.1023/A:1024784711484,0,0,
2369,Traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary investigation of neuropsychological test results in PTSD secondary to motor vehicle accidents,"Investigated the effect of traumatic brain injury on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The neuropsychological functioning of 38 motor vehicle accident victims who met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD (mean age 36.4 yrs) was compared with that of 69 motor vehicle accident victims who did not (mean age 36.0 yrs), on a battery of cognitive tests sensitive to the effects of concussion. Results showed that Ss were mainly female, with a higher proportion of females rather than males meeting the criteria for PTSD. Ss who had lost consciousness during their motor vehicle accident had greater impairment on speed dependent tests and delayed recall of verbal material. Ss who suffered traumatic brain injury were also found to have developed PTSD as often as those who had not reported traumatic brain injury. The results lend further credence to the hypothesis that PTSD can develop in individuals who have an organically-based amnesia for the traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Neuropsychological Assessment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Survivors","Hickling, E. J., Gillen, R., Blanchards, E. B., Buckleys, T., Taylors, A.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2370,Impact of chronic critical illness on the psychological outcomes of family members,"The uncertain trajectory of chronic critical illness exposes the patient's family to heightened levels of psychological distress. Symptoms of psychological distress affect more than half of family members exposed to the patient's chronic critical illness. Although symptoms often dissipate over time, a significant proportion of family members will remain at moderate to high risk for psychological distress well after the patient's death or discharge from the intensive care unit. Family members of chronically critically ill patients are often involved in the decision making for the patients. Irrational or uninformed decision making can occur when family members experience high levels of psychological distress. Attention to the psychological needs and provision of support to family members enhance the formulation of treatment decisions consistent with the patient's preferences and mitigate unnecessary resource use. In this article, the impact of chronic critical illness on family members' risk for depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder is described and a review of evidence-based strategies to support the psychological needs of family members coping with a patient's chronic critical illness is provided.",,"Hickman Jr, R. L., Douglas, S. L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2371,"Validating female psychopathy subtypes: Differences in personality, antisocial and violent behavior, substance abuse, trauma, and mental health","Recent empirical investigations utilizing male prisoners have begun to validate clinical conceptualizations of primary and secondary psychopathy subtypes. We extended this literature by identifying similar psychopathic subtypes in female prisoners on the basis of personality structure using model-based cluster analysis. Secondary psychopaths (n = 39) were characterized by personality traits of negative emotionality and low behavioral constraint, an early onset of antisocial and criminal behavior, greater substance use and abuse, more violent behavior and institutional misconduct, and more mental health problems, including symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts. Primary psychopaths (n = 31) exhibited few distinguishing personality features but were prolific criminals especially in regards to nonviolent crime, and exhibited relatively few mental health problems despite substantial exposure to traumatic events. The results support alternative etiological pathways to antisocial and criminal behavior that are evident in personality structure as well as gender similarities and differences in the manifestation of psychopathic personalities. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","addiction, analysis of variance, antisocial behavior, antisocial personality disorder, article, Bayes theorem, classification, cluster analysis, crime, female, female prisoners, female psychopathy, human, male, mental health service, offender, onset age, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, psychological aspect, psychological model, psychopathy subtypes, sexual development, socioeconomics, statistics, suicide attempt, utilization review, validation study, violence","Hicks, B. M., Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2372,Profiles of women who have mental retardation with and without a documented history of abuse,"Thirty-six women with mental retardation were divided into two groups on the basis of whether they had a documented history of abuse during the preceding 5 years. The women with this history were more likely than the women with no documented history of abuse to be employing passive/avoidant decision-making strategies, reporting higher levels of stress, having dual diagnoses, be receiving counseling, and relying on others to go out into the community. We recommend that special attention be paid to designing interventions that are tailored to the specific needs of these women. © American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.",,"Hickson, L., Khemka, I., Golden, H., Chatzistyli, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2373,Nefazodone in post-traumatic stress disorder: Results from six open-label trials,"Nefazodone, an antidepressant,which blocks serotonin (5-HT)2 receptors and 5-HT reuptake, was evaluated in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in six open-label studies involving both civilians and combat veterans. Our objective was to report this available pooled data to characterize the response of this drug in PTSD. Specifically, we looked at response rates using three different criteria, the effect of nefazodone on each PTSD cluster and individual symptoms and, lastly, variables that might predict response. One hundred and five outpatients with chronic PTSD were treated with nefazodone titrated up to 600 mg/day, 92 of whom were entered in an intent to treat analysis. We used the percentage drop in score between baseline and endpoint on main scale as a common measure to evaluate outcome. The response criterion of a drop in score of at least 30%, 40% and 50% revealed response rates of 46, 36 and 26%, respectively. Nefazodone showed a broad spectrum of action on PTSD symptoms. This profile might make nefazodone a useful drug to treat PTSD. Predictors of response include age, sex and trauma type, Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials in PTSD are in progress to assess the utility of nefazodone as a treatment in this disorder.","antidepressant agent, nefazodone, article, clinical trial, female, human, male, meta analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, soldier","Hidalgo, R., Hertzberg, M. A., Mellman, T., Petty, F., Tucker, P., Weisler, R., Zisook, S., Chen, S., Churchill, E., Davidson, J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2374,The role of alcohol misuse in PTSD outcomes for women in community treatment: a secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma Study,"BACKGROUND: Individuals with comorbid substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder may differentially benefit from integrated trauma-focused interventions based on specific presenting characteristics such as substance use type and PTSD severity. The current study is a secondary analysis of a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study exploring the effectiveness of two interventions for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. METHOD: Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of baseline alcohol misuse with PTSD outcome measures over time for all randomized participants. RESULTS: Women entering treatment with baseline alcohol misuse had higher Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS-SR) total scores (t=2.43, p<.05), cluster C (avoidance/numbing) scores (t=2.63, p<.01), and cluster D (hyper-arousal) scores (t=2.31, p<.05). For women with alcohol misuse, after treatment week 1, PSS-SR scores were significantly lower in the Seeking Safety intervention during treatment (chi(2)(1)=4.00, p<.05) and follow-up (chi(2)(1)=4.87, p<.05) compared to those in the health education intervention. Alcohol misusers in the Seeking Safety group who had higher baseline hyper-arousal severity improved more quickly than those with lower baseline hyper-arousal severity during treatment (chi(2)(1)=4.06, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the type of substance abuse at treatment entry may inform treatment selection, predict treatment response among those with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders, and indicate a more severe clinical picture.","Alcoholism/*complications/psychology, Chi-Square Distribution, *Cognitive Therapy, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Female, Humans, National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.), Patient Education as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/complications/psychology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, United States","Hien, D. A., Campbell, A. N., Ruglass, L. M., Hu, M. C., Killeen, T.",2010.0,Sep 1,10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.011,0,0,
2375,The role of alcohol misuse in PTSD outcomes for women in community treatment: A secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma Study,"Background: Individuals with comorbid substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder may differentially benefit from integrated trauma-focused interventions based on specific presenting characteristics such as substance use type and PTSD severity. The current study is a secondary analysis of a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study exploring the effectiveness of two interventions for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Method: Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of baseline alcohol misuse with PTSD outcome measures over time for all randomized participants. Results: Women entering treatment with baseline alcohol misuse had higher Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS-SR) total scores (t = 2.43, p < .05), cluster C (avoidance/numbing) scores (t = 2.63, p < .01), and cluster D (hyper-arousal) scores (t = 2.31, p < .05). For women with alcohol misuse, after treatment week 1, PSS-SR scores were significantly lower in the Seeking Safety intervention during treatment ( 2(1) = 4.00, p < .05) and follow-up (2(1) = 4.87, p < .05) compared to those in the health education intervention. Alcohol misusers in the Seeking Safety group who had higher baseline hyper-arousal severity improved more quickly than those with lower baseline hyper-arousal severity during treatment (2(1) = 4.06, p < .05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the type of substance abuse at treatment entry may inform treatment selection, predict treatment response among those with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders, and indicate a more severe clinical picture. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Human Females","Hien, Denise A., Campbell, Aimee N. C., Ruglass, Lesia M., Hu, Mei-Chen, Killeen, Therese",2010.0,,,0,0,2374
2376,The role of alcohol misuse in PTSD outcomes for women in community treatment: A secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma Study,"Background: Individuals with comorbid substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder may differentially benefit from integrated trauma-focused interventions based on specific presenting characteristics such as substance use type and PTSD severity. The current study is a secondary analysis of a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study exploring the effectiveness of two interventions for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Method: Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of baseline alcohol misuse with PTSD outcome measures over time for all randomized participants. Results: Women entering treatment with baseline alcohol misuse had higher Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS-SR) total scores (t=2.43, p<.05), cluster C (avoidance/numbing) scores (t=2.63, p<.01), and cluster D (hyper-arousal) scores (t=2.31, p<.05). For women with alcohol misuse, after treatment week 1, PSS-SR scores were significantly lower in the Seeking Safety intervention during treatment ((chi)2(1)=4.00, p<.05) and follow-up ((chi)2(1)=4.87, p<.05) compared to those in the health education intervention. Alcohol misusers in the Seeking Safety group who had higher baseline hyper-arousal severity improved more quickly than those with lower baseline hyper-arousal severity during treatment ((chi)2(1)=4.06, p<.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the type of substance abuse at treatment entry may inform treatment selection, predict treatment response among those with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders, and indicate a more severe clinical picture. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","adult, alcohol abuse, article, cluster analysis, cognitive therapy, community care, comorbidity, controlled study, disease association, disease severity, female, follow up, human, major clinical study, outcome assessment, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, randomization, rating scale, scoring system, Seeking Safety Treatment","Hien, D. A., Campbell, A. N. C., Ruglass, L. M., Hu, M. C., Killeen, T.",2010.0,,,0,0,2374
2377,Attendance and substance use outcomes for the Seeking Safety program: sometimes less is more,"OBJECTIVE: This study uses data from the largest effectiveness trial to date on treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders, using advances in statistical methodology for modeling treatment attendance and membership turnover in rolling groups. METHOD: Women receiving outpatient substance abuse treatment (N = 353) were randomized to 12 sessions of Seeking Safety or a health education control condition. Assessments were completed at baseline and at 1 week, 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. Outcome measures were alcohol and cocaine use in the prior 30 days captured using the Addiction Severity Index. Latent class pattern mixture modeling (LCPMM) was used to estimate attendance patterns and to test for treatment effects within and across latent attendance patterns and group membership turnover. RESULTS: Across LCPMM analyses for alcohol and cocaine use, similar treatment attendance patterns emerged: Completers never decreased below an 80% probability of attendance, droppers never exceeded a 41% probability of attendance, and titrators demonstrated a 50% to 80% probability of attendance. Among completers, there were significant decreases in alcohol use from baseline to 1-week posttreatment, followed by nonsignificant increases in alcohol during follow-up. No differences between treatment conditions were detected. Titrators in Seeking Safety had lower rates of alcohol use from 1-week through 12-month follow-up compared with control participants. Droppers had nonsignificant increases in alcohol during both study phases. Cocaine use findings were similar but did not reach significance levels. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of client self-modulation of treatment dosage and group membership composition may influence behavioral treatment outcomes among this population.","Adult, Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications/psychology/therapy, Cognitive Therapy/*methods, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Patient Compliance/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Patient Dropouts/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Patient Education as Topic/*methods/statistics & numerical data, Psychotherapy, Group/*methods, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/complications/psychology/*therapy, Substance-Related Disorders/complications/psychology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome","Hien, D. A., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Campbell, A. N., Saavedra, L. M., Wu, E., Cohen, L., Ruglass, L., Nunes, E. V.",2012.0,Feb,10.1037/a0026361,0,0,
2378,Attendance and substance use outcomes for the Seeking Safety program: Sometimes less is more,"Objective: This study uses data from the largest effectiveness trial to date on treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders, using advances in statistical methodology for modeling treatment attendance and membership turnover in rolling groups. Method: Women receiving outpatient substance abuse treatment (N = 353) were randomized to 12 sessions of Seeking Safety or a health education control condition. Assessments were completed at baseline and at 1 week, 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. Outcome measures were alcohol and cocaine use in the prior 30 days captured using the Addiction Severity Index. Latent class pattern mixture modeling (LCPMM) was used to estimate attendance patterns and to test for treatment effects within and across latent attendance patterns and group membership turnover. Results: Across LCPMM analyses for alcohol and cocaine use, similar treatment attendance patterns emerged: Completers never decreased below an 80% probability of attendance, droppers never exceeded a 41% probability of attendance, and titrators demonstrated a 50% to 80% probability of attendance. Among completers, there were significant decreases in alcohol use from baseline to 1-week posttreatment, followed by nonsignificant increases in alcohol during follow-up. No differences between treatment conditions were detected. Titrators in Seeking Safety had lower rates of alcohol use from 1-week through 12-month follow-up compared with control participants. Droppers had nonsignificant increases in alcohol during both study phases. Cocaine use findings were similar but did not reach significance levels. Conclusions: The impact of client self-modulation of treatment dosage and group membership composition may influence behavioral treatment outcomes among this population. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","attendance patterns, latent class pattern mixture models, posttraumatic stress disorder, rolling group, substance use disorders","Hien, D. A., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Campbell, A. N. C., Saavedra, L. M., Wu, E., Cohen, L., Ruglass, L., Nunes, E. V.",2012.0,,,0,0,2377
2379,Promising treatments for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders on alcohol outcomes: Context matters,"Recent advances in evidence-based practices (EBP) for traumatic stress among those with substance comorbidity raise critically important corollary questions involving how to translate EBPs into community settings. This presentation uses secondary analyses from the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Clinical Trials Network nullWomen and Traumanull Study to highlight contextual elements impacting outcomes. This study is the largest randomized, multi-site trial comparing group therapy treatment outcomes for 353 women randomized Seeking Safety (SS) or Health Education (WHE). Statistical methods (Latent Class Pattern Mixture Modeling (LCPMM)) that account for group turnover and context revealed differential outcomes for SS across AA/NA attendance over one year posttreatment: those who attended AA/NA derived significant benefits from SS versus WHE, whereas those who did not attend AA/NA revealed no benefits. Further meditational analyses using LCPMM revealed a significant impact of SS compared to WHE on alcohol use mediated by decreasing PTSD symptoms. Findings underscore significant benefits of trauma-focused therapy on alcohol outcomes, but only when contextual factors such as other kinds of treatments received over the study period and the specific functional relationships between PTSD symptoms and substance outcomes are considered. These findings provide strong support for personalized approaches accounting for individual differences in treatment matching.","alcohol, human, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, female, substance abuse, alcoholism, injury, therapy, evidence based practice, comorbidity, community, secondary analysis, national health organization, group therapy, treatment outcome, safety, health education, statistical analysis, model, turnover time, alcohol consumption, clinical trial (topic)","Hien, D. A., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Saavedra, L. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2380,Clinical presentation of PTSD in World War II combat veterans,"Clinicians have increasingly recognized posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam veterans, but the disorder may be easily overlooked among World War II combat veterans. The authors review recent studies of PTSD in older veterans and describe five cases that illustrate the diverse clinical presentations of PTSD in this population. Symptoms included anxiety, cognitive and somatic complaints, depression, alcohol dependence, and amnestic periods. Despite the varied presentations, a fairly consistent patient profile emerged. Patients avoided reminders of war, showed an exaggerated startle response, and experienced restless sleep and chronic anxiety. Factors associated with exacerbations of symptoms were retirement and reminders of war experiences. Although past studies have emphasized resuppression of the trauma, the authors encourage a flexible approach to treatment, including exploratory techniques.","adult, aged, alcoholism, anxiety, clinical article, cognition, depression, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, restlessness, review, sleep disorder, startle reflex, war","Hierholzer, R., Munson, J., Peabody, C., Rosenberg, J.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2381,Catecholamine responses to virtual combat: Implications for post-traumatic stress and dimensions of functioning,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms can result in functional impairment among service members (SMs), even in those without a clinical diagnosis. The variability in outcomes may be related to underlying catecholamine mechanisms. Individuals with PTSD tend to have elevated basal catecholamine levels, though less is known regarding catecholamine responses to trauma-related stimuli. We assessed whether catecholamine responses to a virtual combat environment impact the relationship between PTSD symptom clusters and elements of functioning. Eighty-seven clinically healthy SMs, within 2 months after deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan, completed self-report measures, viewed virtual-reality (VR) combat sequences, and had sequential blood draws. Norepinephrine responses to VR combat exposure moderated the relationship between avoidance symptoms and scales of functioning including physical functioning, physical-role functioning, and vitality. Among those with high levels of avoidance, norepinephrine change was inversely associated with functional status, whereas a positive correlation was observed for those with low levels of avoidance. Our findings represent a novel use of a virtual environment to display combat-related stimuli to returning SMs to elucidate mind-body connections inherent in their responses. The insight gained improves our understanding of post-deployment symptoms and quality of life in SMs and may facilitate enhancements in treatment. Further research is needed to validate these findings in other populations and to define the implications for treatment effectiveness. © 2015 Highland, Costanzo, Jovanovic, Norrholm, Ndiongue, Reinhardt, Rothbaum, Rizzo and Roy.","Functional status, Norepinephrine, Posttraumatic stress, PTSD, Virtual reality","Highland, K. B., Costanzo, M. E., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Ndiongue, R. B., Reinhardt, B. J., Rothbaum, B., Rizzo, A. A., Roy, M. J.",2015.0,,10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00256,0,0,
2382,Contributions of individual differences in stress reactivity to post-traumatic stress disorder vulnerability and resilience,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an anxiety disorder precipitated by exposure to extreme emotional and/or physical stress, is characterized by persistent, intrusive memories of the precipitating trauma. Thus, the pathogenesis of PTSD has been conceptualized as involving a deficit in consolidation mechanisms underlying the extinction of fear memory. The mechanisms underlying this deficit have not been elucidated. In addition to intrusive memories, patients with PTSD display heightened sensitivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axis to glucocorticoid negative feedback. As glucocorticoids are important modulators of memory consolidation, increased sensitivity to HPA negative feedback, by blunting glucocorticoid responses, may contribute to memory-related symptoms in PTSD patients. Emerging evidence in human patients suggests that the observed heightened negative feedback sensitivity in PTSD patients represents a marker of susceptibility to developing PTSD, rather than an effect of exposure to trauma, but this hypothesis has not been tested in animal studies. We examined individual differences in HPA responsiveness in rats displaying low (LR) and high (HR) locomotor responses to novelty. LR rats exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors and less motility as compared to HR rats. HR rats displayed larger increases in corticosterone in response to restraint stress as compared to LR rats. LR and HR rats were subjected to contextual fear conditioning in order to examine consolidation, incubation, and extinction effects. LR rats exhibited increased freezing time and a reduction in the ability to extinguish fear memory as compared to HR rats. Additional animals were measured for acoustic startle prior to and following exposure the animal PTSD-model single-prolonged stress. LR rats subjected to a SPS exhibited a small increase in freezing indicative. HR rats expressed slightly lower levels of startle amplitude for most conditions, suggestive of habituation between trials. Overall, LR rats provide a working model to examine how individual differences in the HPA axis stress response play a role in the formation of PTSD-like behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety, *Stress, *Memory Consolidation, Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis, Individual Differences, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Phosphodiesterase","Hill, Jonathan Edward",2014.0,,,0,0,
2383,Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Trajectories in Parents of Children Exposed to Motor Vehicle Collisions,"OBJECTIVE: Following child trauma, parents are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), either owing to their direct involvement or from hearing of their child's involvement. Despite the potential impact of a parent's development of PTSD on both the parent and child, little is known about what may place a parent at increased risk. METHOD: PTSD symptoms were assessed </=4 weeks, 6 months, and 3 years post-trauma, along with a range of potential risk factors, in a sample of parents of 2-10-year-old children who were involved in a motor vehicle collision. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Two symptom trajectories were identified: Those parents whose symptoms remained low across all time points and those whose symptoms remained elevated at 6 months post-trauma and declined by 3 years. Subjective threat, thought suppression, and maladaptive cognitions about damage to the child were identified as key predictors of poorer outcomes.","family functioning, longitudinal research, parents, posttraumatic stress, risk.","Hiller, R. M., Halligan, S. L., Ariyanayagam, R., Dalgleish, T., Smith, P., Yule, W., Glucksman, E., Watson, P., Meiser-Stedman, R.",2016.0,Jan,10.1093/jpepsy/jsv068,1,1,
2384,"Cognition and depression: The effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, reconsidered","Cognitive impairment is a primary feature of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is characterised by stress-induced neural atrophy. Via alpha-adrenergic, anti-cholinergic and anti-histaminic activities, several antidepressants can cause significant counter-therapeutic cognitive impairment. Evidence is emerging of the involvement of sigma-1 receptor agonism in the mechanism of action of some antidepressants, notably fluvoxamine. Sigma-1 receptors are abundant in areas affected by depression/stress-induced cerebral atrophy and their ligands have a unique pharmacological profile; they may promote neurogenesis and initiate adaptive neural plasticity as a protection/ reaction to stress. Fluvoxamine, as a potent sigma-1 receptor agonist, has shown ameliorating effects in animal models of psychosis, depression, stress, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and aggression and has been shown to improve cognitive impairments. In humans, fluvoxamine may repair central nervous system (CNS) atrophy and restore cognitive function. The current review explores the mechanisms through which sigma-1 receptors can modulate cognitive function and examines how antidepressant therapy with fluvoxamine may help improve cognitive outcomes in patients with depression. Copyright (copyright) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","cutamesine, 2 4 methoxy 3 (2 phenylethoxy)phenyl n,n dipropylethylamine, antidepressant agent, fluvoxamine, nerve growth factor, paroxetine, sertraline, sigma 1 opiate receptor, aggression, Alzheimer disease, amnesia, amygdaloid nucleus, anticholinergic effect, anxiety, anxiety disorder, behavior change, binding affinity, bipolar disorder, brain atrophy, brain size, calcium mobilization, cell membrane, cerebellum, chronic stress, cingulate gyrus, clinical trial, cognition, cognitive defect, concentration loss, confusion, decision making, depression, disease association, dose response, endoplasmic reticulum, epilepsy, fear, gray matter, head injury, hippocampus, human, incidence, intelligence quotient, learning disorder, major depression, mitochondrion, nerve cell plasticity, nervous system development, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuroprotection, neurotransmission, nonhuman, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, obsessive compulsive disorder, positron emission tomography, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, problem solving, psychomotor retardation, psychosis, putamen, remission, review, schizophrenia, single drug dose, stress, suicide, temporal cortex, treatment outcome","Hindmarch, I., Hashimoto, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2385,Use of art therapy with post-traumatic stress disordered veteran clients,"1. The post-traumatic stress disordered veteran client may exhibit a cluster of problematic behaviors that are integral to current maladaptive coping patterns. 2. These coping patterns can be successfully addressed through a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach that emphasizes client-controlled expression of emotions and client-focused step-by-step behavior modification. 3. Art therapy and nursing, in a collaborative approach, can facilitate individual and group interventions that promote expression of feelings, congruency between experience and self-concept, and feelings of effectiveness in behavioral change.","adaptive behavior, art therapy, article, human, male, multimodality cancer therapy, nursing, nursing assessment, nursing diagnosis, patient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychotherapy, veteran","Hines-Martin, V. P., Ising, M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
2386,Panic disorder among Vietnamese refugees attending a psychiatric clinic: Prevalence and subtypes,"This study surveys Vietnamese refugees attending two psychiatric clinics to determine both the prevalence of panic disorder (PD) as well as panic attack subtypes in those suffering PD. A culturally valid adaptation of the SCID-panic module (the Vietnamese Panic Disorder Survey or VPDS) was administered to 100 Vietnamese refugees attending two psychiatric clinics. Utilizing culturally sensitive panic probes, the VPDS provides information regarding both the presence of PD and panic attack subtypes during the month prior to interview. Of 100 patients surveyed, 50 (50%) currently suffered PD. Among the 50 patients suffering PD, the most common panic attack subtypes during the previous month were the following: 'orthostatic dizziness' (74% of the 50 panic disorder patients [PDPs]), headache (50% of PDPs), wind-induced/temperature-shift-induced (24% of PDPs), effort-induced (18% of PDPs), gastro-intestinal (16% of PDPs), micturition-induced (8% of PDPs), out-of-the-blue palpitations (24% of PDPs), and out-of-the-blue shortness of breath (16% of PDPs). Five mechanisms are adduced to account for this high PD prevalence as well as the specific profile of subtypes: 1) a trauma-caused panic attack diathesis; 2) trauma-event cues; 3) ethnic differences in physiology; 4) catastrophic cognitions generated by cultural syndromes; and 5) a modification of Clark's spiral of panic. Copyright (copyright) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.","adult, article, cognition, cultural factor, dyspnea, ethnic difference, exercise, female, gastrointestinal symptom, headache, heart palpitation, human, injury, major clinical study, male, mental hospital, micturition, panic, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychologic test, rating scale, refugee, standing, symptomatology, temperature, vertigo, Viet Nam, wind","Hinton, D., Chau, H., Nguyen, L., Nguyen, M., Pham, T., Quinn, S., Tran, M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2387,The Khmer 'weak heart' syndrome: Fear of death from palpitations,"According to the Khmer conception, a person suffering 'weak heart' (khsaoy beh daung) has episodes of palpitations on slight provocation (e.g. triggered by orthostasis, anger, a noise, worry, an odor or exercise) and runs the risk of dying of heart arrest during these periods of palpitations; too, the sufferer typically has other symptoms attributed to the purported cardiac dysfunction: fatigue, shortness of breath, and orthostatic dizziness. Many Khmer refugees suffer this cultural syndrome, an anxious-dysphoria ontology, most probably of French colonial provenance. The syndrome demonstrates considerable overlap with those Western illness categories that feature panic attacks, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder. In a psychiatric clinic survey, 60 percent (60/100) of those assessed believed themselves to currently suffer 'weak heart'; 90 percent (54/60) of those considering themselves to suffer from 'weak heart' thought that palpitations (e.g., those resulting from a loud noise or orthostasis) might result in death. The article illustrates the profoundly culturally constructed nature of 'cardiac sensations,' located in a specific historical trajectory and episteme; too, the article suggests that trauma may result more in panic disorder than 'PTSD' when autonomic arousal symptoms (in the present case, palpitations) are considered potentially life-threatening.","Khmer refugees, Panic attacks, Panic disorder, PTSD, Trauma","Hinton, D., Hinton, S., Um, K., Chea, A., Sak, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2388,Idioms of distress among trauma survivors: Subtypes and clinical utility,"In this introduction to the Special Issue on Trauma and Idioms of Distress, we provide an overview of the concept and typology of ""idioms of distress,"" focusing particularly on their clinical utility. This includes the role of idioms as indicators of trauma exposure, of various types of psychopathology and of levels of distress, risk and functioning. It likewise includes the fact that idioms of distress may profoundly influence the personal meaning of having a trauma-related disorder, may shape the interpersonal course of the disorder and may pattern help-seeking and self-treatment. Finally, it illustrates the fact that idioms may also help clinicians understand sufferers' views of the causes of their distress, constitute key therapeutic targets and help increase therapeutic empathy and treatment adherence. This special issue focuses on the role played by idioms of distress in the local trauma ontology, the associations between the idioms and psychiatric disorders occurring in the context of trauma and the mechanisms by which the idioms profoundly influence the personal and interpersonal course of trauma-related disorders. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.","Clinical utility, Cultural syndromes, Idioms of distress, PTSD, Trauma","Hinton, D. E., Lewis-Fernández, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2389,Loving-Kindness in the treatment of traumatized refugees and minority groups: A typology of mindfulness and the nodal network model of affect and affect regulation,"This article discusses how loving-kindness can be used to treat traumatized refugees and minority groups, focusing on examples from our treatment, culturally adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CA-CBT). To show how we integrate loving-kindness with other mindfulness interventions and why loving-kindness should be an effective therapeutic technique, we present a typology of mindfulness states and the Nodal Network Model (NNM) of Affect and Affect Regulation. We argue that mindfulness techniques such as loving-kindness are therapeutic for refugees and minority populations because of their potential for increasing emotional flexibility, decreasing rumination, serving as emotional regulation techniques, and forming part of a new adaptive processing mode centered on psychological flexibility. We present a case to illustrate the clinical use of loving-kindness within the context of CA-CBT. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Acceptance, Cross-cultural, Meditation, Mindfulness, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Hinton, D. E., Ojserkis, R. A., Jalal, B., Peou, S., Hofmann, S. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2390,Normal Grief and Complicated Bereavement Among Traumatized Cambodian Refugees: Cultural Context and the Central Role of Dreams of the Dead,"This article profiles bereavement among traumatized Cambodian refugees and explores the validity of a model of how grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interact in this group to form a unique bereavement ontology, a model in which dreams of the dead play a crucial role. Several studies were conducted at a psychiatric clinic treating Cambodian refugees who survived the Pol Pot genocide. Key findings included that Pol Pot deaths were made even more deeply disturbing owing to cultural ideas about ""bad death"" and the consequences of not performing mortuary rites; that pained recall of the dead in the last month was common (76 % of patients) and usually caused great emotional and somatic distress; that severity of pained recall of the dead was strongly associated with PTSD severity (r =.62); that pained recall was very often triggered by dreaming about the dead, usually of someone who died in the Pol Pot period; and that Cambodians have a complex system of interpretation of dreams of the deceased that frequently causes those dreams to give rise to great distress. Cases are provided that further illustrate the centrality of dreams of the dead in the Cambodian experiencing of grief and PTSD. The article shows that not assessing dreams and concerns about the spiritual status of the deceased in the evaluation of bereavement results in ""category truncation,"" i.e., a lack of content validity, a form of category fallacy. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Cambodia, Complicated bereavement, Grief, Mass trauma, PTSD","Hinton, D. E., Peou, S., Joshi, S., Nickerson, A., Simon, N. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2391,"Acceptance and Mindfulness Techniques as Applied to Refugee and Ethnic Minority Populations With PTSD: Examples From ""Culturally Adapted CBT""","In this article we illustrate how we utilize acceptance and mindfulness techniques in our treatment (Culturally Adapted CBT, or CA-CBT) for traumatized refugees and ethnic minority populations. We present a Nodal Network Model (NNM) of Affect to explain the treatment's emphasis on body-centered mindfulness techniques and its focus on psychological flexibility. We explain the definition of mindfulness that guides our treatment, and we outline a typology of mindfulness states and show how many of the techniques in our treatment can be analyzed by these categories. We argue that acceptance and mindfulness are therapeutic for refugees and minority populations for several reasons. These include their increasing psychological flexibility, decreasing somatic distress, decreasing rumination, serving as emotion regulation techniques, decreasing the attentional bias to threat, and forming part of a new adaptive processing mode (which in CA-CBT centers on psychological flexibility). We describe the specific ways we teach acceptance and mindfulness with Latino and Southeast Asian refugee populations and present case examples of the treatment of a traumatized Latino and Cambodian patient. © 2011.","Acceptance, Cross-cultural, Mindfulness, PTSD","Hinton, D. E., Pich, V., Hofmann, S. G., Otto, M. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2392,Anxiety sensitivity in traumatized Cambodian refugees: A discriminant function and factor analytic investigation,"We examined the psychometric properties and factor structure of a Cambodian translation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and an Augmented ASI (the ASI supplemented with a 9-item addendum that assesses additional Cambodian concerns about anxiety-related sensations). Both the ASI and the Augmented ASI distinguished among three diagnostic groups: highest score, PTSD with panic disorder (PP group); next, panic disorder without PTSD (P group); and then, other disorders than PTSD or panic disorder (O group). In the discriminant function analysis using the Augmented ASI, the best classificatory predictor (PP vs. P vs. O) was an Addendum item (""It scares me when I stand up and feel dizzy""). The principal component analysis (oblimin rotation) of the ASI yielded a 3-factor solution (I, Weak Heart Concerns; II, Control Concerns; III, Social Concerns) and of the Augmented ASI, a 4-factor solution (I, Weak Heart Concerns; II, Control Concerns; III, Wind Attack Concerns; IV, Social Concerns). The item clustering within the factor solution of both the ASI and Augmented ASI illustrates the role of cultural syndromes in generating fear of mental and bodily events. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, anxiety disorder, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, article, Cambodia, controlled study, discriminant analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, principal component analysis, psychologic test, psychometry, refugee, scoring system","Hinton, D. E., Pich, V., Safren, S. A., Pollack, M. H., McNally, R. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2393,"Anger, PTSD, and the nuclear family: A study of Cambodian refugees","This study profiles the family-directed anger of traumatized Cambodian refugees, all survivors of the Pol Pot genocide (1975-1979), who were patients at a psychiatric clinic in Lowell, MA, USA. We focus on the nuclear family (NF) unit, the NF unit defined as the patient's ""significant other"" (i.e. spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend) and children. Survey data were collected from a convenience sample of 143 Cambodian refugee patients from October 2006 to August 2007. The study revealed that 48% (68/143) of the patients had anger directed toward a NF member in the last month, with anger directed toward children being particularly common (64 of the 143 patients, or 49% [64/131] of the patients with children). NF-type anger was severe, for example, almost always resulting in somatic arousal (e.g., causing palpitations in 91% [62/68] of the anger episodes) and often in trauma recall and fears of bodily dysfunction. Responses to open-ended questions revealed the causes of anger toward a significant other and children, the content of anger-associated trauma recall, and what patients did to gain relief from anger. A type of cultural gap, namely, a linguistic gap (i.e., the parent's lack of English language skills and the child's lack of Khmer language skills), seemingly played a role in generating conflict and anger. NF-type anger was associated with PTSD presence. The effect of anger on PTSD severity resulted in part from anger-associated trauma recall and fears of bodily dysfunction, with 54% of the variance in PTSD severity explained by that regression model. The study: 1) suggests that among traumatized refugees, family-related anger is a major clinical concern; 2) illustrates how family-related anger may be profiled and investigated in trauma-exposed populations; and 3) gives insights into how family-related anger is generated in such populations. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Acculturation, Anger, Cambodian refugees, Catastrophic cognitions, Family, PTSD, USA","Hinton, D. E., Rasmussen, A., Nou, L., Pollack, M. H., Good, M. J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2394,"The ""Thinking a Lot"" Idiom of Distress and PTSD: An Examination of Their Relationship among Traumatized Cambodian Refugees Using the ""Thinking a Lot"" Questionnaire","""Thinking a lot"" (TAL)-also referred to as ""thinking too much""-is a key complaint in many cultural contexts, and the current article profiles this idiom of distress among Cambodian refugees. The article also proposes a general model of how TAL generates various types of distress that then cause PTSD-type psychopathology, a model we refer to as the TAL-PTSD model. As tested in this Cambodian refugee sample, the model is supported by the following: (1) the close connection of TAL to PTSD as shown by odds ratio (OR = 19.6), correlation (r =86), and factor loading; and (2) the mediation of most of the effect of TAL on PTSD by TAL-caused somatic symptoms, catastrophic cognitions, trauma recall, insomnia, and irritability. The questionnaire used in the present study is provided and can be used to examine TAL in other cultural and global contexts to advance the study of this commonly encountered distress form. [idioms of distress, ""thinking a lot,"" ""thinking too much,"" Cambodian refugees, PTSD] © 2015 American Anthropological Association.",,"Hinton, D. E., Reis, R., de Jong, J.",2015.0,,10.1111/maq.12204,0,0,
2395,Analysis of psychodynamic interventions in the treatment of a child diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder,"A search of the psychoanalytic literature for support of evidence-based treatments for children with PTSD favored cognitive-behavioral approaches over supportive and expressive psychodynamically-informed treatments. This study attempted to provide a possible model for the use of a psychodynamically-informed case study. One child was selected to study. The child was previously in treatment with this writer for four years. Over the course of roughly three months, pre-treatment measures were taken. The child's teacher completed the Child Behavior Checklist Teacher Report Form (CBCL-TRF) (Achenbach, 1966) and the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPCC) (Harter, 1985). The measures were repeated at the conclusion of the study. Three sessions were videotaped roughly one month apart from one another and coded using the Child Play Therapy Instrument: Adaptation for Trauma Research (CPTI-ATR) (Chazan & Cohen, 2003). While the child's self esteem rose as measured by the SPCC in several areas, his levels of acting out behaviors and depression as measured by the CBCL-TRF increased. According to the CPTI-ATR, the child used play activity adaptively and had fewer regressions during his play activity. This is not an outcome study as the treatment is ongoing. It is a process study of how on one level symptoms have not changed significantly as yet. However, on another level, the domain of play, a window has opened on a process of change. Behavioral changes may be dependent upon situational changes. More research is needed to understand the process underlying supportive and expressive psychodynamically-informed treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children. Specifically, future studies should follow the course of treatment over a longer period of time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Analysis, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodynamics, *Treatment, Diagnosis, Stress","Hirose, Scott D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2396,On the viability of ptsd checklist (PCL) short form use: analyses from mississippi gulf coast hurricane katrina survivors,"One measure commonly used to assess posttraumatic stress disorder is the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Lang and Stein (2005) extracted 4 subsets of PCL items, validating 2 of them for possible use in screening in primary care settings. The viability of the 4 item subsets was evaluated psychometrically in the present study with a sample of Hurricane Katrina survivors (N = 337). Corrected item-total and corrected item-cluster correlations were calculated and compared with those obtained by Lang and Stein. In addition, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall correct classification of the 4 item subsets were evaluated. With methodology approximating Lang and Stein's work, the current data would lead to the development of different screening versions of the PCL. Although some psychometric support was achieved (e.g., high sensitivity), use of the Lang and Stein PCL item subsets for screening natural disaster survivors appears unjustified on the basis of the present data. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adult, article, classification, female, human, hurricane, major clinical study, male, methodology, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, natural disaster, posttraumatic stress disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, psychometry, screening test, sensitivity and specificity, survivor, United States","Hirschel, M. J., Schulenberg, S. E.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2397,Support for the location of negative posttraumatic cognitions in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: To investigate the extent to which negative posttraumatic cognitions predict, and so can be best located within, the DSM-5 (APA, 2013) individual symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: An online survey of traumatic experiences, featuring 528 adults. Results: Negative posttraumatic cognitions seem best placed within the Numbing/Detachment symptom cluster. Negative posttraumatic cognitions relating to the self predict higher levels of symptoms across the clusters. While negative cognitions relating to the world contributed to most symptom groups, self-blame cognitions did not. Conclusions: Our findings support the placement of posttraumatic cognitions as part of the Numbing/Detachment symptom cluster within the DSM-5rather than the Intrusion, Avoidance and Hyperarousal clusters.","Adulthood (18yrs & older), DSM-5, Posttraumatic cognitions, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Hiskey, S., Ayres, R., Andrews, L., Troop, N.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2398,A longitudinal examination of overgeneral memory and psychopathology in children following recent trauma exposure,"This study represents the first longitudinal examination of the trajectory of overgeneral memory (OGM) in children and how this relates to psychopathology immediately after trauma exposure. We recruited fifty 7- to 17-year-olds who had experienced an accidental injury that resulted in hospital admission. Assessment of psychological symptoms, OGM and cognitive processes proposed to drive OGM was completed at three points over a 6-month period post-trauma. We found that OGM was not related to depressive symptoms and that time since trauma exposure moderated the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and OGM. Although no relationship was found in the first 3months following trauma, OGM was protective against post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at 6months post-trauma. Despite models of OGM (e.g. Williams et al.,) emphasising the role of rumination and executive control in explaining OGM, we found no evidence that they were related to OGM. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Hitchcock, C., Nixon, R. D. V., Weber, N.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2399,"Relationships between explanatory style, posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Chinese breast cancer patients","Many existing models posit that cognitive processing style is an important factor affecting self-perceived positive changes. In this study, the effects of explanatory style (the manner in which people cognitively process and explain why they experience good and bad events) on both posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were examined among 90 Chinese women with breast cancer. It was found that explanatory style for good events, but not for bad events, was significantly associated with self-reported PTG. Women who attributed the causes of positive events to internal, global and stable factors tended to report more posttraumatic growth. In contrast, explanatory style for bad events, as opposed to good events, was significantly and positively correlated with PTSD symptoms. Among the three dimensions of explanatory style (internal, stable and global), the tendency to globalise the causes of good and bad events were the most important predictors of self-reported PTG and PTSD symptoms, respectively. While enhancing an optimistic explanatory style for bad events might reduce posttraumatic stress symptoms, cultivating an optimistic explanatory style for good events is likely to increase self-perceived positive changes after breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Breast Neoplasms, *Cognitive Processes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Attribution, Cognitive Appraisal, South Asian Cultural Groups","Ho, Samuel M. Y., Chan, Michelle W. Y., Yau, T. K., Yeung, Rebecca M. W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2400,Hopefulness predicts resilience after hereditary colorectal cancer genetic testing: A prospective outcome trajectories study,,,"Ho, S. M. Y., Ho, J. W. C., Bonanno, G. A., Chu, A. T. W., Chan, E. M. S.",2010.0,,10.1186/1471-2407-10-279,0,1,
2401,Which factors influence the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with burn injuries? A systematic review of the literature,"Introduction This article aims to discover which variables influence the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with burn injuries. It will also consider whether it is possible to predict which burns patients will develop PTSD. Background Post-traumatic stress disorder is an important psychopathology for burned patients as it can affect both physical outcomes and quality of life for those affected. Research states that PTSD may be identified in up to 30% of burns patients, making it relatively common. Methods A systematic review of the literature was carried out using four databases. Eleven articles were identified from these searches, and were then analysed thematically to draw out common ideas. Results Gender, extraversion and neuroticism, attribution of blame, capacity for forgiveness, the event as a disaster or non-disaster, alcohol consumption and peri-traumatic emotional response were all found to influence burns patients' risk of developing PTSD. Conclusion While it is possible to identify the factors that put burns patients are greater risk of developing PTSD, it is not possible to accurately predict who will go on to develop PTSD due to the interplay between variables and individual differences. Focus should instead be on screening for PTSD and timely recognition of intrusive symptoms. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI.","Burn injuries, Burns, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychological disturbance, Risk factors","Hobbs, K.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.burns.2014.10.018,0,0,
2402,Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress,,,"Hobfoll, S. E.",1989.0,,,0,0,
2403,"Stress, Culture, and Community: The Psychology and Philosophy of Stress",,,"Hobfoll, S. E.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2404,,,,"Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti, D., Hall, B. J., Brom, D., Palmieri, P. A., Johnson, R. J., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Galea, S.",,,,0,0,
2405,"The association of exposure, risk, and resiliency factors with PTSD among Jews and Arabs exposed to repeated acts of terrorism in Israel",,,"Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., Johnson, R. J., Palmieri, P. A., Varley, J. D., Galea, S.",2008.0,,10.1002/jts.20307,0,0,
2406,Posttraumatic stress symptoms predict impaired neutrophil recovery in stem cell transplant recipients,"Objective Despite the potentially life-saving effects of stem cell transplant (SCT), many transplant patients experience traumatic stress reactions due to mortality threat, interpersonal isolation, financial and occupational loss, and invasive medical procedures. Emerging evidence suggests that trauma-related stress symptoms (TSS) predict significant health complications following SCT. The aim of the current prospective study was to examine TSS in the acute aftermath of SCT as a predictor of neutrophil recovery following SCT, a crucial component of immune defense against infection. Methods Fifty-one autologous SCT recipients were assessed for TSS 7 days after SCT. Patients' absolute neutrophil counts were collected from medical charts for the first 30 days following SCT. Hierarchical linear growth modeling was used to test the hypothesis that TSS at day 7 would be associated with delayed recovery of neutrophil counts from days 9 to 30 post SCT, that is, when neutrophil counts began to recover. Results As hypothesized, TSS measured 7 days after SCT was significantly associated with slower neutrophil recovery even after pre-existing TSS, depression, distress related to physical symptoms, and potential medical confounds were statistically controlled. Exploratory analyses showed that of the TSS symptom clusters, re-experiencing symptoms and hyperarousal symptoms predicted neutrophil recovery, whereas avoidance symptoms did not. Conclusion Though traumatic stress symptoms may be a normative response to SCT, our findings suggest that TSS following SCT may interfere with neutrophil recovery and overall health. These results provide further insight as to potential mechanisms by which traumatic stress translates to poor medical outcomes for SCT patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Hobfoll, S. E., Gerhart, J. I., Zalta, A. K., Wells, K., Maciejewski, J., Fung, H.",2015.0,,10.1002/pon.3761,0,0,
2407,,,,"Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti, D.",,,,0,0,
2408,Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology,,,"Hobfoll, S. E., Lilly, R. S.",1993.0,,,0,0,
2409,The limits of resilience: Distress following chronic political violence among Palestinians,"We examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptom trajectories during ongoing exposure to political violence, seeking to identify psychologically resilient individuals and the factors that predict resilience. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a random sample of 1196 Palestinian adult residents of the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem across three occasions, six months apart (September 2007-November 2008). Latent growth mixture modeling identified PTSD, and depression symptom trajectories. Results identified three PTSD trajectories: moderate-improving (73% moderate symptoms at baseline, improving over time), severe-chronic (23.2% severe and elevated symptoms over the entire year); and severe-improving (3.5% severe symptoms at baseline and marked improvement over time). Depression trajectories were moderate-improving (61.5%); severe-chronic (24.4%); severe-improving (14.4%). Predictors of relatively less severe initial symptom severity, and improvement over time for PTSD were less political violence exposure and less resource loss; and for depression were younger age, less political violence exposure, lower resource loss, and greater social support. Loss of psychosocial and material resources was associated with the level of distress experienced by participants at each time period, suggesting that resource-based interventions that target personal, social, and financial resources could benefit people exposed to chronic trauma. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Depression, Gaza, Mass casualty, Palestinian, Political violence, PTSD, Resilience, Resistance, War, West Bank","Hobfoll, S. E., Mancini, A. D., Hall, B. J., Canetti, D., Bonanno, G. A.",2011.0,,,1,1,
2410,"Trajectories of Resilience, Resistance, and Distress During Ongoing Terrorism: The Case of Jews and Arabs in Israel","This is the 1st longitudinal examination of trajectories of resilience and resistance (rather than ill-being) among a national sample under ongoing threat of mass casualty. The authors interviewed a nationally representative sample of Jews and Arabs in Israel (N = 709) at 2 times during a period of terrorist and rocket attacks (2004-2005). The resistance trajectory, exhibiting few or no symptoms of traumatic stress and depression at both time points, was substantially less common (22.1%) than has previously been documented in studies following single mass casualty events. The resilience trajectory, exhibiting initial symptoms and becoming relatively nonsymptomatic, was evidenced by 13.5% of interviewees. The chronic distress trajectory was documented among a majority of participants (54.0%), and a small proportion of persons were initially relatively symptom-free but became distressed (termed delayed distress trajectory; 10.3%). Less psychosocial resource loss and majority status (Jewish) were the most consistent predictors of resistance and resilience trajectories, followed by greater socioeconomic status, greater support from friends, and less report of posttraumatic growth. (copyright) 2009 American Psychological Association.","Arab, examination, friend, injury, Israel, Jew, mass disaster, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychology, social status, terrorism","Hobfoll, S. E., Palmieri, P. A., Johnson, R. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Hall, B. J., Galea, S.",2009.0,,,0,1,
2411,Expanding the Science of Resilience: Conserving Resources in the Aid of Adaptation,,,"Hobfoll, S. E., Stevens, N. R., Zalta, A. K.",2015.0,,10.1080/1047840X.2015.1002377,0,0,
2412,The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks,,,"Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M., Galea, S.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20166,0,0,
2413,Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence,"Given the devastation caused by disasters and mass violence, it is critical that intervention policy be based on the most updated research findings. However, to date, no evidence-based consensus has been reached supporting a clear set of recommendations for intervention during the immediate and the mid-term post mass trauma phases. Because it is unlikely that there will be evidence in the near or mid-term future from clinical trials that cover the diversity of disaster and mass violence circumstances, we assembled a worldwide panel of experts on the study and treatment of those exposed to disaster and mass violence to extrapolate from related fields of research, and to gain consensus on intervention principles. We identified five empirically supported intervention principles that should be used to guide and inform intervention and prevention efforts at the early to mid-term stages. These are promoting: 1) a sense of safety, 2) calming, 3) a sense of self- and community efficacy, 4) connectedness, and 5) hope.",,"Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., Friedman, M., Gersons, B. P. R., De Jong, J. T. V. M., Layne, C. M., Maguen, S., Neria, Y., Norwood, A. E., Pynoos, R. S., Reissman, D., Ruzek, J. I., Shalev, A. Y., Solomon, Z., Steinberg, A. M., Ursano, R. J.",2007.0,,10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283,0,0,
2414,Posttraumatic stress in cancer patients: Validation of the German Version of the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C),"Objective: Purpose was to evaluate factor structure, symptom clusters and psychometric properties of the German adaptation of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) in 1594 breast and prostate cancer survivors. Methods: Factor structure, internal consistency, concurrent and divergent validity were analyzed through measures of posttraumatic stress (IES-R), anxiety and depression (HADS) as well as HRQoL (SF-8). Results: Three factors were extracted using principal component analysis, which explained 60.5% of the variance. The factors measure numbing and arousal (9 items) (α= 0.88), intrusion (5 items) (α= 0.88) and avoidance (3 items) (α= 0.74). Confirmatory factor analysis suggested good to acceptable fit indexes. Concurrent and divergent validity of the PCL-C was determined. Conclusion: Findings confirm a three-factor model of the PCL-C, however, symptom clusters suggest avoidance and numbing as two different dimensions, and feelings of numbness and arousal as one dimension. Findings support the use of the PCL-C as a reliable and valid instrument for cancer patients.","Cancer, PCL-C, PTSD, Screening","Höcker, A., Mehnert, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2415,Demoralisation syndrome does not explain the psychological profile of community-based asylum-seekers,"BACKGROUND: Demoralisation syndrome (DS) has been advanced as a construct that features hopelessness, meaninglessness, and existential distress. Demoralisation and DS have predominantly been considered secondary only to illness; hence there is scant research on demoralisation or DS in populations affected by extreme environmental stress. AIMS: The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of demoralisation, its predictors, and the relevance of DS in a community-based forced-migrant population. METHOD: A convenience sample of 131 adult asylum-seekers (n=98) and refugees (n=33) without recognised mental disorders in Melbourne, Australia, were assessed cross-sectionally on posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, post-migration stress, and demoralisation. Socio-demographic data were analysed with relevant clinical data. Predictive aims were investigated using bivariate statistical tests and exploratory aims were investigated using correlational and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Seventy nine percent of the sample met criteria for demoralisation (asylum-seekers=83%; refugees=66%), with asylum-seekers being 2.55 (95% C.I.=1.03-6.32, Z=2.03, p=.04) times more likely to be demoralised than refugees. No relationship between demoralisation and time in the refugee determination process emerged. The regression model explained 47.5% of variance in demoralisation scores for the total sample F(9,111)=13.07, p<.0001, with MDD and anxiety score making unique significant contributions. CONCLUSIONS: Demoralisation was widespread through the asylum-seeker and refugee population and its prevalence was attributable to a range of social and psychiatric factors. However, DS had little explanatory power for psychiatric morbidity, which was more suggestive of a pan-distress symptom complex.",,"Hocking, D., Sundram, S.",2015.0,Nov,10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.008,0,0,
2416,Parent perspectives on family-based psychosocial interventions in pediatric cancer: A mixed-methods approach,"Family-based interventions in pediatric cancer face challenges associated with integrating psychosocial care into a period of intensive treatment and escalating stress. Little research has sought input from parents on the role of interventions delivered shortly after diagnosis. This mixed-methods study obtained parents' perspectives on the potential role of family-based interventions. Twenty-five parents provided feedback on the structure and timing of psychosocial interventions via focus groups and a questionnaire. Qualitative analyses resulted in three themes that were illustrative of a traumatic stress framework: (1) tension between focusing on child with cancer and addressing other family needs, (2) factors influencing parents' perception of a shared experience with other parents, and (3) the importance of matching interventions to the trajectory of parent adjustment. Quantitative data indicated that parents preferred intervention within 6 months of diagnosis, with almost half favoring within 2 months of diagnosis, and the majority wanted interventions targeted to parents only. Qualitative themes highlight the importance of using a traumatic stress framework to inform the development of family-based interventions for those affected by pediatric cancer. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.","Families, Oncology, Pediatric cancer, Psychosocial intervention, Traumatic stress","Hocking, M. C., Kazak, A. E., Schneider, S., Barkman, D., Barakat, L. P., Deatrick, J. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2417,Cumulative trauma and symptom complexity in children: A path analysis,"Multiple trauma exposures during childhood are associated with a range of psychological symptoms later in life. In this study, we examined whether the total number of different types of trauma experienced by children (cumulative trauma) is associated with the complexity of their subsequent symptomatology, where complexity is defined as the number of different symptom clusters simultaneously elevated into the clinical range. Children's symptoms in six different trauma-related areas (e.g., depression, anger, posttraumatic stress) were reported both by child clients and their caretakers in a clinical sample of 318 children. Path analysis revealed that accumulated exposure to multiple different trauma types predicts symptom complexity as reported by both children and their caretakers. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Children, Complex trauma, Cumulative trauma, Symptom complexity","Hodges, M., Godbout, N., Briere, J., Lanktree, C., Gilbert, A., Kletzka, N. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2418,Post-traumatic stress disorder among family physicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina,"Determined the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among family medicine physicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A self-administered questionnaire, including the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) which is a validated scale for PTSD screening, was distributed to family medicine residents and specialists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The prevalence of PTSD was determined, and factors related to PTSD were considered. 133 (90.5%) of the 147 physicians who were available to be surveyed completed the questionnaire. Of the 88% who had a traumatic experience during the war, 18% met the criteria for PTSD. The likelihood of meeting the criteria for PTSD was not affected by age, sex or whether the physician had worked in a field hospital during the war. However, a positive response to the question ""Do you think the traumatic event you experienced during the war still affects you today?"" was highly associated with the diagnosis of PTSD. Also, this question was shown to have a high degree of sensitivity and negative predictive value, and may be of use as a screening tool for ruling out the presence of PTSD after a traumatic war experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Family Physicians, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, War","Hodgetts, Geoffrey, Broers, Teresa, Godwin, Marshall, Bowering, Evelyn, Hasanovic, Mevludin",2003.0,,,0,0,
2419,A randomised controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioural therapy program for managing social anxiety after acquired brain injury,,,"Hodgson, J., McDonald, S., Tate, R., Gertler, P.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2420,Depletion of FKBP51 in female mice shapes HPA axis activity,"Psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder are a major disease burden worldwide and have a higher incidence in women than in men. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the sex-dependent differences is not fully understood. Besides environmental factors such as traumatic life events or chronic stress, genetic variants contribute to the development of such diseases. For instance, variations in the gene encoding the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) have been repeatedly associated with mood and anxiety. FKBP51 is a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor and thereby of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that also interacts with other steroid hormone receptors such as the progesterone and androgen receptors. Thus, the predisposition of women to psychiatric disorders and the interaction of female hormones with FKBP51 and the glucocorticoid receptor implicate a possible difference in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in female FKBP51 knockout (51KO) mice. Therefore, we investigated neuroendocrine, behavioural and physiological alterations relevant to mood disorders in female 51KO mice. Female 51KOs and wild type littermates were subjected to various behavioural tests, including the open field, elevated plus maze and forced swim test. The neuroendocrine profile was investigated under basal conditions and in response to an acute stressor. Furthermore, we analysed the mRNA expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor and corticotrophin release hormone in different brain regions. Overall, female 51KO mice did not display any overt behavioural phenotype under basal conditions, but showed a reduced basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, a blunted response to, and an enhanced recovery from, acute stress. These characteristics strongly overlap with previous studies in male 51KO mice indicating that FKBP51 shapes the behavioural and neuroendocrine phenotype independent of the sex of the individual. © 2014 Hoeijmakers et al.",,"Hoeijmakers, L., Harbich, D., Schmid, B., Lucassen, P. J., Wagner, K. V., Schmidt, M. V., Hartmann, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2421,On Growth Curves and Mixture Models,"Comments on the article by A. M. Connell and A. A. Frye (see record 2007-01619-005), on growth mixture modelling in developmental psychology. The multilevel model of change and the latent growth model are flexible means to describe all sorts of population heterogeneity with respect to growth and development, including the presence of sub-populations. The growth mixture model is a natural extension of these models. It comes at hand when information about sub-populations is missing and researchers nevertheless want to retrieve developmental trajectories from sub-populations. We argue that researchers have to make rather strong assumptions about the sub-populations or latent trajectory classes in order to retrieve existing population differences. A simulated example is discussed, showing that a sample of repeated measures drawn from two sub-populations easily leads to the mistaken inference of three sub-populations, when assumptions are not met. The merits of methodological advises on this issue are discussed. It is concluded that growth mixture models should be used with understanding, and offer no free way to growth patterns in unknown sub-populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adolescent Development, *Antisocial Behavior, *Behavior Problems, *Developmental Psychology, *Models, Individual Differences","Hoeksma, Jan B., Kelderman, Henk",2006.0,,,0,0,
2422,Risk factors for psychological maladjustment of parents of children with cancer,,,"Hoekstra-Weebers, J. E. H. M., Jaspers, J. P. C., Kamps, W. A., Klip, E. C.",1999.0,1999,,0,0,
2423,A pilot trial of telephone-based collaborative care management for PTSD among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans,"Background: Collaborative care and care management are cornerstones of Primary Care-Mental Health Integration (PC-MHI) and have been shown to reduce depressive symptoms. Historically, the standard of Veterans Affairs (VA) collaborative care was referring patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to specialty care. Although referral to evidence-based specialty care is ideal, many veterans with PTSD do not receive such care. To address this issue and reduce barriers to care, VA currently recommends veterans with PTSD be offered treatment within PC-MHI as an alternative. The current project outlines a pilot implementation of an established telephone-based collaborative care model - Translating Initiatives for Depression into Effective Solutions (TIDES) - adapted for Iraq/Afghanistan War veterans with PTSD symptoms (TIDES/PTSD) seen in a postdeployment primary care clinic. Materials and Methods: Structured medical record extraction and qualitative data collection procedures were used to evaluate acceptability, feasibility, and outcomes. Results: Most participants (n=17) were male (94.1%) and white (70.6%). Average age was 31.2 (standard deviation=6.4) years. TIDES/PTSD was successfully implemented within PC-MHI and was acceptable to patients and staff. Additionally, the total number of care manager calls was positively correlated with number of psychiatry visits (r=0.63, p<0.05) and amount of reduction in PTSD symptoms (r=0.66, p<0.05). Overall, participants in the pilot reported a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms over the course of the treatment (t=2.87, p=0.01). Conclusions: TIDES can be successfully adapted and implemented for use among Iraq/Afghanistan veterans with PTSD. Further work is needed to test the effectiveness and implementation of this model in other sites and among veterans of other eras. © 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","collaborative care, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary care mental health, Veterans","Hoerster, K. D., Jakupcak, M., Stephenson, K. R., Fickel, J. J., Simons, C. E., Hedeen, A., Dwight-Johnson, M., Whealin, J. M., Chaney, E., Felker, B. L.",2015.0,,10.1089/tmj.2013.0337,0,0,
2424,"Resilience, internalized stigma, self-esteem, and hopelessness among people with schizophrenia: Cultural comparison in Austria and Japan","Resilience is becoming an important topic in people with schizophrenia since there is evidence that it increases the probability for long-term recovery. The current study investigated transcultural differences in resilience across schizophrenia patients from two different geographical regions, Austria and Japan. Another objective was to examine transcultural differences in internalized stigma, self-esteem, and hopelessness, which can be expected to be relevant in this context, as well as the interrelations between these subjective elements of recovery and symptom severity. To this end, patients from outpatient mental health services in Innsbruck, Austria (= 52) and Tokyo, Japan (= 60) as well as 137 healthy comparison subjects from both countries were included into this cross-sectional study. Notably, we detected a significant country effect with markedly lower resilience (= 74.4, p < 0.001) and self-esteem scores (= 226.0, p < 0.001) as well as higher hopelessness scores (= 37.4, p < 0.001) among Japanese subjects in general. In addition, both Austrian and Japanese patients indicated significantly lower degrees of resilience (= 57.5, p < 0.001), self-esteem (= 51.8, p < 0.001), and hope (= 29.5, p < 0.001) compared to healthy control subjects. The inter-correlations between subjective elements of recovery were comparable in size in the two patient samples, but the inter-correlations between these issues and residual symptoms of schizophrenia as objective domains of recovery were markedly higher in Austrian subjects. This suggests that schizophrenia patients from Western European and Japanese cultures may have different needs to achieve recovery. In conclusion, it will be critical to develop culture-specific psychosocial programs and to examine their feasibility and effectiveness among these patients. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.","Hopelessness, Resilience, Schizophrenia, Self-esteem, Stigma, Transcultural","Hofer, A., Mizuno, Y., Frajo-Apor, B., Kemmler, G., Suzuki, T., Pardeller, S., Welte, A. S., Sondermann, C., Mimura, M., Wartelsteiner, F., Fleischhacker, W. W., Uchida, H.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.027,0,0,
2425,The structure of maladaptive schemas: A confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-derived scales,"One thousand and thirty-seven psychiatric patients and non-patients from six different sites completed the 205-item Young Schema Questionnaire or its shortended form, the 75-item Young Schema Questionnaire-S. Among 888 of the subjects, who all were patients, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the 75 items included in both forms of the questionnaire clearly yielded the 15 Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS) factors rationally developed by J. E. Young (1990). Confirmatory factor analyses, testing three models of the higher-order structure of the 15 EMSs, indicated that a four-factor model was the best alternative. The results slightly favored a correlated four second-order factor model over one also including a third-order global factor. The four factors or schema domains were Disconnection, Impaired Autonomy, Exaggerated Standards, and Impaired Limits. Scales derived from the four higher-order factors had good internal and test-retest reliabilities and were related to DSM-IV Cluster C personality traits, agoraphobic avoidance behavior, and depressive symptoms. (copyright) 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","adult, agoraphobia, article, Beck Depression Inventory, cognitive therapy, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, factorial analysis, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, maladjustment, male, mental disease, mental patient, panic, personality disorder, physical attractiveness, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychometry, questionnaire, rating scale, scoring system, self report, social isolation, Young Schema Questionnaire","Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., Wang, C. E., Holthe, H., Haugum, J. A., Nordahl, H. M., Hovland, O. J., Holte, A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2426,Headache trajectory and the development of post traumatic stress disorder after mild traumatic brain injury,"Objective: To explore the relationship between headache trajectory across the first year after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) one year post-injury. Design: Longitudinal cohort. Setting: Community. Participants: 212 prospectively enrolled individuals diagnosed with mTBI. Interventions: None Main Outcome Measure(s): PTSD was measured by the PTSD Checklist- Civilian Version (PCL-C). Headache trajectories were determined by headache pain rating within 7 days of injury and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury. Results: Latent Class Trajectory analysis was used to identify 4 trajectories for headache after mTBI: Resolved (early headache that then went away N=28), Worsening (limited early headache with increasing over time N=63), Improving (significant early headache reducing steadily over time N=23), and Chronic (significant headache across time N=100). PTSD was found in 13% of the sample and was significantly associated with having a Chronic headache trajectory with 21 of 25 individuals with PTSD falling in this trajectory. Conclusions: The majority of individuals with mTBI had significant issues with headache over time, with most falling into theWorsening and Chronic trajectories, suggesting that early identification and treatment of headache may be important to change trajectory. In addition, having Chronic headache trajectory across the first year was also significantly associated with PTSD at one year after injury. Additional research is needed to determine how headache pain influences development of PTSD and/or how PTSD contributes to chronicity of headaches.","posttraumatic stress disorder, brain injury, posttraumatic headache, headache, traumatic brain injury, rehabilitation medicine, injury, pain, chronicity, checklist, human, community","Hoffman, J. M., Sawyer, K., Temkin, N. R., Dikmen, S., Dillworth, T., Ehde, D. M., Williams, R., Bell, K. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,544
2427,Facial-affective behaviour of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: A cluster-analytic investigation,"Objectives: The present study examined the facial-affective behaviour of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Patients were assigned to clusters which were then compared for emotional numbing and dominant affects. Methods: During the patients' reports of traumatic events, their facial-affective behaviour was coded with the Emotional Facial Action Coding System (EmFACS) and assigned to primary affects. Results: In Cluster 1 the aggressive affects anger, contempt and disgust were dominant to the exclusion of other primary affects. Chief affects expressed in Cluster 2 were disgust, social smiling and contempt. Cluster 3 displayed the full range of primary affects, with grief being the most frequent. BPD as additional diagnosis was significantly more frequent in Clusters 1 and 2 than in Cluster 3. Discussion: The finding that PTSD patients in Clusters 1 and 2 display a significantly more frequent co-morbidity with BPD than those in Cluster 3 is discussed against the background of the range of facial-expressive affects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Borderline Personality Disorder, *Facial Expressions, *Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Morbidity","Hoffmann, Jeremia Marc, Krause, Rainer, Sachsse, Ulrich, Spang, Jochen, Kirsch, Anke",2014.0,,,0,0,
2428,Psychological Resilience Building in Disaster Risk Reduction: Contributions from Adult Education,"This article discusses three questions: What opportunities exist to enhance psychological resilience in adults? Why should psychological resilience promotion be considered an important disaster risk reduction strategy? What contribution can adult education make to such a strategy? Psychological resilience is presented as relational and somewhat malleable, even in adulthood. Although psychological resilience building is often overlooked in social-level disaster risk reduction efforts, it is a key strategy for social resilience building. Questions regarding the extent to which mental resilience can be improved and the techniques with which to do so may be answered by research in the field of adult education. Basic learning and teaching research fundamentals are suggested to create psychological resilience-building strategies in adults. © 2014, The Author(s).","Adult education, Disaster risk reduction, Mental health, Psychological resilience, Resilience building","Höfler, M.",2014.0,,10.1007/s13753-014-0009-2,0,0,
2429,"Active multimodal psychotherapy in children and adolescents with suicidality: Description, evaluation and clinical profile","The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the clinical pattern of 14 youths with presenting suicidality, to describe an integrative treatment approach, and to estimate therapy effectiveness. Fourteen patients aged 10 to 18 years from a child and adolescent outpatient clinic in Stockholm were followed in a case series. The patients were treated with active multimodal psychotherapy. This consisted of mood charting by mood-maps, psycho-education, wellbeing practice and trauma resolution. Active techniques were psychodrama and body-mind focused techniques including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. The patients were assessed before treatment, immediately after treatment and at 22 months post treatment with the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. The clinical pattern of the group was observed. After treatment there was a significant change towards normality in the Global Assessment of Functioning scale both immediately post-treatment and at 22 months. A clinical pattern, post trauma suicidal reaction, was observed with a combination of suicidality, insomnia, bodily symptoms and disturbed mood regulation. We conclude that in the post trauma reaction suicidality might be a presenting symptom in young people. Despite the shortcomings of a case series the results of this study suggest that a mood-map-based multimodal treatment approach with active techniques might be of value in the treatment of children and youth with suicidality. Copyright © 2008 SAGE Publications.","Adolescents, Psychotherapy, Self-harm, Suicidality, Trauma","Högberg, G., Hällström, T.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2430,Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Outcome is stable in 35-month follow-up,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may follow major psychological trauma. The disorder is longstanding, even chronic, and there is a need for effective treatment. The most effective short-term treatments are cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Twenty subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards from ""person under train"" accidents or assault at work were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before treatment, directly after treatment, at 8 months, and at 35 months after the end of Therapy. The primary outcome variable was full diagnosis of PTSD according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Results from interview-based and self-evaluation psychometric scales were used as secondary outcome variables. Immediately following treatment, the patients were divided up into two groups, initial remitters (12 of 20) and non-remitters (8 of 20). There were no drop-outs during therapy, but three patients withdrew during follow-up. The initial result was maintained at the 35-month follow-up. The secondary outcome variables also showed a significant immediate change towards normality that was stable during the long-term follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, 83% of the initial remitters had full working capacity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","Hogberg, Goran, Pagani, Marco, Sundin, Orjan, Soares, Joaquim, Aberg-Wistedt, Anna, Tarnell, Berit, Hallstrom, Tore",2008.0,,,0,0,
2431,"Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan",,,"Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., Milliken, C. S.",2006.0,,10.1001/jama.295.9.1023,0,0,
2432,"Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care",,,"Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., Koffman, R. L.",2004.0,,10.1056/NEJMoa040603,0,0,
2433,Commentary: Women in combat and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression,,,"Hoge, C. W., Clark, J. C., Castro, C. A.",2007.0,,10.1093/ije/dym013,0,0,
2434,Morphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common adverse mental health outcome among seriously injured civilians and military personnel who are survivors of trauma. Pharmacotherapy in the aftermath of serious physical injury or exposure to traumatic events may be effective for the secondary prevention of PTSD. Methods: We identified 696 injured U.S. military personnel without serious traumatic brain injury from the Navy-Marine Corps Combat Trauma Registry Expeditionary Medical Encounter Database. Complete data on medications administered were available for all personnel selected. The diagnosis of PTSD was obtained from the Career History Archival Medical and Personnel System and verified in a review of medical records. Results: Among the 696 patients studied, 243 received a diagnosis of PTSD and 453 did not. The use of morphine during early resuscitation and trauma care was significantly associated with a lower risk of PTSD after injury. Among the patients in whom PTSD developed, 61% received morphine; among those in whom PTSD did not develop, 76% received morphine (odds ratio, 0.47; P < 0.001). This association remained significant after adjustment for injury severity, age, mechanism of injury, status with respect to amputation, and selected injury-related clinical factors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the use of morphine during trauma care may reduce the risk of subsequent development of PTSD after serious injury. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Injuries, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Morphine","Holbrook, Troy Lisa, Galarneau, Michael R., Dye, Judy L., Quinn, Kimberly, Dougherty, Amber L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2435,Perceived threat to life predicts posttraumatic stress disorder after major trauma: Risk factors and functional outcome,,,"Holbrook, T. L., Hoyt, D. B., Stein, M. B., Sieber, W. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2436,A victim typology of sexual harassment,"A clinical sample of 20 sexual harassment victims who were successful in obtaining damage awards for trauma through the judicial system were sources of this descriptive study. Ratings of physical coercion of die harassment, MMPI-2 scores, and ratings on DSM-IV symptoms were analyzed. The majority of subjects met the DSM-IV criteria of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. A cluster analysis identified four clusters of harassment victims, described as older-mature, younger-mature, anxious-guilty, and expressive-adaptive based on MMPI-2 scores and symptoms. (copyright) Psychological Reports 2008.","adaptive behavior, adult, article, compensation, defense mechanism, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, human, legal aspect, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, sexual harassment, social support, statistics, victim","Holcomb, W. R., Holcomb, M. G.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2437,Patterns of distress in African-American mothers of preterm infants,"Objective: To examine inter-relationships among stress due to infant appearance and behavior in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), parental role alteration stress in the NICU, depressive symptoms, state anxiety, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and daily hassles exhibited by African-American mothers of preterm infants and to determine whether there were subgroups of mothers based on patterns of psychological distress. Method: One hundred seventy-seven African-American mothers completed questionnaires on their psychological distress at enrollment during infant hospitalization and 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after term. Results: Psychological distress measures were intercorrelated. There were four latent classes of mothers: the low distress class with low scores on all measures; the high NICU-related stress class with high infant appearance and parental role stress and moderate scores on other measures; the high depressive symptoms class with high depressive symptoms and state anxiety and moderately elevated scores on NICU-related stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms; the extreme distress class with the highest means on all measures. Infants in the high stress class were sicker than infants in the other classes. The extreme distress class mothers averaged the lowest educational level. The classes differed on distress measures, worry about the child, and parenting stress through 24 months with the extreme distress class having the highest values. Conclusion: Although different types of maternal psychological distress were substantially related, there were distinct subgroups of mothers that were identifiable in the NICU. Moreover, these subgroups continued to differ on trajectories of distress and on their perceptions of the infants and parenting through 24 months after term. Copyright (copyright) 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","adult, African American, anxiety, article, behavioral stress, child parent relation, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, education, educational status, female, hospitalization, human, infant, major clinical study, maternal age, maternal stress, mother, newborn, newborn intensive care, parental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, prematurity, priority journal, questionnaire, scoring system, social status, structured questionnaire","Holditch-Davis, D., Miles, M. S., Weaver, M. A., Black, B., Beeber, L., Thoyre, S., Engelke, S.",2009.0,,,0,1,
2438,Patterns of psychological distress in mothers of preterm infants,"Mothers of preterm infants experience significant psychological distress, with elevated levels of inter-correlated depressive, stress, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. In a sample of racially and ethnically diverse mothers of preterm infants, we identified differing patterns of psychological distress during infant hospitalization and examined the effect of these psychological distress patterns on longitudinal trajectories of each psychological distress measure and on maternal perceptions of the child over the first year of the infant's life. Mothers of preterm infants (N=232) completed five questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms, stress due to infant appearance, and stress due to parental role alteration during enrollment during the neonatal hospitalization, discharge, and at 2, 6, and 12 months of age adjusted for prematurity. Latent class analysis on the enrollment psychological distress variables allowed us to identify five sub-groups of mothers exhibiting similar patterns of psychological distress, differing primarily in degree and type: low distress, moderate distress, high NICU-related distress, high depressive and anxiety symptoms, and extreme distress. These classes continued to show different longitudinal trajectories for the psychological distress measures through 12 months corrected age. Mothers in the extreme distress class and, to a lesser degree, mothers in the high depressive and anxiety symptom class remained at risk of significant psychological distress one year after discharge and had less positive perceptions of their child (greater worry and higher perceptions of child vulnerability). In conclusion, distinctive sub-groups of mothers during hospitalization had different patterns of psychological distress throughout the 12-month period and may require different interventions in the NICU.","Anxiety, Depression, Maternal psychological distress, Prematurity, Stress","Holditch-Davis, D., Santos, H., Levy, J., White-Traut, R., ""OShea, T. M."", Geraldo, V., David, R.",2015.0,Nov,10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.10.004,0,1,
2439,,,,"Holen, A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2440,The North Sea oil rig disaster,,,"Holen, A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
2441,,,,"Holen, A., Sund, A., Weisæth, L.",1983.0,,,0,0,
2442,Long-term perspectives on posttraumatic growth in disaster survivors,,,"Holgersen, K. H., Boe, H. J., Holen, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2443,Initial stress responses in relation to outcome after three decades,"The present study aimed at predicting posttraumatic stress 5 and 27 years after the North Sea oil rig disaster. The predictions were based on the initial levels of stress responses and the early recovery as reported in 1980. The Posttraumatic Stress Scale (PTSS) was used at 3 measure points. From 1980, data from 69 survivors were used in latent growth modeling. Follow-up studies included 65 survivors and 85 matched unexposed oil-rig workers in 1985; and 47 and 62 in 2007. In 1985, the survivors had higher total PTSS scores and more frequent endorsements on most single PTSS-items than the comparison group. In 2007, a few single items remained different. The initial levels of stress responses and the early recovery rate predicted the long-term outcomes after 5 and 27 years. Initial screenings may be helpful in the early detection of posttraumatic stress in the very long-term perspective. (copyright) 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","article, Atlantic Ocean, controlled study, follow up, human, long term care, major clinical study, male, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress scale, prediction, rating scale, survivor","Holgersen, K. H., Boe, H. J., Klockner, C. A., Weisaeth, L., Holen, A.",2010.0,,,0,1,
2444,Initial stress responses in relation to outcome after three decades,"The present study aimed at predicting posttraumatic stress 5 and 27 years after the North Sea oil rig disaster. The predictions were based on the initial levels of stress responses and the early recovery as reported in 1980. The Posttraumatic Stress Scale (PTSS) was used at 3 measure points. From 1980, data from 69 survivors were used in latent growth modeling. Follow-up studies included 65 survivors and 85 matched unexposed oil-rig workers in 1985; and 47 and 62 in 2007. In 1985, the survivors had higher total PTSS scores and more frequent endorsements on most single PTSS-items than the comparison group. In 2007, a few single items remained different. The initial levels of stress responses and the early recovery rate predicted the long-term outcomes after 5 and 27 years. Initial screenings may be helpful in the early detection of posttraumatic stress in the very long-term perspective. © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Disaster, Latent growth modeling, Longitudinal studies, Posttraumatic stress scale, Survivors","Holgersen, K. H., Boe, H. J., Klöckner, C. A., Weisæth, L., Holen, A.",2010.0,,,0,1,2443
2445,Disaster survivors in their third decade: trajectories of initial stress responses and long-term course of mental health,"This study analyzed trajectories of initial stress and long-term mental health after the 1980 North Sea oil rig disaster. A growth-mixture model of the survivors' stress manifestations in the first 8 weeks (Posttraumatic Stress Scale, [PTSS-10]) and general mental health in 1980, 1981, 1985, and 2007 (General Health Questionnaire, [GHQ-20]) was estimated. Survivors' GHQ-scores in 1985 and 2007 were contrasted to those of a comparison group. Four trajectories were identified among survivors. The resilient (n = 43) displayed initially moderate stress that rapidly declined. The recovery (n = 10), chronic (n = 8), and relapse (n = 9) showed initially stable high stress scores, but the long-term mental health differed. Early screening may identify those at long-term risk. Copyright (copyright) 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, aged, article, disaster, female, human, male, mental health, mental stress, middle aged, psychological aspect, questionnaire, survivor","Holgersen, K. H., Klockner, C. A., Boe, H. J., Weisaeth, L., Holen, A.",2011.0,,,1,1,
2446,Disaster survivors in their third decade: trajectories of initial stress responses and long-term course of mental health,"This study analyzed trajectories of initial stress and long-term mental health after the 1980 North Sea oil rig disaster. A growth-mixture model of the survivors' stress manifestations in the first 8 weeks (Posttraumatic Stress Scale, [PTSS-10]) and general mental health in 1980, 1981, 1985, and 2007 (General Health Questionnaire, [GHQ-20]) was estimated. Survivors' GHQ-scores in 1985 and 2007 were contrasted to those of a comparison group. Four trajectories were identified among survivors. The resilient (n = 43) displayed initially moderate stress that rapidly declined. The recovery (n = 10), chronic (n = 8), and relapse (n = 9) showed initially stable high stress scores, but the long-term mental health differed. Early screening may identify those at long-term risk. Copyright © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, aged, article, disaster, female, human, male, mental health, mental stress, middle aged, psychological aspect, questionnaire, survivor","Holgersen, K. H., Klöckner, C. A., Boe, H. J., Weisaeth, L., Holen, A.",2011.0,,,1,1,2445
2447,Disaster survivors in their third decade: Trajectories of initial stress responses and long-term course of mental health,"This study analyzed trajectories of initial stress and long-term mental health after the 1980 North Sea oil rig disaster. A growth-mixture model of the survivors' stress manifestations in the first 8 weeks (Posttraumatic Stress Scale, [PTSS-10]) and general mental health in 1980, 1981, 1985, and 2007 (General Health Questionnaire, [GHQ-20]) was estimated. Survivors' GHQ-scores in 1985 and 2007 were contrasted to those of a comparison group. Four trajectories were identified among survivors. The resilient (n = 43) displayed initially moderate stress that rapidly declined. The recovery (n = 10), chronic (n = 8), and relapse (n = 9) showed initially stable high stress scores, but the long-term mental health differed. Early screening may identify those at long-term risk. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Holgersen, K. H., Klöckner, C. A., Jakob Boe, H., Weisæth, L., Holen, A.",2011.0,,,1,1,2445
2448,Divalproex in the treatment of impulsive aggression: efficacy in cluster B personality disorders,"Impulsive aggressive behavior is common in psychiatric disorders and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. However, little systematic treatment data exist from placebo-controlled trials for this symptom domain. This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which outpatients with a score of > or =15 on the Aggression scale of the Overt Aggression Scale-Modified (OAS-M) and who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for Cluster B personality disorder (n=96), intermittent explosive disorder (n=116), or post-traumatic stress disorder (n=34) were randomized to divalproex sodium or placebo for 12 weeks duration. Based on average OAS-M Aggression scores over the last 4 weeks of treatment, a treatment effect was not observed in the intent-to-treat data set (combined across the three psychiatric disorders), but was observed in both intent-to-treat and evaluable data sets for patients with Cluster B personality disorders. In the Cluster B evaluable data set, statistically significant treatment differences favoring divalproex were also observed for component items of the OAS-M Aggression score, including verbal assault and assault against objects, as well as OAS-M Irritability score, and Clinical Global Impression (CGI)-Severity at multiple time points throughout the study. No treatment group difference was noted for overall premature discontinuation rate; however, across psychiatric diagnoses, 21 (17%) patients in the divalproex group prematurely discontinued because of an adverse event, as compared to 4 (3%) patients in the placebo group (p <0.001). While a treatment effect was not observed when all diagnostic groups were combined, in a large subgroup of patients with Cluster B disorders, divalproex was superior to placebo in the treatment of impulsive aggression, irritability, and global severity.","valproic acid, adult, aged, aggression, analysis of variance, article, chi square distribution, clinical trial, comparative study, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, double blind procedure, drug effect, female, human, impulsiveness, male, middle aged, multicenter study, nonparametric test, personality disorder, psychological aspect, randomized controlled trial","Hollander, E., Tracy, K. A., Swann, A. C., Coccaro, E. F., McElroy, S. L., Wozniak, P., Sommerville, K. W., Nemeroff, C. B.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2449,Cognitive therapy and suicidality in post-traumatic stress disorder: And recent thoughts on flashbacks to trauma versus 'flashforwards' to suicide,"(create) When working with people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) it is important to take into account the possibility that they may consider, plan, or attempt suicide, as there is an increased likelihood that they will do so compared with the general population. The precise nature of the links between the experience of trauma and subsequent suicidality has not been explored in great detail, with little clinical guidance as to how to reduce risk. There are few empirically supported treatments for suicidality (for a meta-analysis see Hawton et al., 1998). To date, those few treatments demonstrated to be beneficial include a cognitive therapy intervention (Berk, Henriques, Warman, Brown, & Beck, 2004; Brown et al., 2005); dialectical behaviour therapy for people with borderline personality disorder (Linehan, Armstrong, Suarez, Allmari, & Heard, 1991); and sending routine postcards from a clinic to people who have attended hospital following a suicide attempt (Carter, Clover, Whyte, Dawson, & D'Este, 2007). There is currently a much-needed expansion of treatment developments for the prevention of recurrence of suicidal behaviour, such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Williams, Duggan, Crane, & Fennell, 2006) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 2003). To our knowledge, there have been no treatment trials for suicidality in the context of PTSD. The studies mentioned above provide a spectrum of theoretically-driven techniques for working with suicidality generally, but none specifically addresses the links between suicidality and PTSD. Indeed, Tarrier, Taylor, and Gooding (2008) have argued that, across psychological disorders and all forms of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), there is a significant benefit of receiving CBT in reducing suicide. Our cognitive therapy techniques 'from basics to beyond' (J.S. Beck, 1995) may thus provide important and not-to-be-neglected tools for the assessment, management, and treatment of suicidality (see also useful assessment and treatment manuals for suicidality such as Chiles & Strosahl, 2005). In this chapter we explore a new development in the use of mental imagery that could provide links between PTSD and suicidality. We present material from a case of Type 1 (single incident) trauma and describe recent research surrounding this new area. Then we provide a contrasting case, which enables us to consider the links between suicidality and Type 2 (multiple) trauma. Finally we end with a discussion of how to think creatively about improving the use and delivery of other available techniques. The main recurring theme is that the meaning of traumatic events, circumstances, or experiences can have a direct bearing on the decision to attempt suicide, but that these meanings are not always easy to discern. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Comorbidity, *Imagery, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicide, Attempted Suicide, Emotional Trauma, Suicidal Ideation","Holmes, Emily A., Butler, Gillian",2009.0,,,0,0,
2450,Motor vehicle accident trauma exposure: Personality profiles associated with posttraumatic diagnoses,"Personality profiles associated with diagnostically distinct posttraumatic responses were examined. Profiles were compared between three groups defined on the basis of posttraumatic diagnosis following motor vehicle accident (MVA) trauma exposure. The diagnostic groups were: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) without progression to PTSD, and subclinical responses. Participants were male and female community volunteers aged 18 to 77 (N = 83) who had all been exposed to an MVA meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for a traumatic event. The Personality Assessment Inventory (Morey, 1991) was used to assess psychological variables in the framework of posttraumatic diagnostic groups. The PTSD group scored significantly higher than the ASD and subclinical groups on scales assessing somatic complaints, anxiety, anxiety related disorders, depression, nonpsychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, and negative relationships. The profile of the ASD group was characterized by self report of greater interpersonal warmth and a trend for greater egocentricity than the PTSD group. There were no significant differences in the personality profiles of the ASD and subclinical groups. The role of personality factors in posttraumatic adjustment is discussed in the context of previous literature.","Acute stress disorder, Personality, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Holmes, G. E., Williams, C. L., Haines, J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2451,The social readjustment rating scale,,,"Holmes, T. H., Rahe, R. H.",1967.0,,,0,0,
2452,"Men's pathways to risky sexual behavior: Role of co-occurring childhood sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression histories","Recent reports of sexually transmitted infection-rate increases among men indicate the need for renewed study of male sexual risk behavior to aid development of updated and novel risk reduction interventions. Men who have childhood sexual abuse (CSA) histories consistently report frequent sexual risk behavior. The objective of this sturdy is to explore whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are moderators and/or mediators of the association between CSA and sexual risk in adult men. A cross-sectional survey study employing random digit dial recruitment was administered to men aged 18-49 years from Philadelphia County. Two hundred ninety eight men were recruited and screened for CSA history, administered items from the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression (CES-D), and asked to estimate their number of lifetime sexual partners (LSPs). Effects of sociodemographic characteristics, CSA, PTSD, and depression on the number of LSPs were modeled using Poisson regression. Results show that 197 (66%) men participated; 43 (22%) had CSA histories. CSA was significantly associated with PTSD/depression (P = .03). Four sociodemographic variables (age, race, sexual identity, and education), CSA (incidence rate ratio, IRR = 1.47, P < .001), PTSD (IRR = 1.19, P = .04), depression (IRR = 1.29, P = .001), all 2-way interactions, and the 3-way CSA/PTSD/depression interaction (IRR = 11.00, P < .001) were associated with the number of LSPs (R2 = 0.27). In conclusion, sexual partnership patterns unique to men with CSA histories and comorbid PTSD/depression appear to lead to substantially higher numbers of LSPs. Estimates of this relationship may have been biased toward the null by underreporting that can occur with phone surveys. Cross-sectional studies do not support causal inferences; however, the identification of a moderating and mediating influence of PTSD/depression on the relationship between CSA and sexual risk behavior is important and suggests the need for future studies with larger samples that examine trajectories for CSA, psychiatric illness, and sexual partnerships. (copyright) The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the New York Academy of Medicine. All rights reserved.","adult, child sexual abuse, comorbidity, conference paper, demography, depression, education, gender identity, human, incidence, male, Poisson distribution, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomization, rating scale, regression analysis, risk assessment, screening, sexual behavior, sexuality","Holmes, W. C., Foa, E. B., Sammel, M. D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2453,Multimodal PTSD characterization via the StartleMart game,"Computer games have recently shown promise as a diagnostic and treatment tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. This paper examines the potential of combining multiple modalities for detecting affective responses of patients interacting with a simulation built on game technology, aimed at the treatment of mental diagnoses such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For that purpose, we couple game design and game technology to create a game-based tool for exposure therapy and stress inoculation training that utilizes stress detection for the automatic profiling and potential personalization of PTSD treatments. The PTSD treatment game we designed forces the player to go through various stressful experiences while a stress detection mechanism profiles the severity and type of PTSD by analyzing the physiological responses to those in-game stress elicitors in two separate modalities: skin conductance (SC) and blood volume pulse (BVP). SC is often used to monitor stress as it is connected to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). By including BVP into the model we introduce information about para-sympathetic activation, which offers a more complete view of the psycho-physiological experience of the player; in addition, as BVP is also modulated by SNS, a multimodal model should be more robust to changes in each modality due to particular drugs or day-to-day bodily changes. Overall, the study and analysis of 14 PTSD-diagnosed veteran soldiers presented in this paper reveals correspondence between diagnostic standard measures of PTSD severity and SC and BVP responsiveness and feature combinations thereof. The study also reveals that these features are significantly correlated with subjective evaluations of the stressfulness of experiences, represented as pairwise preferences. More importantly, the results presented here demonstrate that using the modalities of SC and BVP captures a more nuanced representation of player stress responses than using SC alone. We conclude that the results support the use of the simulation as a relevant treatment tool for stress inoculation training, and suggest the feasibility of using such a tool to profile PTSD patients. The use of multiple modalities appears to be key for an accurate profiling, although further research and analysis are required to identify the most relevant physiological features for capturing user stress. © 2014 OpenInterface Association.","Games for health, Post traumatic stress disorder, Stress detection, User profiling","Holmgård, C., Yannakakis, G. N., Martínez, H. P., Karstoft, K. I., Andersen, H. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2454,"P50 suppression, prepulse inhibition, and startle reactivity in the same patient cohort suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder","Background: Psychophysiological alterations like impaired gating and increased startle have been reported in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, findings are inconsistent, and potential relationships to symptomatology remain unclear. Aims: The present study investigates two distinct operational measures of gating and startle reactivity within the same patients suffering from PTSD and their relationship to PTSD symptomatology. Methods: Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic evoked startle reflex, P50 suppression of auditory event related potentials, and startle reactivity were assessed in three distinct experiments in 27 PTSD patients and compared to 25 healthy control subjects. Results: PTSD patients exhibited impaired P50 suppression and exaggerated startle. Lower P50 suppression was associated with higher levels of general psychopathology. Patients and control subjects did not differ in PPI. Limitations: Some of the limitations include, that the control group compromised of non-trauma exposure subjects and menstrual cycle in female participants potentially affecting PPI was not controlled. Conclusions: Deficient P50 gating, not related to specific trauma or distinct symptom clusters reflects a robust finding in PTSD patients. In contrast, further research is needed to clarify whether PPI is affected in PTSD. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Gating, P50 suppression, PPI, PTSD, Startle","Holstein, D. H., Vollenweider, F. X., Jäncke, L., Schopper, C., Csomor, P. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2455,Neuropsychological correlates of Gulf War syndrome,"As part of a comprehensive multispecialty project, the present study reports on the neurocognitive and psychological function of veterans who report Persian Gulf War-related symptoms. The neuropsychological and psychological performances of 26 ill Gulf War veterans were compared to 20 well veterans from the same military unit. Neurocognitive functions assessed included intelligence, abstraction and problem-solving, attention and concentration, memory and learning, language and visual-spatial function, and sensorimotor abilities. Psychological function was measured by self-report questionnaires. Results indicated global and consistently poorer intellectual and neurocognitive function among the ill veterans compared to the control veterans. A generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficit was evident for the ill veterans. Psychological profiles of the ill veterans were similar to those in general medical patients. Based on these findings and results from the multispecialty investigation, we conclude that some of the ill veterans have experienced neurotoxic injury resulting in chronic neuropsychological impairment that is related to their service in the Persian Gulf War.",,"Hom, J., Haley, R. W., Kurt, T. L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2456,Different clinical courses of children exposed to a single incident of psychological trauma: A 30-month prospective follow-up study,"Background We investigated the distinct longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a sample of 167 children, who witnessed death of two mothers of their schoolmates. Methods: The cohort was followed-up at 2 days (T1), 2 months (T2), 6 months (T3), and 30 months (T4) after the traumatic event. The children's posttraumatic stress symptoms (T1-T4), depression (T1, T3 and T4), state anxiety (T1, T3 and T4), and quality of life (T4) were assessed, along with parental stress related to child rearing (T4). Different trajectory patterns of the children's posttraumatic stress symptoms were identified using growth mixture modeling (GMM). Results: Four different patterns of symptom change were identified, which were consistent with the prototypical model, and were named Recovery (19.9%), Resilience (72.7%), Chronic Dysfunction (1.8%), and Delayed Reactions (5.6%). Significant differences were found in depression and anxiety scores, children's quality of life, and parental rearing stress according to the distinct longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions The present study suggests that individual differences should be taken into account in the clinical course and outcome of children exposed to psychological trauma. The two most common trajectories were the Resilience and the Recovery types, together suggesting that over 90% of children were evidenced with a favorable 30-month outcome. The latent classes were associated with significant mean differences in depression and anxiety scores, supporting the clinical validity of the distinct trajectories.","Children, growth mixture modeling, PTSD, resilience","Hong, S. B., Youssef, G. J., Song, S. H., Choi, N. H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Park, S., Kim, J. W., Shin, M. S., Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Kim, B. N.",2014.0,,,1,1,
2457,Assessing long-term effects of trauma: Diagnosing symptoms of avoidance and numbing,"Objective: This study compared the discovery of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms by means of the Structured Clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) with a semistructured, psychodynamic clinical interview in a long-term follow-up of the survivors of the Buffalo Creek (W. Va.) flood. Method: Videotaped semistructured, psychodynamic clinical interviews of a small group of survivors (N=6) were compared with the results obtained in a prior group-level SCID investigation. Results: Seventy-two percent of the total PTSD symptoms for the subjects studied were elicited exclusively by the psychodynamic clinical interview. PTSD cluster C symptoms of avoidance and numbing of general responsiveness were especially sensitive to discovery by this method. Conclusions: The psychodynamic clinical interview should be included in the design of studies that seek to investigate long-term effects of trauma, which are especially likely to be manifest in negative symptoms and subtle character change.","article, avoidance behavior, clinical article, disaster, human, injury, priority journal, psychodynamics, videorecording","Honig, R. G., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Newman, C. J., Titchener, J. L.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2458,Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder,"BACKGROUND: Serotonergic antidepressants [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)] are first-line treatments for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD); however, it is not known if synaptic serotonin (5-HT) availability is important for SSRI efficacy. The present study tested the hypothesis that temporary reduction in central 5-HT transmission, through acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), would reverse the therapeutic effect of the SSRIs in GAD patients. METHODS: Twelve patients (six males) with GAD, who showed sustained clinical improvement with SSRI treatment, underwent ATD in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design over 2 days, 1 week apart. At the peak time of depletion, the participants inhaled 7.5% CO2 and air in random order for at least 12 min each. Psychological responses were measured using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and GAD-symptom visual analogue scales (VASs; e.g., worry and tense) and Profile of Mood States. RESULTS: Free plasma tryptophan to large neutral amino acid (LNAA) ratio decreased by 92% on the depletion day and decreased by 2% on the control day. Irrespective of depletion condition, 7.5% CO(2) inhalation significantly increased STAI-S and GAD-related VAS scores (all p < 0.05) compared with air inhalation. ATD had no effect on any of these measures despite the substantial reduction in free tryptophan/LNAA ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Although SSRIs treat GAD effectively, the present results suggest that the mechanism of action is different to that seen in panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Successful SSRI treatment of GAD may involve long-term receptor changes or alterations in other neurotransmitter systems downstream of serotonin.","Administration, Inhalation, Administration, Oral, Adult, Affect/drug effects, Amino Acids/*administration & dosage, Anti-Anxiety Agents/*therapeutic use, Anxiety Disorders/blood/*drug therapy/physiopathology/psychology, Beverages, Blood Pressure/drug effects, Carbon Dioxide/*administration & dosage, Double-Blind Method, England, Female, Heart Rate/drug effects, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/*therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Tryptophan/blood/*deficiency, Western Australia","Hood, S. D., Hince, D. A., Davies, S. J., Argyropoulos, S., Robinson, H., Potokar, J., Nutt, D. J.",2010.0,Feb,10.1007/s00213-009-1722-1,0,0,
2459,Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder,"Background: Serotonergic antidepressants [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)] are first-line treatments for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD); however, it is not known if synaptic serotonin (5-HT) availability is important for SSRI efficacy. The present study tested the hypothesis that temporary reduction in central 5-HT transmission, through acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), would reverse the therapeutic effect of the SSRIs in GAD patients. Methods: Twelve patients (six males) with GAD, who showed sustained clinical improvement with SSRI treatment, underwent ATD in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design over 2 days, 1 week apart. At the peak time of depletion, the participants inhaled 7.5% CO2 and air in random order for at least 12 min each. Psychological responses were measured using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and GAD-symptom visual analogue scales (VASs; e.g., worry and tense) and Profile of Mood States. Results: Free plasma tryptophan to large neutral amino acid (LNAA) ratio decreased by 92% on the depletion day and decreased by 2% on the control day. Irrespective of depletion condition, 7.5% CO2 inhalation significantly increased STAI-S and GAD-related VAS scores (all p(element of)<(element of)0.05) compared with air inhalation. ATD had no effect on any of these measures despite the substantial reduction in free tryptophan/LNAA ratio. Conclusions: Although SSRIs treat GAD effectively, the present results suggest that the mechanism of action is different to that seen in panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Successful SSRI treatment of GAD may involve long-term receptor changes or alterations in other neurotransmitter systems downstream of serotonin. (copyright) 2009 Springer-Verlag.","amino acid transporter, escitalopram, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tryptophan, venlafaxine, abdominal discomfort, adult, article, carbon dioxide breathing, clinical article, clinical assessment tool, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, diastolic blood pressure, double blind procedure, female, generalized anxiety disorder, heart rate, human, major depression, male, nausea, panic, priority journal, Profile of Mood States, randomized controlled trial, serotoninergic transmission, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, systolic blood pressure, visual analog scale","Hood, S. D., Hince, D. A., Davies, S. J. C., Argyropoulos, S., Robinson, H., Potokar, J., Nutt, D. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,2458
2460,"The Impact of Previous Suicide Ideations, Traumatic Stress, and Gender on Future Suicide Ideation Trajectories Among Black American Adolescents: A Longitudinal Investigation","It has long been asserted that previous suicide behaviors (gestures and attempts) are a significant predictor of future suicide behaviors. Less is known about the extent to which this axiom applies to suicide ideations. The current investigation explored suicide ideations in a longitudinal sample of Black American adolescents (N = 977) aged 11 to 18. Logistic growth models were conducted with future suicide ideations as the dependent variable and the number of previous suicide ideations, traumatic stress, and gender as independent variables. Results show, first, that previous suicide ideations and traumatic stress are potent predictors of future suicide ideations. Second, the probability of future suicide ideations is higher when both the number of previous suicide ideations and traumatic stress levels increase, and this probability remains higher as the adolescent ages. These results demonstrate that the long-held proposition that previous suicide behaviors are predictive of future suicide behavior trajectories can be applied as well to suicide ideations.","Black American youth, gender, logistic growth models, longitudinal trajectories, suicide ideations, traumatic stress","Hooper, L. M., Tomek, S., Bolland, K. A., Church Ii, W. T., Wilcox, K., Bolland, J. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2461,An intergenerational perspective on risk and protective factors in multi-problem poor familes living in Cape Town,,,"Hope, J., Van Der Merwe, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2462,Optimal scoring of the multidimensional pain inventory in a chronic pain sample,"The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is one of the most commonly used self-report instruments in pain settings. The MPI can be used to classify patients into three clusters or its nine scales can be treated as dimensions in efforts to understand patient heterogeneity. Previous research suggests the existence of a fourth cluster, whose members have been labeled 'repressors,' that emerges with the addition of a defensiveness scale to the MPI. The current paper compared the abilities of MPI cluster and dimensional models with and without a measure of defensiveness to capture variability in validating variables related to personality, psychopathology, physical functioning, and treatment outcome in a chronic pain sample. Results suggest that dimensional models consistently outperform cluster models in explaining variance in outcome variables, and that the addition of a measure of defensiveness increments the validity offered by the MPI scales. Implications for the assessment of pain patients are discussed. (copyright) Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008.","adult, article, chronic pain, cluster analysis, coping behavior, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, Multidimensional Pain Inventory, pain assessment, personality, physical capacity, priority journal, scoring system, statistical model, treatment outcome, validity","Hopwood, C. J., Creech, S. K., Clark, T. S., Meagher, M. W., Morey, L. C.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2463,Prevention of heat stress disorders in the workplace,"The intensive summer heat in Japan led to the death of 47 workers due to incidence of heat stroke in 2010. A notable cluster was observed during the first three days after the start of working in a hot environment. The construction industry accounted for 64% of all lethal cases, and the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) of 28°C or higher demonstrated an increasing tendency for lost workdays due to heat stress disorders. Lack of specific symptoms and signs strengthens the importance of prevention. Obedience to orders from employers in uncontrollable hot, humid environments requires thermoregulation dependent on sweating. Loss of lowconcentrated sodium in sweat causes temporary hypernatremia, followed by a shift in interstitial fluid to serum and secretion of arginine-vasopressin to adjust osmolarity; however, massive water intake sometimes leads to excessive serum dilution causing temporary hyponatremia, expressed as heat cramps. The complex risk of heat stroke in the workplace can be categorized into four principal causes: physical labor, hot and humid environment, long hours of work and short break times, and protective clothing. The Labour Standards Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, noticed WBGT standard values based on ISO 7243 and ACGIH TLVs® and recommended the multifaceted measures of frequent breaks, breathable and porous clothing, sunscreen, sodium-containing palatable water, and education in emergency care.","Heat stroke, Industrial physician, Occupational health, Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)","Horie, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2464,Linking plasma cortisol levels to phenotypic heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptomatology,"Introduction: Recent confirmatory factor analytic studies of the dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that this disorder may be best characterized by five symptom dimensions-re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in PTSD and has been attributed to enhanced glucocorticoid responsiveness. However, little is known about how altered HPA-axis function is related to this contemporary phenotypic model of PTSD. Methods: We compared morning plasma cortisol levels of drug-free civilian adults with PTSD (N=29) to trauma-exposed (TC; N=12) and non-trauma-exposed healthy controls (HC; N=23). We then examined the relation between cortisol levels and a contemporary 5-factor 'dysphoric arousal' model of PTSD symptoms among individuals with PTSD. Results: After adjustment for white race/ethnicity, education, lifetime alcohol use disorder, and current smoking status, the PTSD (Cohen's d=1.1) and TC (Cohen's d=1.3) groups had significantly lower cortisol levels than the HC group; cortisol levels did not differ between the TC and PTSD groups. Except for age (r=46), none of the other demographic, trauma-related, or clinical variables, including lifetime mood/anxiety disorder and severity of current depressive and anxiety symptoms, were associated with cortisol levels. In a stepwise linear regression analysis, age (β=44) and severity of emotional numbing symptoms (β=35) were independently associated with cortisol levels in the PTSD group; none of the other PTSD symptom clusters or depression symptoms were significant. Post hoc analyses revealed that severity of the emotional numbing symptom of restricted range of affect (i.e., unable to have loving feelings) was independently related to cortisol levels (β=35). Conclusion: These results suggest that trauma-exposed civilian adults with and without PTSD have significantly lower cortisol levels compared to healthy, non-trauma-exposed adults. They further suggest that low cortisol levels among adults with PTSD may be specifically linked to emotional numbing symptomatology that is unique to the PTSD phenotype and unrelated to depressive symptoms. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","5-Factor PTSD model, Cortisol, Hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis, Numbing, PTSD","Horn, C. A. C., Pietrzak, R. H., Corsi-Travali, S., Neumeister, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2465,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children exposed to intimate partner violence: the clinical picture of physiological arousal symptoms,"In recent years, researchers have focused on acquiring a better understanding of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children under the age of six following exposure to chronic trauma, such as intimate partner violence (IPV). Despite a number of empirical studies on early childhood PTSD, few have examined how children differ in the clinical presentation of PTSD symptomatology. There may be wide variability in the presentation of symptoms within the four clusters of PTSD symptoms: re-experiencing, alterations in physiological arousal, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and avoidance. Symptoms of physiological arousal may be particularly difficult for parents and therapists to identify and report on because many of these symptoms are internal sensations (e.g. racing heart beat), and they are most often evaluated out of context (e.g. in reports of past behaviour). Thus, little is known about the presentation of these symptoms in preschoolers. To better identify physiological arousal symptoms as they occur, this study examined therapists’ qualitative reports on the presentation of physiological symptoms of 56 young children exposed to IPV while they participated in an intervention programme. Results indicated that children were most likely to exhibit emotion dysregulation, behavioural outbursts, mood swings and temper tantrums when physiologically aroused. The presence of temper tantrums as a component of arousal and reactivity is consistent with recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition) changes, which include these elements as new criteria for PTSD in children aged six and younger. Behavioural examples are described and implications discussed for clinical intervention. © 2016 The Child Care in Practice Group","children, intervention, Intimate partner violence, physiological arousal, posttraumatic stress disorder","Horn, S. R., Miller-Graff, L. E., Galano, M. M., Graham-Bermann, S. A.",2016.0,,10.1080/13575279.2015.1126229,0,0,
2466,Post-weaning to pre-pubertal ('juvenile') stress: A model of induced predisposition to stress-related disorders,"Human studies suggest that childhood trauma predisposes individuals to develop stress-related disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent years have witnessed growing interest in effectively modeling in animals the long-term effects of childhood emotional trauma on stress responses in adulthood. Most studies concerned with the impact of early-life stress on subsequent stress responses in adulthood in rodents have focused on the post-natal pre-weaning period. However, psychiatric studies often refer to human childhood rather than infancy when investigating the patients' traumatic history of stress-related psychopathologies. In accordance with that, we have examined the consequences of stress exposure at a later early-life period, the post-weaning, pre-puberty (juvenile) period, which holds greater resemblance to human childhood. This review summarizes a series of studies examining the impact of exposure of rats to stressors during 'juvenility' ('juvenile stress') on the ability of these animals to cope with stress later in life. Exposure to relatively brief but significant stress experience during juvenility was found to impair the ability of animals to cope with stressful challenges in adulthood. These behavioral manifestations were associated with lasting alterations in limbic system brain regions of neuromodulatory pathways, such as alterations in the expression of cell adhesion molecules, GABAergic system functioning and alterations in levels of circulating corticosterone. Importantly, these studies have also demonstrated considerable individual and sex differences, which call for the development of adequate analysis approaches. The juvenile stress model combined with characterization of individual profiles is presented as a useful model to study in rodents different facets of stress-related disorders and neural mechanisms of vulnerability and resilience to stress. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG.","Post-weaning stress, ""Pre-pubertal (juvenile) stress"", Stress-related disorders","Horovitz, O., Tsoory, M. M., Hall, J., Jacobson-Pick, S., Richter-Levin, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2467,PTSD symptoms in urban adolescent girls: Compounded community trauma,"Objective: To describe the assessments for exposure to violent events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a population of urban adolescent girls. Method: Seventy-nine urban adolescent girls attending an adolescent medicine clinic were assessed via clinician-assisted self-report measures called the Adolescent Self-Report Trauma Questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered information on demographics, exposure to community and domestic violent events, and PTSD symptoms. Results: The adolescents experienced between 8 and 55 different types of community and domestic violent events, with the mean number of violent events being 28. Hyperarousal cluster symptoms were present in 90%, reexperiencing clusters symptoms in 89%, and avoidance cluster symptoms in 80%, while 67% met symptom criteria for PTSD. Increased number of types of violent events was positively correlated with meeting PTSD criteria (p = .01) and with increased PTSD severity scores (p = .001). Conclusions: These urban adolescent girls have experienced prolonged and repeated exposure to multiple types of community as well as domestic violent events, via multiple modalities of contact, over time. They reported a high percentage of PTSD symptoms across all three symptom clusters. The authors propose the concept of 'compounded community trauma' and discuss its marked impact on female adolescent development.","adolescent, adult, article, avoidance behavior, child, child psychiatry, community mental health, controlled study, family violence, female, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, school child, self report, symptom, urban population","Horowitz, K., Weine, S., Jekel, J.",1995.0,,,0,0,
2468,Stress-related genomic responses during the course of heat acclimation and its association with ischemic-reperfusion cross-tolerance,"Acclimation to heat is a biphasic process involving a transient perturbed phase followed by a long lasting period during which acclimatory homeostasis is developed. In this investigation, we used cDNA stress microarray (Clontech Laboratory) to characterize the stress-related genomic response during the course of heat acclimation and to test the hypotheses that 1) heat acclimation influences the threshold of activation of protective molecular signaling, and 2) heat-acclimation-mediated ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) protection is coupled with reprogrammed gene expression leading to altered capacity or responsiveness of protective-signaling pathways shared by heat and I/R cytoprotective systems, Rats were acclimated at 34°C for 0, 2, and 30 days. 32P-labeled RNA samples prepared from the left ventricles of rats before and after subjection to heat stress (HS; 2 h, 41°C or after I/R insult (ischemia: 75%, 45 min; reperfusion: 30 min) were hybridized onto the array membranes. Confirmatory RT-PCR of selected genes conducted on samples taken at 0, 30, and 60 min after HS or total ischemia was used to assess the promptness of the transcriptional response. Cluster analysis of the expressed genes indicated that acclimation involves a ""two-tier"" defense strategy: an immediate transient response peaking at the initial acclimating phase to maintain DNA and cellular integrity, and a sustained response, correlated with slowly developed adaptive, long-lasting cytoprotective signaling networks involving genes encoding proteins that are essential for the heat-shock response, antiapoptosis, and antioxidation. Gene activation was stress specific. Faster activation and suppression of signaling pathways shared by HS and I/R stressors probably contribute to heat-acclimation I/R cross-tolerance.","Heart, Heat stress, Ischemia-reperfusion, Microarray, Stress genes","Horowitz, M., Eli-Berchoer, L., Wapinski, I., Friedman, N., Kodesh, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2469,Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress,,,"Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., Alvarez, W.",1979.0,,,0,0,
2470,Stress Response Syndromes,,,"Horowitz, M. J.",1986.0,,,0,0,
2471,Expressive and defensive behavior during discourse on unresolved topics: a single case study of pathological grief,"Both psychodynamic and social-cognitive theoretical domains have control process models of behavior but with different ideas about the purpose and loci of control. This study examines expressive and defensive behaviors associated with different topics of discourse in the time-limited psychotherapy of a woman treated for pathological grief. Conceptually the study is based on a model of defensive control processes that integrates states of mind and person schemas. Theoretically derived measures of discourse topics, verbal and nonverbal defensive behaviors, emotional disclosure, and states of mind were applied to transcripts and videotapes of the entire therapy. Evidence from combined cluster and factor analyses supported the existence of recurring emotionally significant states. Two of these are particularly interesting from a clinical perspective: One, a ""shimmering"" state of intense emotional expression with concurrent signs of avoidance, was associated with topics identified clinically as stressful, unresolved, and conflictual. The other, a state of more uniformly stifled emotionality, was characteristic of discourse thought of clinically as resistance.","adult, article, case report, control, defense mechanism, depression, female, human, human relation, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, psychotherapy, verbal behavior","Horowitz, M. J., Milbrath, C., Jordan, D. S., Stinson, C. H., Ewert, M., Redington, D. J., Fridhandler, B., Reidbord, S. P., Hartley, D.",1994.0,,,0,0,
2472,Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis,"Background: Pharmacological treatment is widely used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) despite questions over its efficacy. Aims: To determine the efficacy of all types of pharmacotherapy, as monotherapy, in reducing symptoms of PTSD, and to assess acceptability. Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was undertaken; 51 studies were included. Results: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were found to be statistically superior to placebo in reduction of PTSD symptoms but the effect size was small (standardised mean difference 70.23, 95% CI 70.33 to 70.12). For individual pharmacological agents compared with placebo in two or more trials, we found small statistically significant evidence of efficacy for fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine. Conclusions: Some drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms and are acceptable. Fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine may be considered as potential treatments for the disorder. For most drugs there is inadequate evidence regarding efficacy for PTSD, pointing to the need for more research in this area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Hoskins, Mathew, Pearce, Jennifer, Bethell, Andrew, Dankova, Liliya, Barbui, Corrado, Tol, Wietse A., van Ommeren, Mark, de Jong, Joop, Seedat, Soraya, Chen, Hanhui, Bisson, Jonathan I.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2473,"Resource Loss, Resource Gain, and Psychological Resilience and Dysfunction Following Cancer Diagnosis: A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach","Objective: This study investigated trajectories of psychological distress and their relationships with change in psychosocial resources in the year following cancer diagnosis. Design: Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (n = 234) were assessed within 12 weeks of diagnosis (T1) and again at 3-month (T2) and 12-month (T3) follow-ups. Growth mixture modeling was used to analyze the longitudinal data. Main Outcome Measures: Psychological distress was measured at the three time-points using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Growth mixture models identified four classes: chronic distress (7-9%), delayed distress (10-13%), recovery (13-16%), and resilient (65-67%). People in chronic distress were more likely to demonstrate loss in physical functioning and social relational quality than those in delayed distress, and loss in physical functioning, optimism, and hope than those in recovery, but more likely to demonstrate stability/gain in optimistic personalities than those in delayed distress and resilient. People in resilient were more likely to report stability/gain in optimistic personalities than those in delayed distress but not those in recovery. Conclusion: Understanding differential outcome trajectories and associated change in coping resources has implications for developing ongoing psychological services for cancer patients during the diagnosis and treatment process. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Colorectal cancer, Resilience, Resource change, Trajectories of psychological distress","Hou, W. K., Law, C. C., Yin, J., Fu, Y. T.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0020809,1,1,
2474,Long-term sequelae of critical illness: Memories and health-related quality of life,"Impaired health-related quality of life after critical illness has been demonstrated in a number of studies. It is not clear exactly how or why critical illness and intensive care lead to impaired health status, but understanding this association is an important step to improving long-term outcomes of the critically ill. There is growing evidence that neuro-psychological symptoms play a significant role in this impairment and that management of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) may influence these symptoms. This commentary examines a recent study and places this study in the context of previous studies suggesting that both amnesia and persisting nightmares of the ICU experience are associated with impaired quality of life. Further research is needed if we are effectively to understand, prevent and treat the negative sequelae of critical illness. © 2005 BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Hough, C. L., Curtis, J. R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2475,Emotional face expressions in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs following a severely traumatic event and is characterised by: re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional blunting and reactivity. Of particular interest to this study are emotional blunting, which is the reduced responsiveness to cues unrelated to the traumatic experience, and reactivity which is an increased sensitivity to event-related cues. In two studies, the N170 was recorded in response to emotional faces (happy, sad, angry, surprised, neutral) and objects. In each study, high and low scorers on the PTSD checklist formed two companion groups. Angry faces are considered a generalised threat and it was expected that the clinical group would show larger N170 (hyper-reactive) to these emotional expressions, while responses to the other emotions would be reduced (emotional blunting). Preliminary analysis suggests that both of these processes are present. Results will be discussed in terms of possible deficits in processing emotional information in PTSD as well as the development of a clinical tool to aid the diagnosis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotions, *Face Perception, *Facial Expressions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Visual Evoked Potentials","Houlihan, Michael, Fraser, Ian, Donahue, Meaghan, Sharma, Monica, Bourque, Wendy, MacLean, Mary",2007.0,,,0,0,
2476,Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Help Seeking in the U.S. Army,"Background: Inconsistent findings between studies of gender differences in mental health outcomes in military samples have left open questions of differential prevalence in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among all United States Army soldiers and in differential psychosocial and comorbid risk and protective factor profiles and their association with receipt of treatment. Methods: This study assesses the prevalence and risk factors of screening positive for PTSD for men and women based on two large, population-based Army samples obtained as part of the 2005 and 2008 U.S. Department of Defense Surveys of Health Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel. Results: The study showed that overall rates of PTSD, as measured by several cutoffs of the PTSD Checklist, are similar between active duty men and women, with rates increasing in both men and women between the two study time points. Depression and problem alcohol use were strongly associated with a positive PTSD screen in both genders, and combat exposure was significantly associated with a positive PTSD screen in men. Overall, active duty men and women who met criteria for PTSD were equally likely to receive mental health counseling or treatment, though gender differences in treatment receipt varied by age, race, social support (presence of spouse at duty station), history of sexual abuse, illness, depression, alcohol use, and combat exposure. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the prevalence of PTSD as well as the overall utilization of mental health services is similar for active duty men compared with women. However, there are significant gender differences in predictors of positive PTSD screens and receipt of PTSD treatment. © 2016 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R. M., Wilk, J. E., Hoge, C. W.",2016.0,,10.1089/jwh.2014.5078,0,0,
2477,The mental health status of women in the Navy and Marine Corps: Preliminary findings from the Perceptions of Wellness and Readiness Assessment,"The 1995 Perceptions of Wellness and Readiness Assessment was designed to provide baseline health and risk-factor information on the physical and mental health status of women in the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps and to make comparisons both within military subpopulations and with civilian populations. A population-based, multi-stage, cluster sample of 782 active duty Navy and Marine Corps women and men were administered a structured computerized telephone interview to make Diagnostic and Statistical Manual- III-R psychiatric diagnoses. Estimates were 40 and 21% for overall lifetime and 1-year prevalence of psychiatric disorders, respectively. Women had about five times the risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder than men and about twice the risk of a major depressive episode. Of all personnel meeting diagnostic criteria for an active mental disorder, only 19% sought mental health care in the last year. Women generally sought treatment more readily than men.","adult, article, depression, female, female worker, health status, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, military medicine, navy, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, sailor, sex difference","Hourani, L. L., Yuan, H.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2478,A person-centred approach to modelling population experiences of trauma and mental illness,"Background: Exposure to traumatic events has been implicated in the onset and development of a range of psychiatric disorders. People can be exposed to multiple traumatic events and previous research suggests that traumatic experiences may cluster at the individual level. Methods: This study aimed to examine the distribution of traumatic experiences in a large nationally representative sample using latent class analysis, and estimate the relationship between these classes and a number of demographic and clinical variables. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey was used. Results: Four latent classes, each representative of a range of traumatic experiences were identified. The classes were labelled 'high risk' (class 1), 'exposure to non-sexual adult interpersonal/non-interpersonal trauma' (class 2), 'intermediate risk/sexual abuse' (class 3), and 'low risk' (class 4). Each of the latent classes was predicted by several of the demographic variables. In addition, membership of classes 1, 2, and 3 increased the risk of each of the clinical variables. Conclusions: The findings have clinical implications for the assessment of trauma histories across a range of psychiatric diagnoses. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.","Latent class analysis, Mental illness, Trauma","Houston, J. E., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., Murphy, J.",2011.0,,,0,1,
2479,Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11,"Context: Children exposed to a traumatic event may be at higher risk for developing mental disorders. The prevalence of child psychopathology, however, has not been assessed in a population-based sample exposed to different levels of mass trauma or across a range of disorders. Objective: To determine prevalence and correlates of probable mental disorders among New York City, NY, public school students 6 months following the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center attack. Design: Survey. Setting: New York City public schools. Participants: A citywide, random, representative sample of 8236 students in grades 4 through 12, including oversampling in closest proximity to the World Trade Center site (ground zero) and other high-risk areas. Main Outcome Measure: Children were screened for probable mental disorders with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Predictive Scales. Results: One or more of 6 probable anxiety/depressive disorders were identified in 28.6% of all children. The most prevalent were probable agoraphobia (14.8%), probable separation anxiety (12.3%), and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (10.6%). Higher levels of exposure correspond to higher prevalence for all probable anxiety/ depressive disorders. Girls and children in grades 4 and 5 were the most affected. In logistic regression analyses, child's exposure (adjusted odds ratio, 1.62), exposure of a child's family member (adjusted odds ratio, 1.80), and the child's prior trauma (adjusted odds ratio, 2.01) were related to increased likelihood of probable anxiety/ depressive disorders. Results were adjusted for different types of exposure, sociodemographic characteristics, and child mental health service use. Conclusions: A high proportion of New York City public school children had a probable mental disorder 6 months after September 11, 2001. The data suggest that there is a relationship between level of exposure to trauma and likelihood of child anxiety/depressive disorders in the community. The results support the need to apply wide-area epidemiological approaches to mental health assessment after any large-scale disaster.",,"Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D., Cohen, M., Balaban, V., Woodruff, B. A., Bin, F., Musa, G. J., Mei, L., Cantor, P. A., Aber, J. L., Cohen, P., Susser, E.",2005.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.545,0,0,
2480,Profiles of Connectedness: Processes of Resilience and Growth in Children With Cancer,"OBJECTIVE: Identified patterns of connectedness in youth with cancer and demographically similar healthy peers. METHOD: Participants included 153 youth with a history of cancer and 101 youth without a history of serious illness (8-19 years). Children completed measures of connectedness, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and benefit-finding. Parents also reported on children's PTSS. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: high connectedness (45%), low connectedness (6%), connectedness primarily to parents (40%), and connectedness primarily to peers (9%). These profiles did not differ by history of cancer. However, profiles differed on PTSS and benefit-finding. Children highly connected across domains displayed the lowest PTSS and highest benefit-finding, while those with the lowest connectedness had the highest PTSS, with moderate PTSS and benefit-finding for the parent and peer profiles. CONCLUSION: Children with cancer demonstrate patterns of connectedness similar to their healthy peers. Findings support connectedness as a possible mechanism facilitating resilience and growth.","adjustment, cancer, children, connectedness, resilience","Howard Sharp, K. M., Willard, V. W., Okado, Y., Tillery, R., Barnes, S., Long, A., Phipps, S.",2015.0,Oct,10.1093/jpepsy/jsv036,0,1,
2481,"It's all my fault: A mediational model of shame, guilt, posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a sample of battered women","Feelings of shame and guilt have received increased attention in mental health research. Women who are victims of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) experience a wide array of emotions and stigma associated with their status, which may impact their physical and mental health. A fairly common response to traumatic events such as IPV is for the victim to blame herself and experience feelings of responsibility, shame, and guilt. The current study examined the relationships between trauma-related factors, the social/emotional factors of shame and guilt, and symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and the comorbid condition in a sample of 137 battered women residing in domestic violence shelters. It was suggested that shame would be a predictor and mediator for depression, as both constructs are related to self-evaluation. Guilt was suggested as a predictor and mediator for PTSD, as both of these constructs are related to events or behaviors. Shame was found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between trauma-related factors and symptoms of depression. A combined shame and guilt score was found to significantly mediate comorbid symptoms. Guilt alone failed to demonstrate significant mediation of PTSD symptoms. Predictive models using trauma-related factors along with shame and guilt were found to account for a significant amount of variance in mental health symptoms. This research supports the importance shame and guilt, particularly in combination, and their contribution to mental health in female IPV victims. Future research on the interrelationships and distinction between shame and guilt as they impact psychopathology are needed, as well as refinements to these and other predictive models for use in early detection, treatment, and potentially prevention of mental health problems following IPV victimization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Battered Females, *Guilt, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Shame, *Trauma, Human Females, Major Depression, Mental Health","Howell Dwyer, Meagan L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2482,Posttraumatic stress disorder: an exploratory study examining rates of trauma and PTSD and its effect on client outcomes in community mental health,"Rates of trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were examined in order to compare the profile in clients of an Australian Public Mental Health Service with that reported in the international literature for clients with major mental illness and to explore the effect of this on client health outcomes. Potential factors contributing to increased levels of trauma/PTSD in this group of clients and the issue of causality between PTSD and subsequent mental illness was also explored. A convenience sample of 29 clients was screened for trauma and PTSD using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and selected outcome measures. Paired and independent samples t-test and ANOVA were applied to the data. High levels of undocumented trauma and PTSD were found. Twenty clients, (74%) reported exposure to multiple traumatic events; 33.3% (9) met DSM IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Significant difference was found for PTSD symptomatology, severity and impairment and for client and clinician-rated scores of Quality of Life (QOL) outcomes in the PTSD group. No effect for PTSD symptomatology on the Working Alliance (WA) was found. Factors that may influence higher rates of PTSD in this group were identified and included issues associated with the population studied, the predominance of assaultive violence found, and vulnerability and risks factors associated with re-traumatisation within the social and treating environments. A similar trauma and PTSD profile to that reported in the international literature, including greater levels of trauma and PTSD and a poorer QOL, was found in this small sample of clients. It is postulated that the increased levels of trauma/PTSD as reported for persons with major mental illness, including those found in the current study, are primarily related to the characteristics of the population that access public mainstream psychiatric services and that these factors have specific implications for service delivery, and raise issues of efficiency and effectiveness of resource use in achieving successful outcomes in public mental health services for clients with co-morbid PTSD. Further research with a more rigorous design is needed to test these preliminary findings within Australian Community Mental Health Services.","adult, article, Australia, case management, comorbidity, female, health care delivery, health status, human, injury, life event, male, mental disease, mental health service, outcome assessment, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, quality of life, questionnaire, risk factor, severity of illness index, standard, statistics, violence","Howgego, I. M., Owen, C., Meldrum, L., Yellowlees, P., Dark, F., Parslow, R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2483,Prevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: A review,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, frequently chronic, and disabling condition which, along with acute stress disorder (ASD), is categorized as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder by the DSM-5. These disorders are unique in requiring exposure to a severe stressor, which implies that potential sufferers could be identified and helped before developing a disorder. Research on prevention strategies for stress-related disorders has taken a number of avenues, including intervention before and after trauma and the use of both psychosocial and somatic approaches. Despite advances in neurobiological understanding of response to trauma, clinical evidence for preventive interventions remains sparse. This review provides an overview of prevention approaches and summarizes the existing literature on prevention of ASD and PTSD, including clinical and preclinical studies. Given the potential benefits to trauma survivors and society, the development of effective preventive interventions should be given greater priority. Resources should be directed to adequately test promising interventions in clinical trials, and research should be conducted according to translational research principles in which preclinical research informs the design of clinical studies.",,"Howlett, J. R., Stein, M. B.",2016.0,,10.1038/npp.2015.261,0,0,
2484,Stability in cognitive function over 18 years: Prevalence and predictors among older Mexican Americans,"Purpose: Numerous studies have examined the association of physical, behavioral and social factors with cognitive decline in older adults. Less attention has been placed on factors associated with long-term maintenance of intact cognition even into very old age. A greater understanding of those factors can inform the development of activities for maintaining cognitive strength. Methods: Using a sample from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, a population-based study of non-institutionalized Mexican Americans aged 65 and older from five Southwestern states (N =2767), latent class mixture models were developed to identify subgroups of cognitive change over time. Results: Three distinct trajectories of cognitive change were identified and characterized as stable, slow decline and rapid decline. Compared to the rapid decline group, a higher proportion of the stable cognition group were women, had high school education, were married and attended church one or more times per week. Regular church attendance had a significant positive impact in the stable group (β = 0.64, p <0.01), the slow decline group (β = 0.84, p <0.001) and the rapid decline group (β= 2.50, p <0.001). Activity limitations had a consistently negative association with cognition in the stable, slow decline and rapid decline groups (β = -0.37, p <0.001; β = -0.85, p <0.001; and β = -1.58, p <0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Substantial heterogeneity exists in rates of cognitive decline among older Mexican Americans. Interventions targeting cognitive maintenance may benefit from increased focus on factors associated with continued social engagement. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.","Aging, Cognition, Cognitive change, Hispanic, Resilience, Social support, Trajectory","Howrey, B. T., Raji, M. A., Masel, M. M., Peek, M. K.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2485,Personality Profiles of Intimate Partner Violence Offenders With and Without PTSD,"Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious forensic and clinical problem throughout the United States. Research aimed at defining and differentiating subgroups of IPV offenders using standardized personality instruments may eventually help with matching treatments to specific individuals to reduce recidivism. The current study used a convenience sample of court-ordered IPV offenders to explore whether the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can reliably differentiate this population in terms of personality characteristics and clinical symptoms. Profile analysis showed meaningful differences between PTSD (n = 22), non-PTSD (n = 43), and nontrauma (n = 13) groups on a variety of Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and Personality Assessment Inventory personality and clinical scales. The PTSD group reported significantly less IPV than the non-PTSD and nontrauma groups, as well as endorsing greater overall distress, greater symptoms of anxiety, and greater symptoms of depression across instruments. Implications for assessment are discussed. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","assessment, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, MCMI-III, PAI, personality, PTSD","Hoyt, T., Wray, A. M., Wiggins, K. T., Gerstle, M., Maclean, P. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2486,Comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure models in Hispanic and White college students,"This study tested measurement invariance between Hispanic (n = 226) and White (n = 278) college students' responses to a well-validated measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Participants completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Juska, & Keane, 1993); however, trauma histories were not assessed, nor were responses to the PCL-C indexed to a specific traumatic event. Eight models were tested using within-groups confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); 3 models (D. King, Leskin, King, & Weathers, 1998; Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002; Smith, Redd, DuHamel, Vickberg, & Ricketts, 1999) showed good fit for both ethnic groups, although differences in the degree of fit were observed between the 2 ethnic groups. Models that demonstrated good fit were then compared for equivalence using multiple group CFA. Factor loadings were equivalent between groups, but intercepts differed between groups in all 3 models. Mean item score differences between Hispanic and White groups were observed on items assessing emotional upset with reminders (Item B4) and emotional distancing (Item C5). D. King and colleagues (1998) model resulted in the best measurement invariance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Ethnic Identity, *Factor Analysis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Measurement, Psychiatric Symptoms, Latinos/Latinas","Hoyt, Tim, Yeater, Elizabeth A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2487,Application of the stressor vulnerability model to understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-related problems in an undergraduate population,"Research examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorder (AUD) suggests that individuals experiencing PTSD symptoms (PTSS) often drink alcohol as a means to self-medicate their trauma symptoms; however, little attention has been given to moderating variables that may make this association more likely. The stressor vulnerability model proposes that being male, relying on maladaptive forms of coping, and holding positive alcohol-outcome expectancies predispose individuals to engage in alcohol use when experiencing psychological distress. In the current study, sex, avoidance coping (AVC), tension-reduction expectancies (TRE), and emotional-relief drinking-refusal self-efficacy (ERDRSE) were examined as moderators of the relationship between PTSS and alcohol-related problems in a sample of 144 undergraduates. Results indicated that males reporting high levels of TRE exhibited a stronger positive relationship between PTSS and alcohol-related problems than was present for males reporting low levels of TRE and for females reporting either high or low levels of TRE. In addition, a significant positive relationship between PTSS and alcohol-related problems was observed for individuals reporting high levels of TRE and low levels of ERDRSE, but not for individuals reporting high levels of TRE and high levels of ERDRSE, low TRE-low ERDRSE, or low TRE-high ERDRSE. Assessment of these vulnerability factors in traumatized youth and young adults may serve as a useful means of identifying individuals at risk for the development of alcohol-related problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Alcoholism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Susceptibility (Disorders)","Hruska, Bryce, Delahanty, Douglas L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2488,PTSD symptom severity and psychiatric comorbidity in recent motor vehicle accident victims: A latent class analysis,"We conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) on 249 recent motor vehicle accident (MVA) victims to examine subgroups that differed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, current major depressive disorder and alcohol/other drug use disorders (MDD/AoDs), gender, and interpersonal trauma history 6-weeks post-MVA. A 4-class model best fit the data with a resilient class displaying asymptomatic PTSD symptom levels/low levels of comorbid disorders; a mild psychopathology class displaying mild PTSD symptom severity and current MDD; a moderate psychopathology class displaying severe PTSD symptom severity and current MDD/AoDs; and a severe psychopathology class displaying extreme PTSD symptom severity and current MDD. Classes also differed with respect to gender composition and history of interpersonal trauma experience. These findings may aid in the development of targeted interventions for recent MVA victims through the identification of subgroups distinguished by different patterns of psychiatric problems experienced 6-weeks post-MVA. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Alcoholism/alcohol use disorder, Depression, Intervention, PTSD/posttraumatic stress disorder, Substance use disorder, Trauma","Hruska, B., Irish, L. A., Pacella, M. L., Sledjeski, E. M., Delahanty, D. L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2489,A cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programme for anxiety following moderatesevere traumatic brain injury (TBI): Two case studies,,,"Hsieh, M. Y., Ponsford, J., Wong, D., Schönberger, M., McKay, A., Haines, K.",2012.0,,10.3109/02699052.2011.635365,0,0,
2490,Evaluating musculoskeletal pain pathogenesis in the aftermath of motor vehicle collision in a multi-dimensional context,"To date, most studies of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) development after trauma/stress exposure have focused on pain symptoms alone or the association of CMP with one or two other outcomes. In contrast, individuals often experience post-traumatic pain symptoms as part of a broader constellation of psychological and somatic symptoms. In this study we evaluated how trajectories of pain symptoms, depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and somatic symptoms (often termed ''post-concussive'' (PC)) cluster over time after motor vehicle collision (MVC) in a large cohort of adult European Americans who presented to the ED within 24 hours of MVC. Study participants were interviewed in the ED at the time of initial presentation and six weeks, six months, and one year following MVC. Outcome evaluations at each timepoint included an assessment of pain (0-10 NRS, Regional Pain Scale), depressive symptoms (CES-D), PTSD symptoms (IES-R), and PC symptoms (Rivermead Questionnaire). Follow-up assessments of enrolled patients (n = 948) were completed in 859 (91%), 840 (89%), and 861 (91%) participants at six weeks, six months, and one year, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis identified four correlated factors (PTSD, depressive, pain, and somatic symptoms) with high internal consistency and reliability and consistent structure over time. Individual trajectories for each factor were estimated, and K-means cluster analysis performed using trajectory intercepts found that a 4-cluster solution provided the best fit to the data. These four clusters were: globally resilient; mildly symptomatic with symptoms of depression and PTSD more prominent; extreme symptoms across all four categories with somatic and pain symptoms somewhat more prominent; and mild somatic symptoms with pain, depressive, and PTSD symptoms. These results indicate that CMP after MVC do not develop in isolation, and identify several common patterns of somatic and psychological symptoms associated with post-MVC CMP.","cytidine phosphate, nonoxinol 9, musculoskeletal pain, pathogenesis, motor vehicle, American, pain, society, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, factorial analysis, European American, follow up, adult, posttraumatic pain, patient, questionnaire, internal consistency, Impact of Events Scale, cluster analysis, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, reliability, pain assessment, exposure","Hu, J., Kessler, R., Bortsov, A., Battles, S., Peak, D., Jones, J., Swor, R., Domeier, R., Lee, D., Rathlev, N., Hendry, P., McLean, S.",2015.0,,,0,1,
2491,Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Predictors in Disaster-Bereaved Survivors: A Longitudinal Study After the Sichuan Earthquake,"This study examined the trajectory of probable PTSD prevalence and severity, and analyzed the predictors for PTSD severity in bereaved survivors at 6. months and 18. months after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. This was a longitudinal study with 226 bereaved survivors sampled at 6. months and 18. months post-earthquake. The instrument used in the study was the revised version of the Impact of Event Scale. The results showed that the prevalence of probable PTSD in bereaved survivors decreased significantly from 38.9% at 6. months to 16.8% at 18. months post-earthquake. Loss of a child, being directly exposed to the death of family members and property loss during the earthquake, and mental health services utilization after the earthquake were significant predictors for PTSD severity at both assessments. These findings can contribute to post-disaster psychological rescue work. The bereaved survivors at high risk for more severe PTSD should be particularly targeted. © 2015.",,"Hu, X., Cao, X., Wang, H., Chen, Q., Liu, M., Yamamoto, A.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.apnu.2015.08.011,0,0,
2492,Multi-chaperone-peptide-rich mixture from colo-carcinoma cells elicits potent anticancer immunity,"Background: Chaperones play an important role in inducing anti-cancer immunity. To explore the probability of using chaperone-peptide-rich complexes extracted from colo-carcinoma cells as anti-cancer vaccine, we extracted and prepared chaperone-peptide-rich complexes from CT26 cells, which were subsequently investigated on anti-cancer efficacy. Methods: The crude extracts of the CT26 cells treated with heat and Trichosanthin were precipitated with salt and dialyzed to remove proteins below 50. kDa and above 300. kDa in molecular weight; the proteins with the molecular weights in 70. kDa, 90. kDa, 95. kDa, 110. kDa and 170. kDa were collected through gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. After confirmation, the purified proteins were used to determine their effects on lymphocyte proliferation, the activities of NK and CTL, tumor suppression and the tumor-bearing mouse survival. Results: The majority of the chaperone-peptides of anti-cancer immunity in CT26 cells, including HSP70-antigen peptide, HSP90-antigen peptide, gp96-antigen peptide, HSP-110 antigen peptide, HSP170-antigen peptide, was satisfactorily extracted that the multi-chaperone-peptide-rich mixtures were obtained. All the mixtures prepared could elicit lymphocyte proliferation, enhance the activities of CTL and NK, reinforce the tumor suppression and prolong the mouse survival. Conclusions: The multi-chaperone-peptide-rich mixtures could be prepared via dialysis and gel filtration combining with SDS-PAGE. Both the heat stress and Trichosanthin could induce and increase the mixtures, of which that treated by 42°C heat and Trichosanthin was found to possess the strongest anti-cancer efficacy. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Anti-cancer vaccine, Antigen peptide, Chaperone, Colon carcinoma, Heat stress, Trichosanthin","Huang, C., Zhao, J., Li, Z., Li, D., Xia, D., Wang, Q., Jin, H.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2493,[Epidemiological investigation on major depressive disorder in the most heavily damaged areas from Wenchuan earthquake in 2008],"To assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics, risk factors and protective factors on major depression disorder (MDD) among the affected people in the epicenter, 7 months after the 2008-earthquake in Wenchuan, China. Stratified multistage cluster randomization was conducted to choose 14 503 subjects aged 15 years or over in the city of Dujiangyan, Beichuan county and Qingchuan county, Sichuan province. We used the general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) as the screening instrument, and the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorder-patient edition (SCID-I/P) as the tool for diagnosis. There were 180 persons diagnosed as MDD with other 13 asymptomatic ones. The point prevalence of MDD was 1.27% and the lifetime prevalence was 1.36%. Risk factors were including:being female (OR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.136 ~ 2.143, P < 0.05), co-morbidity with somatic diseases (OR = 4.02, 95%CI: 2.75 - 5.90, P < 0.05), wounded in the earthquake (OR = 3.29, 95%CI: 1.92 - 5.65, P < 0.05), property loss up to 10 000 - 20 000 Yuan (OR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.18 - 3.69, P < 0.05), property loss up to > 20 000 Yuan (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.38 - 4.68, P < 0.05), death or missing of family members (OR = 3.79, 95%CI: 2.08 - 6.89, P < 0.05) and in middle-age (OR = 2.31, 95%CI: 1.38 - 3.86, P < 0.05) etc. Having had a job seemed to be a protective factor (OR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.43 - 0.83, P < 0.05). Major depressive disorder appeared to be a common psychiatric disease in these quake-stricken areas, that causing serious problems. Sustained follow-up and care provided to the affected people in these areas were of extreme importance.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, China, disaster, earthquake, female, human, major depression, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence","Huang, M. J., Guo, L. T., Li, J., Sun, X. L., Zhang, B. Z., Yi, Q. M., Chen, Y. M., Cao, Q., Peng, J., Wei, L., Huang, X. F., Li, Y., Yin, M., Xiong, G. F., Liu, Y., Liao, Y. L., Li, X. L., Wang, D., Xiao, Y. Q., Jiang, S., Ye, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2494,Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder among adults in flood district,"Flood is one of the most common and severe forms of natural disasters. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common disorder among victims of various disasters including flood. Early prediction for PTSD could benefit the prevention and treatment of PTSD. This study aimed to establish a prediction model for the occurrence of PTSD among adults in flood districts. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2000 among individuals who were affected by the 1998 floods in Hunan, China. Multi-stage sampling was used to select subjects from the flood-affected areas. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. PTSD was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Study subjects were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 was used to establish the prediction model and group 2 was used to validate the model. We first used the logistic regression analysis to select predictive variables and then established a risk score predictive model. The validity of model was evaluated by using the model in group 2 and in all subjects. The area under the receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction model. A total of 2336 (9.2%) subjects were diagnosed as probable PTSD-positive individuals among a total of 25,478 study subjects. Seven independent predictive factors (age, gender, education, type of flood, severity of flood, flood experience, and the mental status before flood) were identified as key variables in a risk score model. The area under the ROC curve for the model was 0.853 in the validation data. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of this risk score model were 84.0%, 72.2%, 23.4%, and 97.8%, respectively, at a cut-off value of 67.5 in the validation data. A simple risk score model can be used to predict PTSD among victims of flood.","adolescent, adult, article, China, cluster analysis, cross-sectional study, disaster, flooding, human, interview, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictive value, questionnaire, receiver operating characteristic, reproducibility, residential care, statistical model","Huang, P., Tan, H., Liu, A., Feng, S., Chen, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2495,Advances in violence and trauma: Toward comprehensive ecological models,"The most important things learned about violence and trauma in the past 20 years are that interpersonal violence is prevalent, with different forms co-occurring, and that victims' reactions are complex. Researchers are called to consider models that include the ecological context within which victims experience violence and trauma to gain a better understanding of the variation seen in psychological outcomes. Multivariate data-analytic techniques such as structural equation modeling and cluster analysis are suggested as promising ways to explore questions framed by comprehensive models. These recommendations are predicted to provide comprehensive and individualized ways to intervene and prevent interpersonal violence.","battered woman, female, human, male, mental stress, methodology, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological model, review, social environment","Hughes, H. M., Humphrey, N. N., Weaver, T. L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2496,Insomnia and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among women veterans,"Women will account for 10% of the Veteran population by 2020, yet there has been little focus on sleep issues among women Veterans. In a descriptive study of 107 women Veterans with insomnia (mean age = 49 years, 44% non-Hispanic white), 55% had probable post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (total score >33). Probable PTSD was related to more severe self-reported sleep disruption and greater psychological distress. In a regression model, higher PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) total score was a significant independent predictor of worse insomnia severity index score while other factors were not. Women Veterans preferred behavioral treatments over pharmacotherapy in general, and efforts to increase the availability of such treatments should be undertaken. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationship between insomnia and PTSD among women Veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Insomnia, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Stress, Drug Therapy, Human Females, Psychological Assessment","Hughes, Jaime, Jouldjian, Stella, Washington, Donna L., Alessi, Cathy A., Martin, Jennifer L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2497,Going to war does not have to hurt: Preliminary findings from the British deployment to Iraq,,,"Hughes, J. H., Cameron, F., Eldridge, R., Devon, M., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N.",2005.0,,10.1192/bjp.186.6.536,0,0,
2498,South African adolescents with cystic fibrosis: A qualitative exploration of their bio-psychosocial fields,"Objective: This qualitative case study explored risk factors and protective factors in the bio-psychosocial fields of adolescents living with cystic fibrosis (CF). Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents in the middle and late adolescent years (15-22 years) who had the defining characteristics of CF and were living in Gauteng province. Findings: Themes emerged from individual interviews. The fundamental human need to be understood and to understand was negatively affected as the illness affected socialisation and learning. Participants experienced an array of emotions including loss and bereavement linked to their illness and when friends with CF died. Constructive internal dialogue and positive thinking emerged as protective variables. Participants generally showed awareness of how they regulated their contact with the illness and how they self-regulate. Despite the severity of their symptoms and the taxing demands of managing CF, participants expressed hope for the future and could find some meaning in the illness. Conclusion: Adolescents with CF who participated in this study indicated that they felt different from their peers. Apart from the general developmental tasks typical to adolescence they faced the challenge of managing a severe chronic and potentially terminal illness. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.",,"Hugo, C. J., Van Der Merwe, M.",2014.0,,10.2989/17280583.2014.898643,0,0,
2499,Transitional life events and trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use during emerging adulthood: Latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling,"Objective: Emerging adulthood (ages 18-25 years) has been associated with elevated substance use. Transitional life events (TLEs) during emerging adulthood in relation to substance use are usually examined separately, rather than as a constellation. The purposes of this study were (a) to explore distinct subgroups experiencing various TLEs during emerging adulthood, (b) to identify heterogeneous trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use during emerging adulthood, and (c) to examine the association of TLEs with cigarette and alcohol use trajectories. Method: Five waves of longitudinal data (mean age range: 19.5-26.0 years) were used from a community-based drug prevention program (n = 946, 49.9% female). Distinct subgroups of emerging adults who experienced various TLEs were identified using latent class analysis. Cigarette and alcohol use were examined using a latent growth mixture model. Results: A three-class model fit the data best in identifying TLE subgroups (new family, college attenders [NFCA]; uncommitted relationships, college attenders [URCA]; hibernators [HBN]). Three trajectory models fit the data best for cigarette and alcohol use during emerging adulthood. The TLE categories were significantly associated with the cigarette (p < .05) and alcohol use groups (p < .001); specifically, the URCA and HBN groups were significantly more likely to be classified as accelerating cigarette users, relative to NFCA (ps < .05). The NFCA and HBN groups were significantly more likely to be classified as accelerating alcohol users, relative to URCA (ps < .01). Conclusions: To characterize an ""at-risk"" emerging adult group for cigarette and alcohol use over time, a range of life events during emerging adulthood should be considered. Interventions tailored to young adulthood may benefit from targeting the absence of these life events typifying ""independence"" as a potential marker for underlying substance use problems and provide supplemental screening methods to identify young adults with similar issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Life Changes, *Tobacco Smoking, Drug Abuse","Huh, Jimi, Huang, Zhaoqing, Liao, Yue, Pentz, Maryann, Chou, Chih-Ping",2013.0,,,0,0,
2500,Influencing factors of posttraumatic stress disorder in the shipwreck related military rescuers in Yantai,"Studied the influential factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the impact on the shipwreck related military rescuers. Ss were 39 military rescuers (aged 17-49 yrs) (38 males and 1 female) who participated in rescue work after a shipwreck in Yantai, China, December 24th, 1999. One mo later, Ss were assessed with the Self-Rating PTSD Scale (X. Liu, et al, 1998), the Chinese revised version of the SCL-90 (W. Wu), the revised Life Event Scale (M. Zhang), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and a self-developed questionnaire referring to demographic information, stress of life events, and social supports. The prevalence of PTSD was 17.95% (7 Ss with PTSD). Correlation analysis revealed the significant factors related to PTSD: economic support when disadvantaged, satisfaction with leaders' attitudes and methods in rescue work, satisfaction in dealing with problems and affairs after the accident, stress in the rescue process, the score of the LES, and the N score of the EPQ. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Demographic Characteristics, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Stress, *Social Support, Military Personnel","Hui, Wuli, Shi, Wanghong, Xu, Dezhong, Wang, Jiatong, Wu, Wei, Men, Ke",2001.0,,,0,0,
2501,Cross-sectional analysis of Dutch repatriated service members from Southern Afghanistan (2003–2014),"Background: A systematic analysis of the complete medical support organization of the Dutch Armed Forces regarding repatriated service members from Afghanistan has not been performed so far. Methods: All information were collated in a specifically designed electronic database and gathered from the archive of the Central Military Hospital for all Dutch service members receiving treatment for wounds or diseases sustained in the Afghan theatre from July 2003 till January 2014. Results: Traumatic injuries were the main cause (63%, 141/223) of repatriation, and improvised explosive devices the major (67%, 60/89) mechanism of injury in the battle casualty group. The mean time between injury and medical evacuation from Afghanistan was 8 days, and this was reduced to 3.6 days in case of polytrauma casualties (ISS > 15). Conclusions: Sixty percent of all Dutch medical evacuations from Afghanistan were not directly related to combat operations. A standard medical examination/endurance test in the predeployment phase could be useful as screening tool in reduction of the disease nonbattle injury casualty rate. Shorter transport intervals might improve morbidity and mortality of casualties, a timeframe of 48 to 72 hours for receiving definitive treatment seems feasible. Further research is necessary to identify delay factors and possible improvements in the medicalsupport organization. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.",,"Huizinga, E., Hoencamp, R., Van Dongen, T., Leenen, L.",2015.0,,10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00474,0,0,
2502,Survivors of the Piper Alpha oil platform disaster: Long-term follow-up study,"Background: The long-term psychological effects of surviving a major disaster are poorly understood. We undertook a survey of survivors of the Piper Alpha oil platform disaster (1988). Aims: To examine the role of factors relating to the trauma, the survivors and the survivors' circumstances. Method: Ten years after the disaster, 78% (46/59) of the survivors were located, of whom 72% (33/46) agreed to be interviewed. A further three individuals completed postal measures. Results: The most stringent diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were met by 21% (7/33) of the survivors over 10 years after the disaster. Features such as physical injury, personal experience and survivor guilt were associated with significantly higher levels of post-traumatic symptoms. Conclusions: A narrow definition of factors affecting outcome will limit the potential for improving survivor well-being in the long-term after major disasters. Specific symptoms that are not included in the criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD, together with issues such as reemployment, need to be addressed. Declaration of interest: None. Funding from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Home and Health Office.",,"Hull, A. M., Alexander, D. A., Klein, S.",2002.0,,10.1192/bjp.181.5.433,0,0,
2503,What is the profile of post-traumatic reactions within medical literature? A survey of eight journals,"Objectives: The importance of traumatic events is recognised by the public but the profile of psychological sequelae such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) within psychiatry and medicine is unclear. We aimed to establish the profile of PTSD within high impact medical journals and within psychiatric journals based in America and the United Kingdom, since the initial classification of PTSD in DSM-III in 1980 and, before and after classification of PTSD in ICD-10 in 1992. Method: A survey of all articles on post-traumatic reactions published in eight journals between 1980 and 2000. Results: The proportion of articles on PTSD was less in UK based psychiatric journals than their counterparts based in America. The proportion of articles published after the classification of PTSD in ICD-10 has increased in both psychiatric and medical journals. Conclusions: In UK based journals, there is an under-representation of articles on PTSD compared with disorders of similar prevalence.","data base, disease classification, health survey, human, medical literature, posttraumatic complication, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, publication, short survey, United Kingdom","Hull, A. M., Doherty, P. M., Bowes, L. J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2504,The Role of Anxiety Control and Treatment Implications of Informant Agreement on Child PTSD Symptoms,"The goal of this study is to examine parent and child agreement of child posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms pre- and posttreatment, as well as potential moderators of agreement including treatment responder status, child anxiety control, and parent self-reported PTSD symptoms. We examined child self-reported and parent-reported child PTSD symptoms from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Of the 141 parent–child pairs, the mean age of children was 12.72 (SD = 3.40), 53% were female, and 54% were Black. A subsample of participants (n = 47) was assessed after completion of a cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for PTSD. Moderate levels of agreement were found at baseline, though Criterion D (increased arousal) symptoms had lower levels of agreement than the other symptom clusters. Symptom agreement was lower at posttreatment. Treatment responders had higher levels of baseline informant agreement than treatment nonresponders. Child perceived anxiety control significantly moderated informant agreement, such that pairs with children who had high levels of perceived control of their anxiety had lower PTSD symptom agreement where children reported lower symptoms relative to their parents. Contrary to expectations, parent self-reported PTSD did not moderate parent–child symptom agreement. Factors associated with higher parent–child agreement of child PTSD symptoms were being a PTSD treatment responder and children with lower perceived anxiety control. These findings have potential implications for determining those who may benefit from greater symptom monitoring over the course of intervention and potential alternative intervention approaches. © 2015, Routledge. All rights reserved.",,"Humphreys, K. L., Weems, C. F., Scheeringa, M. S.",2015.0,,10.1080/15374416.2015.1094739,0,0,
2505,The role of shame in distinguishing perpetrators of intimate partner violence in U.S. veterans,"Increasing attention is being paid to the fact that exposure to traumatic stressors in military combat may lead to perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV). Because shame has been identified as a factor in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the current cross-sectional study examined the relationship in U.S. veterans between IPV and PTSD, depression, guilt, and shame. We hypothesized that shame would be the strongest correlate of perpetration of IPV and that shame would mediate the relationship between PTSD and IPV. Participants were 264 primarily male and Caucasian mixed-era veterans presenting for psychological treatment at a Veterans Affairs hospital. They completed standard measures of depression, PTSD symptoms, shame, and guilt and a local checklist was used to dichotomize the sample regarding IPV. Discriminant analysis indicated that shame contributed most (standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient = .44) to distinguishing perpetrators of IPV. In addition, the results were consistent with shame as a mediator of the relationship between PTSD and IPV. These results are in line with studies indicating that shame is linked to IPV perpetration in nonveteran samples (Harmon, 2002; Rand, 2004; Schibik, 2002) and suggests that shame may be an important aspect of the relationship between PTSD and IPV. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Hundt, N. E., Holohan, D. R.",2012.0,,,0,1,
2506,"Re: ""Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I veterans 10 years later"" [5]",,,"Hunt, S. C., Jakupcak, M., McFall, M., Orsborn, M., Felker, B., Larson, S., Klevens, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2507,Epigenetics in posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) It would be an understatement to say that epigenetic factors play a role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk and pathogenesis. These factors have effects that are clearly transmitted across generations via mechanisms spanning the molecular to the behavioral. This is as true in human patients and their families as in animal models of the disorder. Although this realization represents a profound advance in our understanding of the disease, much remains to be understood. Perhaps the most significant problem for psychiatric epigenetics in PTSD, as in other disorders, is how to translate the knowledge we have acquired in the past decade or so into clinically useful techniques and guidance. Psychiatric drugs (and for that matter cancer drugs), many decades old, act on epigenetic players; however, this new understanding of old drugs has yet to improve upon these manifestly imperfect drugs. Much work has been done to develop selective inhibitors of the numerous identified enzymes involved in regulating the epigenome, yet it is unclear if these will substantially improve upon the efficacy and side-effect profile of existing dmgs. Off-target effects are at least as likely with drug targets as ubiquitous as DNMTs or HDACs as they are with less numerous and more selectively distributed neurotransmitter receptors. Important questions about how trauma and adverse environments interact with the brain and the epigenome remain. How is child abuse transduced into the forest of epigenetic and transcriptional changes observed years or decades after abuse has ceased? How do these changes lead not only to increased risk of PTSD and anxiety disorders but also to risk for so many other disorders as well? How do we defuse the propensity to PTSD that is handed down through the generations? No doubt, rapid technical advances in next-generation sequencing, cell-specific manipulations of neurons such as optogenetics, etc., will play a role, so much deeper research into the social transmission of behavior and the endocrine and physiologic correlates of trauma and resilience is necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Neurotransmitters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Epigenetics","Hunter, Richard G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2508,Switching off the human basolateral amygdala with the beta-noradrenergic antagonist propranolol,"Background: Animal models of anxiety disorders emphasize the crucial role of locus ceruleus (LC)-noradrenergic (norepinephrine, NE) signaling, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), and their interactions in anxiety-like behavioral responding to stress. Despite clinical evidence for the efficacy of a beta-noradrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol in the alleviation of anxiety symptoms and the secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), preclinical evidence for a beta-noradrenergic modulation of BLA responsivity in humans is missing. In the present study we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy volunteers with probabilistic mapping of intra-amygdalar responses to faces to test the hypothesis that a beta-noradrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol would inactivate the BLA. Methods: The rationale of the present study was to measure the effects of a 40-mg single oral dose of propranolol with a face perception fMRI paradigm in eighteen healthy adults (nine females, nine males; right-handed; mean age, 23 years; age range, 19-31 years), in a within-subject, double-blind, placebocontrolled, crossover design. For a hypothesis-driven analysis of fMRI data, the left and right amygdalae - including their laterobasal, centromedial, and superficial subregions - were defined as regions-of-interests (ROIs) based on cytoarchitectonic probability maps derived from histological analysis of ten human post-mortem brains. Restults: Driven by our a priori hypothesis, the fMRI analysis was based on probabilistically defined ROIs within the left and right amygdalae. Relative to placebo, propranolol attenuated left amygdala responses across fearful, happy, and neutral facial expressions (MNI-coordinates xyz = -28,-12,-10, p< 0.001, uncorrected; p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). Among the amygdala subregions, the left BLA, specifically its posterior portion (neighbouring the central nucleus of the amygdala and the anterior extent of the hippocampus), was identified as the most likely candidate site for the action of propranolol. A subsequent analysis revealed no significant association between higher propranolol plasma levels and lower BLA responsivity (MNI coordinates xyz = -32, -2, -20, p = 0.003, uncorrected; p = 0.27, FWE-corrected). One important consideration in this context is the differentiation between drug effects on neural activity or on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal per se. To exclude the latter, we analyzed the relative signal change profile in the primary visual cortex (V1). This analysis demonstrated that propranolol affected neither the amplitudes nor the latencies of minima and maxima of the V1 hemodynamic response. Conclusions: In accord with our a priori hypothesis, the present study shows that a 40-mg single oral dose of propranolol inactivates the human BLA but has no effect on primary visual processing in V1. Thus, our results provide the missing link between the anxiolytic potential of propranolol and the biological basis of beta-noradrenergic receptor activation in the human BLA as a key target for the pharmacological control of anxiety neurocircuitry. In combination with our previous findings of a reboxetine-induced enhancement of BLA responses to fearful faces [1], the present study suggests a key role of NE in modulating both the reactivity (sensitivity) and the operating characteristics (specifity) of the BLA via beta-noradrenergic receptors.","propranolol, alpha adrenergic receptor, noradrenalin, reboxetine, anxiolytic agent, placebo, human, basolateral amygdala, central nucleus (amygdala), amygdaloid nucleus, functional magnetic resonance imaging, hypothesis, anxiety, normal human, receptor blocking, modulation, posttraumatic stress disorder, secondary prevention, locus ceruleus, blood level, drug effect, anxiety disorder, animal model, hippocampus, facial expression, brain, crossover procedure, striate cortex, latent period, hemodynamics, processing, male, female, BOLD signal","Hurlemann, R., Onur, O. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2509,"Prevalence of war-related mental health conditions and association with displacement status in postwar Jaffna District, Sri Lanka","Context: Nearly 2.7 million individuals worldwide are internally displaced (seeking refuge in secure areas of their own country) annually by armed conflict. Although the psychological impact of war has been well documented, less is known about the mental health symptoms of forced displacement among internally displaced persons. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of the most common war-related mental health conditions, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression, and to assess the association between displacement status and these conditions in postwar Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Design, Setting, and Participants: Between July and September 2009, a cross-sectional multistage cluster sample survey was conducted among 1517 Jaffna District households including 2 internally displaced persons camps. The response rate was 92% (1448 respondents, 1409 eligible respondents). Two percent of participants (n=80) were currently displaced, 29.5% (n=539) were recently resettled, and 68.5% (n=790) were long-term residents. Bivariable analyses followed by multivariable logistic regression models were performed to determine the association between displacement status and mental health. Main Outcome Measures: Symptom criteria of PTSD, anxiety, and depression as measured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Results: The overall prevalences of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were 7.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.1%-9.7%), 32.6% (95% CI, 28.5%-36.9%), and 22.2% (95% CI, 18.2%-26.5%), respectively. Currently displaced participants were more likely to report symptoms of PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 2.71; 95% CI, 1.28-5.73), anxiety (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.89-4.48), and depression (OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 2.47-8.39) compared with long-term residents. Recently resettled residents were more likely to report symptoms of PTSD (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.11-3.47) compared with long-term residents. However, displacement was no longer associated with mental health symptoms after controlling for trauma exposure. Conclusion: Among residents of Jaffna District in Sri Lanka, prevalence of symptoms of war-related mental health conditions was substantial and significantly associated with displacement status and underlying trauma exposure. ©2011 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Husain, F., Anderson, M., Lopes Cardozo, B., Becknell, K., Blanton, C., Araki, D., Kottegoda Vithana, E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2510,"Prevalence of war-related mental health conditions and association with displacement status in postwar Jaffna District, Sri Lanka","CONTEXT: Nearly 2.7 million individuals worldwide are internally displaced (seeking refuge in secure areas of their own country) annually by armed conflict. Although the psychological impact of war has been well documented, less is known about the mental health symptoms of forced displacement among internally displaced persons. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of the most common war-related mental health conditions, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression, and to assess the association between displacement status and these conditions in postwar Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Between July and September 2009, a cross-sectional multistage cluster sample survey was conducted among 1517 Jaffna District households including 2 internally displaced persons camps. The response rate was 92% (1448 respondents, 1409 eligible respondents). Two percent of participants (n = 80) were currently displaced, 29.5% (n = 539) were recently resettled, and 68.5% (n = 790) were long-term residents. Bivariable analyses followed by multivariable logistic regression models were performed to determine the association between displacement status and mental health. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptom criteria of PTSD, anxiety, and depression as measured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. RESULTS: The overall prevalences of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were 7.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.1%-9.7%), 32.6% (95% CI, 28.5%-36.9%), and 22.2% (95% CI, 18.2%-26.5%), respectively. Currently displaced participants were more likely to report symptoms of PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 2.71; 95% CI, 1.28-5.73), anxiety (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.89-4.48), and depression (OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 2.47-8.39) compared with long-term residents. Recently resettled residents were more likely to report symptoms of PTSD (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.11-3.47) compared with long-term residents. However, displacement was no longer associated with mental health symptoms after controlling for trauma exposure. CONCLUSION: Among residents of Jaffna District in Sri Lanka, prevalence of symptoms of war-related mental health conditions was substantial and significantly associated with displacement status and underlying trauma exposure.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety/*epidemiology/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression/*etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Refugees/*psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Sri Lanka, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/etiology, *War, Wounds and Injuries/psychology, Young Adult","Husain, F., Anderson, M., Lopes Cardozo, B., Becknell, K., Blanton, C., Araki, D., Vithana, E. K.",2011.0,Aug 3,10.1001/jama.2011.1052,0,0,2509
2511,MMPI-201 profile in war veterans,"The present study was a replication of the study conducted by Begic D and Jokic-Begic N, entitled Heterogeneity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Croatian War Veterans: Retrospective Study. The aim of this study was to contribute to identification of the characteristic MMPI-201 profile in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by war trauma, and to investigate the relation between the severity of PTSD and dominating psychopathological deviations, and between the severity of PTSD and level of exposure to traumatic war experiences. We used different instruments (M-PTSD, USTBI-M, MMPI-201) and administered them in diagnostic evaluation of 126 war veterans diagnosed with PTSD and treated at Sveti Ivan Psychiatric Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. MMPI-201 resulted in a general increase in profile results, in particular on control F scale, clinical, so-called neurotic scales (Hs-D-Hy) and Pa scale. Results were increased on all other scales as well, except for L, K and Ma scales. According to MMPI-201 questionnaire results it is possible to differentiate patient groups with different PTSD severity by discriminatory analysis. Mann-Whitney test indicated the group with lower PTSD severity to have experienced statistically significantly less stressful events than the group with higher PTSD severity.","adult, aged, article, battle injury, controlled study, disease severity, human, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, veteran, war","Husar, S. M., Bogovic, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2512,The EPI profile of veterans with chronic PTSD,"The aim of this research was to establish both the characteristic profile in EPI - questionnaire in chronic PTSD caused by war trauma and differences in questionnaire dimensions in veterans with different levels of PTSD. The following instruments were used - EPI and M-PTSD on 132 war veterans diagnosed with PTSD and treated in the Psychiatric Hospital ""Sveti Ivan"", Zagreb, Croatia from 2000 until 2005. By using the EPI questionnaire we obtained profiles with extreme results (both high and low) in most of the dimensions. High results are shown in destruction, rejection and reintegration and low results in incorporation, reproduction, exploration and bias. Only in dimensions of orientation and protection the results were almost average although still in the low category. Considering the differences in veterans with various levels of PTSD, they are found in several dimensions like incorporation, rejection, destruction, reproduction and bias. According to our observation, veterans with higher levels of PTSD choose socially unacceptable answers and they describe themselves as untrustworthy, aggressive and less sociable. © ""Naklada Slap"", 2008.","Emotions profile index (EPI) profile, PTSD, War veterans","Husar, S. M., Bogović, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2513,MMPI-201 profile in war veterans,"The present study was a replication of the study conducted by Begić D and Jokić-Begić N, entitled Heterogeneity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Croatian War Veterans: Retrospective Study. The aim of this study was to contribute to identification of the characteristic MMPI-201 profile in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by war trauma, and to investigate the relation between the severity of PTSD and dominating psychopathological deviations, and between the severity of PTSD and level of exposure to traumatic war experiences. We used different instruments (M-PTSD, USTBI-M, MMPI-201) and administered them in diagnostic evaluation of 126 war veterans diagnosed with PTSD and treated at Sveti Ivan Psychiatric Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. MMPI-201 resulted in a general increase in profile results, in particular on control F scale, clinical, so-called neurotic scales (Hs-D-Hy) and Pa scale. Results were increased on all other scales as well, except for L, K and Ma scales. According to MMPI-201 questionnaire results it is possible to differentiate patient groups with different PTSD severity by discriminatory analysis. Mann-Whitney test indicated the group with lower PTSD severity to have experienced statistically significantly less stressful events than the group with higher PTSD severity.","MMPI-201 profile, PTSD, War veterans","Husar, S. M., Bogović, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,2511
2514,Nonresponse to a population-based postdisaster postal questionnaire study,,,"Hussain, A., Weisaeth, L., Heir, T.",2009.0,,10.1002/jts.20431,0,0,
2515,Psychiatric disorders and functional impairment among disaster victims after exposure to a natural disaster: A population based study,,,"Hussain, A., Weisaeth, L., Heir, T.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.018,0,0,
2516,Posttraumatic stress and symptom improvement in Norwegian tourists exposed to the 2004 tsunami - a longitudinal study,"Background: Mental health consequences of disasters are frequently studied. However, few studies have investigated symptom improvement in victims after natural disasters. This study aimed to identify predictors of 6 months post-disaster stress symptoms and to study 6 months and 24 months course of symptoms among Norwegian tourists who experienced the 2004 tsunami. Methods: Norwegian tourists ((greater-than or equal to)18 years) who experienced the 2004 tsunami (n = 2468) were invited to return a postal questionnaire at two points of time. The first data set was collected at 6 months (T1, n = 899) and the second data set at 24 months post-disaster (T2, n = 1180). The population studied consisted of those who responded at both assessments (n = 674). Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) was used to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms. IES-R score (greater-than or equal to)33 (caseness) was used to identify various symptom trajectories from T1 to T2. Multiple linear regression was used to determine predictors of posttraumatic stress at T1 and to identify variables associated with symptom improvement from T1 to T2. Results: The majority was identified as non-case at both assessments (57.7%), while 20.8% of the respondents were identified as case at both assessments. Symptoms at T1 were positively related to female gender, older age, unemployment, being chased or caught by the waves, witnessing death or suffering, loss of loved ones, experiencing intense fear during the disaster, low conscientiousness, neuroticism and low levels of social support. The IES-R sum score declined from 24.6 (SD = 18.5) at T1 to 22.9 (SD = 18.3) at T2, p < 0.001. Emotional stability and high IES-R scores at T1 were positively related to symptom improvement, while received social support was not. Being referred to a mental health specialist was negatively related to symptom improvement. Conclusions: A significant minority (20-30%) among Norwegian tourists developed enduring posttraumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. Tsunami exposure, peritraumatic fear, neuroticism and low levels of social support were the strongest predictors of posttraumatic stress at 6 months post-disaster. Decrease in posttraumatic stress was related to emotional stability and higher symptom levels at T1. Being referred to a mental health specialist did not facilitate symptom improvement. (copyright) 2013 Hussain et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","adult, article, death, fear, female, follow up, human, lifespan, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, marriage, medical specialist, neurosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, questionnaire, social support, symptom, tourism, tsunami, unemployment, witness","Hussain, A., Weisaeth, L., Heir, T.",2013.0,,,0,1,
2517,Posttraumatic stress and symptom improvement in Norwegian tourists exposed to the 2004 tsunami--a longitudinal study,"BACKGROUND: Mental health consequences of disasters are frequently studied. However, few studies have investigated symptom improvement in victims after natural disasters. This study aimed to identify predictors of 6 months post-disaster stress symptoms and to study 6 months and 24 months course of symptoms among Norwegian tourists who experienced the 2004 tsunami. METHODS: Norwegian tourists (>/= 18 years) who experienced the 2004 tsunami (n = 2468) were invited to return a postal questionnaire at two points of time. The first data set was collected at 6 months (T1, n = 899) and the second data set at 24 months post-disaster (T2, n = 1180). The population studied consisted of those who responded at both assessments (n = 674). Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) was used to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms. IES-R score >/= 33 (caseness) was used to identify various symptom trajectories from T1 to T2. Multiple linear regression was used to determine predictors of posttraumatic stress at T1 and to identify variables associated with symptom improvement from T1 to T2. RESULTS: The majority was identified as non-case at both assessments (57.7%), while 20.8% of the respondents were identified as case at both assessments. Symptoms at T1 were positively related to female gender, older age, unemployment, being chased or caught by the waves, witnessing death or suffering, loss of loved ones, experiencing intense fear during the disaster, low conscientiousness, neuroticism and low levels of social support. The IES-R sum score declined from 24.6 (SD = 18.5) at T1 to 22.9 (SD = 18.3) at T2, p < 0.001. Emotional stability and high IES-R scores at T1 were positively related to symptom improvement, while received social support was not. Being referred to a mental health specialist was negatively related to symptom improvement. CONCLUSIONS: A significant minority (20-30%) among Norwegian tourists developed enduring posttraumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. Tsunami exposure, peritraumatic fear, neuroticism and low levels of social support were the strongest predictors of posttraumatic stress at 6 months post-disaster. Decrease in posttraumatic stress was related to emotional stability and higher symptom levels at T1. Being referred to a mental health specialist did not facilitate symptom improvement.","Adult, Aged, Asia, Southeastern, *Disasters, Fear/psychology, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Norway/epidemiology, Prevalence, Questionnaires, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, *Tsunamis","Hussain, A., Weisaeth, L., Heir, T.",2013.0,,10.1186/1471-244x-13-232,0,1,2516
2518,Posttraumatic stress and symptom improvement in Norwegian tourists exposed to the 2004 tsunami - a longitudinal study,"Background: Mental health consequences of disasters are frequently studied. However, few studies have investigated symptom improvement in victims after natural disasters. This study aimed to identify predictors of 6 months post-disaster stress symptoms and to study 6 months and 24 months course of symptoms among Norwegian tourists who experienced the 2004 tsunami. Methods: Norwegian tourists (≥18 years) who experienced the 2004 tsunami (n = 2468) were invited to return a postal questionnaire at two points of time. The first data set was collected at 6 months (T1, n = 899) and the second data set at 24 months post-disaster (T2, n = 1180). The population studied consisted of those who responded at both assessments (n = 674). Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) was used to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms. IES-R score ≥33 (caseness) was used to identify various symptom trajectories from T1 to T2. Multiple linear regression was used to determine predictors of posttraumatic stress at T1 and to identify variables associated with symptom improvement from T1 to T2. Results: The majority was identified as non-case at both assessments (57.7%), while 20.8% of the respondents were identified as case at both assessments. Symptoms at T1 were positively related to female gender, older age, unemployment, being chased or caught by the waves, witnessing death or suffering, loss of loved ones, experiencing intense fear during the disaster, low conscientiousness, neuroticism and low levels of social support. The IES-R sum score declined from 24.6 (SD = 18.5) at T1 to 22.9 (SD = 18.3) at T2, p < 0.001. Emotional stability and high IES-R scores at T1 were positively related to symptom improvement, while received social support was not. Being referred to a mental health specialist was negatively related to symptom improvement. Conclusions: A significant minority (20-30%) among Norwegian tourists developed enduring posttraumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami. Tsunami exposure, peritraumatic fear, neuroticism and low levels of social support were the strongest predictors of posttraumatic stress at 6 months post-disaster. Decrease in posttraumatic stress was related to emotional stability and higher symptom levels at T1. Being referred to a mental health specialist did not facilitate symptom improvement. © 2013 Hussain et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","2004 tsunami, Longitudinal study, Norwegian tourists, Personality, Posttraumatic stress, Social support, Treatment, Witness exposure","Hussain, A., Weisæth, L., Heir, T.",2013.0,,,0,1,2516
2519,PTSD factors and their neuropsychological correlates in recent OEF/OIF combat returnees screening positive for concussion,"Objective: (a) Characterize the factor structure of the PTSD Check List (PCL) in recent combat returnees with suspected concussion. (b) Analyze the relation of PTSD factors to neuropsychologic measures. Method: A total of 209 veterans with positive VA screen for mild to moderate TBI within the last 8 years. All reported altered mental functioning, including loss of consciousness (LOC) in 58% and posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) in 52%. Participants completed a standard neuropsychologic battery, including the PCL and the post-concussive Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI-22). Factor Analysis: Parallel Analysis and MAP tests for significant principle components; Promax rotation. Results: Two significant factors explained 63% of variance in the PCL: Factor-1 Re-experiencing-Avoidance, Factor-2 Numbing. Hyperarousal loaded on both factors. The two factors were strongly correlated (r = 0.7), indicating a unified PTSD construct. Controlling for injury severity (LOC), elevated PCL total scores correlated with decrements on the Trail Making Test A and B; WAIS-III DS-C; NAB Story Recall Delayed, Shape Recognition Delayed, and Visual Discrimination; and DKEFS Inhibition (r = 0.2-0.3, p < 0.01). Each PTSD factor correlated with subsets of these neuropsychologic measures. PCL total score correlated strongly with the NSI-22 Somatic and Cognitive clusters (r = 0.6-0.7), but weakly with the Emotional cluster (r = 0.2). Conclusion: PTSD symptoms in recent combat returnees load on two strongly correlated factors. This differs from the four- and five-factor models commonly found in other veteran populations. Several neuropsychologic functions are compromised in individuals with PTSD symptoms, notably response inhibition, psychomotor speed, visual attention, and memory. This could represent either consequences of PTSD or a predisposing cognitive vulnerability to PTSD due to TBI.","posttraumatic stress disorder, neuropsychology, concussion, screening, veteran, psychologic test, recall, visual discrimination, model, promax rotation, velocity, memory, Wechsler Intelligence Scale, checklist, consciousness, amnesia, factorial analysis, injury severity, population","Hutson, L. R., Loughlin, J., Sullivan, C., Belsher, B., Hull, A., Greenberg, L., Poole, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2520,Key determinants of the MMPI-PTSD subscale: Treatment considerations,"Seventy-five 'in country' Vietnam combat psychiatric inpatients were given a battery of measures upon admission to the medical center. These included the MMPI, VETS Adjustment Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Scale, Rotter Locus of Control, Profile of Mood Scale, and a variation of the Figley Stress Scale that measures current stress. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was determined by the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Ten of the battery variables were used as predictors for a multiple regression analysis on the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Results yielded a multiple R of .89 for two predictors, Figley Stress Scale and Rotter Locus of Control (external). Patients with PTSD, therefore, suffer most from perceived and experienced current stressors and a low sense of control. Arguments are made for more present-centered and interpersonal strategies in the treatment of PTSD combat veterans.","adult, central nervous system, clinical article, human, mental test, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal","Hyer, L., Boudewyns, P. A., ""OLeary, W. C."", Harrison, W. R.",1987.0,,,0,0,
2521,Cluster analysis of MCMI and MCMI-II on chronic PTSD victims,"A cluster analysis was used to identify groups of inpatients with confirmed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to combat. In Study 1 the MCMI was administered to 256 subjects, in addition to the MMPI, PTSD measures, and background variables. Three clusters resulted: a Traumatic Personality (8-2), Schizoid Influence (8-2-1), and Antisocial Influence (8- 6). Comparison on the MCMI symptom scales, MMPI, and PTSD scales showed that the Antisocial Influence cluster was 'healthier' on all measures. The Schizoid Influence was most psychopathological. In Study 2 the MCMI-II was administered to 136 new subjects who met the same criteria as in Study 1. Four clusters resulted: Global (1-2-6A-6B-8A-8B), Subclinical (1), Aggressive (6A-6B-8A), and Detached/Self-defeating (1-2-8A-8B).","adult, article, cluster analysis, human, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality disorder, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychologic assessment, rating scale, soldier","Hyer, L., Davis, H., Albrecht, W., Boudewyns, P., Woods, G.",1994.0,,,0,1,
2522,Cluster analysis of MCMI and MCMI-II on chronic PTSD victims,"Performed a cluster analysis to identify groups of inpatients with confirmed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to combat. In Study 1, 256 male Vietnam veterans completed the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), the MMPI, PTSD measures, and background variables. Three clusters resulted: a Traumatic Personality, Schizoid Influence, and Antisocial Influence. Comparison of the MCMI symptom scales, MMPI, and PTSD scales showed that the Antisocial Influence cluster was ""healthier"" on all measures. The Schizoid Influence was most psychopathological. In Study 2, the MCMI-II was administered to 113 Vietnam veterans. Four clusters resulted: Global, Subclinical, Antisocial Influence, and Detached/Self-defeating. Subclinical and Antisocial Influence clusters were ""healthiest."" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cluster Analysis, *Combat Experience, *Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans, Test Forms","Hyer, Lee, Davis, Harry, Albrecht, William, Boudewyns, Patrick A., Woods, Gail",1994.0,,,0,1,2521
2523,Individualized treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) addresses the assessment and [psychotherapeutic] treatment of trauma, particularly combat trauma, and emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to care / [presents] the person-event interaction model, in which individual variability in response to extreme life events is viewed as a function of the dynamic interaction of both internal and external factors [the person-event model is] a three-tier model [lifestyle, personality, symptoms] for treatment of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emphasizing the role of personality / [presents a case example of a 43 yr old Black male being treated for PTSD] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Personality Correlates, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, Combat Experience, Lifestyle, Military Veterans, Models, Symptoms","Hyer, Lee, Melton, Mary, Boyd, Stephanie",1993.0,,,0,0,
2524,Inpatient Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"This study is an extension of previous research on distinctions among Vietnam combat veterans and other similar veterans. Efforts were made to distinguish among three types of inpatient veterans: (a) those with a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and combat experience; (b) those with a diagnosis other than PTSD and with combat experience; and (c) non-PTSD, noncombat patients. Two hundred Vietnam-era veterans were administered an assessment battery within 2 weeks of admission. The battery included background variables, preservice ratings, service ratings, current adjustment ratings, and psychometric variables. Results showed no differences among the groups on premorbid variables. PTSD veterans, however, responded in a more pathological direction on psychometric and adjustment variables. A discriminant analysis using these variables correctly classified 85% of the veterans in the three groups. Also, the PTSD of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory subscale was cross-validated. Last, for the total combat veterans group, time spent in combat was highly correlated with a variety of PTSD variables. © 1986 American Psychological Association.",,"Hyer, L., ""OLeary, W. C."", Saucer, R. T., Blount, J., Harrison, W. R., Boudewyns, P. A.",1986.0,,,0,0,
2525,PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) in later life,"(from the chapter) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress reaction characterized by symptoms of reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal following 1 month or more an exposure to extreme trauma. Trauma at late life is plentiful and treatable. Data of the past two decades do not suggest that older adults are at greater risk than younger adults for poor psychosocial outcomes following exposure to trauma. There is simply insufficient evidence to conclude that trauma causes more negative psychosocial consequences in older adults. Empirically supported therapies that apply to younger groups have applicability to older groups as well. The six-step model proposed here, which incorporates key elements of traditional cognitive and behavioral therapies but also expands them to include a trauma focus, is a comprehensive treatment for acute or chronic PTSD. The model treats the whole person with PTSD problems. Memories are modified or transformed directly only as a last resort. Throughout, factors related specifically to aging, mourning for losses, giving meaning to experiences, reestablishing self-coherence and self-continuity, achieving ego integration, and culture and social support are integrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Aging, *Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Grief, Models, Social Support, Stress Reactions","Hyer, Lee, Sacks, Amanda",2008.0,,,0,0,
2526,A three tier evaluation of PTSD among Vietnam combat veterans,"A three tier evaluation procedure for chronic Post-traumatic Stress Disorder victims from Vietnam was presented. This evaluation attempts to disaggregate clinical data on a chronic population for purposes of treatment. One hundred veterans with PTSD took personality inventories (MCMI and MMPI), were included in a life style analysis procedure (including early recollections and irrational beliefs), and were evaluated on symptoms. Tier 1 consisted of a life style analysis. This procedure was described and selected data on early recollections and irrational beliefs were presented. Results reflected negative or trauma themes and an excessive amount of irrational beliefs. Tier 2 involved the use of the MCMI. A typology was developed based on a traumatic personality (Passive Aggressive and Avoidant) and three variants. Tier 3 involved symptoms, psychosocial and trauma. Results showed multiple psychosocial symptoms and emphasized the need to contextualize these within the personality (and life style). Also, traumatic memories were collected and four questions were developed to ""address"" these in therapy. A case history was presented on the use of this evaluation method. © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","assessment as treatment, combat-related PTSD, person of victim, personality typology","Hyer, L., Woods, M. G., Boudewyns, P. A.",1991.0,,,0,0,
2527,MCMI and 16-PF with vietnam veterans: Profiles and concurrent validation of MCMI,"The issue of concurrent validation for the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is addressed. A carefully defined group of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were identified (n = 60). They were given the MCMI and 16-PF. Results showed that the passive-aggressive and avoidant personality styles (8-2) with schizoid and borderline features and symptoms of dysthymia and anxiety were characteristic of Vietnam veterans with PTSD on the MCMI. The 16-PF pattern of this group was one with low stens on Warmth, Emotional Stability, Happy-Go-Lucky, Boldness, Self-Discipline, and Extraversion; and high stens on Suspiciousness, Insecurity, Self-Sufficiency, and Anxiety. When each MCMI scale was inspected separately for correlates of the 16-PF, considerable concurrent validation resulted. Clinicians are encouraged to use these scales for the identification and personologic description of the PTSD disorder with veterans.",,"Hyer, L., Woods, M. G., Boudewyns, P. A., Harrison, W. R., Tamkin, A. S.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2528,Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory within a Northern Ireland adolescent sample,"Objectives This study sought to investigate the psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI; Foa et al., 1999, Psychol. Assess., 11, 303) among a cohort of older adolescents and to determine the relationship between post-traumatic cognitions and a variety of psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness. Methods The PTCI was investigated among a large sample (N = 785) of Northern Irish adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis and composite reliability analysis were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the scale. Results The familiar three-factor solution of negative cognitions of self, negative cognitions of the world and others, and self-blame was supported; however, it was necessary to remove eight items from the original 33-item scale. The three-factor structure was subsequently demonstrated to be factorially invariant across gender and to possess satisfactory internal reliability. The three PTCI factors were found to correlate with depression, anxiety, stress, and three dimensions of loneliness. Conclusion These results provide the first piece of evidence that older adolescents cognitively respond to trauma in a similar manner to adults, that the PTCI is factorially invariant between genders, and that trauma cognitions are correlated with feelings of loneliness. The contextual dependent nature of the structure of the PTCI factors is discussed in relation to future research efforts. Practitioner points The PTCI is a valid and reliable measure of trauma-related cognitions among adolescents and works equally well for male adolescents and female adolescents. Trauma cognitions are associated with a range of mental health problems beyond post-traumatic stress disorder including depression, anxiety, stress, and various aspects of loneliness. Reductions in trauma cognitions in survivors of trauma will have wide-scale clinical benefits to patient well-being. The exact structure and make-up of items in the PTCI may well be dependent on culture, context, and the nature of the trauma. The study is limited due to the fact that the authors could not assess the severity of the trauma experienced by the adolescent sample. © 2015 The British Psychological Society.","anxiety, confirmatory factor analysis, depression, loneliness, Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory, stress","Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Murphy, S., Egan, A., Boduszek, D.",2015.0,,10.1111/bjc.12089,0,0,
2529,Exploring differences between the ICD-11 and DSM-5 models of PTSD: Does it matter which model is used?,"Alternative symptom profiles for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are presented in the DSM-5 and ICD-11. This study compared DSM-5 PTSD symptom profiles with ICD-11 PTSD symptom profiles among a large group of trauma-exposed individuals from Denmark. Covariates, and rates of co-occurrence with other psychiatric disorders were also investigated. A sample of treatment-seeking adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse (n= 434) were assessed using self-report measures of PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. A significantly larger proportion of individuals met caseness for DSM-5 PTSD (60.0%) compared to ICD-11 PTSD (49.1%). This difference was largely attributable to low endorsement of the ICD-11 re-experiencing criteria. Replacement of the 'recurrent nightmares' symptom with the 'recurrent thoughts/memories' symptom seemed to balance the proportion of individuals meeting caseness for both taxonomies. Levels of co-occurrence with anxiety and thought disorder were higher for the DSM-5 model of PTSD compared to the ICD-11 model. Current results merit careful consideration in the selection of symptom indicators for the new ICD model of PTSD, particularly with respect to the re-experiencing symptom category. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Anxiety, Childhood sexual abuse, DSM-5, ICD-11, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McNally, S., Murphy, J., Hansen, M., Elklit, A.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.002,0,0,
2530,Citalopram: Pharmacological profile and clinical efficacy of the most selective among SSRI,"Citalopram is the most selective among SSRI with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile, a low potential for interactions with other concomitant medication and a proven efficacy. This review summarizes and evaluates clinical experience with citalopram. The low incidence of side effects, the good patient compliance and satisfaction make citalopram an attractive agent for the treatment of depression, especially among the elderly and patients with comorbid illness.","amitriptyline, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine, citalopram, dopamine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, lorazepam, maprotiline, mianserin, neuroleptic agent, noradrenalin, paroxetine, perphenazine, placebo, serotonin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressant agent, viloxazine, abdominal pain, abstinence, agitation, alcoholism, animal model, anorexia, anorexia nervosa, anorgasmia, anxiety disorder, article, asthenia, clinical trial, controlled study, dementia, depression, diarrhea, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug structure, drug tolerability, ejaculation disorder, epilepsy, fibromyalgia, geriatric patient, human, impotence, insomnia, libido disorder, major clinical study, major depression, male sexual dysfunction, mental disease, meta analysis, multicenter study, nausea, nonhuman, obsessive compulsive disorder, pathological gambling, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, psychopharmacotherapy, randomized controlled trial, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, cerebrovascular accident, sweating, tremor","Iannitelli, A., Pancheri, P.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2531,"Urban teens: Trauma, posttraumatic growth, and emotional distress among female adolescents","Urban teens face many traumas, with implications for potential growth and distress. This study examined traumatic events, posttraumatic growth, and emotional distress over 18 months among urban adolescent girls (N = 328). Objectives were to (a) describe types of traumatic events, (b) determine how type and timing of events relate to profiles of posttraumatic growth, and (c) prospectively examine effects of event type and posttraumatic growth on short- and long-term emotional distress with controls for pre-event distress. Results indicate that type of event was related to profiles of posttraumatic growth, but not with subsequent emotional distress. When baseline emotional distress was controlled, posttraumatic growth was associated with subsequent reductions in short- and long-term emotional distress. Implications for future research and clinical practice with adolescents are addressed. © 2006 APA, all rights reserved.","Adolescents, Emotional distress, Hierarchical linear modeling, Multilevel modeling, Posttraumatic growth","Ickovics, J. R., Meade, C. S., Kershaw, T. S., Milan, S., Lewis, J. B., Ethier, K. A.",2006.0,,,0,1,
2532,Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with vulvodynia: evidence from the population-based woman to woman health study,"BACKGROUND: Psychological disorders may affect the pain experience of women with vulvodynia, but evidence remains limited. The present study aimed to describe the magnitude of the association of depression and posttraumautic stress disorder (PTSD) with the presence of vulvodynia in a nonclinical population from southeastern Michigan. METHODS: Baseline data from 1,795 women participating in the Woman to Woman Health Study, a multiethnic population-based study, was used for this analysis. Validated screening questionnaires were conducted to assess vulvodynia, depression, and PTSD. Modified Poisson regression models with a robust variance estimation were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between vulvodynia status and two mental health conditions, depression and PTSD. RESULTS: In the adjusted models, women who screened positive for depression had a 53% higher prevalence of having vulvodynia (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.10) compared with women who screened negative for depression. Women who screened positive for PTSD had more than a two-fold increase in the prevalence of having vulvodynia (PR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.07, 5.25) compared with women who screened negative for PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: The increased prevalence of vulvodynia among those screening positive for depression or PTSD suggests that these disorders may contribute to the likelihood of reporting vulvodynia. Alternatively, vulvodynia, depression, and PTSD may have a common pathophysiological and risk profile. Prospective studies are needed to improve our understanding of the temporal relation between mental health conditions and vulvar pain.","Adolescent, Adult, African Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Age Factors, Depression/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Ethnic Groups/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology, Female, Hispanic Americans/psychology, Humans, Michigan/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vulvodynia/diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology, ""Womens Health"", Young Adult","Iglesias-Rios, L., Harlow, S. D., Reed, B. D.",2015.0,Jul,10.1089/jwh.2014.5001,0,0,
2533,"Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in Korean War veterans 50 years after the war","Background: There has been no comprehensive investigation of psychological health in Australia's Korean War veteran population, and few researchers are investigating the health of coalition Korean War veterans into old age. Aims: To investigate the association between war service, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in Australia's 7525 surviving male Korean War veterans and a community comparison group. Method: A survey was conducted using a self-report postal questionnaire which included the PTSD Checklist, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and the Combat Exposure Scale. Results: Post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 6.63, P<0.001), anxiety (OR 5.74, P<0.001) and depression (OR 5.45, P<0.001) were more prevalent in veterans than in the comparison group. These disorders were strongly associated with heavy combat and low rank. Conclusions: Effective intervention is necessary to reduce the considerable psychological morbidity experienced by Korean War veterans. Attention to risk factors and early intervention will be necessary to prevent similar long-term psychological morbidity in veterans of more recent conflicts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Major Depression, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Aging, Combat Experience, Health","Ikin, Jillian F., Sim, Malcolm R., McKenzie, Dean P., Horsley, Keith W. A., Wilson, Eileen J., Moore, Michael R., Jelfs, Paul, Harrex, Warren K., Henderson, Scott",2007.0,,,0,0,
2534,Meta-analysis of dropout in treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Many patients drop out of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); some clinicians believe that trauma-focused treatments increase dropout. Method: We conducted a meta-analysis of dropout among active treatments in clinical trials for PTSD (42 studies; 17 direct comparisons). Results: The average dropout rate was 18%, but it varied significantly across studies. Group modality and greater number of sessions, but not trauma focus, predicted increased dropout. When the meta-analysis was restricted to direct comparisons of active treatments, there were no differences in dropout. Differences in trauma focus between treatments in the same study did not predict dropout. However, trauma-focused treatments resulted in higher dropout compared with present-centered therapy (PCT), a treatment originally designed as a control but now listed as a research-supported intervention for PTSD. Conclusion: Dropout varies between active interventions for PTSD across studies, but variability is primarily driven by differences between studies. There do not appear to be systematic differences across active interventions when they are directly compared in the same study. The degree of clinical attention placed on the traumatic event does not appear to be a primary cause of dropout from active treatments. However, comparisons of PCT may be an exception to this general pattern, perhaps because of a restriction of variability in trauma focus among comparisons of active treatments. More research is needed comparing trauma-focused interventions to trauma-avoidant treatments such as PCT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Clinical Trials, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Dropouts","Imel, Zac E., Laska, Kevin, Jakupcak, Matthew, Simpson, Tracy L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2535,Longitudinal mediation of pain and PTSD symptom clusters,"Introduction: Among burn survivors, post-injury pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are major clinical concerns Trauma memories may be linked with sensory and affective pain experiences that perpetuate PTSD cluster symptoms over the first year post-injury. Reciprocating effects between pain and PTSD symptoms have been documented, but few studies have identified mediating relations between specific PTSD symptom clusters and pain after traumatic injury, and none after burn injury Methods: Participants were adult patients (72% male; 64% Caucasian) admitted to a regional Burn Center that met ABA criteria for a major burn injury. PTSD symptoms and pain severity were assessed at baseline (T1; N=245), 6 months (T2; N=140) and 12 months (T3; N=121) post-discharge. The Mc- Gill Pain Questionnaire, Short Form, measured pain severity PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale. Longitudinal autoregressive models were specified to explore mediated relations between PTSD clusters and pain. All models controlled for TBSA burned, history of mental health treatment, and gender Results: PTSD symptoms predicting pain: Avoidance at discharge predicted T2 pain, but no PTSD symptom cluster at T2 predicted T3 pain. Pain predicting PTSD symptoms: Pain at T1 predicted avoidance symptoms at T2, and pain at T2 predicted all 3 PTSD symptom clusters at T3. Mediated effects: Pain severity partially mediated the effects of avoidance symptoms at baseline on 12-month avoidance (ab= .078, SE=.036, p<.05), reexperiencing (ab= 072, SE=.036, p<.05), and hyperarousal symptoms (ab= .067, SE=.037, p<.05). Pain also partially mediated the influence of T1 re-experiencing symptoms on avoidance (ab= .008, SE=.034, p<.05), reexperiencing (ab=.072, SE=.036, p<.05), and hyperarousal symptoms (ab= .034, SE=.034, p<.05) at 1 year Conclusions: We found evidence for pain as a partial mediator of PTSD reexperiencing and avoidance symptom subclusters over the first year post-burn injury. Although PTSD symptoms one month post-discharge predicted pain at T2, no PTSD symptom cluster mediated pain over the 12-month postdischarge period. Results of the study lend support to the notion that post-injury pain and PTSD symptoms are cyclical in nature amongst burn survivors Applicability of Research to Practice: Pain may be a key mechanism in the perpetuation of PTSD symptoms and avoidance may be the most salient PTSD cluster relevant to pain Clinical practice should address pain and post-traumatic stress sequelae in a unified manner, as to reduce the impact of pain symptomatology on PTSD avoidance related behaviors and vice versa.","pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, injury, burn, human, model, survivor, Caucasian, symptomatology, patient, memory, gender, mental health, adult, injury scale, questionnaire, gill, clinical practice, male","Immel, C., Rios, R., Asuku, M. E., Tchanque-Fossuo, C. N., Fauerbach, J. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2536,Aberrant EEG functional connectivity and EEG power spectra in resting state post-traumatic stress disorder: A sLORETA study,"The aim of the present study was to explore the modifications of EEG power spectra and EEG connectivity of resting state (RS) condition in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Seventeen patients and seventeen healthy subjects matched for age and gender were enrolled. EEG was recorded during 5min of RS. EEG analysis was conducted by means of the standardized Low Resolution Electric Tomography software (sLORETA). In power spectra analysis PTSD patients showed a widespread increase of theta activity (4.5-7.5Hz) in parietal lobes (Brodmann Area, BA 7, 4, 5, 40) and in frontal lobes (BA 6). In the connectivity analysis PTSD patients also showed increase of alpha connectivity (8-12.5Hz) between the cortical areas explored by Pz-P4 electrode. Our results could reflect the alteration of memory systems and emotional processing consistently altered in PTSD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Electroencephalography, *Frontal Lobe, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Imperatori, Claudio, Farina, Benedetto, Quintiliani, Maria Isabella, Onofri, Antonio, Gattinara, Paola Castelli, Lepore, Marta, Gnoni, Valentina, Mazzucchi, Edoardo, Contardi, Anna, Della Marca, Giacomo",2014.0,,,0,0,
2537,"Somatisation in children: A profile of 100 cases, clinical presentations, precipitating factors and psychopathology","Objective: The present study was conducted in order to determine the clinical and psychosocial profile of children presenting with somatic symptoms in a tertiary care hospital setting. Materials and Methods: Hundred consecutively seen children presenting with psychosomatic symptoms in Child & Family psychiatry department were included in the study. Data regarding socio-demographic information, mode of referral, presenting symptoms, precipitating factors and psychiatric co morbidity was collected. Results: The mean age was 11.98 years (80 girls, 20 boys). Majority of referrals were from Family Physicians and self referrals. Headaches/Body aches including abdominal pain and fainting spells were the most common presenting symptoms (59% & 29% respectively). School difficulties led to onset of symptoms in more than half of the participants (52%) of the study. Conversion disorder (24%), undifferentiated somatoform disorders (17%) and emotional problems (depression 14%, generalised anxiety 13%) were some of the psychiatric comorbidites observed in these children. Conclusion: Somatic presentations in children are common in our setup. There is a need for underlying factors, and comorbid diagnosis in children presenting with somatic symptoms to be correctly recognised, properly referred and appropriately treated in a timely manner. Running Title: Somatic presentation in Children.","Adolescents, Children, Hysteria, Somatisation, Therapy","Imran, N., Bhatti, M. R., Azeem, Z., Amjad, K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2538,Biological perspectives: Detecting malingering of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults,"The issue of detecting malingering post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a difficult one. Given the complexity of PTSD and the current state of the art in making accurate diagnosis of various mental health conditions, it should be no surprise that detecting malingering in patients complaining of symptoms of possible PTSD is a difficult process. This article is intended to shed more light than darkness on this process. Clearly, the ideas and approaches that are suggested are meant as an introduction to developing a deeper understanding of the processes associated with detecting malingering of PTSD. In doing this, it is intended to make the process of attempting to detect the possible malingering of PTSD a clearer,more thoughtful, and more clinically useful endeavor. Certainly, such an effort is not free from controversy nor is it perfect. Also, the approaches that are described here are not unique and can be found elsewhere in the literature. Assessing PTSD and detecting possible malingering of PTSD is a difficult task. However, if a clinician takes a multimodal approach to the assessment of PTSD, then the process of detecting possible attempts to malinger this disorder is far less daunting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Malingering, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Adult Development","Ingram, Timothy A., Dowben, Jonathan S., Froelich, Kimberly D., Keltner, Norman L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2539,Developmental course of early-life trauma: Later-life sleep and traumatic stress,"Introduction: Trauma exposure during childhood can lead to specific physiological, behavioral, and psychological trajectories that influence sleep and functional outcomes. The present study evaluated the relations between the timing of trauma exposures, objective REM sleep measures, subjective sleep report, and daytime Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms among a sample of combat-exposed military veterans. Methods: Participants (N=173) with a primary diagnosis of PTSD (63.0%; 42.9, [SD(plus or minus)13.0] years-old; 92.7% men), insomnia (30.6%; 36.1 [SD(plus or minus)12.4] years-old; 84.9% men), or who were healthy controls (6.4%; 28.4 [SD(plus or minus)4.0] years-old; 92.3% men) were included in this sample. Participants completed the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the PSQI-Addendum for PTSD (to assess disruptive nocturnal behaviors), and completed overnight polysomnography. The Trauma History Questionnaire provided a retrospective account about variety of traumatic events experienced before age 18 (early-life trauma), and after age 18 (later-life trauma). Results: Early-life trauma was associated with fragmented REM sleep (r=.43, p<.001), later-life trauma (r=.28, p<.001), and daytime PTSD severity (r=.17, p<.05). Later-life trauma was associated with daytime PTSD severity (r=.47, p<.001), disruptive nocturnal behaviors (r=.32, p=.001), and sleep quality (r=.31, p<.01). Later-life trauma mediated the relations between early-life trauma and daytime PTSD severity (Sobel= 3.3, p=.001), sleep quality (Sobel=2.5, p=.01), and disruptive nocturnal behaviors (Sobel=2.5, p=.01). Conclusion: Early-life trauma exposure was associated with later-life fragmented REM sleep, but not subjective sleep measures. Early-life trauma had an indirect influence on later-life PTSD and subjective sleep disturbances. These findings suggest that early-life trauma may affect the development of sleep physiology, which may partially explain reported discrepancies between subjective and objective sleep measures in PTSD. More broadly, investigating the impact of early-life trauma exposure on sleep may provide novel insights into sleep as a mechanism for stress resilience, which may inform prevention strategies to improve functional outcomes among trauma exposed individuals.","phosphorus 31, phosphorus 32, sleep, posttraumatic stress disorder, organization, injury, human, exposure, male, REM sleep, sleep quality, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, prevention, diagnosis, sleep disorder, veteran, army, questionnaire, polysomnography, insomnia, physiology, childhood","Insana, S., Kolko, D., Germain, A.",2011.0,,,0,1,
2540,Childhood maltreatment is associated with neurobiological activity during NREM sleep,"Introduction: During early-life, sleep physiology and brain development are particularly sensitive to stress exposure. Our previous work indicated that early-life trauma is associated with disrupted REM sleep physiology in later-life. The current study objective was to examine the associations between childhood maltreatment and relative regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) during NREM sleep among a sample of combat-exposed military veterans. Methods: Twenty eight medication-free combat-exposed military veterans (29.77(plus or minus)5.58 years, 79% men, 68% with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) completed an 18F-FDG positron emission tomography scan during NREM sleep. Participants completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire, the Clinician Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale, and the Combat Exposure Scale. Whole-brain correlation analyses were calculated with Statistical Parametric Mapping 8. Past-month posttraumatic stress symptoms and combat exposure were entered as covariates in all analyses. Results: Increased childhood maltreatment was associated with increased rCMRglc during NREM sleep in a cluster that contained 7,278 contiguous voxels (pFWE-corr=0.034; MNI coordinates for voxel of maximal signiicance=28, 36, -16; Z=3.62). This cluster spanned ventromedially through the right hemisphere and included the: orbital frontal cortex, posterior insula, hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal region. Increased childhood maltreatment was associated with decreased rCMRglc during NREM sleep in a cluster that contained 3,640 contiguous voxels, but was not signiicant at the familywise error correction rate (pFWE-uncorr=0.014; MNI coordinates for voxel of maximal signiicance= 36, -84, 32; Z=3.45). This cluster spanned the ventrolateral and medial portions of the cerebellum. Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased brain activity during NREM sleep in prefrontal, limbic, and cerebellar regions that are implicated in affective processing. Childhood maltreatment may have a long-term inluence on the neurobiology of NREM sleep. These indings might help guide further research on the effect of child maltreatment on sleep- and mental health processes.","fluorodeoxyglucose f 18, glucose, sleep, human, childhood, organization, exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, army, veteran, physiology, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, male, drug therapy, REM sleep, cerebellum, electroencephalogram, neurobiology, mental health, posterior insula, metabolic rate, positron emission tomography, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, brain, orbit, right hemisphere, correlation analysis, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus, temporal lobe, processing, child, injury, brain development","Insana, S., Mammen, O., Nofzinger, E., Germain, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2541,Early-life trauma is associated with rapid eye movement sleep fragmentation among military veterans,"The role of sleep in the relations between early-life trauma and the development of adverse psychological trajectories is relatively unknown and was the primary aim of the present study. Military veterans were evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder, combat exposure, trauma history, sleep quality, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, and a subsample completed overnight polysomnography that yielded objectively measured sleep parameters. When relevant variables were controlled, increased earlier-life traumatic event exposure was associated with increased rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMs) fragmentation, and increased REMs fragmentation was associated with increased later-life disruptive nocturnal behaviors. REMs fragmentation carried an indirect relation between earlier-life trauma and later-life disruptive nocturnal behaviors. Objectively measured sleep parameters were used to describe REMs fragmentation physiology. The current findings elucidate the important role that earlier-life trauma exposure may have in the development of REM sleep physiology, and how this altered sleep physiology may have dynamic influences on subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms in adulthood. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Combat, Development, Fear, PTSD, Sleep, Translational, Trauma","Insana, S. P., Kolko, D. J., Germain, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2542,Value of volunteers report,,,"International Federation of Red, Cross, Red Crescent, Societies",2011.0,2011,,0,0,
2543,Volunteering in emergencies,,,"International Federation of Red, Cross, Red Crescent, Societies",2013.0,2013,,0,0,
2544,Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Background. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling condition. Evidence that PTSD is characterised by specific psychobiological dysfunctions has contributed to a growing interest in use of medication in its treatment. Objectives. To assess the effects of medication in the treatment of PTSD. Design. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) following the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. A more detailed version of the review is published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Methods. We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group specialised register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library issue 4, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966 - December 2004), PsycINFO (1966 - 2004), the National PTSD Center Pilots database, and the meta register module of the Controlled Trials'database. Reference lists of retrieved articles were searched for additional studies. Two raters independently assessed RCTs for inclusion in the review, collated trial data, and assessed trial quality. Investigators were contacted to obtain missing data. Summary statistics were stratified by medication class, and by medication agent for the selective serotonin-re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Dichotomous and continuous measures were calculated using a random effects model, heterogeneity was assessed, and subgroup/sensitivity analyses were done. Main results. Thirty-five short-term (14 weeks or less) RCTs were included in the analysis (4 547, participants). Symptom severity for 17 trials was significantly reduced in the medication groups, relative to placebo (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -5.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): -8.16 - -3.36, N = 2 507). Similarly, summary statistics for responder status from 13 trials demonstrated overall superiority of a variety of medication agents compared with placebo (relative risk (RR) = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.73, number needed to treat (NNT) = 4.85, N = 1272). Medication and placebo response occurred in 59.1% (N = 644) and 38.5% (N = 628) of patients, respectively. Of the medication classes, evidence of treatment efficacy was most convincing for the SSRIs. Medication was also effective in reducing the severity of the PTSD re-experiencing/intrusion, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters in 9 trials (N = 1 304). In addition, medication was superior to placebo in reducing co-morbid depression and disability. Medication was also less well tolerated than placebo. A narrative review of the 3 maintenance trials suggested that long-term medication may be required in treating PTSD. Conclusion. Medication treatments can be effective in treating PTSD, acting to reduce its core symptoms, as well as associated depression and disability, and should be considered as part of the treatment of this disorder. The findings of this review support the status of SSRIs as first-line agents in the pharmacotherapy of PTSD, as well as their value in long-term treatment. However, there remain important gaps in the evidence base, and there is a continued need for more effective agents in the management of PTSD.",,"Ipser, J., Seedat, S., Stein, D. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2545,Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. Recognition of neurobiological abnormalities associated with this condition suggests the potential efficacy of medication in its treatment. Nevertheless, questions regarding the efficacy of medications remain, despite general endorsement by clinical practice guidelines of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as first-line agents in treating PTSD. This paper reviews evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the efficacy of acute and long-term pharmacotherapy for PTSD, including the treatment of refractory PTSD. In addition, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of different medications in treating PTSD. The effects of methodological study features (including year of publication, duration, number of centres) and sample characteristics (proportion of combat veterans, gender composition) were also tested. The largest body of evidence for short- and long-term efficacy of medication currently exists for SSRIs, with promising initial findings for the selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine and the atypical antipsychotic risperidone. Treatment effect was predicted by number of centres and recency of the study, with little evidence that sample characteristics predicted response. Evidence for the effectiveness of benzodiazepines is lacking, despite their continued use in clinical practice. Finally, the 1 antagonist prazosin and the atypical antipsychotics show some efficacy in treatment-resistant PTSD. Adequately powered trials that are designed in accordance with best-practice guidelines are required to provide conclusive evidence of clinically relevant differences in efficacy between agents in treating PTSD, and to help estimate clinical and methodological predictors of treatment response. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, Evidence Based Practice","Ipser, Jonathan C., Stein, Dan J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2546,"Posttraumatic stress symptoms, intrusive thoughts, loss, and immune function after Hurricane Andrew","Objective: To examine the impact of and relationship between exposure to Hurricane Andrew, a severe stressor, posttraumatic stress symptoms and immune measures. Methods: Blood draws and questionnaires were taken from community volunteer subjects living in the damaged neighborhoods between 1 and 4 months after the Hurricane. Results: The sample exhibited high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms by questionnaire [33% overall; 76% with at least one symptom cluster), and 44% scored in the high impact range on the Impact of Events (IES) scale. A substantial proportion of variance in posttraumatic stress symptoms could be accounted for by four hurricane experience variables (damage, loss, life threat, and injury), with perceived loss being the highest correlate. Of the five immune measures studied Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity (NKCC) was the only measure that was meaningfully related (negatively) to both damage and psychological variables (loss, intrusive thoughts, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). White blood cell counts (WBCs) were significantly positively related with the degree of loss and PTSD experienced. Both NKCC (lower) and WBC were significantly related to retrospective self-reported increase of somatic symptoms after the hurricane. Overall, the community sample was significantly lower in NKCC, CD4 and CD8 number, and higher in NK cell number compared to laboratory controls. Finally, evidence was found for new onset of sleep problems as a mediator of the posttraumatic symptom - NKCC relationship. Conclusions: Several immune measures differed from controls after Hurricane Andrew. Negative (intrusive) thoughts and PTSD were related to lower NKCC. Loss was a key correlate of both posttraumatic symptoms and immune (NKCC, WBC) measures.","CD4 antigen, CD8 antigen, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, adult, aged, anxiety, article, cellular immunity, disaster, female, human, leukocyte count, life event, major clinical study, male, natural killer cell, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, stress, symptomatology","Ironson, G., Wynings, C., Schneiderman, N., Baum, A., Rodriguez, M., Greenwood, D., Benight, C., Antoni, M., Laperriere, A., Huang, H. S., Klimas, N., Fletcher, M. A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2547,Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder is common in parents of children with epilepsy,"Objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and major depressive disorder (MDD) in parents of children with epilepsy. Methods. Parents (77 mothers and 3 fathers) of children with epilepsy were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), PTSD and MDD modules, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Resul ts. The prevalence of both PTSD and MDD was 31.5%. Fifty-six percent (n = 14) of the participants with PTSD had a diagnosis of MDD. PTSD symptom clusters were very prevalent in the parents of children with epilepsy. Reexperiencing and arousal symptom clusters were more frequent (88.8 and 80% respectively) than the avoidance and numbing symptom cluster (32.5%). Conclusion. These findings suggest that a significant proportion of parents of children with epilepsy experience PTSD and MDD. Increased awareness of the clinical presentations of these disorders may help clinicians to develop preventive and intervention strategies for parents of children with epilepsy. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, benign childhood epilepsy, clinical feature, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, General Health Questionnaire, grand mal epilepsy, human, major depression, male, parent, parent counseling, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, structured interview, symptomatology","Iseri, P. K., Ozten, E., Aker, A. T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2548,Increased psychological distress among Danish gulf war veterans - Without evidence for a neurotoxic background. A Danish Gulf War Study,"Introduction: Compared with controls, up to six years after their return, Danish Gulf War veterans have a significantly higher prevalence of self-reported neuropsychological symptoms, potentially as a result of neurotoxic exposure during deployment. We tested the hypotheses that: 1) GW veterans would perform less well than controls using a computerized neuromotor test battery; and that 2) GW veterans have a psychological profile different from that of controls. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study of 686 subjects who had been deployed in the Persian Gulf within the period August 2, 1990 until December 31, 1997; the control group comprised 231 subjects matched according to age, gender and profession. All participants underwent clinical and paraclinical examinations, along with a neuromotor test battery (CATSYS Test System®) and a psychological health status questionnaire, the SCL-90-R rating scale. Results: No differences were found between GW veterans and controls with respect to lifestyle and cohabitational characteristics. Differences between the two groups with respect to neuromotor function were very small. Within the GW veteran group, stratified according to clustering of neuropsychological symptoms, and stratified according to SCL-90-R score, no trends were found suggesting reduced motor function with increasing symptoms. Of nine dimensions constructed on the basis of the SCL-90-R items, six were significantly associated with being a Gulf War veteran. Statistically, the strongest associations were found for ratings of the obsessive-compulsive dimension and of the depression dimension. No associations were found with respect to phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. Interpretation: The increased psychological distress found among Danish GW veterans seemed rather due to a mentally distressing environment than to neurotoxic exposure.",,"Ishøy, T., Knop, J., Suadicani, P., Guldager, B., Appleyard, M., Gyntelberg, F.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2549,Posttraumatic stress disorder in eating disorder patients: The roles of psychological distress and timing of trauma,"Exposure to traumatic events may be a risk factor for subsequent development of an eating disorder (ED). In a previous study, we showed that trauma exposure impacted symptom load in ED patients. We also saw an effect of trauma on general psychological distress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and ED severity, to focus on the mediating role of psychological distress for the association, and to assess the role of timing of trauma in relation to emergence of ED. Participants were Swedish adult ED patients with a history of traumatic exposure (N=843, Mean age 27.2, 97.3% female). One fourth (24.1%) of the participants had a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD. PTSD had an impact on ED severity, but the impact was mediated by psychological distress. When stratifying the sample based on timing of trauma a significant effect was present only in those with trauma within a year of emergence of ED. The results suggest emotion regulation as a possible underlying factor of interest in future research. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Comorbidity, Eating disorder, PTSD, Timing, Trauma","Isomaa, R., Backholm, K., Birgegård, A.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.044,0,0,
2550,Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel,,,"Iversen, A. C., Fear, N. T., Ehlers, A., Hacker Hughes, J., Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., Greenberg, N., Rona, R., Wessely, S., Hotopf, M.",2008.0,,10.1017/S0033291708002778,0,0,
2551,Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel,"Background: There is considerable interest in understanding further the factors that increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for military personnel. This study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of demographic variables; childhood adversity; the nature of exposure to traumatic events during deployment; appraisal of these experiences; and home-coming experiences in relation to the prevalence of PTSD 'caseness' as measured by a score of >50 on the PTSD Checklist (PCL) in UK Armed Forces personnel who have been deployed in Iraq since 2003. Method: Data were drawn from the first stage of a retrospective cohort study comparing UK military personnel who were deployed to the 2003 Iraq War with personnel serving in the UK Armed Forces on 31 March 2003 but who were not deployed to the initial phase of war fighting. Participants were randomly selected and invited to participate. The response rate was 61%. We have limited these analyses to 4762 regular service individuals who responded to the survey and who have been deployed in Iraq since 2003. Results: Post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with lower rank, being unmarried, having low educational attainment and a history of childhood adversity. Exposure to potentially traumatizing events, in particular being deployed to a 'forward' area in close contact with the enemy, was associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Appraisals of the experience as involving threat to one's own life and a perception that work in theatre was above an individual's trade and experience were strongly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Low morale and poor social support within the unit and non-receipt of a home-coming brief (psycho-education) were associated with greater risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: Personal appraisal of threat to life during the trauma emerged as the most important predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms. These results also raise the possibility that there are important modifiable occupational factors such as unit morale, leadership, preparing combatants for their role in theatre which may influence an individual's risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Therefore interventions focused on systematic preparation of personnel for the extreme stress of combat may help to lessen the psychological impact of deployment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Iversen, A. C., Fear, N. T., Ehlers, A., Hughes, J. Hacker, Hull, L., Earnshaw, M., Greenberg, N., Rona, R., Wessely, S., Hotopf, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,2550
2552,Influence of childhood adversity on health among male UK military personnel,,,"Iversen, A. C., Fear, N. T., Simonoff, E., Hull, L., Horn, O., Greenberg, N., Hotopf, M., Rona, R., Wessely, S.",2007.0,,10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039818,0,0,
2553,"Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Revictimization: The Relative Impact of Distinct PTSD Symptoms, Dissociation, and Coping Strategies","Psychological distress and coping strategies following intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization may impact survivors' risk for future IPV. The current study prospectively examined the impact of distinct posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal), dissociation, and coping strategies (engagement and disengagement coping) on IPV revictimization among recently abused women. Women (N = 69) who were seeking services for IPV and experienced their most recent episode of physical IPV between 2 weeks and 6 months prior to study enrollment completed measures of physical IPV, psychological distress, and coping strategies at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. The women averaged 36 years of age and 67% of the sample was African American. Separate Poisson regression analyses revealed that PTSD hyperarousal symptoms, dissociation, engagement coping, and disengagement coping each significantly predicted physical IPV revictimization at the 6-month follow-up (with effect sizes ranging from a 1.20-1.34 increase in the likelihood of Time 2 physical IPV with a 1 SD increase in the predictor). When these significant predictors were examined together in a single Poisson regression model, only engagement and disengagement coping were found to predict physical IPV revictimization such that disengagement coping was associated with higher revictimization risk (1.29 increase in the likelihood of Time 2 physical IPV with one SD increase in disengagement coping) and engagement coping was associated with lower revictimization risk (1.30 decrease in the likelihood of Time 2 physical IPV with one SD increase in engagement coping). The current findings suggest that coping strategies are important and potentially malleable predictors of physical IPV revictimization. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Iverson, K. M., Litwack, S. D., Pineles, S. L., Suvak, M. K., Vaughn, R. A., Resick, P. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2554,Single prolonged stress increases contextual freezing and the expression of glycine transporter 1 and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 mRNA in the hippocampus of rats,"Rats subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) show enhanced HPA negative feedback, exaggerated acoustic startle response, and enhanced contextual freezing 7 days after SPS, and accordingly, SPS is an animal model of PTSD. To elucidate the influence of contextual fear on gene expression in the hippocampus of SPS rats, we used cDNA microarray followed by real-time quantitative PCR analyses to compare the hippocampal gene expression profiles between rats that were or were not subjected to SPS during exposure to contextual fear. In the behavioral experiments, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured 7 days after SPS. Twenty-four hours after footshock conditioning (7 days after SPS), freezing behavior was measured during re-exposure to the chamber in which footshock was delivered. Based on the behavioral analysis, rats subjected to SPS exhibited a significant enhancement of contextual freezing compared to rats not subjected to SPS, without any changes in locomotor activity. Analyses using cDNA microarray and RT-PCR showed that the hippocampal levels of glycine transporter 1 (Gly-T1) and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) mRNA in rats subjected to SPS were significantly increased relative to sham-treated rats. Administration of SPS alone did not affect the expression of these 2 genes. These findings suggest that the upregulation of Gly-T1 and VAMP2 in the hippocampus may be, at least in part, involved in the enhanced susceptibility to contextual fear in rats subjected to SPS. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","cDNA microarray, Contextual freezing, Glycine transporter 1, Hippocampus, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Single prolonged stress, Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2","Iwamoto, Y., Morinobu, S., Takahashi, T., Yamawaki, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2555,"Post traumatic stress disorder and its associated risk factors among trauma patients attending the orthopaedic wards and clinics in Kota Bharu, Kelantan","Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent among trauma patients seeking treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of PTSD using the newly validated Malay Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ-M). Methods: A total of 201 trauma patients attending the orthopaedic wards and clinics, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) and Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab H (HRPZU) were recruited and the TSQ-M was administered to all participants. Results: A total of 50 (24.9%) of the trauma patients had PTSD based on TSQ-M using a cut-off score of 5. None of the risk factors were significantly associated with PTSD in this study. Female gender and lower education were, 2.00 and 1.82 times respectively, more likely to experience PTSD. Conclusion: PTSD is common affecting about a quarter of trauma patients attending the orthopaedic services. We need to maintain a high index of suspicion in trauma patients regardless of their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Educational Attainment Level, Hospitals, Human Sex Differences","Jaapar, Sharifah Zubaidiah Syed, Abidin, Zarina Zainan, Othman, Zahiruddin",2014.0,,,0,0,
2556,Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation,"Study objectives: Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a loved one remains controversial. Our study aimed to determine if offering a relative the choice to observe CPR of a family member might reduce his psychological impact 90 days later. Methods: A multicenter, cluster randomized, controlled trial. We enrolled 570 relatives of patients who were in cardiac arrest in 17 prehospital emergency medical services. Centers were randomized either to 1) systematically offer the family member the opportunity to observe CPR (intervention group) or 2) to the habitual practice regarding family presence (control group). The primary endpoint was the proportion of relatives having post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms by an Impact of Event Scale (IES)>30 at 90 days. Secondary endpoints were the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms and impact of family presence on medical efforts at resuscitation, wellbeing of the healthcare team, and on the occurrence of medicolegal claims. Analyses used the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). Results: 211/266 (79%) relatives witnessed CPR (intervention group) compared to 131/304 (43%) relatives (control group). In the intention-to-treat analysis, family members had PTSD-related symptoms significantly more frequently in the control group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.5; P=0.004) and when they did not witness CPR (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; P=0.02). According to family presence, relatives who did not witness CPR had more frequently symptoms of anxiety and depression. Family-witnessed CPR did not affect resuscitation characteristics, patient survival, medical team stress or result in medicolegal claims. Conclusions: Our results promote family presence during CPR. This experience was associated with positive results on psychological parameters and neither interfered with medical efforts or health care team stress nor resulted in medicolegal conflicts.","resuscitation, European, society, cardiology, human, control group, health care, risk, patient, anxiety, witness, posttraumatic stress disorder, Impact of Events Scale, survival, confidence interval, intention to treat analysis, randomized controlled trial, emergency health service, heart arrest, parameters, wellbeing","Jabre, P., Belpomme, V., Bertrand, L., Jacob, L., Broche, C., Normand, D., Adnet, F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2557,Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation,"Study Objectives: Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a loved one remains controversial. The principal aim of this trial was to determine if offering a relative the choice to observe CPR of a family member might reduce his or her psychological impact 90 days later. We also assessed the impact of family presence on medical efforts at resuscitation, the wellbeing of the health care team, and on the occurrence of medicolegal claims. Methods: This study was a multicenter prospective, cluster randomized, controlled trial. We enrolled 570 relatives of patients who were in cardiac arrest in 17 out-of-hospital emergency medical services. Centers were randomized either to 1) systematically offer the family member the opportunity to observe CPR (intervention group), or 2) to a habitual practice regarding family presence (control group). The primary endpoint was the proportion of relatives having post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms by an Impact of Event Scale (IES) >30 at 90 days. Secondary endpoints included the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the impact of family presence on medical efforts at resuscitation, the wellbeing of the health care team, and on the occurrence of medicolegal claims. For pyschological assessment analyses, inorder to take into account the cluster structure of the design, Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used. Results: In the intervention group, 211/266 (79%) relatives witnessed CPR compared to 131/304 (43%) relatives in the control group. In the intention-to-treat analysis, family members had PTSD-related symptoms significantly more frequently in the control group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 2.5; P = 0.004) and when they did not witness CPR (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.5; P = 0.02). According to family presence, relatives who did not witness CPR had more frequently symptoms of anxiety and depression. Family-witnessed CPR did not affect resuscitation characteristics, patient survival, medical team stress or result in medicolegal claims. Conclusion: Our results promote family presence during CPR. This experience was associated with positive results on psychological parameters and neither interfered with medical efforts or health care team stress nor resulted in medicolegal conflicts.","resuscitation, college, emergency physician, human, health care, control group, anxiety, patient, wellbeing, witness, risk, posttraumatic stress disorder, survival, confidence interval, emergency health service, intention to treat analysis, hospital, heart arrest, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, randomized controlled trial, parameters, Impact of Events Scale","Jabre, P., Belpomme, V., Jacob, L., Bertrand, L., Broche, C., Pinaud, V., Assez, N., Beltramini, A., Normand, D., Adnet, F.",2012.0,,,0,0,2556
2558,Offering the opportunity for family to be present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: 1-Year assessment,"Purpose: To evaluate the psychological consequences among family members given the option to be present during the CPR of a relative, compared with those not routinely offered the option. Methods: Prospective, cluster-randomized, controlled trial involving 15 prehospital emergency medical services units in France, comparing systematic offer for a relative to witness CPR with the traditional practice among 570 family members. Main outcome measure was 1-year assessment included proportion suffering post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression symptoms, and/or complicated grief. Results: Among the 570 family members [intention to treat (ITT) population], 408 (72 %) were evaluated at 1 year. In the ITT population (N = 570), family members had PTSD-related symptoms significantly more frequently in the control group than in the intervention group [adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1-3.0; P = 0.02] as did family members to whom physicians did not propose witnessing CPR [adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95 % CI 1.1-2.6; P = 0.02]. In the observed cases population (N = 408), the proportion of family members experiencing a major depressive episode was significantly higher in the control group (31 vs. 23 %; P = 0.02) and among family members to whom physicians did not propose the opportunity to witness CPR (31 vs. 24 %; P = 0.03). The presence of complicated grief was significantly greater in the control group (36 vs. 21 %; P = 0.005) and among family members to whom physicians did not propose the opportunity to witness resuscitation (37 vs. 23 %; P = 0.003). Conclusions: At 1 year after the event, psychological benefits persist for those family members offered the possibility to witness the CPR of a relative in cardiac arrest. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.","Cardiac arrest, Complicated grief, Family presence, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Jabre, P., Tazarourte, K., Azoulay, E., Borron, S. W., Belpomme, V., Jacob, L., Bertrand, L., Lapostolle, F., Combes, X., Galinski, M., Pinaud, V., Destefano, C., Normand, D., Beltramini, A., Assez, N., Vivien, B., Vicaut, E., Adnet, F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2559,Shame-based identity and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in help-seeking combat veterans,"The long-term effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been previously investigated. However, developmental and identity issues around trauma and shame have been less extensively examined. For some combat veterans, relief from the primary symptoms of PTSD is a struggle for much of the postwar adjustment period. Moreover, secondary problems associated with living with trauma have substantial impact on veterans' sense of self, capacity for interpersonal relationships, and making meaning of their lives. The current investigation examined relationships between self-reported symptom distress and shame on postwar adjustment of combat veterans. Specifically, the study investigated how shame and sense of self were related to PTSD, depression, trait anxiety, vulnerability, self-handicapping, hope, and overall quality of life. This investigation used archival data that are part of a larger longitudinal study. Correlational, repeated measures, and multivariate analyses examined how symptom distress and resilience measures were related to premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors. Participants completed self-report symptom distress measures and family of origin and demographic questionnaires. Repeated measures on symptom distress were collected at baseline, 2 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-baseline. Twelve hypotheses were postulated regarding how chronic PTSD and shame were related to long term adjustment. Findings contributed substantive new information on relationships among shame, symptom distress, and psychological trauma. Correlational analyses showed significant and positive relationships between shame and symptom distress measures including depression, trait anxiety, vulnerability, PTSD, and self-handicapping. Shame was negatively associated with hope and quality of life. Longitudinal data showed chronic PTSD and shame were amenable to treatment. While treatment data showed initial improvement in all symptom distress measures, maintenance of treatment gains was difficult, with six and twelve month symptom measures returning to near baseline. Multivariate analyses yielded no differences on family factors of chaos, loss, and ethnicity. Socioeconomic status was associated with decreased hope and quality of life. Convergence among the findings indicated a reciprocal relationship between shame and PTSD which warrants continued empirical investigation. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Distress, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Shame, Anxiety, Hope, Major Depression, Quality of Life, Self Handicapping Strategy","Jackley, Patricia K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2560,Neurostructural imaging findings in children with post-traumatic stress disorder: Brief review,"Child maltreatment has been associated with different psychiatric disorders. Studies on both animals and humans have suggested that some brain areas would be directly affected by severe psychological trauma. The pathophsysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appears to be related to a complex interaction involving genetic and environmental factors. Advanced neuroimaging techniques have been used to investigate neurofunctional and neurostructural abnormalities in children, adolescents, and adults with PTSD. This review examined structural brain imaging studies that were performed in abused and traumatized children, and discusses the possible biological mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD, the implications and future directions for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Published reports in refereed journals were reviewed by searching Medline and examining references of the articles related to structural neuroimaging of PTSD. Structural MRI studies have been performed in adults and children to evaluate the volumetric brain alterations in the PTSD population. In contrast with studies involving adults, in which hippocampus volumetric reduction was the most consistent finding, studies involving children and adolescents with PTSD have demonstrated smaller medial and posterior portions of the corpus callosum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain, *Child Abuse, *Neuropathology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Jackowski, Andrea Parolin, de Araujo, Celia Maria, de Lacerda, Acioly Luiz Tavares, de Jesus Mari, Jair, Kaufman, Joan",2009.0,,,0,0,
2561,The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in psychiatric disorders: An update of neuroimaging findings,"Objective: To report structural and functional neuroimaging studies exploring the potential role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the pathophysiology of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders (PD). Method: A non-systematic literature review was conducted by means of MEDLINE using the following terms as parameters: ""orbitofrontal cortex"", ""schizophrenia"", ""bipolar disorder"", ""major depression"", ""anxiety disorders"", ""personality disorders"" and ""drug addiction"". The electronic search was done up to July 2011. Discussion: Structural and functional OFC abnormalities have been reported in many PD, namely schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders and drug addiction. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported reduced OFC volume in patients with schizophrenia, mood disorders, PTSD, panic disorder, cluster B personality disorders and drug addiction. Furthermore, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using cognitive paradigms have shown impaired OFC activity in all PD listed above. Conclusion: Neuroimaging studies have observed an important OFC involvement in a number of PD. However, future studies are clearly needed to characterize the specific role of OFC on each PD as well as understanding its role in both normal and pathological behavior, mood regulation and cognitive functioning. (copyright)2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.","anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline state, brain blood flow, brain size, cognition, drug dependence, electroencephalogram, functional neuroimaging, histrionic personality disorder, human, major depression, mental disease, narcissism, neuroimaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, obsessive compulsive disorder, orbital cortex, panic, paranoid personality disorder, pathophysiology, personality disorder, positron emission tomography, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathy, review, schizoidism, schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, substance abuse, voxel based morphometry","Jackowski, A. P., Filho, G. M. A., de Almeida, A. G., de Araujo, C. M., Reis, M., Nery, F., Batista, I. R., Silva, I., Lacerda, A. L. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2562,The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in psychiatric disorders: An update of neuroimaging findings,"Objective: To report structural and functional neuroimaging studies exploring the potential role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the pathophysiology of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders (PD). Method: A non-systematic literature review was conducted by means of MEDLINE using the following terms as parameters: ""orbitofrontal cortex"", ""schizophrenia"", ""bipolar disorder"", ""major depression"", ""anxiety disorders"", ""personality disorders"" and ""drug addiction"". The electronic search was done up to July 2011. Discussion: Structural and functional OFC abnormalities have been reported in many PD, namely schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders and drug addiction. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported reduced OFC volume in patients with schizophrenia, mood disorders, PTSD, panic disorder, cluster B personality disorders and drug addiction. Furthermore, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using cognitive paradigms have shown impaired OFC activity in all PD listed above. Conclusion: Neuroimaging studies have observed an important OFC involvement in a number of PD. However, future studies are clearly needed to characterize the specific role of OFC on each PD as well as understanding its role in both normal and pathological behavior, mood regulation and cognitive functioning. ©2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.","Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders, Neuroimaging, Orbitofrontal Cortex, Personality Disorders, Schizophrenia","Jackowski, A. P., Filho, G. M. A., de Almeida, A. G., de Araújo, C. M., Reis, M., Nery, F., Batista, I. R., Silva, I., Lacerda, A. L. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,2561
2563,Clusters of event reactions among recipients of Project Liberty mental health counseling,"Objective: This study aimed to determine a pattern in the frequency with which individuals who manifested distress reactions resembling diagnostic syndromes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder accessed services provided by Project Liberty. Methods: Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to 31 reactions to stress (event reactions) shown by 465,428 recipients of Project Liberty counseling, to determine how well event reactions mapped onto traditional diagnostic criteria. Service recipients were tracked when they first sought Project Liberty counseling during the 27 months after the attacks. Those who reported three or more reactions associated with these clusters were characterized as having possible diagnosable conditions. Results: Strong consistent clusters corresponding to traumatic stress and depressive symptoms emerged, with 26 percent, 16 percent, and 8 percent of service recipients rated as having possible PTSD, major depressive disorder, or both, respectively. Taken together, this group constituted over 40 percent of service recipients served by Project Liberty almost every month throughout the 27 months of its existence. Conclusions: Event reactions, as reported by Project Liberty crisis counselors, many of whom were nonclinicians, mapped coherently onto diagnostic syndromes, suggesting that a checklist of such reactions may be useful to disaster counselors as a cost-effective screening and planning instrument. The steady entry over time into Project Liberty counseling by a substantial number of individuals experiencing high levels of distress underscores the need for providing long-term access to mental health services postdisaster.","adult, article, cluster analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, crisis intervention, disaster, female, health care cost, health care planning, health care utilization, human, long term care, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, mental health care, mental health service, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, symptomatology, terrorism, United States","Jackson, C. T., Allen, G., Essock, S. M., Foster, M. J., Lanzara, C. B., Felton, C. J., Donahue, S. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2564,Reporting Results of Latent Growth Modeling and Multilevel Modeling Analyses: Some Recommendations for Rehabilitation Psychology,"Objective: There has been a general increase in interest and use of modeling techniques that treat data as nested, whether it is people nested within larger units, such as families or treatment centers, or observations nested under people. The popularity can be witnessed by noting the number of new textbooks and articles related to latent growth curve modeling and multilevel modeling. This paper discusses both of these techniques in the context of longitudinal research designs, with the main purposes of highlighting some benefits and issues related to the use of these models and outlining guidelines for reporting results from studies using multilevel modeling or latent growth modeling. Implications: These longitudinal analytic techniques can be greatly beneficial to researchers conducting rehabilitation studies, but there are several issues related to their use and reporting that need to be taken into consideration. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Latent curve modeling, Latent growth modeling, Longitudinal analysis, Multilevel modeling, Statistical reporting","Jackson, D. L.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0020462,0,0,
2565,Course of alcohol dependence among Vietnam combat veterans and nonveteran controls,"Objective: Identifying developmental trajectories of alcohol use is fundamental in building theories of alcoholism etiology and course. The purpose of this study was to replicate and generalize our previous finding that had been based on a twin sample drawn from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. In this study, we made use of a nontwin sample of Vietnam veterans drawn from the Vietnam Era Study-a 25-year follow-up of the Vietnam Drug User Returns project that assessed the long-term medical and psychiatric consequences of substance abuse or dependence in Vietnam. Method: Alcohol-related behaviors and psychiatric status were assessed in a sample of 839 individuals that comprised 323 veterans who tested positive for drugs (i.e., opiates, barbiturates, or amphetamines) on discharge from Vietnam, 319 veterans who tested negative for drugs at that time, and a nonveteran control sample (n = 197). Individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence (n = 293) were selected for further analysis. Using detailed life history charts, in-person structured interviews were conducted, which entailed retrospective reports covering the 25 years since the 1972 survey. Measures of alcohol and drug use as well as psychiatric symptoms were obtained by assessing each year of the follow-up interval, beginning with 1972. Results: Using latent growth mixture modeling, a four-class model was identified with trajectories that were parallel to those identified in our previous studies based on the Vietnam Era Twin Registry: severe chronic alcoholics, severe nonchronic alcoholics, late-onset alcoholics, and young-adult alcoholics. Conclusions: Present findings provide additional support for the replicability and generalizability of meaningful differences in the course of alcoholism from early adulthood to midlife.","adult, age, alcoholism, article, cohort analysis, comparative study, follow up, health survey, human, longitudinal study, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, retrospective study, veteran, war","Jacob, T., Blonigen, D. M., Koenig, L. B., Wachsmuth, W., Price, R. K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2566,The Use of Debriefing With Children,"The debate over the use of psychological debriefing in the early aftermath of a traumatic event has raged for decades, yet little attention has been paid to its use with perhaps the most vulnerable of victims, children and adolescents. While recommendations against the use of group debriefing with adults seem to have been made based on research of individual debriefing, recommendations regarding its use with children have been made based on the adult literature. In this review, we outline the possible mechanisms of harm and benefit of debriefing with a discussion of developmental concerns. The available empirical and nonempirical literature on the use of debriefing with youth is summarized. While research does not currently evidence harm in the use of debriefing with children, there is no strong support for its use either. We present both clinical considerations and research implications as they relate to debriefing as well as what this debate has taught us about the challenges to disseminating and evaluating early crisis interventions in general. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Adolescents, Children, Crisis intervention, Debriefing, Intervention, Trauma","Jacobs, A. K., Pfefferbaum, B.",2015.0,,10.1007/s11920-015-0578-9,0,0,
2567,Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm,"This retrospective chart review study of 227 participants examined the psychiatric profiles of outpatient adolescents ages 12 to 19 years (M = 15.08 years, SD = 1.72 years) engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm (DSH) behaviors. Participants were divided into four groups: no deliberate self-harm (NoDSH; n = 119), nonsuicidal self-injury only (NSSI only; n = 30), suicide attempt only (n = 38), and suicide attempt plus NSSI (n = 40). Those who attempted suicide were more likely to have major depressive disorder and/or posttraumatic stress disorder than those who engaged in NSSI only. Those who engaged in any type of DSH were more likely to have features of borderline personality disorder than those who did not engage in DSH. The suicidal ideation levels of those in the NSSI group were similar to those in the NoDSH group. Findings offer empirical support for the importance of distinguishing between suicidal and nonsuicidal self-harm behaviors. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Jacobson, C. M., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Miller, A. L., Turner, J. B.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2568,Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat deployment,,,"Jacobson, I. G., Ryan, M. A. K., Hooper, T. I., Smith, T. C., Amoroso, P. J., Boyko, E. J., Gackstetter, G. D., Wells, T. S., Bell, N. S.",2008.0,,10.1001/jama.300.6.663,0,0,
2569,Grief Counseling and Crisis Intervention in Hospital Trauma Units: Counseling Families Affected by Traumatic Brain Injury,"The demand for family counselors implementing crisis intervention and grief counseling in hospital trauma units continues to increase. Thus, this article provides a review of the nature of family counselors working with individuals and families affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and medical trauma in hospitals. Specifically, the article presents (a) unique aspects of crisis intervention and grief services provided in hospital trauma units, (b) effective rapport building strategies for family counselors working with families in crisis from TBI, (c) multidisciplinary collaboration in hospitals, (d) diagnostic approaches and common mental health disorders following TBI, (e) ethical issues working in hospitals, (f) family-focused grief therapy and stages of grief interventions, and (g) implications with a case example of a family counselor working with a family affected by TBI. © The Author(s) 2013.","crisis intervention, family grief counseling, family-focused grief therapy, grief and bereavement, traumatic brain injury","Jacobson, L., Butler, S. K.",2013.0,,10.1177/1066480713488530,0,0,
2570,A brief overview of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the Department of Defense,"The current conflicts in the Middle East have yielded increasing awareness of the acute and chronic effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The increasing frequency of exposure to blast and multiple deployments potentially impact the probability that a service member may sustain one of these injuries. The 2008 International Conference on Behavioral Health and Traumatic Brain Injury united experts in the fields of behavioral health and traumatic brain injury to address these significant health concerns. This article summarizes current Department of Defense (DoD) initiatives related to TBI and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Jaffee, Michael S., Meyer, Kimberly S.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2571,Factors influencing social and health outcomes after motor vehicle crash injury: An inception cohort study protocol,"Background: There is growing evidence that health and social outcomes following motor vehicle crash injury are related to cognitive and emotional responses of the injured individual, as well as relationships between the injured individual and the compensation systems with which they interact. As most of this evidence comes from other states in Australia or overseas, investigation is therefore warranted to identify the key determinants of health and social outcomes following injury in the context of the New South Wales motor accident insurance scheme. Methods/Design. In this inception cohort study, 2400 participants, aged 17 years or more, injured in a motor vehicle crash in New South Wales will be identified though hospital emergency departments, general and physiotherapy practitioners, police records and a government insurance regulator database. Participants will be initially contacted through mail. Baseline interviews will be conducted by telephone within 28 days of the injury and participants will be followed up with interviews at 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury. Health insurance and pharmaceutical prescription data will also be collected. Discussion. The study results will report short and long term health and social outcomes in the study sample. Identification of factors associated with health and social outcomes following injury, including related compensation factors will provide evidence for improved service delivery, post-injury management, and inform policy development and reforms. Trial registration. Australia New Zealand Clinical trial registry identification number - ACTRN12613000889752. Available at: ANZCTR Registered FISH Study. © 2014 Jagnoor et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Jagnoor, J., Blyth, F., Gabbe, B., Derrett, S., Boufous, S., Dinh, M., Day, R., Button, G., Gillett, M., Joseph, T., Nicholas, M., Ivers, R., Maher, C. G., Willcock, S., Kenardy, J., Collie, A., Cameron, I. D.",2014.0,,10.1186/1471-2458-14-199,0,0,
2572,Systems approaches to symptoms assessment,"Recent studies have indicated that certain symptoms (such as fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression) often cluster together, both within disease populations, as well as within the general population. However, the clustering of symptoms, and the physiological processes that underlie these symptom clusters, do not appear to be singular. For example, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in certain disorders (e.g., major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic fatigue) have been reported to be both hypoactive and hyperactive in similar samples of patients. Also, subtyping within a particular disease often occurs based on the presence of certain symptom clusters or areas where symptoms manifest (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis). These findings suggest that systems-based approaches that map symptom clusters onto bioinformatically-defined phenotypes within individual persons may provide novel information, compared to the less high throughput approaches that are often used for data analysis (e.g., pre-post assessments of plasma levels of a particular biomarker). Systems approaches are advantageous in that they may 1) more effectively capture the dynamics and steady state of the organism and thus provide a novel indicator of allostatic processes in action, and 2) examine the organism's biological nullsignaturesnull from a greater breadth and depth than can be afforded by singular measures. The purpose of this symposium is to introduce APS conference attendees to systemsbased analytical approaches that have been successfully used to identify symptom clusters and elucidate physiological dynamics than singular, non-systems based approaches. The chair will first provide an overview and introduction to the concept of systems-based approaches to audience members, as well as briefly describe the specific approaches that will be presented by the speakers (i.e., HPA dynamic systems modeling and -omics approaches). Speaker #1 will describe a specific HPA dynamic systems model that was examined (and compared to more commonly used markers of HPA function) for patients with chronic fatigue as well as fibromyalgia. Speaker #2 will describe the metabolomics approach that was utilized to separate specific symptom clusters within a rheumatoid arthritis population. Speaker #3 will discuss the potential utility of systems-based approaches for personalized preventative strategies. The discussant will invite audience discussion and questions for the panel on the utility of these and other systems-based approaches for understanding both disease and wellness trajectories.","marker, biological marker, society, psychosomatics, fatigue, human, population, rheumatoid arthritis, model, dynamics, organisms, patient, fibromyalgia, diseases, steady state, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, blood level, data analysis, phenotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, wellbeing, metabolomics, major depression, physiological process, sleep disorder","Jain, S., Aschbacher, K., Van Wietmarschen, H., Van Der Greef, J., Ives, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2573,Five-year outcome after mild head injury: A prospective controlled study,,,"Jakola, A. S., Müller, K., Larsen, M., Waterloo, K., Romner, B., Ingebrigtsen, T.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00827.x,0,0,
2574,"Mental disorders, treatment response, mortality and serum cholesterol: A new holistic look at old data","Background: The importance of cholesterol for physical and psychological well-being has been recognized for several decades. Changes in serum cholesterol levels may have a direct impact on mental performance, behavior, treatment response, survival and expected lifetime duration. Objectives: To examine the association between various mental disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders) and cholesterol levels, and to discuss the possible treatment implications. Method: A MEDLINE search, citing articles from 1966 onward, supplemented by a review of bibliographies, was conducted to identify relevant studies. Criteria used to identify studies included (1) English language, (2) published studies with original data in peer-reviewed journals. Results: Clinical investigations of cholesterolemia in patients with major mental disorders have produced very conflicting results. Hypercholesterolemia has been reported in patients with schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorders, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD. Low cholesterol level has been reported in patients with major depression, dissociative disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder. It seems that both high and low serum total cholesterol may be associated with a higher risk of the premature death. Conclusion: Our current knowledge on the relation between cholesterolemia and mental disorders is poor and controversial. No definite or reliable insight into a pathophysiological link between cholesterol levels and mental disorders, treatment response and mortality rate is available. The lipoprotein profile, rather than total cholesterol levels, seems to be important. (copyright) Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia.","2,4 thiazolidinedione derivative, cholesterol, clozapine, fibric acid derivative, fluoxetine, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, hypocholesterolemic agent, icosapentaenoic acid, lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, metformin, mevinolin, neuroleptic agent, nicotinic acid, nortriptyline, olanzapine, omega 3 fatty acid, phenothiazine, placebo, psychotropic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, triacylglycerol, Alzheimer disease, anxiety, article, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline state, brain function, cholesterol blood level, clinical trial, death, dementia, depression, diet therapy, disease association, dissociative disorder, dyslipidemia, generalized anxiety disorder, heart disease, high risk patient, human, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, ischemic heart disease, major depression, Medline, mental disease, mortality, nonhuman, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, pathophysiology, peer review, physical activity, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathy, reliability, schizophrenia, side effect, suicide, treatment response, weight change","Jakovljevic, M., Reiner, Z., Milicic, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2575,"Mental disorders, treatment response, mortality and serum cholesterol: A new holistic look at old data","Background: The importance of cholesterol for physical and psychological well-being has been recognized for several decades. Changes in serum cholesterol levels may have a direct impact on mental performance, behavior, treatment response, survival and expected lifetime duration. Objectives: To examine the association between various mental disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental disorders) and cholesterol levels, and to discuss the possible treatment implications. Method: A MEDLINE search, citing articles from 1966 onward, supplemented by a review of bibliographies, was conducted to identify relevant studies. Criteria used to identify studies included (1) English language, (2) published studies with original data in peer-reviewed journals. Results: Clinical investigations of cholesterolemia in patients with major mental disorders have produced very conflicting results. Hypercholesterolemia has been reported in patients with schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorders, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD. Low cholesterol level has been reported in patients with major depression, dissociative disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder. It seems that both high and low serum total cholesterol may be associated with a higher risk of the premature death. Conclusion: Our current knowledge on the relation between cholesterolemia and mental disorders is poor and controversial. No definite or reliable insight into a pathophysiological link between cholesterol levels and mental disorders, treatment response and mortality rate is available. The lipoprotein profile, rather than total cholesterol levels, seems to be important. © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia.","Cholesterol, Coronary heart disease, HDL, LDL, Mental disorders, Mortality, Treatment response","Jakovljević, M., Reiner, Ž, Miličić, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,2574
2576,PTSD symptom clusters in relationship to alcohol misuse among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans seeking post-deployment VA health care,"Demographic factors, characteristics of military service, PTSD, and depression were examined as predictors of alcohol misuse in Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans (N=287) presenting for post-deployment Veteran Affairs (VA) health care. Results indicated that alcohol misuse was more common among younger male Veterans who served in the Army or Marine Corps. Accounting for demographic factors and characteristics of service, Veterans who screened positive for PTSD or depression were two times more likely to report alcohol misuse relative to Veterans who did not screen positive for these disorders. The examination of specific PTSD symptom clusters suggested that emotional numbing symptoms were most strongly associated with alcohol misuse. The implications for interventions for alcohol misuse in returning Veterans are discussed. © 2010.","Alcohol misuse, Depression, Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans, PTSD","Jakupcak, M., Tull, M. T., McDermott, M. J., Kaysen, D., Hunt, S., Simpson, T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2577,Lay mental health in the aftermath of disaster: Preliminary evaluation of an intervention for haiti earthquake survivors,"In the year following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, local earthquake survivors trained as lay mental health workers implemented a culturally-adapted, psychosocial and trauma-focused group intervention for residents of camps for internally displaced peoples (IDPs). Analysis of evaluation data collected at three Port-au-Prince IDP camps revealed decreased self-reported posttraumatic distress (measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire) associated with participation in this intervention. Improvement occurred across all three PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal). Female participants reported higher baseline distress, were more likely to participate in the intervention, and benefitted more than did men. Results provide initial support for the effectiveness of train-the-trainer interventions utilizing local lay disaster survivors. © 2013 Chevron Publishing.","Disaster, Evaluation, Haiti, Intervention, Lay mental health, Psychosocial, Trauma","James, L. E., Noel, J. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2578,DSM-5 personality traits discriminate between posttraumatic stress disorder and control groups,"The relevance of personality traits to the study of psychopathology has long been recognized, particularly in terms of understanding patterns of comorbidity. In fact, a multidimensional personality trait model reflecting five higher-order personality dimensions-negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism-is included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and represented in the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). However, evaluation of these dimensions and underlying personality facets within clinical samples has been limited. In the present study, we utilized the PID-5 to evaluate the personality profile elevation and composition of 150 control veterans and 35 veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that veterans with PTSD endorsed significantly more personality pathology than control veterans, with scores on detachment and psychoticism domains most clearly discriminating between the two groups. When personality domain scores were considered as parts of each subject's personality profile, a slightly different picture emerged. Specifically, the PTSD composition was primarily characterized by detachment and negative affect, followed by disinhibition, psychoticism, and antagonism in that order of relative importance. The profile of the control group was significantly different, mostly accounted for differences in antagonism and psychoticism. Using these complementary analytic strategies, the findings demonstrate the relevance of personality pathology to PTSD, highlight internalizing features of PTSD, and pave the way for future research aimed at evaluating the role of shared maladaptive personality traits in underlying the comorbidity of PTSD and related disorders.",,"James, L. M., Anders, S. L., Peterson, C. K., Engdahl, B. E., Krueger, R. F., Georgopoulos, A. P.",2015.0,Jul,10.1007/s00221-015-4273-1,0,0,
2579,Women's experiences of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic childbirth: A review and critical appraisal,"This paper critically analyses nine studies on postnatal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic childbirth, in order to find common themes of PTSD symptoms, using the cognitive model of PTSD as a guide; it critically appraised one of the studies in depth and it attempted to explain the lived experience of women suffering from postnatal PTSD following traumatic childbirth and the suitability of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for postnatal PTSD. This paper found that women following traumatic childbirth do experience postnatal PTSD; postnatal PTSD symptoms are similar to PTSD symptoms of other events and that CBT for PTSD of other events is just as effective for postnatal PTSD. Future recommendations include more qualitative studies with interpretative phenomenological approach in order to establish evidence-based CBT treatment for this client group, and more referrals need to be sent to the psychological services for CBT intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Human Females, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms","James, Stella",2015.0,,,0,0,
2580,Problemas de Nervos: A multivocal symbol of distress for Portuguese immigrants,"This article outlines research on a previous unstudied form of suffering specific to the Portugese immigrant community: problemas de nervos. Thirty-two Portuguese immigrant women (in Waterloo, ON and Boston, MA) were interviewed and each completed a questionnaire. Cluster analysis demonstrated that problemas de nervos has many meanings. The study profiled symptoms, causes and therapies associated with four variations of this culture-specific form of distress: ""mal da cabeca"" meaning problems with/in the head (e.g., lack of control, visions); ""aflico"" meaning affliction (e.g., nervous attacks, heart problems); immigration stress (causing sleep disturbances); and, conflicts with others (resulting in pressure within the body). None of the symptom clusters reported matched criteria for a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, suggesting that problemas de nervos represents an idiomatic rather than universal expression of distress. (copyright) 2009 McGill University.","adult, aged, article, Canada, cluster analysis, conflict, controlled study, cultural factor, disease classification, distress syndrome, ethnographic research, female, human, immigrant, immigration, interview, mental health, Portugal, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, religion, sleep disorder, social class, United States","James, S., Fernandes, M., Navara, G. S., Harris, S., Foster, D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2581,U.S. military health: The epidemiology of occupational risk factors and long-term health across the life-course,"U.S. military service is associated with both health promoting (e.g. physical activity) and health compromising (e.g. psychological trauma) factors that influence health across the life-course. Therefore, understanding how military service may affect the long-term physical, psychological, and social health of service members and veterans is of public health importance. This dissertation (1) investigated the change in persistent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post concussive symptoms (PPCS) among patients diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury seen at a major U.S. military treatment facility from 2008-2013, (2) developed clinical prediction equations of persistent symptom change with predictor variables of interest, and (3) compared the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among veterans and civilians receiving medical evaluations at the Cooper Clinic from 1970-2013. Paired t-tests and mean standardized differences were calculated among 257 patients to evaluate pre- to post-treatment symptom change. Results indicated that the multidisciplinary treatment program was associated with a resolution of global and domain specific persistent PTSD and PPCS. The same sample of 257 patients was used to explore prediction equations of persistent symptom change and clinically meaningful PTSD treatment response. Results from prediction equations indicated that pre-treatment PPCS symptom burden and pre-treatment PTSD diagnosis were the only clinically meaningful predictors identified influencing post-treatment PPCS. Pre-treatment PTSD symptom burden was the only clinically meaningful predictor identified influencing post-treatment PTSD symptom burden or clinically meaningful PTSD treatment response. Among a sample of 64,220 civilians and 1,250 veterans, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and individual metabolic syndrome risk factors were compared. Prevalence ratios using generalized linear models were reported after adjusting for confounders. Veterans reported a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome and two of the individual metabolic syndrome risk factors (i.e. low HDL-C and high triglyceride levels). Conversely, veterans reported a higher prevalence of one metabolic risk factor (i.e. large waist circumference). In conclusion, evidence from this research indicates that the multidisciplinary treatment program was associated with resolution of persistent symptoms attributed to mild traumatic brain injury. Furthermore, results support existing research suggesting that a treatment approach addressing comorbidities such as PTSD is important in order to meet the needs of patients with persistent symptoms. Lastly, this research potentially supports a veteran resiliency theory suggesting that a subgroup of veterans view their military experience as a positive influence on their life that was key to instilling health promoting rather than health compromising behaviors associated with a poor metabolic risk profile. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Traumatic Brain Injury","Janak, Judson Clarke",2015.0,,,0,0,
2582,L'automatisme psychologique,,,"Janet, P.",1889.0,,,0,0,
2583,The major symptoms of hysteria,,,"Janet, P.",1907.0,,,0,0,
2584,Autonomic dysfunction in women with chronic pelvic pain,"We compared the Autonomic Symptom Profile results in 16 women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and 15 age-matched healthy subjects. Moderately severe generalized autonomic symptomology occurs in women with CPP, but not in controls. Further study including autonomic testing is needed to confirm results and explore the mechanism of dysfunction. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",,"Janicki, T. I., Green, A., Ialacci, S., Chelimsky, T. C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2585,Psychological characteristics of wounded and disabled Croatian war veterans,"Objective: Evaluation of the psychological state of a group of 119 Croatian disabled war veterans who suffered grave traumatic war experiences during the war in Croatia (1991-1992). Methods: Semistructured Clinical interview, Profile Index Emotions test, and Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to assess disabled war veterans accommodated in special institutions for rehabilitation. Results: Changes in psychological functioning were established in 63.8% of disabled war veterans, the most frequent among them being indisposition, irritability, anxiety, and fear. In nearly half of the veterans there were changes in their relationships with close persons, difficulties in accepting the reality of their situations, and increased aggressiveness. Higher average values on the depression index (0.52) were also established. Conclusion: The established change in the psychological profile of disabled Croatian war veterans was lower than expected. However, because of their great vulnerability, it is necessary to increase efforts to secure their complete psychosocial recovery.",,"Janković, S., Stivičević, V., Dodig, G., Biočić, M., Stajner, I., Primorac, D.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2586,Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma,,,"Janoff-Bulman, R.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2587,Epigenetics and primal therapy,"Epigenetics is focused on the study of how experience changes an individual’s genetic expression, previously considered inalterable. Recent pioneering research indicates that epigenetics is revolutionizing the study of mental health and challenging the belief that DNA is destiny. Moreover, in terms of the history of science, the new developments augur the convergence of previously distinct fields, psychology and biology. There is a growing understanding that mental illness has a crucial physical component and may cause disturbances of mind and body which strongly emphasis a crucial role of psychotherapy focused on early stressful experiences mainly during critical developmental periods including prenatal and perinatal traumas. © 2016, Neuroscientia o.s. All rights reserved.","Age regression, Borderline personality disorder, Hypnoanalysis, Hypnosis, Implicit memory, Phobia","Janov, A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2588,Mefloquine and psychotomimetics share neurotransmitter receptor and transporter interactions in vitro,"Rationale: Mefloquine is used for the prevention and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria, but its use is associated with nightmares, hallucinations, and exacerbation of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. We hypothesized that potential mechanisms of action for the adverse psychotropic effects of mefloquine resemble those of other known psychotomimetics. Objectives: Using in vitro radioligand binding and functional assays, we examined the interaction of (+)- and (-)-mefloquine enantiomers, the non-psychotomimetic anti-malarial agent, chloroquine, and several hallucinogens and psychostimulants with recombinant human neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. Results: Hallucinogens and mefloquine bound stereoselectively and with relatively high affinity (K i∈=∈0.71-341 nM) to serotonin (5-HT) 2A but not 5-HT1A or 5-HT2C receptors. Mefloquine but not chloroquine was a partial 5-HT2A agonist and a full 5-HT2C agonist, stimulating inositol phosphate accumulation, with similar potency and efficacy as the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT). 5-HT receptor antagonists blocked mefloquine's effects. Mefloquine had low or no affinity for dopamine D1, D 2, D3, and D4.4 receptors, or dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. However, mefloquine was a very low potency antagonist at the D3 receptor and mefloquine but not chloroquine or hallucinogens blocked [3H]5-HT uptake by the 5-HT transporter. Conclusions: Mefloquine, but not chloroquine, shares an in vitro receptor interaction profile with some hallucinogens and this neurochemistry may be relevant to the adverse neuropsychiatric effects associated with mefloquine use by a small percentage of patients. Additionally, evaluating interactions with this panel of receptors and transporters may be useful for characterizing effects of other psychotropic drugs and for avoiding psychotomimetic effects for new pharmacotherapies, including antimalarial quinolines. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA).","Chloroquine, Dopamine receptor, LSD, Malaria, Mefloquine, Neurotransmitter, Psychotomimetic, Quinine, Serotonin receptor, Transporter","Janowsky, A., Eshleman, A. J., Johnson, R. A., Wolfrum, K. M., Hinrichs, D. J., Yang, J., Zabriskie, T. M., Smilkstein, M. J., Riscoe, M. K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2589,Posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms as correlates of deliberate self-harm among community women experiencing intimate partnerviolence,"Deliberate self-harm (DSH) among women in the general population is correlated separately with posttraumatic stress, depression, and abuse during childhood and adulthood. The prevalence of these DSH correlates is particularly high among women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV), yet few studies have examined DSH among this high-risk population and none have examined these correlates simultaneously. Two hundred and twelve IPV-victimized women in the community participated in a 2-h retrospective interview. One-third reported current or past DSH. Discriminant analysis was used to examine which posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms and types of current IPV and childhood abuse were uniquely associated with current DSH. Findings show that women who currently use DSH reported greater severity of posttraumatic stress numbing symptoms and more severe sexual IPV compared to women who used DSH only in the past. Examining factors that are associated with women's current DSH in this population is critical so that a focus on DSH can be integrated into the treatment plans of women who are receiving mental health care, but also so that women who are not receiving such care can be referred to adequate mental health services. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Childhood abuse, Depression, Intimate partner violence, Posttraumatic stress, PTSD symptom clusters, Self-harm","Jaquier, V., Hellmuth, J. C., Sullivan, T. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2590,Post-deployment symptom clusters and associations with traumatic brain injury in US veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars,"Objective: Much debate has centred on the symptoms experienced after combat-related TBI, with studies identifying a strong interaction between PTSD, depression and post-concussion symptoms (PCS). The purpose of this study was to determine how diagnoses linked with persistent PCS cluster and how these diagnostic clusters are associated with TBI, PTSD and depression. This study sought to identify underlying sub-groups within the population of Afghanistan and Iraq Veterans (OEF/OIF) that experience a spectrum of postdeployment (PD) symptoms and determine their associations with TBI. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study used national inpatient and outpatient data of OEF/OIF Veterans who received care in the US Veterans Health Administration in 2010-2011. It used algorithms developed for use with ICD-9-CM codes to identify patients who were diagnosed with symptoms associated with TBI exposure: memory/cognitive problems, blindness, blurred vision, vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, anxiety, substance use disorders, insomnia, fatigue, headache (HA), neck pain and other pain. Latent class analysis was used to identify unobservable sub-groups and patterns of PD symptoms within the OEF/OIF cohort based on the distribution of binary diagnosis outcomes. Each latent class represents a 'cluster' of symptoms that occur most commonly in a sub-group of the population. Logistic regression (LR) was used to identify clusters more or less likely to have TBI controlling for co-morbid PTSD and depression. Results: In this cohort of 303 716 OEF/OIF Veterans who received inpatient and outpatient care in the VA in 2010-2011, seven PD symptom clusters were found. The seven sub-groups were distinct in their composition of PD symptoms. Forty-eight fell into the relatively healthy sub-group (Cluster 1), which had low probability of having any symptoms and were also less likely to have TBI, PTSD or depression. Clusters 4, 5 and 6 were characterized by a high probability of HA and memory complaints. LR analyses found that Clusters 4, 5 and 6 were also more likely to have TBI (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 4.4 [4.2-4.6], 7.1 [6.8-7.5] and 12.7 [12.0-13.40], respectively) than individuals in Cluster 1. Cluster 2 had 100% probability of pain and moderate probability of insomnia, Cluster 3 was characterized primarily by mental health-related symptoms and Cluster 7 was characterized by hearing loss, tinnitus, pain and no memory complaints. The association between clusters 2, 3 and 7 and TBI (AOR 2.2 [2.1-2.2], 1.3 [1.3-1.4], 4.8 [4.7-4.9], respectively) was significantly higher than Cluster 1, but significantly lower than Clusters 4, 5 and 6 (see above). Conclusions: This study identified seven distinct clusters of OEF/OIF Veterans with unique patterns of PD symptoms. Moreover, TBI diagnosis was meaningfully associated with these clusters. These patterns suggest that targeted interventions matching the symptomatic clusters might improve patient outcomes, quality-of-life and efficiency of healthcare among these Veterans with TBI.","brain injury, veteran, traumatic brain injury, Iraq, war, Afghanistan, human, diagnosis, pain, hearing impairment, posttraumatic stress disorder, hospital patient, tinnitus, patient, memory, insomnia, population, postconcussion syndrome, mental health, algorithm, quality of life, exposure, blindness, health care management, veterans health, outpatient, neck pain, headache, observational study, fatigue, substance abuse, anxiety, logistic regression analysis, outpatient care, vertigo, risk, health care, blurred vision, ICD-9","Jaramillo, C., Eapen, B., Tate, D., York, G., Amuan, M., Wang, C. P., Pugh, M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2591,Subgroups of US IRAQ and Afghanistan veterans: associations with traumatic brain injury and mental health conditions,"U. S. veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan are known to have a high prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression, which are often comorbid and share many symptoms. Attempts to describe this cohort by single diagnoses have limited our understanding of the complex nature of this population. The objective of this study was to identify subgroups of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans (IAVs) with distinct compositions of symptoms associated with TBI, PTSD, and depression. Our cross-sectional, observational study included 303,716 IAVs who received care in the Veterans Health Administration in 2010-2011. Symptoms and conditions were defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and symptom-clusters were identified using latent class analysis. We identified seven classes with distinct symptom compositions. One class had low probability of any condition and low health care utilization (HCU) (48 %). Other classes were characterized by high probabilities of mental health comorbidities (14 %); chronic pain and sleep disturbance (20 %); headaches and memory problems (6 %); and auditory problems (2.5 %). Another class had mental health comorbidities and chronic pain (7 %), and the last had high probabilities of most symptoms examined (3 %). These last two classes had the highest likelihood of TBI, PTSD, and depression and were identified as high healthcare utilizers. There are subgroups of IAVs with distinct clusters of symptom that are meaningfully associated with TBI, PTSD, depression, and HCU. Additional studies examining these veteran subgroups could improve our understanding of this complex comorbid patient population.","Afghanistan, Iraq, Latent class analysis, Ptsd, Tbi, Veterans","Jaramillo, C. A., Cooper, D. B., Wang, C. P., Tate, D. F., Eapen, B. C., York, G. E., Pugh, M. J.",2015.0,Sep,10.1007/s11682-015-9402-8,0,1,
2592,Whiplash and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Examined the comorbidity of whiplash and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following motor vehicle accidents. A treatment strategy in cases with both disorders is proposed. A review of the literature on psychological consequences of motor vehicle accidents and on risk factors associated with developing chronic whiplash complaints is given. A case report of a 33-yr-old female is presented to illustrate the treatment strategy. Traffic accidents lead to psychological complaints more often than is realized in clinical practice. It is estimated that PTSD occurs in at least 25% of traffic accident victims who sustain physical injuries. This number is probably higher in patients with chronic whiplash complaints. The case report shows that improvement in relation with the post-traumatic stress symptoms can have a beneficial effect on coping with the chronic whiplash complaints. It is concluded that the psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with chronic whiplash complaints and PTSD should be aimed primarily at coping with the trauma and not at the chronic pain complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Whiplash","Jaspers, Jan P. C.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2593,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"Unexpected extreme sudden traumatic stressor may cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Important traumatic events include war, violent personal assault (e.g., sexual assault, and physical attack), being taken hostage or kidnapped, confinement as a prisoner of war, torture, terrorist attack, severe car accidents, and natural disasters. In childhood age sexual abuse or witnessing serious injuries or unexpected death of a beloved one are among important traumatic events. PTSD can be categorized into two types of acute and chronic PTSD: if symptoms persist for less than three months, it is termed ""acute PTSD,"" other wise, it is called ""chronic PTSD."" 60.7% of men and 51.2% of women would experience at least one potentially traumatic event in their lifetime. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is significantly higher in women than men. Lifetime prevalence of PTSD varies from 0.3% in China to 6.1% in New Zealand. The prevalence of PTSD in crime victims are between 19% and 75%; rates as high as 80% have been reported following rape. The prevalence of PTSD among direct victims of disasters was reported to be 30%-40%; the rate in rescue workers was 10%-20%. The prevalence of PTSD among police, fire, and emergency service workers ranged from 6%-32%. An overall prevalence rate of 4% for the general population, the rate in rescue/recovery occupations ranged from 5% to 32%, with the highest rate reported in search and rescue personnel (25%), firefighters (21%), and workers with no prior training for facing disaster. War is one of the most intense stressors known to man. Armed forces have a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse and PTSD. High-risk children who have been abused or experienced natural disasters may have an even higher prevalence of PTSD than adults. Female gender, previous psychiatric problem, intensity and nature of exposure to the traumatic event, and lack of social support are known risk factors for work-related PTSD. Working with severely ill patients, journalists and their families, and audiences who witness serious trauma and war at higher risk of PTSD. The intensity of trauma, pre-trauma demographic variables, neuroticism and temperament traits are the best predictors of the severity of PTSD symptoms. About 84% of those suffering from PTSD may have comorbid conditions including alcohol or drug abuse; feeling shame, despair and hopeless; physical symptoms; employment problems; divorce; and violence which make life harder. PTSD may contribute to the development of many other disorders such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, substance abuse/dependency disorders, alcohol abuse/dependence, conduct disorder, and mania. It causes serious problems, thus its early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are of paramount importance.","Anxiety, Depression, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Occupations, Post-traumatic, Stress disorders","Javidi, H., Yadollahie, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,42
2594,Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD,"This study examined 2 process variables, emotional engagement and habituation, and outcome of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Thirty-seven female assault victims received treatment that involved repeated imaginal reliving of their trauma, and rated their distress at 10-min intervals. The average distress levels during each of 6 exposure sessions were submitted to a cluster analysis. Three distinct groups of clients with different patterns of distress were found: high initial engagement and gradual habituation between sessions, high initial engagement without habituation, and moderate initial engagement without habituation. Clients with the 1st distress pattern improved more in treatment than the other clients. The results are discussed within the framework of emotional processing theory, emphasizing the crucial role of emotional engagement and habituation in exposure therapy.","adult, article, clinical article, clinical trial, cluster analysis, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, emotion, emotional stress, exposure, female, habituation, human, interview, posttraumatic stress disorder, randomized controlled trial, self report, theory, treatment outcome","Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., Morral, A. R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2595,Prediction of the occurrence and intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims 32 months after bomb attack,"Identified factors that predict occurrence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a terrorism attack. We evaluated 32 victims (mean age 41.8 yrs) of a bomb attack in a Paris subway in December 1996 at 6 and 32 months. The Watson's PTSD Inventory (PTSD-1) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES) by Horowitz were used to evaluate occurrence and severity of PTSD, respectively. 39% of participants met PTSD criteria at 6 months, 25% still had PTSD at 32 months. Women had PTSD 32 months after the bomb attack more frequently than men. Employment predicted PTSD severity at 32 months. PTSD scores assessed by PTSD-l at 6 months were significantly and positively associated with IES scores at 32-mo follow-up (r=0.55, P=0.004). Psychotropic drug use before the bomb attack significantly predicted PTSD occurrence and severity at 6 and 32 months. In a linear regression model, physical injuries, employment status and psychotropic drug use before the bomb attack were independent predictors of severity of PTSD at 32 months. Bomb attack exposure resulted in persisting PTSD in a significant proportion of victims; the severity was predicted at 32 months by physical injuries and psychotropic drug use before terrorism attack and by the PTSD score few months after the bomb attack. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), *Terrorism, Emotional Responses, Victimization","Jehel, Louis, Paterniti, Sabrina, Brunet, Alain, Duchet, Clara, Guelfi, Julien Daniel",2003.0,,,0,0,
2596,Visual false memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"There is an ongoing debate whether or not patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more prone to produce false memories. The present study investigated this question using a visual variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, additionally addressing underlying mechanisms of false memory production (e.g., depression, dissociation, emotional valence, arousal). The visual paradigm was administered to 48 traumatized individuals with (n = 20) and without PTSD (n = 28) and 28 non-traumatized controls. Groups did not differ with regard to memory performance and memory confidence. False memories were correlated with depression. We recommend that future studies employ trauma-related material to further explore memory aberrations in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dissociation, *False Memory, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Physiological Arousal, Affective Valence","Jelinek, Lena, Hottenrott, Birgit, Randjbar, Sarah, Peters, Maarten J., Moritz, Steffen",2009.0,,,0,0,
2597,Does the evocation of traumatic memories confound subsequent working memory performance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?,"The role of heightened arousal has been previously discussed as a contributor to neurocognitive impairment in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To investigate whether psychological effects (distraction, re-location of resources) elicited by the evocation of traumatic memories impact on subsequent cognitive performance in PTSD, two parallel versions of a working memory task were administered to 33 trauma-exposed participants (15 with and 18 without PTSD). Between first and second working memory assessment a trauma-related interview was conducted including the narration of the trauma. Levels of working memory impairment in PTSD patients remained unchanged. This study provides preliminary evidence that neurocognitive impairment is not secondary to psychological effects induced by the evocation of traumatic memories. Nevertheless, it is recommended that future PTSD research should devote more care to the order in which trauma-related and other dependent variables such as cognitive tests are presented to participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Ability, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Short Term Memory, Early Memories","Jelinek, Lena, Moritz, Steffen, Randjbar, Sarah, Sommerfeldt, Dirk, Puschel, Klaus, Seifert, Dragana",2008.0,,,0,0,
2598,Effect of ICU follow-up consultations versus standard care on quality of life and burden of symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"INTRODUCTION. Worldwide millions of patients require treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU), and the number of survivors is increasing. Survivors experience physical, mental and cognitive symptoms, described as ''post intensive care syndrome'' (PICS) [1]. Critical illness and intensive care reduces the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) while increasing the burden and cost for families, and the healthcare system [2]. Follow-up clinics and consultations have been developed to address the needs of survivors. There is no gold standard for intensive care aftercare, and the effect on HRQOL, long-term symptoms, and return to work is undetermined. OBJECTIVES. To evaluate the effect of systematic follow-up consultations versus standard care on recovery in ICU survivors. METHODS. Five databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to January 2014. Ongoing and unpublished trials were searched on Clinical- Trials.gov, and experts were contacted. A detailed study protocol is available [3]. Studies were assessed by their methodological quality using the risk of bias tool and GRADE profile recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration by two reviewers independently. A metaanalysis was performed to determine the impact on outcomes following post ICU consultations. RESULTS. From 1213 citations, five trials were found including 608 patients. The selected trials investigated ICU follow-up clinics, ICU diary interventions, and outpatient interpersonal counseling after ICU discharge. One trial explored HRQOL, and found no effect (Standard effect sizes of the SF-36 Physical health Component Score (PCS) and Mental health Component Score (MCS): -0.8 (-3.6 to 2.0, p = 0.59), -0.6 (-3.9 to 2.8, p = 0.74) at 6 months, and 1.1 (-1.9 to 4.2, p = 0.46), 0.4 (-3.0 to 3.7, p = 0.83) at 12 months). Overall there was a positive trend favoring follow-up consultations to improve anxiety at 6 months (Mean difference (MD) -0.83, 95 % CI: [-1.93, 0.27], p = 0.14) and a positive effect on the risk for new onset PTSD between 3-6 months (Risk Ratio 0.49, 95 % CI: [0.26, 0.95], p = 0.03). There was no effect on other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS. Follow-up consultations for post ICU survivors appear to reduce symptoms of PTSD, and may benefit survivors' level of anxiety after ICU admission. Trials are needed to improve HRQOL and prevent associated symptoms after ICU. (Figure Presented).","follow up, consultation, quality of life, systematic review, meta analysis, society, intensive care, survivor, human, risk, hospital, patient, anxiety, data base, return to work, aftercare, gold standard, health care system, critical illness, randomized controlled trial (topic), mental health, health, effect size, counseling, outpatient, cognition, intensive care unit, posttraumatic stress disorder","Jensen, J. F., Overgaard, D., Thomsen, T., Bestle, M. H., Christensen, D. F., Egerod, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2599,"Unplanned versus planned suicide attempters: Motives, methods, and mental disorders in a Korea-based community sample","Background: Suicidal attempts have been classified as unplanned and planned according to the presence of prior suicidal planning in a person's lifetime. Unplanned suicide attempts have been suggested to involve little preparation and forethought whereas planned attempts are considered to be carefully conceived and implemented. Studies have consistently reported that a considerable proportion of suicide attempts are unplanned. The purpose of current study was to compare unplanned with planned attempters with respect to demographics, motives, and methods for suicide, as well as psychiatric comorbidities throughout their lifetime. Further, we investigated whether unplanned attempters had preexisting vulnerabilities to suicide prior to their attempts. Method: A nationwide study of Korean adults, named the Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study Replication (KECA-R) was conducted from July 2006 to April 2007. Subjects were selected using a stratified, multi-stage, cluster sample design, which was based on the 2005 community registry office population census (Korea National Statistical Office, 2006). The sampling of subjects was carried out across 12 catchment areas, which consisted of three metropolitan districts, five districts of midsized cities, and four rural counties. One person per selected household, with the earliest birthday, was chosen at random, without consideration of month or year of birth. From the initially selected 7,968 individuals aged 18-64 years, a total of 6,510 face-to-face interviews (response rate 81.7%) were completed using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Cho et al., 1999) and a questionnaire for suicide. The institutional review board of Seoul National University College of Medicine approved this study. All of the subjects were fully informed about the aims and methods of the study prior to completing the interview and informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Results: Two hundred and eight subjects reported a suicide attempt in their lifetime. One-third of those had been unplanned. These individuals exhibited fewer previous attempts as well as a lower education. However, no significant differences were found with regard to age, gender, marital and economic status, age of first attempt and ideation, duration between them, or rates of admission. Further, 84.0% of unplanned attempters experienced previous suicidal ideation, experiencing their first attempt 1.9 years before ideation. Additionally, 94.4% of unplanned attempters had motives for attempt such as familial conflict and one-half attempted suicide by means of self-injury. Unplanned attempters showed a significant association with alcohol use disorders, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder. In particular, bipolar disorder was found to be 3.5 times higher in these individuals. Conclusions: The evidence reveals that unplanned suicide attempters are vulnerable prior to their attempt. They were found to experience suicidal ideation and motive for attempt. They are associated with affective and alcohol use disorders. In order to reduce suicide attempts, it may be useful to evaluate suicidal ideation as well as focusing on the treatment of existing mental disorders.","suicide, college, community sample, mental disease, Korea, psychopharmacology, suicide attempt, interview, suicidal ideation, lifespan, catchment, alcohol consumption, bipolar disorder, cluster analysis, household, diagnosis, university, informed consent, education, gender, institutional review, automutilation, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, planning, adult, community, register, population, sampling, city, questionnaire","Jeon, H. J., Lee, J. Y., Lee, Y. M., Hong, J. P., Won, S. H., Cho, S. J., Kim, J. Y., Chang, S. M., Lee, H. W., Cho, M. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2600,Correlation Between Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among North Korean Defectors in South Korea,"The number of North Korean defectors entering South Korea has been increasing rapidly since 1994. Two hundred North Korean defectors in South Korea were studied to identify their experiences of traumatic events in North Korea and during defection, and the correlation with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Researchers conducted face-to-face interviews and assisted defectors in performing a self-report assessment of this survey. The study questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, the Traumatic Experiences Scale for North Korean Defectors, and the PTSD part of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Korean version. Prevalence rate of PTSD in defectors was 29.5%, with a higher rate for women. In factor analysis, the 25 items of traumatic events experienced in North Korea were divided into three factors: Physical Trauma, Political-Ideological Trauma, and Family-Related Trauma. In addition, the 19 items of traumatic events during defection were grouped into four factors: Physical Trauma, Detection and Capture-Related Trauma, Family-Related Trauma, and Betrayal-Related Trauma. In multifactorial logistic regression analysis, Family-Related Trauma in North Korea had a significant odds ratio. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Human Migration, *Korean Cultural Groups, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Family, Injuries","Jeon, WooTaek, Hong, ChangHyung, Lee, ChangHo, Kim, Dong Kee, Han, Mooyoung, Min, SungKil",2005.0,,,0,0,
2601,The psychometric properties of the korean version of the verbal abuse questionnaire in university students,"OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean Verbal Abuse Questionnaire (K-VAQ) that consists of 15 items related with life-time verbal aggression exposure. METHODS: A total of 5814 university students who agreed to take part in the study completed the K-VAQ, the Korean version of the Life Event CheckList (LEC-K) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (K-IES-R). Internal consistency was checked by using item-total item correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, and convergent and concurrent validity levels were examined. Finally, a cluster analysis was conducted to verify the validity of the cutoff point of the K-VAQ. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient was 0.9. The K-VAQ showed a single factor structure which explained 55.34% of the total variance. The K-VAQ was significantly associated with the LEC-K (r=0.24) and K-IES-R (r=0.28), indicating good convergent validity and concurrent validity. The cluster analysis provided four clusters of trauma experiences: high, moderate, low, and minimal, with K-VAQ ranges of 43-81, 20-42, 7-19, and 0-6, respectively. In a further investigation, a K-VAQ score of 40 was found to be the appropriate cutoff point to delineate the highly verbally abused group, as used in the previous studies. A sum of 36.5% of the highly verbally abused group reported to show substantial symptoms of PTSD (K-IES-R score >22). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that the K-VAQ has good psychometric properties for assessing verbal aggression among the Korean population.","Emotional trauma, Psychometric properties, Validity, Verbal abuse questionnaire","Jeong, B., Lee, S. W., Lee, J. S., Yoo, J. H., Kim, K. W., Cho, S., Ahn, J. Y., Choi, J.",2015.0,Apr,10.4306/pi.2015.12.2.190,0,0,
2602,Emotional ambivalence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in soldiers during military operations,"Objective: This pilot study examined the extent to which a specific mechanism of emotion regulation-namely, ambivalence concerning the expressiveness of German soldiers' emotions-affects the severity of PTSD symptoms after a military operation. Methodology: A survey was conducted at three points in time among 66 soldiers deployed on military crisis operations. The Harvard Trauma Questionaire (HTQ), the Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (AEQ-G18), and a questionnaire on the particular stress of German soldiers during military operations were used. Results: The study showed a significant correlation between emotional ambivalence and traumatization. Furthermore, it was shown that the subjective stress of soldiers leading up to deployment is more pronounced when emotional ambivalence is stronger in the context of military operations. This particular stress is greater before and during the military operation than after. Compared to a male control sample, the average AEQ-G18 scores of the soldier sample examined here are considerably lower. Conclusion: This pilot study clearly indicates that the AEQ-G18 could be a suitable predictor of the psychological burden on soldiers. The correlations between emotional ambivalence on the one hand and the particular and post-traumatic stressors on the other hand are not only statistically significant in the present pilot study, but may also be relevant as risk factors. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct more extensive studies on soldiers participating in military operations to verify the results of this pilot study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Ambivalence, *Emotional Regulation, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans, Risk Factors","Jerg-Bretzke, Lucia, Walter, Steffen, Limbrecht-Ecklundt, Kerstin, Traue, Harald C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2603,Psychological reactions in family members of patients hospitalised in intensive care units,"The environment of the intensive care unit (ICU) is burdensome to a patient and the patient's family. There is a higher risk of depression, anxiety and stress-related disorders in the ICU patients' family members. In relatives of critically ill patients, the cluster of adverse psychological reactions, such as: anxiety, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and complicated grief, is called post-intensive care syndrome - family (PICS-F). These complications may affect the relatives' ability to perform the role of a caregiver and it can also hinder their daily functioning. Apart from negative psychological consequences experienced after a loved one's stay in the ICU, there are also some positive changes observed in patient's relatives called posttraumatic growth. In this review, the psychological repercussions in the ICU patient's family and the means to prevent their undesirable responses are discussed.","Family/*psychology, *Hospitalization, Humans, *Intensive Care Units","Jezierska, N.",2014.0,Jan-Mar,10.5603/ait.2014.0009,0,0,
2604,Psychological reactions in family members of patients hospitalised in intensive care units,"The environment of the intensive care unit (ICU) is burdensome to a patient and the patient's family. There is a higher risk of depression, anxiety and stress-related disorders in the ICU patients' family members. In relatives of critically ill patients, the cluster of adverse psychological reactions, such as: anxiety, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and complicated grief, is called post-intensive care syndrome - family (PICS-F). These complications may affect the relatives' ability to perform the role of a caregiver and it can also hinder their daily functioning. Apart from negative psychological consequences experienced after a loved one's stay in the ICU, there are also some positive changes observed in patient's relatives called posttraumatic growth. In this review, the psychological repercussions in the ICU patient's family and the means to prevent their undesirable responses are discussed.","acute stress disorder, anxiety, caregiver, critically ill patient, depression, family attitude, grief, human, intensive care, intensive care unit, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, risk factor","Jezierska, N., Borkowski, B., Gaszynski, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,2603
2605,Psychological reactions in family members of patients hospitalised in intensive care units,"The environment of the intensive care unit (ICU) is burdensome to a patient and the patient's family. There is a higher risk of depression, anxiety and stress-related disorders in the ICU patients' family members. In relatives of critically ill patients, the cluster of adverse psychological reactions, such as: anxiety, acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and complicated grief, is called post-intensive care syndrome - family (PICS-F). These complications may affect the relatives' ability to perform the role of a caregiver and it can also hinder their daily functioning. Apart from negative psychological consequences experienced after a loved one's stay in the ICU, there are also some positive changes observed in patient's relatives called posttraumatic growth. In this review, the psychological repercussions in the ICU patient's family and the means to prevent their undesirable responses are discussed.","""Intensive care unit, patients family, post-intensive care syndrome, family"", Posttraumatic growth, family, Posttraumatic stress disorder, family","Jezierska, N., Borkowski, B., Gaszyński, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,2603
2606,Psycho-physiological changes in mouse strain submitted to social stress,"Three different mouse strains of C57BL/6j, BABLB/cj and DBA/2j were submitted to 10 day and 5 day aggressor exposed (Agg-E) stress. Mice were kept inside an aggressor (Agg ) home cage and randomly exposed to the Agg three times a day for one minute or up to ten attacks while the controls never experiences the Agg. The ethogram of the Agg-E stress evaluated by a situation reminder study was analyzed immediately post stress and after a pre-determined rest period. C57BL/6j, BABLB/cj and DBA/2j displayed noticeable changes in behavioral parameters such as jumping, fighting-back, grooming, tail rattling and freeze motion when exposed to (Agg ) mice for 5- or 10-day. Strain-wide physiological alteration was evaluated in body weight, body temperature changes and urine marking; a sign of territorial behavior. Situation reminder evaluated a cluster of traits simulating post-traumatic stress disorder. Three strains responded differently to a contextual stress 1day and 1.5 weeks post 5-day social stress, and 1 day and 6 weeks post 10 day social stress. Final result indicate, that DBA/2j and BALB/cj is most resilient and vulnerable to Agg-E stress, respectively. C57BL/6j displayed a modest change in phenotype character primarily after 10-day stress. Data analyses of psychological and physiological results were calculated using EthoVision and Graph Pad prism software.","mouse strain, social stress, mouse, body weight, jumping, body temperature disorder, computer program, urine, territoriality, posttraumatic stress disorder, prism, data analysis, phenotype, grooming, parameters","Jibitu, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2607,The applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry,"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel and promising procedure for studying the brain mechanisms of human behavior. This paper presents a brief review about current uses of TMS for study and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Magnetic stimulation has been known since the nineteenth Century, almost twenty five years after the first description of direct electrical stimulation of human brain. Although the first magnetic stimulator was designed more than one hundred years ago, its use was sporadic and almost limited to peripheral nerves. It is, scarcely ten years ago, that it has been used to stimulate the brain Nowadays, magnetic stimulators consist in a system of high voltage capacitors, which generate brief pulses of high-intensity current in a ring or eight-shaped electromagnetic coil placed on the scalp. The magnetic field produced in the coil induces electric currents in underlying brain tissue and therefore neuronal depolarization. In contrast with brain electrical stimulation (e. g., electroconvulsive therapy) TMS can be focal and noninvasive. As TMS knowledge has developed, several determinant issues have arisen, among them, stimulation frequency and stimulation intensity. Magnetic stimulation with one single pulse is known as single TMS and rhythmic stimulation with several pulses is called repetitive TMS (rTMS). At least in motor cortex, rTMS with high frequencies seems to increase neuronal excitability while rTMS with low frequencies decreases it. Movement in contralateral muscles to the stimulated cerebral hemisphere was the first striking effect of TMS, which, nowadays is used to measure motor threshold (MT). TMS intensity is expressed as a percentage of MT. Beyond the possibility to assess integrity of motor pathways in neurological disorders, TMS research is being applied to some other brain functions such as emotion generation. In healthy volunteers, rTMS on left and right prefrontal regions has produced brief states of sadness and happiness, respectively. These findings propose TMS use for testing models of emotion modulation. Based on neuroanatomic knowledge of depression and rTMS effects on mood and cortical excitability, it has been tested on treatment-resistant depressed patients. Results are encouraging. Some studies have reported a mood improvement similar to that obtained with electroconvulsive therapy, offering such advantages as lack of side effects on cognition and no need for anesthesia. Several research groups have replicated the antidepressant effect of TMS on resistant non-psychotic depression; nevertheless, because of inherent features of the procedure, these findings are not definitive yet. Perhaps the major source of bias is the lack of a simulated maneuver, which allows to separate response to the active procedure, from placebo effect. Frequency and intensity TMS parameters of antidepressive efficacy are not totally defined and its mechanism of antidepressive action is unknown. Left prefrontal region has been the most frequently stimulated but little is known about antidepressant effect with TMS on different regions. Future TMS studies on depression must offer clearer definitions for treatment resistance. Its use as an augmentation strategy seems a warranted research area. Probably, in the next few years these aspects will be clarified and the place of TMS in depression management will be defined. Also, TMS has shown to have therapeutic effects on mania, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia. Furthermore, results from these studies show clearly its usefulness in researching neuronal circuits involved in the physiopathology of these and some other psychiatric disorders. Combination of TMS with neuroimaging techniques has allowed to conclude that TMS has effects on cortical and subcortical activity, and this is a fast growing area. As a whole, TMS is a very safe procedure. Safety studies have shown TMS has no adverse effects on cognitive functions and changes in hormonal, immune and auditive functions are brief and reversible. Unf rtunately, it can produce seizures. Nowadays, there are security profiles to avoid the seizure risk; and therefore conditions that contraindicate its use have been identified. Although TMS role for the treatment of psychiatric disorders is uncertain, there is no doubt about its usefulness for noninvasive study of normal and abnormal brain functioning.","Depression, Psychiatric disorders, Safety, Transcranial magnetic stimulation","Jiménez-Genchi, A., González-Olvera, J., Guerrero, A. G.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2608,Abnormalities in whole-brain functional connectivity observed in treatment-naive post-traumatic stress disorder patients following an earthquake,"Background: Convergent studies have highlighted the dysfunction of the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, only a few studies have investigated the functional connectivity between brain regions in PTSD patients during the resting state, which may improve our understanding of the neuropathophysiology of PTSD. The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of whole-brain functional connectivity in treatment-naive PTSD patients without co-morbid conditions who experienced the 8.0-magnitude earthquake in the Sichuan province of China. Method: A total of 72 PTSD patients and 86 trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls participated in the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. All these subjects were recruited from the disaster zone of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Functional connectivities between 90 paired brain regions in PTSD patients were compared with those in trauma-exposed non-PTSD controls. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis was performed between significantly abnormal connectivities in PTSD patients and their clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS) scores. Results: Compared with non-PTSD controls, PTSD patients showed weaker positive connectivities between the middle prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and rectus, as well as between the inferior orbitofrontal cortex and the hippocampus. In addition, PTSD patients showed stronger negative connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the insula. The CAPS scores in PTSD patients correlated negatively with the connectivity between the amygdala and the mPFC. Conclusions: PTSD patients showed abnormalities in whole-brain functional connectivity, primarily affecting the connectivities between the mPFC and limbic system, and connectivity between the PCC and insula. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain, *Natural Disasters, *Neural Networks, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Amygdala, Cingulate Cortex, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Jin, C., Qi, R., Yin, Y., Hu, X., Duan, L., Xu, Q., Zhang, Z., Zhong, Y., Feng, B., Xiang, H., Gong, Q., Liu, Y., Lu, G., Li, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2609,Increased Framingham 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older patients with psychotic symptoms,"Objective: The Framingham 10-risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been a widely studied estimate of cardiovascular risk in the general population. However, few studies have compared the relative risk of developing CHD in antipsychotic-treated patients with different psychiatric disorders, especially in older patients with psychotic symptoms. In this study, we compared the 10-year risk of developing CHD among middle-aged and older patients with psychotic symptoms to that in the general population. Method: We analyzed baseline data from a study examining metabolic and cardiovascular effects of atypical antipsychotics in patients over age 40 with psychotic symptoms. After excluding patients with prior history of CHD and stroke, 179 subjects were included in this study. Among them, 68 had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 42 mood disorder, 38 dementia, and 31 PTSD. Clinical evaluations included medical and pharmacologic treatment history, physical examination, and clinical labs for metabolic profiles. Using the Framingham 10-year risk of developing CHD based on the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), we calculated the risk CHD risk for each patient, and then compared relative risk in each psychiatric diagnosis to the risks reported in the FHS. Results: The mean age of entire sample was 63 (range 40-94) years, 68% were men. The Framingham 10-year risk of CHD was increased by 79% in schizophrenia, 72% in PTSD, 61% in mood disorder with psychosis, and 11% in dementia relative to the risk in general population from the FHS. Conclusions: In this sample of middle-aged and older patients with psychotic symptoms, we found a significantly increased 10-year risk of CHD relative to the estimated risk from FHS, with the greatest increased risk for patients with schizophrenia and PTSD. Development of optimally tailored prevention and intervention efforts to decrease different risk components in these patients could be an important step to help decrease the risks of CHD and overall mortality in this vulnerable population. © 2010.","Framingham 10-year CHD risk, Middle-aged and older patients, Psychotic disorders","Jin, H., Folsom, D., Sasaki, A., Mudaliar, S., Henry, R., Torres, M., Golshan, S., Glorioso, D. K., Jeste, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2610,Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome,"OBJECTIVE: Few studies have compared prevalence rates of metabolic abnormalities in antipsychotic-treated patients with different psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we examined components of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older patients with psychiatric disorders. METHOD: In the study, 203 outpatients older than 40 years and with psychotic symptoms that needed antipsychotic treatment were enrolled. Among them, 65 had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 56 had dementia, 49 had mood disorder, and 33 had PTSD. Clinical evaluations included medical history, use of psychotropic and other medications, adverse effects, physical examination, and clinical laboratory tests for metabolic profiles. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome were 72% in patients with PTSD, 60% in those with schizophrenia, 58% in those with mood disorder, and 56% in those with dementia. There were significant differences in body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the 4 diagnostic groups. Posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and mood disorder groups had significantly higher body mass indexes compared with the dementia group. The PTSD group also had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure compared with the dementia and mood disorder groups. CONCLUSIONS: Posttraumatic stress disorder may be associated with worsened metabolic profile. The overall frequency of metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with PTSD taking antipsychotics seemed to be at least equivalent, if not slightly worse, compared with that in patients with schizophrenia, dementia, or a mood disorder. (copyright) 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","antidiabetic agent, antihypertensive agent, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypocholesterolemic agent, neuroleptic agent, olanzapine, psychotropic agent, adult, adverse outcome, aged, anamnesis, article, body mass, clinical evaluation, clinical feature, controlled study, dementia, diastolic blood pressure, disease association, female, human, laboratory test, major clinical study, male, metabolic syndrome X, middle aged, mood disorder, physical examination, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, schizophrenia, waist circumference","Jin, H., Lanouette, N. M., Mudaliar, S., Henry, R., Folsom, D. P., Khandrika, S., Glorioso, D. K., Jeste, D. V.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2611,Posttraumatic stress disorder after liver transplantation,"BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the risk factors associated with this progression are not well understood. To study this syndrome in adult liver transplant recipients, a cross-sectional investigation of 296 recipients at our hospital was carried out between January and June 2010. METHODS: Study participants completed two questionnaires [a PTSD self-rating scale (PTSD-SS) and a validated Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36)]. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the records of the Chinese Liver Transplant Registry and via questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of full PTSD and partial PTSD (that met the criteria for 2 of the 3 symptom clusters) was 3.7% and 5.4%, respectively, for all transplant recipients. Significant differences between the recipients with no PTSD, partial PTSD, and full PTSD were found in all SF-36 domains except for physical functioning (P=0.466). In general, domain scores were the highest in the recipients who did not meet the criteria for PTSD and the lowest in the recipients who met the criteria for full PTSD. Greater severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms was correlated with poorer quality of life, especially in the bodily pain (P=0.004), social functioning (P=0.001), role-emotional (P=0.048), and mental health (P<0.001) domains. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores, complications, and educational status were identified by multiple regression analysis as risk factors for developing PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD occurred after liver transplantation and was significantly associated with decreased quality of life. Higher MELD scores and complications after transplantation were risk factors that contributed to PTSD, and higher education was a protective factor. © 2012, Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int.","Health-related quality of life, Liver transplantation, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Recipient","Jin, S. G., Yan, L. N., Xiang, B., Li, B., Wen, T. F., Zhao, J. C., Xu, M. Q., Yang, J. Y.",2012.0,,,0,1,
2612,The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: Gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups,"Purpose: This study investigated the post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post traumatic growth (PTG) in 2,300 earthquake survivors 1 year after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PTSD and PTG and also tested for the gender differences in PTSD and PTG subgroups. Methods: A stratification random sampling strategy and questionnaires were used to collect the data. The PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Check list-Civilian and the PTG was assessed using the Post traumatic growth inventory. 2,300 individuals were involved in the initial survey with 2,080 completing the final questionnaire, a response rate of 90.4 %. One-way ANOVA analyses were performed to investigate the gender differences in the PTSD and PTG subgroups. Results: One year following the earthquake, 40.1 and 51.1 % of survivors reported PTSD and PTG, respectively. A bivariate correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive association between PTG and PTSD. The PTG and PTSD variance analysis conducted on female and male subgroups suggested that women were more affected than men. Conclusions: Given the relatively high PTG prevalence, it was concluded that researchers need to pay more attention to the positive outcomes of an earthquake rather than just focusing on the negative effects. The surveys and analyses indicated that psychological intervention and care for the earthquake disaster survivors should focus more on females and older people, who tend to be more adversely affected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Human Sex Differences, Survivors","Jin, Yuchang, Xu, Jiuping, Liu, Dongyue",2014.0,,,0,0,
2613,Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adult survivors of Wenchuan earthquake after 1 year: Prevalence and correlates,"This study investigates the prevalence and predictors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in adult survivors 1year after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Check List-Civilian (PCL-C), and PTG was assessed using the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). A total of 2,300 individuals were involved in the survey with 2,080 completing the questionnaire, a response rate of 90.4%. The PTSD prevalence estimate in this study was found to be 40.1%, and the prevalence for PTG among the participants was measured at 51.1%. A bivariate correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive association between PTG and PTSD. In the conclusions, possible explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Posttraumatic Growth, Natural Disasters","Jin, Yuchang, Xu, Jiuping, Liu, Hai, Liu, Dongyue",2014.0,,,0,0,
2614,Cultural differences in personal identity in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Objectives: This study investigated cultural differences in goals, self-defining memories, and self-cognitions in those with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Trauma survivors with and without PTSD, from independent and interdependent cultures (N = 106) provided major personal goals, self-defining memories, and self-cognitions. Results: Trauma survivors with PTSD from independent cultures reported more goals, self-defining memories, and self-cognitions that were trauma-related than non-PTSD trauma survivors from independent cultures. In contrast, for those from interdependent cultures, there was no difference between trauma survivors with and without PTSD in terms of trauma-centred goals, self-defining memories, and self-cognitions. Conclusions: The results suggest cultural variability in the impact of trauma on memory and identity, and highlight the need for contemporary models of PTSD to more explicitly consider culture in their accounts of PTSD. Clinical implications of these findings, such as cultural considerations in assessment and treating trauma relevant self-schema in cognitive therapy for PTSD, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cross Cultural Differences, *Ethnic Identity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cognitions, Goals, Self Concept","Jobson, Laura, ""OKearney, Richard""",2008.0,,,0,0,
2615,Trajectories of change in anxiety severity and impairment during and after treatment with evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care,"Background Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) is a model for delivering evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care. Compared to usual care, CALM produced greater improvement in anxiety symptoms. However, mean estimates can obscure heterogeneity in treatment response. This study aimed to identify (1) clusters of participants with similar patterns of change in anxiety severity and impairment (trajectory groups); and (2) characteristics that predict trajectory group membership. Methods The CALM randomized controlled effectiveness trial was conducted in 17 primary care clinics in four US cities in 2006-2009. 1,004 English- or Spanish-speaking patients age 18-75 with panic, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and/or posttraumatic stress disorder participated. The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale was administered repeatedly to 482 participants randomized to CALM treatment. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify trajectory groups and multinomial logit to predict trajectory group membership. Results Two predicted trajectories, representing about two-thirds of participants, were below the cut-off for clinically significant anxiety a couple of months after treatment initiation. The predicted trajectory for the majority of remaining participants was below the cut-off by 9 months. A small group of participants did not show consistent improvement. Being sicker at baseline, not working, and reporting less social support were associated with less favorable trajectories. Conclusions There is heterogeneity in patient response to anxiety treatment. Adverse circumstances appear to hamper treatment response. To what extent anxiety symptoms improve insufficiently because adverse patient circumstances contribute to suboptimal treatment delivery, suboptimal treatment adherence, or suboptimal treatment response requires further investigation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","anxiety/anxiety disorders, CBT/cognitive behavior therapy, life events/stress, primary care, treatment","Joesch, J. M., Golinelli, D., Sherbourne, C. D., Sullivan, G., Stein, M. B., Craske, M. G., Roy-Byrne, P. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2616,Losing the Symptoms: Weight Loss and Decrease in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has frequently been found to have an effect on the development of obesity, a relationship usually thought of as unidirectional. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the level of PTSD symptoms would decrease as a result of weight loss. Method: In a repeated measures design, PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, social support, and weight were assessed in obese participants during 16 weeks at a weight loss facility. Results: The participants' body mass index decreased significantly, and concurrently, a significant decline in the level of PTSD symptoms and depression symptoms was observed. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of weight loss on depression are consistent with previous work. The decline in the level of PTSD symptoms simultaneously with weight loss is an important and positive effect that has not been reported previously. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Depression, Health, PTSD, Weight loss","Johannessen, K. B., Berntsen, D.",2013.0,,10.1002/jclp.21962,0,0,
2617,Six years after the wave. Trajectories of posttraumatic stress following a natural disaster,"BACKGROUND: The characteristics of long-term trajectories of distress after disasters are unclear, since few studies include a comparison group. This study examines trajectories of recovery among survivors in comparison to individuals with indirect exposure. METHODS: Postal surveys were sent to Swedish tourists, repatriated from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (n=2268), at 1, 3, and 6 years after the tsunami to assess posttraumatic stress (PTS) and poor mental health. Items were used to ascertain high and moderate disaster exposure groups and an indirect exposure comparison group. RESULTS: Long-term PTS trajectories were best characterized by a resilient (72.3%), a severe chronic (4.6%), a moderate chronic (11.2%) and a recovering (11.9%) trajectory. Trajectories reported higher levels of PTS than the comparison group. Exposure severity and bereavement were highly influential risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications regarding anticipation of long-term psychological adjustment after natural disasters and need for interventions after a single traumatic event with few secondary stressors.","General mental health, Longitudinal study, Natural disaster, Ptsd, Posttraumatic stress, Recovery, Trajectories","Johannesson, K. B., Arinell, H., Arnberg, F. K.",2015.0,Dec,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.07.007,1,1,
2618,Tsunami-exposed tourist survivors: Signs of recovery in a 3-year Perspective,"Long-term follow-up after disaster exposure indicates increased rates of psychological distress. However, trajectories and rates of recovery in large samples of disaster-exposed survivors are largely lacking. A group of 3457 Swedish survivors temporarily on vacation in Southeast Asia during the 2004 tsunami were assessed by postal questionnaire at 14 months and 3 years after the tsunami regarding post-traumatic stress reactions (IES-R) and general mental health (GHQ-12). There was a general pattern of resilience and recovery 3 years postdisaster. Severe exposure and traumatic bereavement were associated with increased post-traumatic stress reactions and heightened risk for impaired mental health. The rate of recovery was lower among respondents exposed to life threat and among bereaved. Severe trauma exposure and bereavement seem to have considerable long-term impact on psychological distress and appear to slow down the recovery process. Readiness among health agencies for identification of symptoms and provision of interventions might facilitate optimal recovery. (copyright) 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","adolescent, adult, article, bereavement, convalescence, distress syndrome, female, follow up, General Health Questionnaire, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, Southeast Asia, survivor, Sweden, tourism, tsunami","Johannesson, K. B., Lundin, T., Frojd, T., Hultman, C. M., Michel, P. O.",2011.0,,,0,1,
2619,Tsunami-exposed tourist survivors: Signs of recovery in a 3-year Perspective,"Long-term follow-up after disaster exposure indicates increased rates of psychological distress. However, trajectories and rates of recovery in large samples of disaster-exposed survivors are largely lacking. A group of 3457 Swedish survivors temporarily on vacation in Southeast Asia during the 2004 tsunami were assessed by postal questionnaire at 14 months and 3 years after the tsunami regarding post-traumatic stress reactions (IES-R) and general mental health (GHQ-12). There was a general pattern of resilience and recovery 3 years postdisaster. Severe exposure and traumatic bereavement were associated with increased post-traumatic stress reactions and heightened risk for impaired mental health. The rate of recovery was lower among respondents exposed to life threat and among bereaved. Severe trauma exposure and bereavement seem to have considerable long-term impact on psychological distress and appear to slow down the recovery process. Readiness among health agencies for identification of symptoms and provision of interventions might facilitate optimal recovery. © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","disaster, general mental health, IES-R, Life threat, PTSD, traumatic bereavement","Johannesson, K. B., Lundin, T., Fröjd, T., Hultman, C. M., Michel, P. O.",2011.0,,,0,1,2618
2620,Prolonged grief among traumatically bereaved relatives exposed and not exposed to a tsunami,,,"Johannesson, K. B., Lundin, T., Hultman, C. M., Fröjd, T., Michel, P. O.",2011.0,,10.1002/jts.20668,0,0,
2621,Impact of exposure to trauma on posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology in swedish tourist tsunami survivors,,,"Johannesson, K. B., Michel, P. O., Hultman, C. M., Lindam, A., Arnberg, F., Lundin, T.",2009.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a206f7,0,0,
2622,Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in physically injured victims of non-domestic violence: A longitudinal study,"Background: Victims of violent assault experience diverse post-event emotional problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and they may have multiple emotional problems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of PTSD in a longitudinal design. Methods: The levels of physical injury, perceived life threat, prior experience of violence, peritraumatic dissociation (PD), acute PTSD, perceived self-efficacy and perceived social support are considered possible predictors. This study had a single group (N = 70), longitudinal design with three repeated measures over a period of 12 months. Questionnaires used were: Impact of Event Scale-15 and 22 (IES-15 and 22), Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale-10 (PTSS-10), Peritraumatic Dissociation (PD) 7-item self-report measure, Social Provisions Scale (SPS) and Generalized Self-Efficacy scale (GSE). Results: Results showed a high prevalence and severity of PTSD on all outcomes, for instance 31% scored as probable PTSD-cases and 14% as risk level cases by IES-15 at T3. Either injury severity or prior experience of being a victim of violence predicted PTSD in this study. Early PTSD predicted subsequent PTSD, and perceived life threat was a predictor of PD. Furthermore, lack of perceived social support was a predictor of PTSD symptoms at T3. In addition, low perceived self-efficacy was a predictor of PTSD and influenced perceived social support at T1. Conclusions: Our results showed that experience of non-domestic violence may cause serious chronic emotional problems, and therefore it is important to be aware of early symptoms indicating needs for special follow-ups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Crime Victims, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Victimization, *Violence, Injuries","Johansen, Venke A., Wahl, Astrid K., Eilertsen, Dag Erik, Weisaeth, Lars",2007.0,,,0,0,
2623,The predictive value of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms for quality of life: a longitudinal study of physically injured victims of non-domestic violence,"BACKGROUND: Little is known about longitudinal associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and quality of life (QoL) after exposure to violence. The aims of the current study were to examine quality of life (QoL) and the predictive value of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for QoL in victims of non-domestic violence over a period of 12 months. METHODS: A single-group (n = 70) longitudinal design with three repeated measures over a period of 12 months were used. Posttraumatic psychological symptoms were assessed by using the Impact of Event Scale, a 15-item self-rating questionnaire comprising two subscales (intrusion and avoidance) as a screening instrument for PTSD. The questionnaire WHOQOL-Bref was used to assess QoL. The WHOQOL-BREF instrument comprises 26 items, which measure the following broad domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Results of the analysis were summarized by fitting Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). RESULTS: For each category of PTSD (probable cases, risk level cases and no cases), the mean levels of the WHOQOL-Bref subscales (the four domains and the two single items) were stable across time of assessment. Individuals who scored as probable PTSD or as risk level cases had significantly lower scores on the QoL domains such as physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environmental than those without PTSD symptoms. In addition, the two items examining perception of overall quality of life and perception of overall health in WHOQOL showed the same results according to PTSD symptoms such as QoL domains. PTSD symptoms predicted lower QoL at all three assessments. Similarly PTSD symptoms at T1 predicted lower QoL at T2 and PTSD symptoms at T2 predicted lower QoL at T3. CONCLUSION: The presence of PTSD symptoms predicted lower QoL, both from an acute and prolonged perspective, in victims of non-domestic violence. Focusing on the individual's perception of his/her QoL in addition to the illness may increase the treatment priorities and efforts.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, *Attitude to Health, Crime Victims/*psychology, Fear, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Psychometrics, Quality of Life/*psychology, Questionnaires, Risk, *Sickness Impact Profile, Social Adjustment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Violence/*psychology, Wounds and Injuries/*psychology","Johansen, V. A., Wahl, A. K., Eilertsen, D. E., Weisaeth, L., Hanestad, B. R.",2007.0,,10.1186/1477-7525-5-26,0,0,
2624,Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in physically injured victims of non-domestic violence: A longitudinal study,,,"Johansen, V. A., Wahl, A. K., Eilertsen, D. E., Weis�th, L.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,2622
2625,A critique of the female sexual perpetrator research,"This paper critically reviewed the research literature on female sex-offenders based on all the identified studies with a sample exceeding 10 from 1989 to 2004. Thirteen studies were identified. Five exploratory studies were individually summarized and critiqued as a group. The eight comparative studies were individually discussed and critiqued. Strengths and weaknesses of the current research were discussed. Conclusions about the research and suggestions for future research were provided. Notable conclusions were: that female sex-offenders are more likely to have been sexually victimized than other populations, offended by themselves, and commit serious forms of sexual abuse. There are also some promising typologies for this heterogeneous population, but they need further replication. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","child health, child neglect, child sexual abuse, childhood, college student, family violence, female, guilt, health care organization, human, law enforcement, medical literature, medical research, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, sexual crime, unemployment, victim","Johansson-Love, J., Fremouw, W.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2626,"Incidence, clinical correlates and treatment effect of rage in anxious children","Episodic rage represents an important and underappreciated clinical feature in pediatric anxiety. This study examined the incidence and clinical correlates of rage in children with anxiety disorders. Change in rage during treatment for anxiety was also examined. Participants consisted of 107 children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and their parents. Participants completed structured clinical interviews and questionnaire measures to assess rage, anxiety, functional impairment, family accommodation and caregiver strain, as well as the quality of the child's relationship with family and peers. Rage was a common feature amongst children with anxiety disorders. Rage was associated with a more severe clinical profile, including increased anxiety severity, functional impairment, family accommodation and caregiver strain, as well as poorer relationships with parents, siblings, extended family and peers. Rage was more common in children with separation anxiety, comorbid anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral disorders, but not depressive symptoms. Rage predicted higher levels of functional impairment, beyond the effect of anxiety severity. Rage severity reduced over treatment in line with changes in anxiety symptoms. Findings suggest that rage is a marker of greater psychopathology in anxious youth. Standard cognitive behavioral treatment for anxiety appears to reduce rage without adjunctive treatment.","adolescent, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, caregiver burden, child, child parent relation, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, conduct disorder, controlled study, depression, disease severity, dysthymia, family relation, female, functional disease, generalized anxiety disorder, human, incidence, major clinical study, major depression, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, peer group, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, rage, separation anxiety, sibling relation, social phobia, structured interview, therapy effect","Johnco, C., Salloum, A., De Nadai, A. S., McBride, N., Crawford, E. A., Lewin, A. B., Storch, E. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2627,Neighborhood social cohesion and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community-based sample: Findings from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study,"Purpose: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common and debilitating. Although research has identified individual-level risk factors for PTSD, the role of macro-social factors in PTSD etiology remains unknown. This study tests whether perceived neighborhood social cohesion (NSC), measured at the both the individual and neighborhood levels, plays a role in determining past-year risk of PTSD among those exposed to trauma. Methods: Data (n = 1,221) were obtained from an ongoing prospective epidemiologic study in the city of Detroit. Assessment of traumatic event exposure and PTSD was consistent with DSM-IV criteria. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) and logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of neighborhood-level perceived NSC with the risk of PTSD, adjusting for individual-level perceptions of NSC and other covariates. Results: The odds of past-year PTSD were significantly higher among those residing in a neighborhood with low social cohesion compared to high (OR = 2.44, 95 % CI: 1.58, 3.78), independent of individual sociodemographic characteristics, number of traumas, and individual-level perceptions of NSC. The odds of past-year PTSD were not significantly associated with individual-level perceptions of NSC. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that social context shapes risk of PTSD and suggest that changing the social context may shift vulnerability to this disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Neighborhoods, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Social Integration","Johns, Lauren E., Aiello, Allison E., Cheng, Caroline, Galea, Sandro, Koenen, Karestan C., Uddin, Monica",2012.0,,,0,0,
2628,Consistent impaired verbal memory in PTSD: A meta-analysis,"Background: Qualitative review papers have indicated that verbal memory impairment is found to be the most consistent cognitive impairment related to PTSD. These review papers have used qualitative methods to describe the effects, and consequently they have not been able to estimate the strength of the memory-PTSD association. Methods: This meta-analysis of 28 studies examined the empirical evidence for this relationship, and factors affecting the results. Results: Overall, the results showed medium effect sizes in patients with PTSD compared to controls on verbal memory across studies. Marked impairment was found in the patient groups compared to healthy controls, while modest impairment was found compared to exposed non-PTSD controls. Meta-analyses found strongest effects in war veterans compared to sexual and physical assault related PTSD. Rather unexpectedly no effect was found for the sexually abused PTSD groups compared to exposed controls. The analyses further showed that the effect was dependent on the test procedures used. The studies using WMS and AVLT had stronger effects than studies using CVLT. Limitations: Insufficient data were available to analyze a more complete attention-memory profile. Conclusions: This meta-analysis confirms that verbal memory impairment is present in adults with PTSD, and they are consistent across studies. This impairment should be the focus of work in clinical settings. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","article, attention, California Verbal Learning Test, clinical assessment tool, cognitive defect, correlation analysis, effect size, human, memory disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, qualitative analysis, risk factor, sexual abuse, sexual crime, verbal memory, verbal memory impairment, veteran, war, Wechsler Memory Scale","Johnsen, G. E., Asbjornsen, A. E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2629,Verbal learning and memory impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of encoding strategies,"The present study examined mechanisms underlying verbal memory impairments in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies have reported that the verbal learning and memory alterations in PTSD are related to impaired encoding, but the use of encoding and organizational strategies in patients with PTSD has not been fully explored. This study examined organizational strategies in 21 refugees/immigrants exposed to war and political violence who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for chronic PTSD compared with a control sample of 21 refugees/immigrants with similar exposure, but without PTSD. The California Verbal Learning Test was administered to examine differences in organizational strategies and memory. The semantic clustering score was slightly reduced in both groups, but the serial cluster score was significantly impaired in the PTSD group and they also reported more items from the recency region of the list. In addition, intrusive errors were significantly increased in the PTSD group. The data support an assumption of changed memory strategies in patients with PTSD associated with a specific impairment in executive control. However, memory impairment and the use of ineffective learning strategies may not be related to PTSD symptomatology only, but also to self-reported symptoms of depression and general distress. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, human, learning, learning test, male, memory disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, recall, verbal memory, violence","Johnsen, G. E., Asbjornsen, A. E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2630,Consistent impaired verbal memory in PTSD: A meta-analysis,"Background: Qualitative review papers have indicated that verbal memory impairment is found to be the most consistent cognitive impairment related to PTSD. These review papers have used qualitative methods to describe the effects, and consequently they have not been able to estimate the strength of the memory-PTSD association. Methods: This meta-analysis of 28 studies examined the empirical evidence for this relationship, and factors affecting the results. Results: Overall, the results showed medium effect sizes in patients with PTSD compared to controls on verbal memory across studies. Marked impairment was found in the patient groups compared to healthy controls, while modest impairment was found compared to exposed non-PTSD controls. Meta-analyses found strongest effects in war veterans compared to sexual and physical assault related PTSD. Rather unexpectedly no effect was found for the sexually abused PTSD groups compared to exposed controls. The analyses further showed that the effect was dependent on the test procedures used. The studies using WMS and AVLT had stronger effects than studies using CVLT. Limitations: Insufficient data were available to analyze a more complete attention-memory profile. Conclusions: This meta-analysis confirms that verbal memory impairment is present in adults with PTSD, and they are consistent across studies. This impairment should be the focus of work in clinical settings. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","AVLT, Cognitive impairments, CVLT, Sexual abuse, War veterans, WMS","Johnsen, G. E., Asbjørnsen, A. E.",2008.0,,,0,0,2628
2631,Verbal learning and memory impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of encoding strategies,"The present study examined mechanisms underlying verbal memory impairments in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies have reported that the verbal learning and memory alterations in PTSD are related to impaired encoding, but the use of encoding and organizational strategies in patients with PTSD has not been fully explored. This study examined organizational strategies in 21 refugees/immigrants exposed to war and political violence who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for chronic PTSD compared with a control sample of 21 refugees/immigrants with similar exposure, but without PTSD. The California Verbal Learning Test was administered to examine differences in organizational strategies and memory. The semantic clustering score was slightly reduced in both groups, but the serial cluster score was significantly impaired in the PTSD group and they also reported more items from the recency region of the list. In addition, intrusive errors were significantly increased in the PTSD group. The data support an assumption of changed memory strategies in patients with PTSD associated with a specific impairment in executive control. However, memory impairment and the use of ineffective learning strategies may not be related to PTSD symptomatology only, but also to self-reported symptoms of depression and general distress. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","CVLT, Depression, Organizational strategies, Refugees","Johnsen, G. E., Asbjørnsen, A. E.",2009.0,,,0,0,2629
2632,Memory impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder are related to depression,"The present study focuses on verbal learning and memory alterations in refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder, and whether the alterations are related to attention, acquisition, storage, or retrieval. Twenty-one refugees exposed to war and political violence with chronic PTSD, were compared to an exposed control sample of 21 refugees without PTSD. No differences were found in attention span, but tests of verbal memory showed less efficient learning in the PTSD sample. Group differences in delayed recall could be explained by learning efficiency. No differences were seen in recognition memory. These results indicate that memory alterations in PTSD are related to impaired acquisition and less effective encoding of the memory material and not to impaired attention span and/or impaired retrieval. Controlling for specific PTSD symptom clusters and self-reported depression showed that the intrusion subscale and depressive reactions are the most important symptoms in understanding the memory alterations in PTSD. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","CVLT, Depression, Memory, PTSD, Refugees, Verbal learning","Johnsen, G. E., Kanagaratnam, P., Asbjørnsen, A. E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2633,Topiramate in the new generation of drugs: efficacy in the treatment of alcoholic patients,"Predicated upon a neuropharmacological conceptual model, there is now solid clinical evidence to support the efficacy of topiramate for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Topiramate treatment can be initiated whilst the alcohol-dependent individual is still drinking - just when crisis intervention is most likely to be needed by a patient with or without his or her family asking the health practitioner for assistance. Because topiramate can be paired with a brief intervention, there is now the exciting possibility of treating most alcohol- dependent individuals in office-based practice or generic treatment settings. Topiramate's additional effects on other impulsedyscontrol disorders make it a particularly interesting compound for the treatment of other comorbid drug or psychiatric disorders. Additionally, future studies should explore whether topiramate can be combined with other putative therapeutic agents to increase its efficacy. One notable clinical challenge in the development of topiramate as a pharmacotherapy to treat alcohol dependence is the determination of the smallest dose that can result in efficacy, thereby achieving the optimum balance between therapeutic benefit and adverse event profile. Animal data do provide support for topiramate's general anti-drinking effects but also indicate that its mechanisms of action might rely on several complex pharmacobehavioral changes. Additional preclinical studies are needed to elucidate more clearly the basic mechanistic processes that underlie topiramate's efficacy as a treatment for alcohol dependence. Preclinical information that topiramate may have differential effects based on genetic vulnerability opens up the possibility of future methods to optimize treatment. (copyright) 2010 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","acamprosate, acetazolamide, alcohol, amitriptyline, barbituric acid derivative, benzodiazepine derivative, carbamazepine, digoxin, disulfiram, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, metformin, naltrexone, opiate derivative, oral contraceptive agent, phenytoin, placebo, progesterone, risperidone, topiramate, tramadol, valproic acid, add on therapy, alcohol consumption, alcohol withdrawal, alcoholism, anorexia, anticonvulsant activity, article, attention disturbance, blood level, cholelithiasis, clinical trial, closed angle glaucoma, cognitive defect, comorbidity, concentration loss, controlled clinical trial, convulsion, crisis intervention, diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, dizziness, drug bioavailability, drug clearance, drug dose increase, drug dose reduction, drug efficacy, drug excretion, drug half life, drug induced headache, drug mechanism, drug megadose, drug metabolism, drug safety, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, dyspepsia, epilepsy, fatigue, flu like syndrome, human, hyperthermia, impulse control disorder, injury, insomnia, Lennox Gastaut syndrome, memory disorder, metabolic acidosis, migraine, myalgia, myopia, nausea, nephrolithiasis, nervousness, neuroprotection, nonhuman, obesity, paresthesia, patient compliance, patient satisfaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, pruritus, psychomotor retardation, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, relapse, side effect, sinusitis, somnolence, sweating, faintness, taste aversion, tonic clonic seizure, treatment outcome, weight reduction","Johnson, B. A., Ait-Daoud, N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2634,Family satisfaction predicts life satisfaction trajectories over the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury,,,"Johnson, C. L., Resch, J. A., Elliott, T. R., Villarreal, V., Kwok, O. M., Berry, J. W., Underhill, A. T.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0019480,0,0,
2635,"Easy to remember, difficult to forget: The development of fear regulation","Fear extinction learning is a highly adaptive process that involves the integrity of frontolimbic circuitry. Its disruption has been associated with emotional dysregulation in stress and anxiety disorders. In this article we consider how age, genetics and experiences shape our capacity to regulate fear in cross-species studies. Evidence for adolescent-specific diminished fear extinction learning is presented in the context of immature frontolimbic circuitry. We also present evidence for less neural plasticity in fear regulation as a function of early-life stress and by genotype, focusing on the common brain derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism. Finally, we discuss this work in the context of exposure-based behavioral therapies for the treatment of anxiety and stress disorders that are based on principles of fear extinction. We conclude by speculating on how such therapies may be optimized for the individual based on the patient's age, genetic profile and personal history to move from standard treatment of care to personalized and precision medicine. © 2014 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd.","Adolescence, Amygdala, CBT, Extinction, Fear, Reconsolidation","Johnson, D. C., Casey, B. J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.006,0,0,
2636,Course of treatment during a cohort-based inpatient program for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Examined 11 veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over the course of a 4-mo inpatient treatment program to explore treatment process factors that may contribute to the generally poor outcome reported in previous studies (e.g., A. Fontana and R. Rosenheck, 1997). Group members made weekly ratings in the domains of PTSD symptoms, morale, interpersonal relationships, and physical problems. Despite an appearance of cohesion among group members, variation of scores on functional domains was explained largely by individual differences. Progress through the program showed a strongly linear pattern, with no phase effects. Somatic complaints did not increase during the phase when traumatic material was explored. Degree of improvement or worsening was best predicted by level of PTSD symptoms at admission, indicating that more symptomatic veterans did worse in the program. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Client Characteristics, *Group Cohesion, *Group Psychotherapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans","Johnson, David Read, Lubin, Hadar, Corn, Barbara",1999.0,,,0,0,
2637,Comparison of outcome between homogeneous and heterogeneous treatment environments in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study compared treatment outcome at discharge, and 4, 8, and 12 month follow-up between an inpatient program consisting of a mixture of Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general psychiatric patients (N = 42), and the same program at a later period, consisting of only Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (N = 33). Veterans rated the homogeneous environment higher in satisfaction, support, order, clarity, and amount of discussion of combat, and lower in hostility, than the heterogeneous condition. However, veterans showed no improvement in condition at 12 month follow-up, with the exception of decreased violence, replicating earlier studies. No differences in outcome were found between homogeneous or heterogeneous treatment environments. This study underscores the enduring nature of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in the veteran population.","adult, article, human, major clinical study, occupational medicine, outcomes research, patient satisfaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric treatment, soldier, war","Johnson, D. R., Lubin, H., Rosenheck, R., Fontana, A., Charney, D., Southwick, S.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2638,The impact of homecoming reception on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS),"Reports on the development of a self-report measure of the homecoming experience among Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS), measuring Frequency of Events, Intensity of Feelings, and Level of Support during the 1st 6 mo after return from overseas, and within the past 6 mo, was collected from 247 veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD. Homecoming Stress was the most significant predictor of current PTSD symptomatology superseding combat exposure, childhood and civilian traumas, and stressful life events. A factor analysis resulted in 4 orthogonal factors: Shame, Negative Interpersonal Interaction, Social Withdrawal, and Resentment. Homecoming Stress was unchanged over the course of a 4-mo inpatient program. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adjustment Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Test Construction, Human Males, Military Veterans, Rating Scales","Johnson, David Read, Lubin, Hadar, Rosenheck, Robert, Fontana, Alan, Southwick, Steven, Charney, Dennis",1997.0,,,0,0,
2639,Daily charting of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A pilot study,"This pilot study describes a prospective life-charting method for posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. This method summarizes daily symptoms, functional impairment, life events, substance use, and treatment. Findings include experience with 17 cases over periods lasting from 3 to 25 months, with a description of 4 case examples that are characteristic of the pilot sample. People with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can complete day charting of their symptoms over an extended period of time. Some people reported that day charting distressed them mildly as they analyzed daily thoughts or feelings that they ordinarily avoided or pushed from awareness. Nonetheless, most people reported that they learned and benefited from daily symptom charting. In addition to enhancing patient self-understanding (or ""insight""), the method may prove useful in assessing treatments for PTSD. Finally, these preliminary findings have suggested hypotheses regarding the clinical phenomenology and course of PTSD. For example, PTS symptom cluster exacerbation, severity, and duration appear to be highly consistent within any given patient, but highly variable across patients. Daily charting of PTS symptoms over prolonged periods is feasible. This prospective PTSD symptom charting method may have therapeutic, clinical, and research potential for understanding individual and group patterns in PTSD over time.","adult, aged, article, clinical article, disease course, disease duration, disease exacerbation, disease severity, distress syndrome, experience, female, functional disease, human, life event, male, medical documentation, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, self concept, substance abuse, symptomatology","Johnson, D. R., Westermeyer, J., Kattar, K., Thuras, P.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2640,The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review,"This review provides a comprehensive and critical summary of the literature as to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following civilian war trauma and torture. Prevalence rates are reviewed and predictors are discussed in terms of risk factors, protective factors, and factors that maintain PTSD. Most epidemiologically sound studies found relatively low rates of PTSD. There is good evidence of a dose-response relationship between cumulative war trauma and torture and development and maintenance of PTSD. There is also some evidence that female gender and older age are risk factors in development of PTSD. Some refugee variables may exacerbate symptoms of PTSD and contribute to their maintenance. Preparedness for torture, social and family support, and religious beliefs may all be protective against PTSD following war trauma and torture. Applicability of the concept of PTSD to non-western populations and areas for much needed further study are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Torture, *War, Survivors","Johnson, Howard, Thompson, Andrew",2008.0,,,0,0,
2641,Multi-disciplinary care for the elderly in disasters: An integrative review,"Data sources A systematic search protocol was developed in conjunction with a research librarian. Searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were conducted using terms such as Disaster, Geological Processes, Aged, Disaster Planning, and Vulnerable Populations. Forty-six articles met criteria for inclusion in the review. Conclusions Policies and guidance regarding evacuating versus sheltering in place are lacking. Tenets of elderly-focused disaster planning/preparation and clarification of legal and ethical standards of care and liability issues are needed. Functional capacity, capabilities, or impairments, rather than age, should be considered in disaster preparation. Older adults should be included in disaster planning as population-specific experts. Implications for Practice A multifaceted approach to population-specific disaster planning and curriculum development should include consideration of the biophysical and psychosocial aspects of care, ethical and legal issues, logistics, and resources. Introduction Older adults are disproportionately affected by disaster. Frail elders, individuals with chronic diseases, conditions, or disabilities, and those who live in long-term care facilities are especially vulnerable. Purpose The purpose of this integrative review of the literature was to describe the system-wide knowledge and skills that multi-disciplinary health care providers need to provide appropriate care for the elderly during domestic-humanitarian and disaster-relief efforts. Copyright © 2014 World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine.","disaster, disaster planning, disaster victims, epidemics, frail elderly, health care personnel, health services for the aged, long-term care, vulnerable populations","Johnson, H. L., Ling, C. G., McBee, E. C.",2014.0,,10.1017/S1049023X14001241,0,0,
2642,The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Johnson, J., Maxwell, A., Galea, S.",2009.0,,10.3928/00485713-20090514-01,0,0,
2643,Life Events as Stressors in Childhood and Adolescence,,,"Johnson, J. H.",1986.0,,,0,0,
2644,History and use of relative importance indices in organizational research,,,"Johnson, J. W., LeBreton, J. M.",2004.0,,10.1177/1094428104266510,0,0,
2645,Former combatants in liberia: The Burden of possible traumatic brain injury among Demobilized combatants,"Objective: To provide a better understanding of any associations between Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration, previous head injury, and mental health symptoms among former combatants in Liberia. Methods: A cluster-sampled national survey of the adult household-based Liberian population. Findings: Former combatants with reported head injury were more likely to experience major depressive disorder symptoms, suicidal ideation and attempts, and current substance abuse. Former combatants with head injury are 2.83 times more likely to have major depressive disorder symptoms, and those with suspected traumatic brain injury are five times more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder. Interpretation: The poor mental health of former combatants in Liberia, both child and adult, might be mitigated if Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration programming assessed participants for head trauma and traumatic brain injury using simple screening methods. The specific health and mental health needs of ex-combatants-a highly vulnerable group-will need to be addressed by Liberia. If left untreated, ex-combatants with high rates of suicidal ideation and post-traumatic stress disorder might be susceptible to re-recruitment into new conflicts in the region. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.",,"Johnson, K., Asher, J., Kisielewski, M., Lawry, L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2646,Association of combatant status and sexual violence with health and mental health outcomes in postconflict liberia,"Context: Liberia's wars since 1989 have cost tens of thousands of lives and left many people mentally and physically traumatized. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and impact of war-related psychosocial trauma, including information on participation in the Liberian civil wars, exposure to sexual violence, social functioning, and mental health. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional, population-based, multistage random cluster survey of 1666 adults aged 18 years or older using structured interviews and questionnaires, conducted during a 3-week period in May 2008 in Liberia. Main Outcome Measures: Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social functioning, exposure to sexual violence, and health and mental health needs among Liberian adults who witnessed or participated in the conflicts during the last 2 decades. Results: In the Liberian adult household-based population, 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36%-45%; n=672/1659) met symptom criteria for MDD, 44% (95% CI, 38%-49%; n=718/1661) met symptom criteria for PTSD, and 8% (95% CI, 5%-10%; n=133/1666) met criteria for social dysfunction. Thirty-three percent of respondents (549/ 1666) reported having served time with fighting forces, and 33.2% of former combatant respondents (182/549) were female. Former combatants experienced higher rates of exposure to sexual violence than noncombatants: among females, 42.3% (95% CI, 35.4%-49.1%) vs 9.2% (95% CI, 6.7%-11.7%), respectively; among males, 32.6% (95% CI, 27.6%-37.6%) vs 7.4% (95% CI, 4.5%-10.4%). The rates of symptoms of PTSD, MDD, and suicidal ideation were higher among former combatants than noncombatants and among those who experienced sexual violence vs those who did not. The prevalence of PTSD symptoms among female former combatants who experienced sexual violence (74%; 95% CI, 63%-84%) was higher than among those who did not experience sexual violence (44%; 95% CI, 33%-53%). The prevalence of PTSD symptoms among male former combatants who experienced sexual violence was higher (81%; 95% CI, 74%-87%) than among male former combatants who did not experience sexual violence (46%; 95% CI, 39%-52%). Male former combatants who experienced sexual violence also reported higher rates of symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation. Both former combatants and noncombatants experienced inadequate access to health care (33.0% [95% CI, 22.6%-43.4%] and 30.1% [95% CI, 18.7%-41.6%], respectively). Conclusions: Former combatants in Liberia were not exclusively male. Both female and male former combatants who experienced sexual violence had worse mental health outcomes than noncombatants and other former combatants who did not experience exposure to sexual violence. (copyright)2008 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","adult, article, cross-sectional study, depression, female, health care access, health survey, household, human, Liberia, major depression, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychotrauma, questionnaire, sexual abuse, social disability, social interaction, social psychology, soldier, structured interview, suicidal ideation, violence, war","Johnson, K., Asher, J., Rosborough, S., Raja, A., Panjabi, R., Beadling, C., Lawry, L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2647,Association of sexual violence and human rights violations with physical and mental health in territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo,"Context: Studies from the Eastern Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have provided anecdotal reports of sexual violence. This study offers a populationbased assessment of the prevalence of sexual violence and human rights abuses in specific territories within Eastern DRC. Objective: To assess the prevalence of and correlations with sexual violence and human rights violations on residents of specific territories of Eastern DRC including information on basic needs, health care access, and physical and mental health. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional, population-based, cluster survey of 998 adults aged 18 years or older using structured interviews and questionnaires, conducted over a 4-week period in March 2010. Main Outcome Measures: Sexual violence prevalence and characteristics, symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), human rights abuses, and physical and mental health needs among Congolese adults in specific territories of Eastern DRC. Results: Of the 1005 households surveyed 998 households participated, yielding a response rate of 98.9%. Rates of reported sexual violence were 39.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.2%-47.2%; n=224/586) among women and 23.6% (95% CI, 17.3%-29.9%; n=107/399) among men. Women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in41.1%(95%CI, 25.6%-56.6%;n=54/148) of female cases and10.0% (95%CI,1.5%-18.4%;n=8/66)ofmalecases.Sixty-sevenpercent(95%CI,59.0%-74.5%; n=615/998)ofhouseholdsreported incidents of conflict-relatedhumanrights abuses. Fortyone percent (95% CI, 35.3%-45.8%; n=374/991) of the represented adult population metsymptomcriteria for MDD and 50.1%(95%CI,43.8%-56.3%;n=470/989) for PTSD. Conclusion: Self-reported sexual violence and other human rights violations were prevalent in specific territories of Eastern DRC and were associated with physical and mental health outcomes. (copyright)2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","abortion, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, adult, article, basic needs, confidence interval, conflict, Congo, cross-sectional study, fear, female, health care access, health status, health survey, human, human rights, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, prevalence, priority journal, questionnaire, self report, sexual abuse, sexually transmitted disease, stigma, structured interview, symptom, violence","Johnson, K., Scott, J., Rughita, B., Kisielewski, M., Asher, J., Ong, R., Lawry, L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2648,A national population-based assessment of 2007-2008 election-related violence in Kenya,"Background: Following the contested national elections in 2007, violence occurred throughout Kenya. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and health consequences of the 2007-2008 election-related violence. Methods. A cross-sectional, national, population-based cluster survey of 956 Kenyan adults aged ≥ 18 years was conducted in Kenya in September 2011 utilizing a two-stage 90 x 10 cluster sample design and structured interviews and questionnaires. Prevalence of all forms of violence surrounding the 2007 election period, symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and morbidity related to sexual and physical violence were assessed. Results: Of 956 households surveyed, 916 households participated (response rate 95.8%). Compared to pre-election, election-related sexual violence incidents/1000 persons/year increased over 60-fold (39.1-2370.1; p <.001) with a concurrent 37-fold increase in opportunistic sexual violence (5.2-183.1; p <.001). Physical and other human rights violations increased 80-fold (25.0-1987.1; p <.001) compared to pre-election. Overall, 50% of households reported at least one physical or sexual violation. Households reporting violence were more likely to report violence among female household members (66.6% vs. 58.1%; p =.04) or among the Luhya ethnic group (17.0% vs. 13.8%; p = 0.03). The most common perpetrators of election-related sexual violence were reported to be affiliated with government or political groups (1670.5 incidents/1000 persons per year); the Kalenjin ethnic group for physical violations (54.6%). Over thirty percent of respondents met MDD and PTSD symptom criteria; however, symptoms of MDD (females, 63.3%; males, 36.7%; p =.01) and suicidal ideation (females, 68.5%; males, 31.5%; p =.04) were more common among females. Substance abuse was more common among males (males, 71.2%; females, 28.8%; p <.001). Conclusion: On a national level in Kenya, politically-motivated and opportunistic sexual and physical violations were commonly reported among sampled adults with associated health and mental health outcomes. © 2014 Johnson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Election violence, Human rights violations, Kenya 2007 elections, Mental health, Politically-motivated sexual violence","Johnson, K., Scott, J., Sasyniuk, T., Ndetei, D., Kisielewski, M., Rouhani, S., Bartels, S., Mutiso, V., Mbwayo, A., Rae, D., Lawry, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2649,Rethinking first response: Effects of the clean up and recovery effort on workers at the World Trade Center disaster site,"Objective: We sought to describe the physical and mental health effects of the cleanup and recovery effort on workers at the World Trade Center disaster site. Methods: A mailed survey was sent to truck drivers, heavy equipment operators, laborers, and carpenters. It assessed work-related exposures and somatic and mental health symptoms. In one open-ended question, respondents shared any aspect of their experiences they wished; these 332 narrative responses were analyzed using qualitative techniques. Results: Respondents reported suffering debilitating consequences of their work, including depression, drug use, and posttraumatic stress disorder. They felt poorly prepared to work in a disaster, lacked protective equipment and training, and felt overwhelmed by the devastation they faced. Conclusions: These workers' experiences were qualitatively similar to the experiences of the first responders. To protect workers in the future, the focus on preparing ""first"" responders should be reconsidered more broadly. Copyright © by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.",,"Johnson, S. B., Langlieb, A. M., Teret, S. P., Gross, R., Schwab, M., Massa, J., Ashwell, L., Geyh, A. S.",2005.0,,10.1097/01.jom.0000158722.57980.4a,0,0,
2650,The association of trauma and PTSD with the substance use profiles of alcohol- and cocaine-dependent out-of-treatment women,The association of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with alcohol and cocaine use is explored to determine if there is additive risk associated with dual dependence. Data were collected from out-of-treatment women enrolled in an HIV-prevention study. Women who experienced a DSM-IV qualifying event (n = 791) were stratified into four substance use groups based on lifetime alcohol and cocaine use. Women with lifetime comorbid alcohol and cocaine dependence experienced significantly more traumatic events and had a higher prevalence of violent events and lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and PTSD-related impairment. There is added risk for associated trauma and subsequent PTSD among women who have dual substance dependence. Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.,,"Johnson, S. D., Cottler, L. B., ""OLeary, C. C."", Abdallah, A. B.",2010.0,,,0,1,
2651,Does predatory scent stress increase the likelihood of later development of post traumatic stress disorder?,"Purpose of Study: With a lifetime prevalence in the general U.S. population of 8-9% Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an important clinical diagnosis with a major economic impact. The hallmark of this diagnosis includes the experience or perception of a life threatening event which lead to a cluster of clinical symptoms. To date, PTSD has proved a difficult disease to treat and the development of an animal model would be advantageous. The goal of our study was to determine if predatory odor exposure increased the susceptibility for developing PTSD in adulthood in an animal model. Methods Used: PTSD in mice was induced using predatory rat odor exposure as the life threatening event. Following odor exposure, odor exposed and control mice underwent behavioral testing on elevated plus maze. Anxiety was measured via time spent in seconds in the open arms as well as overall locomotion between the arms. Summary of Results: There was a significant effect of PTSD treatment condition F(1,28) = 19.356, p < 0.0001 indicating that the odor exposed spent less time in the open arms than control mice. A post hoc t-test showed that this was true both for day 1 t(14) = 2.14, p = 0.049 and on day 2 of testing t(14) = 3.9, p < 0.001. Conclusions: We found that predatory exposed mice spent less time in the open arms in the elevated plus maze. This finding is consistent with anxiety behavior. These results suggest that the predatory odor mouse model may prove useful for exploring treatments for PTSD.","odor, posttraumatic stress disorder, medical research, mouse, arm, exposure, animal model, anxiety, maze test, diagnosis, prevalence, adulthood, Student t test, population, rat, locomotion, United States, lifespan","Johnson-Martinez, K., Ross, I., Allan, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2652,Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Only a small number of studies have used quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in research of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results are not consistent. The aim of the present investigation was to compare qEEG in combat veterans with and without PTSD. The hypothesis is that differences among qEEG characteristics will be found regarding the presence/absence of PTSD. Seventy-nine combat veterans with PTSD comprised the experimental group and 37 veterans without PTSD were included as controls. After the informed consent, they were investigated by the resting EEG recordings. The results demonstrate that PTSD veterans had decreased alpha power and increased beta power. These results suggest an altered neurobiology in PTSD. Various explanations have been offered for alpha activity decrease observed in PTSD veterans. Increased beta rhythm may play a role as a potential marker in differentiating subtypes of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Electroencephalography, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Jokic-Begic, Natasa, Begic, Drazen",2003.0,,,0,0,
2653,Advances in group-based trajectory modeling and an SAS procedure for estimating them,,,"Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S.",2007.0,,10.1177/0049124106292364,0,0,
2654,A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories,"This article introduces a new SAS procedure written by the authors that analyzes longitudinal data (developmental trajectories) by fitting a mixture model. The TRAJ procedure fits semiparametric (discrete) mixtures of censored normal, Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson, and Bernoulli distributions to longitudinal data. Applications to psychometric scale data, offense counts, and a dichotomous prevalence measure in violence research are illustrated. In addition, the use of the Bayesian information criterion to address the problem of model selection, including the estimation of the number of components in the mixture, is demonstrated.",,"Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S., Roeder, K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2655,Post-traumatic stress disorder in United States legal culture: An historical perspective from World War I through the Vietnam conflict,"The 1980 American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM-III), the third revision of a classification and diagnostic methodology for mental diseases, included ""post-traumatic stress disorder"" (PTSD) for the first time. This newly legitimized diagnosis helped mental health professionals understand and treat victims of such extremely traumatic events as rape, military combat, or earthquakes. It helped veterans groups and other political interests present the plight clearly to the general public and to legislators. Defense attorneys hoped it would help them construct a credible reason for insanity, especially in those defendants who had never committed violent acts or displayed emotional disturbance until after the traumatic event--Vietnam combat experience, in many cases. For example, in State v. Heads (370 So.2d 564 (La. 1979)), a Vietnam War veteran claimed that the sight of a foggy field adjacent to his brother-in-law's house transported him back to a Vietnam combat situation, in which he was forced to kill in self-defense. This, Charles Heads told the court, caused him to overreact during a domestic conflict and kill his brother-in-law. The development of the PTSD medical diagnosis is itself illustrative of the social/historical factors comprising the ""legal culture"" of any court case. Just as each legal case shapes and is shaped by historical context and events, so a medical diagnosis like PTSD is culturally bound and by no means scientifically ""objective"" or acceptable to all mental health professionals--or their patients. For example, one must consider the often stormy ""homecoming"" of Vietnam veterans as a major factor in the PTSD trials. This dissertation is about the historical development and, ultimately, the questionable success of military combat-induced post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) as a legal defense in criminal appellate cases in the United States. These cases typically but not exclusively involved veterans of the 1964-1 (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Experiences (Events), *Legal Processes, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, History, Insanity Defense","Jones, Barbara Minette",1996.0,,,0,0,
2656,What's new on the post-ICU burden for patients and relatives?,,,"Jones, C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2657,Mental and physical disability after sepsis,"Sepsis remains a major cause of admissions to Intensive Care Units (ICU) and has a high mortality rates and significant morbidity in survivors. There are physical, cognitive and psychological sequelae from severe sepsis that have a negative effect on the patients' health related quality of life in the longer term and a social care and humanitarian impact. Although muscle mass loss during the septic period happens very quickly, recovery takes a considerable time and requires the patient to commit to exercising and eating well to rebuild. Where cognitive impairment has resulted from the septic illness the patients' ability to look after themselves may be affected and this has financial and family implications for future care. Patients may also develop psychological problems such as anxiety, depression or post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can have a profound effect on their everyday functioning and the possibility of returning to work. As yet there are no published studies of rehabilitation with patients surviving severe sepsis, although there is one in progress at the moment. The use of techniques such as ICU diaries to help patients to understand their illness and deal with delusional memories they may have from their ICU stay has been shown to aid psychological recovery in general ICU patients, a percentage of whom will have suffered from sepsis. The use of a self-guided manualised 6 week rehabilitation program, the ICU Recovery Manual, has been shown to accelerate physical recovery in general ICU patients. Considerable amounts of money are spent treating patients with severe sepsis in ICU and not completing the job of returning them to as close as possible to their normal functioning does not make financial sense.","Cognition Disorders/*etiology/rehabilitation, Humans, Sepsis/*complications, *Sickness Impact Profile","Jones, C., Griffiths, R. D.",2013.0,Nov,,0,0,
2658,"Traumatic brain injury, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress disorder in road traffic accident survivors","This study investigated the symptom profiles of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in participants who did and did not sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI), following a road traffic accident. The participants were assessed at three time points: as soon as possible posttrauma as well as at 6 weeks and 3 months posttrauma. At the first assessment, fewer participants from the TBI group recalled feeling fear and helplessness at the time of the trauma, fewer TBI participants reported recurrent intrusive thoughts and images, and more TBI participants reported dissociation since the trauma, relative to the non-TBI group. At the second assessment, fewer participants from the TBI group recalled feeling intense helplessness at the time of the trauma. Fewer TBI participants also reported reliving and physiological reactions on trauma reminders relative to the non-TBI group. At 3 months posttrauma, there was no difference in PTSD symptom profile between non-TBI and TBI groups. Our findings indicate that the presence of TBI is likely to influence the distribution of certain symptoms, but need not be a significant barrier to diagnosing ASD and PTSD. (copyright) 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","acute stress disorder, adult, aged, article, clinical feature, controlled study, diagnostic procedure, dissociation, fear, female, helplessness, human, incidence, injury severity, major clinical study, male, medical assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, survival, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury","Jones, C., Harvey, A. G., Brewin, C. R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2659,Trauma debriefing and perceived organizational support with bank robbery victims. (post traumatic stress disorder),"This study examines the relationship between Post Trauma Intervention (PTI) and job absenteeism, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomology, social anxiety, and perception of organizational support. PTI is a trauma debriefing intervention designed to aid recovery of the individual through individual assessment and organizational support. Using a cross-sectional, post only design based on measures at three points in time of three dependent variables (trauma symptoms, social anxiety, job absenteeism), a MANCOVA followed by a discriminate analysis was used to test whether perception of organizational support has an effect on minimizing the three dependent variables six months later. These findings indicate that perception of organizational support had no significant influence on PTSD symptomology, job absenteeism, and social anxiety. The extent to which these factors increase the work effort and functioning level and decrease the symptomology did not depend upon the level of exposure to the trauma and the individual's perception of organizational support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Employee Absenteeism, *Organizational Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Anxiety, *Victimization, Theft","Jones, Celeste Austin",2000.0,,,0,0,
2660,Post-combat syndromes from the boer war to the Gulf war: A cluster analysis of their nature and attribution,"Objectives: To discover whether post-combat syndromes have existed after modern wars and what relation they bear to each other. Design: Review of medical and military records of servicemen and cluster analysis of symptoms. Data sources: Records for 1856 veterans randomly selected from war pension files awarded from 1872 and from the Medical Assessment Programme for Gulf war veterans. Main outcome measures: Characteristic patterns of symptom clusters and their relation to dependent variables including war, diagnosis, predisposing physical illness, and exposure to combat; and servicemen's changing attributions for post-combat disorders. Results: Three varieties of post-combat disorder were identified - a debility syndrome (associated with the 19th and early 20th centuries), somatic syndrome (related primarily to the first world war), and a neuropsychiatric syndrome (associated with the second world war and the Gulf conflict). The era in which the war occurred was overwhelmingly the best predictor of cluster membership. Conclusions: All modern wars have been associated with a syndrome characterised by unexplained medical symptoms. The form that these assume, the terms used to describe them, and the explanations offered by servicemen and doctors seem to be influenced by advances in medical science, changes in the nature of warfare, and underlying cultural forces.","adult, article, cluster analysis, cultural factor, human, major clinical study, medical assessment, medical record, neuropsychiatry, oligophrenia, pension, physician, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal, risk factor, soldier, symptom","Jones, E., Hodgins-Vermaas, R., McCartney, H., Everitt, B., Beech, C., Poynter, D., Palmer, I., Hyams, K., Wessely, S.",2002.0,,,0,1,
2661,Flashbacks and post-traumatic stress disorder: The genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis,"It has been argued that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a timeless condition, which existed before it was codified in modern diagnostic classifications but was described by different names such as ""railway spine"" and ""shellshock."" Others have suggested that PTSD is a novel presentation that has resulted from a modern interaction between trauma and culture. This study tested whether 1 core symptom of PTSD, the flashback, has altered in prevalence over time in soldiers subjected to the intense stress of combat. Random selections were made of UK servicemen who had fought in wars from 1854 onward and who had been awarded war pensions for post-combat disorders. These were studied to evaluate the incidence of flashbacks in defined, at-risk populations. The incidence of flashbacks was significantly greater in the most recent cohort, veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War; flashbacks were conspicuous by their absence in ex-servicemen from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars. Although this study raises questions about changing interpretations of post-traumatic illness, it supports the hypothesis that some of the characteristics of PTSD are culture-bound. Earlier conflicts showed a greater emphasis on somatic symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Hallucinations, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnostic Typologies, *War","Jones, Edgar, Vermaas, Robert Hodgins, McCartney, Helen, Beech, Charlotte, Palmer, Ian, Hyams, Kenneth, Wessely, Simon",2003.0,,,0,0,
2662,Battle for the mind: World War 1 and the birth of military psychiatry,"The 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War 1 could be viewed as a tempting opportunity to acknowledge the origins of military psychiatry and the start of a journey from psychological ignorance to enlightenment. However, the psychiatric legacy of the war is ambiguous. During World War 1, a new disorder (shellshock) and a new treatment (forward psychiatry) were introduced, but the former should not be thought of as the first recognition of what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder and the latter did not offer the solution to the management of psychiatric casualties, as was subsequently claimed. For this Series paper, we researched contemporary publications, classified military reports, and casualty returns to reassess the conventional narrative about the effect of shellshock on psychiatric practice. We conclude that the expression of distress by soldiers was culturally mediated and that patients with postcombat syndromes presented with symptom clusters and causal interpretations that engaged the attention of doctors but also resonated with popular health concerns. Likewise, claims for the efficacy of forward psychiatry were inflated. The vigorous debates that arose in response to controversy about the nature of psychiatric disorders and the discussions about how these disorders should be managed remain relevant to the trauma experienced by military personnel who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan. The psychiatric history of World War 1 should be thought of as an opportunity for commemoration and in terms of its contemporary relevance - not as an opportunity for self-congratulation. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",,"Jones, E., Wessely, S.",2014.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61260-5,0,0,
2663,The post-accident syndrome: Variations in the clinical picture,"Three hundred and twenty-seven subjects involved in civil accident litigation and referred by solicitors for either plaintiff or defendant were examined. A precise psychiatric diagnosis was applicable in only a minority of subjects, although psychiatric symptoms, including pain, anxiety and depression, were prominent. Overall the clinical picture was an amorphous one. Cluster analysis was performed to examine a variety of clinical, demographic and historical variables. This showed four stable groups, which are here described as: stoic, depressive, phobic motor accident and prior claimants. It is suggested that the phenomenological approach taken here, paying particular attention to clinical sub-groups, may be a more useful route towards the understanding and treatment of post-accident psychiatric disturbance than is the existing but confused approach, in which motivation has been a prime focus of interest. The particular sub-groups demonstrated here, if replicated, could form the basis for such an approach.",,"Jones, I. H., Riley, W. T.",1987.0,,,0,0,
2664,Assessing adolescent mental health in war-affected societies: The significance of symptoms,"Objective: To compare the use of self-report symptom checklists with qualitative methods for assessing adolescent psychological well-being in a war-affected society. Method: A school-based sample of three hundred and thirty seven 13- to 15-year-olds from two communities on opposite sides of the Bosnian conflict (183 from Gorazde, 154 from Foca) completed the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. A gender balanced sub-sample of 40 adolescents was selected on the basis of their combined checklist scores, including equal numbers of high and low scorers from each side. Over the following 6 months this sub-sample was assessed (blind to checklist scores) with qualitative methods that included narrative interviews of child and parent, and participant observation. School marks were taken as a measure of social function. Results: Qualitative: Some children identified as 'less well' by qualitative methods denied having symptoms. Some children identified as 'well' had symptoms with no pathological significance for them. The lifeline revealed that feeling 'less well' could be more related to post-war circumstances than war events. Quantitative: The two symptom checklist items have shown good internal consistency and discriminant validity. However, comparison with the overall well being revealed that still in 9/40 of cases the reported presence or absence of symptoms did not correspond to the well being of the child. Items of the two questionnaires did not discriminate reliably between children identified as 'well' and 'less well' by other means. Conclusions: Self-report checklists may be useful as a public health measure to assess the prevalence of psychological distress in war affected areas, but they are not an adequate means of clinical screening. Checklists used in combination with other qualitative approaches make it possible to identify those in need and avoid unnecessary pathologizing. Copyright (copyright) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","adolescent, anxiety, article, controlled study, depression, discriminant analysis, distress syndrome, female, human, injury, interview, major clinical study, male, mental health, methodology, questionnaire, school child, self report, social interaction, war","Jones, L., Kafetsios, K.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2665,What explains post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK service personnel: Deployment or something else?,"Background: In previous studies an association between deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan and an overall increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in UK armed forces has not been found. The lack of a deployment effect might be explained by including, in the comparison group, personnel deployed on other operations or who have experienced traumatic stressors unrelated to deployment. Methods: The sample comprised 8261 regular UK armed forces personnel who deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan or other operational areas or were not deployed. Participants completed the PTSD Check-ListCivilian Version (PCL-C) and provided information about deployment history, demographic and service factors, serious accidents and childhood experiences. Results: Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan [odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-2.2] or elsewhere (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6-2.0) was unrelated to PTSD although holding a combat role was associated with PTSD if deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.9-3 9) Childhood adversity (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1-5.0), having left service (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.9^.0) and serious accident (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3 0) were associated with PTSD whereas higher rank was protective (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.12-0.76). Conclusions: For the majority of UK armed forces personnel, deployment whether to Iraq, Afghanistan or elsewhere confers no greater risk for PTSD than service in the armed forces per se but holding a combat role in those deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan is associated with PTSD. Vulnerability factors such as lower rank, childhood adversity and leaving service, and having had a serious accident, may be at least as important as holding a combat role in predicting PTSD in UK armed forces personnel. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Deployment, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Service Personnel, Trauma","Jones, M., Sundin, J., Goodwin, L., Hull, L., Fear, N. T., Wessely, S., Rona, R. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2666,Psychological impact of fire disaster on children and their parents,,,"Jones, R. T., Ribbe, D. P., Cunningham, P. B., Weddle, J. D., Langley, A. K.",2002.0,,10.1177/0145445502026002003,0,1,
2667,Toward needs profiles of shelter-based abused women: A latent class approach,"Shelter-based abused women report a variety of needs across different domains (e.g., housing, finances, relationships, health, safety, and empowerment). This diversity of needs underscores the necessity for different types of services. In the current study, the authors constructed profiles of Dutch shelter-based abused women (N = 218) based on their reported needs. Further, the authors compared their needs profiles with respect to sociodemographic and social-economic characteristics, abuse type, symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general life satisfaction, social support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and the attuning of the shelter services to the needs reported. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified four needs profiles: a High Needs class, a Practical Needs class, an Empowerment Needs class, and a Low Needs class. The classes differed with respect to migration, mental health, well-being variables, and the attuning of care needs. The results of this study underline the necessity for specifically tailored interventions for these four subgroups in women's shelters. © Society for the Psychology of Women 2012.","battered females, client characteristics, depression, intimate partner violence, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, shelters, well-being","Jonker, I. E., Sijbrandij, M., Wolf, J. R. L. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2668,Traumatic Stress Symptomatology After Child Maltreatment and Single Traumatic Events: Different Profiles,"The sequelae of child maltreatment tend to extend current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study examined this assumption, hypothesizing that (a) PTSD and trauma-related symptoms are more severe after single trauma than after child maltreatment; (b) symptoms unrelated to trauma are more severe after child maltreatment than after single trauma; and (c) a comorbid association of clinical PTSD with trauma-related symptoms is more prevalent after single trauma, whereas a comorbid association of clinical PTSD with trauma unrelated symptoms is more prevalent after child maltreatment. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) assessed PTSD and trauma-related symptoms in 256 children (83 children exposed to single trauma, 173 to child maltreatment). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) assessed trauma-unrelated symptoms. Single-trauma children reported significantly more severe PTSD and trauma-related symptoms. Significantly more severe trauma unrelated symptoms were reported after child maltreatment. A significant relation was found between clinical PTSD and more severe trauma-related symptoms in both samples. Likelihood of children meeting PTSD symptoms after trauma seems to decrease when traumatization becomes more complex. Findings support our assumption that symptomatology of maltreated children extends current PTSD symptoms. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Jonkman, C. S., Verlinden, E., Bolle, E. A., Boer, F., Lindauer, R. J. L.",2013.0,,,0,1,
2669,Psychophysiology of structural imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Discusses psychophysiological symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), noting that an approach to PTSD involving a brain model can account for the paradoxical nature of disconnections of cognitive and affective processing in response to severe stress. The structural-imagery approach to PTSD capitalizes on the natural capacity of the equilibrium and nonequilibrium seeking processes of the unconscious brain and conscious mind to overcome the functional disconnection syndromes associated with extreme stress. A case example of a male accident victim suffering from an acute post-traumatic stress reaction is presented. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Imagery, *Industrial Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychophysiology, *Psychotherapeutic Techniques, Case Report","Jordan, Charles S.",1984.0,,,0,0,
2670,Post traumatic stress disorder after acute myocardial infarction,"An acute myocardial infarction is an unexpected life threatening event (mortality = 50% within the first 28 days). Frequently the acute symptoms are so strong that the danger becomes obvious to the persons affected. Diagnostics and therapy start with the arriving of the ambulance. The progress of interventional cardiology leads to hospital treatment (angiography with following dilatation/bypass crafting and/or medical treatment) and rehabilitation, which is very effective. Persons affected have to cope with serious information (""information trauma"") and have to face death often for the first time in the life. An infarction as an emotionally threatening event has been discussed in the scientific literature from the beginning of our century. In the last years the question of posttraumatic stress disorder rises. The following paper gives a systematic review to this issue: About 11% of the patients develop a Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The psychotherapeutic implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Myocardial Infarctions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Jordan, Jocheri, Barde, Benjamin",2005.0,,,0,0,
2671,Assessment and Treatment of Children with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Millions of children each year are affected by traumatic events, ranging from a single trauma event to chronic (repeated) multiple trauma events. Children who experience traumatic events can present with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Therapists working with these children and/or their families should do a careful assessment of the child and the family. During the assessment process, the therapist needs to consider the following factors: resiliency, gender, development, family, and enviro-social. The assessment serves as a way to determine if the child is dealing with PTSD or other psychological problems. It also should serve as a springboard to guide the treatment process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychological Assessment, Treatment","Jordan, Karin",2003.0,,,0,0,
2672,Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: a cluster randomized controlled trial,"In situations of ongoing violence, childhood psychosocial and mental health problems require care. However, resources and evidence for adequate interventions are scarce for children in low- and middle-income countries. This study evaluated a school-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected, rural Nepal. A cluster randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate changes on a range of indicators, including psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder), psychological difficulties, resilience indicators (hope, prosocial behavior) and function impairment. Children (n = 325) (mean age = 12.7, SD = 1.04, range 11-14 years) with elevated psychosocial distress were allocated to a treatment or waitlist group. Comparisons of crude change scores showed significant between-group differences on several outcome indicators, with moderate effect sizes (Cohen d = .41 to .58). After correcting for nested variance within schools, no evidence for treatment effects was found on any outcome variable. Additional analyses showed gender effects for treatment on prosocial behavior (mean change difference: 2.70; 95% CI, .97 to 4.44), psychological difficulties (-2.19; 95% CI, -3.82 to -.56), and aggression (-4.42; 95% CI, -6.16 to -2.67). An age effect for treatment was found for hope (.90; 95% CI, -1.54 to -.26). A school-based psychosocial intervention demonstrated moderate short-term beneficial effects for improving social-behavioral and resilience indicators among subgroups of children exposed to armed conflict. The intervention reduced psychological difficulties and aggression among boys, increased prosocial behavior among girls, and increased hope for older children. The intervention did not result in reduction of psychiatric symptoms.","adaptive behavior, adolescent, anxiety disorder, article, child, civil disorder, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, coping behavior, developing country, female, group therapy, human, male, mental disease, multicenter study, multimodality cancer therapy, Nepal, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, randomized controlled trial, rural population, school health service, social behavior, socialization, violence","Jordans, M. J., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., Macy, R. D., de Jong, J. T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2673,Potential Treatment Mechanisms of Counseling for Children in Burundi: A Series of n=1 Studies,"Little is known about the impact and treatment processes of psychosocial counseling in low-income countries. This study aimed to generate hypotheses on key working mechanisms of counseling in Burundi. The authors carried out 11 empirically grounded n=1 studies with children (11-14years) screened for depression and anxiety who received counseling. The authors used quantitative (symptom scales) and qualitative instruments (treatment content and perceptions). Weekly measurements were taken preintervention (4 time points), during the intervention period (8-10 time points), and postintervention (4 time points). Five treatment mechanisms continua appeared associated with outcome trajectories: client centeredness, therapeutic alliance, active problem solving, trauma-focused exposure, and family involvement. Higher levels appeared associated with better outcomes. Contrarily, cases that demonstrated no change were characterized by a heavy focus on counselors' norms, containment and self-control, unstructured retelling and explicit avoidance, advice-oriented problem solving, and noninclusion of family members, respectively. The authors found a distinct clustering of outcome trends per therapist. The findings suggest that integrative counseling, which combines universal therapist variables with active use of specific therapeutic techniques and a systemic perspective, may be an adequate strategy to treat mental health symptoms of children in Burundi. © 2012 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Burundi, Children, Client-centered counseling, Counselor directedness, Integrative counseling, Posttraumatic stress, Psychosocial counseling, Treatment mechanisms","Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Smallegange, E., Ntamatumba, P., Tol, W. A., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2674,Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: A cluster randomized controlled trial,"Background: In situations of ongoing violence, childhood psychosocial and mental health problems require care. However, resources and evidence for adequate interventions are scarce for children in low- and middle-income countries. This study evaluated a school-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected, rural Nepal. Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate changes on a range of indicators, including psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder), psychological difficulties, resilience indicators (hope, prosocial behavior) and function impairment. Children (n = 325) (mean age = 12.7, SD = 1.04, range 11-14 years) with elevated psychosocial distress were allocated to a treatment or waitlist group. Results: Comparisons of crude change scores showed significant between-group differences on several outcome indicators, with moderate effect sizes (Cohen d =.41 to.58). After correcting for nested variance within schools, no evidence for treatment effects was found on any outcome variable. Additional analyses showed gender effects for treatment on prosocial behavior (mean change difference: 2.70; 95% CI,.97 to 4.44), psychological difficulties (-2.19; 95% CI, -3.82 to -.56), and aggression (-4.42; 95% CI, -6.16 to -2.67). An age effect for treatment was found for hope (.90; 95% CI, -1.54 to -.26). Conclusions: A school-based psychosocial intervention demonstrated moderate short-term beneficial effects for improving social-behavioral and resilience indicators among subgroups of children exposed to armed conflict. The intervention reduced psychological difficulties and aggression among boys, increased prosocial behavior among girls, and increased hope for older children. The intervention did not result in reduction of psychiatric symptoms. © 2010 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","Children, Efficacy, Psychosocial, War","Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., MacY, R. D., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,2672
2675,Treatment processes of counseling for children in south Sudan: A multiple n = 1 design,"Studies into treatment processes in low-income settings are grossly lacking, which contributes to the scarcity of evidence-based psychosocial treatment. We conducted multiple n = 1 studies, with quantitative outcome indicators (depression-, PTSD- and anxiety- symptoms, hope) and qualitative process indicators (treatment- perceptions, content and progress) measured before, during and after counseling. We aimed to explore commonalities in treatment processes associated with change profiles within and between cases. The study was conducted in South Sudan with children aged between 10 and 15 years. Change profiles were associated with the quality of the counselor-client relationship (instilling trust and hope through self-disclosure, supportive listening and advice giving), level of client activation, and the ability of the counselor to match treatment strategies to the client's problem presentation (trauma- and emotional processing, problem solving, cognitive strategies). With limited time, due to restricted resources in low-income settings, training courses can now be better focused on key treatment processes. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Children, Counseling, Single case, South Sudan, Treatment process","Jordans, M. J. D., Komproe, I. H., Tol, W. A., Nsereko, J., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2676,Mental Health Functioning in the Human Rights Field: Findings from an International Internet-Based Survey,"Human rights advocates play a critical role in promoting respect for human rights world-wide, and engage in a broad range of strategies, including documentation of rights violations, monitoring, press work and report-writing, advocacy, and litigation. However, little is known about the impact of human rights work on the mental health of human rights advocates. This study examined the mental health profile of human rights advocates and risk factors associated with their psychological functioning. 346 individuals currently or previously working in the field of human rights completed an internet-based survey regarding trauma exposure, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), resilience and occupational burnout. PTSD was measured with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and depression was measured with the Patient History Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). These findings revealed that among human rights advocates that completed the survey, 19.4% met criteria for PTSD, 18.8% met criteria for subthreshold PTSD, and 14.7% met criteria for depression. Multiple linear regressions revealed that after controlling for symptoms of depression, PTSD symptom severity was predicted by human rights-related trauma exposure, perfectionism and negative self-appraisals about human rights work. In addition, after controlling for symptoms of PTSD, depressive symptoms were predicted by perfectionism and lower levels of self-efficacy. Survey responses also suggested high levels of resilience: 43% of responders reported minimal symptoms of PTSD. Although survey responses suggest that many human rights workers are resilient, they also suggest that human rights work is associated with elevated rates of PTSD and depression. The field of human rights would benefit from further empirical research, as well as additional education and training programs in the workplace about enhancing resilience in the context of human rights work.",,"Joscelyne, A., Knuckey, S., Satterthwaite, M. L., Bryant, R. A., Li, M., Qian, M., Brown, A. D.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0145188,0,0,
2677,Smoking intensity and severity of specific symptom clusters in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Smoking prevalence among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is over 40%. Baseline data from the VA Cooperative Studies Program trial of integrated versus usual care for smoking cessation in veterans with PTSD (N = 863) were used in multivariate analyses of PTSD and depression severity, and 4 measures of smoking intensity: cigarettes per day (CPD), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), time to first cigarette, and expired carbon monoxide. Multivariate regression analysis showed the following significant associations: CPD with race (B = -7.16), age (B = 0.11), and emotional numbing (B =0 .16); FTND with race (B = -0.94), education (B = -0.34), emotional numbing (B = 0.04), significant distress (B = -0.12), and PHQ-9 (B = 0.04); time to first cigarette with education (B = 0.41), emotional numbing (B = -0.03), significant distress (B = 0.09), and PHQ-9 (B = -0.03); and expired carbon monoxide with race (B = -9.40). Findings suggest that among veterans with PTSD, White race and emotional numbing were most consistently related to increased smoking intensity and had more explanatory power than total PTSD symptom score. Results suggest specific PTSD symptom clusters are important to understanding smoking behavior in patients with PTSD. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Joseph, A. M., McFall, M., Saxon, A. J., Chow, B. K., Leskela, J., Dieperink, M. E., Carmody, T. P., Beckham, J. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2678,Psychometric evaluation of Horowitz's Impact of Event Scale: A review,,,"Joseph, S.",2000.0,,10.1023/A:1007777032063,0,0,
2679,Crisis support and psychiatric symptomatology in adult survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster,,,"Joseph, S., Andrews, B., Williams, R., Yule, W.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2680,Assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of adversity: Psychometric evaluation of the changes in outlook questionnaire,"The Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CiOQ; S. Joseph, R. Williams, & W. Yule, 1993) is a 26-item self-report measure that was designed to assess positive and negative changes in the aftermath of adversity. This article had 3 aims: 1st, to investigate the factor structure of the CiOQ; 2nd, to test for internal consistency reliability and convergent and discriminant validity; and, 3rd, to investigate the association between positive and negative changes in outlook, posttraumatic stress, and psychological distress. Three studies are reported. Study 1 provides evidence that positive and negative changes are statistically separable and that the 2-factor model is a better fit than the 1-factor model. Studies 2 and 3 provide evidence for internal consistency reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the CiOQ, and its associations with posttraumatic stress and psychological distress. In conclusion, the CiOQ has much promise for research on responses to stressful and traumatic events. Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association.","adult, aged, article, changes in outlook questionnaire, child abuse, discriminant analysis, distress syndrome, female, human, major clinical study, male, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychometry, questionnaire, reliability, validation process","Joseph, S., Andrews, L., Harris, G., Howle, B., Linley, P. A., Woodward, C., Shevlin, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2681,"Crisis support, attributional style, coping style, and post-traumatic symptoms",,,"Joseph, S., Williams, R., Yule, W.",1992.0,,10.1016/0191-8869(92)90262-N,0,0,
2682,Citalopram and anxiety disorders,"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective and safe in a range of different anxiety disorders. This review focuses on citalopram, the most selective of the available SSRIs, in anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder) as well as in anxiety-related conditions (obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, alcohol abuse, agitation associated with schizophrenia). An expanding body of evidence indicates that citalopram is not only effective and safe in the treatment of depression, but also useful in the treatment of generalized anxiety symptoms in a number of different conditions and populations. The therapeutic efficacy of citalopram in treating panic disorder has been known for at least a decade: in recent, double-blind studies this has been confirmed, and it has been shown that a dose of 20-30 mg/day is optimal. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) respond well to treatment with citalopram; the evidence from open-label, multicentre trials has recently found confirmation in a large, multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, with the superiority of citalopram over placebo being highly statistically significant at doses between 20 and 60 mg/day. Some patients with psychiatric disorders possibly closely related to OCD (termed OCD-spectrum disorders, and including trichotillomania, pica and olfactory reference syndrome), also appear, on current evidence, amenable to citalopram treatment. Citalopram has recently been found to be useful in the management of social phobia, with significant clinical improvement being seen at a median dose of 40 mg/day. Similarly, although there are few published accounts of citalopram use in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, significant improvement has been seen with this treatment in clinical practice. Analysis of pooled data from double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, involving almost 2000 patients, shows that citalopram treatment leads to a significant improvement of concomitant anxiety in depressed patients. Citalopram has been shown to be particularly useful in treating anxiety disorders in elderly patients, where it is one of the most preferred drugs because of its favourable adverse event and interaction profile, and in children. These findings, together with other reports of the efficacy of citalopram in the treatment of miscellaneous anxiety-related conditions (alcohol abuse, agitation associated with schizophrenia), lead to the conclusion that citalopram holds great promise for the safe and effective treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders.","alcohol, antihistaminic agent, benzodiazepine, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, buspirone, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, neuroleptic agent, serotonin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, age, alcoholism, anxiety neurosis, asthenia, clinical trial, constipation, depression, diarrhea, drug abuse, drug overdose, drug tolerability, extrapyramidal symptom, heart palpitation, human, mania, nausea, nonhuman, obsession, panic, phobia, pica, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, review, schizophrenia, seizure, social phobia, somnolence, suicide, tremor, trichotillomania, vertigo, visual impairment, vomiting","Joubert, A. F., Stein, D. J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2683,Fertility of lactating dairy cows administered recombinant bovine somatotropin during heat stress,"Administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) to lactating dairy cows during heat stress increases milk yield, but it also can increase body temperature and may therefore compromise fertility. However, it is possible that bST treatment could increase fertility during heat stress because it has been reported to increase fertility in lactating cows. In addition, bST increases secretion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI) that promotes embryo survival. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of bST on reproductive function in lactating dairy cows during heat stress. The experiment was conducted in southern Georgia from July to November 2005 using lactating Holstein cows (n = 276 for reproductive traits). For first service timed artificial insemination (TAI), cows were presynchronized with 2 injections of PGF 2α given 14 d apart followed by a modified Ovsynch protocol (GnRH and insemination at 72 h following PGF 2α. Pregnancy was diagnosed by using ultrasonography on d 29 and reconfirmed by palpation between d 45 and 80 post-TAI. Nonpregnant cows were resynchronized with the modified Ovsynch protocol and received a second TAI. Treatment with bST started 1 wk before the start of Ovsynch and continued at 2-wk intervals. Blood samples were collected from a subset of cows to determine IGF-I profiles immediately before the first bST injection, 1 wk later, and at d 35 of bST treatment. Rectal temperatures were assessed on d 29 of bST treatment. Pregnancy rates (d 45 to 80 post-TAI) did not differ between bST and control cows for first- (16.7 vs. 15.2%) or secondservice TAI (14.8 vs. 17.2%). Plasma concentrations of IGF-I and milk yield were greater for bST-treated cows following the initiation of bST treatment and bST increased rectal and vaginal temperatures. Body condition score was less for bST-treated cows. In conclusion, treatment with bST during heat stress increased IGFI concentrations, milk yield over time, and rectal and vaginal temperatures without affecting first- or second-service pregnancy rates. Thus, at least under certain housing conditions, bST can be used to improve milk yield during heat stress without compromising fertility. © American Dairy science Association, 2007.","Bovine somatotropin, Dairy cow, Fertility, Heat stress","Jousan, F. D., De Castro e Paula, L. A., Block, J., Hansen, P. J.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2684,Family Hardiness and Social Support as Predictors of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,"In this study we examined the influence of post-traumatic psychosocial variables on the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The referential framework of the study is based on the integration of the medical model of PTSD contained in the DSM classification system and McCubbin's systemic-orientated psychosocial model of family and social functioning. The research covered 120 subjects -- victims of the civil, religious and national conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s -- divided into two study groups of 60 as a target and a comparison group. All the subjects were Orthodox Serbs. The target group consisted of 60 subjects, patients from the Institute of Psychiatry of the Clinical Centre of Serbia in Belgrade with PTSD of war genesis according to the criteria of the DSM-III-R without previous psychiatric treatment. The comparison group consisted of 60 subjects who had been exposed to the effect of stress agents of catastrophic intensity of war genesis and who had previously not shown any psychiatric disorder or been treated psychiatrically. The research variables were gender, age, marital status, refugee status, war military service, Family Hardiness Index (FHI), Family Inventory of Life Events (FILE) and Social Support Index (SSI). In the equation of logistical regression low family hardiness (FHI), weaker social support (SSI) and positive marital status (on the border of statistical significance) were separated as significant predictors of PTSD. This study confirms the significance of post-traumatic environmental factors as predictors of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Family, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Social Support","Jovanovic, Aleksandar A., Aleksandric, Branimir V., Dunjic, Dusan, Todorovic, Vladimir S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2685,Developmental trajectories of differential fear conditioning in children at risk for PTSD,"Background: Development of anxiety disorders is associated with neurobiological changes in areas that are a critical part of the fear neurocircuitry. Fear conditioning paradigms offer insight into the mechanisms underlying the neurobiological ontogeny of anxiety. The objective of this study was to investigate fear responses in school-age children at risk for PTSD. Methods: We assessed fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and skin conductance responses (SCR) using a differential fear conditioning paradigm in children recruited from a highly traumatized population. The paradigm included a stimulus paired with an aversive airblast (danger signal) and a non-reinforced stimulus (safety signal). The children and their parents were interviewed to assess PTSD symptoms. Results: Children showed increased startle to the danger signal F(1 47)=9.09 p=.004, and significant discrimination between danger and safety, F(1 47)=9.41 p=.004. However, there was an interaction of age and anxiety on FPS to the safety signal, F(1 44)=5.54 p=.02. SCR discrimination improved with age, F(1 51)=4.22 p<.05, and SCR to the danger cue was correlated with PTSD symptoms after covarying for age (r=.39 p=.006). Conclusions: The results suggest that anxiety disrupts developmental trajectories of differential fear conditioning and reduces the ability to appropriately inhibit fear responses in the presence of safety signals. This deficit may increase vulnerability for PTSD in trauma-exposed children. The proposed method provides a laboratory paradigm that is well-tolerated in school-age children with trauma exposure, yet results in a robust measure of fear responses. Thus, it is a promising translational tool that can detect early biomarkers of anxiety and PTSD risk in children.","biological marker, fear, human, child, conditioning, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, society, risk, skin conductance, anxiety, safety, stimulus, injury, school, exposure, ontogeny, laboratory, parent, population, electrodermal response, anxiety disorder","Jovanovic, T., Cross, D., Gamwell, K., Nylocks, M., Norrholm, S. D., Bradley, B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2686,"Trajectories of Life Satisfaction After Traumatic Brain Injury: Influence of Life Roles, Age, Cognitive Disability, and Depressive Symptoms","Objectives: (a) Identify life satisfaction trajectories after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); (b) establish a predictive model for these trajectories across the first 5 years postinjury; and (c) describe differences in these life satisfaction trajectory groups, focusing on age, depressive symptoms, disability, and participation in specific life roles. Research Method: Analysis of the longitudinal TBI Model Systems National Database was performed on data collected prospectively at 1-, 2-, and 5-years post-TBI. Participants (n = 3,012) had a moderate to severe TBI and were 16 years old and older. Results: Four life satisfaction trajectories were identified across the first 5 years postinjury, including: stable satisfaction, initial satisfaction declining, initial dissatisfaction improving, and stable dissatisfaction. Age, depressive symptoms, cognitive disability, and life role participation as a worker, leisure participant, and/ or religious participant at 1-year postinjury significantly predicted trajectory group membership. Life role participation and depressive symptoms were strong predictors of life satisfaction trajectories across the first 5 years post-TBI. Conclusions: The previously documented loss of life roles and prevalence of depression after a moderate to severe TBI make this a vulnerable population for whom low or declining life satisfaction is a particularly high risk. Examining individual life role participation may help to identify relevant foci for community-based rehabilitation interventions or supports. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Brain injury, Depression, Life roles, Life satisfaction, Participation","Juengst, S. B., Bogner, J. A., ""ONeil-Pirozzi, T. M."", Hart, T., Bombardier, C. H., Adams, L. M., Arenth, P. M., Dreer, L. E., Bergquist, T. F., Dijkers, M. P., Wagner, A. K.",2015.0,,10.1037/rep0000056,0,0,
2687,Posttraumatic stress disorder and characteristics of comorbidity in war victims,"Aim: To investigate the characteristics of comorbidity in war victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV classification, and the effect of different stressors on comorbidity in study groups. Subjects and methods: The study included 624 patients with the diagnosis of PTSD. The method of random numbers was used to select 150 war prisoners (group I), 150 combat veterans (group 2), and 75 women refugees (group 3). Sociodemographic characteristics and data on psychiatric comorbidity were analyzed using the methods of descriptive statistics, (chi)2-test, discriminative analysis and regression analysis. Results: Diagnostic criteria for other diagnoses apart from PTSD were present in 85.3% of study subjects. The groups differed statistically significantly according to the presence of depressive disorder, dementia, alcoholism, and personality disorder. The diagnosis of depressive disorder was most important in the differentiation of the three groups on the first discriminative function. Depressive disorder and dementia were the most common comorbid diagnoses in the group of war prisoners; personality disorder, alcoholism and depressive disorder in combat veterans; and depressive disorder and somatization disorder in women refugees. Conclusion: The diagnosis of depressive disorder was the most important comorbid disorder in the differentiation of the three groups, followed by personality disorder and alcoholism. Our results confirmed the exposure to different stressors to influence comorbidity in the study groups.","adult, alcoholism, article, comorbidity, Croatia, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, discriminant analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental stress, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, refugee, regression analysis, somatization, statistical analysis, victim, war","Jukic, V., Kozumplik, O., Herceg, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2688,Posttraumatic stress disorder and characteristics of comorbidity in war victims,"Aim: To investigate the characteristics of comorbidity in war victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV classification, and the effect of different stressors on comorbidity in study groups. Subjects and methods: The study included 624 patients with the diagnosis of PTSD. The method of random numbers was used to select 150 war prisoners (group I), 150 combat veterans (group 2), and 75 women refugees (group 3). Sociodemographic characteristics and data on psychiatric comorbidity were analyzed using the methods of descriptive statistics, χ2-test, discriminative analysis and regression analysis. Results: Diagnostic criteria for other diagnoses apart from PTSD were present in 85.3% of study subjects. The groups differed statistically significantly according to the presence of depressive disorder, dementia, alcoholism, and personality disorder. The diagnosis of depressive disorder was most important in the differentiation of the three groups on the first discriminative function. Depressive disorder and dementia were the most common comorbid diagnoses in the group of war prisoners; personality disorder, alcoholism and depressive disorder in combat veterans; and depressive disorder and somatization disorder in women refugees. Conclusion: The diagnosis of depressive disorder was the most important comorbid disorder in the differentiation of the three groups, followed by personality disorder and alcoholism. Our results confirmed the exposure to different stressors to influence comorbidity in the study groups.","Alcoholism, Comorbidity, Depression, Personality disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Jukić, V., Kozumplik, O., Herceg, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,2687
2689,Stockholm syndrome and child sexual abuse,"This article, based on an analysis of unstructured interviews, identifies that the emotional bond between survivors of child sexual abuse and the people who perpetrated the abuse against them is similar to that of the powerful bi-directional relationship central to Stockholm Syndrome as described by Graham (1994). Aspects of Stockholm Syndrome could be identified in the responses of adult survivors of child sexual abuse, which appeared to impact on their ability to criminally report offenders. An emotional bond, which has enabled the sexual abuse of children, has served to protect the offender long after the abuse has ceased. The implications of Stockholm Syndrome could offer valuable insights to those working in the field of child sexual abuse. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Child sexual abuse, Disclosure, Recovery, Stockholm Syndrome","Jülich, S.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2690,Toward optimal early management after whiplash injury to lessen the rate of transition to chronicity,"Study Design. Expert debate and synthesis of research to inform future management approaches for acute whiplash disorders. Objective. To identify a research agenda toward improving outcomes for acute whiplash-injured individuals to lessen the incidence of transition to chronicity. Summary of Background Data. International figures are concordant, estimating that 50% of individuals recover from pain and disability within 3 to 6 months of a whiplash injury. The remainder report continuing symptoms up to 1 to 2 years or longer postinjury. As no management approach to date has improved recovery rates, new clinical/research directions are required for early management of whiplash-injured patients. Methods. A group of multidisciplinary researchers critically debated evidence and current research concerning whiplash from biological, psychological, and social perspectives toward informing future research directions for management of acute whiplash. Results. It was recognized that effective treatments for acute whiplash are constrained by a limited understanding of causes of whiplash-associated disorders. Acute whiplash presentations are heterogeneous leading to the proposal that a research priority was development of a triage system based on modifiable prognostic indicators and clinical features to better inform individualized early management decisions. Other priorities identified included researching effective early pain management for individuals presenting with moderate to high levels of pain; development of best education/information for acute whiplash; testing the efficacy of stratified and individualized rehabilitation, researching modes of delivery considering psychosocial modulators of pain and disability; and the timing, nature, and mode of delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Directions were highlighted for future biomechanical research into injury prevention. Conclusion. The burden of whiplash injuries, the high rate of transition to chronicity, and evidence of limited effects of current management on transition rates demand new directions in evaluation and management. Several directions have been proposed for future research, which reflect the potential multifaceted dimensions of an acute whiplash disorder. Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Acute whiplash, Cervical spine, Management","Jull, G. A., Söderlund, A., Stemper, B. D., Kenardy, J., Gross, A. R., Côté, P., Treleaven, J., Bogduk, N., Sterling, M., Curatolo, M.",2011.0,,10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182388449,0,0,
2691,Improvement of semen quality by nocturnal scrotal cooling and moderate behavioural change to reduce genital heat stress in men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia,"A questionnaire assessing factors that might cause an increase in scrotal temperature was completed by patients with reproducible oligoasthenoteratozoospermia of idiopathic nature or caused by varicocele. Evaluation by means of a grading scale revealed increased scrotal heat stress in oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients compared with normozoospermic men (P < 0.01). In addition, long-term determination of 24 h scrotal temperature profiles showed that compared with semen donors, oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients frequently had scrotal temperatures above 35.5°C despite the same environmental temperatures (P < 0.05). In 88% of cases, maximum scrotal temperatures were measured during rest or sleep phases, whereas minimum values were recorded during physical activity or frequent change of position. Nocturnal scrotal cooling by means of an air stream resulted in a decrease in scrotal temperature of approximately 1°C. Furthermore, a highly significant increase in sperm concentration (P < 0.0001) and total sperm output (P < 0.0001) was achieved after nocturnal scrotal cooling for 12 weeks together with a moderate decrease in factors leading to genital heat stress. A significant improvement in sperm motility (P < 0.05) and sperm morphology (P < 0.05) was also observed, but this improvement was markedly less pronounced than the changes in sperm concentration. This study shows the importance of genital heat stress as a cofactor in fertility impairment in men and indicates nocturnal scrotal cooling as a therapeutic option.",,"Jung, A., Eberl, M., Schill, W. B.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2692,Genital heat stress in men of barren couples: A prospective evaluation by means of a questionnaire,"Exposure to genital heat stress among men of barren couples was evaluated in a prospective study. Five hundred and forty-two consecutive patients referred for andrological examination were asked to complete a specific questionnaire at their first visit. For 449 patients who answered all questions, the individual score values could be calculated by scoring each answer with points. Patients with 'idiopathic' oligoasthenoteratozoospermia had significantly higher score values when compared with men showing normozoospermia (P < 0.01), 'symptomatic' oligoasthenoteratozoospermia as a result of defined andrological disorders (P < 0.01), cryptozoospermia (P < 0.01) or other pathological semen profiles (P < 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that patients with 'idiopathic' oligoasthenoteratozoospermia are more exposed to genital heat stress than normozoospermic men. Moreover, in patients with a varicocele impairment semen quality was associated with significantly higher score values compared with the subgroup of men with normal semen profiles (P < 0.05). In contrast, the score values did not significantly differ between equivalent subgroups of men with a history of a retractile testis. Our observations indicate that the questionnaire used in the present study allows an integrative assessment of genital heat stress, which is superior to single factor analysis. Notably, the group of men with 'idiopathic' oligoasthenoteratozoospermia showed the highest mean score values for 10 of the 18 questions compared with the other groups. Prolonged sitting in a vehicle represented the only single factor with significantly different score values in patients with 'idiopathic' oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and those with normozoospermia (P < 0.05).","Genital heat stress, Lifestyle factors, Scrotal temperature, Semen quality, Sitting posture, Varicocele","Jung, A., Schill, W. B., Schuppe, H. C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2693,An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling,,,"Jung, T., Wickrama, K. A. S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2694,Models for pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour analysis at unprotected mid-block crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions,"Pedestrian safety is an important aspect while crossing the road and it can be explained by pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour. The statistical models such as multiple linear regression (MLR) is often used to model linear relationships between dependent variable (viz., pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour) and independent variables, due to their ability to quantitatively predict the effect of various factors on the dependent variable. However such linear models cannot consider the effect of several variables on the output variable, due to primary assumptions of normality, linear, homoscedasticity and multicollinearity. In this regard, the non-linear models based on the artificial neural network (ANN), which are free from assumptions of linear models, can be easily employed for obtaining the effect of several input variables on the pedestrian accepted gap size. However, researchers have rarely applied ANN modelling technique for predicting the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour, as the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour depends on several pedestrian, traffic and vehicular characteristics. The ANN based models would be quite useful in establishing relationship between these factors on the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour at midblock crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions. In this direction, the present study adopts both MLR as well as ANN with different pedestrian, traffic and vehicular characteristics to assess the significant contributing factors for pedestrians' gap acceptance behaviour at unprotected mid-block crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions. For this purpose, a video graphic survey was conducted at a six lane divided road at unprotected mid-block crossing in Mumbai, India. The data such as pedestrian (gender and age), vehicular, traffic and pedestrian behavioural characteristics were extracted to model pedestrian accepted gaps. The model results show that pedestrian rolling behaviour has a significant effect on pedestrian accepted gap size. The model results concluded that ANN has a better prediction with possibility to consider the effect of more number of variables on the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour as compared to the MLR model under mixed traffic conditions. However, the quantification of significant contributing variables on pedestrian accepted gap size is easy by MLR model as compared to the ANN technique. So, both models have their own significant role in pedestrian gap acceptance analysis. The developed models may be useful to enhance the existing mid-block crosswalk facilities or planning new facilities by more accurate prediction of the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour considering the influence of various factors under mixed traffic conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Driving Behavior, *Pedestrians, *Safety, Models","Kadali, B. Raghuram, Vedagiri, P., Rathi, Nivedan",2015.0,,,0,0,
2695,A comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in American and Israeli war veterans,"Over 50% of people experience a traumatic event during their lifetimes (Del, Kevin, Scotti, & Chen, 2006). These traumas may include, rape, a car accident, diagnosis of a chronic illness or military combat (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004). The trauma may have no impact on the individual, a negative effect, known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or a positive effect, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). The research has shown that positive and negative responses to a trauma may co-exist (Tedeschi & Calhoun 1995). Extensive research has been conducted examining the negative impact war has on veterans (Elder & Clipp, 1989; Erbes, Dikel, & Eberly, 2006; Solomon & Mikulincer, 1987). However, little research has focused on the positive outcomes veterans may exhibit due to their war experience. The purpose of the current study was to determine if there were significant differences in PTSD and PTG between war veterans in the United States of America and Israel. The current study focused on differences between the value systems of the two cultures and the amount of perceived social support within the two cultures as possible variables contributing to the differences in PTSD and PTG. Additionally, the current study examined veteran type, age, sex, marital status, branch of military served, years of military experience and employment status as possible predictor variables in the experience of PTSD and PTG. A total of 137 war veterans (70 America and 67 Israeli) participated in this study. Each participant completed several self-report questionnaires. The following measures were included: a demographics questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military (PCL-M; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska & Keane, 1993), the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988), and the Schwartz Value Scale (SVS; Schwartz, 1992). It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in the cultural values exhibited between American war veterans and Israeli war veterans. Results supported this hypothesis. However, further analyses demonstrated that veteran type (American or Israeli) was not a significant predictor in the experience of PTSD or PTG. In addition, perceived social support did not mediate the relationships between veteran type and PTSD and veteran type and PTG. Additional findings provided evidence for the experience of PTG in Israel in the same five-factor model found in the United States. Results indicated that within this study younger veterans were more likely to report higher levels of PTSD than older veteran and veterans with more years of military service were more likely to report higher levels of PTSD than veterans with less years of military service. Further, results demonstrated that female veterans were more likely to report higher levels of PTG than male veterans and that married veterans were more likely to report higher levels of PTG than single veterans. Results indicated veterans from the Air Force were less likely to experience PTSD and PTG than veterans from the other branches of military. Implications, limitations and directions for future research were presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, *War, *Posttraumatic Growth","Kafko, Craig",2009.0,,,0,0,
2696,Late-life adaptation in the aftermath of extreme stress,,,"Kahana, B.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2697,Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample,"The current study used model-based cluster analyses to determine if there are 2 distinct variants of adolescents (ages 11-18) high on callous-unemotional (CU) traits that differ on their level of anxiety and history of trauma. The sample (n = 272) consisted of clinic-referred youths who were primarily African American (90%) and who came from low-income families. Consistent with hypotheses, 3 clusters emerged, including a group low on CU traits, as well as 2 groups high on CU traits that differed in their level of anxiety and past trauma. Consistent with past research on incarcerated adults and adolescents, the group high on anxiety (i.e., secondary variant) was more likely to have histories of abuse and had higher levels of impulsivity, externalizing behaviors, aggression, and behavioral activation. In contrast, the group low on anxiety (i.e., primary variant) scored lower on a measure of behavioral inhibition. On measures of impulsivity and externalizing behavior, the higher scores for the secondary cluster were found only for self-report measures, not on parent-report measures. Youths in the primary cluster also were perceived as less credible reporters than youths in the secondary cluster (i.e., secondary variant) or cluster low on CU traits. These reporter and credibility differences suggest that adolescents within the primary variant may underreport their level of behavioral disturbance, which has important assessment implications. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Adolescents, Aggression, Callous unemotional traits, Secondary psychopathy, Trauma","Kahn, R. E., Frick, P. J., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2698,Peritraumatic tonic immobility in a large representative sample of the general population: Association with posttraumatic stress disorder and female gender,"BACKGROUND: Tonic immobility is an involuntary response to inescapable life-threatening events. Peritraumatic tonic immobility has been reported in convenience samples of female victims of sexual assault and in mixed-gender victims of different types of trauma. This study evaluated peritraumatic tonic immobility in a representative general population sample and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and gender. METHODS: 3231 victims of traumatic events aged 15-75 years responded to the Tonic Immobility Scale. PTSD and traumatic events were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1). We calculated the means and the standard deviations of Tonic Immobility Scale scores stratified by PTSD and gender. The association between tonic immobility scores and gender was explored controlling for potential confounders through a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: Tonic immobility scores were more than double in those who met criteria for PTSD and were almost four points higher in women. Gender differences remained statistically significant even after adjustment for confounding variables. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional and retrospective design may have given rise to recall bias. Results presented here may not apply to small and medium rural areas and the CIDI 2.1 can lead to a certain degree of misclassification. CONCLUSIONS: We have expanded the scope of previous investigations on peritraumatic tonic immobility which were based on convenience samples only, showing its occurrence in victims of traumatic events using a large representative sample of the general population. Furthermore, we confirmed in an unbiased sample the association between peritraumatic tonic immobility and PTSD and female gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Kalaf, Juliana, Vilete, Liliane Maria Pereira, Volchan, Eliane, Fiszman, Adriana, Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire, Andreoli, Sergio Baxter, Quintana, Maria Ines, de Jesus Mari, Jair, Figueira, Ivan",2015.0,,,0,0,
2699,Explanatory models of post-traumatic stress disorder: the cognitive-behavioural approach,"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) constitutes one of the most usual reactions after an acute and life threatening stressful event, e.g., a natural disaster, a serious accident, etc. A lot of theories have tried to interpret the development of PTSD symptoms. In this review we are presenting the relevant cognitive-behavioural theories. Initially, Mowrer's well-known theory for the development of phobic disorders in two steps, as adapted for the PTSD, is being presented. Then, we describe the first cognitive theories that tried to generally interpret the development of PTSD without justifying each symptom. An emphasis is put on the theories developed by Horowitz regarding the stress response syndromes, and by Janoff-Bulman regarding the role of assumptive worlds and shattered assumptions. These theories attribute a great importance in the assimilation process of new data in already existing cognitive schemas and in the adaptation process of the existing schemas to new data. They also represent rather early approaches and they are based on social-cognitive, conditioning, information-processing and anxious apprehension models of PTSD. Then, we briefly refer to Hobfoll's reservation of resources theory, as well to the relevant psychobiological theories. Afterwards, we analyse the latest Ehlers and Clark's cognitive theory on PTSD. This theory is the first that tries to explain almost the whole array of traumatic symptoms. PTSD is conceived as the result of a sense of a very serious, constant and current threat. This sense of always-present threat is the product of specific cognitive appraisals, memory processes, and dysfunctional coping strategies. Finally, we present the Brewin, Dalgleish and Joseph's theory of double representation regarding verbally and situationally accessible memories (VAM vs. SAM). These theories, as well as other recent ones, try through complex paths and approaches to interpret sufficiently almost every symptom that is developed in the frame of PTSD. The purpose of this review is to present the ways that recently gained knowledge and findings coming from the fields of Psychology of Learning and Cognitive Psychology are being incorporated into the cognitive-behavioral theory. This is becoming increasingly interesting, since therapy methods stemming from cognitive-behavioral theory has proven to be a safe and most effective treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Phobias, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Theories","Kalantzi-Azizi, A., Karademas, E. Ch",2005.0,,,0,0,
2700,Alcohol use biomarkers predicting cognitive performance: A secondary analysis in veterans with alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: We conducted a secondary analysis of baseline data from a recently completed pharmacological pilot clinical trial among 30 veterans with alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This trial included baseline measures of alcohol use biomarkers, both indirect (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, GGT [-glutamyltransferase], mean corpuscular volume, AST [aspartate aminotransferase], alanine aminotransferase) and direct (ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate), as well as neurocognitive measures (Trail Making Test parts A and B, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, Delay Discounting Task). Methods: Two regression models were estimated and tested for each neurocognitive measure (dependent measure). The first model included the alcohol use biomarker alone as the predictor. The second model included the alcohol use biomarker along with the following 3 additional predictors: Beck Depression Inventory, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, and receiving medications. Results: In both models, the indirect biomarkers, such as GGT and AST, significantly predicted performance on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised %Retention. GGT alone significantly predicted performance on the Trail Making Test part A. Conclusions: Indirect alcohol use biomarkers may have a specific role in identifying those veterans with alcohol dependence and PTSD who have impaired cognitive performance. However, direct alcohol use biomarkers may not share such a role. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Biological Markers, Cognitive Ability","Kalapatapu, Raj K., Delucchi, Kevin L., Lasher, Brooke A., Vinogradov, Sophia, Batki, Steven L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2701,"Blood pressure in firefighters, police officers, and other emergency responders","Elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increased risk begins in the prehypertensive range and increases further with higher pressures. The strenuous duties of emergency responders (firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical services (EMS) personnel) can interact with their personal risk profiles, including elevated blood pressure, to precipitate acute cardiovascular events. Approximately three-quarters of emergency responders have prehypertension or hypertension, a proportion which is expected to increase, based on the obesity epidemic. Elevated blood pressure is also inadequately controlled in these professionals and strongly linked to cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Notably, the majority of incident cardiovascular disease events occur in responders who are initially prehypertensive or only mildly hypertensive and whose average premorbid blood pressures are in the range in which many physicians would hesitate to prescribe medications (140-146/88-92). Laws mandating public benefits for emergency responders with cardiovascular disease provide an additional rationale for aggressively controlling their blood pressure. This review provides a background on emergency responders, summarizes occupational risk factors for hypertension and the metabolic syndrome, their prevalence of elevated blood pressure, and evidence linking hypertension with adverse outcomes in these professions. Next, discrepancies between relatively outdated medical standards for emergency responders and current, evidence-based guidelines for blood pressure management in the general public are highlighted. Finally, a workplace-oriented approach for blood pressure control among emergency responders is proposed, based on the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. © 2009 American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.",,"Kales, S. N., Tsismenakis, A. J., Zhang, C., Soteriades, E. S.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2702,"Evaluation of peripheral versus central effects of GABAB receptor activation using a novel, positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor ADX71943, a pharmacological tool compound with a fully peripheral activity profile","Background and Purpose: The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, has shown promising effects in patients suffering from pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, overactive bladder and gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, baclofen's short duration of action and side effects limit its wider use. Here we characterized a novel, GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) ADX71943. Experimental Approach: In vitro, ADX71943 was assessed for pharmacological activity and selectivity using recombinant and native GABAB receptors. In vivoADX71943 was assessed in the acetic acid-induced writhing (AAW) test in mice and formalin tests (FTs) in mice and rats. Marble burying (MB) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests, rotarod, spontaneous locomotor activity (sLMA) and body temperature (BT) tests in mice and rats were used to investigate centrally-mediated effects. Key Results: In vitro, in the presence of GABA, ADX71943 increased the potency and efficacy of agonists and showed selectivity at the GABAB receptor. ADX71943 reduced pain-associated behaviours in AAW; an effect blocked by GABAB receptor antagonist CGP63360. ADX71943 reduced pain in the FT in mice and rats, but was inactive in the MB and EPM despite reaching high concentrations in plasma. ADX71943 had no effect on BT, rotarod and sLMA. Conclusions and Implications: ADX71943 showed consistent and target-related efficacy in tests of disorders that have a significant peripheral component (acute and chronic pain), while having no effect in those associated with centrally-mediated anxiety-like reactivity and side effects. Thus, ADX71943 is a useful pharmacological tool for delineation of peripherally- versus centrally-mediated effects of GABAB receptor activation.",,"Kalinichev, M., Donovan-Rodriguez, T., Girard, F., Riguet, E., Rouillier, M., Bournique, B., Haddouk, H., Mutel, V., Poli, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2703,"Evaluation of peripheral versus central effects of GABAB receptor activation using a novel, positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor ADX71943, a pharmacological tool compound with a fully peripheral activity profile","BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, has shown promising effects in patients suffering from pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, overactive bladder and gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, baclofens short duration of action and side effects limit its wider use. Here we characterized a novel, GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) ADX71943. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro, ADX71943 was assessed for pharmacological activity and selectivity using recombinant and native GABAB receptors. In vivo ADX71943 was assessed in the acetic acid-induced writhing (AAW) test in mice and formalin tests (FTs) in mice and rats. Marble burying (MB) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests, rotarod, spontaneous locomotor activity (sLMA) and body temperature (BT) tests in mice and rats were used to investigate centrally-mediated effects. KEY RESULTS In vitro, in the presence of GABA, ADX71943 increased the potency and efficacy of agonists and showed selectivity at the ABAB receptor. ADX71943 reduced pain-associated behaviours in AAW; an effect blocked by GABAB receptor antagonist CGP63360. ADX71943 reduced pain in the FT in mice and rats, but was inactive in the MB and EPM despite reaching high concentrations in plasma. ADX71943 had no effect on BT, rotarod and sLMA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ADX71943 showed consistent and target-related efficacy in tests of disorders that have a significant peripheral component (acute and chronic pain), while having no effect in those associated with centrally-mediated anxiety-like reactivity and side effects. Thus, ADX71943 is a useful pharmacological tool for delineation of peripherally- versus centrally-mediated effects of GABAB receptor activation.",,"Kalinichev, M., Donovan-Rodriguez, T., Girard, F., Riguet, E., Rouillier, M., Bournique, B., Haddouk, H., Mutel, V., Poli, S., Lundbeck, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,2702
2704,"ADX71743, a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7: in vitro and in vivo characterization","Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu(7)) has been suggested to be a promising novel target for treatment of a range of disorders, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. Here we characterized a potent and selective mGlu(7) negative allosteric modulator (NAM) (+)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-ethyl-6,7-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazol-4(5H)-one (ADX71743). In vitro, Schild plot analysis and reversibility tests at the target confirmed the NAM properties of the compound and attenuation of L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid-induced synaptic depression confirmed activity at the native receptor. The pharmacokinetic analysis of ADX71743 in mice and rats revealed that it is bioavailable after s.c. administration and is brain penetrant (cerebrospinal fluid concentration/total plasma concentration ratio at C(max) = 5.3%). In vivo, ADX71743 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg, s.c.) caused no impairment of locomotor activity in rats and mice or activity on rotarod in mice. ADX71743 had an anxiolytic-like profile in the marble burying and elevated plus maze tests, dose-dependently reducing the number of buried marbles and increasing open arm exploration, respectively. Whereas ADX71743 caused a small reduction in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice, it was inactive in the mouse 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine-induced head twitch and the rat conditioned avoidance response tests. In addition, the compound was inactive in the mouse forced swim test. These data suggest that ADX71743 is a suitable compound to help unravel the physiologic role of mGlu(7) and to better understand its implication in central nervous system diseases. Our in vivo tests using ADX71743, reported here, suggest that pharmacological inhibition of mGlu(7) is a valid approach for developing novel pharmacotherapies to treat anxiety disorders, but may not be suitable for treatment of depression or psychosis.","Allosteric Regulation, Amphetamine/pharmacology, Animals, Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy/metabolism, Behavior, Animal/*drug effects, Cell Line, Chromosome Pairing/drug effects, Depressive Disorder/drug therapy/metabolism, Female, HEK293 Cells, Hippocampus/drug effects/metabolism, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Motor Activity/drug effects, Oxazolone/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology, Protein Binding/drug effects, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/*metabolism, Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology","Kalinichev, M., Rouillier, M., Girard, F., Royer-Urios, I., Bournique, B., Finn, T., Charvin, D., Campo, B., Le Poul, E., Mutel, V., Poli, S., Neale, S. A., Salt, T. E., Lutjens, R.",2013.0,Mar,10.1124/jpet.112.200915,0,0,
2705,"ADX71743, a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7: In vitro and in vivo characterization","Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) has been suggested to be a promising novel target for treatment of a range of disorders, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. Here we characterized a potent and selective mGlu7 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) (1)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-ethyl-6,7- dihydrobenzo[d]oxazol- 4(5H)-one (ADX71743). In vitro, Schild plot analysis and reversibility tests at the target confirmed the NAM properties of the compound and attenuation of L-(1)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid-induced synaptic depression confirmed activity at the native receptor. The pharmacokinetic analysis of ADX71743 in mice and rats revealed that it is bioavailable after s.c. administration and is brain penetrant (cerebrospinal fluid concentration/ total plasma concentration ratio at Cmax 5 5.3%). In vivo, ADX71743 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg, s.c.) caused no impairment of locomotor activity in rats and mice or activity on rotarod in mice. ADX71743 had an anxiolytic-like profile in the marble burying and elevated plus maze tests, dose-dependently reducing the number of buried marbles and increasing open arm exploration, respectively. Whereas ADX71743 caused a small reduction in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice, it was inactive in the mouse 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine- induced head twitch and the rat conditioned avoidance response tests. In addition, the compound was inactive in the mouse forced swim test. These data suggest that ADX71743 is a suitable compound to help unravel the physiologic role of mGlu7 and to better understand its implication in central nervous system diseases. Our in vivo tests using ADX71743, reported here, suggest that pharmacological inhibition of mGlu7 is a valid approach for developing novel pharmacotherapies to treat anxiety disorders, but may not be suitable for treatment of depression or psychosis. (copyright) 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.","2 amino 4 phosphonobutyric acid, 4 iodo 2,5 dimethoxyamphetamine, adx 71743, amphetamine, anxiolytic agent, metabotropic receptor 7, unclassified drug, animal cell, animal experiment, animal model, article, avoidance behavior, brain electrophysiology, controlled study, dose response, drug bioavailability, drug blood level, drug cerebrospinal fluid level, drug dose comparison, drug half life, drug mechanism, drug potency, exploratory behavior, female, forced swim test, head twitch, hippocampus, human, human cell, hyperactivity, in vitro study, in vivo study, locomotion, male, maximum plasma concentration, maze test, mouse, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, time to maximum plasma concentration","Kalinichev, M., Rouillier, M., Girard, F., Royer-Urios, I., Bournique, B., Finn, T., Charvin, D., Campo, B., Poul, E. L., Mutel, V., Poli, S., Neale, S. A., Salt, T. E., Lutjens, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,2704
2706,"ADX71743, a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7: In vitro and in vivo characterization","Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) has been suggested to be a promising novel target for treatment of a range of disorders, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. Here we characterized a potent and selective mGlu7 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) (1)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2-ethyl-6,7- dihydrobenzo[d]oxazol- 4(5H)-one (ADX71743). In vitro, Schild plot analysis and reversibility tests at the target confirmed the NAM properties of the compound and attenuation of L-(1)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid-induced synaptic depression confirmed activity at the native receptor. The pharmacokinetic analysis of ADX71743 in mice and rats revealed that it is bioavailable after s.c. administration and is brain penetrant (cerebrospinal fluid concentration/ total plasma concentration ratio at Cmax 5 5.3%). In vivo, ADX71743 (50, 100, 150 mg/kg, s.c.) caused no impairment of locomotor activity in rats and mice or activity on rotarod in mice. ADX71743 had an anxiolytic-like profile in the marble burying and elevated plus maze tests, dose-dependently reducing the number of buried marbles and increasing open arm exploration, respectively. Whereas ADX71743 caused a small reduction in amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice, it was inactive in the mouse 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine- induced head twitch and the rat conditioned avoidance response tests. In addition, the compound was inactive in the mouse forced swim test. These data suggest that ADX71743 is a suitable compound to help unravel the physiologic role of mGlu7 and to better understand its implication in central nervous system diseases. Our in vivo tests using ADX71743, reported here, suggest that pharmacological inhibition of mGlu7 is a valid approach for developing novel pharmacotherapies to treat anxiety disorders, but may not be suitable for treatment of depression or psychosis. © 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.",,"Kalinichev, M., Rouillier, M., Girard, F., Royer-Urios, I., Bournique, B., Finn, T., Charvin, D., Campo, B., Poul, E. L., Mutel, V., Poli, S., Neale, S. A., Salt, T. E., Lütjens, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,2704
2707,Duties of a psychiatric-neurological consultation/liaison service in a prison setting,"Demonstrated are standards for diagnostic and therapeutic competence deriving from the duties of a psychiatric-neurological consultation/liaison service maintained in a German prison over a 4-year period. Homogeneous age distribution (32.5 ± 4.4 years) and the lower social status of the patients characterized the mental disorders observed in the male multinational group of patients investigated (n = 170). These included schizophrenic, affective, neurotic and psychosocial stress disorders: alcohol and drug dependence and specific personality disorders. Besides tendencies towards dissimulation, culture-bound differences in symptomatology, the phenomenon of malingering and the reluctance of prisoners, by reason of their status as such, to divulge personal information on relevant aspects of personal identity were factors complicating the diagnostic process. Epileptic syndromes and lesions of the peripheral nervous system dominated the profile of neurological diseases, mandating experience in all established technical examination procedures of neurology. Therapeutic competence in psychiatry and neurology has to satisfy not only the diversity of the manifest diseases and disorders, calling for cooperation with various medical specialists and hospitals, it must also recognize particularly the limitations of therapy in a prison setting (e.g. observation of suicidal patients). Confidentiality and transparency of medical behavior are absolute variables in the treatment of prisoners that can be rather easily realized in a consultation/liaison service.","Consultation/liaison service, Prison, Psychiatric-neurological diagnostic spectrum, Therapeutic competence","Kallert, T. W.",1996.0,,,0,0,
2708,Trauma and bereavement: Examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths,,,"Kaltman, S., Bonanno, G. A.",2003.0,,10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00184-6,0,0,
2709,Role of GABA in anxiety and depression,"This review assesses the parallel data on the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in depression and anxiety. We review historical and new data from both animal and human experimentation which have helped define the key role for this transmitter in both these mental pathologies. By exploring the overtop in these conditions in terms of GABAergic neurochemistry, neurogenetics, brain circuitry, and pharmacology, we develop a theory that the two conditions are intrinsically interrelated. The role of GABAergic agents in demonstrating this interrelationship and in pointing the way to future research is discussed.","3alpha hydroxy 5alpha pregnan 20 one, 4 amino 3 phenylbutyric acid, 4 aminobutyric acid, 4 aminobutyric acid receptor, adinazolam, alcohol, alprazolam, aminooxyacetic acid, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, baclofen, benzodiazepine derivative, carbamazepine, diazepam, gabapentin, muscimol, neurotransmitter, oxcarbazepine, pentobarbital, progabide, progesterone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tiagabine, valproic acid, vigabatrin, amygdaloid nucleus, anxiety disorder, brain region, depression, disease model, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug potentiation, experimentation, GABAergic system, GABAergic transmission, gene cluster, gene expression, gene mapping, genetic analysis, genetic polymorphism, hippocampus, human, hypothalamus, mental disease, mental stress, mesencephalon, metabolism, molecular mechanics, neurobiology, neurochemistry, neuroimaging, nonhuman, pathogenesis, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, quantitative trait locus, regulatory mechanism, review, theoretical study","Kalueff, A. V., Nutt, D. J.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2710,Features of a short stay service facility for the severely motor and intellectually disabled persons in relation to the Niigata Chuetsu Prefecture earthquake in 2004,"Twenty-four handicapped victims of the Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake have used our ""short-stay-service"" . We have summarized the characteristics of this utilization. Two prominent patterns were noted : 1) The mean duration of the stays was clearly longer when compared to ordinary service, and correlated with the proximity of the victims to the focus of the earthquake, and 2) victims living near the epicenter took longer to start utilizing the short-stay service. The Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake has destroyed roads and highways at over 200 locations, preventing transportation, isolating the seismic center, and resulting in delayed rescue of the handicapped victims and their admittance to the institution. More of the 24 victims were from the severest region (on 7 of the Japanese seismic intensity scale) than from the violent region (scale 6). Unfortunately, the social and administrative network for supporting and protecting severely motor and intellectually disabled persons is still at an embryonic stages. Based of this experience, we propose the building and organization of a functional network for the disabled.",,"Kameda, K., Izumi, R., Konishi, T., Yamatani, M., Yamada, K. I.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2711,The HPA axis and perinatal depression: A hypothesis,"Episodes of depression and anxiety are as common during pregnancy as postpartum. Some start in pregnancy and resolve postpartum, others are triggered by parturition and some are maintained throughout. In order to determine any biological basis it is important to delineate these different subtypes. During pregnancy, as well as the rise in plasma oestrogen and progesterone there is a very large increase in plasma corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and an increase in cortisol. The latter reaches levels found in Cushing's syndrome and major melancholic depression. Levels of all these hormones drop rapidly on parturition. We here suggest that the symptoms of antenatal and postnatal depression may be different, and linked in part with differences in the function of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. There are two subtypes of major depression, melancholic and atypical, with some differences in symptom profile, and these subtypes are associated with opposite changes in the HPA axis. Antenatal depression may be more melancholic and associated with the raised cortisol of pregnancy, whereas postnatal depression may be more atypical, triggered by cortisol withdrawal and associated with reduced cortisol levels. There is evidence that after delivery some women experience mild bipolar II depression, and others experience post traumatic stress disorder. Both of these are associated with atypical depression. It may also be that some women are genetically predisposed to depression of the melancholic type and some to depression of the atypical type. These women may be more or less vulnerable to depression at the different stages of the perinatal period. (copyright) Springer-Verlag 2006.","antalarmin, argipressin, corticotropin, corticotropin releasing factor, corticotropin releasing factor antagonist, dexamethasone, estradiol, glucocorticoid receptor, hydrocortisone, mineralocorticoid receptor, prednisone, progesterone, serotonin, adult, anxiety, article, childbirth, clinical article, controlled study, depression, dexamethasone suppression test, disease predisposition, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, female, genetic polymorphism, genetic predisposition, human, hydrocortisone blood level, hypothalamus hypophysis system, major depression, melancholia, mental disease, mood disorder, nonhuman, perinatal period, pregnancy, prenatal period, priority journal, puerperal depression, scoring system, serotoninergic system, symptomatology","Kammerer, M., Taylor, A., Glover, V.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2712,Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: A systematic review and meta-analysis,,,"Kamper, S. J., Rebbeck, T. J., Maher, C. G., McAuley, J. H., Sterling, M.",2008.0,,10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.019,0,0,
2713,Rorschach correlates of sexual abuse: Trauma content and aggression indexes,"This study compared Rorschach records of nondissociative outpatients with histories of (a) definite sexual abuse (n = 22), (b) suspected but unconfirmed sexual abuse (n = 13), or (c) no sexual abuse (n = 43) on selected variables hypothesized to be associated with sexual abuse. As predicted, clients with definite sexual abuse scored significantly higher than clients known not to be sexually abused on Armstrong and Loewenstein's (1990) Trauma Content index (TC/R), with an effect size greater than 1 SD. Contrary to prediction, there was no significant difference in the frequency of their Aggressive Past (AgPast; Gacono and Meloy, 1994) scores. AgPast scores, however, did positively correlate with sexual abuse that was violent or sadistic. As a test of discriminant validity, we hypothesized that 2 Rorschach variables (PER and Sc) would be unrelated to sexual abuse. This was supported by our data. Although TC/R was strongly associated with the presence and severity of sexual abuse, it could not discriminate sexually abused from nonsexually abused clients with great accuracy. The TC/R score is 1 factor among many that can be used to assess the validity of clients' claims of past sexual abuse.","adult, aggression, article, controlled study, discriminant analysis, disease association, female, human, hysteria, major clinical study, male, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, sadism, scoring system, sexual abuse, violence","Kamphuis, J. H., Kugeares, S. L., Finn, S. E.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2714,"Tasco®, a product of Ascophyllum nodosum, imparts thermal stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans","Tasco®, a commercial product manufactured from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, has been shown to impart thermal stress tolerance in animals. We investigated the physiological, biochemical and molecular bases of this induced thermal stress tolerance using the invertebrate animal model, Caenorhabiditis elegans. Tasco® water extract (TWE) at 300 μg/mL significantly enhanced thermal stress tolerance as well as extended the life span of C. elegans. The mean survival rate of the model animals under thermal stress (35°C) treated with 300 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL TWE, respectively, was 68% and 71% higher than the control animals. However, the TWE treatments did not affect the nematode body length, fertility or the cellular localization of daf-16. On the contrary, TWE under thermal stress significantly increased the pharyngeal pumping rate in treated animals compared to the control. Treatment with TWE also showed differential protein expression profiles over control following 2D gel-electrophoresis analysis. Furthermore, TWE significantly altered the expression of at least 40 proteins under thermal stress; among these proteins 34 were up-regulated while six were down-regulated. Mass spectroscopy analysis of the proteins altered by TWE treatment revealed that these proteins were related to heat stress tolerance, energy metabolism and a muscle structure related protein. Among them heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, saposin-like proteins 20, myosin regulatory light chain 1, cytochrome c oxidase RAS-like, GTP-binding protein RHO A, OS were significantly up-regulated, while eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 OS, 60S ribosomal protein L18 OS, peroxiredoxin protein 2 were down regulated by TWE treatment. These results were further validated by gene expression and reporter gene expression analyses. Overall results indicate that the water soluble components of Tasco® imparted thermal stress tolerance in the C. elegans by altering stress related biochemical pathways. © 2011 by the authors.","Ascophyllum nodosum, Caenorhabiditis elegans, Gene expression, Longevity, Proteomics, Stress, Tasco®, Thermo tolerance","Kandasamy, S., Fan, D., Sangha, J. S., Khan, W., Evans, F., Critchley, A. T., Prithiviraj, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2715,Regular drinking may strengthen the beneficial influence of social support on depression: Findings from a representative Israeli sample during a period of war and terrorism,"Background: Social support is consistently associated with reduced risk of depression. Few studies have investigated how this relationship may be modified by alcohol use, the effects of which may be particularly relevant in traumatized populations in which rates of alcohol use are known to be high. Methods: In 2008 a representative sample of 1622 Jewish and Palestinian citizens in Israel were interviewed by phone at two time points during a period of ongoing terrorism and war threat. Two multivariable mixed effects regression models were estimated to measure the longitudinal association of social support from family and friends on depression symptoms. Three-way interaction terms between social support, alcohol use and time were entered into the models to test for effect modification. Results: Findings indicated that increased family social support was associated with less depression symptomatology (p= <.01); this relationship was modified by alcohol use and time (p= <.01). Social support from friends was also associated with fewer depression symptoms (p= <.01) and this relationship was modified by alcohol use and time as well (p= <.01). Stratified analyses in both models revealed that the effect of social support was stronger for those who drank alcohol regularly than those who did not drink or drank rarely. Conclusions: These findings suggest that social support is a more important protective factor for depression among regular drinkers than among those who do not drink or drink rarely in the context of political violence. Additional research is warranted to determine whether these findings are stable in other populations and settings. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Alcohol use, Depression, Political violence, Prolonged conflict, PTSD, Social support","Kane, J. C., Rapaport, C., Zalta, A. K., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.014,0,0,
2716,An examination of a two-factor model of rumination and its impact on the relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Research indicates that over half the US population will experience a trauma at some point during their lifetime (Kessler et al., 1995). Following traumatic events, individuals frequently experience a range of intrusion, avoidance, and arousal symptoms that fall on a continuum and can occur with such frequency and intensity that they meet the criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; American Psychiatric Association, 2001). However, though many people experience traumas, only a small percentage develop PTSD. Research shows that many trauma survivors actually report benefit finding, or posttraumatic growth, after trauma. Currently, there is no clear understanding of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth. The current study hypothesized that two very different types of cognitive processing - reflection and brooding - would moderate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, with reflection strengthening the relationship (making it more positive), and brooding weakening the relationship. 270 University undergraduate students completed self-report questionnaires asking about their trauma history, PTSD symptoms, their use of reflection and brooding, and their perceptions of posttraumatic growth. Although reflection and brooding both moderated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, both had the same antagonistic effects, switching the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth from positive to negative. The current study concludes that: (1) Future studies should investigate the role of third variables in attempting to understand the relationship between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth; (2) Cognitive processing variables appear to be excellent sources of information in this relationship; (3) Brooding and reflection may represent one way to investigate distinctions between adaptive and maladaptive forms of cognitive processing after trauma, if measurement tools are improved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rumination (Cognitive Process), *Posttraumatic Growth, Stress, Survivors","Kane, Jennifer Q.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2717,Mental health care needs among recent war veterans,,,"Kang, H. K., Hyams, K. C.",2005.0,,10.1056/NEJMp058024,0,0,
2718,Is it time to act? the potential of acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological problems following acquired brain injury,,,"Kangas, M., McDonald, S.",2011.0,,10.1080/09602011.2010.540920,0,0,
2719,Longitudinal linkages between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms: Sequential roles of social causation and social selection,,,"Kaniasty, K., Norris, F. H.",2008.0,,10.1002/jts.20334,0,0,
2720,Personality and trauma: Adult attachment and posttraumatic distress among former political prisoners,"Attachment patterns are especially salient in facing danger and threats to one's life. Earlier research has suggested that secure persons are protected and insecure persons vulnerable in conditions of traumatic stress. We argued that the general view may not apply to the complex person-trauma interaction that is characteristic to torture and ill-treatment. Rather, as Crittenden maintains, each attachment pattern involves a unique strategy that is the most adaptive solution, depending on the nature of the trauma. We hypothesized that the general view of the secure attachment pattern being protective, and the insecure patterns being unprotective, would apply when political prisoners are exposed to physical torture and ill-treatment. Whereas, when exposed to psychological torture involving interpersonal cruelty, securely attached persons would be more vulnerable than insecure. The hypotheses were examined among 176 Palestinian male former political prisoners living in the Gaza Strip. Their mental health was assessed by posttraumatic (PTSD) and somatic symptoms, and adult attachment patterns by an applied AAI-method. The results confirmed that among insecure (both dismissing and preoccupied) men, the exposure to a high level of physical torture and ill-treatment was associated with increased levels of PTSD and somatic symptoms. On the other hand, exposure to psychological torture and ill-treatment was associated with an increased level of somatic symptoms among secure-autonomous, but not insecure, persons. The secure and insecure victims thus differed in their strengths and vulnerabilities depending on whether the torture was psychological and interpersonal or physical in nature. Both personality and the meaning of the trauma should thus be considered when helping victims of human rights abuse.",,"Kanninen, K., Punamäki, R. L., Qouta, S.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2721,Attachment patterns and working alliance in trauma therapy for victims of political violence,"We examined the development of alliance in therapy in different attachment groups in a naturalistic setting. The participants were 36 self-referred Palestinian political ex-prisoners, who were victims of torture and ill treatment and had sought psychotherapy. Their therapy lasted for 10-12 months. The analyses showed that the development of alliance during therapy followed different patterns across the attachment groups. Yet early alliance did not differ between the groups. For the autonomous individuals, alliance dropped in the middle of therapy, and increased back to its initial level by the end. Similarly, for the preoccupied individuals alliance decreased steeply in the middle of the therapy, and then increased even more steeply by the end. In contrast, for the dismissing individuals, alliance was approximately the same at the beginning and in the middle of the therapy, and then it decreased at the end.",,"Kanninen, K., Salo, J., Punamäki, R. L.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2722,Therapeutic possibilities after traumatic experiences,"Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequent, but not obligatory psychological sequelae following trauma. A major subgroup of patients face a chronic course of illness associated with an increased psychiatric comorbidity and significant impairments in psychosocial adaptation. The typical psychopathological symptoms of ASD and PTSD are best described within a multifactorial model integrating both neurobiological and psychosocial influences. The complex etiopathogenesis of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder favours multimodal approaches in the treatment. Differential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological strategies are available. In a critical survey on empirical studies, psychological debriefing cannot be considered as a positive approach to be recommended as general preventive measure during the immediate posttraumatic phase. Positive effects of cognitive-behavioral interventions can be established for ASD. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR show promising results in the treatment of PTSD. Major clinical restrictions of patient sampling within special research facilities, however, do not allow an unconditional generalization of these data to psychiatric routine care. In an empirical analysis the SSPRIs are the most and best studied medications for ASD and PTSD. In comparison to tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs demonstrate a broader spectrum of therapeutic effects and are better tolerated. The substance classes of SSNRI, DAS, SARI and NaSSA are to be considered as drugs of second choice. They promise a therapeutic efficacy equivalent to the SSRIs, being investigated so far only in open studies. MAO-inhibitors may dispose of a positive therapeutic potential, their profile of side effects must be respected, however. Mood stabilizers and atypical neuroleptics may be used first and foremost in add-on strategies. Benzodiuzepines should be used only with increased caution for a short time in states of acute crisis. In early interventions, substances blocking the norepinephric hyperactivity seem to be promising alternatives. Stress doses of hydrocortisone may be considered as an experimental pharmacological strategy so far. (copyright) Medicinska naklada - Zagreb.","amfebutamone, antidepressant agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, benzodiazepine derivative, brofaromine, buspirone, carbamazepine, citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, hydrocortisone, lamotrigine, mirtazapine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, mood stabilizer, nefazodone, paroxetine, phenelzine, phenytoin, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tiagabine, trazodone, unindexed drug, valproic acid, venlafaxine, zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone, adaptive behavior, behavior therapy, chronicity, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, conference paper, disease course, drug choice, experience, health survey, human, neurobiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychodynamics, psychotherapy, psychotrauma, social psychology, unspecified side effect","Kapfhammer, H. P.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2723,"The relationship between depression, anxiety and heart disease - A psychosomatic challenge","Background: Depressive and cardiological disorders present a major comorbidity. Their manifold interrelations may be best analysed within a biopsychosocial model of disease. Methods: A systematic research was done on empirical studies published during the last 15 years and dealing with epidemiological, etiopathogenetic and therapeutic dimensions of the comorbidity of depression, anxiety and heart disease. Results: From an epidemiological perspective recurrent depressions are associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease. Depressive disorders play a major role in triggering critical cardiac events, e.g. myocardial infarction. The prevalence rates of depressive disorders in various cardiological conditions are significantly higher than the frequencies that can be expected in healthy general population. Depression shows a negative impact on the somatic morbidity and mortality during the further course of illness. Anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders seem to be interrelated with cardiological conditions in quite a similar way, probably contributing even more negatively to critical and lethal cardiological events than depression. From an etiopathogenetic perspective some clusters of depressive symptoms seem to be linked to cardiotoxicity more closely than other, vital exhaustion, anhedonia, and hopelessness probably mediating a special risk. In any case, postmyocardial infarct depression that proves treatment-resistent indicates a negative prognosis of the prevailing cardiological condition. On a level of psychological and psychosocial constructs type-A personality, anger/hostility, type-D personality, and alexithymia have been explored regarding its proper pathogenetic role. Psychological and psychopathological variables have to be set into a context of psychosocial stressors on the one hand, and have to be simultaneously analysed with various underlying psycho-and neurobiological variables on the other. Above all, HPA- and sympathico-medullary dysfunctions, reduced heart rate variability, altered functions of thrombocytes, and increased proinflammatory processes have to be recognized as significantly contributing to the pathophysiology both of depression and of heart condition. Neurobiological aspects of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorders must be interlinked with these underpinnings of depression. Differential effects on critical cardiological events must be supposed. From a therapeutic perspective several RCTs demonstrate that SSRIs may safely and efficiently treat depressive disorders in cardiological conditions, and may even improve the general somatic prognosis. Cognitive-behavioural psychotherapies have been empirically validated in treating depression and anxiety with cardiological patients. So far, however, a differential indication of psychopharmacological versus psychotherapeutic approaches has not been proved yet. Conclusions: Depression and anxiety disorders in patients with heart disease paradigmatically define a psychosomatic-somatopsychic challenge to any health delivery system. A psychosomatic perspective may best be practised within a Consultation-Liaison psychiatric service that cooperates continuously and closely with cardiological departments and experts. © Medicinska naklada.","Anxiety, Depression, Epidemiology, Heart disease, Neurobiologcal, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological, Treatment","Kapfhammer, H. P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2724,Trauma and stressor-related disorders. Diagnostic conceptualization in DSM-5,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) includes a distinct diagnostic group of trauma and stressor-related disorders that has been set apart from anxiety disorders. From a perspective of adult psychiatry this new disorder category includes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder (ASD), and adjustment disorders. The PTSD is based on narrower trauma criteria that focus on acute life-threatening situations, serious injury, or sexual violence by way of direct confrontation, witnessing or indirect confrontation. Indirect confrontation, however, is reserved only for violent or accidental events that occurred to close family members or friends. The former A2 criterion of an intense emotional reaction to trauma has been removed. A deliberately broad approach to clinical PTSD phenomenology has created an empirically driven new cluster of persistent negative alterations in cognition and mood due to experiencing traumatic events. The ASD has been reconceptualized as an intense stress syndrome with a clear need of acute treatment during the early course after traumatic exposure. Adjustment disorders continue to emphasize maladaptive emotional and behavioral responses to unspecific, non-traumatic stressors in an intensity that is beyond social or cultural norms. Neither complex PTSD nor prolonged grief disorders have received an independent diagnostic status within DSM-5. With respect to stress-related disorders major divergences between DSM-5 and the future International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD-11) are to be expected. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.","Acute stress disorder, Adjustment disorder, DSM-5, ICD-11, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Kapfhammer, H. P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2725,Cmv proctitis in an immunocompetent young adult,"Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) proctitis may present in otherwise young, healthy, and immunocompetent individuals. CMV proctitis/colitis may mimic ischemic colitis and Clostridium difficile infection. A high index of suspicion must be maintained when evaluating such patients Case Report: An 18-year-old male presented to the emergency room with a 3-day history of abdominal pain and bright red blood per rectum. The patient reported multiple episodes of bright red blood per rectum and had never experienced similar symptoms in the past. His past medical history is significant for post-traumatic stress disorder and intermittent migraines. Patient attests to regular alcohol consumption, frequent marijuana use, and intermittent tobacco use. He is a heterosexual and is sexually active. There is no significant family history of inflammatory bowel disease, polyps, or colon cancer. Patient's vital signs were stable at the time of admission. His abdomen was soft and diffusely tender to palpation with no guarding or rigidity and his rectal exam was positive for bright red blood. His complete blood count showed a hemoglobin of 15.8, hematocrit of 44.4, WBC of 4, and platelets of 105. His chemistries, coagulation profile, and liver function tests were all within normal limits. He was HIV negative. The computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen demonstrated wall thickening and inflammatory changes of the rectum and distal sigmoid colon. Sigmoidoscopy revealed congested ulcerative mucosa in the rectum. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed erythematous mucosa in the gastric antrum. Pathology from the rectum demonstrated CMV proctitis that was confirmed by immunohistochemical stains. The patient was subsequently started on a 14-day course of valganciclovir. Discussion: Our patient, who was an otherwise healthy, immunocompetent male, presented with bright red blood per rectum secondary to CMV proctitis. In the era of HIV and immunosuppression, CMV has emerged as a well-known pathogen in those patients who are immunocompromised. The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seen a recent decline in the incidence of opportunistic CMV infection. CMV proctitis is an infrequently reported disease entity in patients with an intact immune system. Various risk factors for development in the immunocompetent host include mucosal injury by a disease process such as inflammatory bowel disease or aging. Thus, our patient, with no significant past medical history and an intact immune system, had a unique presentation of an uncommon disease process.","valganciclovir, hemoglobin, proctitis, young adult, American, college, gastroenterology, human, patient, blood, rectal drug administration, rectum, male, abdomen, mucosa, medical history, immune system, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic colitis, migraine, Human immunodeficiency virus, colon cancer, aging, rigidity, alcohol consumption, imaging software, abdominal pain, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, cytomegalovirus infection, laryngeal mask, Cytomegalovirus, palpation, emergency ward, blood cell count, hematocrit, thrombocyte, sigmoidoscopy, polyp, sigmoid, computer assisted tomography, family history, case report, heterosexuality, liver function test, stomach antrum, pathology, stain, immunosuppressive treatment, pathogenesis, highly active antiretroviral therapy, risk factor, injury, tobacco use, cannabis use, Clostridium difficile infection, vital sign, posttraumatic stress disorder","Kapila, N., Goralnik, J., Hamarich, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2726,"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and their comorbid conditions: Role in pathogenesis and treatment","As US military service members return from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with elevated rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention has been increasingly focused on TBI/PTSD comorbidity, its neurobiological mechanisms, and novel and effective treatment approaches. TBI and PTSD, and their comorbid conditions, present with a spectrum of common clinical features such as sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, irritability, difficulty in concentrating, fatigue, suicidality, chronic pain, and alterations in arousal. These TBI and PTSD disorders are also thought to be characterized by overlapping neural mechanisms. Both conditions are associated with changes in hippocampal, prefrontal cortical, and limbic region function because of alterations in synaptogenesis, dendritic remodeling, and neurogenesis. Neural changes in TBI and PTSD result from pathophysiological disturbances in metabolic, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and apoptic processes, amongst other mechanisms. Neurotrophins have well-established actions in regulating cell growth and survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton restructuring. A body of research indicates that dysregulation of neural brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is found in conditions of TBI and PTSD. Induction of BDNF and activation of its intracellular receptors can produce neural regeneration, reconnection, and dendritic sprouting, and can improve synaptic efficacy. In this review, we consider treatment approaches that enhance BDNF-related signaling and have the potential to restore neural connectivity. Such treatment approaches could facilitate neuroplastic changes that lead to adaptive neural repair and reverse cognitive and emotional deficits in both TBI and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Treatment, *Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Comorbidity","Kaplan, Gary B., Vasterling, Jennifer J., Vedak, Priyanka C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2727,Stress-related responses after 3 years of exposure to terror in Israel: Are ideological-religious factors associated with resilience?,"Background: The inhabitants of 3 different types of population centers in Israel were assessed as to stress-related symptomatology during 2003 and 2004. These centers have been exposed to 2 distinct forms of violence-sporadic, large-scale terror attacks in the metropolitan areas in the heart of Israel and daily ""war-zone"" conditions in the settlements beyond the 1967 borders of Israel. Method: A semistructured interview and questionnaire survey of a random sample of 314 inhabitants of a suburb of Tel-Aviv, a settlement in the West Bank (Kiryat-Arba), and the Gush-Katif settlement cluster in the Gaza Strip was performed. Symptoms of acute stress and chronic (posttraumatic) stress as well as symptoms of general psychopathology and distress were assessed. Results: The inhabitants of Gush-Katif, in spite of firsthand daily exposure to violent attacks, reported the fewest and least severe symptoms of stress-related complaints, the least sense of personal threat, and the highest level of functioning of all 3 samples. The most severely symptomatic and functionally compromised were the inhabitants of the Tel-Aviv suburb, who were the least frequently and least directly affected by exposure to violent attacks. Because the Gush-Katif population is exclusively religious, the data were reassessed according to religiousness. The religious inhabitants of Kiryat-Arba had almost the same symptom profile as the Gush-Katif population, whereas secular inhabitants of Kiryat-Arba reported faring worse than did either population in the Tel-Aviv suburb. Conclusion: Deeply held belief systems affecting life-views may impart significant resilience to developing stress-related problems, even under extreme conditions. Religiousness combined with common ideological convictions and social cohesion was associated with substantial resilience as compared to a secular metropolitan urban population.","article, distress syndrome, ecosystem resilience, environmental exposure, interview, Israel, priority journal, questionnaire, religion, stress, terrorism, violence","Kaplan, Z., Matar, M. A., Kamin, R., Sadan, T., Cohen, H.",2005.0,,,0,1,
2728,Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric sequel to a stressful event or situation of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been used in the management of PTSD for many years. This paper reviews the effectiveness of CBT for the treatment of PTSD following various types of trauma, its potential to prevent PTSD, methods used in CBT, and reflects on the mechanisms of action of CBT in PTSD. Methods: Electronic databases, including PubMed, were searched for articles on CBT and PTSD. Manual searches were conducted for cross-references in the relevant journal sites. Results: The current literature reveals robust evidence that CBT is a safe and effective intervention for both acute and chronic PTSD following a range of traumatic experiences in adults, children, and adolescents. However, nonresponse to CBT by PTSD can be as high as 50%, contributed to by various factors, including comorbidity and the nature of the study population. CBT has been validated and used across many cultures, and has been used successfully by community therapists following brief training in individual and group settings. There has been effective use of Internet-based CBT in PTSD. CBT has been found to have a preventive role in some studies, but evidence for definitive recommendations is inadequate. The effect of CBT has been mediated mostly by the change in maladaptive cognitive distortions associated with PTSD. Many studies also report physiological, functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic changes correlating with response to CBT. Conclusion: There is scope for further research on implementation of CBT following major disasters, its preventive potential following various traumas, and the neuropsychological mechanisms of action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, Neuroimaging","Kar, Nilamadhab",2011.0,,,0,0,
2729,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: A study of comorbidity","Background: Information on mental health sequel in adolescents following natural disasters from developing countries is scant. Method: Around one year after a super-cyclone, proportion of adolescents exhibiting posttraumatic psychiatric symptoms, prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression and generalized anxiety disorder, comorbidity and impairment of performance in school were studied in Orissa, India. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children and adolescents was used for evaluation and diagnosis. The criteria for diagnoses were based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV. Results: Post-disaster psychiatric presentation in adolescents was a conglomeration of PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms. The prevalences of PTSD, major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder were 26.9%, 17.6% and 12.0% respectively. Proportion of adolescents with any diagnosis was 37.9%. Comorbidity was found in 39.0% of adolescents with a psychiatric diagnosis. Adolescents from middle socioeconomic status were more affected. There were gender differences in the presentation of the symptoms rather than on the prevalence of diagnoses. Prolonged periods of helplessness and lack of adequate post-disaster psychological support were perceived as probable influencing factors, as well as the severity of the disaster. Conclusion: The findings of the study highlight the continuing need for identification and intervention for post-disaster psychiatric morbidities in adolescent victims in developing countries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Generalized Anxiety Disorder, *Major Depression, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Adolescent Psychopathology","Kar, Nilamadhab, Bastia, Binaya Kumar",2006.0,,,0,0,
2730,"Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: Exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors","Background: It has been asserted that psychological responses to disasters in children and adolescents vary widely across cultures, but this has rarely been investigated. The objectives of the study were to clinically evaluate the construct of traumatic stress symptoms and disorder in children and adolescents after a super-cyclone in Orissa, India; to find out the prevalence at one year; compare the effect in high and low exposure areas and study the factors associated with it. Methods: Clinical examination of children and adolescents (n = 447) was done, supplemented by a symptoms checklist based on International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, Diagnostic Criteria for Research and a semi-structured questionnaire for disaster related experiences. Results: A majority of children had post-traumatic symptoms. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was present in 30.6% (95% confidence interval: 26.4 to 34.9), and an additional 13.6% had sub-syndromal PTSD. Parents or teachers reported mental health concerns in 7.2% subjects, who were a minor proportion (12.8%) of subjects with any syndromal diagnosis (n = 196). Significantly more (43.7%) children in high exposure areas had PTSD than that (11.2%) in low exposure areas (p < 0.001). Depression was significantly associated with PTSD. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that high exposure, lower educational level and middle socioeconomic status significantly predicted the outcome of PTSD. Extreme fear and perceived threat to life during the disaster, death in family, damage to home, or staying in shelters were not significantly associated with PTSD. Conclusion: Following natural disaster PTSD is a valid clinical construct in children and adolescents in Indian set up; and though highly prevalent it may be missed without clinical screening. Its manifestation and associated factors resembled those in other cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cross Cultural Differences, *Pediatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders), Natural Disasters","Kar, Nilamadhab, Mohapatra, Prasanta K., Nayak, Kailash C., Pattanaik, Pratiti, Swain, Sarada P., Kar, Harish C.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2731,Metabolite profiling in posttraumatic stress disorder,"BACKGROUND: Traumatic stress does not only increase the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but is also associated with adverse secondary physical health outcomes. Despite increasing efforts, we only begin to understand the underlying biomolecular processes. The hypothesis-free assessment of a wide range of metabolites (termed metabolite profiling) might contribute to the discovery of biological pathways underlying PTSD. METHODS: Here, we present the results of the first metabolite profiling study in PTSD, which investigated peripheral blood serum samples of 20 PTSD patients and 18 controls. We performed liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to Quadrupole/Time-Of-Flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry. Two complementary statistical approaches were used to identify metabolites associated with PTSD status including univariate analyses and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS: Thirteen metabolites displayed significant changes in PTSD, including four glycerophospholipids, and one metabolite involved in endocannabinoid signaling. A biomarker panel of 19 metabolites classifies PTSD with 85% accuracy, while classification accuracy from the glycerophospholipid with the highest differentiating ability already reached 82%. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the feasibility and utility of metabolite profiling for PTSD and suggests lipid-derived and endocannabinoid signaling as potential biological pathways involved in trauma-associated pathophysiology.","Biological pathways, Glycerophospholipid, Mass spectrometry, Metabolite profiling, Palmitoylethanolamide, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Karabatsiakis, A., Hamuni, G., Wilker, S., Kolassa, S., Renu, D., Kadereit, S., Schauer, M., Hennessy, T., Kolassa, I. T.",2015.0,,10.1186/s40303-015-0007-3,0,0,
2732,Natural course of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 20-month prospective study of Turkish earthquake survivors,"Objective: A 20-month prospective follow-up of survivors of the severe earthquake in Turkey in 1999 examined the natural course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the contribution of different symptom clusters to the emergence of PTSD. Method: Subjects were randomly sampled in a suburb of Istanbul that was severely affected by the earthquake. A total of 464 adults were assessed with a self-report instrument for PTSD symptoms on 3 consecutive surveys that were administered 1 to 3, 6 to 10, and 18 to 20 months following the earthquake. Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 30.2% on the first survey and decreased to 26.9% and 10.6% on the second and third surveys, respectively. Female subjects showed initially higher (34.8%) PTSD rates compared with male subjects (19.1%). However, gender differences disappeared by the time of the third survey due to high spontaneous remission rates in female subjects. Low levels of chronic and delayed-onset PTSD were observed. A major contribution of the avoidance symptoms to PTSD diagnosis was identified by statistical analysis. Conclusions: Initial PTSD following an earthquake may be as prevalent as in other natural disasters, but high rates of spontaneous remission lead to low prevalence 1.5 years following the earthquake. Initial avoidance characteristics play a major role in the emergence of PTSD.",,"Karamustafalioglu, O. K., Zohar, J., Güveli, M., Gal, G., Bakim, B., Fostick, L., Karamustafalioglu, N., Sasson, Y.",2006.0,,,0,1,
2733,"Personality, posttraumatic stress and trauma type: factors contributing to posttraumatic growth and its domains in a Turkish community sample","BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is conceptualized as a positive transformation resulting from coping with and processing traumatic life events. This study examined the contributory roles of personality traits, posttraumatic stress (PTS) severity and their interactions on PTG and its domains, as assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory Turkish form (PTGI-T). The study also examined the differences in PTG domains between survivors of accidents, natural disasters and unexpected loss of a loved one. METHOD: The Basic Personality Traits Inventory, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, and PTGI-T were administered to a large stratified cluster community sample of 969 Turkish adults in their home settings. RESULTS: The results showed that conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience significantly related to the total PTG and most of the domains. The effects of extraversion, neuroticism and openness to experience were moderated by the PTS severity for some domains. PTG in relating to others and appreciation of life domains was lower for the bereaved group. CONCLUSION: Further research should examine the mediating role of coping between personality and PTG using a longitudinal design.","Domains of posttraumatic growth, personality traits, posttraumatic stress, traumatic event types","Karanci, A. N., Isikli, S., Aker, A. T., Gul, E. I., Erkan, B. B., Ozkol, H., Guzel, H. Y.",2012.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.17303,0,0,
2734,Evaluation of psychiatric disorders in patients of traumatic amputation,"Introduction: The psychiatric aspect of traumatic amputation has received less interest even though they are common and on the rise. Traumatic amputation leads to development of psychiatric comorbidities as reported by Mall et al.. (1997) with 34.6% incidence of psychiatric disorders (depression and PTSD). Depression may delay rehabilitation which in turn exerts a depressing effect on the individual. The prevalence rates of PTSD and major depression were 20% and 63% respectively in traumatic amputees as reported by Mansoor et al.. (2010). Awareness and proper treatment of psychiatric co-morbidities play important role in physical and occupational rehabilitation. The purpose of our study is to examine the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in traumatic amputees. Aims and Objectives: (1) To assess premorbid psychiatric disorders and its impact on patients undergoing amputation. (2) To assess development of psychiatric disorders in patients undergoing amputation over three months. (3) To study effect of premorbid and post-morbid psychiatric disorder on post amputation adaptation based on mobility, self care, work and interpersonal communication. (4) To evaluate impact of psychiatric intervention on patients' adaptation. Methodology: The sample consists of 30 patients of traumatic limb amputation at a tertiary municipal general hospital. Patients of either sex in the age group of 18-60 years are included in the study. The demographic profile of patients and reasons for amputation are assessed. Premorbid psychiatric disorder and its relation to amputation are assessed. Patients are interviewed clinically for development of psychiatric disorders over three months. They are also assessed objectively using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and SF36 (version 2) questionnaire for quality of life. Impact of psychiatric intervention is assessed.","patient, human, traumatic amputation, Indian, medical society, mental disease, amputation, prevalence, adaptation, disabled person, Hamilton scale, groups by age, general hospital, methodology, interpersonal communication, self care, major depression, vocational rehabilitation, limb amputation, morbidity, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, rehabilitation, questionnaire, quality of life, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry","Karira, A., Shah, N., Joshi, D., Goregaonkar, A. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2735,Meta-analytic review of event-related potential studies in post-traumatic stress disorder,"In recent years there has been an accumulation of studies that have utilized the measurement of event-related potentials (ERP) to examine the neuroelectric correlates of hypothesized alterations in information processing in persons with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize the findings of ERP PTSD research, including studies that have examined P50 auditory sensory gating, augmenting-reducing P200, and P300 in target detection oddball tasks. The results suggest that persons with PTSD exhibit alterations in the amplitude and latency of ERP within these paradigms that support the hypothesis that changes in information processing can accompany PTSD. The results were also consistent with recent cognitive neuropsychological findings in PTSD research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Processes, *Evoked Potentials, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychophysiology, Stress","Karl, Anke, Malta, Loretta S., Maercker, Andreas",2006.0,,,0,0,
2736,Negative self-appraisals in treatment-seeking sur- vivors of motor vehicle accidents,,,"Karl, A., Rabe, S., Zollner, T., Mercer, A., Stopa, L.",2009.0,2009,,0,0,
2737,Increase of serum triiodothyronine concentration in soldiers with combat-related chronic post-traumatic stress disorder with or without alcohol dependence,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a relatively new psychiatric disorder with three clusters of symptoms: trauma re-experiencing, avoidance, and increased arousal. The condition develops after a person sees, is involved in, or hears of an extreme traumatic stressor such as war, torture, natural catastrophe, assault, rape, or serious accident. PTSD is also often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, especially with alcohol dependence. Several hormonal alterations have been reported in veterans with combat-related PTSD, including elevations in certain thyroid hormones, e.g., total T3; however, previous studies have not controlled for alcohol dependence, a common comorbid psychiatric disorder in this population. Objective: The first aim of our study was to assess possible differences in basal serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in Croatian soldiers with combat-related chronic PTSD alone or comorbid with alcohol dependence and in healthy controls. The second purpose of the study was to determine any correlation between duration of combat activities, number of combat traumas, intensity and duration of PTSD symptoms, and serum levels of TT3, FT3, TT4, FT4, and TSH in this sample. Method: We analyzed basal serum FT3, TT3, FT4, TT4, and TSH concentrations in soldiers with combat-related chronic PTSD (N = 43), combat-related chronic PTSD comorbid with alcohol dependence (N = 41), and in healthy controls (N = 39) using a luminoimmunochemical assay. Results: Soldiers with chronic combat-related PTSD with or without comorbid alcohol addiction had significantly higher values of TT3 than the control group (F = 19.556, p < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between TT3 levels and number of traumatic events in both the PTSD group (r = 0.663, p < 0.01) and those with PTSD comorbid with alcohol dependence (r = 0.836, p < 0.01). There was also a significant correlation between TT3 levels and symptoms of increased arousal in both PTSD (r = 0.419, p < 0.01) and PTSD comorbid with alcohol dependence (r = 0.516, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Elevated concentrations of serum TT3 are associated with combat-related PTSD, regardless of its comorbidity with alcohol dependence, and also with the number of traumatic events and symptoms of increased arousal. Given that current pharmacotherapy for PTSD is inadequate, reduction of TT3 may be a new strategy for pharmacologic intervention that could contribute to more effective treatment of this disorder.","Alcohol dependence, Comorbidity, Croatia, Military psychiatry, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Soldiers, Thyroid hormones, War","Karlović, D., Marušić, S., Martinac, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2738,Chromatographic characterization of substance P endopeptidase in the rat brain reveals affected enzyme activity following heat stress,"This paper describes a study of substance P endopeptidase (SPE)-like activity in various regions of the brain from male rats subjected to heat stress (HS). The enzyme activity was found to be affected in several brain areas including cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus/thalamus and the spinal cord following HS. Significant increases in SPE activity were observed in, for example, hippocampus and the spinal cord. SPE-containing extracts from hippocampus were pooled and subsequently purified by size exclusion chromatography (using a Superdex® 75 HR column) and by anion-exchange chromatography (using Resource Q® column). The gel permeation chromatography separated the SPE-like activity into two fractions, one of which was suggested to be identical to neutral endopeptidase owing to its molecular size and inhibitory profile. The other active enzyme fraction behaved in conformity with SPE, previously identified in human cerebrospinal fluid. The activity of the purified fraction of these two enzymes was found to be increased (27%) in HS-treated animals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Heat stress, Hippocampus, HPLC, Purification, Rat brain, Substance P, Substance P endopeptidase","Karlsson, K., Sharma, H., Nyberg, F.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2739,Next-generation integrase inhibitors: Where to after raltegravir?,"The integrase enzyme facilitates the incorporation of HIV-1 proviral DNA into the host cell genome and catalyses a function vital to viral replication. Inhibitors of this enzyme represent the newest class of antiretroviral drugs in our armamentarium to treat HIV-1 infection. Raltegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor, was the first drug of this class approved by the US FDA; it is a potent and well tolerated antiviral agent. However, it has the limitations of twice-daily dosing and a relatively modest genetic barrier to the development of resistance. These qualities have prompted the search for agents with once-daily dosing, a more robust barrier to resistance, and a resistance profile of limited overlap with that of raltegravir. We review a series of integrase inhibitors that are in clinical or advanced pre-clinical studies. Elvitegravir, recently approved by the FDA as part of the elvitegravir/cobicistat/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine fixed-dose combination pill has the benefit of being part of a one-pill, once-daily regimen, but suffers from extensive cross-resistance with raltegravir. Dolutegravir is the most advanced second-generation integrase inhibitor, and it boasts good tolerability, once-daily dosing with no need for a pharmacological enhancer, and relatively little cross-resistance with raltegravir. S/GSK1265744 has been developed into a long-acting parenteral agent that shows a high barrier to resistance in vitro and the potential for an infrequent dosing schedule. BI 224436 is in early clinical trials, but is unlikely to demonstrate cross-resistance with other integrase inhibitors. The inhibitors of the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 binding site of integrase (LEDGINs) are extremely early in development. Each of these contributes a new benefit to the class and will extend the treatment options for patients with HIV-1 infection. © 2013 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.",,"Karmon, S. L., Markowitz, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2740,"Factor structure, reliability, and known groups validity of the German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (short-form) in Swiss patients and nonpatients","The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form is the most widely used instrument to assess childhood trauma and has been translated into 10 languages. However, research into validity and reliability of these translated versions is scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure, internal consistency, reliability, and known-groups validity of the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (Bernstein & Fink, 1998). Six-hundred and sixty-one clinical and nonclinical participants completed the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the 5-factor structure of the original Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. To investigate known-groups validity, the confirmatory factor analysis latent factor levels between clinical and nonclinical participants were compared. The original 5-factor structure was confirmed, with only the Physical Neglect scale showing rather poor fit. As a conclusion, the results support the validity and reliability of the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. It is recommended to use the German Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form to assess experiences of childhood trauma. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Children, CTQ-SF, Methodology, Psychometric, Reliability, Sexual abuse, Validity","Karos, K., Niederstrasser, N., Abidi, L., Bernstein, D. P., Bader, K.",2014.0,,10.1080/10538712.2014.896840,0,0,
2741,"Patterns of victimization, suicide attempt, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Greenlandic adolescents: a latent class analysis","Aim The current study had two main aims. The first was to identify groups of adolescents based on their similarity of responding across a number of victimizing and potentially traumatic events (PTEs). In doing so, we employed the statistical technique of Latent Class Analysis (LCA). The second aim was to assess the relationship between our resultant classes and the covariates of gender, suicide attempt, and PTSD. Methods Two hundred and sixty-nine Greenlandic school students, aged 12-18 (M = 15.4, SD = 1.84) were assessed for their level of exposure to PTEs. In addition, adolescents were assessed for the psychological impact of these events. A LCA was performed on seven binary indicators representing PTEs. Logistic regression was subsequently implemented to ascertain the relationships between latent classes and covariates. Results Three distinct classes were uncovered: a violence, neglect, and bullying class (class 1), a wide-ranging multiple PTE class (class 2), and a normative/baseline class (class 3). Notably, classes 1 and 2 were largely separated by the presence or absence of sexual PTEs. Individuals who reported having previously attempted suicide were almost six times more likely to be members of class 1 (OR = 5.97) and almost four times more likely to be members of class 2 (OR = 3.87) compared to the baseline class (class 3). Individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD were five times as likely to be members of class 1 and class 2 (OR = 5.09) compared to the baseline class. No significant associations were found between classes and gender. Conclusion The results underline the complexity of the interplay between multiple victimization experiences, traumatization, and suicide attempts. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Adolescents, Co-occurring victimization types, PTSD, Suicidal behavior, Victimization","Karsberg, S., Armour, C., Elklit, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2742,Long-term trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: The role of social resources,"Objective: To (1) identify long-term trajectories of combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over a 20-year period from 1983 to 2002 in veterans with and without combat stress reaction (CSR) and (2) identify social predictors of these trajectories. Method: A latent growth mixture modeling analysis on PTSD symptoms was conducted to identify PTSD trajectories and predictors. PTSD was defined according to DSM-III and assessed through the PTSD Inventory. Israeli male veterans with (n = 369) and without (n = 306) CSR were queried at 1,2, and 20 years after war about combat exposure, military unit support, family environment, and social reintegration. Results: For both study groups, we identified 4 distinct trajectories with varying prevalence across groups: resilience (CSR = 34.4%, non-CSR = 76.5%), recovery (CSR = 36.3%, non-CSR= 10.5%), delayed onset (CSR = 8.4%, non-CSR = 6.9%), and chronicity (CSR = 20.9%, non-CSR = 6.2%). Predictors of trajectories in both groups included perception of war threat (ORs = 1.59-2.47, P values < .30), and negative social reintegration (ORs = 0.24-0.51, P values < .047). Social support was associated with symptomatology only in the CSR group (ORs = 0.40-0.61, P values < .045), while family coherence was predictive of symptomatology in the non-CSR group (OR = 0.76, P = .015) but not in the CSR group. Conclusions: Findings confirmed heterogeneity of long-term sequelae of combat, revealing 4 trajectories of resilience, recovery, delay, and chronicity in veterans with and without CSR. Symptomatic trajectories were more prevalent for the CSR group, suggesting that acute functional impairment predicts pathological outcomes. Predictors of symptomatic trajectories included perceived threat and social resources at the family, network, and societal levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, Epidemiology, Social Processes","Karstoft, Karen-Inge, Armour, Cherie, Elklit, Ask, Solomon, Zahava",2013.0,,,0,1,
2743,Diagnostic accuracy of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist: Civilian version in a representative military sample,,,"Karstoft, K. I., Andersen, S. B., Bertelsen, M., Madsen, T.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0034889,0,0,
2744,Community integration after deployment to Afghanistan: a longitudinal investigation of Danish soldiers,"Methods: In a prospective, longitudinal study of Danish soldiers deployed to Afghanistan in 2009 (N = 743), we assessed community reintegration difficulties 2.5 years after home coming (study sample: N = 454). Furthermore, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed before, during, and after deployment. Trajectories of PTSD symptoms from a previously published latent growth mixture modeling analysis were used to address whether community reintegration difficulties differ as a result of course and level of PTSD symptoms. Objective: In the years following military deployment, soldiers may experience problems integrating into the community. However, little is known about the nature and prevalence of these problems and if they relate to posttraumatic symptomatology. Results: Between 3.6 and 18.0 % reported to have some, a lot, or extreme difficulties in reintegration domains such as interpersonal functioning, productivity, community involvement, and self-care. Mean level of reintegration difficulties differed significantly across six PTSD symptom trajectories (range 6.35–36.00); with more symptomatic trajectories experiencing greater community reintegration difficulties. Conclusions: Reintegration difficulties after deployment are present in less than 20 % of Danish soldiers who return from Afghanistan. Difficulties are greater in individuals who follow symptomatic PTSD trajectories in the first years following deployment than in those who follow a low-stable trajectory with no or few symptoms.","Community reintegration, Longitudinal analysis, Military, Mixture modeling, Operation enduring freedom, PTSD","Karstoft, K. I., Armour, C., Andersen, S. B., Bertelsen, M., Madsen, T.",2014.0,,,0,1,
2745,Long-term trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: The role of social resources,"Objective: To (1) identify long-term trajectories of combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over a 20-year period from 1983 to 2002 in veterans with and without combat stress reaction (CSR) and (2) identify social predictors of these trajectories. Method: A latent growth mixture modeling analysis on PTSD symptoms was conducted to identify PTSD trajectories and predictors. PTSD was defined according to DSM-III and assessed through the PTSD Inventory. Israeli male veterans with (n = 369) and without (n = 306) CSR were queried at 1, 2, and 20 ears after war about combat exposure, military unit support, family environment, and social reintegration. Results: For both study groups, we identified 4 distinct trajectories with varying prevalence across groups: resilience (CSR = 34.4%, non-CSR = 76.5%), recovery (CSR = 36.3%, non-CSR = 10.5%), delayed onset (CSR = 8.4%, non-CSR = 6.9%), and chronicity (CSR = 20.9%, non-CSR = 6.2%). Predictors of trajectories in both groups included perception of war threat (ORs = 1.59-2.47, P values ≤ .30), and negative social reintegration (ORs = 0.24-0.51, P values ≤ .047). Social support was associated with symptomatology only in the CSR group (ORs = 0.40-0.61, P values ≤ .045), while family coherence was predictive of symptomatology in the non-CSR group (OR = 0.76, P = .015) but not in the CSR group. Conclusions: Findings confirmed heterogeneity of long-term sequelae of combat, revealing 4 trajectories of resilience, recovery, delay, and chronicity in veterans with and without CSR. Symptomatic trajectories were more prevalent for the CSR group, suggesting that acute functional impairment predicts pathological outcomes. Predictors of symptomatic trajectories included perceived threat and social resources at the family, network, and societal levels. © Copyright 2013 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Karstoft, K. I., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Solomon, Z.",2013.0,,,0,1,2742
2746,The role of locus of control and coping style in predicting longitudinal PTSD-trajectories after combat exposure,"While longitudinal posttraumatic stress responses are known to be heterogeneous, little is known about predictors of those responses. We investigated if locus of control (LOC) and coping style are associated with long-term PTSD-trajectories after exposure to combat. Six hundred and seventy five Israeli soldiers with or without combat stress reaction (CSR) from the Lebanon war were assessed 1, 2, and 20 years after the war. Combat exposure, LOC, and coping style were then investigated as covariates of the trajectories of resilience, recovery, delayed onset, and chronicity. Symptomatic trajectories in the CSR and the non-CSR group were significantly associated to varying degrees with perceived life threat during combat (ORs: 1.76-2.53), internal LOC (0.77-0.87), emotional coping style (0.28-0.34), and low use of problem-focused coping (2.12-3.11). In conclusion, assessment of LOC and coping can aid prediction of chronic PTSD outcomes of combat exposure.","Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology, Adolescent, Adult, Combat Disorders/*psychology, Emotions/physiology, Humans, *Internal-External Control, Male, Military Personnel/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Veterans/psychology, *War Exposure, Young Adult, Combat, Coping, Locus of control, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma, Veterans","Karstoft, K. I., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Solomon, Z.",2015.0,May,10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.007,0,0,
2747,Early identification of posttraumatic stress following military deployment: Application of machine learning methods to a prospective study of Danish soldiers,"Background Pre-deployment identification of soldiers at risk for long-term posttraumatic stress psychopathology after home coming is important to guide decisions about deployment. Early post-deployment identification can direct early interventions to those in need and thereby prevents the development of chronic psychopathology. Both hold significant public health benefits given large numbers of deployed soldiers, but has so far not been achieved. Here, we aim to assess the potential for pre- and early post-deployment prediction of resilience or posttraumatic stress development in soldiers by application of machine learning (ML) methods. Methods ML feature selection and prediction algorithms were applied to a prospective cohort of 561 Danish soldiers deployed to Afghanistan in 2009 to identify unique risk indicators and forecast long-term posttraumatic stress responses. Results Robust pre- and early postdeployment risk indicators were identified, and included individual PTSD symptoms as well as total level of PTSD symptoms, previous trauma and treatment, negative emotions, and thought suppression. The predictive performance of these risk indicators combined was assessed by cross-validation. Together, these indicators forecasted long term posttraumatic stress responses with high accuracy (pre-deployment: AUC=0.84 (95% CI=0.81-0.87), post-deployment: AUC=0.88 (95% CI=0.85-0.91)). Limitations This study utilized a previously collected data set and was therefore not designed to exhaust the potential of ML methods. Further, the study relied solely on self-reported measures. Conclusions Pre-deployment and early post-deployment identification of risk for long-term posttraumatic psychopathology are feasible and could greatly reduce the public health costs of war. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Machine learning, Military, Posttraumatic stress, Prediction, Prevention, Support vector machines","Karstoft, K. I., Statnikov, A., Andersen, S. B., Madsen, T., Galatzer-Levy, I. R.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.057,0,0,
2748,Substance use disorders among personality disordered patients admitted for day hospital treatment. Implications for service developments,"Personality disorders (PD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are highly comorbid conditions. However, their treatment services are often separated. The aims of this study was to investigate how extensive this separation was prior to a Norwegian health reform (2004) that promoted integration, and to discuss clinical challenges for an integrated treatment of PD and SUD. All patients with a diagnosis of PD (n=1783) admitted to 10 day hospital treatment programs (1993-2003) were examined. Diagnoses were assessed by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV interviews. Socio-demographic data, psychosocial functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning Scale), symptom distress (Symptom Check List-90-Revised), interpersonal problems (Circumplex of Interpersonal Problems) and treatment course were recorded. The majority of patients were females (72%) and the prevalence of SUD was low (14%). SUD occurred among all PD categories. Patients with borderline PD were over-represented and patients with cluster C disorders were under-represented in the SUD sample. The SUD sample contained more men and it was associated with more previous violence against self and others. The reported violence was partly explained by gender (males) and diagnoses (borderline and SUD). PD patients with SUD also displayed more aggression during treatment and dropped out more frequently. The findings demonstrate that the female dominated specialized psychiatric treatment services for PD to a large extent had excluded PD patients who also had SUD. The reasons are probably related to the surplus problems that characterized the SUD sample and gender issues. Implications for the development of the PD and SUD services with respect to an integrated treatment for these comorbid conditions are discussed.","anxiety disorder, article, Circumplex of Interpersonal Problems, clinical assessment tool, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, controlled study, demography, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, eating disorder, female, global assessment of functioning scale, hospital admission, human, major clinical study, male, mental health service, mood disorder, Norway, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, sex difference, social psychology, substance abuse, Symptom Checklist 90, Symptom Distress Scale","Karterud, S., Arefjord, N., Andresen, N. E., Pedersen, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2749,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in emotionally distressed individuals referred for a depression prevention intervention: Relationship to problem-solving skills,"Objectives: This study examined the rates of syndromal and subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptom scores in participants with symptoms of emotional distress, subsyndromal depression, and a history of traumatic exposure. Participants had been referred to a study of an indicated depression prevention intervention using problem-solving therapy in primary care.We hypothesized that higher severity of PTSD symptom scores would predict poorer problem-solving skills. In addition, some reports have suggested that there are higher rates of PTSD in minority populations relative to Caucasians; thus we hypothesized that race would also predict problem-solving skills in these individuals. Methods: We examined the rates of traumatic exposure, syndromal, and subthreshold PTSD. In those exposed to trauma, we performed a multiple linear regression to examine the effects of PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, race, age, and gender on social problem-solving skills. Results: Of the 244 participants, 64 (26.2%) reported a traumatic event; 6/234 (2.6%) had syndromal PTSD, and 14/234 (6.0%) had subthreshold PTSD. By way of regression analysis, higher PTSD symptom scores predicted poorer problem-solving skills. In addition, racial status (Caucasian vs. African American) predicted problem-solving skills; Caucasians exhibited lower levels of problem-solving skills. Conclusions: Individuals presenting with subsyndromal depressive symptoms may also have a history of traumatic exposure, subthreshold and syndromal PTSD. Thus, screening these individuals for PTSD symptoms is important and may inform clinical management decisions because problem-solving skills are lower in those with more severe PTSD symptoms (even after adjusting for race, age, gender, and depressive symptoms). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Primary Health Care, *Problem Solving, Emotional Disturbances, Intervention, Prevention","Kasckow, J., Brown, C., Morse, J., Begley, A., Bensasi, S., Reynolds, C. F., III",2012.0,,,0,0,
2750,Treatment of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms in emotionally distressed individuals,"Older individuals with emotional distress and a history of psychologic trauma are at risk for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. This study was an exploratory, secondary analysis of data from the study ""Prevention of Depression in Older African Americans"". It examined whether Problem Solving Therapy-Primary Care (PST-PC) would lead to improvement in PTSD symptoms in patients with subsyndromal depression and a history of psychologic trauma. The control condition was dietary education (DIET). Participants (n=60) were age 50 or older with scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression scale of 11 or greater and history of psychologic trauma. Exclusions stipulated no major depression and substance dependence within a year. Participants were randomized to 6-8 sessions of either PST-PC or DIET and followed 2 years with booster sessions every 6 months; 29 participants were in the PST-PC group and 31 were in the DIET group. Mixed effects models showed that improvement of PTSD Check List scores was significantly greater in the DIET group over two years than in the PST-PC group (based on a group time interaction). We observed no intervention*time interactions in Beck Depression Inventory or Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety subscale scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Geriatric Psychiatry, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Problem Solving, *Symptoms Based Treatment, Blacks, Major Depression, Primary Health Care, Trauma","Kasckow, John, Morse, Jennifer, Begley, Amy, Anderson, Stewart, Bensasi, Salem, Thomas, Stephen, Quinn, Sandra C., Reynolds, Charles F., III",2014.0,,,0,0,
2751,Anhedonia and emotional numbing in combat veterans with PTSD,"We explored relationships between anhedonia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters, including their role in predicting psychiatric comorbidity. Our measure of anhedonia was derived from an examination of the latent structure of the Beck Depression Inventory. We found evidence for a two-factor solution, leading to anhedonia and undifferentiated, global depressive symptoms scales. In primary analyses, anhedonia had a unique positive relationship with PTSD's emotional numbing symptoms and minimal relationships with other PTSD symptoms. Upon examining the incremental validity of appetitive functioning (i.e., anhedonia, emotional numbing) over and above aversive functioning (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal PTSD symptoms) variables, greater emotional numbing increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with a major depressive disorder, and greater anhedonia increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with additional anxiety disorders and to a lesser extent, psychotic disorders. Results were consistent with research on the distinction of appetitive and aversive functioning, providing insight into the nature of PTSD.","Anhedonia, Assessment, Emotional numbing, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Kashdan, T. B., Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2752,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life","Few studies have been conducted on psychological disorders other than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in war survivors. The aim of this study was to examine PTSD, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) and their associations with distress and quality of life in 174 Albanian civilian survivors of the Kosovo War. This included testing of conceptual models suggesting that experiential avoidance might influence associations between anxiety and mood disorders with psychological functioning. Each of the three psychiatric disorders was associated with greater experiential avoidance and psychological distress, and lower quality of life. Being a refugee was associated with a higher likelihood of having SAD and MDD. We found evidence for experiential avoidance as a partial mediator of the respective effects of SAD and PTSD on quality of life; experiential avoidance did not mediate the effects of disorders on global distress. We also found support for a moderation model showing that only war survivors without SAD and low experiential avoidance reported elevated quality of life; people with either SAD or excessive reliance on experiential avoidance reported compromised, low quality of life. This is the third independent study, each using a different methodology, to find empirical support for this moderation model [Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2008). Social anxiety and positive emotions: a prospective examination of a self-regulatory model with tendencies to suppress or express emotions as a moderating variable. Behavior Therapy, 39, 1-12; Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: an experience sampling assessment of positive emotions and events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17, 120- 128]. Overall, we provided initial evidence for the importance of addressing PTSD, SAD, MDD, and experiential avoidance in primarily civilian war survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Social Phobia, Survivors, War","Kashdan, Todd B., Morina, Nexhmedin, Priebe, Stefan",2009.0,,,0,0,
2753,Quality of life two years after severe trauma: A single centre evaluation,"INTRODUCTION: Trauma related injuries are a main cause for long-lasting morbidity and disability especially in younger patients with their productive years ahead. On a routine basis, we assessed health related quality of life two years after trauma of severely injured patients at our level-I trauma centre via posted survey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The posted survey included (1) POLO-Chart questionnaire with European Quality of Life (EuroQoL), Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF 36) and the recently developed and validated Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP) combined with (2) single centre data according to TraumaRegister DGU((R)) data sets including trauma mechanism, injuries and initial treatment. Inclusion criteria were severely injured patients >/= 18 years, treated between 2008 and 2010. Exclusion criteria were death, cognitive impairment, lack of German language and denial of participation. RESULTS: 129 datasets were eligible for analysis reflecting a typical trauma collective with mean age 44 years, predominantly male (67%), mean ISS 22 and 98% blunt trauma. Two years after trauma, 62% of the patients reported of relevant remaining pain and 64% of severe functional deficit in at least one body region. Sixty-four percent of the patients suffered from decreased overall quality of life (EuroQoL</=0.8). Additionally, all domains of SF-36 were impaired compared to an age and gender adjusted cohort of healthy individuals, especially domains of pain and activity of daily living. These impairments were associated with decreased 'social functioning' and 'emotional role functioning'. TOP results confirmed these findings: Quality of life was decreased in almost every dimension. TOP additionally identified sequels especially in domains of ""Mental Functioning"" and impairments in psychological recovery including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. Socioeconomic impairments were frequent including further hospitalisations (62%), duration of inability to work >/= 6 month (54%), financial disadvantages (45%) and work loss (26%). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that multiple trauma patients two years after injury suffer from impairments including persisting pain, functional deficits, mental and socioeconomic deficits. The 'Trauma Outcome Profile' instrument seems a proper tool to discover impairments in trauma patients early on and guide proper rehabilitation resources to the best of the patient.","Adult, Functioning, Health related quality of life, Long term impairments, POLO-Chart, Pain, Quality of life, Severe injuries, Trauma, Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP)","Kaske, S., Lefering, R., Trentzsch, H., Driessen, A., Bouillon, B., Maegele, M., Probst, C.",2014.0,Oct,10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.028,0,0,
2754,"The relationship between sense of hope, family support and post-traumatic stress disorder among children: The case of young victims of rocket attacks in Israel","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is diagnosed commonly in Israeli children following violent episodes of the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. Research has suggested that as many as 70% of war-affected children present symptoms of PTSD. This study examined two factors that may contribute to resiliency: perceived social support and sense of hope. The research participants (n = 311) were children who experienced the rocket attacks during Israel's Second Lebanon War and a control group of Israeli children from a town that was not affected directly by the 2006 war. It was hypothesized that a complex relationship would be demonstrated between presentation of symptoms of PTSD and perceived social support. It was hypothesized further that an inverse relationship would be measured between sense of hope and presentation of symptoms of PTSD in the children who experienced the rocket attacks and that those in the control group would show less symptoms of PTSD than those in the experimental group. Finally, females were expected to show more symptoms of PTSD than males. The results showed a negative correlation between sense of hope and PTSD, while family support was correlated positively with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Family Relations, *Hope, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Social Support, War","Kasler, Jonathan, Dahan, Jessica, Elias, Maurice J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2755,Intervening with immigrant families: An integrative systems perspective,"Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.I lift my lamp beside the golden door!(Emma Lazarus, New Colossus, 1883; embossed on the plaque mounted inside the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty)One of the massive trends affecting a myriad of families that has accelerated around the world in the past three and a half decades is immigration - with scores of people leaving their homelands to move to countries they hope will be safer and provide a less turbulent environment in which to reside and raise their families. Such families often encounter enormous problems in their new and sometimes ethnocentric, uninviting, even to the point of hostile environments. In this article, some of the problems and issues encountered and ways therapists can enhance client families understanding of their situation, their feelings about it, and how better to cope and problem solve will be explored from an integrative problem-centered and family systems perspective. The discussion has been purposely kept broad and general in order to be applicable across national borders in the many lands in which family researchers, academicians, and clinicians conduct studies, teach, and practice.The introductory portion (Part I) of the article establishes the background of the kinds of often multi-problem families now being seen in many countries. They are indeed challenging and diverse, exhibit many idiosyncratic behaviors and may be needy and demanding or almost non-communicative. They are part of the rapidly changing population influx and mixture in many regions across the globe.Part II lists and briefly discusses common factors in many of the manifold theories that can be subsumed under an integrative systems umbrella. It highlights the importance of selecting the theoretical approaches that will best illuminate the situation, issues and people involved and the accompanying strategies that should be selected to be utilized.The article concludes in Part III with 2 case vignettes illustrating the clinical applicability of this type of theoretical orientation and clinical problem solving intervention perspective. It also emphasizes the importance of the ability to form a solid therapeutic alliance with the client(s). to the extent they can risk trusting enough to enter into it. © Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","dislocation, grief and losses, inhumanity, integrative, optimism, persecution, resiliency, systems, trauma, trust, upheavals","Kaslow, F. W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2756,"Superior efficacy of St John's wort extract WS(registered trademark)5570 compared to placebo in patients with major depression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial [ISRCTN77277298]","Background: The aim of the current study was to assess the antidepressant efficacy and safety of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) extract WS(registered trademark) 5570 at does 600 mg/day in a single dose and 1200 mg/day in two doses. Methods: The participants in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial were male and female adult out-patients with an episode of mild or moderate major depressive episode (single or recurrent episode, DSM-IV criteria). As specified by the relevant guideline, the study was preceded by a medication-free run-in phase. For the 6-week treatment, 332 patients were randomized: 123 to WS(registered trademark) 5570 600 mg/day, 127 to WS(registered trademark) 5570 1200 mg/day, and 82 to placebo. The primary outcome measure was the change in total score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D, 17-item version) between baseline and endpoint. Additional measures included the number of responders, the number of patients in remission, and several other standard rating scales. Efficacy and safety were assessed after 2 and 6 weeks. The design included an interim analysis performed after randomization with the option of early termination. Results: After 6 weeks of treatment, mean (plus or minus) standard deviation decreases in HAM-D total scores of 11.6 (plus or minus) 6.4, 10.8 (plus or minus) 7.3, and 6.0 (plus or minus) 8.1 points were observed for the WS(registered trademark) 5570 600 mg/day, 1200 mg/day and placebo groups, respectively (endpoint analysis). Secondary measures of treatment efficacy also showed that both WS(registered trademark) 5570 groups were statistically superior to placebo. Significantly more patients in the WS(registered trademark) 5570 treatment groups than in the placebo group showed treatment response and remission. WS(registered trademark) 5570 was consistently more effective than placebo in patients with either less severe or more severe baseline impairment. The number of patients who experienced remission was higher in the WS(registered trademark) 5570 1200 mg/day group than the WS(registered trademark) 5570 600 mg/day group. The incidence of adverse events was low in all groups. The adverse event profile was consistent with the known profile for Hypericum extract preparations. Conclusion: Hypericum perforatum extract WS(registered trademark) 5570 at doses of 600 mg/day (once daily) and 1200 mg/day (600 mg twice daily) were found to be safe and more effective than placebo, with comparable efficacy of the WS(registered trademark) 5570 groups for the treatment of mild to moderate major depression. (copyright) 2006 Kasper et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","ISRCTN77277298, Hypericum perforatum extract, placebo, unclassified drug, ws 5570, abdominal pain, acute stress disorder, adult, aged, article, clinical trial, connective tissue disease, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease exacerbation, disease severity, double blind procedure, drug dose regimen, drug efficacy, drug response, drug safety, ear disease, ECG abnormality, erythema, eye disease, female, gastrointestinal disease, genital system disease, Hamilton scale, human, incidence, infection, infestation, injection site reaction, inner ear disease, kidney disease, major clinical study, major depression, male, mediastinum disease, mental disease, metabolic disorder, metrorrhagia, multicenter study, musculoskeletal disease, neurologic disease, nutritional disorder, outpatient, photosensitivity disorder, randomized controlled trial, remission, respiratory tract disease, skin disease, statistical significance, stomatitis, suicide attempt, thorax disease, treatment outcome, urinary tract disease, vascular disease","Kasper, S., Anghelescu, I. G., Szegedi, A., Dienel, A., Kieser, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2757,"Superior efficacy of St John's wort extract WS®5570 compared to placebo in patients with major depression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial [ISRCTN77277298]","Background: The aim of the current study was to assess the antidepressant efficacy and safety of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) extract WS® 5570 at does 600 mg/day in a single dose and 1200 mg/day in two doses. Methods: The participants in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial were male and female adult out-patients with an episode of mild or moderate major depressive episode (single or recurrent episode, DSM-IV criteria). As specified by the relevant guideline, the study was preceded by a medication-free run-in phase. For the 6-week treatment, 332 patients were randomized: 123 to WS® 5570 600 mg/day, 127 to WS® 5570 1200 mg/day, and 82 to placebo. The primary outcome measure was the change in total score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D, 17-item version) between baseline and endpoint. Additional measures included the number of responders, the number of patients in remission, and several other standard rating scales. Efficacy and safety were assessed after 2 and 6 weeks. The design included an interim analysis performed after randomization with the option of early termination. Results: After 6 weeks of treatment, mean ± standard deviation decreases in HAM-D total scores of 11.6 ± 6.4, 10.8 ± 7.3, and 6.0 ± 8.1 points were observed for the WS® 5570 600 mg/day, 1200 mg/day and placebo groups, respectively (endpoint analysis). Secondary measures of treatment efficacy also showed that both WS® 5570 groups were statistically superior to placebo. Significantly more patients in the WS® 5570 treatment groups than in the placebo group showed treatment response and remission. WS® 5570 was consistently more effective than placebo in patients with either less severe or more severe baseline impairment. The number of patients who experienced remission was higher in the WS® 5570 1200 mg/day group than the WS® 5570 600 mg/day group. The incidence of adverse events was low in all groups. The adverse event profile was consistent with the known profile for Hypericum extract preparations. Conclusion: Hypericum perforatum extract WS® 5570 at doses of 600 mg/day (once daily) and 1200 mg/day (600 mg twice daily) were found to be safe and more effective than placebo, with comparable efficacy of the WS® 5570 groups for the treatment of mild to moderate major depression. © 2006 Kasper et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Kasper, S., Anghelescu, I. G., Szegedi, A., Dienel, A., Kieser, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2758,Introduction to the Special Issue: Posttraumatic Stress Related to Pediatric Illness and Injury,,,"Kassam-Adams, N.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
2759,Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of injured children,,,"Kassam-Adams, N., Fleisher, C. L., Winston, F. K.",2009.0,2009,,0,0,
2760,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Structure in Injured Children: Functional Impairment and Depression Symptoms in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis,"Objective: To examine the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children and adolescents who have experienced an acute single-incident trauma, associations between PTSD symptom clusters and functional impairment, and the specificity of PTSD symptoms in relation to depression and general distress. Method: Examined PTSD symptom structure in two samples of children (8 to 17 years of age) assessed an average of 6 months after unintentional injury: (1) a combined dataset of 479 children assessed with a PTSD symptom checklist, and (2) a sample of 204 children assessed via a standardized clinical interview. We evaluated the fit of six alternative models for the factor structure of PTSD symptoms, and the association of PTS symptom clusters with indicators of functional impairment. We then evaluated three models for the structure of PTSD and depression symptoms jointly, to examine specificity of PTSD versus general distress or mood symptoms. Results: In both samples, the DSM-IV 3-factor model fit the data reasonably well. Two alternative four-factor models fit the data very well: one that separates effortful avoidance from emotional numbing, and one that separates PTSD-specific symptoms from general emotional distress. Effortful avoidance and dysphoria symptoms were most consistently associated with impairment. The best-fitting model for PTSD and depression symptom clusters had three factors: PTSD-specific, depression-specific, and general dysphoria symptoms. Conclusions: The DSM-IV model for PTSD symptom categories was a reasonable fit for these child data, but several alternative models fit equally well or better, and suggest potential improvements to the current diagnostic criteria for PTSD in children. © 2010 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","adolescents, children, confirmatory factor analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder","Kassam-Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., Cirilli, C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2761,"Posttraumatic stress following pediatric injury update on diagnosis, risk factors, and intervention","Posttraumatic stress related to pediatric injury is common and can pose a threat to a child's full recovery. A substantial research base has established the occurrence and effect of PTS symptoms following injury, and the interrelationship of these psychological sequelae with physical and functional recovery. Within the past several years, meta-analytic studies6,42-44 have identified risk factors with large effect sizes, including preinjury psychopathology, peritrauma subjective experience (fear and life threat), early postinjury psychological reactions,andparents' earlyPTSsymptoms.Maladaptive trauma-related appraisals appear to influence the development and persistence of PTS symptoms.55 Posttrauma social support and adaptive posttraumacoping strategies serve as protective factors. Designedwithanunderstandingof these riskandprotectiveprocesses, the interventions aimed at preventing or treating persistent PTS symptoms often target coping strategies, appraisals, and parents' role inchild recovery. Universal preventive interventions including information and psychoeducation have shown modest effects,69,70andweb-based deliverypromises awide reach.68There is promising evidence for targeted preventive interventions.71However, additional well-designed studies of early posttraumainterventions for injured children areneededbeforewecan confidently draw conclusions about the relative role of universal and targeted intervention efforts. For treatment of PTSD in injured children, TF-CBT has the strongest evidence base60; more research is needed to establish its effectiveness as an indicated intervention to treat severe acute PTS symptoms.",,"Kassam-Adams, N., Marsac, M. L., Hildenbrand, A., Winston, F.",2013.0,,10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2741,0,0,
2762,Acute stress symptoms in children: Results from an international data archive,"Objective: To describe the prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms and to examine proposed DSM-5 symptom criteria in relation to concurrent functional impairment in children and adolescents. Method: From an international archive, datasets were identified that included assessment of acute traumatic stress reactions and concurrent impairment in children and adolescents 5 to 17 years of age. Data came from 15 studies conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Switzerland and included 1,645 children and adolescents. Dichotomized items were created to indicate the presence or absence of each of the 14 proposed ASD symptoms and functional impairment. The performance of a proposed diagnostic criterion (number of ASD symptoms required) was examined as a predictor of concurrent impairment. Results: Each ASD symptom was endorsed by 14% to 51% of children and adolescents; 41% reported clinically relevant impairment. Children and adolescents reported from 0 to 13 symptoms (mean = 3.6). Individual ASD symptoms were associated with greater likelihood of functional impairment. The DSM-5 proposed eight-symptom requirement was met by 202 individuals (12.3%) and had low sensitivity (0.25) in predicting concurrent clinically relevant impairment. Requiring fewer symptoms (three to four) greatly improved sensitivity while maintaining moderate specificity. Conclusions: This group of symptoms appears to capture aspects of traumatic stress reactions that can create distress and interfere with children's and adolescents' ability to function in the acute post-trauma phase. Results provide a benchmark for comparison with adult samples; a smaller proportion of children and adolescents met the eight-symptom criterion than reported for adults. Symptom requirements for the ASD diagnosis may need to be lowered to optimally identify children and adolescents whose acute distress warrants clinical attention. © 2012 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","acute stress disorder, diagnostic criteria, DSM-5","Kassam-Adams, N., Palmieri, P. A., Rork, K., Delahanty, D. L., Kenardy, J., Kohser, K. L., Landolt, M. A., Le Brocque, R., Marsac, M. L., Meiser-Stedman, R., Nixon, R. D. V., Bui, E., McGrath, C.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.013,0,0,
2763,Social exclusion and post-traumatic stress disorder in post-conflict Liberia,"Several studies have documented the high prevalence of PTSD in postconflict sub-Saharan African countries. However, few studies have considered how social context in in the aftermath of conflict influences the risk of psychopathology. Here, we were interested in the relation between perceived social exclusion (PSE) by government on the basis of tribal affiliation and traumatic exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a rural county in north central Liberia two decades following civil war. We collected data from a population-representative 3-stage rural cluster sample of 1434 adults. Covariates of interest included PSE, tribal affiliation, gender, age, literacy, education, marital status, household assets, and religion. After assessing bivariate relationships between exposures and outcomes, we fit multivariable logistic regression models of trauma exposure and PTSD symptomatology by PSE, adjusted for potential confounders. We then considered mediation of the relationship between PSE and PTSD symptomatology by trauma score. We found that PSE was associated with both high trauma score (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.19-2.41) and high PTSD score (2.06, 1.60-2.66). Even after adjusting for trauma score, PSE was associated with high PTSD symptomatology (1.63, 1.17-2.10). Our findings suggest that PSE may operate to increase risk for PTSD by both increasing exposure to trauma, as well as increasing the likelihood of PTSD following traumatic exposure. Social context is likely to influence the psychopathologic consequences of conflict, and should be considered in future studies in this area.","Liberia, society, epidemiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, exposure, injury, symptomatology, social environment, risk, population, war, prevalence, reading, religion, cluster analysis, government, adult, gender, education, marriage, household, logistic regression analysis, model, mental disease","Kassem, A. M., El-Sayed, A. M., Kruk, M. E., Galea, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2764,Mental health and psychosocial support after the Great East Japan Earthquake,"Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, Keio University School of Medicine has, at the request of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, provided mental health and psychosocial support to those living in Soma City in Fukushima Prefecture. This report covers the types of support provided in Soma City and discusses previous studies that were used as the model for current support practice and the results gained from actual performance. Also included is a summary of the objectives that were or were not achieved for medical support compared with recommendations from previous studies. Furthermore, future directions for medical support are also discussed. © 2012 by The Keio Journal of Medicine.","Disaster medicine, Earthquakes, Mental health, Psychiatry, Tsunamis","Kato, Y., Uchida, H., Mimura, M.",2012.0,,10.2302/kjm.61.15,0,0,
2765,Emotional numbing and pain intensity predict the development of pain disability up to one year after lateral thoracotomy,"Little is known about the factors that predict the transition of acute, time limited pain to chronic pathological pain following postero-lateral thoracotomy. The aim of the present prospective, longitudinal study was to determine the extent to which (1) pre-operative pain intensity, pain disability, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) predict post-thoracotomy pain disability 6 and 12 months later; and (2) if these variables, assessed at 6 months, predict 12 month pain disability. Fifty-four patients scheduled to undergo postero-lateral thoracotomy for intrathoracic malignancies were recruited before surgery and followed prospectively for one year. The incidence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain was 68.1% and 61.1% at the 6 and 12 month follow-ups, respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed that neither pre-operative factors nor acute movement-evoked post-operative pain predicted 6 or 12 month pain disability. However, concurrent pain intensity and emotional numbing, but not avoidance symptoms, made unique, significant contributions to the explanation of pain disability at each follow-up (total R2 = 76.3.0% and 63.9% at 6 and 12 months, respectively, both p &lt; 0.0009). The relative contribution of pain intensity decreased, while that of emotional numbing increased with time, indicating a progressive de-coupling of pain intensity and disability and a concomitant strengthening of the link between emotional numbing and disability. This suggests that pain may serve as a traumatic stressor which causes increased emotional numbing. The results also support recent suggestions that avoidance and emotional numbing constitute separate PTSS clusters. Further research is required to determine the source(s) of emotional numbing after postero-lateral thoracotomy and effective interventions. © 2008 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.","Chronic post-surgical pain, Emotional numbing, Pain disability, Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, Thoracotomy","Katz, J., Asmundson, G. J. G., McRae, K., Halket, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2766,The Toronto General Hospital Transitional Pain Service: development and implementation of a multidisciplinary program to prevent chronic postsurgical pain,"Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP), an often unanticipated result of necessary and even life-saving procedures, develops in 5-10% of patients one-year after major surgery. Substantial advances have been made in identifying patients at elevated risk of developing CPSP based on perioperative pain, opioid use, and negative affect, including depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms. The Transitional Pain Service (TPS) at Toronto General Hospital (TGH) is the first to comprehensively address the problem of CPSP at three stages: 1) preoperatively, 2) postoperatively in hospital, and 3) postoperatively in an outpatient setting for up to 6 months after surgery. Patients at high risk for CPSP are identified early and offered coordinated and comprehensive care by the multidisciplinary team consisting of pain physicians, advanced practice nurses, psychologists, and physiotherapists. Access to expert intervention through the Transitional Pain Service bypasses typically long wait times for surgical patients to be referred and seen in chronic pain clinics. This affords the opportunity to impact patients' pain trajectories, preventing the transition from acute to chronic pain, and reducing suffering, disability, and health care costs. In this report, we describe the workings of the Transitional Pain Service at Toronto General Hospital, including the clinical algorithm used to identify patients, and clinical services offered to patients as they transition through the stages of surgical recovery. We describe the role of the psychological treatment, which draws on innovations in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy that allow for brief and effective behavioral interventions to be applied transdiagnostically and preventatively. Finally, we describe our vision for future growth.","Transitional Pain Service, chronic postsurgical pain, multidisciplinary treatment, opioid use, transition to chronic pain","Katz, J., Weinrib, A., Fashler, S. R., Katznelzon, R., Shah, B. R., Ladak, S. S., Jiang, J., Li, Q., McMillan, K., Mina, D. S., Wentlandt, K., McRae, K., Tamir, D., Lyn, S., de Perrot, M., Rao, V., Grant, D., Roche-Nagle, G., Cleary, S. P., Hofer, S. O., Gilbert, R., Wijeysundera, D., Ritvo, P., Janmohamed, T., ""OLeary, G."", Clarke, H.",2015.0,,10.2147/jpr.s91924,0,0,
2767,Risk Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in HIV-Infected Women,"This study examined risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in a sample of 102 HIV-positive women. The magnitude of HIV-related PTSD symptoms was associated with a greater number of HIV-related physical symptoms, more extensive history of pre-HIV trauma, less perceived availability of social support, greater degree of perceived stigma, and greater degree of negative life events. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed three individual predictors of PTSD symptomatology: total impact of negative life events, total stigma score, and total number of present symptoms. Stigma emerged as the strongest individual predictor. Social support failed to moderate relationships between PTSD symptomatology and HIV-related physical symptoms and negative life events. These findings may inform helping professionals about risk factors associated with PTSD symptomatology in HIV-positive women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*HIV, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Symptoms","Katz, Stacey, Nevid, Jeffrey S.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2768,Aripiprazole: A clinical review of its use for the treatment of anxiety disorders and anxiety as a comorbidity in mental illness,"Although anxiety disorders are common, optimal treatment is elusive. More than half of anxiety patients treated with an adequate course of antidepressants fail to fully improve: treatment resistance, residual symptoms, and recurrence/relapse remain a challenge. Recently, atypical antipsychotics have been considered for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. This review will explore the available data for the role of aripiprazole in the treatment of anxiety. PubMed and conference abstracts were searched for randomized, double-blind studies that investigated the efficacy of aripiprazole in anxiety; its efficacy in bipolar disorder and depression was also explored for comparison. A number of studies have shown atypical antipsychotics to be effective in anxiety, and currently available data suggest that aripiprazole augmentation in patients with anxiety disorders is likely as effective as other atypical antipsychotic drugs. Although there have been no randomized, controlled trials, aripiprazole has been found to be effective in treating anxiety disorders in two open-label trials. This combined with the larger data base demonstrating its utility in bipolar disorder and depression, its safety profile and its unique mechanism of action, make aripiprazole for anxiety an intriguing avenue of exploration. Data from large randomized, controlled trials on the use of atypical antipsychotics for anxiety in general, and aripiprazole in particular, are currently lacking. The results of open-label trials of aripiprazole in anxiety provide enough support to warrant its further study. This, combined with a larger data base demonstrating its utility in bipolar disorder and depression, its safety profile and its unique mechanism of action, make aripiprazole for anxiety an intriguing avenue of exploration. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Aripiprazole, Atypical antipsychotics, Treatment","Katzman, M. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2769,"Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders","Background: Anxiety and related disorders are among the most common mental disorders, with lifetime prevalence reportedly as high as 31%. Unfortunately, anxiety disorders are under-diagnosed and under-treated.Methods: These guidelines were developed by Canadian experts in anxiety and related disorders through a consensus process. Data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment (psychological and pharmacological) were obtained through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and manual searches (1980-2012). Treatment strategies were rated on strength of evidence, and a clinical recommendation for each intervention was made, based on global impression of efficacy, effectiveness, and side effects, using a modified version of the periodic health examination guidelines.Results: These guidelines are presented in 10 sections, including an introduction, principles of diagnosis and management, six sections (Sections 3 through 8) on the specific anxiety-related disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder), and two additional sections on special populations (children/adolescents, pregnant/lactating women, and the elderly) and clinical issues in patients with comorbid conditions.Conclusions: Anxiety and related disorders are very common in clinical practice, and frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and medical conditions. Optimal management requires a good understanding of the efficacy and side effect profiles of pharmacological and psychological treatments. © 2014 Katzman et al.","agoraphobia, anxiety disorders, GAD, generalized anxiety disorder, guidelines, obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, pharmacotherapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, PTSD, recommendations, social anxiety disorder, special populations, specific phobia","Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., Antony, M. M., Bouchard, S., Brunet, A., Flament, M., Rabheru, K., Grigoriadis, S., Richter, P. M. A., Mendlowitz, S., ""OConnor, K."", Robichaud, M., Walker, J. R., Asmundson, G., Klassen, L. R., Lam, R. W., McIntyre, R. S., Szpindel, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2770,A review of the current clinical use of quetiapine and extended release quetiapine in the management of anxiety and related disorders,"A comprehensive approach to the management of anxiety disorders continues to be a clinical challenge as current therapies have shown only limited efficacy. Quetiapine (available as an immediate-release and an extended-release [XR] formulation) is an atypical antipsychotic agent with primary dopaminergic and serotonergic blocking activity, which has well-established records of clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Recent controlled trials provide increasing evidence in support of the role of quetiapine XR as both monotherapy and as an augmentation therapy in the treatment of several anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post- traumatic stress disorder. To date, there is only limited evidence for its use in panic disorder. Quetiapine XR is an important alternative especially for patients who had a partial remission of symptoms or who have not responded to first-line treatments for mood and anxiety disorders. It may also provide an important option in patients whose anxiety disorder is comorbid with an underlying bipolar mood disorder. Quetiapine’s safety and tolerability profile in the management of anxiety disorders is comparable to what is observed when quetiapine is used for other psychiatric conditions, however, it has yet to receive FDA approval for use in generalized anxiety disorder due to potential long-term metabolic adverse effects. Thus, given its efficacy and tolerability, it is important to consider the potential benefit of its ability to manage mood and anxiety disorder symptomatology, while closely monitoring for the more worrisome adverse events.","cholesterol, glucose, quetiapine, triacylglycerol, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, cataract, cholesterol blood level, clinical assessment, constipation, dizziness, drug binding, drug efficacy, drug formulation, drug half life, drug mechanism, drug release, drug safety, drug tolerability, extrapyramidal symptom, fatigue, generalized anxiety disorder, glucose blood level, glucose intolerance, headache, human, increased appetite, leukocyte count, long term care, metabolic syndrome X, monotherapy, mood disorder, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, orthostatic hypotension, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial (topic), remission, review, schizophrenia, sexual dysfunction, side effect, social phobia, somnolence, tardive dyskinesia, time to maximum plasma concentration, treatment duration, treatment response, triacylglycerol blood level, waist circumference, weight gain, xerostomia","Katzman, M. A., Furtado, M., Copeland, A., Tsirgielis, D., Ambrosio, C. D., Anand, L., Epstein, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2771,"Ethnic identity, family cohesion, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent among maltreated youth, but little empirical work exists regarding the role of ethnic identity and family cohesion as influential factors among different ethnic groups. This study included an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents affiliated with a state-administered residential facility for maltreated youth. Variables included ethnic identity and family cohesion, as well as symptoms of PTSD, depression, dissociation, and post-traumatic cognitions. The most prominent finding was that low family cohesion predicted greater PTSD symptoms, depression, dissociation, and post-traumatic cognitions. This finding was especially pronounced for multiracial youth. Results are discussed within the context of developmental pathways regarding ethnic identity development in multiracial youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Ethnic Identity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Adolescent Development, Family Relations","Kaur, Harpreet, Kearney, Christopher A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2772,A Neuropsychological Profile of Childhood Maltreatment Within an Adolescent Inpatient Sample,"Recent research has begun to identify the neurocognitive and psychological effects of childhood maltreatment, although information is limited on the neuropsychological presentation of maltreatment in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. This study examined the executive-functioning and language abilities as well as psychopathological presentation of childhood maltreatment victims in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient setting. The sample consisted of adolescent inpatients (ages 13-19 years old) who completed a neuropsychological/psychological assessment during hospitalization (n = 122). The sample was grouped based on childhood maltreatment history, with one group categorized by maltreatment history (n = 49) and the other group characterized by no maltreatment history (n = 73). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (p <.01) between maltreatment groups on executive functioning, as well as on measures of self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms. No group differences remained after controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder. Further, distinct neuropsychological profiles were identified for specific types of maltreatment experienced. These findings suggest that while childhood maltreatment is associated with a range of neuropsychological impairments, the specific type of maltreatment experienced may have a significant influence on the type and severity of impairments. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on the significant consequences of childhood maltreatment. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","adolescence, inpatient, maltreatment, neurocognitive, psychopathology","Kavanaugh, B., Holler, K., Selke, G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2773,A neuropsychological profile of childhood maltreatment within an adolescent inpatient sample,"Recent research has begun to identify the neurocognitive and psychological effects of childhood maltreatment, although information is limited on the neuropsychological presentation of maltreatment in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. This study examined the executive-functioning and language abilities as well as psychopathological presentation of childhood maltreatment victims in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient setting. The sample consisted of adolescent inpatients (ages 13-19 years old) who completed a neuropsychological/psychological assessment during hospitalization (n = 122). The sample was grouped based on childhood maltreatment history, with one group categorized by maltreatment history (n = 49) and the other group characterized by no maltreatment history (n = 73). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (p < .01) between maltreatment groups on executive functioning, as well as on measures of self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms. No group differences remained after controlling for posttraumatic stress disorder. Further, distinct neuropsychological profiles were identified for specific types of maltreatment experienced. These findings suggest that while childhood maltreatment is associated with a range of neuropsychological impairments, the specific type of maltreatment experienced may have a significant influence on the type and severity of impairments. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on the significant consequences of childhood maltreatment.","adolescence, inpatient, maltreatment, neurocognitive, psychopathology","Kavanaugh, B., Holler, K., Selke, G.",2015.0,,10.1080/21622965.2013.789964,0,0,2772
2774,Post-traumatic stress disorder and concept of subsyndrome,"Clinical appearance of psychiatric conditions defined as ""subsyndromal"" or ""subthreshold"" has begun to get more attention from physicians in the recent years. According to the extent of inclusion of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of PTSD has been labeled as ""partial"", ""subsyndromal"" or ""borderline"" PTSD. These subthreshold conditions that can not be named as a disorder in classification systems can make a background for discussion about the indefinite clinical forms of PTSD. The development of subthreshold PTSD conditions, as in the relation with the severity of the trauma, the personality traits, and interactions with the factors prior to or after the trauma will clarify this discussion. In this article, we tried to discuss the subthreshold conditions of PTSD and its clinical course in the light of the available literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Severity (Disorders), *Subtypes (Disorders)","Kaya, Burhanettin",2004.0,,,0,0,
2775,An investigation of a new diagnostic sub-type: Post traumatic stress disorder with psychotic features,"This dissertation presented an empirical study that asked the question: do significant differences in etiology, concurrent symptoms, and outcomes exist, warranting a new diagnostic subtype of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), PTSD with Psychotic Features. The literature review traced the historical development of trauma research, the diagnosis of PTSD from its inception through its controversies, the current literature on PTSD with co-occurring psychosis, the measures used in trauma assessment, and the theories guiding this research. The Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic and Assessments Services (MIDAS) project database was used. It consisted of a population of 1500 patients, 20% (300) of whom had PTSD. Patients were diverse in terms of gender, race and trauma code. The study compared the 18.7%, or 56 psychiatric outpatients with PTSD with Psychotic Features, with the 81.3%, or 244 psychiatric outpatients with PTSD without Psychotic Features. Testable portions of the etiological hypotheses of PTSD with Psychotic Features were rejected. Data analysis did not reveal a significantly different clinical profile in terms of potential risk factors such as interpersonal trauma code, early age of onset of PTSD, greater number of trauma symptoms, female gender, nor minority status. Conversely, concurrent validity hypotheses were accepted. Data analysis revealed that patients with PTSD with Psychotic Features had a greater number of symptoms or disorders outside of PTSD. These included a greater number of suicide attempts within the last year, higher CGI scores for Depression, and more co-morbid Axis I disorders. Patients co-morbid with psychotic disorders accounted for 76.7% of the variance, but could not account for the other 23.3% of patients co-morbid with only non-psychotic disorders, including Bulimia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Alcohol Dependence. Predictive validity hypotheses were accepted. Data analysis revealed that patients with PTSD with Psychotic Features were associated with poorer outcomes, either episodically or overall. Patients showed a greater number of prior hospitalizations, poorer past and present social functioning, poorer work functioning, and lower GAF scores. The inclusion of the subtype PTSD with Psychotic Features could lead to greater diagnostic clarity, less diagnostic comorbidity, and more homogenous research groups to guide future treatment studies and recommendations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Patients, *Psychosis, Stress","Kaye, Leslie Ann",2004.0,,,0,0,
2776,Psychological Effects of Military Service in Vietnam: A Meta-Analysis,,,"Kaylor, J. A., King, D. W., King, L. A.",1987.0,,,0,0,
2777,Duration of Exposure and the Dose-Response Model of PTSD,,,"Kaysen, D., Rosen, G., Bowman, M., Resick, P. A.",2010.0,,10.1177/0886260508329131,0,0,
2778,Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in families of adolescent childhood cancer survivors,,,"Kazak, A. E., Alderfer, M., Rourke, M. T., Simms, S., Streisand, R., Grossman, J. R.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,
2779,Traumatic events and mental health in the community: a New Zealand study,"BACKGROUND: Adverse mental health effects in response to a variety of distressing events in specific populations are well documented. However, comparatively little research has been conducted within large community samples outside North America. AIMS: To assess the prevalence and psychological impact of specific traumatic events in a New Zealand community sample. METHODS: Prevalence and psychological impact of 12 traumatic events was examined in a community sample of 1,500 New Zealand adults using a three-stage cluster sampling method. Traumatic events, psychological distress, psychological well-being, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms were assessed using modified versions of the Traumatic Stress Schedule, Mental Health Inventory, and Civilian Mississippi Scale. The effects of age, gender and ethnicity were controlled for while assessing impact of traumatic events. RESULTS: Sixty-one per cent of the sample experienced trauma events in their lifetime, with 9% experiencing events in the past year. Accident-related events were most common in the present sample. Violent crime produced the greatest impact. Tests of interactions involving age, gender, and ethnicity were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: New Zealand community-residing individuals experience post-traumatic stress symptoms, reduced psychological well-being, and increased psychological distress following the experience of violent crime and accidents specifically. Study limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.","accident, adolescent, adult, aged, article, comparative study, crime, cross-sectional study, cultural factor, female, health survey, human, life event, male, middle aged, New Zealand, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, psychological aspect, psychometry, statistics, violence","Kazantzis, N., Flett, R. A., Long, N. R., MacDonald, C., Millar, M., Clark, B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2780,"Relationship between trauma exposure, posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder","Objectives: The notion that traumatic experiences may have an impact on human mind is very old. Recent developments in psychotraumatology shifted the approach to a trauma from a purely negative to a more positive perspective. Research confirmed that traumatic events may lead not only to posttraumatic stress or other disorders, but also to positive changes. The present research was based on the concept of Posttraumatic Growth developed by Calhoun and Tedeschi (1996), which is widely known in the field of traumatic stress. Although the number of Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) research is growing rapidly, little is known about Posttraumatic Growth predictors. The present research was designed to find out the links between Posttraumatic Growth, Posttraumatic Stress and initial reactions to the traumatic event. We set up two goals of the study: 1) evaluation of how initial traumatic reactions predict PTG, and 2) assessment of links between PTG and PTSD. Methods: A group of 104 university students exposed to at least one life-time traumatic event participated in the study. The average time gap between exposure to a traumatic event and the time of research was 43 months. The intensity of initial reactions to a traumatic event was measured using a 10-item self-rating inventory developed by the authors of the present study. The Subjective Traumatic Experience (STE) inventory consisted of items covering cognitive, emotional and physiological reactions to a traumatic event. Posttraumatic Growth was measured using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PGI) developed by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996). Previous research showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of PGI (Gailiene & Kazlauskas, 2005). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder was measured using the Lithuanian version of Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). A recent validation of the IES-R on Lithuanian population showed its good psychometric properties (Kazlauskas et al., 2006). Results: Correlation analysis revealed positive correlations among all three variables - PTG, STE and PTSD. Path analysis with two path models from STE to PTG and from STE to PTSD provided an adequate fit to the data 2 (1) = 1.62; p = .20; RMSEA = .077; NFI = .95; CFI = 1.0. Subjective traumatic experiences predicted Posttraumatic Growth ( = .32; T = 3.35) and PTSD ( = .42; T = 4.62). The modified model with correlations between PTG and PTSD added provided an ideal fit, but changes of the model were not significant: 2 difference(1) = 1.62; p > .05. Path analysis was made using LISREL software. Conclusions: The most significant predictor of both PTSD, and PTG was the intensity of initial reactions to traumatic experience. While we found a weak but significant correlation between PTG and PTSD, the Path analysis has revealed that PTG and PTSD are rather distinct posttraumatic processes, both predicted by a traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress, Survivors","Kazlauskas, Evaldas, Gailiene, Danute, Dimenaite, Irma",2007.0,,,0,0,
2781,Altered blood oxygen level-dependent signal variability in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder during symptom provocation,"Background: Recent research suggests that variability in brain signal provides important information about brain function in health and disease. However, it is unknown whether blood oxygen leveldependent (BOLD) signal variability is altered in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We aimed to identify the BOLD signal variability changes of PTSD patients during symptom provocation and compare the brain patterns of BOLD signal variability with those of brain activation. Methods: Twelve PTSD patients and 14 age-matched controls, who all experienced a mining accident, underwent clinical assessment as well as fMRI scanning while viewing trauma-related and neutral pictures. BOLD signal variability and brain activation were respectively examined with standard deviation (SD) and general linear model analysis, and compared between the PTSD and control groups. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between PTSD symptom severity and these two brain measures across all subjects as well as in the PTSD group. Results: PTSD patients showed increased activation in the middle occipital gyrus compared with controls, and an inverse correlation was found between PTSD symptom severity and brain activation in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex. Brain variability analysis revealed increased SD in the insula, anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex, and vermis, and decreased SD in the parahippocapal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, and striatum. Importantly, SD alterations in several regions were found in both traumatic and neutral conditions and were stratified by PTSD symptom severity. Conclusion: BOLD signal variability may be a reliable and sensitive biomarker of PTSD, and combining brain activation and brain variability analysis may provide complementary insight into the neural basis of this disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain, *Cerebral Blood Flow, *Oxygen, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Insula, Symptoms, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Ke, Jun, Zhang, Li, Qi, Rongfeng, Xu, Qiang, Li, Weihui, Hou, Cailan, Zhong, Yuan, Zhang, Zhiqiang, He, Zhong, Li, Lingjiang, Lu, Guangming",2015.0,,,0,0,
2782,Social support and Quality of Life: a cross-sectional study on survivors eight months after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,"The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake resulted in extensive loss of life and physical and psychological injuries for survivors. This research examines the relationship between social support and health-related quality of life for the earthquake survivors. A multistage cluster sampling strategy was employed to select participants from 11 shelters in nine counties exposed to different degrees of earthquake damage, for a questionnaire survey. The participants were asked to complete the Short Form 36 and the Social Support Rating Scale eight months after the earthquake struck. A total of 1617 participants returned the questionnaires. The quality of life of the survivors (in the four weeks preceding the survey) was compared with that of the general population in the region. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis were performed to determine the association between social support and quality of life. The earthquake survivors reported poorer quality of life than the general population, with an average of 4.8% to 19.62% reduction in scores of the SF-36 (p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that those with stronger social support were more likely to have better quality of life. The canonical correlation analysis found that there was a discrepancy between actual social support received and perceived social support available, and the magnitude of this discrepancy was inversely related to perceived general health (rs = 0.467), and positively related to mental health (rs = 0.395). Social support is associated with quality of life in the survivors of the earthquake. More attention needs to be paid to increasing social support for those with poorer mental health.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, China, cluster analysis, cross-sectional study, earthquake, female, health status, human, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, questionnaire, social support, survivor","Ke, X., Liu, C., Li, N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2783,Psychological distress in survivors of residential fires,This paper presents preliminary findings from an ongoing study of survivors of residential fires. The purpose of this study was to examine psychological distress and extent of loss in order to provide a psychological profile of survivors over time. The sample (N = 69) was drawn consecutively from the database of residential fires available through the Philadelphia Fire Department. Levels of psychological distress were measured as well as reports of symptoms consistent with the diagnostic criteria for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. The major findings indicate that residential fires caused significant and sustained distress. An agenda for further research and for services to survivors of these fires is presented.,"adult, aged, article, data base, distress syndrome, female, fire, home accident, human, information processing, male, normal human, posttraumatic stress disorder, survival, United States","Keane, A., Pickett, M., Jepson, C., McCorkle, R., Lowery, B. J.",1994.0,,,0,0,
2784,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Current status and future directions,"Provides an overview of current research in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to provide impetus for studies that will advance the understanding of the effects of high level stressors on individuals in society today. It is suggested that the most important factors that need to be studied in PTSD involve the biological, psychological, and social resources that interact with individuals' experiences of traumatic events. Research on reactions to different types of trauma and on other disorders that develop following exposure to extreme stress is reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Experimentation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Keane, Terence M.",1989.0,,,0,0,
2785,Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three Studies in Reliability and Validity,,,"Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., Taylor, K. L.",1988.0,,,0,0,
2786,Clinical Evaluation of a Measure to Assess Combat Exposure,,,"Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., Mora, C. A.",1989.0,,,0,0,
2787,Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"200 male Vietnam combat veterans who were assigned to a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) group (n = 100) or a non-PTSD group (n = 100) were administered the MMPI to develop empirically based criteria for use of the MMPI to aid in assessment and diagnosis of PTSD. Standard clinical profiles demonstrated that PTSD Ss had overall higher mean elevations, and discriminant function analysis correctly classified 74% of Ss in each group. A special PTSD subscale was developed and cross-validated that improved diagnostic hit rates to 82% of Ss. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1984 American Psychological Association.","development of MMPI subscale, assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, male Vietnam veterans","Keane, T. M., Malloy, P. F., Fairbank, J. A.",1984.0,,,0,0,
2788,"Post-traumatic stress disorder: Definition, prevalence, and risk factors","(from the chapter) In this chapter, we provide the definition and diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Next, the prevalence data for this disorder are reviewed, with a particular focus on how prevalence rates vary with demographic characteristics (e.g., gender) and trauma type. The literature on risk and resilience factors for the development and maintenance of PTSD is then discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of contemporary statistical methods that may be used to advance our knowledge and understanding of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Statistical Measurement, Demographic Characteristics, Quantitative Methods, Resilience (Psychological), Trauma","Keane, Terence M., Marx, Brian P., Sloan, Denise M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2789,Social Support in Vietnam Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. A Comparative Analysis,,,"Keane, T. M., Scott, W. O., Chavoya, G. A., Lamparski, D. M., Fairbank, J. A.",1985.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.53.1.95,0,0,
2790,Differentiating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from Major Depression (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Sisorder (GAD),"Questions about the differential diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been raised since this category was reformulated in DSM-III (APA, 1980). Clinicians have reported difficulties distinguishing PTSD from other categories, particularly from Major Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (MMD and GAD). Diagnostic validity can be established in several ways (e.g., through clinical descriptive studies, laboratory experiments, family history studies, etc.). In this paper, we describe one approach to validation thus far not applied to PTSD: This approach centers directly on whether clinicians can distinguish PTSD from other diagnostic categories. Experienced clinicians were asked to rate me extent to which a common set of 90 symptom items characterized PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Ratings were analyzed with multivariate and univariate analyses of variance and covariance, multiple discriminant function analysis, and factor analysis; moreover, characteristics of raters were examined for possible influences. Results indicated that clinicians readily distinguish PTSD from MDD and GAD as well as MDD from GAD. Findings are presented in terms of univariate analyses, 34 best discriminating items, and factors specifying dimensions differentiating the syndromes of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Rater characteristics did not influence diagnostic accuracy, although significant differences in magnitude of symptom intensity were found.","anxiety neurosis, article, covariance, depression, diagnostic accuracy, differential diagnosis, discriminant analysis, factorial analysis, family history, human, multivariate analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder","Keane, T. M., Taylor, K. L., Penk, W. E.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2791,Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),"Questions about the differential diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been raised since this category was reformulated in DSM-III (APA, 1980). Clinicians have reported difficulties distinguishing PTSD from other categories, particularly from Major Depressive and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (MDD and GAD). Diagnostic validity can be established in several ways (e.g., through clinical descriptive studies, laboratory experiments, family history studies, etc.). In this paper, we describe one approach to validation thus far not applied to PTSD: This approach centers directly on whether clinicians can distinguish PTSD from other diagnostic categories. Experienced clinicians were asked to rate the extent to which a common set of 90 symptom items characterized PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Ratings were analyzed with multivariate and univariate analyses of variance and covariance, multiple discriminant function analysis, and factor analysis; moreover, characteristics of rates were examined for possible influences. Results indicated that clinicians readily distinguish PTSD from MDD and GAD as well as MDD from GAD. Findings are presented in terms of univariate analyses, 34 best discriminating items, and factors specifying dimensions differentiating the syndromes of PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Rater characteristics did not influence diagnostic accuracy, although significant differences in magnitude of symptom intensity were found.","Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/physiopathology, Diagnosis, Differential, Discriminant Analysis, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, Psychiatry/*standards, Psychology, Clinical/*standards, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/physiopathology, *Terminology as Topic","Keane, T. M., Taylor, K. L., Penk, W. E.",1997.0,May-Jun,,0,0,
2792,Abnormal structure of fear circuitry in pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Structural brain studies of adult PTSD show reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in fear regulatory areas including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and hippocampus. Surprisingly, neither finding has been reported in pediatric PTSD. One possibility is that they represent delayed developmental effects that are not fully apparent until adulthood. Alternatively, lower resolution MRI and image processing techniques in prior studies may have limited detection of such differences. Here we examine fear circuitry GMV, including age-related differences, using higher resolution MRI in pediatric PTSD vs. healthy youth. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 3T anatomical brain MRI was acquired in 27 medication-free youth with PTSD and 27 healthy non-traumatized youth of comparable age, sex, and IQ. Images were processed in SPM8 using linear and nonlinear (DARTEL) transformations with output images corrected for total GMV. Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare GMV in a priori regions including the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala/ hippocampus, with family-wise error correction. Primary analyses examined group and group X age differences, as well as PTSD symptom cluster relationships to GMV within the PTSD group. Results: PTSD youth had reduced GMV but no age-related differences in anterior vmPFC (BA 10/11, Z=4.5), which inversely correlated with PTSD duration. In contrast, while there was no overall group difference in hippocampal volume, a group X age interaction (Z=3.6) was present in the right anterior hippocampus. Here, age positively predicted hippocampal volume in healthy youth but negatively predicted volume in PTSD youth. Within the PTSD group, re-experiencing symptoms inversely correlated with subgenual cingulate (sgACC, Z=3.7) and right anterior hippocampus (Z=3.5) GMV. Post-hoc analyses revealed that these findings were not associated with trauma exposure per se. Conclusions: Pediatric PTSD is associated with abnormal structure of the vmPFC and age-related differences in the hippocampus, regions important in the extinction and contextual gating of fear. Reduced anterior vmPFC volume may confer impaired recovery from illness, consistent with its role in the allocation of attentional resources. In contrast, individual differences in sgACC volume were associated with re-experiencing symptoms, consistent with the role of the sgACC in fear extinction. The negative relationship between age and hippocampal volume in youth with PTSD suggests an ongoing neurotoxic process over development, which further contributes to illness expression. Future studies employing a longitudinal design would be merited to further explore these possibilities.","posttraumatic stress disorder, fear, hippocampus, college, psychopharmacology, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, juvenile, diseases, brain, cross-sectional study, post hoc analysis, injury, image processing, gray matter, adulthood, voxel based morphometry, intelligence quotient, prefrontal cortex, exposure, drug therapy, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, adult","Keding, T., Herringa, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2793,A Group Therapy Approach to Treating Combat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Interpersonal Reconnection Through Letter Writing,"Many who have served in a war zone carry deep emotional wounds that go beyond the typical symptom clusters of reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal that comprise a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Specifically, many combatants experience unresolved grief, guilt, and shame caused by losses and traumatic experiences suffered in war, called ""moral injury"" by some clinicians and researchers (e.g., Litz et al., 2009; Shay, 1994). We describe the aspects of human attachment that set the stage for grief, guilt, and shame, and outline the 3-phase group therapy model we have implemented in a clinical setting to foster the reconnection of severed human bonds. Special attention is paid to killing and related phenomena that are unique to combat PTSD. The program phases include psychoeducation, trauma-focused therapy, and aftercare, which focuses on assisting the veterans in reconnecting with their families and communities. The use of letter writing as an intervention is illustrated through case examples, and clinical outcomes are anecdotally described. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2014 APA, all rights reserved).",,"Keenan, M. J., Lumley, V. A., Schneider, R. B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2794,Acute thermal stress and various heavy metals induce tissue-specific pro- or anti-apoptotic events via the p38-MAPK signal transduction pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.),"We investigated the effects of various heavy metals such as copper, zinc and cadmium, as well as acute thermal stress, on the signalling mechanisms involved in the protection and/or apoptosis of Mytilus galloprovincialis mantle and gill tissues. The results of our studies revealed that mantle and gill tissues differentially respond to the stressful stimuli examined. In the mantle tissue, 1 μmol l-1 Cu2+ and 50 μmol l-1 Zn2+ induced a transient p38-MAPK activation, whereas 1 μmol l-1 Cd2+ induced a biphasic profile of the kinase phosphorylation with maximal values at 15 and 120 min of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, 1 μmol l-1 SB203580 abolished the Cu2+-induced kinase phosphorylation. In gills, both Cu2+ and Zn2+ induced a considerably higher p38-MAPK activation, which remained elevated for at least 60 min, whereas Cd2+ induced a maximal kinase activation within 60 min of treatment. Hypothermia (4°C) induced a moderate kinase phosphorylation (maximised at 30 min), whereas hyperthermia (30°C) induced a rapid (within 15 min) p38-MAPK phosphorylation that remained considerably above basal levels for at least 2 h. Our studies on the synergistic effect of hyperthermia and Cu2+ revealed that these two stressful stimuli are additive in the mantle tissue, inducing an almost double p38-MAPK activation. Further studies on the involvement of the p38-MAPK signalling pathway in tissue-specific pro- or anti-apoptotic events revealed that identical stressful stimuli possibly lead to apoptotic death via the caspase-3 activation in the mantle tissue and to anti-apoptotic events possibly via the induction of Hsp70 overexpression in the gill tissue.","Apoptosis, Cadmium, Copper, Hsp70, Hyperthermia, Mussel, Signalling, Zinc","Kefaloyianni, E., Gourgou, E., Ferle, V., Kotsakis, E., Gaitanaki, C., Beis, I.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2795,"Non-peptidic CRF1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of anxiety, depression and stress disorders","Anxiety and depression are psychiatric disorders that constitute a major health concern worldwide, and new pharmacological approaches with the potential for improved efficacy and decreased side effect profiles relative to currently marketed drugs are desired. Since the identification of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by Vale and colleagues in 1981, an extensive research effort has solidified the importance of this 41 amino acid peptide in mediating the body's behavioral, endocrine, and autonomic responses to stress. The further identification of CRF receptor subtypes has provided compelling targets for novel pharmaceutical agents. The present review focuses on the potential of non-peptidic antagonists of the CRF(1) receptor subtype as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of anxiety and depression. The first section reviews preclinical and clinical evidence implicating CRF, in general, and CRF(1) receptors, in particular, in anxiety and depression. Clinical studies have demonstrated a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and/or elevated CRF levels in depression and in some anxiety disorders. Preclinical data utlilizing correlational methods, genetic models, and exogenous CRF administration techniques in rodents and non-human primates supports a link between hyperactive CRF pathways and anxiogenic and depressive-like symptoms. Studies employing the use of receptor knockouts and selective, non-peptidic antagonists of the CRF(1) receptor have demonstrated anxiolytic and antidepressant effects under certain types of laboratory conditions. A Phase II, open-label, clinical trial in major depressive disorder has reported that a CRF(1) receptor antagonist was safe and effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. In the second section, a topological approach is used to describe the design strategies employed to produce potent, non-peptidic CRF(1) receptor antagonists. Two main topologies, featuring a center core, a top side-chain, and a pending aromatic ring, can be used to characterize the vast majority of currently known CRF(1) receptor antagonists. By exploiting some of these structural elements, pharmacological, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties can be modulated and optimized. However, as a result of a relatively conservative iteration process during the structural optimization, the chemical space presently defined by the existing CRF(1) receptor antagonists still remains fairly narrow. Expanding these structural and topological boundaries, while optimizing the ""drug-like"" properties of the CRF(1) receptor antagonists, seems to be a common objective across pharmaceutical companies to maximize the chances for a clinical success in the near future.",,"Kehne, J., De Lombaert, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2796,"Effects of the CRF1 receptor antagonist, CP 154,526, in the separation-induced vocalization anxiolytic test in rat pups","CRF1 receptor antagonists have been proposed as novel pharmacological treatments for depression, anxiety and stress disorders. The primary goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the CRF1 receptor antagonist, CP 154,526, in the separation-induced vocalization (SIV) model of anxiety. Nine- to 11-day-old rat pups were separated from their litter and the effects of intraperitoneally administered test compounds on the elicited ultrasonic vocalizations were measured. Side-effect potential was assessed using a modifed inclined plane test ('time on an inclined plane', or TIP), and using negative geotaxis. SIV was reduced by CP 154,526 at doses that did not affect TIP or negative geotaxis, a profile like that of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist buspirone. The benzodiazepine anxiolytic, diazepam, decreased SIV but also produced significant side effects at one to three-fold higher doses. Additional pharmacological characterization of SIV demonstrated anxiolytic-like effects of the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, but not the typical antipsychotic, haloperidol, and of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, but not the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. In summary, the data support the conclusion that selective CRF1 receptor antagonists may have utility in anxiety and stress disorders. The data further support the use of separation-induced vocalizations for identifying mechanistically diverse compounds with anxiolytic actions in man. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","Anxiety, Corticotropin releasing factor, CP 154,526, CRF1 receptor antagonist, Separation induced vocalizations, Stress","Kehne, J. H., Coverdale, S., McCloskey, T. C., Hoffman, D. C., Cassella, J. V.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2797,"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Life Satisfaction and Work Personality: Exploring the Relationship with Disability","This research focused on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its relationship to life satisfaction and developmental work personality. The participants were women of low socioeconomic status and consisted of three groups: women not seeking employment; women pursuing their GED prior to seeking employment; and women with disabilities in readiness to work programs. Significant correlations exist between both the Developmental Work Personality Scale (DWPS) and the Life Satisfaction Scale, and PTSD symptoms for the entire group. Separate analyses for each group indicated significant correlations for the women with disabilities between levels of PTSD symptoms, developmental work personality, and life satisfaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disabilities, *Life Satisfaction, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Work (Attitudes Toward), Lower Income Level","Keim, Jeanmarie, Malesky, L. Alvin, Jr., Strauser, David R.",2003.0,,,0,0,
2798,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,,"antidepressant agent, adolescent, child, drug effect, emotion, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, psychological aspect, review, Sickness Impact Profile","Kekelidze, Z. I., Portnova, A. A.",2002.0,,,0,0,1552
2799,Psychopathology in children of Holocaust survivors: a review of the research literature,"The literature on transgenerational transmission of Holocaust trauma has grown into a rich body of unique psychological knowledge with almost 400 publications. For the time being, however, the transgenerational effect of the Holocaust on the offspring remains a subject of considerable controversy. The main question involves the presence or absence of specific psychopathology in this population. Psychotherapists kept reporting various characteristic signs of distress while research failed to find significant differences between offspring and comparative groups. In an effort to settle this question, the present review of the research literature provides a summary of the findings of 35 comparative studies on the mental state of offspring of Holocaust survivors, published between 1973-1999. This extensive research indicates rather conclusively that the non-clinical population of children of Holocaust survivors does not show signs of more psychopathology than others do. Children of Holocaust survivors tend to function rather well in terms of manifest psychopathology and differences in the mental state of offspring and people in general are small according to most research. The clinical population of offspring, however, tend to present a specific ""psychological profile"" that includes a predisposition to PTSD, various difficulties in separation-individuation and a contradictory mix of resilience and vulnerability when coping with stress.","adaptive behavior, adult, child, crime, female, human, Israel, male, mental disease, psychological aspect, review, survivor","Kellerman, N. P.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2800,Psychopathology in children of holocaust survivors: a review of the research literature,"The literature on transgenerational transmission of Holocaust trauma has grown into a rich body of unique psychological knowledge with almost 400 publications. For the time being, however, the transgenerational effect of the Holocaust on the offspring remains a subject of considerable controversy. The main question involves the presence or absence of specific psychopathology in this population. Psychotherapists kept reporting various characteristic signs of distress while research failed to find significant differences between offspring and comparative groups. In an effort to settle this question, the present review of the research literature provides a summary of the findings of 35 comparative studies on the mental state of offspring of Holocaust survivors, published between 1973-1999. This extensive research indicates rather conclusively that the non-clinical population of children of Holocaust survivoirs does not show signs of more psychopathology than others do. Children of Holocaust survivors tend to function rather well in terms of manifest psychopathology and differences in the mental state of offspring and people in general are small according to most research. The clinical population of offspring, however, tend to present a specific ""psychological profile"" that includes a predisposition to PTSD, various difficulties in separation-individuation and a contradictory mix of resilience and vulnerability when coping with stress.",,"Kellerman, N. P. F.",2001.0,,,0,0,2799
2801,A comparison of life threat and betrayal as risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Life threat has been underscored as the primary etiological factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) since the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III, APA, 1980). However, recent theoretical work suggests that other aspects of trauma may be relevant to the etiology of PTSD. Betrayal stands out from this literature as a pertinent, discrete, and complementary etiological factor. This study examined life threat and betrayal as risk factors for the development of PTSD. One-hundred-eighty-two participants who reported experiencing a traumatic event were assessed with four well-validated self-report measures of PTSD symptomatology and a life threat and betrayal inventory. Results indicated a strong association between betrayal and PTSD and a modest association between life threat and PTSD. These results indicate that both life threat and betrayal are relevant factors in the etiology of PTSD and contribute to an emerging literature that suggests betrayal may impact the development of psychological symptoms following trauma exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Threat, Emotional Trauma, Stress","Kelley, Lance Patrick",2010.0,,,0,0,
2802,Association of life threat and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) emphasizes life threat as the defining feature of psychological trauma. Recent theoretical and empirical work, however, indicates the need to identify and evaluate other key aspects of trauma. Betrayal has been proposed as a pertinent, distinct, and complementary factor that can explain effects of trauma not accounted for by life threat alone. This study examined the relationship between injury, perceived life threat (PLT), and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Trauma-exposed college students (N = 185) completed self-report measures of trauma exposure and PTSD, as well as items regarding life threat, betrayal, and level of medical care received. In hierarchical regressions incorporating injury, PLT, and betrayal, betrayal was associated with all PTSD symptom clusters and PTSD total severity (f 2 = .08), whereas PLT was associated with hyperarousal (f 2 = .05) and PTSD total (f 2 = .03), and injury had no association with PTSD symptoms. In a revised model with trauma type as an additional variable, betrayal was associated with avoidance (f 2 = .03), numbing (f 2 = .04), and PTSD total (f 2 = .03), whereas PLT was associated with reexperiencing (f 2 = .04), hyperarousal (f 2 = .04), and PTSD total (f 2 = .03), and injury was associated with avoidance (f 2 = .03). These findings support the idea that betrayal is a core dimension of psychological trauma that may play an important role in the etiology of PTSD. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Kelley, L. P., Weathers, F. W., Mason, E. A., Pruneau, G. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2803,A comparison of PTSD symptom patterns in three types of civilian trauma,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is assumed to be an equivalent syndrome regardless of the type of traumatic event that precipitated it. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and previous research suggest that the clinical presentation of PTSD varies by trauma type. This study compared PTSD symptom profiles in three types of civilian trauma: sexual assault (n = 86), motor vehicle accident (n = 162), and sudden loss of a loved one (n = 185). Groups differed in overall PTSD severity and displayed distinct PTSD symptom patterns. Results suggest that different trauma types lead to unique variants of the PTSD syndrome, which may result from different etiological factors and may require different treatment approaches. © 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Kelley, L. P., Weathers, F. W., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Eakin, D. E., Flood, A. M.",2009.0,,,0,1,
2804,Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms in children following Hurricane Katrina: A prospective analysis of the effect of parental distress and parenting practices,,,"Kelley, M. L., Self-Brown, S., Le, B., Bosson, J. V., Hernandez, B. C., Gordon, A. T.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20573,0,0,
2805,Parental stress response to sexual abuse and ritualistic abuse of children in day-care centers,"The purpose of this study was to examine the stress responses of parents to the sexual and ritualistic abuse of their children in day-care centers. Sixty-five mothers and 46 fathers of children sexually abused in day-care centers completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a measure of psychological distress. These scores were compared with a carefully matched comparison group of parents of 67 nonabused children. Parents of abused children also completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES), a measure which indexes symptoms that characterize posttraumatic stress disorder. Parents of sexually abused children reported significantly more psychological distress than parents of nonabused children, with parents of ritually abused children displaying the most severe psychological distress. Parents of abused children reported symptom profiles on the SCL-90-R and IES consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder.",,"Kelley, S. J.",1990.0,,,0,0,
2806,A controlled study of internalizing symptoms in older adolescents with sickle cell disease,"Background: Due to the ongoing medical challenges we hypothesized that older adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) would report greater rates of internalizing symptoms and diagnoses. This study is a follow-up to a previous study [1] that found few differences between the emotional well-being of children ages 8-15 with SCD and comparison peers. Our aim is to re-assess internalizing symptoms of youth with SCD and comparison peers at age 18. Procedure: At follow-up, trained staff members administered semi-structured psychiatric interviews and widely use behavioral health questionnaires to adolescents with SCD (n=48), their comparison peers (COMP; n=51) and a caregiver. Mood, internalizing symptoms and diagnoses, were evaluated cross-sectionally at the follow-up (age 18). Results: Psychiatric interview data showed that COMP reported more phobias relative to adolescents with SCD; no significant differences were reported for any other current symptoms (depression, anxiety, or mania). Questionnaire data showed all scores in the normal range with two significant differences: older adolescents with SCD reported more symptoms of tension-anxiety and fatigue-inertia. Both groups reported significant rates of internalizing disorders with 31% of youth with SCD and 35% of COMP having a DSM-IV diagnosis. Conclusions: Psychiatric interview data for both groups of older adolescents suggested considerable psychopathology; questionnaire data for both groups were in the normal range. We report few significant differences-more phobias in comparisons peers; more tension-anxiety and fatigue-inertia reported by youth with SCD. The overall findings suggest considerable resilience for youth with SCD, but both groups of adolescents report significant rates of psychopathology similar to national rates. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:637-642.","adolescent, adolescent disease, agoraphobia, article, Beck Depression Inventory, child, comparative study, controlled study, cross-sectional study, demography, depression, DSM-IV, dysthymia, emotionality, fatigue inertia, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, Profile of Mood States, questionnaire, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, semi structured interview, sickle cell anemia, social phobia, tension anxiety","Kelly, A. D., Egan, A. M., Reiter-Purtill, J., Gerhardt, C. A., Vannatta, K., Noll, R. B.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2807,Posttraumatic stress disorder in response to HIV infection,"This study investigated the psychological impact of HIV infection through assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in response to HIV infection. Sixty-one HIV-positive homosexual/bisexual men were assessed for posttraumatic stress disorder in response to HIV infection (PTSD-HIV) using a modified PTSD module of the DIS-III-R. Thirty percent met criteria for a syndrome of posttraumatic stress disorder in response to HIV diagnosis (PTSD-HIV). In over one-third of the PTSD cases, the disorder had an onset greater than 6 months after initial HIV infection diagnosis. PTSD-HIV was associated with other psychiatric diagnoses, particularly the development of first episodes of major depression after HIV infection diagnosis. PTSD-HIV was significantly associated with a pre-HIV history of PTSD from other causes, and other pre-HIV psychiatric disorders and neuroticism scores, indicating a similarity with findings in studies of PTSD from other causes. The findings from this preliminary study suggest that a PTSD response to HIV diagnosis has clinical validity and requires further investigation in this population and other medically ill groups. The results support the inclusion of the diagnosis of life-threatening illness as a traumatic incident that may lead to a posttraumatic stress disorder, which is consistent with the DSM-IV criteria.","Adult, Bisexuality/psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder/psychology, Discriminant Analysis, HIV Infections/*complications/*psychology, Homosexuality, Male/psychology, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*etiology, Time Factors","Kelly, B., Raphael, B., Judd, F., Perdices, M., Kernutt, G., Burnett, P., Dunne, M., Burrows, G.",1998.0,Nov,,0,0,
2808,The impact of sudden gains in cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study investigated sudden gains, i.e., rapid and stable improvements, in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms that may occur in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Twenty-nine of 72 participants (39.2%) experienced a sudden gain during treatment. Mixed model ANOVAs analyzed sudden gains impact on clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity, patient-rated PTSD symptom severity, and patient-rated depressive symptom severity. Sudden gains in PTSD symptomology were associated with greater reductions in PTSD symptom severity for the avoidance/numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters at posttreatment. By 6-month follow-up, the sudden gains group had maintained those reductions in symptoms, but the nonsudden gains group had achieved equal reductions in symptom severity. Participants experiencing sudden gains on PTSD measures had lower depression severity at posttreatment and follow-up. © 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Kelly, K. A., Rizvi, S. L., Monson, C. M., Resick, P. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2809,Treatment of substance abusing patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders,"Objective: To update clinicians on the latest in evidence-based treatments for substance use disorders (SUD) and non-substance use disorders among adults and suggest how these treatments can be combined into an evidence-based process that enhances treatment effectiveness in comorbid patients. Method: Articles were extracted from Pubmed using the search terms ""dual diagnosis,"" ""comorbidity"" and ""co-occurring"" and were reviewed for evidence of effectiveness for pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatments of comorbidity. Results: Twenty-four research reviews and 43 research trials were reviewed. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that antidepressants prescribed to improve substance-related symptoms among patients with mood and anxiety disorders are either not highly effective or involve risk due to high side-effect profiles or toxicity. Second generation antipsychotics are more effective for treatment of schizophrenia and comorbid substance abuse and current evidence suggests clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone are among the best. Clozapine appears to be the most effective of the antipsychotics for reducing alcohol, cocaine and cannabis abuse among patients with schizophrenia. Motivational interviewing has robust support as a highly effective psychotherapy for establishing a therapeutic alliance. This finding is critical since retention in treatment is essential for maintaining effectiveness. Highly structured therapy programs that integrate intensive outpatient treatments, case management services and behavioral therapies such as Contingency Management (CM) are most effective for treatment of severe comorbid conditions. Conclusions: Creative combinations of psychotherapies, behavioral and pharmacological interventions offer the most effective treatment for comorbidity. Intensity of treatment must be increased for severe comorbid conditions such as the schizophrenia/cannabis dependence comorbidity due to the limitations of pharmacological treatments. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Comorbid, Psychiatric disorder, Substance use disorder, Treatment","Kelly, T. M., Daley, D. C., Douaihy, A. B.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2810,Disorder specificity despite comorbidity: Resting EEG alpha asymmetry in major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder,"The approach-withdrawal and valence-arousal models highlight that specific brain laterality profiles may distinguish depression and anxiety. However, studies remain to be conducted in multiple clinical populations that directly test the diagnostic specificity of these hypotheses. The current study compared electroencephalographic data under resting state, eyes closed conditions in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (N= 15) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (N= 14) relative to healthy controls (N= 15) to examine the specificity of brain laterality in these disorders. Key findings included (1) reduced left-frontal activity in MDD, (2) a positive correlation between PTSD severity and right-frontal lateralisation, (3) greater activity in PTSD patients relative to MDD within the right-parietotemporal region, and (4) globally increased alpha power in MDD. Findings partially support the diagnostic applicability of the theoretical frameworks. Future studies may benefit from examining task-driven differences between groups. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.","Alpha asymmetry, Brain Resource International Database, BRAINnet, Depression, EEG, Electroencephalography, MDD, Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Resting state","Kemp, A. H., Griffiths, K., Felmingham, K. L., Shankman, S. A., Drinkenburg, W., Arns, M., Clark, C. R., Bryant, R. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2811,CE the effect of varying diagnostic terminology within patient discharge information on expected mild traumatic brain injury outcome,"This study aimed to determine if systematic variation of the diagnostic terminology embedded within written discharge information (i.e., concussion or mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI) would produce different expected symptoms and illness perceptions. We hypothesized that compared to concussion advice, mTBI advice would be associated with worse outcomes. Sixty-two volunteers with no history of brain injury or neurological disease were randomly allocated to one of two conditions in which they read a mTBI vignette followed by information that varied only by use of the embedded terms concussion (n = 28) or mTBI (n = 34). Both groups reported illness perceptions (timeline and consequences subscale of the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised) and expected Postconcussion Syndrome (PCS) symptoms 6 months post injury (Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, NSI). Statistically significant group differences due to terminology were found on selected NSI scores (i.e., total, cognitive and sensory symptom cluster scores (concussion > mTBI)), but there was no effect of terminology on illness perception. When embedded in discharge advice, diagnostic terminology affects some but not all expected outcomes. Given that such expectations are a known contributor to poor mTBI outcome, clinicians should consider the potential impact of varied terminology on their patients. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","Acquired brain injury, Head injury, Mild traumatic brain injury, Neurocognitive disorder, Neuropsychology, Patient information, Postconcussion syndrome, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Kempe, C. B., Sullivan, K. A., Edmed, S. L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2812,A Web-Based Early Intervention Can Prevent Long-Term PTS Reactions in Children With High Initial Distress Following Accidental Injury,"The present study explored the targeting of a preventative information provision intervention delivered to children following accidental injury by assessing the impact of initial traumatic distress on response to treatment. Analyses were based on baseline and 6-month outcome of child traumatic stress in a control (n = 28) and an intervention group (n = 31). Moderation of treatment outcome by initial levels of child traumatic stress was assessed through multiple hierarchical regression analyses. Results indicated the interaction between treatment provision and initial level of posttraumatic stress significantly predicted 6-month outcome (β = -.42, p = .019). When initial distress was high, children in the control group demonstrated an increase in trauma symptoms, and had significantly higher trauma symptoms at follow-up than those in the treatment group (d = 0.94, p = .008). When initial distress was not elevated, no significant differences were noted between the groups. These results indicate that a preventative early intervention may be best targeted at children presenting with the specific risk factor of high initial distress. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.",,"Kenardy, J. A., Cox, C. M., Brown, F. L.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.22025,0,0,
2813,Comparison of the MMPI-PTSD subscale with PTSD and substance abuse patient populations,"War-related PTSD frequently presents as a dual disorder. Questions have been raised about whether the MMPI-PTSD subscale developed by Keane, Malloy, and Fairbank (1984) is identifying a separate PTSD syndrome or is a measure of generalized distress common to various diagnostic categories, including substance abuse. In this study, veterans with PTSD with and without substance abuse were compared to veterans with substance abuse only on the MMPI-PTSD subscale (n = 22 in each of the four categories). Results support the ability of the test to distinguish between groups of veterans with PTSD and those with substance abuse only. The findings lend indirect support to the validity of a distinct PTSD symptom cluster.","adult, article, drug abuse, human, major clinical study, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale","Kenderdine, S. K., Phillips, E. J., Scurfield, R. M.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2814,"Examining cumulative victimization, community violence exposure, and stigma as contributors to PTSD symptoms among high-risk young women","This study examines patterns of lifetime victimization within the family, community violence exposure, and stigma as contributors to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms within a sample of 198 high-risk young women who are pregnant or parenting. We used cluster analysis to identify 5 profiles of cumulative victimization, based on participants' levels of witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV), physical abuse by an adult caregiver, and sexual victimization, all beginning by age 12. Hierarchical regression was used to examine these 5 clusters (ranging from a High All Victimization cluster characterized by high levels of all 3 forms of violence, to a Low All Victimization cluster characterized by low levels of all 3 forms), along with community violence exposure and stigma, as predictors of PTSD symptoms. We found that 3 of the cumulative victimization clusters, in comparison with Low All Victimization, were significant predictors of PTSD symptoms, as was stigma, while community violence exposure was not a significant predictor. © 2014 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Community violence, Cumulative victimization, Family violence, Sexual abuse, Stigma","Kennedy, A. C., Bybee, D., Greeson, M. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2815,Profile analyses of the Personality Assessment Inventory following military-related traumatic brain injury,"Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) profiles were examined in 160 U.S. service members (SMs) following mild-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants who sustained a mild TBI had significantly higher PAI scores than those with moderate-severe TBI on eight of the nine clinical scales examined. A two-step cluster analysis identified four PAI profiles, heuristically labeled ""High Distress"", ""Moderate Distress"", ""Somatic Distress,"" and ""No Distress"". Postconcussive and posttraumatic stress symptom severity was highest for the High Distress group, followed by the Somatic and Moderate Distress groups, and the No Distress group. Profile groups differed in age, ethnicity, rank, and TBI severity. Findings indicate that meaningful patterns of behavioral and personality characteristics can be detected in active duty military SMs following TBI, which may prove useful in selecting the most efficacious rehabilitation strategies.","Adult, Brain Injuries/*diagnosis/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Neuropsychological Tests, *Personality, *Personality Assessment, Self Report, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, United States, Young Adult, Cluster analysis, Military, Personality assessment inventory, Postconcussion, Traumatic brain injury","Kennedy, J. E., Cooper, D. B., Reid, M. W., Tate, D. F., Lange, R. T.",2015.0,May,10.1093/arclin/acv014,0,1,
2816,Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury,"In this article, we review the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-like symptoms that can occur along with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion, with specific reference to concussive injuries in the military. We address four major areas: (1) clinical aspects of TBI and PTSD, including diagnostic criteria, incidence, predictive factors, and course; (2) biological interface between PTSD and TBI; (3) comorbidity between PTSD and other mental disorders that can occur after mild TBI; and (4) current treatments for PTSD, with specific considerations related to treatment for patients with mild TBI or concussive injuries.","Biological factors, Blast concussion, Clinical course, Comorbidity, Concussion, Incidence, Mild traumatic brain injury, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rehabilitation, Traumatic brain injury, Treatment","Kennedy, J. E., Jaffee, M. S., Leskin, G. A., Stokes, J. W., Leal, F. O., Fitzpatrick, P. J.",2007.0,,10.1682/JRRD.2006.12.0166,0,0,
2817,Posttraumatic stress symptoms in OIF/OEF service members with blast-related and non-blast-related mild TBI,"Purpose: To examine the proportion and severity of stress-related symptoms in U.S. service members with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) received during deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) or Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). Stress-related symptoms reported by service members with mTBI from explosive munitions are compared to symptoms reported by those with mTBI received from other mechanisms (i.e. falls, motor vehicle accidents). Methods: Posttraumatic stress, as measured by scores on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C), for a sample of 586 OIF/OEF service members with blast-related mTBI was compared to a sample of 138 OIF/OEF service members with non-blast mTBI selected from retrospective review of research records. Results: Re-experiencing symptoms such as flashbacks and nightmares were higher for the blast mTBI group than for the non-blast mTBI group. Symptoms on other PTSD clusters and total score did not significantly differ between groups. Equivalent proportions of the blast and non-blast groups endorsed severe PTSD symptoms, with total PCL-C scores greater than or equal to 50. Conclusions: Consistent with prior reports, high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms occur in a substantial proportion of service members who experienced deployment-related blast and non-blast mTBI. Results suggest that the psychological rehabilitation of OIF/OEF service members with mTBI from explosive blast should include particular attention to addressing re-experiencing symptoms. © 2010 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.","blast injury, Mild traumatic brain injury, PTSD","Kennedy, J. E., Leal, F. O., Lewis, J. D., Cullen, M. A., Amador, R. R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2818,Senescence alters blood flow responses to acute heat stress,"Renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) responses to heating are significantly reduced in senescent compared with young Fischer-344 (F344) rats (Kenney MJ and Fels RJ. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R513-R520, 2002). However, the functional significance of this finding is not known. We tested the hypothesis that blood flow distribution profiles to heating are altered in senescent (24 mo old) compared with mature (12 mo old) and young (3 mo old) F344 rats. Visceral organ, skeletal muscle, and tail blood flows were determined with the radionuclide-tagged microsphere technique before (control, 38°C) and during heating that increased body temperature to 41°C in anesthetized F344 rats. Vascular conductance in the kidney, stomach, large intestine, pancreas, spleen, and tail was significantly reduced during control before heating in senescent compared with young F344 rats. Heating significantly decreased kidney, stomach, small and large intestine, and pancreas vascular conductance in young and mature but not senescent F344 rats. Vascular conductance at 41°C in the kidney and small intestine was significantly lower and in the stomach tended to be lower in young compared with senescent rats. Splenic conductance increased during heating in young and senescent rats but was highest in young rats. Tail conductance during heating was significantly increased in young rats but remained unchanged in mature and senescent rats. These results demonstrate a marked attenuation in heating-induced vascular conductance changes in senescent rats, suggesting an important functional consequence for the attenuated SND responses to heating in aged rats.","Fischer-344 rats, Microspheres, Vascular conductance","Kenney, M. J., Musch, T. I.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2819,Altered functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder with versus without comorbid major depressive disorder: a resting state fMRI study,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that is often diagnosed with comorbid depressive disorder. Therefore, neuroimaging studies investigating PTSD typically include both patients with and without comorbid depression. Differences in activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula have been shown to differentiate PTSD patients with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). Whether or not comorbid MDD affects resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients has not been investigated to our knowledge. Here, resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients with (PTSD+MDD; n=27) and without (PTSD-MDD; n=23) comorbid MDD was investigated. The subgenual ACC and insula were investigated as seed regions. Connectivity between the subgenual ACC and perigenual parts of the ACC was increased in PTSD+MDD versus PTSD-MDD, which may reflect the presence of depressive specific symptoms such as rumination. Functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC with the thalamus was reduced, potentially related to more severe deficits in executive functioning in the PTSD+MDD group versus the PTSD-MDD group. In addition, the PTSD+MDD group showed reduced functional connectivity of the insula with the hippocampus compared to the PTSD-MDD group. However, this cluster was no longer significantly different when PTSD patients that were using medication were excluded from analyses. Thus, resting state functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC can distinguish PTSD+MDD from PTSD-MDD, and this may therefore be used as a neurobiological marker for comorbid MDD in the presence of PTSD. As PTSD+MDD are more treatment resistant, these findings can also guide treatment development, for example by targeting the subgenual ACC network with treatment.",,"Kennis, M., Rademaker, A. R., van Rooij, S. J., Kahn, R. S., Geuze, E.",2013.0,,10.12688/f1000research.2-289.v2,0,0,
2820,Altered functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder with versus without comorbid major depressive disorder: A resting state fMRI study,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that is often diagnosed with comorbid depressive disorder. Therefore, neuroimaging studies investigating PTSD typically include both patients with and without comorbid depression. Differences in activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula have been shown to differentiate PTSD patients with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). Whether or not comorbid MDD affects resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients has not been investigated to our knowledge. Here, resting state functional connectivity of PTSD patients with (PTSD+MDD; n=27) and without (PTSD-MDD; n=23) comorbid MDD was investigated. The subgenual ACC and insula were investigated as seed regions. Connectivity between the subgenual ACC and perigenual parts of the ACC was increased in PTSD+MDD versus PTSD-MDD, which may reflect the presence of depressive specific symptoms such as rumination. Functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC with the thalamus was reduced, potentially related to more severe deficits in executive functioning in the PTSD+MDD group versus the PTSD-MDD group. In addition, the PTSD+MDD group showed reduced functional connectivity of the insula with the hippocampus compared to the PTSD-MDD group. However, this cluster was no longer significantly different when PTSD patients that were using medication were excluded from analyses. Thus, resting state functional connectivity of the subgenual ACC can distinguish PTSD+MDD from PTSD-MDD, and this may therefore be used as a neurobiological marker for comorbid MDD in the presence of PTSD. As PTSD+MDD are more treatment resistant, these findings can also guide treatment development, for example by targeting the subgenual ACC network with treatment.",,"Kennis, M., Rademaker, A. R., van Rooij, S. J. H., Kahn, R. S., Geuze, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,2819
2821,Clinical utility of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the spectrum of anxiety,"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are now being employed in the treatment of the full spectrum of anxiety disorders. In comparative trials, the SSRIs are proving to be equal or superior in efficacy to traditional antianxiety medications. Due to their favorable side effect profile, safety, and tolerability, they are rapidly replacing older agents in the treatment of anxiety. Neuroanatomical pathways that may be important in the antianxiety effect of the SSRIs are outline anti discussed, followed by a review of the clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of this class of medications in the treatment of anxiety disorders.","fluvoxamine, paroxetine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, amygdaloid nucleus, anxiety neurosis, clinical trial, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug safety, drug tolerability, fear, human, human cell, human tissue, meta analysis, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, serotonin release, social phobia, treatment outcome","Kent, J. M., Coplan, J. D., Gorman, J. M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2822,Late and long-term effects of breast cancer treatment and surveillance management for the general practitioner,"OBJECTIVE: To examine the most common long-term and late effects of breast cancer treatment, the American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines for surveillance, and recommendations for the primary care provider's role in delivering breast cancer survivorship care. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar, and hand searches using the search terms breast cancer, survivor, and long-term or late effects. STUDY SELECTION: Articles published in English from 2002 to 2012 that addressed the long-term or late effects of adults with breast cancer were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Findings are discussed categorically, including the most common late and long-term psychosocial effects from relevant studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Topics relevant to survivors included challenges to psychosocial, emotional, and cognitive well-being; satisfaction with life; sexuality; body image; anxiety; fear of recurrence and post-traumatic stress disorder; depression; cognitive dysfunction challenges to physical well-being; adverse cardiovascular events; fatigue; lymphedema; musculoskeletal symptoms; accelerated bone loss and fractures; pain; skin changes due to radiation; disease recurrence; and new breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS: With earlier detection methods and improvements in treatment options making breast cancer a highly survivable disease, there are more survivors of breast cancer than ever. The clinicians' role in survivorship care is more important than ever to manage the potential long-term and late effects of treatment, physical and emotional well-being, and recurrent disease surveillance. However, the clinician's role in cancer follow-up care is often poorly defined leading to a lack of awareness about the needs of survivors of breast cancer, suboptimal communication between providers and survivors, and an overall deficiency in quality care.","Adult, Aged, Anxiety/diagnosis/epidemiology, Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy, Continuity of Patient Care, Depression/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology, Early Detection of Cancer/*standards/trends, Female, Follow-Up Studies, General Practitioners, Humans, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), ""Physicians Role"", *Practice Guidelines as Topic, *Quality of Life, Sickness Impact Profile, Survivors, Time, breast cancer, breast cancer survivorship, late effects of treatment, long-term effects of treatment, primary care provider and breast cancer follow-up care","Kenyon, M., Mayer, D. K., Owens, A. K.",2014.0,May-Jun,10.1111/1552-6909.12300,0,0,
2823,Assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms in emergency department nurses,"It is well understood through research that human service providers who are exposed to the end results of disastrous events such as floods, fires, building and bridge collapses, war, rape, murder, and other violent crimes are susceptible to the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The purpose of this study is to assess for the presence of PTSD in ER nurses. Although nursing is recognized as a stressful and emotionally demanding occupation, little is known to help differentiate the many types of job stressors associated with direct patient contact as they vary from unit to unit. This study investigated whether nurses who work in the emergency room of a Level 1 Trauma Center experience symptoms of PTSD at a higher level than those nurses who work in the Intensive Care Unit or on a general medicine floor. Included in the study were 46 ER nurses, 51 ICU nurses, and 31 general medicine floor nurses. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed by the Modified Posttraumatic Symptom Scale-Self Report (MPSS-SR), social support was assessed with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), anxiety was measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and dissociative symptoms were measured by the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ). It was hypothesized that ER nurses, given the unpredictable events they regularly experience, would score significantly higher on the MPSS-SR and on the PDEQ than the ICU or floor nurses. This hypothesis was not supported. It was hypothesized that ER nurses would also have significantly higher scores on the BAI and the BDI. This hypothesis was partially supported, in that all three nurse groups had higher scores on the BAI than on the BDI. A negative correlation between scores on the MPSS-SR and scores on the MSPSS was hypothesized. This hypothesis was not supported. A negative correlation between scores on the PDEQ and scores on the MSPSS was also predicted. This hypothesis was not supported. In addition, a positive correlation between years of experience in the emergency room and elevated scores on the MPSS-SR and scores on the PDEQ were predicted. This hypothesis was also not supported. Additional correlational analysis performed for the overall sample revealed significant relationships, which had not been predicted. Positive correlations for perceived occupational stress, generalized job dislike and scores on the BDI, the BAI and the MSPSS S-R were found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emergency Services, *Nurses, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Kerasiotis, Bernadina Catherine",2001.0,,,0,0,
2824,Introduction to Part I: Trauma and Juvenile Delinquency: Dynamics and Developmental Mechanisms,"This article introduces the first part of a two-part special issue featuring new directions in research on traumatized youth in the juvenile justice system. The articles in this issue focus on research devoted to investigating the underlying development mechanisms accounting for the associations among exposure to traumatic events, posttraumatic stress reactions, and delinquent behavior. The articles in this issue advance our understanding of these questions by expanding the scope of research to include the study of complex trauma as well as the differentiation between primary psychopathic traits among youth versus secondary psychopathy borne of trauma. In addition, studies are included targeting specific theoretically-derived mediators of the relations between childhood adversity and delinquency, including depressive cognitions, as well as specific symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress. The remaining articles shed light on the differential roles that trauma and demographic factors play in predicting recidivism and mental health functioning among youth involved in the juvenile justice system, including gender, ethnicity, age, and sexual minority status. Taken together, these studies suggest important directions for the development of effective interventions to target trauma-related sequelae among troubled youth and their families. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","complex trauma, delinquency, gender, mediators, posstraumatic stress, trauma","Kerig, P. K.",2012.0,,,0,1,
2825,"Beyond fear, helplessness, and horror: Peritraumatic reactions associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms among traumatized delinquent youth","This study investigated associations among peritraumatic reactions, including the triad of fear, helplessness, and horror specified in Criterion A2 of the DSM-IV-R, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic status and symptom severity among a sample of 555 juvenile justice-involved adolescents (188 girls and 367 boys). Results of hierarchical and logistic regression analyses indicated that, with the exception of helplessness, peritraumatic reactions beyond the DSM-IV-R triad, particularly disorganized behavior and confusion, were more strongly associated with PTSD diagnosis and symptoms among these youth than were the A2 criteria. Gender differences also emerged in the pattern of results, with disorganized behavior and dissociation associated more strongly with PTSD symptom levels among girls than boys. In addition, investigation of the relations between peritraumatic reactions and the recently proposed 5-factor model of PTSD symptom clusters showed that peritraumatic disorganization was the most consistently associated with PTSD symptoms, whereas peritraumatic helplessness was uniquely associated with Numbing among boys and Dissociation among girls. These results have implications for informing the DSM-5 as well as adding to the evidence base for deriving developmentally sensitive criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD among youth exposed to trauma. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Delinquency, Gender, Peritraumatic reactions, PTSD, Symptom clusters","Kerig, P. K., Bennett, D. C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2826,"Deconstructing PTSD: Traumatic Experiences, Posttraumatic Symptom Clusters, and Mental Health Problems among Delinquent Youth","This study investigated interrelations among trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters, and mental health problems among adjudicated adolescents. Girls scored higher than boys on measures of exposure to interpersonal trauma, PTSD symptom clusters, and mental health problems. Results of path analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that PTSD symptom clusters differentially mediate the relations between trauma exposure and mental health problems, with unique patterns of results for boys and girls. For all youth, avoidance mediated the association between trauma and internalizing symptoms whereas reexperiencing and arousal acted as mediators of externalizing. However, for boys only, noninterpersonal traumas also were related to PTSD symptoms, which in turn acted as mediators of internalizing. For girls only, reexperiencing and arousal acted as mediators of internalizing and associated symptoms of PTSD acted as a mediator of externalizing. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","delinquency, externalizing, gender mediation, internalizing","Kerig, P. K., Vanderzee, K. L., Becker, S. P., Ward, R. M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
2827,"Caregiver distress, shared traumatic exposure, and child adjustment among area youth following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing","Background Disasters are associated with myriad negative outcomes in youth, including posttraumatic stress disorder and related psychopathology. Prior work suggests links between caregiver distress and child mental health outcomes following community traumas, but the extent to which caregiver distress is directly linked to post-disaster child functioning, or whether such associations may simply be due to shared traumatic exposure, remains unclear. Methods The current study examined relationships among caregiver distress, caregiver-child shared traumatic exposure, and child outcomes in Boston-area families (N=460) during the six months following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Parents completed surveys about their and their child's potentially traumatic experiences during the bombing and subsequent manhunt. Post-attack caregiver distress and child psychological functioning were also assessed. Results After accounting for caregiver-child shared traumatic exposure, significant associations were retained between caregiver distress and child functioning across several domains. Furthermore, after accounting for caregiver traumatic exposure, caregiver distress moderated relationships between child traumatic exposure and child posttraumatic stress and conduct problems, such that associations between child traumatic exposure and child posttraumatic stress and conduct problems were particularly strong among children of highly distressed caregivers. Limitations The cross-sectional design did not permit evaluations across time, and population-based methods were not applied. Conclusions Findings clarify links between caregiver distress and child psychopathology in the aftermath of disaster and can inform optimal allocation of clinical resources targeting disaster-affected youth and their families. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Child mental health, Disasters, Parental distress, PTSD","Kerns, C. E., Elkins, R. M., Carpenter, A. L., Chou, T., Green, J. G., Comer, J. S.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.040,0,0,
2828,Attachment-based assessments of parent-child relationships in middle childhood,"Although a number of measures have been developed to assess parent-child attachments, validity data on middle-childhood measures are lacking. The present study tested attachment-based measures of parent-child relationships designed for the later middle-childhood years (9-12 years of age). Self-reports from children assessed perceptions of security and avoidant and preoccupied coping. Some children also completed a projective interview assessing attachment state of mind. Mothers and fathers reported their willingness to serve as an attachment figure and were rated for responsiveness. Data were collected from a cross-sectional sample of 3rd and 6th graders and their parents. A 2-year follow-up on the younger sample provided data on the stability of the measures. There were modest associations across the different measures and moderate to high stability. The attachment-based measures were also related to teacher ratings of children's school adaptation.",,"Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., Contreras, J. M.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2829,Pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation modulates the expression of inflammatory mediators in the hypothalamus following an immunological stressor,"The endocannabinoid system is an important regulator of the nervous, neuroendocrine, and immune systems, thus representing a novel therapeutic target for stress-related neuroinflammatory and psychiatric disorders. However, there is a paucity of data relating to the effects of endocannabinoids on neuroinflammatory mediators following an immune stress/challenge in vivo. This study investigated the effects of URB597, a selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolyase (FAAH), the enzyme that preferentially metabolizes anandamide, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increases in the expression of immune mediators in the hypothalamus. Systemic administration of URB597 increased the levels of anandamide and the related N-acylethanolamines, N-palmitoylethanolamide, and N-oleoylethanolamide, but not 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, in the hypothalamus and spleen. URB597 attenuated the LPS-induced increase in interleukin (IL)-1(beta) expression while concurrently augmenting the LPS-induced increase in suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 expression. In addition, URB597 tended to enhance and reduce the LPS-induced increase in IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression, respectively. LPS-induced increases in peripheral cytokine levels or plasma corticosterone were not altered by URB597. The present study provides evidence for a role for FAAH in the regulation of LPS-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in the hypothalamus. Improved understanding of endocannabinoid-mediated regulation of neuroimmune function has fundamental physiological and potential therapeutic significance in the context of stress-related disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress, Emotional Behavior and the Endocannabinoid System. (copyright) 2011 IBRO.","anandamide, corticosterone, ""cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3 carbamoylbiphenyl 3 yl ester"", endocannabinoid, ethanolamine, fatty acid amidase, interleukin 10, interleukin 1beta, lipopolysaccharide, messenger RNA, n oleoylethanolamine, palmidrol, suppressor of cytokine signaling, acute stress disorder, animal experiment, controlled study, corticosterone blood level, cytokine release, degradation, drug mechanism, enzyme inhibition, gene expression regulation, hypothalamus, male, mediator, neuroimmunology, neuromodulation, nonhuman, priority journal, protein expression, rat, review, signal transduction, urb 597","Kerr, D. M., Burke, N. N., Ford, G. K., Connor, T. J., Harhen, B., Egan, L. J., Finn, D. P., Roche, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2830,Substance abuse treatment and psychiatric comorbidity: do benefits spill over? Analysis of data from a prospective trial among cocaine-dependent homeless persons,"BACKGROUND: Comorbid psychiatric illness can undermine outcomes among homeless persons undergoing addiction treatment, and psychiatric specialty care is not always readily available. The prognosis for nonsubstance abuse psychiatric diagnoses among homeless persons receiving behaviorally-based addiction treatment, however, is little studied. RESULTS: Data from an addiction treatment trial for 95 cocaine-dependent homeless persons (1996-1998) were used to profile psychiatric diagnoses at baseline and 6 months, including mood-related disorders (e.g. depression) and anxiety-related disorders (e.g. post-traumatic stress disorder). Treatment interventions, including systematic reinforcement for goal attainment, were behavioral in orientation. There was a 32% reduction in the prevalence of comorbid non-addiction psychiatric disorder from baseline to 6 months, with similar reductions in the prevalence of mood (-32%) and anxiety-related disorders (-20%) (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Among cocaine-dependent homeless persons with psychiatric comorbidity undergoing behavioral addiction treatment, a reduction in comorbid psychiatric disorder prevalence was observed over 6 months. Not all participants improved, suggesting that even evidence-based addiction treatment will prove insufficient for a meaningful proportion of the dually diagnosed homeless population.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, behavior therapy, clinical trial, cocaine dependence, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, female, homelessness, human, male, mood disorder, prevalence, prospective study, psychiatric diagnosis, randomized controlled trial, treatment outcome, United States","Kertesz, S. G., Madan, A., Wallace, D., Schumacher, J. E., Milby, J. B.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2831,WFS1 gene as a putative biomarker for development of post-traumatic syndrome in an animal model,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may develop after the experiencing or witnessing of a life-threatening event. PTSD is defined by the coexistence of three clusters of symptoms: re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal, which persist for at least 1 month in survivors of the event (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition). Using an established model of PTSD, we addressed the well-accepted clinical finding that only a minority (about 20%) of the individuals exposed to a traumatic event develop PTSD. Moreover, we followed individual rat behavior for up to a month, and then treated the PTSD-like animals with citalopram. Our data demonstrate high face (20% of rats exposed to a reminder of the stressor develop symptoms characteristic of PTSD) and predictive (response to citalopram) validities. Based on these validities we identified alterations in the Wolframin gene in the CA1 and amygdala regions, specifically in exposed PTSD-like rats, which were normalized after treatment with citalopram. We suggest the Wolframin gene as a putative biomarker for PTSD. Since Wolframin gene undergoes alternative splicing and has polymorphism in the population, it may serve a future marker for identification of the vulnerable population exposed to a traumatic event. © 2009 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.","Amygdala, Biomarker, Citalopram, Hippocampus, Post-traumatic syndrome, Wolframin","Kesner, Y., Zohar, J., Merenlender, A., Gispan, I., Shalit, F., Yadid, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2832,Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society,,,"Kessler, R. C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2833,Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress,,,"Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., Walters, E. E., Zaslavsky, A. M.",2002.0,,10.1017/S0033291702006074,0,0,
2834,Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication,,,"Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Walters, E. E.",2005.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593,0,0,
2835,Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane Katrina,"A representative sample of 815 pre-hurricane residents of the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina was interviewed 5-8 months after the hurricane and again 1 year later as the Hurricane Katrina Community Advisory Group (CAG). The follow-up survey was carried out to study patterns-correlates of recovery from hurricane-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), broader anxiety-mood disorders and suicidality. The Trauma Screening Questionnaire screening scale of PTSD and the K6 screening scale of anxiety-mood disorders were used to generate DSM-IV prevalence estimates. Contrary to results in other disaster studies, where post-disaster mental disorder typically decreases with time, prevalence increased significantly in the CAG for PTSD (20.9 vs 14.9% at baseline), serious mental illness (SMI; 14.0 vs 10.9%), suicidal ideation (6.4 vs 2.8%) and suicide plans (2.5 vs 1.0%). The increases in PTSD-SMI were confined to respondents not from the New Orleans Metropolitan Area, while the increases in suicidal ideation-plans occurred both in the New Orleans sub-sample and in the remainder of the sample. Unresolved hurricane-related stresses accounted for large proportions of the inter-temporal increases in SMI (89.2%), PTSD (31.9%) and suicidality (61.6%). Differential hurricane-related stress did not explain the significantly higher increases among respondents from areas other than New Orleans, though, as this stress was both higher initially and decreased less among respondents from the New Orleans Metropolitan Area than from other areas affected by the hurricane. Outcomes were only weakly related to socio-demographic variables, meaning that high prevalence of hurricane-related mental illness remains widely distributed in the population nearly 2 years after the hurricane. © 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.","Anxiety disorder, Epidemiology, Mood disorder, Natural disaster, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Kessler, R. C., Galea, S., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Ursano, R. J., Wessely, S.",2008.0,,10.1038/sj.mp.4002119,0,0,
2836,Accounting for comorbidity in assessing the burden of epilepsy among US adults: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R),"Although epilepsy is associated with substantial role impairment, it is also highly comorbid with other physical and mental disorders, making unclear the extent to which impairments associated with epilepsy are actually due to comorbidities. This issue was explored in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative household survey of 5692 US adults. Medically recognized epilepsy was ascertained with self-report, comorbid physical disorders with a chronic conditions checklist, and comorbid DSM-IV mental disorders with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Lifetime epilepsy prevalence was estimated at 1.8%. Epilepsy was comorbid with numerous neurological and general medical conditions and with a sporadic cluster of mental comorbidities (panic, PTSD, conduct disorder and substance use disorders). Although comorbid disorders explain part of the significant gross associations of epilepsy with impairment, epilepsy remains significantly associated with work disability, cognitive impairment and days of role impairment after controlling comorbidities. The net association of epilepsy with days of role impairment after controlling for comorbidities is equivalent to an annualized 89.4 million excess role impairment days among US adults with epilepsy, arguing that role impairment is a major component of the societal costs of epilepsy per se rather than merely due to disorders comorbid with epilepsy. This estimated burden is likely conservative as some parts of the effects of epilepsy are presumably mediated by secondary comorbid disorders. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.","comorbidity, epidemiology, epilepsy, nosology, role impairment, seizure","Kessler, R. C., Lane, M. C., Shahly, V., Stang, P. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2837,The importance of secondary trauma exposure for post-disaster mental disorder,"Background. Interventions to treat mental disorders after natural disasters are important both for humanitarian reasons and also for successful post-disaster physical reconstruction that depends on the psychological functioning of the affected population. A major difficulty in developing such interventions, however, is that large between-disaster variation exists in the prevalence of post-disaster mental disorders, making it difficult to estimate need for services in designing interventions without carrying out a post-disaster mental health needs assessment survey. One of the daunting methodological challenges in implementing such surveys is that secondary stressors unique to the disaster often need to be discovered to understand the magnitude, type, and population segments most affected by post-disaster mental disorders. Methods. This problem is examined in the current commentary by analyzing data from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. We analyze the extent to which people exposed to natural disasters throughout the world also experienced secondary stressors and the extent to which the mental disorders associated with disasters were more proximally due to these secondary stressors than to the disasters themselves. Results. Lifetime exposure to natural disasters was found to be high across countries (4.4-7.5%). 10.7-11.4% of those exposed to natural disasters reported the occurrence of other related stressors (e.g. death of a loved one and destruction of property). A monotonic relationship was found between the number of additional stressors and the subsequent onset of mental disordersConclusions. These results document the importance of secondary stressors in accounting for the effects of natural disasters on mental disorders. Implications for intervention planning are discussed. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.","Natural disasters, needs assessment, post-disaster intervention planning","Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Petukhova, M., Hill, E. D.",2012.0,,10.1017/S2045796011000758,0,0,
2838,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey,,,"Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., Nelson, C. B.",1995.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012,0,0,
2839,Epidemiological risk factors for trauma and PTSD,,,"Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., Nelson, C. B., Breslau, N.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2840,Childhood and current determinants of heavy drinking in early adulthood,"Aims: To explore the association of parental education, childhood living conditions and several adversities with heavy drinking in early adulthood, and to analyze the effect of the respondent's current circumstances on these associations. Method: The analyses were conducted in a sample of 1234 adults aged 18-29 years participating in the Finnish Health 2000 Survey (65% of the original representative two-stage cluster sample, N = 1894). The outcome measure was heavy drinking measured by g/week for pure alcohol (for men ≥280 g/week and for women ≥140 g/week). Results: 8% of young adult men and 5% of women were heavy drinkers. In both genders, parental alcohol problems and other childhood adversities, poor own education, and unemployment status increased the risk of heavy drinking. The impact of childhood on heavy drinking was partly independent and partly mediated by adult characteristics, in particular, for both genders, low level of education. Conclusions: Childhood adversities are associated with heavy drinking in early adulthood among both genders. Childhood social circumstances as well as low educational level and unemployment should be taken into account in planning preventive policies to tackle the harms caused by excessive alcohol use at the individual and population level. © The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Medical Council on Alcohol. All rights reserved.",,"Kestilä, L., Martelin, T., Rahkonen, O., Joutsenniemi, K., Pirkola, S., Poikolainen, K., Koskinen, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2841,"Hypnotizability, posttraumatic stress, and depressive symptoms in metastatic breast cancer","This study assessed whether high hypnotizability is associated with posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in a sample of 124 metastatic breast cancer patients. Hypnotic Induction Profile Scores were dichotomized into low and high categories; posttraumatic intrusion and avoidance symptoms were measured with the Impact of Events Scale (IES); hyperarousal symptoms with items from the Profile of Mood States; and depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. High hypnotizability was significantly related to greater IES total, IES intrusion symptoms, and depressive symptoms. A logistic regression model showed that IES total predicts high hypnotizability after adjusting for depressive symptoms and hyperarousal. The authors relate these results to findings in other clinical populations and discuss implications for the psychosocial treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Copyright (copyright) International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis.","adult, article, breast cancer, cancer staging, clinical assessment, depression, disease association, female, group therapy, human, hypnotic susceptibility, Impact of Events Scale, major clinical study, metastasis, mood change, posttraumatic stress disorder","Keuroghlian, A. S., Butler, L. D., Neri, E., Spiegel, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2842,Post-traumatic stress disorder in a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: Examining the efficacy of psychological intervention using single N methodology,"Psychological intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is presented using single N methodology. Psychological formulation and intervention were informed by psychological models of PTSD symptom persistence that focus on dual maintaining factors of (a) disturbance in the form of trauma autobiographical memory and (b) problematic trauma-related appraisals. Baseline assessment of difficulties related to intrusive memories, problematic trauma-related appraisals (e.g., responsibility appraisals) and associated negative emotions (e.g., anger) was followed by two phases of intervention: (1) written elaboration of the trauma memory and (2) cognitive restructuring of problematic trauma-related appraisals. Treatment produced reduction in ratings of distress in all domains and there were clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptomatology and co-morbid depression on standardized self-report measures. There were, however, differential effects of treatment components as evidenced during the sequential introduction of treatment components. These are discussed and directions for future research in the treatment of PTSD in persons with severe mental health problems are highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Schizophrenia, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, Methodology","Kevan, Ian Mark, Gumley, Andrew I., Coletta, Vicki",2007.0,,,0,0,
2843,Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among battered women in Lebanon: An exploratory study,"Intimate partner violence against women is common in Lebanon and can lead to major health problems. However, the incidence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women has not been extensively explored in the Lebanese cultural context. The objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to determine the prevalence of PTSD symptoms among women in Lebanon who have been physically abused by their partners, (b) to assess whether the rate of PTSD symptoms varied according to sociodemographic variables, and (c) to reveal other attributes that might be risk factors for developing symptoms of PTSD. Of the 95 physically abused women who met inclusion criteria, 85 completed a questionnaire including sociodemographic questions, the physical abuse subscale of the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS), and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Results showed a high prevalence of PTSD symptoms (97%), positively correlated with physical violence (r = .719). Lower education level and recent abuse were correlated with symptom severity, as were the number of problematic habitual behaviors in the abusive partner and the use of psychotherapy. Increased involvement of health care professionals in the detection of women at risk, with referral to appropriate resources, is suggested to improve prevention and management efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Battered Females, *Intimate Partner Violence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Symptoms, Human Females","Khadra, Christelle, Wehbe, Nancy, Lachance Fiola, Jacinthe, Skaff, Wadih, Nehme, Mona",2015.0,,,0,0,
2844,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in adults with psychiatric disorders,"Objective: This study explores unrecognised symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals with a range of psychiatric disorders in the absence of traumatic events. We also examine the association between PTSD symptoms, social interaction with peers and therapeutic alliance with mental health professionals. Method: A purposive sample of 120 adults consecutively referred to the psychology department from September 2008 to September 2010 was included in this study. We used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) to ascertain the presence of PTSD symptoms, social interaction levels and treatment alliance with health professionals. Results: Individuals previously undiagnosed with PTSD, referred without any noted traumatic event had high levels of symptoms related to PTSD, as measured by the PK scale of the MMPI-2. The PK scale was significantly correlated with several MMPI-2 clinical scales, the Social Introversion Scale (SI) and the Treatment Alliance Scale (TRT) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the presence of symptoms related to PTSD in individuals with a range of psychiatric disorders despite the absence of reported trauma. The presence of symptoms related to PTSD may be associated with an indirect negative impact on social contacts and a poorer therapeutic alliance with mental health professionals Investigating symptoms of PTSD during a psychological assessment even when trauma is not the presenting complaint is merited in most cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Interaction, Symptoms, Therapeutic Alliance, Trauma","Khalily, Muhammad Tahir, Wota, Anna Paulina, Hallahan, Brian",2012.0,,,0,0,
2845,Examining the relationship between coping strategies and suicidal desire in a sample of United States military personnel,"Suicidal desire in the military has been previously examined through the lens of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS). However, no research has examined the impact of specific coping strategies on perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicidal ideation in a large population of individuals serving in the US military. Furthermore, the factor structure of previously utilized coping clusters did not apply to our sample of military personnel. Therefore, we found a three-factor solution to be tested in this sample. We hypothesized that specific types of coping behavior clusters (Adaptive and Maladaptive) would predict both IPTS constructs and suicidal ideation. Results indicated that Adaptive and Maladaptive coping clusters predicted the IPTS constructs in the hypothesized directions. However, only the Maladaptive cluster predicted suicidal ideation. These findings implicate the need for further research and suicide prevention efforts focusing on coping strategies, specifically those that are maladaptive in nature, in relation to suicidal ideation in military members.","adult, African American, age, American Indian, article, Asian, Caucasian, coping behavior, correlational study, death, depression, employment, factorial analysis, female, gender, Hispanic, human, major clinical study, male, marriage, outcome variable, Pacific Islander, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictor variable, race, risk assessment, social status, soldier, suicidal ideation, United States","Khazem, L. R., Law, K. C., Green, B. A., Anestis, M. D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2846,"The impact of Hurricane Andrew on deviant behavior among a multi-racial/ethnic sample of adolescents in Dade County, Florida: A longitudinal analysis",,,"Khoury, E. L., Warheit, G. J., Hargrove, M. C., Zimmerman, R. S., Vega, W. A., Gil, A. G.",1997.0,,10.1023/A:1024808413887,0,0,
2847,The renin-angiotensin pathway in posttraumatic stress disorder: Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are associated with fewer traumatic stress symptoms,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating stress-related illness associated with trauma exposure. The peripheral and central mechanisms mediating stress response in PTSD are incompletely understood. Recent data suggest that the renin-angiotensin pathway, essential to cardiovascular regulation, is also involved in mediating stress and anxiety. In this study, the authors examined the relationship between active treatment with blood pressure medication, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and PTSD symptom severity within a highly traumatized civilian medical population. Method: Cross-sectional, observational data were analyzed from a larger study; patients were recruited from Grady Memorial Hospital's outpatient population from 2006 to November 2010. Multivariable linear regression models were fit to statistically evaluate the independent association of being prescribed an ACE inhibitor or ARB with PTSD symptoms, using a subset of patients for whom medical information was available (n = 505). Categorical PTSD diagnosis was assessed using the modified PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS) based on DSM-IV criteria, and PTSD symptom severity (the primary outcome of interest) was measured using the PSS and Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Results: A significant association was determined between presence of an ACE inhibitor/ARB medication and decreased PTSD symptoms (mean PSS score 11.4 vs 14.9 for individuals prescribed vs not prescribed ACE inhibitors/ARBs, respectively [P = .014]). After adjustment for covariates, ACE inhibitor/ARB treatment remained significantly associated with decreased PTSD symptoms (P = .044). Notably, other blood pressure medications, including -blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, were not significantly associated with reduced PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: These data provide the first clinical evidence supporting a role for the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of stress response in patients diagnosed with PTSD. Further studies should examine whether available medications targeting this pathway should be considered for future treatment and potential protection against PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Angiotensin, *Blood Pressure, *Enzyme Inhibitors, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Stress, Stress Reactions, Symptoms, Trauma","Khoury, Nayla M., Marvar, Paul J., Gillespie, Charles F., Wingo, Aliza, Schwartz, Ann, Bradley, Bekh, Kramer, Michael, Ressler, Kerry J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2848,Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: To review pharmaceutical agents studied for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). • Methods: Review of the literature. • Results: Evidence exists that pharmacotherapy can provide relief for the 3 core symptom clusters present in PTSD: reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered first-line pharmacotherapy for PTSD, although results are conflicting with respect to treatment of combat-related PTSD. The addition of other medications may be required to address specific aspects of the symptom spectrum and to treat co-occurring psychiatric conditions. • Conclusion: There is a need for additional randomized controlled trials to confirm the effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of PTSD.",,"Khouzam, H. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2849,Psychometric properties of the posttraumatic stress checklist among young African-American men and women,"Research has demonstrated the validity and reliability of the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL) in predominantly Caucasian samples. However, there has not been a study that examined the psychometric properties of the PCL specifically for African Americans. The present paper is an examination of the factor structure, internal stability, reliability, and predictive validity of the PCL among a sample of young African American men and women. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated better support for a two-factor model than for a three-factor model reflecting the three diagnostic symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder. High internal consistency and marginal test-retest reliability were observed. The positive predictive power of the PCL in the present study was far lower than that observed in previous studies; several potential explanations for this finding are discussed. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","African American, assessment, PCL, posttraumatic stress, screen","Kibler, J. L., Ma, M., Lyons, J. A., Dollar, K. M., Brisco, K., Banks, P. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2850,"Metabolic, autonomic and immune markers for cardiovascular disease in posttraumatic stress disorder","Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with significantly greater incidence of heart disease. Numerous studies have indicated that health problems for individuals with PTSD occur earlier in life than in the general population. Multiple mechanistic pathways have been suggested to explain cardiovascular disese (CVD) risk in PTSD, including neurochemical, behavioral, and immunological changes. The present paper is a review of recent research that examines cardiovascular and immune risk profiles of individuals with PTSD. First, we address the relatively new evidence that the constellation of risk factors commonly experienced in PTSD fits the profile of metabolic syndrome. Next we examine the findings concerning hypertension/blood pressure in particular. The literature on sympathetic and parasympathetic responsivity in PTSD is reviewed. Last, we discuss recent findings concerning immune functioning in PTSD that may have a bearing on the high rates of CVD and other illnesses. Our primary goal is to synthesize the existing literature by examining factors that overlap mechanistically to increase the risk of developing CVD in PTSD. (copyright) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","biological marker, C reactive protein, cholesterol, glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein, interleukin 1beta, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, phytohemagglutinin, triacylglycerol, tumor necrosis factor alpha, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular response, cardiovascular risk, cholesterol blood level, cytokine production, diastolic blood pressure, glucose blood level, human, hypertension, major depression, mental stress, metabolic syndrome X, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, risk factor, systolic blood pressure, triacylglycerol blood level, waist circumference","Kibler, J. L., Tursich, M., Ma, M., Malcolm, L., Greenbarg, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2851,Debating war-trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an interdisciplinary arena,"Researchers have tried to determine and verify the effects of violent conflicts on the mental health of those affected by focusing on war trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other trauma-related disorders. This, in turn, led to the development of different kinds of theories and aid programs that aim at preventing and treating the consequences of violence and mental health. Until now, there is no agreement on the public health value of the concept of PTSD and no agreement on the appropriate type of mental-health care. Instead, psychiatrists have engaged in sometimes fierce discussions over the universality of war trauma, PTSD, and other trauma-related disorders. The two most polar positions are those who try to validate PTSD as a universal and cross-culturally valid psychopathological response to traumatic distress which may be cured or ameliorated with (Western) clinical and psychosocial therapeutic measures, and those who argue that the Western discourse on trauma only makes sense in the context of a particular cultural and moral framework and, therefore, becomes problematic in the context of other cultural and social settings. Although these positions seem mutually exclusive, their debates have led to the development of less radical approaches toward war-trauma and PTSD. The purpose of this literature review is to analyse the discourses on and debates over war trauma and PTSD in the psychiatric literature in order to establish a better understanding for the diverse conceptualizations, interpretations and proposed healing strategies. Moreover, I discuss the cultural construction and conceptualization of war-trauma and PTSD from an anthropological perspective and show how anthropologists contribute to psychiatric debates so as to ensure more sophisticated diagnoses and healing strategies in culturally diverse contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Culture (Anthropological), *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Anthropology","Kienzler, Hanna",2008.0,,,0,0,
2852,Dissociative tendencies and dissociative disorders,,,"Kihlstrom, J. F., Glisky, M. L., Angiulo, M. J.",1994.0,,10.1037//0021-843X.103.1.117,0,0,
2853,Dissociative Depression Among Women with Fibromyalgia or Rheumatoid Arthritis,"The aim of this study was to inquire about the possible relations of childhood trauma, anger, and dissociation to depression among women with fibromyalgia or rheumatoid arthritis. Fifty female patients diagnosed as having fibromyalgia (n = 30) or rheumatoid arthritis (n = 20) participated in the study. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ), Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule were administered to all participants. Women with a lifetime diagnosis of depressive disorder had higher scores for somatoform and psychoform dissociation than the nondepressive patients. However, childhood trauma scores did not differ between the 2 groups. In regression analysis, current severity of depression (BDI) was predicted by psychoform dissociation (DIS-Q) and lower education, and lifetime diagnosis of major depression was predicted by somatoform dissociation (SDQ). Whereas childhood emotional neglect predicted somatoform dissociation, psychoform dissociation was predicted by childhood sexual abuse. Mental processing of anger seems to be 1 of the dimensions of psychodynamics in trauma-related depressive conditions. In the context of the perceived threat of loss of control due to expressed anger and mental disintegration, somatoform dissociation seems to contribute to overmodulation of emotions in dissociative depression. Among patients suffering from physical illness with possible psychosomatic dimensions, assessment of somatoform dissociation in addition to psychoform dissociation may be helpful to understand diverse psychopathological trajectories emerging in the aftermath of childhood adversities. The recently proposed category of ""dissociative depression"" (Sar, 2011) seems to be a promising concept for future research on psychosomatic aspects of traumatic stress. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","borderline personality, depression, dissociation, PTSD, trauma","Kilic, O., Sar, V., Taycan, O., Aksoy-Poyraz, C., Erol, T. C., Tecer, O., Emul, M. H., Ozmen, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2854,Examining factors that contribute to the process of resilience following spinal cord injury,"Study design:Cross-sectional survey.Objective:To examine factors that contribute to the process of positive adjustment, or resilience, in an adult community sample with spinal cord injury (SCI).Setting:South Australian Spinal Cord Injury Service, Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre, South Australia, AustraliaMethods:A postal survey comprising standardised measures of resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 item), self-efficacy (Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale), locus of control (Locus of Control of Behaviour Scale) and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 item).Results:Of 60 respondents, 58% reported moderate to high levels of resilience. Resilience correlated significantly with high self-efficacy (r=0.68, P<0.01), internal locus of control (r=-0.52, P<0.01) and low psychological distress (depression r=-0.68, P<0.01; anxiety r=-0.55, P<0.01; stress r=-0.67, P<0.01). In comparison, resilience was not significantly influenced by degree of neuropathic pain (r=-0.23, P>0.05), time since injury (r=-0.14, P>0.05), gender (t(58)=-0.92, P>0.05), lesion completeness (t(57)=-0.86, P>0.05), or SCI diagnosis (t(58)=-1.21, P>0.05). A multiple regression indicated that psychological distress and self-efficacy were the only two variables that uniquely contributed to resilient behaviour.Conclusion:Resilience is an important psychological process in the longer-term management of SCI which can be promoted by targeting rehabilitation interventions towards mood management in addition to self efficacy beliefs. Larger-scale research will help to validate these results. © 2013 International Spinal Cord Society. All rights reserved.","anxiety, depression, rehabilitation, resilience, self-efficacy, spinal cord injuries","Kilic, S. A., Dorstyn, D. S., Guiver, N. G.",2013.0,,10.1038/sc.2013.25,0,0,
2855,Implementation of integrated therapies for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders in community substance abuse treatment programs,"Issues: The high prevalence of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) presents a number of treatment challenges for community treatment providers and programs in the USA. Although several evidence-based, integrated therapies for the treatment of comorbid PTSD/SUD have been developed, rates of utilisation of such practices remain low in community treatment programs. Approach: The goal of this article was to review the extant literature on common barriers that prevent adoption and implementation of integrated treatments for PTSD/SUD among substance abuse community treatment programs. Key Findings: Organisational, provider-level and patient-level factors that drive practice decisions were discussed, including organisational philosophy of care policies, funding and resources, as well as provider and patient knowledge and attitudes related to implementation of new integrated treatments for comorbid PTSD and SUD. Implications and Conclusions: Understanding and addressing these community treatment challenges may facilitate use of evidence-based integrated treatments for comorbid PTSD and SUD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Drug Rehabilitation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Communities","Killeen, Therese K., Back, Sudie E., Brady, Kathleen T.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2856,Shared and differential patterns of amygdalo-cortical activation across anxiety disorders,"Background: Anxiety disorders represent a category of psychiatric disorders that involve apprehension about potential future harm or aversive situations. Although anxiety is a shared core feature of all of these disorders, there are also differences in clinical criteria that distinguish among them. Neuroimaging research has identified several interconnected brain structures that respond to threatening stimuli, and which respond differently in patients with various anxiety disorders relative to healthy controls. Notably, patients with PTSD show a pattern of reduced activation within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and exaggerated responses within the amygdala. Unknown, however, is the degree to which various anxiety disorders share a common pattern of responsiveness within the threat assessment system and whether these disorders can be distinguished based on differential responsiveness of this system to affective stimuli. Accordingly, we compared brain activation patterns across four groups of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), or specific animal phobia (SP), and healthy controls (HC) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using an established probe of cortico-limbic function. It was hypothesized that anxiety disorders as a group would show reduced activation within VMPFC and exaggerated activation within limbic/paralimbic regions including the amygdala and insula. Further, based on clinical phenomenology of the disorders and preliminary data, we hypothesized that the activation patterns would cluster into two groups. Specifically, PTSD and PD were hypothesized to share a common generalized threat response (GTR) involving reduced VMPFC and increased amygdala responses to nonspecific threat cues (i.e., masked fearful faces). In contrast, SP subjects were expected to show only disorder specific threat responses, and would therefore, not differ from HC subjects in the responses of these regions to the masked faces paradigm. Methods: Fifty-five adults (15 PTSD; 12 PD; 11 animal phobia; 17 nonpsychiatric controls) underwent fMRI (3T, TR=2 sec, TE=30 msec, flip angle=90 degrees) while engaged in a backward masked fear vs. neutral face passive viewing paradigm. In a block design, 12 epochs (28 seconds each) of backward-masked faces (16 msec affective face target; 184 neutral face mask) were presented at a rate of two target-mask pairs per second. The task alternated blocks of masked happy, masked fear, and masked neutral expressions with epochs of low-level fixation crosshair. Two runs of the task were administered, each lasting 336 seconds, with order counterbalanced across sessions. Within SPM5, data were motion corrected, normalized to the 3-dimensional MNI space, and smoothed using an isotropic Gaussian kernel (FWHM=6 mm), and data were corrected using AR(1) and a low frequency drift was removed with a high pass filter of 128 seconds. Masked Fear and Neutral conditions were contrasted with one another. Diagnostic groups were compared using a one-way ANOVA, followed by planned comparisons (e.g., HC vs all anxiety groups). All data were evaluated at a whole brain level, po.005 (uncorrected), with a cluster size (k) of 5 contiguous voxels. Results: Relative to the HC group, the combined anxiety disorder sample (SP + PTSD + PD) showed significantly reduced activation within the VMPFC and greater activation within the left amygdala and left insula. Similarly, a planned comparison between GTR (PTSD + PD) and control (HC + SP) groups showed that the GTR group exhibited comparatively reduced activation within the VMPFC and increased activation within the left amygdala and bilateral insula relative to the control group. Post-hoc comparisons supported the hypothesis that the PTSD and PD groups were similar to one another in the responsiveness of these brain regions, but differed from healthy (HC) and psychiatric (SP) control groups, which were generally similar in responsiveness. Discussion: As a group, anxiety disorders were distinguisha le from HCs by a common pattern of reduced VMPFC and increased limbic/ paralimbic activation to an established masked affect probe. Moreover, this pattern appeared to be specific to the disorders of PTSD and PD, which involve GTR, whereas the SP group was virtually indistinguishable from HCs in the responsiveness of these regions. Findings suggest that anxiety disorders appear to share a common pattern of corticolimbic responses, but are also distinguishable from one another based on the magnitude of these responses to general (disorder non-specific) threat stimuli.","recombinant erythropoietin, human placenta lactogen, college, psychopharmacology, anxiety disorder, diseases, amygdaloid nucleus, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, insula, fear, stimulus, functional magnetic resonance imaging, anxiety, phobia, patient, control group, brain, diagnosis, mental disease, neuroimaging, brain region, hypothesis, post hoc analysis, adult, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, brain level, diagnosis related group, filter, phenomenology, kernel method, face mask, panic, analysis of variance","Killgore, W., Britton, J., Rosso, I., Schwab, Z., Weiner, M., Rauch, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2857,The posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: Evaluation of the PTSD construct - Criteria A through E,,,"Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Freedy, J. R., Pelcovitz, D., Resick, P. A., Roth, S.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2858,Victim and crime factors associated with the development of crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Examined the relation between the development of crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) and selected victim and crime characteristics in 391 adult females, of whom 294 were crime victims assessed for CR-PTSD. Comparisons of CR-PTSD positive and CR-PTSD negative Ss found significant differences on the variables of current age, years since most recent crime, experiencing a completed rape, perceiving a life threat during a crime, and sustaining physical injury during a crime. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found that life threat, physical injury, and completed rape each made significant individual contributions to explaining CR-PTSD. Hierarchical discriminant function analysis correctly classified 80.6% of the Ss. Rape, life threat, and physical injury had a synergistic effect on CR-PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Crime, *Crime Victims, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Kilpatrick, Dean G., Saunders, Benjamin E., Amick-McMullan, Angelynne, Best, Connie L., Veronen, Lois J., Resnick, Heidi S.",1989.0,,,0,0,
2859,Potential mediators of post-traumatic stress disorder in child witnesses to domestic violence,"Examined variables that might mediate the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in child witnesses to domestic violence (DV), including age, gender, locus of control, self-blame, perception of threat, active vs palliative coping style, maternal emotional health plus aspects of the violence witnessed (intensity, frequency, age of child when first witnessing violence, and time since the last violent episode). Following screening for other PTSD inducing experiences, 20 child witnesses to DV, 15 matched control children, and their mothers were assessed with a variety of measures, including the Straus Conflict Tactics Scale; the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index; the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale; and the General Health Questionnaire. None of the factors under examination were found to contribute significantly to the severity levels of PTSD in relation to witness status. Findings indicate that the impact of witnessing DV, in terms of PTSD, is not mediated by factors such as maternal emotional well-being, age and gender of the child, or the child's style of coping with parental conflict. Evidence that variables specifically related to the violence witnessed did not mediate the impact suggests that all DV may have severe and long-term impact on child witnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Domestic Violence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Witnesses, Age Differences, Blame, Coping Behavior, Emotional Adjustment, Human Sex Differences, Internal External Locus of Control, Mothers, Threat","Kilpatrick, Kym L., Williams, L. M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2860,30-month follow-up study of psychological symptoms and effects on quality of life in children exposed to single incident of trauma,"Objectives: This study was conducted to explore the course of trauma related psychological symptoms and psychiatric diagnosis in 167 children after witnessing a death at school and to assess the long term effects of their symptoms on quality of life and parents' rearing stress. Methods: 167 children were evaluated using diverse self-rating symptom scales at 2 days (T1), 2 months (T2), 6 months (T3) and 30 months (T4) after accident. All the children were interviewed with Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV (DISC-IV) at T1. High risk children were assessed by DISC-IV at T3 and T4. Children's quality of life and parental stress were assessed using the Parent Stress Index and Children's Health and Illness Profile at T4. Results: The mean score and prevalence of severe PTSD, anxiety symptoms decreased significantly over time but not depressive symptoms. The prevalence rate of diverse anxiety disorders decreased significantly over time. Linear and logistic regression analysis showed depressive symptoms at T3 predicted more severe parental stress (b = 0.51, OR =2.88), less satisfaction (b = -0.30, OR = 2.66) and lower achievement (b = -0.41, OR = 1.5). PTSD or anxiety symptoms were not associated with the parental stress or quality of life at T4. Conclusions: This study has provided new evidence regarding long term course of trauma related symptom and diagnosis changes in children exposed to single trauma. The result demonstrated depressive symptom impacted negatively on children's quality of life and parental stress. Careful assessment and management of depressive symptoms may have the potential to reduce parental stress and improve quality of life.","injury, child, human, quality of life, psychiatry, follow up, Asian, parental stress, depression, prevalence, anxiety, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, general aspects of disease, anxiety disorder, logistic regression analysis, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, satisfaction, achievement, diagnosis, death, school, rearing, self concept, accident, psychiatric diagnosis, risk, health","Kim, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2861,Children exposed to school accident: Community based 3-year follow-up study,"Objectives.-We explored the course of trauma-related psychological symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses in 167 children after witnessing death at school and assessed the long-term effects of their symptoms on quality of life and their parents' rearing stress. Methods.- We note that 167 children were evaluated using diverse self-rating symptom scales at 2 days (T1), 2 months (T2), 6 months (T3), and 30 months (T4) after the accident. All children were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV (DISC-IV) at T1. High-risk children were assessed with the DISC-IV at T3 and T4. Children's quality of life and parental stress were assessed using the Parent Stress Index and the Children's Health and Illness Profile at T4. Results.- The mean score and prevalence of severe PTSD and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly over time, but depressive symptoms did not. Though the prevalence of diverse anxiety disorders decreased significantly over time, forty five percent of highly risk subjects evaluated with the DISC-IV, met criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder at T4. Linear and logistic regression analyses showed that depressive symptoms at 6 months predicted more severe parental stress (b = 0.51; odds ratio [OR], 2.88), less satisfaction (b = -0.30; OR, 2.66), and lower achievement (b = -0.41; OR, 1.5) at 30 months. PTSD or anxiety symptoms were not associated with parental stress or quality of life at T4. Conclusions.- This study provides new evidence regarding the long-term course of trauma-related symptoms and diagnostic changes in children exposed to a single trauma. Children's depressive symptoms predicted the lower children's quality of life and higher parental rearing stress after 2 years. Careful assessment and management of depressive symptoms potentially reduce parental stress and improve quality of life of children.","human, child, community, child psychiatry, follow up, accident, occupation, school, depression, quality of life, parental stress, anxiety, injury, risk, prevalence, rearing, parent, anxiety disorder, death, psychiatric diagnosis, diseases, health, posttraumatic stress disorder, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, satisfaction, logistic regression analysis, achievement, diagnosis, self concept","Kim, B.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2862,A 6-month follow-up study of posttraumatic stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms in Korean children after direct or indirect exposure to a single incident of trauma,"Objectives: The aims of this study were to examine the symptoms of posttraumatic stress and anxiety/depression in Korean children after direct or indirect exposure to a single incident of trauma during a fire-escape drill and to assess the incidence of psychiatric disorders in this population. Method: A total of 1,394 students who attended the elementary school at which the traumatic event took place were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires (the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index [CPTSD-RI], State Anxiety Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children [STAIC], and Children's Depression Inventory [CDI]), as well as structured diagnostic interviews (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version-IV [DISC-IV]) at 2 days (time point 1), 2 months (time point 2), and 6 months (time point 3) after the incident. The 335 students who witnessed the accident were defined as the direct-exposure group, and the remaining students (n = 1,059) were defined as the indirect- exposure group. The study was conducted from May to November 2007. Results: At time point 1, the prevalence of severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptoms was 18.2%, 5.5%, and 3.4%, respectively. The prevalence of severe PTSD symptoms, as measured by the CPTSD-RI, was significantly higher in the direct-exposure group than in the indirectexposure group (36.6% vs 12.7%, respectively; P < .001). At time point 2, the prevalence of severe PTSD symptoms was 7.4% (14.0% in the direct- exposure group and 4.9% in the indirect-exposure group, P < .001). The mean total CPTSD-RI score was significantly higher (P < .001) in the direct-exposure group than in the indirect-exposure group. At time point 3, thirty-eight of the 58 subjects (65.5%) evaluated with the DISC-IV in the direct-exposure group had 1 or more of the 7 anxiety/depressive disorders assessed, including subthreshold diagnoses. Among the diagnoses meeting full DSM-IV criteria for each disorder, agoraphobia was the most prevalent (22.4%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder (13.8%), separation anxiety disorder (6.9%), PTSD (5.2%), and social phobia (5.2%). When the subthreshold diagnoses were considered along with the full syndrome diagnoses, separation anxiety disorder was the most common diagnosis (41.4%), followed by agoraphobia (34.5%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (22.4%), PTSD (20.7%), and social phobia (20.7%). Conclusions: The results of this study provide important evidence that various anxiety/depressive disorders, in addition to PTSD, might follow after direct or indirect exposure to trauma. Our findings highlight the importance of comprehensive screening for psychiatric problems in children exposed to trauma of any scale. © Copyright 2009 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Kim, B. N., Kim, J. W., Kim, H. W., Shin, M. S., Cho, S. C., Choi, N. H., Ahn, H., Lee, S. Y., Ryu, J., Yun, M. J.",2009.0,,10.4088/JCP.08m04896,0,0,
2863,Regional differences in acute corticosterone-induced dendritic remodeling in the rat brain and their behavioral consequences,"Background: Glucocorticoid released by stressful stimuli elicits various stress responses. Acute treatment with a single dose of corticosterone (CORT; predominant glucocorticoid of rats) alone has previously been shown to trigger anxiety behavior and robust dendritic hypertrophy of neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are also known to be highly sensitive to stress and regulate anxiety-like behaviors. Nevertheless, we know less about acute CORT-induced structural changes of other brain regions and their behavioral outcomes. In addition, the temporal profile of acute CORT effects remains to be examined. The current study investigates time course changes of dendritic architectures in the stress vulnerable brain areas, the BLA and mPFC, and their behavioral consequences after acute treatment with a single dose of CORT.Results: Acute CORT treatment produced delayed onset of dendritic remodeling in the opposite direction in the BLA and mPFC with different time courses. Acute CORT induced dendritic hypertrophy of BLA spiny neurons, which was paralleled by heightened anxiety, both peaked 12 days after the treatment. Meanwhile, CORT-induced dendritic atrophy of mPFC pyramidal neurons peaked on day 6, concomitantly with impaired working memory. Both changed dendritic morphologies and altered behavioral outcomes were fully recovered.Conclusion: Our results suggest that stress-induced heightened anxiety appears to be a functional consequence of dendritic remodeling of BLA neurons but not that of mPFC. Instead, stress-induced dendritic atrophy of mPFC neurons is relevant to working memory deficit. Therefore, structural changes in the BLA and the mPFC might be specifically associated with distinct behavioral symptoms observed in stress-related mental disorders. Remarkably, stress-induced dendritic remodeling in the BLA as well as mPFC is readily reversible. The related behavioral outcomes also follow the similar time course in a reversible manner. Therefore, further studies on the cellular mechanism for the plasticity of dendrites architecture might provide new insight into the etiological factors for stress-related mental illness such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). © 2014 Kim et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Anxiety, Basolateral amygdala, Corticosterone, Medial prefrontal cortex, Stress, Working memory","Kim, H., Yi, J. H., Choi, K., Hong, S., Shin, K. S., Kang, S. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2864,Hemispheric asymmetry in non-linear interdependence of EEG in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Aim: While volumetric and metabolic imaging on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients has been intensively performed, few studies using electroencephalograms (EEG) have been done as yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate abnormalities in functional connectivity of cortical networks in PTSD. Methods: Non-linear interdependence (NI), a measure of bidirectional, non-linear information transmission between two time series, was used. Resting EEG were recorded for 18 PTSD patients and 18 sex-matched healthy subjects on 16 channels with their eyes closed. Results: The NI patterns in PTSD patients were hemisphere asymmetric: an increase in NI in the fronto-parieto-temporal regions of the left hemisphere (F7, F3, T3, C3, T5 and P3) and a decrease in the fronto-parieto-occipital regions of the right hemisphere (F4, C4, P4 and O2). The non-linearity of NI in EEG, estimated from the surrogate data method, exhibited an increase in the PTSD patients as compared with that of healthy subjects, particularly in the left hemispheric cortex. Conclusion: Abnormal functional connectivity in PTSD can be assessed using NI, a measure of multi-channel EEG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cerebral Cortex, *Electroencephalography, *Lateral Dominance, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Biological Neural Networks","Kim, Jinho, Chae, Jeong-Ho, Ko, Hee-kyoung, Latchoumane, Charles-Francois Vincent, Banerjee, Aveek, Mandell, Donald J., Hoven, Christina W., Jeong, Jaeseung",2012.0,,,0,0,
2865,Professional Quality of Life and Clinical Competencies among Korean Nurses,"PURPOSE: Clinical competence among nurses is an essential requirement for the provision of safe and effective patient care. This study aims to classify types of professional quality of life experienced by Korean nurses, and examine the relationship between demographic and professional characteristics and clinical competence among nurses experiencing each type. METHODS: A total of 335 nurses completed questionnaires assessing professional quality of life, clinical competence, and demographic and professional characteristics. Following identification of the underlying factors of professional quality of life, we classified participants into three clusters. RESULTS: There were significant differences in age, marital status, religion, educational status, and position between clusters. Results also revealed that nurses with high compassion satisfaction and low compassion fatigue (burnout, secondary traumatic stress) tended to have higher clinical competence. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that it is possible to directly examine the relationship between professional quality of life level and clinical competence among nurses. Thus, interventions to increase nurses' compassion satisfaction and relieve compassion fatigue are needed, as professional quality of life may affect clinical competence.","clinical competence, clinical nurse specialist, cluster analysis, quality of life","Kim, K., Han, Y., Kwak, Y., Kim, J. S.",2015.0,Sep,10.1016/j.anr.2015.03.002,0,0,
2866,Issues in using stage-sequential growth mixture models,"This study first investigates three types of stage-sequential growth mixture models in the SEM framework for the analysis of multiple-phase longitudinal data: traditional piecewise growth mixture modeling, discontinuous piecewise growth mixture modeling and sequential process growth mixture modeling. Those models can be important tools for situations in which a single-phase growth mixture model produces distorted results and can allow researchers to better understand population heterogeneity and growth over multiple phases. Two important but difficult issues arise when using mixture models. One is to determine the appropriate sample size for good estimation, and the other is to decide on the optimal number of latent classes. The two comprehensive simulation studies were carried out to address these two issues for single- and multi-phase growth mixture models under various conditions. First, appropriate sample size requirements under various conditions were examined to ensure valid estimation for the sample size study. Second, the performance of commonly used information criterion (IC) indexes were investigated across many modeling settings for the model selection study. The overall results front the two simulation studies supported a conclusion that sample size requirements and the performance of information criteria in various types of growth mixture models depended on several factors, such as class probability, proportion of missing data, class separation, number of classes, and number of indicators. Especially, the sample size requirements were closely related with the number of indicator variables, which was the only practically controllable factor by researchers. For determining the number of classes, sample size adjusted BIC performed best overall, particularly in more realistic conditions of the design factors. The findings from the research not only reinforce previous simple findings concerning the sample size requirements in GMM and concerning the performance of information criteria in mixture models but also provide entirely new information regarding some stage-sequential GMMs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Analysis, *Models, *Simulation, Statistical Analysis","Kim, Su-Young",2012.0,,,0,0,
2867,Using mixture models with known class membership to address incomplete covariance structures in multiple-group growth models,"Multi-group latent growth modelling in the structural equation modelling framework has been widely utilized for examining differences in growth trajectories across multiple manifest groups. Despite its usefulness, the traditional maximum likelihood estimation for multi-group latent growth modelling is not feasible when one of the groups has no response at any given data collection point, or when all participants within a group have the same response at one of the time points. In other words, multi-group latent growth modelling requires a complete covariance structure for each observed group. The primary purpose of the present study is to show how to circumvent these data problems by developing a simple but creative approach using an existing estimation procedure for growth mixture modelling. A Monte Carlo simulation study was carried out to see whether the modified estimation approach provided tangible results and to see how these results were comparable to the standard multi-group results. The proposed approach produced results that were valid and reliable under the mentioned problematic data conditions. We also present a real data example and demonstrate that the proposed estimation approach can be used for the chi-square difference test to check various types of measurement invariance as conducted in a standard multi-group analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Analysis of Covariance, *Maximum Likelihood, *Simulation, *Structural Equation Modeling, Data Collection, Models","Kim, Su-Young, Mun, Eun-Young, Smith, Stevens",2014.0,,,0,0,
2868,Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Short Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (K-SPRINT),"Aims: The Short Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Rating Interview (SPRINT) is a validated, eight-item, brief global assessment scale for PTSD. This report investigated the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the SPRINT (K-SPRINT). Methods: Eighty-seven PTSD patients, 47 other psychiatric patients, and 63 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. All subjects completed a psychometric assessment package that included the K-SPRINT and the Korean versions of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: The K-SPRINT showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's = 0.86) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.82). K-SPRINT showed moderatecor-relations with CAPS (r = 0.71). An exploratory factor analysis produced one K-SPRINT factor. The optimal diagnostic efficiency (91.9%) of the K-SPRINT was found at a total score of 15, at which point the sensitivity and specificity were 90.8% and 92.7%, respectively. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrate that the K-SPRINT had good psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Foreign Language Translation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity","Kim, Tae-Suk, Chung, Moon Yong, Kim, Won, Koo, Young Jin, Ryu, Seong Gon, Kim, Eui-Jung, Woo, Jong-Min, Kim, Tae-Hyung, Yang, Jong-Chul, Choi, Kyeong-Sook, Pae, Chi-Un, Seo, Ho-Joon, Lim, Hyun-Kook, Chae, Jeong-Ho",2008.0,,,0,0,
2869,The effectiveness of mirtazapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A 24-week continuation therapy,"Few studies for the long-term effects of antidepressants on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been conducted. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mirtazapine during the 24-week continuation treatment in patients with PTSD. Out of 15 patients who participated in the previous 8-week short-term study, 12 patients completed 24-week continuation treatment with mirtazapine. The effectiveness was evaluated at week 12 and week 24 using Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT), Interviewer-Administered Structured Interview for PTSD (SIP) and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).The tolerability of continuation treatment was also reported. The scores on the IES-R, SPRINT, SIP and MADRS were significantly reduced over time from baseline to week 24, the end-point (F = 36.1, d.f. = 4, P< 0.001; F = 106.3, d.f. = 4, P< 0.001; F = 121.1, d.f. = 4, P< 0.001; F = 198.9, d.f. = 4, P< 0.001). On post-hoc analysis, the scores of all four measures were significantly reduced at the end point since week 8. However, after Bonferroni's correction, that was statistically significant in SPRINT only. The number of patients whose scores were reduced over 50% in all four scales had a tendency of incremental increase from three at week 8 to eight at the end point (P = 0.063). No serious drug-related side-effects occurred. These results suggest that the mirtazapine may be effective in the continuation treatment of PTSD as well as short-term treatment. Further and better-designed studies are necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Antidepressant Drugs, *Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Duration","Kim, Won, Pae, Chi-Un, Chae, Jeong-Ho, Jun, Tae-Youn, Bahk, Won-Myong",2005.0,,,0,0,
2870,"Clinical evaluation of paroxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 52-Week, non-comparative open-label study for clinical use experience","Aim: The present study was a 52-week, non-comparative, open-label study of flexible dose paroxetine (20-40 mg) in 52 Japanese post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients in order to obtain clinical experience regarding efficacy and safety in regular clinical practice. Methods: Efficacy was measured using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale One Week Symptom Status Version (CAPS-SX). Results: The mean change from baseline in CAPS-SX total score was -19.1, -22.8 and -32.3 at weeks 4, 12 and 52, respectively, and that in the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity of Illness score was -1.1 at week 12 and -1.7 at week 52. A total of 46.9% were CGI responders at week 12, while 67.3% were improved on the CGI at week 52. Of 52 subjects who entered into the drug treatment, 25 completed the study. Only one patient withdrew from the study due to lack of efficacy. In patients who were rated as 'moderately ill' or less at baseline, the proportion of CGI responders at end-point was higher at a dose of 20 mg/day than at higher doses, whereas in patients rated as 'markedly ill' or more, it was higher at 30 and 40 mg/day, suggesting that severely ill patients could benefit from higher doses. Conclusion: Paroxetine appeared generally tolerated in short- and long-term use, and the safety profile in this study was consistent with international trials and other Japanese populations (i.e. patients suffering from depression, panic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder). Although the study was not conducted in double-blind fashion, the current findings suggest that paroxetine may contribute to clinically meaningful improvement that is maintained during long-term use and is generally well tolerated. (copyright) 2008 The Authors.","alprazolam, bromazepam, brotizolam, chlorpromazine, clomipramine, estazolam, etizolam, flunitrazepam, fluvoxamine, nitrazepam, paroxetine, placebo, trazodone, zolpidem, zopiclone, abdominal pain, adult, aggression, article, automutilation, clinical evaluation, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical practice, clinical trial, depression, disease exacerbation, disease severity, dizziness, drug dose increase, drug dose reduction, drug efficacy, drug induced headache, drug safety, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, female, gastroenteritis, human, hyperthyroidism, Japanese (people), liver function, major clinical study, malaise, male, mania, nausea, open study, posttraumatic stress disorder, rhinopharyngitis, side effect, somnolence, stomatitis, treatment duration, treatment response, vomiting","Kim, Y., Asukai, N., Konishi, T., Kato, H., Hirotsune, H., Maeda, M., Inoue, H., Narita, H., Iwasaki, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2871,"The factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans and its relationship to violence, incarceration, suicide attempts, and suicidality","The present research examined how incarceration, suicide attempts, suicidality, and difficulty controlling violence relate to the underlying factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N=1897). Diagnostic interviews established psychiatric diagnoses; self-report measures assessed history of incarceration, difficulty controlling violence, suicide attempts, and suicidality. A 3-factor measurement model characterized by latent factors for externalizing-substance-use disorders (SUD), distress, and fear provided excellent fit to the data. Alcohol-use disorder, drug-use disorder, and nicotine dependence were indicators on the externalizing-SUD factor. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression were indicators on the distress factor. Panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were indicators on the fear factor. Incarceration was exclusively predicted by the externalizing-SUD factor. Difficulty controlling violence, suicidality, and suicide attempts were exclusively predicted by the distress factor. Contrary to hypotheses, the path from the externalizing/SUD factor to difficulty controlling violence was not significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that the distress factor of psychiatric comorbidity is a significant risk factor for suicidality, suicide attempts, and difficulty controlling violence and could help to explain the frequent co-occurrence of these critical outcomes among returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans.","Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, Substance abuse, Suicide, Violence","Kimbrel, N. A., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., Brancu, M., Beckham, J. C., Green, K. T., Kirby, A. C., Dennis, M. F., Hoerle, J., Wagner, H. R., Runnals, J., Van Voorhees, E., Fairbank, J. A., Moore, S. D., Weiner, R. D., Straits-Troster, K., Tupler, L. A., Marx, C. E., Morey, R. A., Miller-Mumford, M., McDonald, S. D., Taber, K. H., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., Hurley, R. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2872,"The factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans and its relationship to violence, incarceration, suicide attempts, and suicidality","The present research examined how incarceration, suicide attempts, suicidality, and difficulty controlling violence relate to the underlying factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N=1897). Diagnostic interviews established psychiatric diagnoses; self-report measures assessed history of incarceration, difficulty controlling violence, suicide attempts, and suicidality. A 3-factor measurement model characterized by latent factors for externalizing-substance-use disorders (SUD), distress, and fear provided excellent fit to the data. Alcohol-use disorder, drug-use disorder, and nicotine dependence were indicators on the externalizing-SUD factor. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression were indicators on the distress factor. Panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were indicators on the fear factor. Incarceration was exclusively predicted by the externalizing-SUD factor. Difficulty controlling violence, suicidality, and suicide attempts were exclusively predicted by the distress factor. Contrary to hypotheses, the path from the externalizing/SUD factor to difficulty controlling violence was not significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that the distress factor of psychiatric comorbidity is a significant risk factor for suicidality, suicide attempts, and difficulty controlling violence and could help to explain the frequent co-occurrence of these critical outcomes among returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans.","Anxiety, Depression, Ptsd, Substance abuse, Suicide, Violence","Kimbrel, N. A., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., Brancu, M., Va Mid-Atlantic Mirecc Registry, Workgroup, Beckham, J. C.",2014.0,Dec 15,10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.064,0,0,2871
2873,"The factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans and its relationship to violence, incarceration, suicide attempts, and suicidality","The present research examined how incarceration, suicide attempts, suicidality, and difficulty controlling violence relate to the underlying factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N=1897). Diagnostic interviews established psychiatric diagnoses; self-report measures assessed history of incarceration, difficulty controlling violence, suicide attempts, and suicidality. A 3-factor measurement model characterized by latent factors for externalizing-substance-use disorders (SUD), distress, and fear provided excellent fit to the data. Alcohol-use disorder, drug-use disorder, and nicotine dependence were indicators on the externalizing-SUD factor. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression were indicators on the distress factor. Panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were indicators on the fear factor. Incarceration was exclusively predicted by the externalizing-SUD factor. Difficulty controlling violence, suicidality, and suicide attempts were exclusively predicted by the distress factor. Contrary to hypotheses, the path from the externalizing/SUD factor to difficulty controlling violence was not significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that the distress factor of psychiatric comorbidity is a significant risk factor for suicidality, suicide attempts, and difficulty controlling violence and could help to explain the frequent co-occurrence of these critical outcomes among returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans. © 2014.","Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, Substance abuse, Suicide, Violence","Kimbrel, N. A., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., Brancu, M., Workgroup, V. A. Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Registry, Beckham, J. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,2871
2874,"Relationships among trauma exposure, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and self-reported health in women: Replication and extension","Fifty-two women who served during the Vietnam era were assessed for war- zone exposure, traumatic life events, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and self-reported health status. Symptoms of PTSD were examined as mediators in the relationship between traumatic exposure and subsequent reports of health problems. Results showed that PTSD symptoms accounted significantly for variance in health problems reported by women with prior traumatic stressor exposure. When the cardinal symptom domains of PTSD (reexperiencing, numbing, avoidance, hyperarousal) were analyzed separately, the symptom cluster representing hyperarousal accounted uniquely for the variance associated with health complaints, beyond that contributed by other symptom clusters. Discussion of the results focuses on mechanisms underlying the relationship between specific symptoms of PTSD and self-reported health. Implications for intervention within the medical system are also considered.","adult, arousal, article, female, health status, human, life event, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, scoring system, self report, traumatic shock","Kimerling, R., Clum, G. A., Wolfe, J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2875,The Missing Link in Resilience Research,,,"Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y.",2015.0,,10.1080/1047840X.2014.1002378,0,0,
2876,A guide to psychological debriefing: Managing emotional decompression and post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the cover) Traumatic events strike unexpectedly and can turn everyday life upside down. Frequently, people suffering trauma cannot get past the experience and develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychological debriefing (PD) is a process commonly used to prevent an individual from developing PTSD, allowing them to re-examine the event in a safe and controlled environment. This book offers a practical introduction to PTSD and psychological debriefing, and outlines an enhanced model of PD: 'Emotional Decompression'. Structured like a deep-sea dive, it incorporates carefully planned safety stops for discussion and explanation on the way back to the 'surface' to avoid getting 'the bends'. The book presents a range of recovery models, from the 'simple' models developed by Williams and Horowitz to the more complex 'Snakes and Ladders' model developed by the author. This book is essential for health practitioners, counselors, psychologists and professionals working with clients suffering from PTSD, as well as students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Debriefing (Psychological), *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Processes, *Recovery (Disorders), Emotional Responses, Psychotherapeutic Techniques","Kinchin, David",2007.0,,,0,0,
2877,Target identification for stereotactic thalamotomy using diffusion tractography,"Background: Stereotactic targets for thalamotomy are usually derived from population-based coordinates. Individual anatomy is used only to scale the coordinates based on the location of some internal guide points. While on conventional MR imaging the thalamic nuclei are indistinguishable, recently it has become possible to identify individual thalamic nuclei using different connectivity profiles, as defined by MR diffusion tractography. Methodology and Principal Findings: Here we investigated the inter-individual variation of the location of target nuclei for thalamotomy: the putative ventralis oralis posterior (Vop) and the ventral intermedius (Vim) nucleus as defined by probabilistic tractography. We showed that the mean inter-individual distance of the peak Vop location is 7.33 mm and 7.42 mm for Vim. The mean overlap between individual Vop nuclei was 40.2% and it was 31.8% for Vim nuclei. As a proof of concept, we also present a patient who underwent Vop thalamotomy for untreatable tremor caused by traumatic brain injury and another patient who underwent Vim thalamotomy for essential tremor. The probabilistic tractography indicated that the successful tremor control was achieved with lesions in the Vop and Vim respectively. Conclusions: Our data call attention to the need for a better appreciation of the individual anatomy when planning stereotactic functional neurosurgery. © 2012 Kincses et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",,"Kincses, Z. T., Szabó, N., Valálik, I., Kopniczky, Z., Dézsi, L., Klivényi, P., Jenkinson, M., Király, A., Babos, M., Vörös, E., Barzó, P., Vécsei, L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2878,A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"BACKGROUND: ""Mindfulness-based"" interventions show promise for stress reduction in general medical conditions, and initial evidence suggests that they are accepted in trauma-exposed individuals. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) shows substantial efficacy for prevention of depression relapse, but it has been less studied in anxiety disorders. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of an MBCT group intervention adapted for combat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Consecutive patients seeking treatment for chronic PTSD at a VA outpatient clinic were enrolled in 8-week MBCT groups, modified for PTSD (four groups, n = 20) or brief treatment-as-usual (TAU) comparison group interventions (three groups, n = 17). Pre and posttherapy psychological assessments with clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) were performed with all patients, and self-report measures (PTSD diagnostic scale, PDS, and posttraumatic cognitions inventory, PTCI) were administered in the MBCT group. RESULTS: Intent to treat analyses showed significant improvement in PTSD (CAPS (t(19) = 4.8, P < .001)) in the MBCT condition but not the TAU conditions, and a significant Condition x Time interaction (F[1,35] = 16.4, P < .005). MBCT completers (n = 15, 75%) showed good compliance with assigned homework exercises, and significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PTSD symptom severity on posttreatment assessment in CAPS and PDS (particularly in avoidance/numbing symptoms), and reduced PTSD-relevant cognitions in PTCI (self blame). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest group MBCT as an acceptable brief intervention/adjunctive therapy for combat PTSD, with potential for reducing avoidance symptom cluster and PTSD cognitions. Further studies are needed to examine efficacy in a randomized controlled design and to identify factors influencing acceptability and efficacy.","Analysis of Variance, Humans, Meditation/*methods, Middle Aged, Mindfulness/*education, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Brief/*methods, Psychotherapy, Group/*methods, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, Veterans/*psychology, clinical trials, life events, meditation, mindfulness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stress, treatment","King, A. P., Erickson, T. M., Giardino, N. D., Favorite, T., Rauch, S. A., Robinson, E., Kulkarni, M., Liberzon, I.",2013.0,Jul,10.1002/da.22104,0,0,
2879,A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Background ""Mindfulness-based"" interventions show promise for stress reduction in general medical conditions, and initial evidence suggests that they are accepted in trauma-exposed individuals. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) shows substantial efficacy for prevention of depression relapse, but it has been less studied in anxiety disorders. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of an MBCT group intervention adapted for combat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Consecutive patients seeking treatment for chronic PTSD at a VA outpatient clinic were enrolled in 8-week MBCT groups, modified for PTSD (four groups, n = 20) or brief treatment-as-usual (TAU) comparison group interventions (three groups, n = 17). Pre and posttherapy psychological assessments with clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) were performed with all patients, and self-report measures (PTSD diagnostic scale, PDS, and posttraumatic cognitions inventory, PTCI) were administered in the MBCT group. Results Intent to treat analyses showed significant improvement in PTSD (CAPS (t(19) = 4.8, P <.001)) in the MBCT condition but not the TAU conditions, and a significant Condition × Time interaction (F[1,35] = 16.4, P <.005). MBCT completers (n = 15, 75%) showed good compliance with assigned homework exercises, and significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PTSD symptom severity on posttreatment assessment in CAPS and PDS (particularly in avoidance/numbing symptoms), and reduced PTSD-relevant cognitions in PTCI (self blame). Conclusions These data suggest group MBCT as an acceptable brief intervention/adjunctive therapy for combat PTSD, with potential for reducing avoidance symptom cluster and PTSD cognitions. Further studies are needed to examine efficacy in a randomized controlled design and to identify factors influencing acceptability and efficacy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","clinical trials, life events, meditation, mindfulness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), stress, treatment","King, A. P., Erickson, T. M., Giardino, N. D., Favorite, T., Rauch, S. A. M., Robinson, E., Kulkarni, M., Liberzon, I.",2013.0,,,0,0,2878
2880,"The relationship between attributional style, meaning in life, combat exposure, and post traumatic stress disorder","This study of 74 combat veterans from the state of Montana examines the relationship of three variables, combat exposure, attributional style and meaning in life, with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It was hypothesized that clinically significant scores measuring PTSD symptoms not only would be positively correlated with high combat exposure, but also with a pessimistic attitude and an absence of meaning in life. The analysis of the data collected confirmed those predictions. These results, combined with an examination of symptom overlap with other psychiatric disorders and a review of the literature have theoretical and clinical implications for understanding and treating PTSD. They may be suggestive of including in future revisions of the DSM-IVTR (2000) an expanded diagnostic criteria to include an existential dimension. The findings also suggest multi-modal therapies that address both cognitive and unconscious processes are indicated to alleviate feelings of hopelessness and restore meaning in life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attribution, *Meaning, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Military Veterans","King, Christine",2008.0,,,0,0,
2881,Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: A longitudinal prediction model,,,"King, D. W., King, L. A., Erickson, D. J., Huang, M. T., Sharkansky, E. J., Wolfe, J.",2000.0,,10.1037//0021-843X.109.4.624,0,0,
2882,"Posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of female and male Vietnam veterans: Risk factors, war-zone stressors, and resilience-recovery variables",,,"King, D. W., King, L. A., Keane, T. M., Foy, D. W., Fairbank, J. A.",1999.0,,10.1037//0021-843X.108.1.164,0,0,
2883,Characterizing time in longitudinal trauma research,"Despite the proliferation of longitudinal trauma research, careful attention to timing of assessments is often lacking. Patterns in timing of assessments, alternative time structures, and the treatment of time as an outcome are discussed and illustrated using trauma data. © 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"King, D. W., King, L. A., McArdle, J. J., Grimm, K., Jones, R. T., Ollendick, T. H.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20112,0,0,
2884,Sequential temporal dependencies in associations between symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: An application of bivariate latent difference score structural equation modeling,"Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid conditions that may arise following exposure to psychological trauma. This study examined their temporal sequencing and mutual influence using bivariate latent difference score structural equation modeling. Longitudinal data from 182 emergency room patients revealed level of depression symptom severity to be positively associated with changes in PTSD intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal over 3 time intervals, beginning shortly after the traumatic event. Higher scores on depression anticipated increases (or worsening) in PTSD symptom severity. The pattern of influence from PTSD symptom severity to change in depression symptom severity simply followed the general trend toward health and well-being. Results are discussed in terms of the dynamic interplay and associated mechanisms of posttrauma depression and PTSD symptom severity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Structural Equation Modeling, Symptoms","King, Daniel W., King, Lynda A., McArdle, John J., Shalev, Arieh Y., Doron-LaMarca, Susan",2009.0,,,0,1,
2885,Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder,"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1990) is a structured interview that assesses the 17 key symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) as established in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). CAPS data from 524 treatment-seeking male military veterans were submitted to confirmatory factor analysis to test a series of nested models reflecting alternative representations of PTSD dimensionality: (a) a 4-factor, 1st-order solution; (b) a 2-factor, higher order solution; (c) a single-factor, higher order solution; and (d) a single-factor, 1st-order solution. The model of best fit was the 4-factor, 1st-order solution, containing moderately to highly correlated yet distinct 1st-order factors corresponding to the reexperiencing, effortful avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal aspects of PTSD. Implications for theory, assessment, and future research are presented in this article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Inventories, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans","King, Daniel W., Leskin, Gregory A., King, Lynda A., Weathers, Frank W.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2886,Auricular acupuncture: A brief introduction for military providers,"Injured veterans returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom often require long-term medical management for a variety of complex physical and mental health conditions. These conditions can be challenging to treat with conventional Western medicine practices alone. Recently, complementary and alternative medicine practices have been used within military settings, and have been well received by veterans. Auricular acupuncture is a practice that has provided veterans with a new approach to manage symptoms associated with a wide range of health conditions. This treatment has become an attractive treatment option because of its low cost, portability, minimal side effect profile, and ease of use in clinical and operational settings. Although formally trained Oriental medicine practitioners have historically performed these treatments, military health care providers are now receiving education and training to administer these treatments. This education and training allows military health care providers to expand their knowledge of acupuncture and provide this treatment to veterans across the continuum of care. The purpose of this article is to provide a fundamental description of auricular acupuncture and increase awareness of this treatment and its relevance to military settings.",,"King, H. C., Hickey, A. H., Connelly, C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2887,Latent structure of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Exploratory and higher order confirmatory factor analyses,"Evaluated the dimensionality of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. 2,272 Vietnam theater and era veterans were divided into 3 random subsamples. Initial exploratory factor analyses suggested an underlying single-factor solution. In the 2nd subsample, a 2nd-order solution comprised of a general factor subsuming several 1st-order factors was supported using chi-square difference testing. This model was successfully replicated with the 3rd subsample. Data suggest that the latent structure of the Mississippi Scale is best represented as an umbrella posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) factor leading to 4 subsidiary facets or dimensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Factor Structure, *Military Veterans, *Personality Measures, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Factor Analysis","King, Lynda A., King, Daniel W.",1994.0,,,0,0,
2888,"Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events","Structural equation modeling procedures were used to examine relationships among several war zone stressor dimensions, resilience-recovery factors, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a national sample of 1,632 Vietnam veterans (26% women and 74% men). A 9-factor measurement model was specified on a mixed-gender subsample of the data and then replicated on separate subsamples of female and male veterans. For both genders, the structural models supported strong mediation effects for the intrapersonal resource characteristic of hardiness, postwar structural and functional social support, and additional negative life events in the postwar period. Support for moderator effects or buffering in terms of interactions between war zone stressor level and resilience-recovery factors was minimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Social Support, *Stress, Life Experiences, Military Veterans, Psychiatric Symptoms, Resilience (Psychological)","King, Lynda A., King, Daniel W., Fairbank, John A., Keane, Terence M., Adams, Gary A.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2889,Contemporary Longitudinal Methods for the Study of Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Traditional methods for analyzing trends in longitudinal data have typically emphasized average group change over time. In this article, we propose multilevel, regression-based methods for examining inter-individual differences in intra-individual change and apply these methods to research in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The outcome or dependent variable of interest is reconceptualized as an index of dynamic change reflecting the trend or trajectory of an individual's PTSD symptom severity scores across time. A basic statistical model is presented, and analyses and findings are demonstrated with an existing data-base used in previously published studies. The methods offer promise for future study of the natural course of PTSD chronicity or recovery, risk and resilience factors that influence individual growth or decline, and critical timepoints for intervention.",,"King, L. A., King, D. W., Salgado, D. M., Shalev, A. Y.",2003.0,,,0,1,
2890,Deployment risk and resilience inventory: A collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans,,,"King, L. A., King, D. W., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., Samper, R. E.",2006.0,,10.1207/s15327876mp1802_1,0,0,
2891,Perceptions of Trauma and Loss among Children and Adolescents Exposed to Disasters a Mixed-Methods Study,"The purpose of the current study was to extend knowledge of youth exposed to multiple disasters and the experience of cumulative childhood adversity by analyzing perceptions of trauma and loss in children and adolescents. A concurrent mixed-methods design was utilized to explore an ethnically diverse, predominantly low-income sample of youth (N = 4,154) aged 8–18 years from three parishes (counties) in Louisiana impacted by Hurricane Katrina and the Gulf Oil Spill. Youth completed assessments of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), hurricane exposure and oil spill stress, and responded to an open-ended question regarding lifetime trauma and loss. Independent coders assigned responses to 30 categories using a qualitative codebook based on both predetermined and emerging information. Codes were compared and contrasted for meaning and grouped into broader, organizing themes. Themes of trauma and loss included: death and loss of others, threats to life, family disruption, interpersonal trauma, and life transitions. Trauma and loss predicted PTSS when controlling for hurricane exposure and oil spill stress. Most trauma and loss conferred generalized risk regardless of event typology, although interpersonal trauma had unique effects. Findings improve understanding of the nature and extent of trauma and loss among youth exposed to multiple disasters. The use of a mixed-methods design clarifies prior findings in the broader trauma literature and child disaster studies. Through identification of vulnerable subgroups and patterns in perceptions of trauma and loss, findings have important implications for prevention and intervention strategies that promote long-term recovery. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","At-risk youth, Cumulative trauma, Disasters, Posttraumatic stress","King, L. S., Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., Hansel, T. C., Fassnacht, G. M.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12144-015-9348-4,0,0,
2892,Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among OEF/OIF Veterans: An Item Response Theory Analysis,"Establishing whether men and women tend to express different symptoms of posttraumatic stress in reaction to trauma is important for both etiological research and the design of assessment instruments. Use of item response theory (IRT) can reveal how symptom reporting varies by gender and help determine if estimates of symptom severity for men and women are equally reliable. We analyzed responses to the PTSD Checklist (PCL) from 2,341 U.S. military veterans (51% female) who completed deployments in support of operations in Afghanistan and Iraq (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OEF/OIF]), and tested for differential item functioning by gender with an IRT-based approach. Among men and women with the same overall posttraumatic stress severity, women tended to report more frequent concentration difficulties and distress from reminders whereas men tended to report more frequent nightmares, emotional numbing, and hypervigilance. These item-level gender differences were small (on average d = 0.05), however, and had little impact on PCL measurement precision or expected total scores. For practical purposes, men's and women's severity estimates had similar reliability. This provides evidence that men and women veterans demonstrate largely similar profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms following exposure to military-related stressors, and some theoretical perspectives suggest this may hold in other traumatized populations. © 2013.",,"King, M. W., Street, A. E., Gradus, J. L., Vogt, D. S., Resick, P. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2893,Adjunctive levetiracetam for treatment refractory Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),"Background: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) affects a significant portion of the population (5-9% lifetime prevalence) and tends to be accompanied by substantial psychiatric comorbidity due to the chronic and refractory nature of the disorder. As such, it represents a significant burden to society, especially with regard to its associated levels of psychosocial disability, somatic complications, and utilization of health care resources. Levetiracetam is a novel anticonvulsant agent which reduces neuronal transmission through high-voltage-activated calcium channels and has effects at a unique CNS binding site. Recent evidence suggests that it may also exert its effects by modulating a function of the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A present only under pathophysiological conditions. It has a favorable side effect profile and low propensity for drug interactions. Objective: Despite the effectiveness of currently available treatments for PTSD, many patients remain symptomatic after initial intervention. There remains an outstanding need for efficacious pharmacological agents that are safe and well-tolerated. We present an open-label study that examines the use of adjunctive levetiracetam in 20 patients with treatment refractory PTSD. Methods: Single-blind placebo run-in period, followed by 12-week open-label adjunctive levetiracetam for patients with PTSD, who were deemed partial or non-responders to at least 8 weeks of antidepressant therapy. The primary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) and Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I). Mean change from baseline to endpoint using paired t-tests. Inclusion Criteria: (1) Male and female outpatients, age 18-75; (2) Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by DSM-IV criteria; (3) History of persistent anxiety; (4) Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) score > 4. Exclusion Criteria: (1) Patients with a history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychotic conditions; (2) Unstable medical conditions; (3) History of substance abuse or dependence within the last 6 months. (Table presented) Results: Levetiracetam at a mean dose of 1800mg (SD + 5.5 mg), was generally well tolerated. Patients included were relatively ill with a mean baseline CGI-Severity score of 5.48 (+/-1.3), nullseverely illnull, a mean HAM-A of 24 ((plus or minus)6.3), and a mean duration of illness of 10 ((plus or minus)4.5) years. Patients improved significantly on all measures (CGI-S: t(9) = 2.53, df = 9, p = 0.001; CGI-I: t(8)= 2.14, p = 0.003; HAM-A: t(8) = 10.87, p = 0.001, with a mean decrease in CGI-S of 3.34 points. Most patients (62.5% or 10/16) met responder criteria at endpoint (CGI-I (less-than or equal to) 2) and 7 (43.75%) met remission criteria (CGI-S (less-than or equal to) 2). Adverse events were generally mild and included tiredness (5 patients), sedation (5), dry mouth [3], lightheadedness [1], and diarrhea [1]. 2 patients discontinued levetiracetam due to side effects (tiredness and/or sedation). Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that levetiracetam may be an effective adjunctive treatment for patients with PTSD who remain symptomatic despite initial antidepressant therapy. Levetiracetam was generally well-tolerated. Further controlled and larger studies are warranted.","etiracetam, antidepressant agent, anticonvulsive agent, calcium channel, protein, placebo, posttraumatic stress disorder, patient, Clinical Global Impression scale, sedation, therapy, fatigue, side effect, Student t test, male, open study, outpatient, diagnosis, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, psychosis, substance abuse, female, remission, xerostomia, dizziness, diarrhea, population, lifespan, prevalence, comorbidity, society, disability, central nervous system, synaptic transmission, electric potential, health care, binding site, synapse vesicle, drug interaction, general aspects of disease","Kinrys, G., Rothstein, E., Oltramari, A. C., Dunn, R., Nery, F., Bianco, R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2894,Randomized controlled trial of Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Objectives: Therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) endorsed by the Department of Defense and Veterans Administration are relatively lengthy, costly, and yield variable success. We evaluated Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for the treatment of combat-related psychological trauma. Methods: A randomized controlled trial of ART versus an Attention Control (AC) regimen was conducted among 57 U.S. service members/veterans. After random assignment, those assigned to AC were offered crossover to ART, with 3-month follow-up on all participants, Self-report symptoms of PTSD and comorbidities were analyzed among study completers and by the intention-to-treat principle. Results; Mean age was 41 + 13 years with 19% female, 54% Army, and 68% with prior PTSD treatment. The ART was delivered in 3.7 +/- 1.1 sessions with a 94% completion rate. Mean reductions in symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and trauma-related guilt were significantly greater (p < 0.001) with ART compared to AC. Favorable results for those treated with ART persisted at 3 months, including reduction in aggression (p < 0.0001). Adverse treatment-related events were rare and not serious. Conclusions. ART appears to be a safe and effective treatment for symptoms of combat-related PTSD, including refractory PTSD, and is delivered in significantly less time than therapies endorsed by the Department of Defense and Veterans Administration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Trauma, *Treatment, Major Depression","Kip, Kevin E., Rosenzweig, Laney, Hernandez, Diego F., Shuman, Amy, Sullivan, Kelly L., Long, Christopher J., Taylor, James, McGhee, Stephen, Girling, Sue Ann, Wittenberg, Trudy, Sahebzamani, Frances M., Lengacher, Cecile A., Kadel, Rajendra, Diamond, David M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2895,Post-traumatic Growth Inventory: Psychometric properties of the Arabic version in Palestinian adults,"In the current study, we investigated the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the posttraumatic growth inventory in an adult group of Palestinians in Gaza. The internal consistency of the total scale, as well as its sub-scales, was satisfactory. Furthermore, the scale significantly correlated with stress related growth. The experience of posttraumatic growth was not related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, but was significantly related to cumulative trauma. Cumulative Trauma predicted post traumatic growth. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a five, three, two and one factor, as well as a hierarchical structure models were compared. While the five, the three, the one and the hierarchical models were relatively satisfactory, the two factor model had the best fit to the data. The Arabic version of the instrument appeared to be a sound measure for the experience of posttraumatic growth in Palestinian adults. Further, a modest to moderate degree of posttraumatic growth was found in the current multiply traumatized sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, *Trauma, Arabs, Foreign Language Translation","Kira, Ibrahim, Abou-Median, Sharifa, Ashby, Jeffery, Lewandowski, Linda, Mohanesh, Jamal, Odenat, Lydia",2012.0,,,0,0,
2896,"The effects of trauma types, cumulative trauma, and PTSD on IQ in two highly traumatized adolescent groups","We investigated the relationship between trauma type, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and intelligence quotient (IQ) utilizing a development-based taxonomy of trauma in a sample of 390 African-American adolescents and Iraqi refugee adolescents. Utilizing structural equation modeling, we compared different ""good-fitting"" models that describe the specific relationships between different trauma types, PTSD cluster symptoms (i.e., re-experiencing, arousal, avoidance, and emotional numbness/dissociation), and IQ factors (i.e., perceptual reasoning, verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed). Our findings support the hypothesis that different trauma types have different influences, some positive and some negative. Whereas abandonment and personal identity trauma (e.g., sexual abuse) have direct negative effects, secondary trauma (e.g., parents' involvement in war or combat) has a positive effect on IQ. Collective identity trauma (e.g., oppression) did not have either negative or positive effects on IQ. The PTSD components re-experiencing and arousal generally mediated some of the negative effects of traumas on IQ; avoidance and emotional detachment/dissociation generally mediated positive effects. In conclusion, trauma type differentially impacts IQ. However, cumulative trauma dynamics have total negative significant effects on all of the four IQ components: perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","IQ, ""Kiras taxonomy of traumas"", PTSD, trauma type","Kira, I., Lewandowski, L., Somers, C. L., Yoon, J. S., Chiodo, L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2897,The Dynamics of Posttraumatic Growth Across Different Trauma Types in a Palestinian Sample,"A Palestinian sample was used to explore the dynamics of posttraumatic growth (PTG) across different trauma types. Cumulative trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, PTG, and stress-related growth (SRG) measures were administered. As predicted, only type I traumas were associated with PTG. Type II traumas were not associated with PTG, while type III collective identity traumas were negatively associated with PTG. Results indicated that PTG was not a significant predictor of any mental health symptoms and that PTG is different from SRG, which seems to describe growth in non-traumatic situations. The results suggest that it is important to analyze trauma profiles rather than single trauma. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","cumulative trauma related disorders, curvilinear predictors, development-based trauma framework (DBTF), Palestinians, posttraumatic growth","Kira, I. A., Aboumediene, S., Ashby, J. S., Odenat, L., Mohanesh, J., Alamia, H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2898,The Dynamics of Cumulative Trauma and Trauma Types in Adults Patients With Psychiatric Disorders: Two Cross-Cultural Studies,"There is an intricate divide between three major valid paradigms in studying traumatic processes: The psychiatric paradigm that focused mostly on the survival types of traumas and on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the psychoanalytic and developmental theories that focused on the effects of abandonment, maltreatment and betrayal, and the intergroup paradigm that focused on discrimination, genocide, and torture. The goal was to test the validity and utility of a framework that integrated the three trauma paradigms on mental health clients (MHC). Two studies were conducted in the USA and Egypt. In the first study 399 MHC were tested using cumulative trauma scale that utilizes the new framework and measures of mental health variables. The second study tested 432 MHC in a university psychiatric clinic in Egypt, utilizing comparable measures. The trauma profiles were examined and matched to the symptom profiles, psychiatric comorbidities, and global level of functioning. Egyptian participants reported relatively higher level of poverty, personal identity traumas (i.e., sexual abuse), and role identity traumas, while participants in the U.S. sample, that included refugees in addition to Americans, have more traumas of oppression, discrimination, torture, uprootedness, and abandonment. While cumulative trauma was associated with physical and mental health symptoms and comorbidities in both studies, different trauma profile of each predicted different configurations of symptoms. Current studies provided evidence of the validity and utility of the integrated new traumatology model, and its potential contribution to driving trauma field forward. © The Author(s) 2012.","cumulative trauma, developmentally based integrative traumatology framework (DBTF), trauma profiles, Type III trauma","Kira, I. A., Fawzi, M. H., Fawzi, M. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2899,"Attachment disruptions, IQ, and PTSD in African American adolescents: A traumatology perspective","Attachment disruptions, other traumas, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and intelligence quotient (IQ) were measured in a sample of 181 African American adolescents. Path analysis was utilized to test the effects of different types of attachment disruptions on IQ and PTSD. Findings supported that mother and father abandonments and being in foster care are associated with decreased perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory, and increased discrepancy between perceptual and verbal toward decreased perceptual reasoning. Such suppression and discrepancy contribute to poor academic achievement. Results validated the traumatology perspective on attachment disruptions as traumas that are associated with PTSD, suppression of most IQ potentials, and with potential brain hemispheric desynchronization. The ramifications of these results for helping African American adolescents are discussed. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","African American adolescents, attachment disruptions, IQ discrepancy indexes, IQ factors, PTSD symptom clusters","Kira, I. A., Somers, C., Lewandowski, L., Chiodo, L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2900,Cumulative tertiary appraisals of traumatic events across cultures: Two studies,"Two studies compared the effects of cumulative trauma (CT) with those of cumulative negative (CNTA) and cumulative positive tertiary appraisals (CPTA). The first study was conducted with an adult clinical population in the U.S. (N=399), while the second study was conducted with adolescent students in Gaza (N=422). Among the effects found were that path analysis with comulative trauma, positive tertiary appraisal, and cumulative negative tertiary appraisals as independent variables and mental health measures as dependent variables, in both samples, found that CNTA and CPTA had direct positive and direct negative effects, respectively, on PTSD, depression, and anxiety. However, CT, independent from appraisals, had direct effects in producing the more complicated symptom clusters of cumulative trauma disorders. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Kira, I. A., Templin, T., Lewandowski, L., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., Abou-Mediane, S., Mohanesh, J., Alamia, H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2901,Subjective models of psychological disorders: Mental health professional's perspectives,"This exploratory study is an extension of previous studies which have applied personal construct theory (PCP) methodology toward a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of multidisciplinary mental (and physical) health care (Kirkcaldy and Pope, 1992; Kirkcaldy et al., 1993, 2000, 2005; Kirkcaldy and Siefen, 1999). In this study we wanted to use similar cluster statistical analyses, not unlike PCP analysis, to identify the diverse subjective models of psychological ailments such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, mania, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post stress traumatic disorder (PTSD), etc., using not the idiosyncratic constructs generated by individual triadic element comparisons, but by selecting those constructs which have been clearly identified in various psychiatric and psychological rating scales (e.g. somatic preoccupation, social withdrawal, conceptual disorganization, hostility, disinhibition and controlling).Clinical experts (psychological psychotherapists, and medical psychotherapist and psychiatrist) each with over 25 years of clinical and research experience were required to complete the ratings of each disorder listed in terms of the pre-formulated behavioral, emotional and cognitive concepts. What emerged are several multivariate (grid) analyses based on mental health professionals' perception of diverse elements (disorders) and their interrelationship derived from the similarity of composite profiles of ill-related constructs. Overall, the analyses revealed clear associations between the subjective evaluations of psychological ailments suggesting some uniformity in mental health assessment of such disorders. The implications of these findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of improved mental health care. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Health, Mental health professionals, Personal construct theory, Psychological disorder, Subjective models","Kirkcaldy, B. D., Siefen, R. G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2902,Victims of crime: The internist's role in treatment,"This article reports a case study on a crime victim identified and treated in an internal medicine residency program. Recent findings on crime and violence in the United States are reviewed with a particular focus on the psychologic and medical aftermath faced by victims. A unique role for the internist is suggested in the management of such sequelae. Research studies suggest that victims of crime, especially violent crime, evidence one or more of several clusters of acute and delayed emotional responses that typically progress through three stages of a recovery process. Physician awareness of these symptom clusters should result in increased understanding and improved assessment/treatment of crime victims.",,"Kirkland, K., Mason, R. E.",1992.0,,,0,0,
2903,The examination of MMPI-2 profile similarities and differences between combat-related and sexual assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Recent research has focused on the MMPI and, subsequently, the MMPI-2 as diagnostic measures of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A retrospective design was employed to compare MMPI-2 profiles of inpatient samples of combat-related PTSD and sexual assault-related PTSD groups. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated significant differences between the groups. Univariate analyses (with PTSD symptom severity as a covariate) indicated higher scores for the combat trauma group on Anger, Antisocial Practices, Cynicism, and Social Discomfort. The sexual trauma group scored higher on Infrequent Responses, Defensiveness, Hysteria, Depression, Hypochondriasis, Psychopathic Deviate, Anxiety, and Family Problems. Overall, there was a trend toward externalizing symptoms for combat veterans and internalizing symptoms for sexual assault survivors. In addition, the Standard Decision Rule (F-2-8) and the MMPI-2 PTSD scales (PK and PS) were examined for sensitivity and specificity in comparison to MMPI-2 profiles of non-PTSD outpatients. Discriminant function analyses revealed that the PS scale best classified PTSD cases from non-PTSD cases for the combat group; similarly, the F-2-8 index best classified the sexual trauma group from comparisons. Due to high intercorrelations, all of the PTSD measures performed adequately for both trauma samples. These results suggest that type of trauma experienced is a key variable in understanding the patient and dictates the need for different therapeutic foci. Additionally, the results suggest that the MMPI-2 PTSD scales provide a reasonable classification of PTSD status. The PTSD scales appear to provide useful objective information which can be incorporated into a multimethod assessment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Emotional Trauma, *Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sex Offenses","Kirz, Joshua Lewis",1996.0,,,0,0,
2904,MMPI-2 assessment of differential post-traumatic stress disorder patterns in combat veterans and sexual assault victims,"This study compared MMPI-2 profiles and trauma-specific subscales of the MMPI-2 in groups of combat veterans and sexual assault victims. Analyses indicated a trend toward externalizing symptoms for combat veterans and internalizing symptoms for sexual assault survivors. For diagnostic classification purposes, the PS scale was found to best differentiate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases from non-PTSD cases for the combat group, whereas the F-2-8 standard decision rule best differentiated the sexual trauma group from comparisons. These results suggest that type of trauma experienced is a key variable in understanding the patient and dictates the need for different therapeutic focuses. In addition, the results suggest that the MMPI-2 PTSD scales provide a reasonable classification of PTSD status.",,"Kirz, J. L., Drescher, K. D., Klein, J. L., Gusman, F. D., Schwartz, M. F.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2905,Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatised asylum seekers: A pilot study,"Background and Objectives: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD), a construct associated with early onset and repeated interpersonal trauma, has not previously been assessed in asylum seekers who have experienced major human rights violations. The aim of this pilot study was to describe the cPTSD symptom profile in asylum seekers, and to compare this profile between three groups of people who have experienced: human trafficking, domestic violence and/or torture. Methods: Over a period of eight weeks, clinicians working at the Helen Bamber Foundation charity invited 48 patients currently receiving psychotherapy to take part in the study, of whom 30 (62.5%) agreed. The structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) was used to assess cPTSD in 29 asylum seekers, as one patient withdrew during the interview. Results: Participants originated from 18 countries, 72.4% were female, the median age at trauma onset was 17 years and the duration of trauma was ten years. Eight (27.6%) participants were found to have cPTSD, defined as having all six symptom clusters, and 15 (51.7%) had five or more cPTSD symptom clusters. Age at trauma onset, duration of trauma, last trauma experience, gender and trauma type were not found to be associated with cPTSD presence. Conclusions: Extensive cPTSD symptoms were common in all participants, regardless of the nature of the trauma experienced. Future research is needed to enable generalisability of cPTSD symptom profile in asylum seekers.","Asylum seekers, Complex posttraumatic stress disorder, Domestic violence, Human trafficking, Interpersonal trauma, Torture","Kissane, M., Szymanski, L., Upthegrove, R., Katona, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2906,Posttraumatic stress syndrome in relation to chronic posttraumatic headache,"Introduction: Minor traffic accidents, falls from a stair or other situations that can causemild head traumas are not potentially life threatening events. Patients with chronic posttraumatic headache (CPTH) after such mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)may develop cognitive, somatic and affective symptoms that could imply, that the physical trauma have had a greater psychological impact than first expected.The objective of this study is to examine the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in patients with CPTH after mTBI. Methods: The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) is a self-report scale including 17 items focusing on the trauma, and measures the intensity of the three core symptom groups; re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyper-arousal. The total score estimates whether or not a person suffers from PTSD. In a large research project regarding psychological profile and treatment of CPTH, 30 patients were consecutively included. Before entering psychological treatment in The Danish Headache Centre the patients completed the HTQ. Results: 20 women and 10 men were included (mean age 35 years, range 19-63). On average the trauma had occurred 38 months (range 10-119) prior to enrolment. The causes of injury were: 12 traffic accidents (40%), 2 sports injuries (7%), 11 falls (37%), 1 assault (3%) and 4 other causes (13%). Nine patients (30%) met all tree core symptoms of PTSD, and additional 10 patients (33%) reached the sub-clinical level of PTSD. Only 11 patients (37%) had no PTSD symptoms. Of the three core symptom groups, hyper-arousal had the highest relatively score over-all. Discussion These results suggest that 2/3 of the patients with CPTH have PTSD or the sub-clinical level of PTSD. This information could be important in relation to the planning of treatments; psychological as well as pharmacological treatments. Likewise, this overlap may also indicate shared pathophysiological mechanisms although the cause-effect relations are unknown.","posttraumatic stress disorder, headache, migraine, posttraumatic headache, patient, injury, arousal, traffic accident, head injury, emotional disorder, traumatic brain injury, questionnaire, self report, planning, drug therapy, female, sport injury, assault, tree","Kjeldgaard, D., Forchhammer, H., Jensen, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2907,Psychological consequences of war trauma and postwar social stressors in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina,"Aim: To assess the consequences of psychotrauma in civilian women in Herzegovina who were exposed to prolonged and repetitive traumatic war events and postwar social stressors. Methods: The study included a cluster sample of 367 adult women, divided into two groups. One group (n = 187) comprised women from West Mostar who were exposed to serious traumatic war and post-war events. The other group (n = 180) comprised women from urban areas in Western Herzegovina who were not directly exposed to war destruction and material losses, but experienced war indirectly, through military drafting of their family members and friends. Demographic data on the women were collected by a questionnaire created for the purpose of this study. Data on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were collected by Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) - Bosnia-Herzegovina version. General psychological symptoms were determined with Symptom Check List-90-revised (SCL-90-R). Data on postwar stressors were collected by a separate questionnaire. Results: In comparison with the control group, women from Western Mostar experienced significantly more traumatic events (mean (plus or minus) standard deviation [SD], 3.3 (plus or minus) 3.2 vs 10.1 (plus or minus) 4.9, respectively, t = 15.91; P<0.001) and had more posttraumatic symptoms (12.3 (plus or minus) 10.3 vs 21.2 (plus or minus) 10.9, respectively, t = 8.42; P<0.001). They also had significantly higher prevalence of PTSD (4.4% vs 28.3%, respectively; (chi)2 = 52.56; P<0.001). The number of traumatic events experienced during the war was positively associated with postwar stressful events both in the West Mostar group (r = 0.223; P = 0.002) and control group (r = 0.276; P<0.001). Postwar stressful events contributed both to the number and intensity of PTSD symptoms and all general psychological symptoms measured with SCL-90 questionnaire, independently from the number of experienced traumatic war events. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to war and postwar stressors caused serious psychological consequences in civilian women, with PTSD being only one of the disorders in the wide spectrum of posttraumatic reactions. Postwar stressors did not influence the prevalence of PTSD but they did contribute to the intensity and number of posttraumatic symptoms.","adult, article, Bosnia and Herzegovina, clinical feature, cluster analysis, comparative study, controlled study, correlation analysis, female, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychotrauma, questionnaire, social stress, Symptom Checklist 90, urban area, war","Klaric, M., Klaric, B., Stevanovic, A., Grkovic, J., Jonovska, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2908,Psychological consequences of war trauma and postwar social stressors in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina,"Aim: To assess the consequences of psychotrauma in civilian women in Herzegovina who were exposed to prolonged and repetitive traumatic war events and postwar social stressors. Methods: The study included a cluster sample of 367 adult women, divided into two groups. One group (n = 187) comprised women from West Mostar who were exposed to serious traumatic war and post-war events. The other group (n = 180) comprised women from urban areas in Western Herzegovina who were not directly exposed to war destruction and material losses, but experienced war indirectly, through military drafting of their family members and friends. Demographic data on the women were collected by a questionnaire created for the purpose of this study. Data on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were collected by Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) - Bosnia-Herzegovina version. General psychological symptoms were determined with Symptom Check List-90-revised (SCL-90-R). Data on postwar stressors were collected by a separate questionnaire. Results: In comparison with the control group, women from Western Mostar experienced significantly more traumatic events (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.3 ± 3.2 vs 10.1 ± 4.9, respectively, t = 15.91; P&lt;0.001) and had more posttraumatic symptoms (12.3 ± 10.3 vs 21.2 ± 10.9, respectively, t = 8.42; P&lt;0.001). They also had significantly higher prevalence of PTSD (4.4% vs 28.3%, respectively; χ2 = 52.56; P&lt;0.001). The number of traumatic events experienced during the war was positively associated with postwar stressful events both in the West Mostar group (r = 0.223; P = 0.002) and control group (r = 0.276; P&lt;0.001). Postwar stressful events contributed both to the number and intensity of PTSD symptoms and all general psychological symptoms measured with SCL-90 questionnaire, independently from the number of experienced traumatic war events. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to war and postwar stressors caused serious psychological consequences in civilian women, with PTSD being only one of the disorders in the wide spectrum of posttraumatic reactions. Postwar stressors did not influence the prevalence of PTSD but they did contribute to the intensity and number of posttraumatic symptoms.",,"Klarić, M., Klarić, B., Stevanović, A., Grković, J., Jonovska, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,2907
2909,An evidence-based approach to evaluating and managing suicidal emergencies,"This article presents a framework for making suicide risk estimations, as well as recommendations for the management of suicidal emergencies, that are useful to the practitioner. It provides a review of existing empirical data concerning factors significantly related to acute suicidal behaviors within high-risk diagnoses. Findings across studies are categorized into risk profiles (as proposed by Clark and Fawcett, 1992) that are meant to aid the clinician in the application of recent research. The profiles are intended as templates in development and clearly require continual updating and clarification as new studies are completed. The article then addresses related management issues such as the importance of viewing risk factors within a comprehensive suicide assessment and the impact of possible negative therapist reactions when working with high-risk patients. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","Behavioral emergency, Suicidal emergency, Suicide, Suicide evaluation","Kleespies, P. M., Dettmer, E. L.",2000.0,,,0,0,
2910,Reduced autobiographical memory specificity predicts depression and posttraumatic stress disorder after recent trauma,,,"Kleim, B., Ehlers, A.",2008.0,2008,,0,0,
2911,Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors,"Background: Some studies suggest that early psychological treatment is effective in preventing chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it is as yet unclear how best to identify trauma survivors who need such intervention. This prospective longitudinal study investigated the prognostic validity of acute stress disorder (ASD), of variables derived from a meta-analysis of risk factors for PTSD, and of candidate cognitive and biological variables in predicting chronic PTSD following assault. Method: Assault survivors who had been treated for their injuries at a metropolitan Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department were assessed with structured clinical interviews to establish diagnoses of ASD at 2 weeks (n = 222) and PTSD at 6 months (n = 205) after the assault. Candidate predictors were assessed at 2 weeks. Results: Most predictors significantly predicted PTSD status at follow-up. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that a set of four theory-derived cognitive variables predicted PTSD best (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.50), followed by the variables from the meta-analysis (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.37) and ASD (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.25). When all predictors were considered simultaneously, mental defeat, rumination and prior problems with anxiety or depression were chosen as the best combination of predictors (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.47). Conclusion: Questionnaires measuring mental defeat, rumination and pre-trauma psychological problems may help to identify assault survivors at risk of chronic PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Violence","Kleim, Birgit, Ehlers, Anke, Glucksman, Edward",2007.0,,,0,0,
2912,Early predic- tors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors,,,"Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., Glucksman, E.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,2911
2913,Perceptual processing advantages for trauma-related visual cues in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comprises distressing sensory impressions from the trauma that seem to occur 'out of the blue'. A key question is how intrusions are triggered. One possibility is that PTSD is characterized by a processing advantage for stimuli that resemble those that accompanied the trauma, which would lead to increased detection of such cues in the environment. Method: We used a blurred picture identification task in a cross-sectional (n = 99) and a prospective study (n = 221) of trauma survivors. Results: Participants with acute stress disorder (ASD) or PTSD, but not trauma survivors without these disorders, identified trauma-related pictures, but not general threat pictures, better than neutral pictures. There were no group differences in the rate of trauma-related answers to other picture categories. The relative processing advantage for trauma-related pictures correlated with re-experiencing and dissociation, and predicted PTSD at follow-up. Conclusions: A perceptual processing bias for trauma-related stimuli may contribute to the involuntary triggering of intrusive trauma memories in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Trauma, Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Kleim, B., Ehring, T., Ehlers, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2914,Cognitive change predicts symptom reduction with cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,"There is a growing body of evidence for the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few studies to date have investigated the mechanisms by which TF-CBT leads to therapeutic change. Models of PTSD suggest that a core treatment mechanism is the change in dysfunctional appraisals of the trauma and its aftermath. If this is the case, then changes in appraisals should predict a change in symptoms. The present study investigated whether cognitive change precedes symptom change in Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, a version of TF-CBT. The study analyzed weekly cognitive and symptom measures from 268 PTSD patients who received a course of Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, using bivariate latent growth modeling. Results showed that (a) dysfunctional trauma-related appraisals and PTSD symptoms both decreased significantly over the course of treatment, (b) changes in appraisals and symptoms were correlated, and (c) weekly change in appraisals significantly predicted subsequent reduction in symptom scores (both corrected for the general decrease over the course of therapy). Changes in PTSD symptom severity did not predict subsequent changes in appraisals. The study provided preliminary evidence for the temporal precedence of a reduction in negative trauma-related appraisals in symptom reduction during trauma-focused CBT for PTSD. This supports the role of change in appraisals as an active therapeutic mechanism.",,"Kleim, B., Grey, N., Wild, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Stott, R., Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2915,Diagnosing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children involved with child protection services: Are current diagnostic guidelines acceptable for vulnerable populations?,"Children involved with child protection services (CPS) are diagnosed and treated for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at higher rates than the general population. Children with maltreatment histories are much more likely to have other factors contributing to behavioural and attentional regulation difficulties that may overlap with or mimic ADHD-like symptoms, including language and learning problems, post-traumatic stress disorder, attachment difficulties, mood disorders and anxiety disorders. A higher number of children in the child welfare system are diagnosed with ADHD and provided with psychotropic medications under a group care setting compared with family-based, foster care and kinship care settings. However, children's behavioural trajectories change over time while in care. A reassessment in the approach to ADHD-like symptoms in children exposed to confirmed (or suspected) maltreatment (e.g. neglect, abuse) is required. Diagnosis should be conducted within a multidisciplinary team and practice guidelines regarding ADHD diagnostic and management practices for children in CPS care are warranted both in the USA and in Canada. Increased education for caregivers, teachers and child welfare staff on the effects of maltreatment and often perplexing relationship with ADHD-like symptoms and co-morbid disorders is also necessary. Increased partnerships are needed to ensure the mental well-being of children with child protection involvement. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","ADHD diagnosis, Child protection services, Multidisciplinary practices, Overmedicated","Klein, B., Damiani-Taraba, G., Koster, A., Cambpell, J., Scholz, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2916,No evidence of sleep disturbance in post-traumatic stress disorder: A polysomnographic study in injured victims of traffic accidents,"Background: Disturbed sleep is a common complaint among patients with PTSD. This complaint can be found in both the reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptom clusters in the DSM-IV. However, laboratory studies of sleep in PTSD have provided inconsistent evidence of objective sleep disturbances. Shortened REM latency, reduced sleep efficiency, restless sleep and increased prevalence of sleep apnea have been reported, but were not confirmed by all. A major shortcoming of most previous studies is the fact that they were done retrospectively in patients with chronic PTSD, often complicated by psychiatric comorbidity and drug abuse. Thus, little is known about the development of sleep disturbances in recently traumatized subjects. Method: Eight injured victims of traffic accidents with PTSD and 6 injured victims without PTSD participated in a 3-night poly somnographic study one year after the accident. Results: No significant differences between PTSD and non-PTSD patients were noted on any of the PSG measures. In addition, the two groups did not differ significantly from each other with respect to awakening thresholds during REM sleep. Conclusion: Considering that the present sample was free of active psychiatric comorbidity at the time of trauma and free of hypnotic medications, these results strengthen previous PSG studies suggesting that altered sleep perception, rather than sleep disturbance per se, may be the key problem in PTSD. More research is needed in order to examine whether this problem is specific to sleep or generalizes to other domains as well.",,"Klein, E., Koren, D., Arnon, I., Lavie, P.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2917,Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?,"Resilience is widely seen as a desirable system property in environmental management. This paper explores the concept of resilience to natural hazards, using weather-related hazards in coastal megacities as an example. The paper draws on the wide literature on megacities, coastal hazards, hazard risk reduction strategies, and resilience within environmental management. Some analysts define resilience as a system attribute, whilst others use it as an umbrella concept for a range of system attributes deemed desirable. These umbrella concepts have not been made operational to support planning or management. It is recommended that resilience only be used in a restricted sense to describe specific system attributes concerning (i) the amount of disturbance a system can absorb and still remain within the same state or domain of attraction and (ii) the degree to which the system is capable of self-organisation. The concept of adaptive capacity, which has emerged in the context of climate change, can then be adopted as the umbrella concept, where resilience will be one factor influencing adaptive capacity. This improvement to conceptual clarity would foster much-needed communication between the natural hazards and the climate change communities and, more importantly, offers greater potential in application, especially when attempting to move away from disaster recovery to hazard prediction, disaster prevention, and preparedness. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Adaptation, Adaptive capacity, Climate change, Coastal zones, Hazards, Megacities, Resilience, Risk, Vulnerability","Klein, R. J. T., Nicholls, R. J., Thomalla, F.",2003.0,,10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001,0,0,
2918,Allele specific epigenetic modificationsfa molecular mediator of gene-environment interactions in stress related psychiatric disorders?,"Background: Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of gene-environment interactions (GxE) in psychiatric disorders will particularly contribute to treatment and prevention. However, the molecular events behind the statistical interaction remained elusive. Here we show a potential common mechanism of how environmental factors, moderated by genetic predisposition, influence long-term epigenetic states that lead to psychiatric disorders. Methods: In the framework of the Grady Trauma Project, we collect data on early life trauma exposure in an inner city, low socioeconomic and highly traumatized population. We investigate the interaction of simple nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulating gene FKBP5 in interaction with early trauma. We further elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind this GxE using pyrosequencing of bisulfite converted DNA to determine DNA methylation changes in and around glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in FKBP5. The functional impact of common, less common and rare variants in FKBP5 is determined by luciferase reporter assays. We further use chromatin conformation capture (3C) assays to show the impact of the functional variant in FKBP5 on the three-dimensional structure of the gene locus. Results: FKBP5 rs1360780 interact with child abuse exposure on the development of current PTSD symptoms in adulthood. Risk allele carriers exhibit a significant demethylation of CpGs around GREs in intron 7 of FKBP5 whereas carriers of the protective genotype retain a stable epigenetic profile. Chromatin Conformation Capture (3C) experiments revealed a directional three-dimensional (3D) structure of the FKBP5 locus with strong interaction of intron 7 and intron 2 with the transcription start site in risk allele carriers but without interaction of intron 2 in carriers of the protective genotype. The physical 3D property of the FKBP5 locus will be further described by chromatin conformation capture seq (4C) experiments. In addition to common variants in FKBP5 interacting with childhood abuse we identified less common and rare variants in and around GREs in the promoter, intron 2, intron 5 and 7 by targeted resequencing of the FKBP5 locus. The identified variants further alter the responsiveness of FKBP5 to glucocorticoids either enhancing or repressing the enhancer properties of the GREs tested in luciferase reporter assays. We present the effect of these variants on risk for PTSD in our large clinical cohort. In a multipotent human hippocampal progenitor cell line we show that GRactivation by dexamethasone leads to a stable DNA demethylation in FKBP5 when the cells are treated in the proliferation and differentiation phase. In contrast, treatment after differentiation does not result in a demethylation highlighting the presence of vulnerable developmental phases. Conclusions: This is the first example of an allele-specific, childhood trauma-dependent epigenetic mechanism that lead to a stable epigenetic memory of early trauma moderated by genetic predisposition and an increased risk for PTSD in adulthood. We highlight the effect of common and rare genetic variants on the 3D structure of the DNA and their impact on DNA methylation as well as the enhancer function of GREs.","DNA, glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, bisulfite, glucocorticoid receptor, nucleotide, genotype environment interaction, mental disease, college, psychopharmacology, allele, intron, human, injury, risk, chromatin, demethylation, adulthood, genotype, DNA methylation, childhood, genetic predisposition, enhancer region, luciferase assay, exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, assay, genetic variability, population, memory, DNA responsive element, cell line, stem cell, city, environmental factor, promoter region, abuse, transcription initiation site, pyrosequencing, child abuse, gene, gene locus, prevention","Klengel, T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2919,Epigenetics of Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders and Gene × Environment Interactions,"A deeper understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to stress-related psychiatric disorders is important for the development of more efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies. Epidemiological studies indicate a combined contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the risk for disease. The environment, particularly early life severe stress or trauma, can lead to lifelong molecular changes in the form of epigenetic modifications that can set the organism off on trajectories to health or disease. Epigenetic modifications are capable of shaping and storing the molecular response of a cell to its environment as a function of genetic predisposition. This provides a potential mechanism for gene-environment interactions. Here, we review epigenetic mechanisms associated with the response to stress and trauma exposure and the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders. We also look at how they may contribute to our understanding of the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors in shaping disease risk. Gene by environment interactions (G×E) shape the risk for psychiatric disorders. In this review, Klengel and Binder describe how underlying epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to G×E in stress-related psychiatric disorders and how this may influence future preventive and therapeutic strategies.","DNA methyltransferase 1, histone deacetylase, methyl CpG binding protein 2, small untranslated RNA, CpG island, developmental stage, DNA methylation, DNA modification, early life stress, epigenetics, gene targeting, genetic engineering, genetic predisposition, genetic risk, genome, genotype environment interaction, mental disease, pathogenesis, pluripotent stem cell, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, protein processing, psychotrauma, review, stress, stress related psychiatric disorder, tissue specificity, transcription initiation, transcription regulation","Klengel, T., Binder, E. B.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2920,The role of DNA methylation in stress-related psychiatric disorders,"Epigenetic modifications in response to traumatic experience and stress are emerging as important factors in the long-term biological trajectories leading to stress-related psychiatric disorders, reflecting both environmental influences as well as individual genetic predisposition. In particular, recent evidence on DNA methylation changes within distinct genes and pathways but also on a genome-wide level provides new insights into the pathophysiology of stress related psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes current findings and concepts on DNA methylation changes in stress-related disorders with a focus on major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We highlight studies of DNA methylation in animals and humans pertinent to these disorders, both focusing on candidate loci as well as genome-wide studies. We describe molecular mechanisms of how exposure to stress can induce long lasting changes in DNA methylation and how these may relate to the pathophysiology of depression and PTSD. We discuss data suggesting that DNA methylation, even in peripheral tissues, appears to be an informative reflection of environmental exposures on the genome and may have potential as a biomarker for the early prevention of stress-related disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuroepigenetic Disorders'. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","DNA methylation, Epigenetics, Gene by environment interaction, PTSD, Stress-related disorders, Trauma","Klengel, T., Pape, J., Binder, E. B., Mehta, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2921,Prevention of chronic PTSD with early cognitive behavioral therapy. A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is of great interest to public health, due to the high burden it places on both the individual and society. We meta-analyzed randomized-controlled trials to examine the effectiveness of early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment (TFCBT) for preventing chronic PTSD. Systematic bibliographic research was undertaken to find relevant literature from on-line databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, Psyndex, Medline). Using a mixed-effect approach, we calculated effect sizes (ES) for the PTSD diagnoses (main outcome) as well as PTSD and depressive symptoms (secondary outcomes), respectively. Calculations of ES from pre-intervention to first follow-up assessment were based on 10 studies. A moderate effect (ES=0.54) was found for the main outcome, whereas ES for secondary outcomes were predominantly small (ES=0.27-0.45). The ES for the main outcome decreased to small (ES=0.34) from first follow-up to long-term follow-up assessment. The mean dropout rate was 16.7% pre- to post-treatment. There was evidence for the impact of moderators on different outcomes (e.g., the number of sessions on PTSD symptoms). Future studies should include survivors of other trauma types (e.g., burn injuries) rather than predominantly survivors of accidents and physical assault, and should compare early TFCBT with other interventions that previously demonstrated effectiveness. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Acute stress disorder, Meta-analysis, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment","Kliem, S., Kröger, C.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.brat.2013.08.005,0,0,
2922,How are improvements due to trauma-processing interventions after type-II-trauma rated. A re-analysis of a survey of licensed psychotherapists with psychotraumatological experience,"Background: For the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following type-II-trauma, different trauma-processing methods are currently used in clinical practice. Objective: To determine how the improvements in several symptom clusters (intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, dissociation, additional complaints) are retrospectively rated by practitioners as a function of using different trauma-processing interventions. Method: In a survey of licensed psychotherapists (N = 272), those cases were included in which the therapists (1) reported an event that could be assigned to type-IItrauma, and (2) identified specific trauma-processing interventions according to Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), or Psychodynamic Imaginative Trauma-Therapy (PITT) (n = 37). Additionally, therapists retrospectively rated the improvements on the symptom clusters at posttreatment. Results: More than 40% of therapists reported using imaginative techniques for dissociation and emotion regulation, as well as processing the perpetrator's introjects sensu PITT, followed by trauma-processing interventions of either TF-CBT (35.1%) or EMDR (21.6%). Those therapists who reported using interventions of the latter two methods rated the patient's improvements higher in all symptom clusters than therapists who reported using trauma-processing interventions of PITT. Conclusion: The retrospective ratings of improvements are in line with the recommendations of guidelines for the treatment of PTSD. © Hogrefe Verlag Göttingen 2012.","Eye movement desensitization and eprocessing, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychodynamic imaginative trauma-therapy, Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy","Kliem, S., Kröger, C., Sarmadi, N. B., Kosfelder, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2923,Post-traumatic kyphosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine,"Assessing the initial post-traumatic situation is of imminent importance in choosing the most suitable approach for primary treatment of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Misjudging the static situation of the injured spine is a common reason for selecting an inadequate therapeutic procedure. The consequence is a defective spinal position with the corresponding symptoms, which usually requires a complicated surgical procedure. Our experience is based on 34 patients with a post-traumatic defective position of the thoracic and lumbar spine: 12 patients underwent primary surgical and 22 primary conservative treatment. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the initial situation and primary management as well as subsequent problems and the respective surgical procedure applied in our department for correcting and stabilizing the areas involved and to present intermediate results.","article, conservative treatment, controlled study, human, kyphosis, lumbar spine, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, spine stabilization, spine surgery, thoracic spine, treatment indication, treatment outcome, treatment planning","Klockner, C., Hofmann, A., Weber, U.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2924,Post-traumatic kyphosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine,"Assessing the initial post-traumatic situation is of imminent importance in choosing the most suitable approach for primary treatment of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Misjudging the static situation of the injured spine is a common reason for selecting an inadequate therapeutic procedure. The consequence is a defective spinal position with the corresponding symptoms, which usually requires a complicated surgical procedure. Our experience is based on 34 patients with a post-traumatic defective position of the thoracic and lumbar spine: 12 patients underwent primary surgical and 22 primary conservative treatment. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the initial situation and primary management as well as subsequent problems and the respective surgical procedure applied in our department for correcting and stabilizing the areas involved and to present intermediate results.","Adjacent segment, Combined procedure, Dorsal stabilization, Instability, Kyphosis, Operative treatment, Sagittal profile, Spinal fracture","Klöckner, C., Hofmann, A., Weber, U.",2001.0,,,0,0,2923
2925,Sudden unexpected versus violent death and PTSD symptom development,"Changes to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trauma criterion in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) have been an area of much scrutiny and debate. One of the proposed changes included removing sudden unexpected death (SUD) from the list of potentially traumatic events. This study tested the extent to which unexpected death differed from violent death and other traumas as measured by PTSD symptoms. Our results indicated a significant difference in symptom development between those experiencing sudden violent death and sudden unexpected, but nonviolent, death. Additional analyses at the DSM-IV symptom cluster level, as well as with Simms, Watson, and Doebbelings (2002) factor structure of PTSD symptoms, suggested further distinctions between event types and symptom development. The extent to which SUD should be included in the trauma criterion is considered. © 2014 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","criterion A1, death, PTSD, trauma","Kloep, M. L., Lancaster, S. L., Rodriguez, B. F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2926,Responsivity to stress in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder due to childhood sexual abuse,"The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine reactivity to standardized stress tests (orthostatic challenge, Stroop Color Word Test) in drug-free adult women with chronic PTSD due to repetitive childhood sexual abuse. At baseline, the 11 patients showed significantly higher mean scores on the Symptom Check List-90 and the Profile of Mood States than 13 healthy female controls, whereas baseline cardiovascular or hormonal parameters showed no differences between the groups. Also, no significant differences were found between the two groups in cardiovascular and hormonal responsivity to the stress tests. Thus, in the presence of robust psychological differences, the patients with chronic PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse did not show alterations in baseline values of neurobiological parameters, nor did they react differently to a physical and mental stress test when compared to healthy controls.","hydrocortisone, adult, article, blood, child, child sexual abuse, comparative study, female, human, hypophysis adrenal system, hypothalamus hypophysis system, life event, mental stress, neuropsychological test, pathophysiology, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, stress, survivor","Klumpers, U. M., Tulen, J. H., Timmerman, L., Fekkes, D., Loonen, A. J., Boomsma, F.",2004.0,,,0,0,
2927,Responsivity to stress in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder due to childhood sexual abuse,"The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine reactivity to standardized stress tests (orthostatic challenge, Stroop Color Word Test) in drug-free adult women with chronic PTSD due to repetitive childhood sexual abuse. At baseline, the 11 patients showed significantly higher mean scores on the Symptom Check List-90 and the Profile of Mood States than 13 healthy female controls, whereas baseline cardiovascular or hormonal parameters showed no differences between the groups. Also, no significant differences were found between the two groups in cardiovascular and hormonal responsivity to the stress tests. Thus, in the presence of robust psychological differences, the patients with chronic PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse did not show alterations in baseline values of neurobiological parameters, nor did they react differently to a physical and mental stress test when compared to healthy controls.",,"Klumpers, U. M. H., Timmerman, L., Loonen, A. J. M., Tulen, J. H. M., Fekkes, D., Boomsma, F.",2004.0,,,0,0,2926
2928,Rhome JR,,,"Knabb, R. D.",2006.0,,,0,0,
2929,Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Katrina (23-30 August 2005),,,"Knabb, R. D., Rhome, J. R., Brown, D. P.",2005.0,,,0,0,
2930,A systematic review of post-deployment injury-related mortality among military personnel deployed to conflict zones,"Background: This paper reports on a systematic review of the literature on the post-conflict injury-related mortality of service members who deployed to conflict zones. Methods: Literature databases, reference lists of articles, agencies, investigators, and other sources were examined to find studies comparing injury-related mortality of military veterans who had served in conflict zones with that of contemporary veterans who had not served in conflict zones. Injury-related mortality was defined as a cause of death indicated by International Classification of Diseases E-codes E800 to E999 (external causes) or subgroupings within this range of codes. Results: Twenty studies met the review criteria; all involved veterans serving during either the Vietnam or Persian Gulf conflict. Meta-analysis indicated that, compared with non-conflict-zone veterans, injury-related mortality was elevated for veterans serving in Vietnam (summary mortality rate ratio (SMRR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.08-1.46) during 9 to 18 years of follow-up. Similarly, injury-related mortality was elevated for veterans serving in the Persian Gulf War (SMRR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.16-1.37) during 3 to 8 years of follow-up. Much of the excess mortality among conflict-zone veterans was associated with motor vehicle events. The excess mortality decreased over time. Hypotheses to account for the excess mortality in conflict-zone veterans included post-traumatic stress, coping behaviors such as substance abuse, ill-defined diseases and symptoms, lower survivability in injury events due to conflict-zone comorbidities, altered perceptions of risk, and/or selection processes leading to the deployment of individuals who were risk-takers. Conclusion: Further research on the etiology of the excess mortality in conflict-zone veterans is warranted to develop appropriate interventions.",,"Knapik, J. J., Marin, R. E., Grier, T. L., Jones, B. H.",2009.0,,10.1186/1471-2458-9-231,0,0,
2931,Update to an evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse by Knefel & Lueger-Schuster (2013): a latent profile analysis,"BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, 11th version (ICD-11), has proposed a trauma-related diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) separate and distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the symptoms endorsed by individuals who had experienced childhood institutional abuse form classes that are consistent with diagnostic criteria for ICD-11 CPTSD as distinct from PTSD. METHODS: A latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted on 229 adult survivors of institutional abuse using the Brief Symptom Inventory and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version to assess current psychopathological symptoms. RESULTS: The LPA revealed four classes of individuals: (1) a class with elevated symptoms of CPTSD (PTSD symptoms and disturbances in self-organization); (2) a class with elevated symptoms of PTSD and low disturbances in self-organization; (3) a class with elevated disturbances in self-organization symptoms and some elevated PTSD symptoms; and (4) a class with low symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the existence of a distinct group in our sample, that could be described by the proposed diagnostic category termed CPTSD more precisely than by normal PTSD. In addition, there seems to be a group of persons that do not fulfill the criteria for a trauma-related disorder but yet suffer from psychopathological symptoms.","Complex PTSD, Icd-11, Who, childhood abuse, institutional abuse, latent profile analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder","Knefel, M., Garvert, D. W., Cloitre, M., Lueger-Schuster, B.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.25290,0,0,
2932,Where is nullInull in addiction? (a link between personality disorders and drug addiction),"Is there something called nulladdictivenull personality, what is shared for most drug addicts and is there a space for individuality when addiction is in question? The main objective of this study was to discover the personality characteristic that are accountable for predicting addictive behaviour. The aim was to find a personality profile that is most vulnerable towards drug abuse. Additionally, factors such as emotional involvedness, attachment quality, parental style, education, professional ability, and more were examined. The sample of this research contained 103 participants, 55 addicts and 48 individuals in a control group. Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory III (MCMI III) and specially constructed data sheet were used. Canonical discriminant analysis presented the best model which generates distinct personality features that strongly predict drug abuse and to explore differences in the presence of psychopathological features between groups, whilst a Chi-squared analysis examined the additional factors. Significant differences were found between general population and substance abuse group in the presence of personality disorders and level of presented pathology. In conclusion individuals who developed Antisocial, Borderline, Depressive and Dependant personal style are most prone to use substances, whilst individuals who belong to Histrionic or Compulsive Personality style are most unlikely to develop addiction (p < .001). The addiction is firmly attached to the Depression major presence, PTSD and Dysthymia. Also, addiction group shows significantly higher level of pathology (p < .001).","addiction, drug dependence, psychiatry, personality disorder, personality, pathology, drug abuse, model, substance abuse, population, major depression, discriminant analysis, dysthymia, individuality, vocational education, control group, posttraumatic stress disorder","Knezevic Tasic, J., Sapic, R., Valkanou, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2933,Age and emotional response to the Northridge earthquake: A longitudinal analysis,"Cross-sectional studies have found older adults to have lower levels of emotional distress after natural disasters. The maturation hypothesis suggests that older adults are less reactive to stress events, whereas the inoculation hypothesis argues that prior experience with disaster is protective. One hundred and sixty-six adults aged 30 to 102 were interviewed regarding the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Longitudinal data were available on depressed mood before and after the earthquake. The maturation hypothesis was generally not supported. The young-old were least depressed; however, this age difference was present prior to the earthquake. The old-old showed lowest levels of earthquake-specific rumination, but age did not buffer the relationship between damage exposure and rumination. The inoculation hypothesis was supported for depressed mood. Prior earthquake experience was related to lower postearthquake depression scores.",,"Knight, B. G., Gatz, M., Heller, K., Bengtson, V. L.",2000.0,,10.1037//0882-7974.15.4.627,0,0,
2934,Psychopathology in substance abusing women reporting childhood sexual abuse,"This study compared MMPI-2 profiles and evaluated the ability of the MMPI-2 and its two new post-traumatic stress scales (PK and PS) to discriminate women in outpatient substance abuse treatment reporting positive (n = 24) and negative (n = 69) child sexual abuse histories. T-tests revealed significantly higher mean scores for the sexual abuse group for the following scales: F, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. A discriminant analysis yielded a linear function of L, F, 3, 5, 8, and PK that correctly categorized 75% with positive histories and 77% with negative histories. The optimal cutoff PK score was 17, which correctly classified 75% and 46% of those reporting positive and negative abuse histories, respectively. These findings support early identification of abuse survivors among substance abusing women and suggests that the MMPI-2 may be useful in patient-treatment matching.","Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism/diagnosis/*psychology, Ambulatory Care, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/diagnosis/*psychology, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, MMPI/statistics & numerical data, Pregnancy, Psychometrics, Psychopathology, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology, Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology","Knisely, J. S., Barker, S. B., Ingersoll, K. S., Dawson, K. S.",2000.0,,10.1300/J069v19n01_03,0,0,
2935,Psychopathology in substance abusing women reporting childhood sexual abuse,"This study compared MMPI-2 profiles and evaluated the ability of the MMPI-2 and its two new post-traumatic stress scales (PK and PS) to discriminate women in outpatient substance abuse treatment reporting positive (n = 24) and negative (n = 69) child sexual abuse histories. T-tests revealed significantly higher mean scores for the sexual abuse group for the following scales: F, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. A discriminant analysis yielded a linear function of L, F, 3, 5, 8, and PK that correctly categorized 75% with positive histories and 77% with negative histories. The optimal cutoff PK score was 17, which correctly classified 75% and 46% of those reporting positive and negative abuse histories, respectively. These findings support early identification of abuse survivors among substance abusing women and suggests that the MMPI-2 may be useful in patient-treatment matching.","adolescent, adult, article, child abuse, controlled study, female, human, major clinical study, mental disease, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, sexual abuse, substance abuse","Knisely Phd, J. S., Barker, S. B., Ingersoll, K. C., Dawson, K. S.",2000.0,,,0,0,2934
2936,"Single prolonged stress decreases glutamate, glutamine, and creatine concentrations in the rat medial prefrontal cortex","Application of single prolonged stress (SPS) in rats induces changes in neuroendocrine function and arousal that are characteristic of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD, in humans, is associated with decreased neural activity in the prefrontal cortex, increased neural activity in the amygdala complex, and reduced neuronal integrity in the hippocampus. However, the extent to which SPS models these aspects of PTSD has not been established. In order to address this, we used high-resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS 1H MRS) ex vivo to assay levels of neurochemicals critical for energy metabolism (creatine and lactate), excitatory (glutamate and glutamine) and inhibitory (gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)) neurotransmission, and neuronal integrity (N-acetylaspartate (NAA)) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala complex, and hippocampus of SPS and control rats. Glutamate, glutamine, and creatine levels were decreased in the mPFC of SPS rats when compared to controls, which suggests decreased excitatory tone in this region. SPS did not alter the neurochemical profiles of either the hippocampus or amygdala. These data suggest that SPS selectively attenuates excitatory tone, without a disruption of neuronal integrity, in the mPFC. © 2010.","Anxiety, Emotional regulation, GABA, Glutamate, Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, PTSD","Knox, D., Perrine, S. A., George, S. A., Galloway, M. P., Liberzon, I.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2937,Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: A meta-analytic review,"Although sleep complaints are common among patients with Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), polysomnographic studies examining sleep abnormalities in PTSD have produced inconsistent results. To clarify discrepant findings, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 20 polysomnographic studies comparing sleep in people with and without PTSD. Results showed that PTSD patients had more stage 1 sleep, less slow wave sleep, and greater rapid-eye-movement density compared to people without PTSD. We also conducted exploratory analyses aimed at examining potential moderating variables (age, sex, and comorbid depression and substance use disorders). Overall, studies with a greater proportion of male participants or a low rate of comorbid depression tended to find more PTSD-related sleep disturbances. These findings suggest that sleep abnormalities exist in PTSD, and that some of the inconsistencies in prior findings may be explained by moderating variables. Copyright © 2007 Society for Psychophysiological Research.","Meta-analysis, Polysomnography, PTSD, Sleep","Kobayashi, I., Boarts, J. M., Delahanty, D. L.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00537.x,0,0,
2938,Awake/sleep cortisol levels and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in injury patients with peritraumatic dissociation,"Differences in the time of day that cortisol is sampled and failure to consider the impact of peritraumatic dissociation have been hypothesized as factors possibly contributing to the inconsistent findings in research examining associations between cortisol levels soon after trauma exposure and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study examined associations between urinary cortisol levels during wake and sleep times soon after a serious injury and the subsequent development of PTSD in adult patients reporting low or high peritraumatic dissociative (PD) symptoms. Thirty-nine injury patients (20 with high and 19 with low PD symptoms) provided a 15-hr (6:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m.) urine sample at 3-weeks postinjury and completed the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale at a 7-week follow-up. Participants collected their urine during wake and sleep times separately. Results showed that in the total sample and in the high-PD group, wake, but not sleep, cortisol levels were lower in patients who developed PTSD compared with those who did not. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant main effect of PD and a nonsignificant interaction between wake cortisol and PD in predicting PTSD symptom severity. In addition, results showed that PD was a better predictor of PTSD symptom severity than wake cortisol levels. These results were consistent with prior research indicating lower afternoon/evening cortisol levels in PTSD and strong associations between PD and PTSD, but did not support the existence of subgroups of PTSD patients (dissociators vs. nondissociators) who may differ in basal cortisol levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Injuries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Dissociation, Hydrocortisone, Sleep Wake Cycle, Trauma","Kobayashi, Ihori, Delahanty, Douglas L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2939,Stress and Neurogenesis: From mother to offspring,"Stressful events experienced during infancy including in utero stress events have been proposed as a major pathophysiological mechanism for developing vulnerability towards neuropathologies during adulthood and aging. One cardinal feature of such pathologies is impaired cognitive ability, which may in part rely on abnormal structure and functioning of the hippocampus. Our investigations over the last few years have focused on this relationship and more particularly on the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in these cognitive impairments. Prenatal stress was thus found to alter neurogenesis levels from adolescence till senesence and to induce deficits in neurogenesis-dependent behaviors such as spatial reference memory and pattern separation, i.e. the ability to form distinct memories of similar episodes, a process that is critical for reducing interference. In line with this result, prenatal stress was found to predispose individuals to develop a PTSD-like memory profile, a pathology characterized by an altered pattern separation. In our search for the etiological factors of such deficits, we have focused on mother-pup interactions, a fundamental shaping factor that we found to be altered by gestational stress. As maternal care, a crucial component of mother-pup interaction relies on olfactory function and adult bulbar neurogenesis, we hypothesized that gestational stress may interfere with motherhood-induced olfactory adjustments through a disruption of adult bulbar neurogenesis. Ongoing studies revealed that maternal stress dramatically disturbed social odor discrimination, and prevented the enhanced odor memory observed in lactating mothers, a phenotype that could be linked to alterations in the morphology of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb. Altogether, this set of data underlies the fundamental role of adult neurogenesis in the etiology of stress-related disturbances; hence it could represent an interesting target for alleviating stress-induced pathologies.","organization, human, European, progeny, mother, female, nervous system development, adult, memory, pathology, etiology, prenatal stress, maternal care, aging, adulthood, adolescence, neuropathology, newborn, senescence, reference memory, phenotype, cognitive defect, olfactory discrimination, maternal stress, smelling, odor, morphology, hippocampus, nerve cell, olfactory bulb, infancy, posttraumatic stress disorder","Koehl, M., Belnoue, L., Malvaut, S., Rajendran, S., Ladevèze, E., Delage, P., Abrous, D. N.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2940,Olanzapine as an add-on therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"A 48 year old woman was kidnapped, tortured and raped by her former boy-friend and consequently developed posttraumatic stress disorder. A combined SSRI and behaviour therapy showed only limited improvement of the relevant symptoms. On adding olanzapine to the drug regime there was complete remission of all symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavior Therapy, *Olanzapine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rape, *Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors","Koelsch, Dietrich",2007.0,,,0,0,
2941,"The comorbidity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder: An epidemiological and genetic study. (men, twins)","Although previous research has documented a high rate of comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and antisocial personality disorder (APD) in Vietnam veterans, little is known about the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the relationship between these two disorders This study investigated the nature of the relationship between PTSD and APD by analyzing data from the Harvard-Twin study of Drug Abuse and Dependence (1992). Data from 8,039 male-male twin pairs were collected by telephone interview. Chi-square analyses revealed that PTSD was significantly associated with both conduct disorder (CD) and APD and that individuals with PTSD were more than twice as likely as those without PTSD to have a lifetime CD diagnosis and almost five times as likely to have a lifetime APD diagnosis. Analyses across twin pairs demonstrated a significant familial association between PTSD and both CD and APD. Genetic influences could not be distinguished from family environment as the basis for the association between PTSD and CD while the association between PTSD and APD was significantly influenced by genetic factors. This study also examined whether childhood behavior problems were a vulnerability for combat related PTSD and whether adult antisocial behaviors were a vulnerability or consequence of combat related PTSD. Multiple regression analyses indicated that childhood behavior problems were significantly associated both with higher levels of combat exposure and with higher levels of PTSD symptoms. Combat exposure was also a significant predictor of adult antisocial behavior, even after controlling for genetic and familial influences on that behavior. A high-risk twin design comparing PTSD probands, combat controls, and their co-twins revealed that PTSD probands and their high-risk co-twins had higher levels of adult antisocial behavior than combat controls and their low-risk co-twins. These results indicate that while childhood behavior problems are a vulnerability for PTSD, adult antisocial behaviors are both a vulnerability for developing PTSD following combat exposure and a consequence of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Antisocial Personality Disorder, *Comorbidity, *Environment, *Genetics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Koenen, Karestan Chase",1999.0,,,0,0,
2942,Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic disease: Open questions and future directions,"This editorial discusses open questions and future directions related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic disease. Emerging evidence suggests that PTSD increases risk of chronic disease, and this has profound implications for research, practice and our understanding of PTSD as a mental disorder. Open questions of causal structures and of potential mechanistic pathways represent both challenges to the current state-of-the-science and opportunities for innovative scholarship. To advance the science, research is needed that examines whether PTSD onset is accompanied by changes in a broad range of biomarkers for chronic disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Causality, *Chronicity (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, Biological Markers, Stress","Koenen, Karestan C., Galea, Sandro",2015.0,,,0,0,
2943,A twin registry study of familial and individual risk factors for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study examines the association of individual and familial risk factors with exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 6,744 male twins (aged 36-55 yrs) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Independent reports of familial psychopathology from co-twins were used to avoid the potential biases of the family history method. Risk for exposure to traumatic events was increased by service in Southeast Asia, preexisting conduct disorder, preexisting substance dependence, and a family history of mood disorders whose effects appear to be partly genetic. Preexisting mood disorders in the individual were associated with decreased odds of traumatic exposure. Risk of developing PTSD following exposure was increased by an earlier age at first trauma, exposure to multiple traumas, paternal depression, less than high school education at entry into the military, service in Southeast Asia, and preexisting conduct disorder, panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, and major depression. Results suggest the association of familial psychopathology and PTSD may be mediated by increased risk of traumatic exposure and by preexisting psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Family Background, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Risk Factors, Twins","Koenen, Karestan C., Harley, Rebecca, Lyons, Michael J., Wolfe, Jessica, Simpson, John C., Goldberg, Jack, Eisen, Seth A., Tsuang, Ming",2002.0,,,0,0,
2944,Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort,"Background: Childhood factors have been associated with increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous studies assessed only a limited number of childhood factors retrospectively. We examined the association between childhood neurodevelopmental, temperamental, behavioral and family environmental characteristics assessed before age 11 years and the development of PTSD up to age 32 years in a birth cohort. Method: Members of a 1972-73 New Zealand birth cohort (n = 1037) who were assessed at ages 26 and 32 years for PTSD as defined by DSM-IV. Results: We identified two sets of childhood risk factors. The first set of risk factors was associated both with increased risk of trauma exposure and with PTSD assessed at age 26. These included childhood externalizing characteristics and family environmental stressors, specifically maternal distress and loss of a parent. The second set of risk factors affected risk for PTSD only and included low IQ and chronic environmental adversity. The effect of cumulative childhood factors on risk of PTSD at age 26 was substantial; over 58% of cohort members in the highest risk quartile for three developmental factors had PTSD as compared to only 25% of those not at high risk on any factors. Low IQ at age 5, antisocial behavior, and poverty before age 11 continued to predict PTSD related to traumatic events that occurred between the ages of 26 and 32. Conclusions: Developmental capacities and conditions of early childhood may increase both risk of trauma exposure and the risk that individuals will respond adversely to traumatic exposures. Rather than being solely a response to trauma, PTSD may have developmental origins. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Early Childhood Development, *Early Experience, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Koenen, Karestan C., Moffitt, Terrie E., Poulton, Richie, Martin, Judith, Caspi, Avshalom",2007.0,,,0,0,
2945,SLC6A4 methylation modifies the effect of the number of traumatic events on risk for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating mental disorder that occurs following exposure to a traumatic event. However, most individuals do not develop PTSD following even a severe trauma, leading to a search for new variables, such as genetic and other molecular variation, associated with vulnerability and resilience in the face of trauma exposure. Method: We examined whether serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) promoter genotype and methylation status modified the association between number of traumatic events experienced and PTSD in a subset of 100 individuals from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Results: Number of traumatic events was strongly associated with risk of PTSD. Neither SLC6A4 genotype nor methylation status was associated with PTSD in main effects models. However, SLC6A4 methylation levels modified the effect of the number of traumatic events on PTSD after controlling for SLC6A4 genotype. Persons with more traumatic events were at increased risk for PTSD, but only at lower methylation levels. At higher methylation levels, individuals with more traumatic events were protected from this disorder. This interaction was observed whether the outcome was PTSD diagnosis, symptom severity, or number of symptoms. Conclusions: Gene-specific methylation patterns may offer potential molecular signatures of increased risk for and resilience to PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Genetics, *Genotypes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Koenen, Karestan C., Uddin, Monica, Chang, Shun-Chiao, Aiello, Allison E., Wildman, Derek E., Goldmann, Emily, Galea, Sandro",2011.0,,,0,0,
2946,"Social interaction in the aftermath of conflict-related trauma experiences among women in Walungu Territory, Democratic Republic of Congo","The aim of this study was to understand the relative contribution of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)– and non-PTSD–associated reductions in social interaction among a group of adult Congolese women (N = 701) who have experienced multiple and different traumatic events and are participating in a village livestock microfinance programme. The two main outcomes were frequency of (1) family/community members visiting women's homes and (2) women visiting family/community members in their home. Bivariate and multivariable linear regression was used to understand relationships between multiple and grouped trauma experiences, PTSD, depression and social interaction. The majority of women (51.6%) reported rarely or never visiting family/community members or having family/community members visit the woman's home (54.9%). In the multivariable model, material deprivation was significantly associated with fewer visits in the woman's home. Exposure to certain conflict-related traumas, but not material deprivation, was significantly associated with fewer visits to the homes of family/community members. Increased symptoms of PTSD were significantly associated with fewer visitors in woman's home and fewer visits to the homes of family/community members. A better understanding of the social effects of conflict on individuals and local communities is necessary to support rebuilding of local communities. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","conflict, Democratic Republic of Congo, PTSD, social interaction, trauma","Kohli, A., Perrin, N., Mpanano, R. M., Case, J., Murhula, C. M., Binkurhorhwa, A. K., Mirindi, A. B., Banywesize, J. H., Bufole, N. M., Ntwali, E. M., Glass, N.",2015.0,,10.1080/17441692.2014.972426,0,0,
2947,Estimating unknown knots in piecewise linear-linear latent growth mixture models,"A piecewise linear-linear latent growth mixture model (LGMM) combines features of a piecewise linear-linear latent growth curve (LGC) model with the ideas of latent class methods all within a structural equation modeling (SEM) context. A piecewise linear-linear LGMM is an appropriate framework for analyzing longitudinal data that come from a mixture of two or more subpopulations (i.e., latent classes) where each latent class incorporates a separate growth trajectory corresponding to multiple growth phases from which repeated measurements arise. The benefit of the model is that it allows the specification of each growth phase to conform to a particular form of overall change process within each latent class thereby making these models flexible and useful for substantive researchers. There are two main objectives of this current study. The first objective is to demonstrate how the parameters of a piecewise linear-linear LGMM, including the unknown knot, can be estimated using standard SEM software. A series of Monte Carlo simulations empirically investigated the ability of piecewise linear-linear LGMMs to recover true (known) growth parameters of distinct populations. Specifically, the current research compared the performance of the piecewise linear-linear LGMM under different manipulated conditions of (1) sample size, (2) class mixing proportions, (3) class separation of location of knot, (4) the mean of the slope growth factor of the second phase, (5) the variance of the slope growth factor of the second phase, and (6) residual variance of the observed variables. The second objective is to address the issue of model mis-specification. It is important to analyze this issue because applied researchers have to make model selection decisions. Therefore, the current research examined the possibility of extracting spurious latent classes. To achieve this objective 1-, 2-, and 3-class piecewise linear-linear LGMMs were fit to data sets generated under different manipulated conditions using a 2-class piecewise linear-linear LGMM as a population model. The number of times the correct model (i.e., 2-class piecewise linear-linear LGMM) was preferred over incorrect models (i.e., 1- and 3-class piecewise linear-linear LGMMs) using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was examined. Results suggested that the recovery of model parameters, specifically, the variances of growth factors were generally poor. In addition, none of the manipulated conditions were systematically related to the outcome measures, parameter bias and variability index of parameter bias. Furthermore, among all the manipulated conditions, the residual variance of observed variable had the strongest statistically significant effect on both the model convergence rate and the model selection rate. Other manipulated conditions that had an impact on the model convergence rate and/or the model selection rate were the growth factor mean of slope of the second phase, the growth factor variance of slope of the second phase, and the class mixing proportion. The manipulated conditions whose levels had no influence on either the model convergence rate or the model selection rate were sample size and the class separation of location of knot. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Estimation, *Models, *Statistical Analysis, *Structural Equation Modeling","Kohli, Nidhi",2012.0,,,0,0,
2948,Piecewise linear-linear latent growth mixture models with unknown knots,"Latent growth curve models with piecewise functions are flexible and useful analytic models for investigating individual behaviors that exhibit distinct phases of development in observed variables. As an extension of this framework, this study considers a piecewise linear-linear latent growth mixture model (LGMM) for describing segmented change of individual behavior over time where the data come from a mixture of two or more unobserved subpopulations (i.e., latent classes). Thus, the focus of this article is to illustrate the practical utility of piecewise linear-linear LGMM and then to demonstrate how this model could be fit as one of many alternatives-including the more conventional LGMMs with functions such as linear and quadratic. To carry out this study, data (N = 214) obtained from a procedural learning task research were used to fit the three alternative LGMMs: (a) a two-class LGMM using a linear function, (b) a two-class LGMM using a quadratic function, and (c) a two-class LGMM using a piecewise linear-linear function, where the time of transition from one phase to another (i.e., knot) is not known a priori, and thus is a parameter to be estimated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Analysis of Variance, *Statistical Analysis, *Statistical Data, Mathematical Modeling","Kohli, Nidhi, Harring, Jeffrey R., Hancock, Gregory R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2949,Fitting a linear-linear piecewise growth mixture model with unknown knots: A comparison of two common approaches to inference,"A linear-linear piecewise growth mixture model (PGMM) is appropriate for analyzing segmented (disjointed) change in individual behavior over time, where the data come from a mixture of 2 or more latent classes, and the underlying growth trajectories in the different segments of the developmental process within each latent class are linear. A PGMM allows the knot (change point), the time of transition from 1 phase (segment) to another, to be estimated (when it is not known a priori) along with the other model parameters. To assist researchers in deciding which estimation method is most advantageous for analyzing this kind of mixture data, the current research compares 2 popular approaches to inference for PGMMs: maximum likelihood (ML) via an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for Bayesian inference. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to investigate and compare the ability of the 2 approaches to recover the true parameters in linear-linear PGMMs with unknown knots. The results show that MCMC for Bayesian inference outperformed ML via EM in nearly every simulation scenario. Real data examples are also presented, and the corresponding computer codes for model fitting are provided in the Appendix to aid practitioners who wish to apply this class of models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavior, *Development, *Maximum Likelihood, *Models, *Statistical Probability, Inference, Longitudinal Studies","Kohli, Nidhi, Hughes, John, Wang, Chun, Zopluoglu, Cengiz, Davison, Mark L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2950,Demoralization and the longitudinal course of PTSD following Hurricane Mitch,"Background and Objectives: Numerous studies of disasters have used measures of non-specific distress as outcome measures. The utility of these measures as predictive of the long-term outcome of disasters has remained unclear, in particular the relationship with PTSD. This study examines whether demoralization is predictive and a useful concept to examine the long-term outcome of disaster related PTSD. Methods: The 1998 Hurricane Mitch that impacted Honduras was examined two-months (n = 800) and two-years following the disaster in a longitudinal community-based sample of 604 adults. Respondents were selected from a stratified sample in Tegucigalpa based on exposure and social economic status. PTSD diagnosed using the CIDI module at both periods of time. Demoralization was measured using the PERI-D at 2-months post-disaster. Results: The PERI-D, increased demoralization, was significantly associated with PTSD at two-month and two-years. In addition, increased demoralization was associated with increased risk of PTSD chronicity. Decreased demoralization was associated with PTSD remission. New onset PTSD was associated increased demoralization; however, the finding was not appreciated after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusions: Demoralization can be measured using a simple screening questionnaire that may be a useful in identifying individuals who may be at increased risk for PTSD in the short-term, as well as in the long-term following a disaster.","Demoralization, Disaster, Honduras, Hurricane, Longitudinal, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Kohn, R.",2013.0,,10.4321/S0213-61632013000100003,0,0,
2951,"Prevalence, risk factors and aging vulnerability for psychopathology following a natural disaster in a developing country","Objectives: This study explored the psychopathological reactions to a natural disaster and their respective risk factors among the elderly in Honduras and their vulnerability as compared to other adults. Study subjects and sample: Eight hundred respondents of both genders aged 15 years and above, of which 103 were 60 and over, were selected from high, middle and low residential status areas in Tegucigalpa that had suffered high and low exposure to the devastating effects of Hurricane Mitch. Research instruments: CIDI was used to diagnose PTSD and the Impact of Events Scale was administered as a measure of severity of post-traumatic reaction. Depression and alcohol misuse were examined using screening instruments. The SRQ was used as both a measure of emotional distress and dichotomized to screen for probable psychiatric disorder. Results: PTSD, depression and SRQ-case were found, respectively in 13.6%, 18.8%, and 21.4% of the elderly. Their reactions did not differ in frequency than of those of younger adults. Among the elderly, pre-hurricane psychological problems and the intensity of exposure were associated with increased risk for all outcomes measured except for alcohol misuse. Conclusion: No evidence was found for a differential vulnerability on the part of the elderly as compared with younger adults. Among the elderly increasing age was not a factor. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Depression, Disaster, Distress, Elderly, Honduras, Hurricane, Psychopathology, PTSD","Kohn, R., Levav, I., Garcia, I. D., Machuca, M. E., Tamashiro, R.",2005.0,,10.1002/gps.1369,0,0,
2952,"Nepali concepts of psychological trauma: The role of idioms of distress, ethnopsychology and ethnophysiology in alleviating suffering and preventing stigma","In the aftermath of a decade-long Maoist civil war in Nepal and the recent relocation of thousands of Bhutanese refugees from Nepal to Western countries, there has been rapid growth of mental health and psychosocial support programs, including posttraumatic stress disorder treatment, for Nepalis and ethnic Nepali Bhutanese. This medical anthropology study describes the process of identifying Nepali idioms of distress and local ethnopsychology and ethnophysiology models that promote effective communication about psychological trauma in a manner that minimizes stigma for service users. Psychological trauma is shown to be a multifaceted concept that has no single linguistic corollary in the Nepali study population. Respondents articulated different categories of psychological trauma idioms in relation to impact on the heart-mind, brain-mind, body, spirit, and social status, with differences in perceived types of traumatic events, symptom sets, emotion clusters and vulnerability. Trauma survivors felt blamed for experiencing negative events, which were seen as karma transmitting past life sins or family member sins into personal loss. Some families were reluctant to seek care for psychological trauma because of the stigma of revealing this bad karma. In addition, idioms related to brain-mind dysfunction contributed to stigma, while heart-mind distress was a socially acceptable reason for seeking treatment. Different categories of trauma idioms support the need for multidisciplinary treatment with multiple points of service entry. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.","Nepal, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychosocial, Stigma, Trauma","Kohrt, B. A., Hruschka, D. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2953,Political violence and mental health in Nepal: prospective study,"BACKGROUND: Post-conflict mental health studies in low-income countries have lacked pre-conflict data to evaluate changes in psychiatric morbidity resulting from political violence. AIMS: This prospective study compares mental health before and after exposure to direct political violence during the People's War in Nepal. METHOD: An adult cohort completed the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory in 2000 prior to conflict violence in their community and in 2007 after the war. RESULTS: Of the original 316 participants, 298 (94%) participated in the post-conflict assessment. Depression increased from 30.9 to 40.6%. Anxiety increased from 26.2 to 47.7%. Post-conflict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 14.1%. Controlling for ageing, the depression increase was not significant. The anxiety increase showed a dose-response association with conflict exposure when controlling for ageing and daily stressors. No demographic group displayed unique vulnerability or resilience to the effects of conflict exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Conflict exposure should be considered in the context of other types of psychiatric risk factors. Conflict exposure predicted increases in anxiety whereas socioeconomic factors and non-conflict stressful life events were the major predictors of depression. Research and interventions in post-conflict settings therefore should consider differential trajectories for depression v. anxiety and the importance of addressing chronic social problems ranging from poverty to gender and ethnic/caste discrimination.","Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety/*epidemiology, Depression/*epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nepal/epidemiology, *Politics, Poverty/psychology, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, Violence/*psychology","Kohrt, B. A., Hruschka, D. J., Worthman, C. M., Kunz, R. D., Baldwin, J. L., Upadhaya, N., Acharya, N. R., Koirala, S., Thapa, S. B., Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J., Robkin, N., Sharma, V. D., Nepal, M. K.",2012.0,Oct,10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096222,0,0,
2954,Political violence and mental health in Nepal: Prospective study,"Background: Post-conflict mental health studies in low-income countries have lacked pre-conflict data to evaluate changes in psychiatric morbidity resulting from political violence. Aims: This prospective study compares mental health before and after exposure to direct political violence during the People's War in Nepal. Method: An adult cohort completed the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory in 2000 prior to conflict violence in their community and in 2007 after the war. Results: Of the original 316 participants, 298 (94%) participated in the post-conflict assessment. Depression increased from 30.9 to 40.6%. Anxiety increased from 26.2 to 47.7%. Post-conflict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 14.1%. Controlling for ageing, the depression increase was not significant. The anxiety increase showed a dose-response association with conflict exposure when controlling for ageing and daily stressors. No demographic group displayed unique vulnerability or resilience to the effects of conflict exposure. Conclusions: Conflict exposure should be considered in the context of other types of psychiatric risk factors. Conflict exposure predicted increases in anxiety whereas socioeconomic factors and non-conflict stressful life events were the major predictors of depression. Research and interventions in postconflict settings therefore should consider differential trajectories for depression v. anxiety and the importance of addressing chronic social problems ranging from poverty to gender and ethnic/caste discrimination.",,"Kohrt, B. A., Hruschka, D. J., Worthman, C. M., Kunz, R. D., Baldwin, J. L., Upadhaya, N., Acharya, N. R., Koirala, S., Thapa, S. B., Tol, W. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Robkin, N., Dev Sharma, V., Nepal, M. K.",2012.0,,,0,0,2953
2955,Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with combat service in Iraq or Afghanistan: Reconciling prevalence differences between studies,,,"Kok, B. C., Herrell, R. K., Thomas, J. L., Hoge, C. W.",2012.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182532312,0,0,
2956,"Screening of current post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with substance use disorder using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21): A reliable and convenient measure","Background: Several instruments have been developed and validated as screens for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in substance use disorder (SUD) patients. Unfortunately, many of these instruments have one or several disadvantages (e.g. low specificity, low sensitivity or high costs). No research has been conducted on instruments that screen simultaneously for other psychiatric disorders, which would be a potentially time-saving and cost-effective approach. In the current study we tested the psychometric properties of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) as a screen for PTSD. Methods: The DASS was assessed in an inpatient facility during intake with 58 patients and again 4 weeks after admission. Another 138 patients were assessed 4 weeks after admission only. The results were compared to the Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) that was also administered after 4 weeks of abstinence. Results: ROC curve analyses showed an area under the curve of 0.84 for the DASS at intake and 0.78 for the DASS after 4 weeks' abstinence. Conclusion: The DASS is therefore a reliable and convenient measure to use as a screen for PTSD in SUD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rating Scales, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Anxiety Disorders, Screening Tests, Stress, Test Scores","Kok, Tim, de Haan, Hein A., van der Meer, Margreet, Najavits, Lisa M., De Jong, Cor A. J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2957,Posttraumatic stress reactions among children following the Athens earthquake of September 1999,"The objective of the present study was to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety among children 6 months after they had been exposed to an earthquake (EQ) affecting the north-western suburbs of Athens in September 1999. A total of 115 children attending two elementary schools located at the epicentre of the EQ were assessed. A group of 48 children not affected by the EQ attending a school not affected by the EQ were used as controls. The children and their parents completed a number of questionnaires. Overall, there was a high rate (78%) of severe to mild PTSD symptoms in the EQ exposed group. Additionally, a substantial proportion of these children scored above criteria (32%) for depression compared to the control group (12.5%). Severe or moderate symptoms of PTSD were associated with high scores of depression (p = 0.002). The relationship between PTSD symptoms and anxiety was limited to the ""avoidance"" factor of the anxiety questionnaire (p = 0.029). Those who were most likely to be affected were children alone at the time of the EQ, and children who sustained injuries. In summary, countries where EQs are frequent should be prepared to offer psychological support to a substantial proportion of children presenting with PTSD and depressive symptoms and should educate and prepare children to cope with these events.","Children, Earthquakes, PTSD","Kolaitis, G., Kotsopoulos, J., Tsiantis, J., Haritaki, S., Rigizou, F., Zacharaki, L., Riga, E., Augoustatou, A., Bimbou, A., Kanari, N., Liakopoulou, M., Katerelos, P.",2003.0,,10.1007/s00787-003-0339-x,0,0,
2958,Neurobiological findings in post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Studies on mass conflict, torture, or natural disasters have shown that survivors may develop a spectrum of clinical symptoms as a consequence of the experienced traumatic stress. Surprisingly, cross-cultural similarities and consistencies greatly outweigh cultural and ethnic differences. Hence, there must be a common underlying neurobiological basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In this chapter, we present a selection of findings on the underlying neurobiology of PTSD and the structure of traumatic memories in particular. The research findings are interpreted within the context of the fear network model, a theoretical model which explains the formation of traumatic memories and has been proven to be helpful to integrate the diverse findings on neurobiological alterations associated with PTSD. We first summarize the most important risk factors for the formation of strong traumatic memories and the onset of PTSD, which are (1) cumulative trauma exposure as the strongest environmental factor and (2) genetic risk as an individual biological factor. This is supplemented by a section on epigenetic modifications, which result from the interaction of the biological-genetic makeup and the sociocultural conditions. We continue by presenting evidence for structural and functional alterations in the brain of survivors with PTSD, which might be either a consequence of the accumulation of traumatic stress or a predisposing risk factor for the disorder. Furthermore, we explain potential underlying molecular mechanisms which might account for the adverse health consequences and premature aging often observed in PTSD. This chapter concludes with a section on the potential reversibility of the adverse physiological effects of trauma by means of successful treatment with trauma-focused therapy and an outlook on neurobiological research on other trauma-related mental health disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Memory, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Trauma, Brain, Fear, Mental Disorders, Risk Factors, Epigenetics","Kolassa, Iris-Tatjana, Illek, Sonja, Wilker, Sarah, Karabatsiakis, Alexander, Elbert, Thomas",2015.0,,,0,0,
2959,The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder after trauma depends on traumatic load and the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val58Met polymorphism,"Background: The risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depends on the number of traumatic event types experienced in a dose-response relationship, but genetic factors are known to also influence the risk of PTSD. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism has been found to affect fear extinction and might play a role in the etiology of anxiety disorders. Methods: Traumatic load and lifetime and current diagnosis of PTSD and COMT genotype were assessed in a sample of 424 survivors of the Rwandan Genocide living in the Nakivale refugee camp in southwestern Uganda. Results: Higher numbers of different lifetime traumatic event types led to a higher prevalence of lifetime PTSD in a dose-response relationship. However, this effect was modulated by the COMT genotype: whereas Val allele carriers showed the typical dose-response relationship, Met/Met homozygotes exhibited a high risk for PTSD independently of the severity of traumatic load. Conclusions: The present findings indicate a gene-environment interaction between the human COMT Val158Met polymorphism and the number of traumatic event types experienced in the risk of developing PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Genetics, *Polymorphism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Kolassa, Iris-Tatjana, Kolassa, Stephan, Ertl, Verena, Papassotiropoulos, Andreas, De Quervain, Dominique J. F.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2960,Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in health care providers returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan,"Objective: This study examines risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and mental health care use among health care workers deployed to combat settings. Methods: Anonymous surveys were administered to previously deployed workers at a military hospital. PTSD and depression were assessed by using the PTSD Checklist and the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, respectively. Deployment exposures and perceived threats during deployment were also assessed. Results: There were 102 respondents (36% response rate). Nine percent (n = 9) met the criteria for PTSD and 5% (n = 5) met the criteria for depression. Direct and perceived threats of personal harm were risk factors for PTSD; exposure to wounded or dead patients did not increase risk. Those who met the criteria for PTSD were more likely to seek mental health care after but not before their deployment. Conclusions: For health care workers returning from a warfare environment, threat of personal harm may be the most predictive factor in determining those with subsequent PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Care Utilization, *Major Depression, *Mental Health Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Military Personnel, War, Health Personnel","Kolkow, Tonya T., Spira, James L., Morse, Jennifer S., Grieger, Thomas A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2961,"The influence of anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder on quality of life after thoracic organ transplantation","Objectives: This study examines stress factors, resources of coping, psychopathological symptoms and their influence on health-related quality of life (QoL) in patients after heart or lung transplantation. Methods: 82 Patients were examined with the questionnaires SF-36 (QoL), HADSD (anxiety and depression), IES-R and PTSS-10 (post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) 32.3 (4-86) months after transplantation. Stress factors, resources and diagnostic criteria for PTSD were investigated by structured interview. Results: In the entire sample, anxiety, depression and QoL were in the range of normal population. A subgroup of 13 patients with a PTSD diagnosis had significantly reduced QoL. Anxiety and intrusion explained the 42% variance of psychosocial score of QOL. There was a lower influence of depression on the medical score of QoL. Conclusions: Psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression and PTSD significantly influence QoL after heart or lung transplantation. Patients with a PTSD diagnosis had poor QoL. Screening for PTSD should be part of routine evaluation after organ transplantation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Major Depression, *Organ Transplantation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, Coping Behavior, Psychiatric Symptoms","Kollner, Von Volker, Einsle, Franziska, Schade, Ina, Maulhardt, Tobias, Gulielmos, Vassilios, Joraschky, Peter",2003.0,,,0,0,
2962,Phenomenology of combat-related PTSD,"Objectives: Many researchers point out that combatants demonstrate various additional symptoms that do not fit into the PTSD classical clinical picture. Unfortunately, until present moment there has been a great need for a conception that will unite all the approaches. Method: To achieve our goal we used traditional clinical-anamnestic and clinical-psychological methods which included clinical-psychological scales of multidimensional anger assessment, aggressive behaviour scale, depersonalization scale, the Mississippi PTSD scale. We examined 557 combatants, 109 of which had the full range of PTSD symptoms, whereas the rest demonstrated subclinical manifestations of the disorder in question. Results: It was discovered that compulsory PTSD symptoms in combatants have specific peculiarities. Anger, being part of PTSD hyperreactive cluster, here is associated with impulsive-hostile aggression. This explosive syndrome displays features characteristic only of combatants, also it negatively influences every aspect of a combatant's life (namely, physical and mental health, vital functions, social relationships). The mentioned above syndrome is closely related with personal relations and accompanied by such pathological coping mechanisms as social avoidance/restrictions, redirection of aggression onto self and others. The noted emotional violations of basic emotions of anger and anxiety, that are compensated by depression and depersonalization and that have protective-coping character, can be termed a syndrome of affective-stressed dysfunction. This explains high comorbidity in PTSD combatants with depressive disorders. Conclusions: The revealed additional symptoms and syndromes function as a whole complex of combat-related post-stress disorders and single out combatants into a peculiar group among patients with other stress disorders.","explosive, psychiatry, phenomenology, posttraumatic stress disorder, diseases, human, coping behavior, depersonalization, aggression, emotion, social interaction, United States, mental health, depression, comorbidity, anxiety, patient, scientist","Kolov, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
2963,Correlation between lipid profile and different types of aggressive behaviour in combatants,"Objectives: At present there is a discussion whether cholesterol level, aggression and violence are connected for they are characteristic behavioral patterns in combatants suffering particularly from PTSD. Method: With the help of the Aggressive Behaviour Assessment Scale we examined 337 combatants and 116 healthy people, also we held an additional investigation of serum concentration of lipid profile. Reliability of results was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Also the correlation analysis (Spearman rank correlation coefficient) was carried out. Results: Combatants showed an integrated overall index of aggression twice as much in comparison with the control group (2,44(plus or minus)0,09 and 1,08(plus or minus)0,08, D< 0,00001), impulsive aggression was five times greater (2,08(plus or minus)0,12 and 0,39(plus or minus)0,06, D< 0,00001), premeditated aggression was 1,7-fold (3,15(plus or minus)0,11 and 1,78(plus or minus)0,13, D< 0,00001). The highest points of emotional (impulsive, hostile) aggressive behaviour revealed negative links with concentrations of cholesterol (r=-0,109, D< 0,05), LDL total cholesterol (r=-0,109, D< 0,05), triglycerides (-0,137(greater-than or equal to)r(greater-than or equal to)-0,108, D< 0,05). Certain positions of premeditated (instrumental) aggression positively correlated with level of total cholesterol (0,140(greater-than or equal to)r(greater-than or equal to)0,126, D< 0,01), LDL total cholesterol (0,141(greater-than or equal to)r(greater-than or equal to)0,161, D< 0,01). Conclusions: Reduction of cholesterol level and its most atherogenic fractions increases intensity of impulsive aggression and diminishes instrumental aggression of aggressive behaviour whereas increase of lipid profile leads to opposite results. The obtained data can be of great importance for treatment and prophylaxis of cardio-vascular disorders which are so typical for combat veterans.","lipid, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triacylglycerol, psychiatry, aggression, cholesterol blood level, vascular disease, veteran, violence, control group, posttraumatic stress disorder, reliability, rank sum test, correlation analysis, correlation coefficient, prophylaxis, blood level","Kolov, S., Ostapenko, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
2964,"Clinical and psychological impact after surgical, medical or expectant management of first-trimester miscarriage--a randomised controlled trial","BACKGROUND: The management of first-trimester miscarriage has been studied extensively in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been focussed on woman's satisfaction and psychological impact from different treatment modalities. AIM: To investigate the clinical and psychological outcomes of surgical, medical and expectant management of first-trimester miscarriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective randomised controlled trial of 180 women suffering miscarriage managed by either surgical evacuation, medical evacuation or expectant management was conducted in a university-affiliated, tertiary referral hospital. The complete miscarriage rate, clinical symptomatology, complications, women's satisfaction and the psychological impact were evaluated. RESULTS: Women in surgical evacuation (98.1%) had a significantly higher complete miscarriage rate when compared with medical evacuation (70%) and expectant management (79.3%). Women who had surgical evacuation had significantly shorter duration of vaginal bleeding, but higher rate of infection. Women who had medical evacuation had significantly more gastrointestinal symptoms. Despite differences in efficacy and complication profile, there was no significant difference in satisfaction among groups. There were no significant differences in terms of psychological well-being, depression scores, anxiety level, fatigue symptoms as measured in General Health Questionnaire-12, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory and fatigue scale at treatment and four weeks after treatment. However, women with active intervention had greater post-traumatic stress symptoms as measured in Chinese version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised at the time of treatment when compared with women in expectant management. CONCLUSION: Without substantial differences in the clinical and psychological impact between different treatment modalities, a more conservative approach with expectant management for miscarriage may be an option for women.","*Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal/adverse effects, Abortion, Incomplete/etiology, Abortion, Spontaneous/*psychology/*therapy, Adult, *Dilatation and Curettage/adverse effects/psychology, Female, Humans, *Misoprostol/adverse effects, Patient Satisfaction, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology, Uterine Hemorrhage/etiology, *Watchful Waiting","Kong, G. W., Lok, I. H., Yiu, A. K., Hui, A. S., Lai, B. P., Chung, T. K.",2013.0,Apr,10.1111/ajo.12064,0,0,
2965,"Clinical and psychological impact after surgical, medical or expectant management of first-trimester miscarriage - A randomised controlled trial","Background The management of first-trimester miscarriage has been studied extensively in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been focussed on woman's satisfaction and psychological impact from different treatment modalities. Aim To investigate the clinical and psychological outcomes of surgical, medical and expectant management of first-trimester miscarriage. Materials and Methods A prospective randomised controlled trial of 180 women suffering miscarriage managed by either surgical evacuation, medical evacuation or expectant management was conducted in a university-affiliated, tertiary referral hospital. The complete miscarriage rate, clinical symptomatology, complications, women's satisfaction and the psychological impact were evaluated. Results Women in surgical evacuation (98.1%) had a significantly higher complete miscarriage rate when compared with medical evacuation (70%) and expectant management (79.3%). Women who had surgical evacuation had significantly shorter duration of vaginal bleeding, but higher rate of infection. Women who had medical evacuation had significantly more gastrointestinal symptoms. Despite differences in efficacy and complication profile, there was no significant difference in satisfaction among groups. There were no significant differences in terms of psychological well-being, depression scores, anxiety level, fatigue symptoms as measured in General Health Questionnaire-12, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory and fatigue scale at treatment and four weeks after treatment. However, women with active intervention had greater post-traumatic stress symptoms as measured in Chinese version of Impact of Event Scale - Revised at the time of treatment when compared with women in expectant management. Conclusion Without substantial differences in the clinical and psychological impact between different treatment modalities, a more conservative approach with expectant management for miscarriage may be an option for women. © 2013 The Authors ANZJOG © 2013 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.","clinical outcome, miscarriage, psychological impact, satisfaction","Kong, G. W. S., Lok, I. H., Yiu, A. K. W., Hui, A. S. Y., Lai, B. P. Y., Chung, T. K. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,2964
2966,Interpersonal Subtypes and Therapy Response in Patients Treated for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Interpersonal traits may influence psychotherapy success. One way of conceptualizing such traits is the interpersonal circumplex model. In this study, we analyse interpersonal circumplex data, assessed with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (Horowitz, Strauss, & Kordy, 1994) from a randomized study with 138 patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder after trauma in adulthood. The study compared cognitive processing therapy and dialogical exposure therapy, a Gestalt-based intervention. We divided the interpersonally heterogeneous sample according to the quadrants of the interpersonal circumplex. The division into quadrants yielded subgroups that did not differ in their general psychological distress, but the cold-submissive quadrant tended to exhibit higher posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and interpersonal distress than the other three. There was also a trend for patients in different quadrants to be affected differently by the treatments. Correlation analyses supported these results: in cognitive processing therapy, more dominant patients had more successful therapies, while in dialogical exposure therapy, success was not correlated with interpersonal style. Results indicate that especially patients with cold interpersonal styles profited differentially from the two treatments offered. Dividing samples according to the interpersonal circumplex quadrants seems promising. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: Interpersonal traits may contribute to psychotherapy outcome. Dividing the sample according to the quadrants of the interpersonal circumplex, as opposed to cluster analysis, yielded promising results. Patients higher in dominance fared better with cognitive processing therapy, while interpersonal style had no correlations with therapy success in dialogical exposure therapy.","Cognitive Processing Therapy, Dialogical Exposure Therapy, Interpersonal Circumplex, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Konig, J., Onnen, M., Karl, R., Rosner, R., Butollo, W.",2015.0,Feb 26,10.1002/cpp.1946,0,0,
2967,Age differences in PTSD among Canadian veterans: age and health as predictors of PTSD severity,"Background:: To date, few studies have investigated age differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and none has examined age differences across symptom clusters: avoidance, re-experiencing, and hyperarousal. The first objective of this study was to investigate age differences in PTSD and its three symptom clusters. The second objective was to examine age and indices of health as predictors of PTSD symptom severity. Methods:: Participants were 104 male veterans, aged 22 to 87 years, receiving specialized mental health outpatient services. Assessments included measures of health-related quality of life, pain severity, number of chronic health conditions, and symptoms of PTSD, both in total and on the symptom clusters. Results:: There were significant age differences across age groups, with older veterans consistently reporting lower PTSD symptom severity, both in total and on each of the symptom clusters. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the inclusion of health indices accounted for significantly more variance in PTSD symptoms over and above that accounted for by age alone. Pain severity was a significant predictor of PTSD total and the three symptom clusters. Conclusions: This is the first study to report lower levels of PTSD severity among older veterans across symptom clusters. These findings are discussed in relation to age differences in the experiencing and processing of emotion, autobiographical memory, and combat experiences. This study also emphasizes the importance of assessing pain in those with symptoms of PTSD, particularly older veterans who are less likely to receive specialized mental healthcare.","age differences, pain, physical health, PTSD, veterans","Konnert, C., Wong, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2968,"Distress, coping, and social support among rural women recently diagnosed with primary breast cancer","This study examined distress, coping, and group support among a sample of rural women who had been recently diagnosed with breast cancer. We recruited 100 women who had been diagnosed with primary breast cancer at one of two time points in their medical treatment: either within a window up to 3 months after their diagnosis of breast cancer, or within 6 months after completing medical treatment for breast cancer. Their mean age was 58.6 years (SD = 11.6), and 90% were of white/European American ethnicity. Women completed a battery of demographic and psychosocial measures prior to being randomized into a psychoeducational intervention study, and then again 3 months later at a follow-up assessment. The focus of this article is on the women's self-reported psychosocial status at baseline. Many of the women experienced considerable traumatic stress regarding their breast cancer. However, this distress was not reflected in a standard measure of mood disturbance that is frequently used in intervention research (the Profile of Mood States). The average woman considered her diagnosis of breast cancer to be among the four most stressful life events that she had ever experienced. Also, women on average reported a high level of helplessness/hopelessness in coping with their cancer. On average, women felt that they ""often"" (but not ""very often"") received instrumental assistance, emotional support, and informational support. Women varied considerably in which kind of social group provided them with the most support, with as many reporting that they found the greatest support in spiritual/church groups or within their family units as with breast or general cancer groups. These results suggest that among these rural women with breast cancer, distress with the diagnosis of breast cancer must be carefully assessed, as women who are highly distressed about their breast cancer may not report general mood disturbance. Furthermore, the kinds of groups that rural women with breast cancer experience as most supportive need to be identified so that psychosocial interventions can be matched to breast cancer patients' individual needs.","adult, aged, article, breast cancer, cancer patient, coping behavior, distress syndrome, female, follow up, helplessness, high risk population, human, life event, major clinical study, mental stress, rural area, social interaction, social psychology, social support, support group","Koopman, C., Angell, K., Turner-Cobb, J. M., Kreshka, M. A., Donnelly, P., McCoy, R., Turkseven, A., Graddy, K., Giese-Davis, J., Spiegel, D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
2969,Cannabinoids Prevent the Effects of a Footshock Followed by Situational Reminders on Emotional Processing,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop following exposure to a traumatic event. Hence, what we do in the first few hours after trauma exposure may alter the trajectory of PTSD. We examined whether cannabinoids can prevent the effects of a single footshock followed by situational reminders (SRs) on emotional processing. Rats were exposed to a footshock (1.5 mA, 10 s) on day 1 followed by exposure to SRs of the shock on days 3 and 5. The CB1/2 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 or vehicle were injected intraperitoneally 2 h after the shock. After 1 week, PTSD-like symptoms were examined. Exposure to SRs exacerbated the effects of the shock as rats exposed to shock and SRs, but not shock alone, showed impaired extinction of the traumatic event, impaired plasticity in the hippocmapal-accumbens pathway, enhanced latency to startle, and altered expression of CB1 receptors (CB1r) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the CA1, basolateral amygdala (BLA) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). WIN55,212-2 prevented the effects of the shock and SRs on extinction, plasticity, and startle response. WIN55,212-2 normalized the shock/SR-induced upregulation in CB1r in the PFC, and CA1 and GRs in the CA1, with no effect on BLA downregulation of CB1r and GRs. Shock and SRs caused lasting (1 week) alterations in emotional processing associated with changes in GR and CB1r expression in brain areas related to PTSD. WIN55,212-2 administered after trauma exposure prevented these alterations via PFC- and CA1-CB1r and CA1-GRs.Neuropsychopharmacology advance online publication, 2 July 2014; doi:10.1038/npp.2014.132.",,"Korem, N., Akirav, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2970,"Acute stress response and posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims: A one-year prospective, follow-up study",,,"Koren, D., Arnon, I., Klein, E.",1999.0,,,0,0,
2971,Long term course of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims: A three-year prospective follow-up study,,,"Koren, D., Arnon, I., Klein, E.",2001.0,,10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00025-0,0,0,
2972,Sleep complaints as early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 1-year prospective study of injured survivors of motor vehicle accidents,"Objective: Disturbed sleep is a common complaint among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that appears in the reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptom clusters in DSM-IV. The causal relationship between sleep complaints and PTSD is unclear. Method: Self-reported insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness were assessed in 102 victims of motor vehicle accidents and 19 comparison subjects 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the trauma. At 12 months the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R was administered to determine diagnoses of PTSD. Results: Twenty-six of the accident victims but none of the comparison subjects met the criteria for PTSD. Logistic regression models indicated that sleep complaints from 1 month on were significant in predicting PTSD at 1 year. Conclusions: These results suggest that on the basis of sleep complaints as early as 1 month after the trauma, it is possible to detect subjects who will later develop chronic PTSD.",,"Koren, D., Arnon, I., Lavie, P., Klein, E.",2002.0,,,0,0,
2973,The effects of preterm birth on mother-infant interaction and attachment during the infant's first two years,"Objective. Early mother-infant relationships in preterm populations were evaluated in the context of a systematic review of the literature. Design and setting. A systematic search of three electronic databases (PsychINFO, PubMed and Cochrane Library) was undertaken. Three studies of maternal attachment, 18 studies of mother-preterm infant interaction and eight studies of infant attachment were included. Studies of preterm infant attachment were also evaluated using a meta-analysis. Results. Studies of mother-preterm infant interactions showed that the differences in maternal interaction behavior between mothers of preterm infants and mothers of full-term infants seem to be most evident during the first six months of life. Differences in the preterm infant's interaction behavior seem also to continue for six months after birth. However, five of 18 studies showed an equal or even higher quality of mother-infant interaction in groups of preterm compared to groups of full-term infants. Studies of maternal and infant attachment indicated that preterm infants and their mothers are not at higher risk of insecure attachment than full-term infants and their mothers. Conclusions. The mother-preterm infant relationship is complex, and some relational patterns forecast greater psychological risk than others. It is important to decrease maternal stress and early separation in every possible way during hospitalization as well as after discharge. © 2012 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology.","""Infants attachment"", maternal attachment, maternal bonding, mother-infant interaction, preterm birth, preterm infant, systematic review","Korja, R., Latva, R., Lehtonen, L.",2012.0,,10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01304.x,0,0,
2974,Long-term adjustment of survivors of ovarian cancer treated for advanced-stage disease,"This study described the long-term adjustment of 42 ovarian cancer survivors diagnosed with advanced-stage disease with no evidence of recurrence, a mean of 6.1 years postdiagnosis. 64% of survivors' mental health was at or above the norm of medical outpatients (Mental Health Inventory-17). No patients reported post-traumatic stress disorder at a diagnosable level (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian). The majority of survivors (> or = 75%) reported a positive impact of cancer on their lives (Impact of Cancer Scale) and excellent social support (Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey). However, a subset of survivors reported needing more help than was received regarding emotional problems (28.9%).","Activities of Daily Living/classification/psychology, *Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Disability Evaluation, Female, Health Status, Humans, Middle Aged, Motivation, Neoplasm Staging, Organoplatinum Compounds/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy/*pathology/*psychology, Paclitaxel/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Quality of Life/*psychology, Questionnaires, Sickness Impact Profile, Survivors/*psychology","Kornblith, A. B., Mirabeau-Beale, K., Lee, H., Goodman, A. K., Penson, R. T., Pereira, L., Matulonis, U. A.",2010.0,,10.1080/07347332.2010.498458,0,0,
2975,Different types of postpartum luteal activity affected by the exposure of heat stress and subsequent reproductive performance in holstein lactating cows,"The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of heat stress on postpartum (PP) luteal activity and subsequent reproductive performance in lactating cows. Thirty Holstein-Friesian (HF, ≥75%) cows (hot season, n = 15 and cool season, n = 15) were studied over 60 days after calving. The changes of temperature-humidity index (THI) were monitored within both seasons. Body condition scores (BCS), uterine involution and the ovarian structures were recorded. Plasma samples were obtained three times a week for the analysis of progesterone (P4) and prostaglandin F2α metabolite (PG metabolite). Subsequent reproductive performance of the cows, calved within the same period was also evaluated. The means of THI for hot and cool seasons varied between 84-87 and 78-83 respectively. A drop of the mean BCS was recorded at 5 weeks PP in the cows during hot season (p &lt; 0.01), however a delay of uterine involution during early PP period in hot season was not clearly seen. The cows with normal PP ovarian cyclicity during hot and cool seasons were 4/15 (26.7%) and 9/15 (60.0%) respectively. A higher percentage of abnormal luteal activity was found in the cows during hot season (p = 0.07) and delayed luteal cyclicity/anovulation was the most pronounced atypical P4 profile. The levels of PG metabolite were not different between groups and the relationship between the levels of PG metabolite and the time of uterine involution was not evident (p &gt; 0.05). The heat detection rates and the pregnancy rates were higher in the cows during cool season (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the higher first AI conception rates during cool season were recorded (p = 0.06). In conclusion, heat stress conditions had negative effects on BCS and altered a normal process of ovarian resumption PP, consequently resulted in lower reproductive performance in a tropical dairy herd. © 2008 The Authors.",,"Kornmatitsuk, B., Chantaraprateep, P., Kornmatitsuk, S., Kindahl, H.",2008.0,,,0,0,
2976,Early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy to prevent chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and related symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Background: Early trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TFCBT) holds promise as a preventive intervention for people at risk of developing chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this review was to provide an updated evaluation of the effectiveness of early TFCBT on the prevention of PTSD in high risk populations. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in international electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, CINAHL, ISI and PILOTS) and included randomized controlled trials comparing TFCBT delivered within 3 months of trauma, to alternative interventions. All included studies were critically appraised using a standardized checklist. Two independent reviewers selected studies for inclusion and assessed study quality. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and controlled by another. Where appropriate, we entered study results into meta-analyses. Results: Seven articles reporting the results of five RCTs were included. All compared TFCBT to supportive counseling (SC). The study population was patients with acute stress disorder (ASD) in four trials, and with a PTSD diagnosis disregarding the duration criterion in the fifth trial. The overall relative risk (RR) for a PTSD diagnosis was 0.56 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.76), 1.09 (95% CI 0.46 to 2.61) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.04) at 3-6 months, 9 months and 3-4 years post treatment, respectively. A subgroup analysis of the four ASD studies only resulted in RR = 0.36 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.78) for PTSD at 3-6 months. Anxiety and depression scores were generally lower in the TFCBT groups than in the SC groups. Conclusion: There is evidence for the effectiveness of TFCBT compared to SC in preventing chronic PTSD in patients with an initial ASD diagnosis. As this evidence originates from one research team replications are necessary to assess generalisability. The evidence about the effectiveness of TFCBT in traumatized populations without an ASD diagnosis is insufficient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prevention, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, At Risk Populations, Chronic Illness, Symptoms, Trauma","Kornor, Hege, Winje, Dagfinn, Ekeberg, Oivind, Weisaeth, Lars, Kirkehei, Ingvild, Johansen, Kjell, Steiro, Asbjorn",2008.0,,,0,0,
2977,Psychological factors that characterize PTSD and depression in high school students affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake,"Introduction: We examined which psychological factors characterize Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression in students affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. Specifically, we examined automatic thoughts, negative appraisals of post-traumatic stress symptoms, and post-traumatic growth. Methods: We administered an inventory assessing these factors to 289 high school students (139 boys and 150 girls) of Iwate Prefecture who had been affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. We then performed a discriminant analysis to examine which patterns of these factors predicted PTSD and depression. Results: Fifty-eight students showed high PTSD levels greater than the cut-off of 19. Similarly, 63 students exhibited severe depression levels higher than the cut-off (> 16 points). Both the PTSD and depression scores were significantly higher than normal levels. Our results suggested that negative appraisals of post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth predicted PTSD, while automatic thoughts and post-traumatic growth predicted depression. Conclusions: The present results can inform the development of preventive approaches; for example, cognitive restructuring would be useful for decreasing students' negative appraisals of their post-traumatic stress symptoms and increasing post-traumatic growth, which would facilitate their recovery from disaster traumas and reduce the likelihood of their developing PTSD.","psychological aspect, high school student, human, Japan, earthquake, psychosomatics, posttraumatic stress disorder, student, girl, boy, male, female, injury, discriminant analysis","Koseki, S., Koseki, M., Ono, H., Sogabe, Y., Tachibana, M., Ohtani, T., Ito, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2978,Posttraumatic stress disorder and the risk of respiratory problems in world trade center responders: Longitudinal test of a pathway,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high medical morbidity, but the nature of this association remains unclear. Among responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, PTSD is highly comorbid with lower respiratory symptoms (LRS), which cannot be explained by exposure alone. We sought to examine this association longitudinally to establish the direction of the effects and evaluate potential pathways to comorbidity. Methods: 18,896 responders (8466 police and 10,430 nontraditional responders) participating in the WTC-Health Program were first evaluated between 2002 and 2010 and assessed again 2.5 years later. LRS were ascertained by medical staff, abnormal pulmonary function by spirometry, and probable WTC-related PTSD with a symptom inventory. Results: In both groups of responders, initial PTSD (standardized regression coefficient: β = 0.20 and 0.23) and abnormal pulmonary function (β = 0.12 and 0.12) predicted LRS 2.5 years later after controlling for initial LRS and covariates. At follow-up, LRS onset was 2.0 times more likely and remission 1.8 times less likely in responders with initial PTSD than in responders without. Moreover, PTSD mediated, in part, the association between WTC exposures and development of LRS (p <.0001). Initial LRS and abnormal pulmonary function did not consistently predict PTSD onset. Conclusions: These analyses provide further evidence that PTSD is a risk factor for respiratory symptoms and are consistent with evidence implicating physiological dysregulation associated with PTSD in the development of medical conditions. If these effects are verified experimentally, treatment of PTSD may prove helpful in managing physical and mental health of disaster responders. Copyright © 2015 by the American Psychosomatic Society.","9/11, Disaster, Mental-physical comorbidity, Occupational medicine, PTSD, Pulmonary health","Kotov, R., Bromet, E. J., Schechter, C., Broihier, J., Feder, A., Friedman-Jimenez, G., Gonzalez, A., Guerrera, K., Kaplan, J., Moline, J., Pietrzak, R. H., Reissman, D., Ruggero, C., Southwick, S. M., Udasin, I., Von Korff, M., Luft, B. J.",2015.0,,10.1097/PSY.0000000000000179,0,0,
2979,The structure and short-term stability of the emotional disorders: A dimensional approach,"Background Factor-analytic studies have found that depressive, bipolar, post-traumatic, obsessive-compulsive, and anxiety disorders - jointly referred to as the emotional disorders - form an internalizing spectrum that includes distress and fear subfactors. However, placement of some disorders is uncertain. Also, prior research analysed dichotomous interview-based diagnoses or dimensional self-report measures. We investigated this structure using a third-generation measure - the Interview for Mood and Anxiety Symptoms (IMAS) - that combines strengths of a clinical interview with dimensional assessment. Method The interview was administered to 385 students and 288 psychiatric out-patients. Participants were reinterviewed 2 months later. Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors: distress (depression, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress, irritability, and panic syndrome); fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive); and bipolar (mania and obsessive-compulsive). The structure was consistent over time and across samples, except that panic and agoraphobia had higher factor loadings in patients. Longitudinal analyses revealed high temporal stability of the factors (test-retest r = 0.72 to 0.87), but also substantial disorder-specific stability. Conclusions This investigation - which bridges diagnostic and self-report studies - found three subfactors of internalizing psychopathology. It provided support for a new subfactor, clarified the placement of obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders, and demonstrated that this model generalizes across populations. The accumulating research suggests the need to recognize formally the close links among the emotional disorders, as well as empirical clusters within this spectrum. The IMAS demonstrated strong psychometric properties and can be useful for various research and clinical applications by providing dimensional, interview-based assessment of the emotional disorders. © Cambridge University Press 2014.","Anxiety disorders, diagnosis, DSM, mood disorders, nosology","Kotov, R., Perlman, G., Gámez, W., Watson, D.",2015.0,,10.1017/S0033291714002815,0,0,
2980,The relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and social support in the severity of PTSD symptoms,"Exposure to a traumatic event is relatively common, but the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the outcome for only a portion of individuals who suffer this experience. Etiology models that examine a wide range of factors including environmental, personal, social, and trauma-specific variables relevant to the development of PTSD have been established. Within these models, posttraumatic cognitions and social support have been identified as particularly salient aspects of the posttraumatic adaptation process. Although the independent associations of posttraumatic cognitions, perceived availability of social support and self-reported received social support have been recognized in theoretical etiology models and empirical research, much less is known about the way these variables interact in the development of PTSD. The current research tested the association between the perceived availability of social support and self-reported received social support in an interpersonal trauma sample (n=472). Results indicate that socially supportive behavior accounts for 25% of the variance in perceived availability of social support. Mean levels of perceived availability of social support and self-reported received social support were compared for the sample meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD (n=204) to the sample endorsing subthreshold PTSD symptoms (n=268). In the PTSD-positive sample, socially supportive behavior accounted for 40% of the variance in perceived availability of social support. In the PTSD-negative sample, socially supportive behavior accounted for 16% of the variance in perceived availability of social support. Furthermore, the relationship between received social support and perceived availability of social support was significantly stronger in the PTSD-positive sample. Subjects meeting criteria for PTSD reported significantly higher levels of perceived availability of social support, but differences in level of received support were non-significant. Finally, results of the SEM model demonstrate that levels of posttraumatic cognitions, perceived availability of social support, and self-reported received social support accounted for 58% of the variance in PTSD symptom levels and further clarify complex relationships between these variables. Discussion of results highlights the importance of social support and posttraumatic cognitions in the etiology of PTSD. The clinical and social implications for the current study's findings are also addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognition, *Coping Behavior, *Social Networks, Cognitions, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Social Support, Stress, Symptoms, Trauma","Koucky, Ellen M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2981,The impact of trauma on global and specific function as evidenced by neuroimaging of post-traumatic stress disorder subjects,"Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can occur in individuals who have been exposed to traumatic experiences to self or to others, resulting in an emotional response involving fear, helplessness, or horror. A number of studies have shown focal or diffuse brain volume abnormalities in patients with post traumatic stress disorder along with specific cognitive deficits and an overall decrease in quality of life [1,2]. To adequately discern and describe this complex phenomena is a significant challenge. The high rates of comorbidity of other mood and substance use disorders often associated with post traumatic stress disorder further complicates current attempts of understanding. The present study is an attempt to simultaneously explore several aspects of PTSD pathology, focusing on subcortical and cortical volumetric gyrus-level measures, neuropsychological evaluation including IQ estimation (administration of a complete version of the WAIS-R), clinical data and quality of life assessment. Therefore, we proposed to analyze the differences between a selected group of 18 drug-naive, PTSD patients with history of adulthood Trauma and 18 age-matched non-traumatized controls, focusing on cortical, subcortical and cerebellar volumetric measures, along with neuropsychological and quality of life assessment. We attempted to highlight specific evidences related to PTSD condition and also to establish potential links between volumetric profiles and remaining measures. Brain volumetric analyses were performed using IBASPM, a segmentation and volume estimation automated methods that runs under SPM5. Results showed that cortical grey matter volume decreases in PTSD patients when compared to healthy controls, particularly in the frontal and occipital lobes. These decreases appear to correlate with clinical measures. Our findings suggest that in drug-naive PTSD patients with a history of adulthood trauma, brain structural damage is diffuse, with a particular prevalence for the frontal and occipital lobes, and it is clinically relevant. On the other hand, we found an increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume, indicating an atrophy process, that has already been reported in the literature on maltreated children, although restricted to the frontal lobe ventricular area. In conclusion, from what has emerged in our sample, we can confirm the presence of deficits affecting certain types of memory (verbal short-term, visual-spatial) and attentional capacity in particular in complex tasks that require the patient skills to integrate different functions. All of this profile, in the presence of patients' global cognitive structures similar to those of controls, but always affecting subjects' functioning in social, work and family areas, emphasizing thus the severity of the disorder in terms of not allowing a satisfactory quality of life, and stressing the importance of a therapy that can bring the subject to a 'normal' life by putting the traumatic event in the past, in order to remember it, but not reexperiencing it constantly.","neuroimaging, posttraumatic stress disorder, college, psychopharmacology, injury, human, patient, quality of life, adulthood, brain, occipital lobe, helplessness, brain size, anxiety disorder, substance abuse, fear, comorbidity, gray matter, mood, cerebrospinal fluid, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, clinical study, cognitive defect, intelligence quotient, emotion, prevalence, atrophy, child, frontal lobe, memory, skill, cognition, social work, diseases, therapy, pathology, Wechsler Intelligence Scale","Koukouna, D., Bossini, L., Casolaro, I., Caterini, C., Pellegrini, F., Fagiolini, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
2982,Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in breast cancer patients: A systematic review,"Breast cancer, potentially a traumatic stressor, may be accompanied by negative outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress disorder or positive changes, such as posttraumatic growth. The authors reviewed 24 studies published from 1990 to 2010 that measured posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer, in terms of frequency rates, factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth, and their interrelationships. A relatively small percentage of women experienced posttraumatic stress disorder, while the majority of them reported posttraumatic growth. Age, education, economic status, subjective appraisal of the threat of the disease, treatment, support from significant others, and positive coping strategies were among the most frequently reported factors associated with these phenomena. Moreover, posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth were not related. Future research should shed more light on posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with breast cancer, the parameters that influence them, and their possible relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Breast Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Human Females, Patients","Koutrouli, Natalia, Anagnostopoulos, Fotios, Potamianos, Gregory",2012.0,,,0,0,
2983,"The Children's Depression, Inventory (CDI)",,,"Kovacs, M.",1985.0,,,0,0,
2984,Arguments against including temperamental dysregulation disorder with dysphoria in DSM-5,"Background: There are several strong arguments against including Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphoria (TDD) as an official diagnosis in the DSM-5. Methods: The TDD diagnosis, as currently conceived, does not have symptom criteria that are specific to TDD as a syndrome. The TDD diagnosis rests on two primary criteria: recurrent severe temper outbursts and chronically irritable and/or sad mood. Temper outbursts are a behavioral manifestation of irritable mood, TDD as it is currently proposed, can be fulfilled with the presence of a single symptom. However the symptom of irritability is a DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for a range of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents that span the Mood, Anxiety and Disruptive Behavior Disorder categories including Bipolar Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. As noted in the DSM-5 Task Force document nullJustification for Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphorianull, the limited scientific support for the TDD diagnosis emerges primarily from one research group. This fact in itself is problematic, as replication by independent research teams is a requirement for establishing the scientific validity of research findings. Recently in psychiatry we have repeatedly seen the lack of replication of genetic and neuroimaging findings across different research groups. In addition the studies that do have bearing on TDD do not examine it directly, but instead focus on an overlapping but not identical population of youth with Severe Mood Dysregulation (SMD). The proposed TDD criteria will likely identify a broader range of patients when applied in clinical settings. Irritability and temper outbursts are among the most common presenting complaints in child and adolescent psychiatry. Since TDD has these as its primary diagnostic criteria without any other accompanying symptoms, it could readily become the default diagnosis for the vast majority of children presenting with these symptoms. The rationale that TDD will reduce the inappropriate use of medication in children and adolescents with temper outbursts also seems at odds with perceptions of how the pharmaceutical industry approaches the DSM. Official diagnostic status in DSM-5 will allow TDD to become a target for pharmaceutical companies to obtain an FDA indication for the treatment of TDD. Discussion: In summary, the inclusion of Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphoria as a diagnosis in the DSM-5 is not warranted for many reasons. The level of scientific evidence to support TDD is too limited to justify a new diagnostic entity. Application of the TDD criteria in clinical practice will most likely label a highly heterogeneous group of children and adolescents who will have divergent developmental trajectories of psychopathology. Youth with a broad range of symptomatology are lumped together into the TDD diagnostic category, research into the pathophysiology and treatment of youth with severe irritability will be adversely affected - greater heterogeneity reduces the signal to noise ratio. Inclusion of TDD will compromise the already precarious public perception of child and adolescent psychiatry.","dysphoria, college, psychopharmacology, DSM-5, diseases, human, diagnosis, child, irritability, juvenile, adolescent, mood, acute stress disorder, drug industry, mental disease, child psychiatry, behavior disorder, validity, disruptive behavior, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, neuroimaging, oppositional defiant disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, signal noise ratio, cyclothymia, pathophysiology, clinical practice, dysthymia, drug therapy, symptomatology, major depression, patient, population, bipolar disorder, food and drug administration","Kowatch, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2985,Acute post-traumatic stress disorder in prisoners of war released from detention camps,"The aim of the present study was to assess acute psychiatric disturbances in Croatian prisoners of war (POWs) released after 6-9 months of detention. Immediately (1-3 days) after exchange with the other side, 47 prisoners of war were examined at the Zagreb University Clinic for Infectious Diseases by a team of medical professionals to assess their physical and psychological health, and therapeutic needs. The team consisted of a general practitioner, surgeon, infectious diseases specialist, psychiatrist and clinical psychologist. All prisoners were active soldiers from Vukovar, and were of similar age, social background, combat activity and duration of detention. All were severely physically and psychically maltreated in the detention camp. Sixteen (34%) had symptoms of current post-traumatic stress syndrome as assessed by the Watsons PTSD questionnaire. In a structured clinical interview, all POWs reported at least 2 (average 8-9) symptoms of psychological disturbance. All POWs ranked the withdrawal of information on their families and the situation in Croatia as the most painful experience during detention. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-201 version) profiles of the prisoners of war showed a significant difference between the POWs with and without diagnosed PTSD on the paranoia scale. In conclusion, although only one third of the POWs released after 6-9 months of detention and torture had manifest PTSD, most had several symptoms of psychological disturbances with dominating anxiotic-depressive and psychosomatic reactions. Careful follow-up is needed to asses the extent and late consequences of polytrauma experienced by this high-risk group.",,"Kozarić-Kovačić, D., Folnegović-Šmalc, V., Marušić, A.",1998.0,,,0,0,
2986,Proteomics and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"(from the chapter) Proteomics is a branch of biological sciences concerned with proteome research. Proteome studying involves structural and interaction analysis of proteins on a large scale, especially their position and function. As protein expression is the mediator of genetic vulnerability, proteomics is enabling research into etiology of psychiatric disorders through discovery of potential biomarkers. They can be found by comparing qualitative and quantitative protein expression data from healthy and diseased individuals using the technique of differential display. Biomarkers could fill the gaps in the extremely complex diagnostics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and potentially show the direction for further development of pharmacotherapy. Previous studies have shown qualitative and quantitative changes in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissue proteins in many neurodegenerative and some psychiatric disorders. In this pilot study our aim was to show differential display of the proteomic profiles from the serum of three patients with combat-related PTSD as compared to three healthy controls. Chosen participants with PTSD were of similar age, had similar traumatic experiences and were on similar medications, with no psychiatric comorbidities. Large-scale proteomic approach and mass spectrometry with the use of human proteomic databases were employed as identification tool for discovering the differences between serum proteomic profile in PTSD and healthy controls. In this pilot study we found 122 qualitatively different proteins and more than 22 quantitative differences between individuals with PTSD and healthy controls. These results indicated direction for a larger analysis of this type in people with PTSD. Selected group of proteins found in differential display of the 2D gels will be used for identification of biomarkers in further studies. This pilot study offers a good basis for further proteomic research, which could help in better diagnosis and treatment of PTSD, as well as clarification of its etiology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Biological Markers, *Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Proteomics","Kozaric-Kovacic, Dragica, Pavelic, Kresimir, Filipac, Vanda, Cindric, Mario, Vucinic, Srdan, Kraljevic-Pavelic, Sandra",2010.0,,,0,0,
2987,Personality disorders in previously detained adolescent females: A prospective study,"This longitudinal study investigated the predictive value of trauma and mental health problems for the development of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in previously detained women. The participants were 229 detained adolescent females who were assessed for traumatic experiences and mental health problems (mean age = 15.5 years). Three to 6 years later (M = 4.5; SD = 0.6), ASPD and BPD were diagnosed with a semistructured interview. Forty percent of the women had a personality disorder (i.e., ASPD 15.8%, BPD 9.2%, or both ASPD and BPD 15.2%). Posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and dissociation during detention increased the risk for BPD in adulthood. Surprisingly, neither conduct problems nor substance dependence predicted ASPD; these findings require further study because they add to the controversy surrounding ASPD in females. The high prevalence rates of personality disorders indicate the need for intervention programs that target these unwanted outcomes.","adolescent, antisocial personality disorder, article, borderline state, dissociation, female, follow up, human, juvenile delinquency, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, semi structured interview","Krabbendam, A. A., Colins, O. F., Doreleijers, T. A. H., van der Molen, E., Beekman, A. T. F., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
2988,Is the stressor criterion dispensable?: A contribution to the criterion a debate from a Swiss sample of survivors of the 2004 Tsunami,"Background: The stressor criterion (criterion A) in the DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently questioned. To explore the clinical and diagnostic usefulness of criterion A, we examined its value in predicting and capturing PTSD symptom clusters (criteria B-D) in a sample of trauma survivors. Method: We studied 342 adult German-speaking Swiss tourists affected by the 2004 tsunami. We analyzed sensitivity and specificity, predictive value and variance explanation of criterion A for evoking PTSD criteria B-D. Results: Sensitivity of criterion A for PTSD criteria B-D was 93.2%, while positive predictive value was 23.1%. Criterion A made a small, yet statistically significant contribution of 7.5% for PTSD symptom clusters B-D. Conclusion: The assessment of criterion A (A1 and A2) is not necessary for the identification of individuals suffering from PTSD symptoms according to DSM-IV. We suggest therefore that criterion A is a dispensable part of the diagnosis of PTSD. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG.","Criterion A, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma, Tsunami","Kraemer, B., Wittmann, L., Jenewein, J., Maier, T., Schnyder, U.",2009.0,,,0,0,
2989,Psychosocial correlates of depression following spinal injury: A systematic review,"Objectives: Spinal cord injury (SCI) studies have identified a range of psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression post-injury. This study presents the first systematic and quantitative review of this body of research. Methods: Twenty-four studies (N = 3172 participants) were identified through electronic database searches. Studies were evaluated according to recommended guidelines on Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). The significance and magnitude of the relationships between standardised measures of depression and psychosocial outcome were examined using Pearson's effect size r, 95% confidence intervals and fail-safe Ns. Effect sizes were categorised according to the ICF psychosocial domains. Results: STROBE ratings indicated discrepancies in procedural detail and statistical analyses. Individual personal variables including affective feelings, and thoughts and beliefs specific to SCI demonstrated the strongest relationship with depression self-ratings. Life satisfaction, disability acceptance, environmental supports and community participation had a medium to strong association, helping to reduce vulnerability to depression. Longitudinal studies revealed that symptoms of depression continued to impact on psychosocial outcome up to 10 years post-injury, although this was based on limited data. Conclusions: Assessment of psychosocial factors in the acute stages of SCI rehabilitation can inform evidencebased interventions to treat and manage depressive symptomatology in the short to longer-term. Future studies would benefit from adopting a unified approach to the measurement of depression post-SCI to help inform targeted treatment. © The Academy of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals, Inc. 2015.","Depression, Psychological adaptation, Rehabilitation, Spinal cord injury","Kraft, R., Dorstyn, D.",2015.0,,10.1179/2045772314Y.0000000295,0,0,
2990,Clinical sleep disorder profiles in a large sample of trauma survivors: An interdisciplinary view of posttraumatic sleep disturbance,"Study Objectives: To examine the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and self-reported sleep, sleepiness, and nightmare complaints in a convenience sample of 437 trauma survivors. Method: Based on symptom severity reports, individuals were classified as having psychophysiological insomnia (PPI), chronic nightmare disorder (CND), and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) profiles. Individuals with each symptom profile were compared to individuals without the respective profile on sleep indices, sleepiness-related impairment, and psychiatric distress (anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms). Results: Individuals with PPI (76%), CND (79%), SDB (68%), or all three profiles (46%) had significantly worse sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, sleep-related functional impairment, and psychiatric distress compared to those without each disorder profile. Conclusions: The majority of trauma survivors in this sample suffered from sleep complaints sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention by sleep medicine specialists. Longitudinal studies are necessary to determine whether these disturbances are caused exclusively by PTSD or another sleep disorder comorbid with PTSD.","adult, anxiety, article, comorbidity, data analysis, depression, disease severity, electroencephalogram, female, human, insomnia, major clinical study, male, mental disease, nightmare, polysomnography, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, rating scale, sleep, sleep disorder, sleep disordered breathing, sleep induction, sleep time, somnolence","Krakow, B., Haynes, P. L., Warner, T. D., Melendrez, D., Sisley, B. N., Johnston, L., Hollifield, M., Lee, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2991,Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial,"CONTEXT: Chronic nightmares occur frequently in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but are not usually a primary target of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine if treating chronic nightmares with imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) reduces the frequency of disturbing dreams, improves sleep quality, and decreases PTSD symptom severity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized controlled trial conducted from 1995 to 1999 among 168 women in New Mexico; 95% had moderate-to-severe PTSD, 97% had experienced rape or other sexual assault, 77% reported life-threatening sexual assault, and 58% reported repeated exposure to sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to receive treatment (n = 88) or to the wait-list control group (n = 80). The treatment group received IRT in 3 sessions; controls received no additional intervention, but continued any ongoing treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores on the Nightmare Frequency Questionnaire (NFQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS), and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) at 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 114 participants completed follow-up at 3 and/or 6 months. Comparing baseline to follow-up (n = 97-114), treatment significantly reduced nights per week with nightmares (Cohen d = 1.24; P<.001) and number of nightmares per week (Cohen d = 0.85; P<.001) on the NFQ and improved sleep (on the PSQI, Cohen d = 0.67; P<.001) and PTSD symptoms (on the PSS, Cohen d = 1.00; P<.001 and on the CAPS, Cohen d = 1.53; P<.001). Control participants showed small, nonsignificant improvements for the same measures (mean Cohen d = 0.21). In a 3-point analysis (n = 66-77), improvements occurred in the treatment group at 3-month follow-up (treatment vs control group, Cohen d = 1.15 vs 0.07 for nights per week with nightmares; 0.95 vs -0.06 for nightmares per week; 0.77 vs 0.31 on the PSQI, and 1.06 vs 0.31 on the PSS) and were sustained without further intervention or contact between 3 and 6 months. An intent-to-treat analysis (n = 168) confirmed significant differences between treatment and control groups for nightmares, sleep, and PTSD (all P<.02) with moderate effect sizes for treatment (mean Cohen d = 0.60) and small effect sizes for controls (mean Cohen d = 0.14). Posttraumatic stress symptoms decreased by at least 1 level of clinical severity in 65% of the treatment group compared with symptoms worsening or not changing in 69% of controls (chi(2)(1) = 12.80; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Imagery rehearsal therapy is a brief, well-tolerated treatment that appears to decrease chronic nightmares, improve sleep quality, and decrease PTSD symptom severity.","Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Cognitive Therapy, *Dreams, Female, Humans, *Imagery (Psychotherapy), Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Offenses/*psychology, Sickness Impact Profile, Sleep Disorders/*etiology/*therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*complications/*therapy, Survivors/psychology","Krakow, B., Hollifield, M., Johnston, L., Koss, M., Schrader, R., Warner, T. D., Tandberg, D., Lauriello, J., McBride, L., Cutchen, L., Cheng, D., Emmons, S., Germain, A., Melendrez, D., Sandoval, D., Prince, H.",2001.0,Aug 1,,0,0,
2992,Evaluation of an early risk screener for PTSD in preschool children after accidental injury,"Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and most powerful selection of predictors of an early screening tool for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 87 children ages 2 to 6 years after unintentional injury. Methods: The examined screener was administered within 6 to 13 days post accident and consisted of an adapted version of the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale (PEDS), the PEDS-ES (PEDS Early Screener), and questions on 5 additional risk factors (preexisting child behavioral problems, parental preexisting chronic mental or physical illness, pretraumatic life events in the family, parental feelings of guilt, parental posttraumatic stress). The PTSD Semi-structured Interview and Observational Record for Infants and Young Children served as criterion measure 6 months after the accident. A case was deemed positive when meetingcriteria for full or partial PTSD. Results: Use of the PEDS-ES without the additional risk factors performed best, with good sensitivity (85%) and moderate specificity (63%) for full or partial PTSD. Conclusions: The PEDS-ES allows for successful early screening of preschool-aged children after single accidental trauma. It may be used within a stepped-care model for early identification of individuals designated for possible secondary preventative interventions. © 2013 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.","Accident, Assessment and surveillance, Injuries, Mental health, Public health","Kramer, D. N., Hertli, M. B., Landolt, M. A.",2013.0,,10.1542/peds.2013-0713,0,0,
2993,Post-traumatic stress disorder: A historical context and evolution,"(from the book) Post-traumatic stress syndrome is the official label for the psychological sequelae of traumatic events. Kramer et al discuss this complex phenomenon, including defining symptoms, treatment options, and prognoses., (from the chapter) The development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a clinical entity can be traced though 3 distinct lines of history as the nosology was applied to individuals experiencing interpersonal violence, including rape and domestic abuse, combat, and natural and technological disasters. Topics discussed include: current nosology, prevalence of PTSD and related symptomatology, treatment, and future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnostic Typologies, *Symptoms, Combat Experience, Epidemiology, Industrial Accidents, Natural Disasters, Treatment, Violence","Kramer, Teresa L., Green, Bonnie L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
2994,To lump or to split? Comparing individuals with traumatic and nontraumatic limb loss in the first year after amputation,"Objective: To compare individuals with traumatic (TE) vs. nontraumatic (NTE) amputation etiology on pain, psychological, and social variables over the first 12 months postamputation, and to explore changes in mean levels of and correlations between these variables over time. Participants: There were 111 adults with newly acquired limb loss. Settings: A VA medical center and a Level I trauma hospital in a large metropolitan area. Main Outcome Measures: Characteristic Pain Severity, Pain Interference, Patient Health Questionnaire depression module, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Social Constraints Scale, Aversive Emotional Support Scale, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention single item Social Support measure, single item loneliness measure. Results: The NTE group was significantly older, had lower income, and had greater medical comorbidity, preamputation pain, and physical disability. The etiology groups did not differ significantly in mean levels of outcome variables except that the TE group reported greater aversive emotional support at 6 and 12 months. The TE group demonstrated a quadratic change in pain interference, with highest levels at 6 months and a linear increase in social constraints. Both etiology groups showed a linear increase in PTSD symptoms over time. Correlations between physical, psychological, and social distress were observed earlier in the year for the NTE group. Conclusion: Despite significant demographic and preamputation experience differences, few differences in outcomes emerged by etiology group in the first year after amputation. Findings suggest that the year after amputation may be a time of greater change for those with traumatic amputation compared to those with nontraumatic amputation. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Amputation, Etiology, Pain, Psychological adaptation, Social adaptation","Kratz, A. L., Williams, R. M., Turner, A. P., Raichle, K. A., Smith, D. G., Ehde, D.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0019492,0,0,
2995,Clinical features of patients with treatment-emergent suicidal behavior following initiation of paroxetine therapy,"Background: Understanding suicidal behavior is an important component of assessing suicidality in psychiatric patients. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) conducted a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to compare suicidality in adult patients treated with paroxetine vs. placebo. The goal was to identify emergent clinical characteristics of patients with definitive suicidal behavior (DSB: preparatory act, suicide attempt, completed suicide). Methods: The dataset comprised 14,911 patients from 57 placebo-controlled paroxetine trials. Possible cases of suicidality were identified and were blindly reviewed by an expert panel, which categorized cases as suicidal or non-suicidal. DSB incidences were compared between paroxetine and placebo. Clinical narratives and case report forms for major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder patients with DSB were reviewed. For MDD, rating scale items relating to suicidality, insomnia, agitation, and anxiety were examined. Results: Overall (all indications) there were no differences between paroxetine and placebo for DSB (50/8958 [0.56%] vs. 40/5953 [0.67%], respectively; OR = 1.2 [CI 0.8, 1.9]; p = 0.483). However, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), the incidence of DSB was greater for paroxetine (11/3455 [0.32%] vs. 1/1978 [0.05%], OR = 6.7 [CI 1.1, 149.4]; p = 0.058). Review of the 11 paroxetine MDD cases revealed common clinical features: symptomatic improvement; younger age (18-30 years); psychosocial stressors; overdose as method; and absent/mild suicidal ideation at the visit prior to the event. There was no evidence for a consistent adverse event profile or onset of akathisia/agitation or a manic/mixed state. Anxiety disorder patients with DSB had a heterogeneous clinical picture. Limitations: Limitations to the study include the relatively small number of cases and the retrospective nature of the study. Conclusions: DSB incidence was similar between paroxetine and placebo overall, but a higher frequency of DSB was found for paroxetine in MDD patients, driven by young adults aged (less-than or equal to) 30 years. Most MDD patients with DSB improved prior to the attempt and experienced a psychosocial stressor. Patients should receive careful monitoring for suicidality during paroxetine therapy. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","paroxetine, placebo, abrasion, agitation, akathisia, alcohol intolerance, anxiety, anxiety disorder, article, backache, chill, clinical trial, common cold, depression, diarrhea, disease severity, dizziness, drug efficacy, drug fever, drug induced headache, drug overdose, ear infection, epigastric pain, epistaxis, fatigue, Hamilton scale, hand injury, hopelessness, human, indigestion, insomnia, major depression, mania, mental stress, mixed mania and depression, mydriasis, obsessive compulsive disorder, pain, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, retrospective study, shoulder dislocation, side effect, sinus congestion, sleep, social phobia, suicidal behavior, suicide, suicide attempt, tongue disease, treatment outcome","Kraus, J. E., Horrigan, J. P., Carpenter, D. J., Fong, R., Barrett, P. S., Davies, J. T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
2996,Role of distinct PTSD symptoms in intimate partner reabuse: a prospective study,"This prospective study examines the impact of four posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (hyperarousal, reexperiencing, numbing, and avoidance) on reabuse over 1 year among women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The covariates include severity of IPV, a history of childhood violence, and characteristics of the abusive relationship. Although both hyperarousal and numbing symptoms were higher at baseline among women subsequently reabused, only numbing symptoms increased the odds of reabuse after controlling for the covariates. Greater IPV severity and shorter relationship duration also increased the risk of reabuse. Results indicate that specific symptoms of PTSD, especially numbing, need to be addressed to increase the safety of women seeking services for IPV.","Adult, Battered Women/*psychology, Cluster Analysis, Female, Humans, Models, Psychological, Multivariate Analysis, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, United States","Krause, E. D., Kaltman, S., Goodman, L., Dutton, M. A.",2006.0,Aug,10.1002/jts.20136,0,0,
2997,Twin studies of posttraumatic stress disorder: Differentiating vulnerability factors from sequelae,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by one's response to an environmental event. However, genetic factors are important in determining people's response to that event, and even their likelihood of being exposed to particular traumatic events in the first place. Classical twin designs can decompose genetic and environmental sources of variance. Such studies are reviewed extensively elsewhere, and we cover them only briefly in this review. Instead, we focus primarily on the identical co-twin control design. This design makes it possible to resolve the ""chicken-egg"" dilemma inherent in standard case-control designs, namely, distinguishing risk from sequelae. Abnormalities that are present in both the twin with PTSD and the unaffected co-twin suggest pre-existing vulnerability indicators. These include smaller hippocampal volume, large cavum septum pellucidum, more neurological soft signs, lower general intellectual ability, and poorer performance in the specific cognitive abilities of executive function, attention, declarative memory, and processing of contextual cues. In contrast, abnormalities in a twin with PTSD that are not present in the identical co-twin suggest consequences of PTSD or trauma exposure. These include psychophysiological responding, higher resting anterior cingulate metabolism, event-related potential abnormalities associated with attentional processes, recall intrusions, and possibly some types of chronic pain. Most co-twin control studies of PTSD have been small and come from the same twin registry of middle-aged male veterans. Consequently, there is a great need for replication and extension of the findings, particularly in women and younger individuals. The creation of new twin registries would do much toward accomplishing this goal. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Heritability, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders), *Twins, *Behavioral Genetics, Risk Factors","Kremen, William S., Koenen, Karestan C., Afari, Niloofar, Lyons, Michael J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
2998,Longitudinal modeling of population heterogeneity: Methodological challenges to the analysis of empirically derived criminal trajectory profiles,,,"Kreuter, F., Muthén, B.",2007.0,,,0,0,
2999,Consistency of retrospective reporting about exposure to traumatic events,,,"Krinsley, K. E., Gallagher, J. G., Weathers, F. W., Kutter, C. J., Kaloupek, D. G.",2003.0,,10.1023/A:1024474204233,0,0,
3000,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the cover) Approximately 60-80 percent of individuals who survive a traumatic experience will develop post-traumatic stress disorder, impacting an estimated 15 million people in the United States. How does PTSD manifest itself? More critically, how can its effects be mitigated or overcome? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a comprehensive and thoughtful examination of the nature, causes, and treatment of PTSD. Drawing on the vast experience of its team of authors, the book details the nature and history of PTSD, from the internal and external factors that cause this insidious disorder to the ways it manifests psychologically and socially. The work discusses cutting-edge research related to treatment, intervention, and prevention, and examines the spiritual and psychological strengths that can emerge when one progresses beyond the label of ""disorder"" and becomes a survivor. The book begins with a historical review of the topic. Subsequent chapters offer in-depth exploration of the significant foundations, function, impacts, and treatments associated with PTSD. Each chapter incorporates case studies to bring the information to life and ensure an appreciation of the myriad social, psychological, and biological experiences surrounding PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Etiology, Neurosciences, Treatment","Krippner, Stanley, Pitchford, Daniel B., Davies, Jeannine",2012.0,,,0,0,42
3001,Less severe sexual child abuse and its sequelae: Are there different psychic and psychosomatic symptoms in relation to various forms of sexual interaction?,"A typology of less severe sexual encounters was used to analyze short and long term sequelae of sexual abuse via intimate skin contact. Well known theoretical approaches on the harmful effects of sexual abuse were tested. Do we find different peri- and posttraumatic reactions dependent upon varied forms of sexual interactions with children? A cluster analysis was calculated with symptom variables that were described in 141 child statements taken out of written expert opinions. Afterwards variance analyses of these symptom clusters were conducted in reference to six different abuse constellations. Different symptom profiles were found for these six abuse constellations. Panic symptoms, shame related feelings, avoidant behavior and physical reactions showed significant results. The sequelae to different forms of less severe sexual child abuse differ and depend more upon the situational dynamic than upon the kind of relationship between adult and child. (copyright) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2005.","anxiety disorder, article, child, child sexual abuse, classification, expert witness, female, human, interpersonal communication, legal aspect, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychosomatic disorder, recurrent disease, sexual behavior, shame, social environment","Krischer, M. K., Sevecke, K., Lehmkuhl, G., Steinmeyer, E. M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3002,Risperidone ameliorates post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms in modified stress re-stress model,"The management for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves chronic administration of drugs. We have modified the stress re-stress (SRS) model to study the effect of chronic administration of risperidone (RIS) after induction of PTSD in rats. On day-1 (D-1) rats underwent training session for elevated-plus maze (EPM) test. On D-2, rats were subjected to stress protocol of 2 h restraint and 20 min forced-swim test (FST) followed by halothane anesthesia. The rats were exposed to re-stress (FST) on D-8 and at six day intervals on D-14, D-20, D-26 and D-32. The rats were treated with RIS (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg; p.o.) and standard drug, paroxetine (PAX; 10.0 mg/kg; p.o.) from D-8 to D-32. RIS (0.1 mg/kg) and PAX ameliorated SRS-induced immobility. RIS in median dose reversed SRS-induced hypo-corticosteronemia both in urine and plasma. RIS in median dose improved SRS-induced behavioral perturbations such as memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior in EPM and Y-maze tests. RIS (0.1 mg/kg) reversed SRS-induced increase in amygdalar serotonin level. RIS (0.1 mg/kg) increased the expression of hippocampal MR thereby reversing the SRS-induced decrease in MR/GR ratio. Pearson's analysis of data on D-32 showed that there was significant correlation of plasma corticosterone, amygdalar serotonin and hippocampal ratio of mineralocorticoid (MR)/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with SRS-induced behavioral abnormalities. Hence, median dose of RIS shows anti-PTSD-like effect in the modified SRS model. PAX had earlier onset of action in ameliorating behavioral effects of PTSD compared to RIS. However, RIS showed anti-PTSD like effect in sub-therapeutic dose. The mode of anti- PTSD action of RIS seems to involve the HPA-axis and serotonergic system, whereas PAX did not show any significant action on these pathways. The effect of repeated treatment of drugs for PTSD can be evaluated using the modified SRS model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Corticosterone, *Neural Receptors, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risperidone, Memory, Rats, Stress","Krishnamurthy, Sairam, Garabadu, Debapriya, Joy, Keerikkattil P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3003,Psychosocial implications during adolescence for infant heart transplant recipients,"Background & Objectives: As more heart transplant recipients survive into late adolescence, research addressing long-term psychosocial and neurodevelopmental outcomes is imperative. The limited literature available suggests risk for psychosocial difficulties and lower cognitive, academic, and neuropsychological functioning. This paper reviews topic-related literature and provides preliminary data examining psychosocial and neuropsychological functioning of adolescents who received their heart transplant during infancy. Method: This paper offers a literature review AND presents preliminary data from studies conducted through Loma Linda University Children's Hospital (LLUCH). Study one examined psychosocial functioning and quality of life of adolescent infant heart transplant recipients. In study two, cognitive, academic, and neuropsychological data were analyzed. Results: Study 1: Overall psychosocial functioning fell in the Average range, however, a significant percentage of participants presented with difficulties on one or more of the psychosocial domains. Quality of life was also within normal limits, though concerns with general health and bodily discomfort were noted. Study 2: Cognitive functioning was assessed to be Below Average, with 43-62% of the participants demonstrating significant impairments. Neuropsychological functioning yielded significant weakness on language functioning, and mild weakness on visual-motor integration and executive functioning. Conclusion: While the majority of the participants demonstrate psychosocial resiliency, a subgroup present with difficulties suggesting the need for intervention. Cognitive/neuropsychological functioning suggests poorer functioning with patterns similar to other high-risk pediatric populations. These results are preliminary and further research on long-term psychosocial and neuropsychological development of pediatric heart transplant recipients is needed to better understand and ameliorate developmental trajectories. © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers.","Cognition, Neuropsychology, Pediatric heart transplant, Psychosocial, Quality of life, Self-esteem, Social skills","Krishnamurthy, V., Randall, C. F., Chinnock, R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3004,Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A Review,"This paper reviews the literature on the psychological consequences of sudden and violent losses, including disaster and military losses. It also reviews risk and resilience factors for grief and mental health and describes the effects and possible benefit of psychosocial interventions. The review shows gaps in the literature on grief and bereavement after sudden and violent deaths. Still, some preliminary conclusions can be made. Several studies show that a sudden and violent loss of a loved one can adversely affect mental health and grief in a substantial number of the bereaved. The prevalence of mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and prolonged grief disorder (PGD, also termed complicated grief) varies widely, however, from study to study. Also, mental health disorders are more elevated after sudden and violent losses than losses following natural deaths, and the trajectory of recovery seems to be slower. Several factors related to the circumstances of the loss may put the bereaved at heightened risk for mental distress. These factors may be differentially related to different outcomes; some increase the risk for PTSD, others for PGD. Given the special circumstances, bereavement following sudden and violent death may require different interventions than for loss from natural death. Recommendations for future research and clinical implications are discussed. © 2012 Guilford Publications, Inc.",,"Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., Heir, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3005,The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure,,,"Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W.",2001.0,,10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x,0,0,
3006,Association between flashbacks and structural brain abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder,"OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reliably associated with reduced brain volume relative to healthy controls, in areas similar to those found in depression. We investigated whether in a PTSD sample brain volumes in these areas were related to reporting specific symptoms of PTSD or to overall symptom severity. METHOD: Structural MRI scans were obtained from 28 participants diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR. Participants reported the extent of individual PTSD symptoms using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Voxel-based morphometry applying the Dartel algorithm implemented within SPM5 was used to identify volumetric changes, related to PTSD total, symptom cluster, and individual symptom scores. RESULTS: Brain volume was unrelated to overall PTSD severity, but greater reexperiencing scores predicted reduced volumes in the middle temporal and inferior occipital cortices. Increased reports of flashbacks predicted reduced volume in the insula/parietal operculum and in the inferior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION: The data illustrate the value of analyses at the symptom level within a patient population to supplement group comparisons of patients and healthy controls. Areas identified were consistent with a neurobiological account of flashbacks implicating specific abnormalities in the ventral visual stream.","Adult, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods, Male, Middle Aged, Occipital Lobe/*pathology, Organ Size, Parietal Lobe/*pathology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/pathology/psychology, Temporal Lobe/*pathology, Time Factors","Kroes, M. C., Whalley, M. G., Rugg, M. D., Brewin, C. R.",2011.0,Nov,10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.03.002,0,0,
3007,Association between flashbacks and structural brain abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reliably associated with reduced brain volume relative to healthy controls, in areas similar to those found in depression. We investigated whether in a PTSD sample brain volumes in these areas were related to reporting specific symptoms of PTSD or to overall symptom severity. Method: Structural MRI scans were obtained from 28 participants diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR. Participants reported the extent of individual PTSD symptoms using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Voxel-based morphometry applying the Dartel algorithm implemented within SPM5 was used to identify volumetric changes, related to PTSD total, symptom cluster, and individual symptom scores. Results: Brain volume was unrelated to overall PTSD severity, but greater reexperiencing scores predicted reduced volumes in the middle temporal and inferior occipital cortices. Increased reports of flashbacks predicted reduced volume in the insula/parietal operculum and in the inferior temporal gyrus. Conclusion: The data illustrate the value of analyses at the symptom level within a patient population to supplement group comparisons of patients and healthy controls. Areas identified were consistent with a neurobiological account of flashbacks implicating specific abnormalities in the ventral visual stream. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Flashbacks, MRI, Neurocircuitry, PTSD, Trauma, VBM","Kroes, M. C. W., Whalley, M. G., Rugg, M. D., Brewin, C. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,3006
3008,Dream Dome: Do dreams shield the psyche in times of continuous stress?,"Results of analysis of 531 dreams, collected from 44 women living near the Gaza Strip in Israel under continuous rocket attacks, are presented. The most frequent themes found are 'Togetherness,' 'Being active,' 'Stress-related situation,' 'Fear and anxiety,' 'Helplessness,' and 'Masochism.' The participants were divided into 3 age groups-Young, Intermediate, and Old-and differences between the occurrence of dream themes in each group were examined. Results indicated high incidence of 'Togetherness' and 'Stress-related situation' themes in the young age group, whereas 'Symbolic' and 'No escape' themes were found to be significantly low in the same age group. On an unconscious level, the young age group seems to be the most vulnerable to the stress-related situation, the old age group is the least influenced by it, and the intermediate group makes the most psychological efforts at coping with it. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Coping mechanisms, Dreams, Stress-related situations, Trauma, Traumatic dreams","Kron, T., Hareven, O., Goldzweig, G.",2015.0,,10.1037/a0039146,0,0,
3009,Children of Katrina: Lessons learned about postdisaster symptoms and recovery patterns,"Trauma symptoms, recovery patterns, and life stressors of children between the ages of 9 and 18 (n = 387) following Hurricane Katrina were assessed using an adapted version of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Hurricane Assessment and Referral Tool for Children and Adolescents (National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2005). Based on assessments 2 and 3 years after the hurricane, most children showed a decrease in posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms over time. Students were also classified into outcome trajectories of stress resistant, normal response and recovery, delayed breakdown, and breakdown without recovery (A. S. Masten & J. Obradovic, 2008). Age, gender, and life stressors were related to these recovery patterns. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of building and maintaining supportive relationships following disasters. (copyright) 2010, Copyright the Author(s). Journal Compilation (copyright) 2010, Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.","adolescent, age, article, child, depression, disaster, female, human, hurricane, longitudinal study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, sex difference, statistics, student, time, United States","Kronenberg, M. E., Hansel, T. C., Brennan, A. M., Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., Lawrason, B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3010,Post-traumatic stress disorder and medication adherence: Results from the Mind Your Heart Study,"Background: Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk for adverse outcomes from comorbid medical conditions. Medication non-adherence is a potential mechanism explaining this increased risk. Methods: We examined the association between PTSD and medication adherence in a cross-sectional study of 724 patients recruited from two Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers between 2008 and 2010. PTSD was assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Medication adherence was assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for medication non-adherence in patients with versus without PTSD, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 252 patients (35%) had PTSD. Twelve percent of patients with PTSD reported not taking their medications as prescribed compared to 9% of patients without PTSD (unadjusted OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.37-2.50, P < 0.001). Forty-one percent of patients with PTSD compared to 29% of patients without PTSD reported forgetting medications (unadjusted OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.44-2.52, P < 0.001). Patients with PTSD were also more likely to report skipping medications (24% versus 13%; unadjusted OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.44-2.82, P < 0.001). The association between PTSD and non-adherence remained significant after adjusting for demographics, depression, alcohol use, social support, and medical comorbidities (adjusted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.10, P = 0.04 for not taking medications as prescribed and 1.95, 95% CI 1.31-2.91, P = 0.001 for skipping medications). Conclusions: PTSD was associated with medication non-adherence independent of psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Medication non-adherence may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality observed in patients with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Drug Therapy, Morbidity","Kronish, Ian M., Edmondson, Donald, Li, Yongmei, Cohen, Beth E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3011,"Environmental hyperthermic infant and early childhood death: Circumstances, pathologic changes, and manner of death","Infant and early childhood death caused by environmental hyperthermia (fatal heat stroke) is a rare event, typically occurring in vehicles or beds. The aims of this study were to describe the demographics, circumstances, pathology, and manner of death in infants and young children who died of environmental hyperthermia and to compare these cases with those reported in the literature. Scene investigation, autopsy reports, and the microscopic slides of cases from three jurisdictions were reviewed. The subjects in 10 identified cases ranged in age from 53 days to 9 years. Eight were discovered in vehicles and 2 in beds. When the authors' cases were grouped with reported cases, the profile of those in vehicles differed from those in beds. The former were older, were exposed to rapidly reached higher temperatures, and often had more severe skin damage. The latter were mostly infants and were exposed to lower environmental temperatures. Hepatocellular necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation were reported in victims who survived at least 6 hours after the hyperthermic exposure. The consistent postmortem finding among nearly all victims was intrathoracic petechiae, suggesting terminal gasping in an attempt at autoresuscitation before death. The manner of death was either accident or homicide. Recommendations for the scene investigation are made.","Burns, Child neglect, Heat stroke, Hyperthermia, Manner of death, Pathology, Petechiae, Sudden infant death","Krous, H. F., Nadeau, J. M., Fukumoto, R. I., Blackbourne, B. D., Byard, R. W.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3012,Prevention and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents,"(create) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has a significant negative impact on the biological, psychological, and social development of those youth who develop the disorder following exposure to a traumatic event (Pynoos, 1994). Given the frequency with which young people today experience traumatic events, the authors feel that it is important that we develop a model for primary prevention and health promotion in those youth who have experienced trauma. In this chapter the authors look at individual, family and social risk factors and protective factors related to PTSD; evidence-based treatment interventions; psychopharmacology for PTSD; and prevention of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Evidence Based Practice, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prevention, *Protective Factors, *Treatment, Drug Therapy, Health Promotion, Risk Factors, Trauma","Kruczek, Theresa, Salsman, Jill R., Vitanza, Stephanie",2005.0,,,0,0,
3013,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children,"(create) Traumatic reactions in children can be moderated not only by the type of trauma experienced, but by a host of biopsychosocial factors. Current biological models of trauma are broadly based on a diathesis-stress perspective and more narrowly on stress reaction theory or the ""fight or flight"" response (Selye, 1952). Selye noted that both humans and animals display a characteristic behavioral and physiological response to threats in the environment. He based his general adaptation syndrome (described in more detail in the ""Biological/Genetic Factors"" section of this chapter) on this response pattern. In addition, the diathesis-stress perspective suggests certain children are predisposed (either via temperament factors or genetic predisposition) to develop a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following exposure to traumatic life events. However, the specific reaction of a given child will likely be moderated by the social context within which the trauma occurs (including cultural and familial factors) as well as a host of personal factors such as cognitive ability, cognitive appraisal, and dissociation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Childhood Development, Emotional Trauma, Stress Reactions","Kruczek, Theresa, Vitanza, Stephanie, Salsman, Jill",2008.0,,,0,0,
3014,Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk: A systematic review,"There is a gap in the literature regarding suicide risk among traumatized individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and this article aims to systematically review literature on the relationship between PTSD and suicidal behavior and ideation. A meta-analysis of 50 articles that examined the association between PTSD and past and current suicidal ideation and behavior was conducted. There was no evidence for an increased risk of completed suicide in individuals with PTSD. PTSD was associated with an increased incidence of prior attempted suicide and prior and current suicidal ideation. Controlling for other psychiatric disorders (including depression) weakened, but did not eliminate, this association. The evidence indicates that there is an association between PTSD and suicidality with several factors, such as concurrent depression and the pre-trauma psychiatric condition, possibly mediating this relationship. There are significant clinical implications of the reported relationship for suicide risk assessment and therapy, and further studies might help to understand the mediating pathways between PTSD and increased suicide risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicidal Ideation, *Risk Assessment, Mental Disorders","Krysinska, Karolina, Lester, David",2010.0,,,0,0,
3015,Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychobiological mechanisms of traumatic remembrance,"(from the chapter) synthesize the findings from preclinical investigations of learning and memory processes and the neurochemical effects of stress with clinical studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to develop a set of hypotheses related to the role of traumatic remembrance in the pathogenesis and treatment of PTSD / discuss the possible mechanisms underlying memory distortion that occurs in PTSD patients / adopted a cognitive neuroscience perspective that assumed that the features of traumatic memories and dissociative states in PTSD are properties of the underlying neural and psychodynamic networks mediating these functions neural mechanisms of learning and memory: relevance to the reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD [fear conditioning, a possible failure of extinction in PTSD, behavioral sensitization and stress sensitivity in PTSD] / altered memory functions in PTSD [dissociation, declarative memory, encoding of traumatic memories, factors related to traumatic memory recall] / assessment and treatment of PTSD-related memory disturbances (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychobiology, Memory","Krystal, John H., Southwick, Steven M., Charney, Dennis S.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3016,A cognitive model of guilt typology in combat-related PTSD,"Dysfunctional guilt is a prominent feature of combat-related, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present article describes a model of combat-related guilt that distinguishes guilt types on the basis of specific false assumptions and errors of logic that are frequently associated with different kinds of traumatic circumstances. Two common types of combat-related guilt based on this conceptualization are described and cognitive relabeling treatment strategies which have a 'type' specific focus are outlined. The needs for research on guilt assessment among trauma survivors and for interventions that focus explicitly on guilt management are discussed.","cognitive restructuring, cognitive therapy, combat veteran, guilt, PTSD, Vietnam","Kubany, E. S.",1994.0,,,0,0,
3017,Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The traumatic life events questionnaire,,,"Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Leisen, M. B., Owens, J. A., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Burns, K.",2000.0,,10.1037//1040-3590.12.2.210,0,0,
3018,Validation of a brief measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Distressing Event Questionnaire (DEQ),"The Distressing Event Questionnaire (DEQ) is a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to criteria provided in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). The DEQ possesses high internal consistency and exhibited satisfactory short-term temporal stability in studies with Vietnam War combat veterans and battered women. In a sample of Vietnam War veterans and 4 separate samples of abused women (with histories of incest, rape, intimate partner abuse, or prostitution and abuse), the DEQ exhibited very good discriminative validity when judged against structured interview assessment of PTSD. The DEQ exhibited strong convergent validity with other PTSD measures and other indexes of adjustment and also exhibited strong convergent validity as a measure of PTSD across ethnic groups in both the veteran sample and the combined women's sample.",,"Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Kelly, M. P.",2000.0,,10.1037//1040-3590.12.2.197,0,0,
3019,The weight of traumatic stress: A prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and weight status in women,"Importance: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicates a chronic stress reaction in response to trauma. This prevalent condition has been identified as a possible risk factor for obesity. Whether PTSD symptoms alter the trajectory of weight gain or constitute a comorbid condition has not been established. Objective: To determine whether women who develop PTSD symptoms are subsequently more likely to gain weight and become obese relative to trauma-exposed women who do not develop PTSD symptoms or women with no trauma exposure or PTSD symptoms and whether the effects are independent of depression. Design, setting, and participants: The Nurses' Health Study II, a prospective observational study initiated in 1989 with follow-up to 2005, using a PTSD screener to measure PTSD symptoms and time of onset. We included the subsample of the Nurses' Health Study II (54 224 participants; ages 24-44 years in 1989) in whom trauma and PTSD symptoms were measured. EXPOSURES Trauma and PTSD symptoms. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Development of overweight and obesity using body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) cut points 25.0 and 30.0, respectively; change in BMI during follow-up among women reporting PTSD symptom onset before 1989; and BMI trajectory before and after PTSD symptom onset among women who developed PTSD symptoms in 1989 or during follow-up. Results: Among women with at least 4 PTSD symptoms before 1989 (cohort initiation), BMI increased more steeply (b = 0.09 [SE = 0.01]; P < .001) during the follow-up. Among women who developed PTSD symptoms in 1989 or later, BMI trajectory did not differ by PTSD status before PTSD onset. After PTSD symptom onset, women with at least 4 symptoms had a faster rise in BMI (b = 0.08 [SE = 0.02]; P < .001). The onset of at least 4 PTSD symptoms in 1989 or later was also associated with an increased risk of becoming overweight or obese (odds ratio, 1.36 [95%CI, 1.19-1.56]) among women with a normal BMI in 1989. Effects were maintained after adjusting for depression. Conclusions and relevance: Experience of PTSD symptoms is associated with an increased risk of becoming overweight or obese, and PTSD symptom onset alters BMI trajectories over time. The presence of PTSD symptoms should raise clinician concerns about physical health problems that may develop and prompt closer attention to weight status. © 2014 American Medical Association.",,"Kubzansky, L. D., Bordelois, P., Jun, H. J., Roberts, A. L., Cerda, M., Bluestone, N., Koenen, K. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3020,Posttraumatic stress disorder and motor vehicle accidents: A multidisciplinary overview,"Objective: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) may result in intractable disability. This paper investigates posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a potential cause. Method: The literature was reviewed for recent studies on prevalence, symptom profile, and outcome of PTSD. Results: PTSD is prevalent in roughly 10% of survivors of MVAs during the first year. Comorbid depression and pain are common. Medical complications, psychophysiological reactivity, and possibly litigation may slow remission. Phobic symptoms can persist for years. Mood disturbance may augment the impact of pain on daily living and on self-perceived disability. Conclusion: Recently developed screening instruments, structured interviews, and behavioural approach tests yield quantitative and reliable assessments of symptom severity. Cognitive-behavioural intervention and antidepressants may improve coping, ease fear, and reduce the impact of pain.","coping behavior, depression, human, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, survival, traffic accident","Kuch, K., Cox, B. J., Evans, R. J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3021,Paroxetine in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder: our experiences,"Posttraumatic stress disorder can develop after individual's exposure or witnessing of life threatening events. It is characterized by three clusters of symptoms. The course of PTSD is often chronic and impedes individual's functioning. Studies of PTSD treatment with paroxetine provide evidence for its efficacy in reducing symptoms and its favorable profile of side-effects. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of PTSD. The sample consisted of 30 subjects with chronic PTSD. All subjects received treatment with paroxetine in therapeutic dose range for six months. Subjects were assessed prior to therapy and following six months of treatment with paroxetine with the use of following instruments: SCL 90-R, Mississippi Questionnaire, and CGI. The results indicate statistically significant reduction on all subscales of SCL 90-R following six months of treatment, P<0,05. The difference between two assessments with Mississippi Questionnaire was statistically significant, P< 0,05. PTSD rate in our sample was reduced from 100% before treatment to 64% after treatment. Paroxetine was administered in daily dose of 20 mg in 88% of the subjects, and 40 mg in the remaining 12%. Unwanted effects were registered in 16,7% of the subjects and they were mild. Objective improvement was registered in 84% of the sample, and subjective improvement was registered in 80%. Reduction of relapse symptoms was registered in 24% of the subjects. Paroxetine proved to be efficient and safe in treatment of symptoms of PTSD in this study.","antidepressant agent, paroxetine, adult, article, clinical trial, depression, dose response, health survey, human, outcome assessment, paranoid psychosis, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, treatment outcome","Kucukalic, A., Bravo-Mehmedbasic, A., Dzubur-Kulenovic, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3022,Paroxetine in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder: our experiences,"Posttraumatic stress disorder can develop after individual's exposure or witnessing of life threatening events. It is characterized by three clusters of symptoms. The course of PTSD is often chronic and impedes individual's functioning. Studies of PTSD treatment with paroxetine provide evidence for its efficacy in reducing symptoms and its favorable profile of side-effects. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of PTSD. The sample consisted of 30 subjects with chronic PTSD. All subjects received treatment with paroxetine in therapeutic dose range for six months. Subjects were assessed prior to therapy and following six months of treatment with paroxetine with the use of following instruments: SCL 90-R, Mississippi Questionnaire, and CGI. The results indicate statistically significant reduction on all subscales of SCL 90-R following six months of treatment, P<0,05. The difference between two assessments with Mississippi Questionnaire was statistically significant, P< 0,05. PTSD rate in our sample was reduced from 100% before treatment to 64% after treatment. Paroxetine was administered in daily dose of 20 mg in 88% of the subjects, and 40 mg in the remaining 12%. Unwanted effects were registered in 16,7% of the subjects and they were mild. Objective improvement was registered in 84% of the sample, and subjective improvement was registered in 80%. Reduction of relapse symptoms was registered in 24% of the subjects. Paroxetine proved to be efficient and safe in treatment of symptoms of PTSD in this study.","antidepressant agent, paroxetine, adult, article, clinical trial, depression, dose response, health survey, human, outcome assessment, paranoid psychosis, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, treatment outcome","Kucukalić, A., Bravo-Mehmedbasić, A., Dzubur-Kulenović, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,3021
3023,Paroxetine in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder: Our experiences,"Posttraumatic stress disorder can develop after individual's exposure or witnessing of life threatening events. It is characterized by three clusters of symptoms. The course of PTSD is often chronic and impedes individual's functioning. Studies of PTSD treatment with paroxetine provide evidence for its effi cacy in reducing symptoms and its favorable profi le of side-effects. The objective of this work was to determine the effi cacy of paroxetine in the treatment of PTSD. The sample consisted of 30 subjects with chronic PTSD. All subjects received treatment with paroxetine in therapeutic dose range for six months. Subjects were assessed prior to therapy and following six months of treatment with paroxetine with the use of following instruments: SCL 90-R, Mississippi Questionnaire, and CGI. The results indicate statistically signifi cant reduction on all subscales of SCL 90-R following six months of treatment, P>o,os. The difference between two assessments with Mississippi Questionnaire was statistically signifi cant, P< 0,05. PTSD rate in our sample was reduced from 100% before treatment to 64% after treatment. Paroxetine was administered in daily dose of 20 mg in 88% of the subjects, and 40 mg in the remaining 12%. Unwanted effects were registered in 16,7% of the subjects and they were mild. Objective improvement was registered in 84% of the sample, and subjective improvement was registered in 80%. Reduction of relapse symptoms was registered in 24% of the subjects. Paroxetine proved to be effi cient and safe in treatment of symptoms of PTSD in this study.","Paroxetine, Pharmacotherapy, PTSD","Kučukalić, A., Bravo-Mehmedbašić, A., Džubur-Kulenović, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,3021
3024,Natural Disaster Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Risk Factors and Prevalence,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder appearing after a traumatic experience, which lasts at least one month, and is characterized by frequent involuntary remembrance of the traumatic condition, escape behaviors from the conditions associated with the traumatic event and anxiety symptoms. In this article the objective is to review the risk factors for this disorder and the prevalence of PTSD, with implications for psychiatric services after a natural disaster. Female gender, presence of psychiatric disorder in the family and past psychiatric history, personal hopelessness, absence of social support, past-disaster moving, loss of business and property, low socioeconomic level, history of trauma in childhood, and the severity, duration and frequency of the natural disaster(s) have all been informed as risk factors for PTSD appearing after natural disasters. Lifetime prevalence of PTSD is between 1-14%, risk related to the conditions in the posttraumatic period is 9.2%, and prevalence in people at risk is 3-58%. PTSD prevalence rates for various disasters are discussed, including the 1990 Buffalo Creek torrent disaster, the Andrews cyclone in 1992, and the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. When the literature concerning the issue was reviewed it was seen that risk factors for PTSD after natural disasters were identified relatively better but different results were obtained about the prevalences. These different results for prevalences might be related to evaluation methods and sampling groups in surveys. PTSD prevalence and related risk factors are necessary for professional intervention and services after natural disasters. Improvement in social and physical supporting systems might decrease long term negative results of trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Kugu, Nesim, Akyuz, Gamze",2002.0,,,0,0,
3025,Prophylaxis and therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder with propranolol. Evidence and ethical analysis,"The beta-antagonistic agent propranolol is increasingly being used in clinical trials for the prophylaxis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article discusses the evidence for the effectiveness of propranolol in the prophylaxis and treatment of PTSD and the ethical implications of research on these treatment approaches. The efficacy of a prophylactic or therapeutic use could not be shown during the last decade. Both treatment approaches raise ethical questions that should already be addressed during the clinical trials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Ethics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Propranolol, Prevention","Kuhlmeyer, K., Jox, R. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3026,Measuring coping in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Further validating the northhampton PTSD coping inventory,"The Northampton PTSD Coping Inventory (NPCI) is a 35-item measure designed to assess the coping skills taught at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center Specialized Inpatient PTSD Unit (SIPU) (Hunt, 2001; Pearlstein & Hunt, 1999). This study further sought to establish the NPCI's validity to assess treatment efficacy. Participants included 96 Vietnam veterans diagnosed with combat related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Sixteen veterans were in the process of a 2-day preadmission evaluation, and thus served as a wait-list comparison group. The remaining 80 participants were engaged in three different levels of treatment at the SIPU: first 6-week admission; second 6-week admission; and 2-week/stabilization. The NPCI had an alpha reliability of .85 and a split-half reliability of .82. Criterion-referenced-validation was reinforced by a significant correlation (r (94) = .514, p < .01) with the COPE (Carver, Sheier, & Weintraub, 1989). ANOVAs revealed the NPCI [F (3,91) = 4.14, p = .008] and the COPE were significant [F (3,91) = 2.85, p = .0421. Neither the Short Mississippi (Fontana & Rosenheck, 1994; Keane, Caddell, & Taylor, 1988), [F (3,92) = .25, p = .860], nor the Brief Symptom Inventory's Global Severity Index (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983) established significance, [F (3,91) = 1.26, p = .242]. The post-hoc Bonferroni test showed the NPCI was able to distinguish the most advanced treatment level from the control and first level of treatment. A multiple discriminant function analysis also revealed the NPCI was generally able to discriminate between early and later levels of treatment. Correlations were examined between the NPCI's items, the COPE factors, the Short Mississippi items, and the BSI Global Severity Index. A significant inverse relation between the NPCI and these symptom measures was indicated [respectively, r (95) -.346, p = .001 and r (95) = -.371, p = .000]. Consistent with the SIPU program, the NPCI showed a significant correlation between the 2nd Six Week Admission and Action using the Stage of Change measure (McConnaughy, DiClemente, Prochaska, & Velicer, 1989). The overall pattern describes the NPCI as a valid measure of positive coping skills reflecting the SIPUs design better than the symptom measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Inventories, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","Kuhn, Claire Dayton",2003.0,,,0,0,
3027,"Heart rate of motor vehicle accident survivors in the emergency department, peritraumatic psychological reactions, ASD, and PTSD severity: A 6-month prospective study",,,"Kuhn, E., Blanchard, E. B., Fuse, T., Hickling, E. J., Broderick, J.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20150,0,0,
3028,Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosocial functioning within two samples of MVA survivors,"To examine criterion F variables of PTSD, the psychosocial functioning of two samples of motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors was investigated. Within each sample, comparisons between MVA survivors with and without PTSD were conducted on four psychosocial functioning indices at three time points. In addition, the relationships between specific PTSD symptom clusters and psychosocial functioning indices were examined. The study revealed that, in general, MVA survivors with PTSD evidenced poorer psychosocial functioning than did survivors without PTSD. The emotional numbing symptoms of PTSD emerged as the most consistent predictors of the psychosocial functioning indices. The implications of these findings to the comprehensive treatment of PTSD are discussed. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Motor vehicle accidents, Psychosocial functioning, PTSD, Relationship functioning, Role impairment, Trauma","Kuhn, E., Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3029,"Preliminary evaluation of PTSD Coach, a smartphone app for post-traumatic stress symptoms","PTSD Coach is a mobile application (app) designed to help individuals who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms better understand and self-manage their symptoms. It has wide-scale use (over 130,000 downloads in 78 countries) and very favorable reviews but has yet to be evaluated. Therefore, this study examines user satisfaction, perceived helpfulness, and usage patterns of PTSD Coach in a sample of 45 veterans receiving PTSD treatment. After using PTSD Coach for several days, participants completed a survey of satisfaction and perceived helpfulness and focus groups exploring app use and benefit from use. Data indicate that participants were very satisfied with PTSD Coach and perceived it as being moderately to very helpful with their PTSD symptoms. Analysis of focus group data resulted in several categories of app use: to manage acute distress and PTSD symptoms, at scheduled times, and to help with sleep. These findings offer preliminary support for the acceptability and perceived helpfulness of PTSD Coach and suggest that it has potential to be an effective self-management tool for PTSD. Although promising, future research is required to validate this, given study limitations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Telemedicine, *Mobile Devices, Coaches, Computer Applications, Symptoms","Kuhn, Eric, Greene, Carolyn, Hoffman, Julia, Nguyen, Tam, Wald, Laura, Schmidt, Janet, Ramsey, Kelly M., Ruzek, Josef",2014.0,,,0,0,
3030,Gray matter correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative meta-analysis,"Background: Since the inception of the diagnosis posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attempts have been undertaken to understand why only a subpopulation of individuals exposed to trauma develops PTSD. Cerebral gray matter reductions have been suggested to be a crucial pathobiological marker of PTSD. However, a quantitative meta-analysis of whole-brain voxel-based morphometry studies is lacking. Methods: Here, we investigated concurrence across voxel-based morphometry studies in PTSD compared with trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD (all together nine studies with 319 subjects) by means of activation likelihood estimation. Results: We identified brain regions of consistent gray matter reduction in anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, left temporal pole/middle temporal gyrus, and left hippocampus in PTSD patients compared with individuals exposed to trauma without PTSD. Conclusions: This is the first quantitative whole-brain meta-analysis showing brain structure deficits in traumatized subjects with PTSD compared with trauma-exposed healthy control subjects. The gray matter deficit profile overlaps with brain networks of emotion processing, fear extinction, and emotion regulation known to be affected in PTSD. Although the data cannot clarify if this is a predisposition or a consequence of the disease, the results may facilitate the need to control for structural characteristics in future functional brain studies. (copyright) 2013 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","anterior cingulate, article, brain region, disease predisposition, emotion, emotionality, fear, gray matter, hippocampus, human, insula, lingual gyrus, meta analysis, middle temporal gyrus, orbital cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, quantitative analysis, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, voxel based morphometry","Kuhn, S., Gallinat, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3031,Gray matter correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative meta-analysis,"Background: Since the inception of the diagnosis posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attempts have been undertaken to understand why only a subpopulation of individuals exposed to trauma develops PTSD. Cerebral gray matter reductions have been suggested to be a crucial pathobiological marker of PTSD. However, a quantitative meta-analysis of whole-brain voxel-based morphometry studies is lacking. Methods: Here, we investigated concurrence across voxel-based morphometry studies in PTSD compared with trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD (all together nine studies with 319 subjects) by means of activation likelihood estimation. Results: We identified brain regions of consistent gray matter reduction in anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, left temporal pole/middle temporal gyrus, and left hippocampus in PTSD patients compared with individuals exposed to trauma without PTSD. Conclusions: This is the first quantitative whole-brain meta-analysis showing brain structure deficits in traumatized subjects with PTSD compared with trauma-exposed healthy control subjects. The gray matter deficit profile overlaps with brain networks of emotion processing, fear extinction, and emotion regulation known to be affected in PTSD. Although the data cannot clarify if this is a predisposition or a consequence of the disease, the results may facilitate the need to control for structural characteristics in future functional brain studies. © 2013 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","ALE, hippocampus, meta-analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, trauma, VBM","Kühn, S., Gallinat, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,3030
3032,PTSD symptoms as risk factors for intimate partner violence revictimization and the mediating role of victims' violent behavior,"Apart from being a consequence of intimate partner violence (IPV), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can also be a risk factor for IPV revictimization. The current study examined how each of 4 PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, arousal, avoidance, and numbing) related to revictimization in a sample of 156 female help-seeking victims of IPV, recruited from various victim support services in the Netherlands. In addition, we hypothesized that victim-perpetrated IPV would mediate the relation between PTSD symptomatology and IPV revictimization. Our results show that victims' PTSD reexperiencing symptoms predict revictimization of partner violence (d = .45 for physical IPV revictimization; d = .35 for psychological IPV revictimization); the other 3 PTSD symptom clusters were not related to IPV revictimization. Furthermore, victim-perpetrated psychological IPV was found to partially mediate the relation between victims' PTSD reexperiencing symptoms and IPV revictimization (Z = 2.339, SE = 0.044, p = .019 for physical IPV revictimization, and Z = 2.197, SE = 0.038, p = .028 for psychological IPV revictimization). Findings indicate that IPV victims with higher levels of PTSD reexperiencing symptoms may be more likely to perpetrate psychological IPV themselves, which may put them at greater risk for receiving IPV in return. Based on these results, a focus on individual PTSD symptom clusters and victim behaviors seems relevant for practice and may contribute to a decrease in victims' risk for future IPV. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Kuijpers, K. F., van der Knaap, L. M., Winkel, F. W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3033,Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study,,,"Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S.",1990.0,,,0,0,
3034,Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents after single trauma,"The main subject of this review is to provide an overview of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents in the aftermath of singular traumatic events. To achieve this goal a literature search in English and German language databases and journals was carried out. 55 studies were identified providing quantitative data on posttraumatic symptoms and predictors. Predictors were categorized into pre-, peri-, and posttraumatic factors. Highly promising variables were pretraumatic morbidity, exposure severity, perceived life threat, loss of resources, peritraumatic emotional reaction, acute posttraumatic symptoms, comorbidity, critical life events after trauma and lack of social support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Adolescent Development, Childhood Development, Pediatrics","Kultalahti, Tarja Tuulikki, Rosner, Rita",2008.0,,,0,0,
3035,Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as prospective predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms,"Peritraumatic dissociation (PD) and experiential avoidance (EA) have been implicated in the etiology of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS); however, the function of these two factors in the onset and maintenance of PTSS following a potentially traumatic event is unclear. The temporal relationships between EA, PD, and the four clusters of PTSS proposed by the Simms/Watson dysphoria model (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002) were examined in a three-wave prospective investigation of 532 undergraduate women participating in an ongoing longitudinal study at the time of a campus shooting. Path analyses indicated that preshooting EA predicted greater PD, intrusions, and dysphoria symptoms approximately one month postshooting. PD was associated with increased symptomatology across all four clusters 1-month postshooting, while 1-month postshooting EA was associated with higher dysphoria and hyperarousal symptoms eight months postshooting. PD had a significant indirect effect on all four PTSS clusters eight months postshooting via 1-month postshooting symptom reports. The results suggest that both EA and PD show unique influences as risk factors for PTSS following a potentially traumatic event. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Experiential avoidance, Peritraumatic dissociation, Posttraumatic stress, Trauma","Kumpula, M. J., Orcutt, H. K., Bardeen, J. R., Varkovitzky, R. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3036,"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan Province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","Objective: To estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and assess the associated risk factors among earthquake survivors in different areas after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Study design: Cross-sectional multicluster sample surveys were employed using data collected from two counties. Methods: Surveys were conducted separately in Beichuan and Langzhong Counties in Sichuan Province, with a total of 1002 respondents. Beichuan County was damaged more severely than Langzhong County during the earthquake in May 2008. A total of 426 households were represented in the data, with a mean of 2.2 respondents per household. Data were collected using structured interviews and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of suspected PTSD was 45.5% (n = 203) in Beichuan County (heavily damaged) and 9.4% (n = 52) in Langzhong County (moderately damaged). Household income, living conditions (settlements), deaths in families and household damage were significantly related to the prevalence of suspected PTSD in heavily damaged areas. Conclusion: Interventions designed to reduce PTSD among populations affected by the May 2008 earthquake should focus on individuals with no household income, those living in shelters or temporary houses, those with damaged households, and those who experienced a death in the family. Governments should support income-generating activities and improve living conditions. Trained field personnel can assist with PTSD assessments and referrals, and existing rural healthcare services should be used to provide treatment for common psychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Survivors","Kun, P., Chen, X., Han, S., Gong, X., Chen, M., Zhang, W., Yao, L.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3037,"What are the determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder: Age, gender, ethnicity or other? Evidence from 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","Objective: To estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and assess determinants related to PTSD symptoms among adult earthquake survivors after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Study design: Cross-sectional multicluster sample surveys with data collected from four counties. Methods: Surveys were conducted separately in four counties in Sichuan Province, with a total of 2004 respondents. Beichuan County and Dujiangyan City were damaged more severely than Yaan County and Langzhong County during the earthquake. In total, 1890 households were represented, with a mean of 2.2 respondents per household. Data were collected using structured interviews, and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria were used to diagnose PTSD. Results: The prevalence rates of suspected PTSD were 47.3% (n=436) in heavily damaged areas and 10.4% (n=93) in moderately damaged areas. The prevalence rates of PTSD symptoms among elderly, middle aged and young adults were 55.8%, 50.2% and 28.6% (P=0.001), respectively, in heavily damaged areas. Older age, female gender, unmarried/divorced/widowed, ethnic minority, death of family member, no household income and damaged household were independent risk factors for PTSD symptoms in heavily damaged areas. Conclusion: Interventions designed to reduce PTSD among populations affected by the 2008 earthquake should focus on people without household incomes, those with damaged households and those who experienced the death of a family member. Effective, sustainable and culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions and mental health services are required, and attention should be directed to survivors who experienced the death of a family member, women and older adults following the devastating natural disaster. Governments should support income-generating activities and improve living conditions. Trained field personnel can assist with PTSD assessments and referrals, and existing rural healthcare services can be used to provide treatment for common psychiatric disorders. © 2013 The Royal Society for Public Health.","China, Cross-sectional study, Determinants, Earthquake, PTSD","Kun, P., Tong, X., Liu, Y., Pei, X., Luo, H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3038,"PTSD symptom clusters, feelings of revenge, and perceptions of perpetrator punishment severity in victims of interpersonal violence","Feelings of revenge have often been found to correlate with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which PTSD symptom cluster prevails in this association is, however, unknown. Furthermore, previous studies suggest that revenge may be satisfied by perceptions of perpetrator punishment severity, but did not control for concurrent symptoms of PTSD. Therefore, this study explored associations between PTSD symptom clusters, feelings of revenge, and perceived perpetrator punishment severity in a sample of victims of interpersonal violence. Results indicated that the re-experiencing/intrusion symptom cluster was the only index of PTSD which was related to victims' feelings of revenge (n=207). Revenge correlated negatively with perceptions of punishment severity in victim who knew that the perpetrator had been sentenced, but not after adjustment for PTSD symptoms (n=96).","Adult, Attitude, Crime Victims/*psychology, *Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, *Punishment, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*physiopathology, *Violence","Kunst, M. J.",2011.0,Sep-Oct,10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.08.003,0,0,
3039,Employment status and posttraumatic stress disorder following compensation seeking in victims of violence,"The current study was developed to explore the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), level of compensation for pain and suffering, and employment status in a sample of victims of violence (n = 226) who had held a full-time job at time of victimization and had filed a claim with the Dutch Victim Compensation Fund (DVCF) thereafter. Based on previous research, it was expected that PTSD would be associated with current unemployment. If a relationship between the two were to be found, the study would explore whether this should be ascribed to the presence of a sense of foreshortened future. Results confirmed this hypothesis and indicated that participants with PTSD were more prone to be currently unemployed than non-PTSDs. Additional analyses revealed that PTSD symptom severity and symptom cluster scores were also positively associated to higher unemployment rates. The observed relationships were not merely due to a high level of compensation for pain and suffering and failed to remain significant after adjusting for sense of foreshortened future. Implications for policy practice as well as strengths and limitations of the study were discussed.","Adult, *Compensation and Redress, Crime Victims/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Employment/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands/epidemiology, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*psychology, Unemployment/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Violence/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult","Kunst, M. J.",2011.0,Jan,10.1177/0886260510362894,0,0,
3040,"Peritraumatic distress, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and posttraumatic growth in victims of violence","This study explored whether peritraumatic distress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are curvilinearly related to posttraumatic growth in victims of violence several years after victimization (Time 1; n = 678) and 6 months later (Time 2, n = 205). At both time points, curve estimation revealed linear and quadratic associations between peritraumatic distress and posttraumatic growth and quadratic associations between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth. In multivariate regressions controlling for background variables, the linear peritraumatic distress and quadratic PTSD symptom terms remained significant predictors of posttraumatic growth Time 1 scores. For Time 2, the linear peritraumatic distress term remained significant, though only prior to controlling for posttraumatic growth Time 1 scores. The results suggest that peritraumatic distress enables growth after substantial time has elapsed since victimization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Victimization, *Violence, Posttraumatic Growth","Kunst, M. J. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3041,"PTSD symptom clusters, feelings of revenge, and perceptions of perpetrator punishment severity in victims of interpersonal violence","Feelings of revenge have often been found to correlate with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which PTSD symptom cluster prevails in this association is, however, unknown. Furthermore, previous studies suggest that revenge may be satisfied by perceptions of perpetrator punishment severity, but did not control for concurrent symptoms of PTSD. Therefore, this study explored associations between PTSD symptom clusters, feelings of revenge, and perceived perpetrator punishment severity in a sample of victims of interpersonal violence. Results indicated that the re-experiencing/intrusion symptom cluster was the only index of PTSD which was related to victims' feelings of revenge (n= 207). Revenge correlated negatively with perceptions of punishment severity in victim who knew that the perpetrator had been sentenced, but not after adjustment for PTSD symptoms (n= 96). © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Feelings of revenge, Perceived perpetrator punishment severity, PTSD symptom clusters, Violent victimization","Kunst, M. J. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,3038
3042,Employment status and posttraumatic stress disorder following compensation seeking in victims of violence,"The current study was developed to explore the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), level of compensation for pain and suffering, and employment status in a sample of victims of violence (n = 226) who had held a full-time job at time of victimization and had filed a claim with the Dutch Victim Compensation Fund (DVCF) thereafter. Based on previous research, it was expected that PTSD would be associated with current unemployment. If a relationship between the two were to be found, the study would explore whether this should be ascribed to the presence of a sense of foreshortened future. Results confirmed this hypothesis and indicated that participants with PTSD were more prone to be currently unemployed than non-PTSDs. Additional analyses revealed that PTSD symptom severity and symptom cluster scores were also positively associated to higher unemployment rates. The observed relationships were not merely due to a high level of compensation for pain and suffering and failed to remain significant after adjusting for sense of foreshortened future. Implications for policy practice as well as strengths and limitations of the study were discussed. © The Author(s) 2011.","mental health and violence, PTSD, violence exposure","Kunst, M. J. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,3039
3043,"Affective personality type, post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and post-traumatic growth in victims of violence","The current study explored the differential association between affective personality type, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in victims of violence (N = 113). Relying on previous research, median cut off-scores on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form were used to classify participants as high affective [i.e. high positive affectivity (PA) and high negative affectivity (NA)], self-actualizing (i.e. high PA and low NA), self-destructive (i.e. low PA and high NA) and low affective (i.e. low PA and low NA). Results indicated that the self-destructive and high affective personality styles were strongly associated with increased PTSD symptoms severity. High affective personality type was found to be the only significant predictor of PTG. Results, study limitations and directions for future research were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Victimization, *Violence, Severity (Disorders), Symptoms","Kunst, Maarten Jacob J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3044,Amygdala volume in combat-exposed veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-sectional study,"Context: Data from animal models demonstrate a link between stress exposure and hypertrophic changes in the amygdala; however, studies of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have failed to find analogous structural alterations. Objectives: To compare amygdala volumes between a sample of combat veterans with and without PTSD (analysis 1) and examine whether our observation of larger amygdala volume in individuals with PTSD could be accounted for by the presence of trauma exposure in childhood and the severity of combat exposure in adulthood (analysis 2). Design: Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging. Setting: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System Inpatient Trauma Recovery Program and Veterans Affairs New England Health Care System Outpatient PTSD program. Participants: Ninety-nine combat-exposed veterans from the Vietnam Conflict or the Persian Gulf War who had been exposed to substantial military operational stress. Main Outcome Measures: Amygdala volume adjusted for total cerebral volume, Life Events Checklist, and the Combat Exposure Scale. Results: Analysis 1 indicated that combat-exposed individuals with PTSD exhibited larger total amygdala volume compared with their non-PTSD counterparts (99 individuals, P = .047). Analysis 2 indicated that greater severity of combat exposure (87 individuals, P = .02), as well as the interaction between the presence of early life trauma and the severity of combat exposure (87 individuals, P = .008), were significantly associated with smaller total amygdala volume. The PTSD diagnosis continued to explain larger amygdala volume (87 individuals, P = .006). Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with enlarged amygdala volume, above the variance accounted for by a history of early life trauma and severity of adult trauma exposure. The discrepancy between our and prior findings may be explained by variability in these trauma indices in previous investigations. These findings support additional study of amygdala structure in human stress disorders and further delineation of the role of early and adult trauma on associated neurologic changes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amygdala, *Brain Size, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Combat Experience, Stress","Kuo, Janice R., Kaloupek, Danny G., Woodward, Steven H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3045,"A decade later, how much of Rwanda's musculoskeletal impairment is caused by the war in 1994 and by related violence?","Background: In 1994 there was a horrific genocide in Rwanda following years of tension, resulting in the murder of at least 800,000 people. Although many people were injured in addition to those killed, no attempt has been made to assess the lasting burden of physical injuries related to these events. The aim of this study was to estimate the current burden of musculoskeletal impairment (MSI) attributable to the 1994 war and related violence. Methodology/Principal Findings: A national cross-sectional survey of MSI was conducted in Rwanda. 105 clusters of 80 people were selected through probability proportionate to size sampling. Households within clusters were selected through compact segment sampling. Enumerated people answered a seven-question screening test to assess whether they might have an MSI. Those who were classed as potential cases in the screening test were examined and interviewed by a physiotherapist, using a standard protocol that recorded the site, nature, cause, and severity of the MSI. People with MSI due to trauma were asked whether this trauma occurred during the 1990-1994 war or during the episodes that preceded or followed this war. Out of 8,368 people enumerated, 6,757 were available for screening and examination (80.8%). 352 people were diagnosed with an MSI (prevalence = 5.2%, 95% CI = 4.5-5.9%). 106 cases of MSI (30.6%) were classified as resulting from trauma, based on self-report and the physiotherapist's assessment. Of these, 14 people (13.2%) reported that their trauma-related MSI occurred during the 1990-1994 war, and a further 7 (6.6%) that their trauma-related MSI occurred during the violent episodes that preceded and followed the war, giving an overall prevalence of trauma-related MSI related to the 1990-1994 war of 0.3% (95% CI = 0.2-0.4%). Conclusions/Significance: A decade on, the overall prevalence of MSI was relatively high in Rwanda but few cases appeared to be the result of the 1994 war or related violence. © 2009 Kuper et al.",,"Kuper, H., Atijosan, O., Rischewski, D., Simms, V., Lavy, C.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3046,High hopes,,,"Kupferschmidt, K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3047,Perceived controllability and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in crime victims,"Evaluated the association between perception of controllability and the development of PTSD following criminal assault. 140 female assault victims (aged 17-65 yrs) completed several measures, including the Perceived Controllability Scale (PCS) and the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Factor analysis of the PCS revealed the factors of perceived controllability felt during the assault, expected controllability over future assaults, and perceived controllability over aversive events more generally. Only the latter factor was associated with PTSD symptom severity. The hypothesis that perceived controllability would be negatively associated with assault severity was partially supported. The association between controllability and PTSD was not mediated or moderated by assault severity measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Crime Victims, *Internal External Locus of Control, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Kushner, Matt G., Riggs, David S., Foa, Edna B., Miller, Suzanne M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3048,Towards the molecular mechanism of empathy: Proteomic analysis of regulation networks involved in MDMA-induced social interaction,"Empathy plays a crucial social role, allowing the sharing of experiences, needs, and goals across individuals. Anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Asperger's syndrome and some cerebral damage are often characterised by an inability to empathise with others. Behavioural studies claim that empathy is not restricted to humans, and even rodents have been shown to demonstrate empathy-like behaviour, however molecular mechanism of social behaviour is still poorly understood. The present study is aimed to investigate the signal transduction pathways in brain involved in empathy. We have used an animal model based in mice acutely treated with empathogens-entactogens, pharmacological agents that produce loss of social inhibitions and closeness in humans and induce analogous pro-social and antiaggressive effects in laboratory animals. Our experiments revealed that even single administration of relatively low dose of widely used entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, nullEcstasynull) significantly increases sociability in mice. Several alterations in protein expression profile of selected mouse brain regions have been detected by quantitative proteomics (iTRAQ LCMS/ MS assay). A possible role for 5-HT1a receptor and neuropeptide oxytocin in mediating the pro-social effects of MDMA is discussed.","3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, serotonin 1A receptor, neuropeptide, oxytocin, society, neurochemistry, empathy, social interaction, mouse, human, brain damage, single drug dose, experimental animal, brain, autism, signal transduction, low drug dose, social behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, proteomics, rodent, anxiety, brain region, protein expression, assay, animal model, Asperger syndrome","Kuteykin-Teplyakov, K., Maldonado, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3049,"Factors impacting on psychological distress and recovery after the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake, Japan: Community-based study","Aim: This study was undertaken 5 months after the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake in Japan to assess factors that impacted on psychological distress and its recovery. Methods: Three thousand and twenty-six adult victims who lived in temporary shelter and in seriously damaged areas were evaluated by questionnaire. The questionnaire queried subject profile, degree of house damage, health status, and psychological distress using a 5-point scale before, immediately and 5 months after the earthquake. Results: Immediately after the earthquake, 59.3% of the subjects had psychological distress. At 5 months after the earthquake, however, this percentage decreased to 21.8%. The psychological distress immediately after the earthquake was significantly serious in victims who: (i) were female; (ii) felt stronger fear of the earthquake and the aftershocks; (iii) lived at home or office after the earthquake; and (iv) were injured due to the earthquake or suffered from sickness after the earthquake. In contrast, the factors impairing psychological recovery 5 months after the earthquake were as follows: (i) being with unfamiliar member(s) during the night after the earthquake; (ii) serious house damage; (iii) living in temporary shelter or at a relative's home after the earthquake; and (iv) physical illness after the earthquake. Conclusion: Despite differences between disasters, these results were consistent with those in some previous studies and may be useful for long-term mental care support. (copyright) 2008 The Authors.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, depression, distress syndrome, earthquake, female, health status, human, Japan, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire","Kuwabara, H., Shioiri, T., Toyabe, S. I., Kawamura, T., Koizumi, M., Ito-Sawamura, M., Akazawa, K., Someya, T.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3050,Identification of empirical subtypes among treatment-seeking alcoholics using latent class analysis,"The purpose of the present study was to empirically identify meaningful subtypes based on clinical characteristics in a sample of treatment-seeking alcoholics. The sample included 411 participants who were admitted to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center under an omnibus treatment and assessment protocol. All were diagnosed with alcohol dependence according to the SCID, and underwent various assessments during their four week inpatient stay. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the clusters among participants, using a combination of categorical and continuous data. We included 37 indicators, including measures of alcohol dependence severity, psychosocial functioning, personality, and psychopathology, and nine covariates, including demographic data and alcohol consumption patterns. We ran models for between one and seven clusters to identify the model providing the best fit, as assessed by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Our analyses identified a three cluster model as providing the most parsimonious and descriptive structure. The clusters identified were significantly differentiated (at the level of p < 0.001 to account for multiple comparisons) by 15 indicators. None of the covariates significantly differed between clusters at p < 0.001. The three clusters identified included: (i) Mild (64% of the total sample), characterized by lower alcohol dependence severity, fewer psychiatric problems, lower rates of reported sexual abuse, and inpatient and outpatient psychiatric treatment, lower neuroticism, and lower rates of PTSD and anxiety disorders than the other two clusters; (ii) Anxious (25% of the total sample), typified by greater number of alcohol treatments, higher rates of sexual and emotional abuse, inpatient psychiatric treatment, PTSD, and sedative/hypnotic substance use disorders than the other two clusters, along with lower agreeableness; and (iii) Functional (11% of the total sample), which had lower rates of employment problems than the other two clusters, and higher rates of anxiety disorders, neuroticism, and outpatient psychiatric treatment than the Mild cluster, but lower than the Anxious cluster. We concluded that there are three clusters that distinguish among treatment-seeking alcoholics, labeled as Mild, Anxious, and Functional. These clusters may be useful phenotypes for genetic studies of alcoholism and in guiding the selection of optimal treatment for alcohol dependence.","alcohol, alcoholism, society, human, hospital patient, model, psychiatric treatment, neurosis, anxiety disorder, outpatient, posttraumatic stress disorder, abuse, substance abuse, employment, phenotype, national health organization, social psychology, personality, mental disease, alcohol consumption, sexual abuse","Kwako, L. E., Schwandt, M. L., Ramchandani, V. A., George, D. T., Hommer, D. W., Heilig, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3051,Recognizing and responding to post-traumatic stress disorder in people with cancer,"PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with cancer and identify nursing assessment and intervention strategies. DATA SOURCES: Discussion of recent research literature in relation to oncology nursing practice. DATA SYNTHESIS: 4%-19% of patients with cancer experience symptoms of PTSD. When PTSD routinely is considered as a risk for patients with cancer, nurses can reframe intense psychological and physiologic reactions or patient distress as possible trauma reactions and implement appropriate interventions and referral. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cancer may experience PTSD as a consequence of their cancer diagnosis, treatment, or a past traumatic episode. PTSD may interfere with patients' ability to tolerate treatment and return for crucial follow-up care. To date, no studies have explored interventions for PTSD in adult patients with cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Oncology nurses can help patients with PTSD by interpreting psychological symptoms with the possibility of PTSD in mind, screening for PTSD across the illness trajectory, providing emotional support, teaching coping strategies, and advocating for further assessment, medical treatment, and appropriate referral within the multidisciplinary care team.",,"Kwekkeboom, K. L., Seng, J. S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3052,Understanding the psychological impact of terrorism on youth: Moving beyond posttraumatic stress disorder,"Comer and Kendall's (2007) comprehensive review of the impact of terrorism on youth organizes this important and burgeoning area of research. The present commentary focuses on youth outcomes associated with proximal contact with terrorist attacks, and highlights several important issues that merit attention. Specifically, the commentary emphasizes the importance of examining youths' postattack outcomes broadly (in addition to posttraumatic stress disorder and its symptoms), assessing traumatic grief and bereavement when mass casualties occur, and evaluating issues of comorbidity and functional impairment. Future research on the impact of terrorism on youth would benefit from adopting a developmental psychopathology perspective in understanding variables that may influence and be influenced by youths'; reactions to terrorist events. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. © 2007 American Psychological Association. Published by Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Psychological Association.","Children and adolescents, Disasters, Intervention, Terrorism, Terrorist attacks","La Greca, A. M.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00080.x,0,0,
3053,"Children's risk and resilience following a natural disaster: Genetic vulnerability, posttraumatic stress, and depression","Objective We examined children's risk and resilience following a natural disaster, evaluating the role of stress, social support, and two genetic markers: the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), and the met allele of the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF).Under high levels of hurricane exposure or hurricane-related stressors, we expected children displaying the markers would report greater symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression than children without these markers. Social support was explored as an additional moderating variable. Method Eight months after Hurricane Ike, 116 children (M age=8.85 years, SD=.89; 54% girls) residing in Galveston, Texas, provided saliva samples and completed measures of hurricane exposure and stress, and symptoms of PTSD and depression; 80 also completed a social support measure. Results For BDNF, analyses revealed several Gene by Environment interactions; greater stress was related to more symptoms of PTSD and depression, and this effect was stronger for children with the met allele. No findings emerged for 5-HTTLPR. Stressors and social support also were associated with children's PTSD and depressive symptoms. Limitations Findings should be tempered by the relatively small sample, especially for analysis that included social support. Conclusions The met allele (BDNF) may play a role in children's disaster reactions. Further research should consider the complex interplay between genes, stressors, support, and psychological outcomes over time. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Children, Depression, Disasters, Genetics, Posttraumatic stress, Stressors","La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Joormann, J., Auslander, B. B., Short, M. A.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.024,0,0,
3054,Children's Postdisaster Trajectories of PTS Symptoms: Predicting Chronic Distress,"Background: There are no studies of the distinct trajectories of children's psychological distress over the first year after a destructive natural disaster and the determinants of these trajectories. Objective: We examined these issues using an existing dataset of children exposed to Hurricane Andrew, one of the most devastating natural disasters in US history. Methods: At 3-months postdisaster, 568 children (55 % girls; grades 3-5) residing in areas most directly affected by the hurricane completed measures of hurricane exposure and stressors, social support, coping, and general anxiety. Children also reported major life events occurring since the hurricane (at 7-months) and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms at 3-, 7-, and 10-months postdisaster. Results: Latent growth mixture modeling identified three trajectories of PTS reactions: resilient (37 %), recovering (43 %), and chronic distress (20 %). Predictors of the trajectories were examined. Odds ratios indicated that, compared to the resilient trajectory, girls were more likely to be in the recovering and chronically distressed trajectories, as were children reporting higher anxiety and greater use of coping strategies that reflected poor emotion regulation. Compared to the recovering trajectory, children in the chronically distressed trajectory had greater odds of reporting high anxiety, less social support, more intervening life events, and greater use of poor emotion regulation strategies. Conclusions: Hurricane exposure may be less effective in identifying children who develop chronic postdisaster distress than other child (anxiety, coping) and contextual variables (social support, life events). Effective screening after disasters is critical for identifying youth most in need of limited clinical resources. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Children, Natural disasters, Posttraumatic stress, Resilience, Trajectories, Trauma","La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Llabre, M. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., Prinstein, M. J.",2013.0,,,1,1,
3055,Treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents exposed to disasters and terrorism: What is the evidence?,"Youth who are exposed to devastating natural disasters or terrorist attacks report high levels of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article summarizes evidence on the treatment of PTS reactions in these youth and describes interventions developed for the immediate aftermath of the event, the short-term recovery and rebuilding phase, or the long-term recovery phase. Psychological first aid and evidence-based psychoeducational materials show promise for the early phases of postdisaster recovery. For youth with persistent PTSD, cognitive-behavioral interventions appear promising but require further study. Children and adolescents exposed to disasters and acts of terrorism may need multicomponent interventions because their reactions are often multifaceted and often include other psychological problems. © Journal Compilation © 2009 The Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.","Children, Natural disasters, Prevention, PTSD, Stress reactions, Treatment","La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K.",2009.0,,10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00069.x,0,0,
3056,"Hurricane-related exposure experiences and stressors, other life events, and social support: concurrent and prospective impact on children's persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms","OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of hurricane exposure, stressors occurring during the hurricane and recovery period, and social support on children's persistent posttraumatic stress (PTS). METHOD: Using a 2-wave, prospective design, we assessed 384 children (54% girls; mean age = 8.74 years) 9 months posthurricane, and we reassessed 245 children 21 months posthurricane. Children completed measures of exposure experiences, social support, hurricane-related stressors, life events, and PTS symptoms. RESULTS: At Time 1, 35% of the children reported moderate to very severe levels of PTS symptoms; at Time 2, this reduced to 29%. Hurricane-related stressors influenced children's persistent PTS symptoms and the occurrence of other life events, which in turn also influenced persistent PTS symptoms. The cascading effects of hurricane stressors and other life events disrupted children's social support over time, which further influenced persistent PTS symptoms. Social support from peers buffered the impact of disaster exposure on children's PTS symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of a destructive hurricane on children's PTS symptoms persisted almost 2 years after the storm. The factors contributing to PTS symptoms are interrelated in complex ways. The findings suggest a need to close the gap between interventions delivered in the immediate and short-term aftermath and those delivered 2 years or more postdisaster. Such interventions might focus on helping children manage disaster-related stressors and other life events as well as bolstering children's support systems.","Child, Cluster Analysis, *Cyclonic Storms, Disasters, Female, Humans, *Life Change Events, Male, Models, Psychological, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, *Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Stress, Psychological/*psychology","La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Lai, B., Jaccard, J.",2010.0,Dec,10.1037/a0020775,0,1,
3057,Children and disasters and terrorism,,,"La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3058,Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children after Hurricane Andrew: A prospective study,"The authors examined symptoms of posttraumatic stress in 3rd-5th grade children during the school year after Hurricane Andrew. From a conceptual model of the effects of traumatic events, 442 children were evaluated 3, 7, and 10 months postdisaster with respect to (a) their exposure to traumatic events during and after the disaster, (b) their preexisting demographic characteristics, (c) the occurrence of major life stressors, (d) the availability of social support, and (e) the type of coping strategies used to cope with disaster-related distress. Although symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) declined over time, a substantial level of symptomatology was observed up to 10 months after the disaster. All 5 factors in the conceptual model were predictive of children's PTSD symptoms 7 and 10 months postdisaster. Findings are discussed in terms of the potential utility of the model for organizing thinking about factors that predict the emergence and persistence of PTSD symptoms in children.",,"La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., Silverman, W. K., Prinstein, M. J.",1996.0,,10.1037//0022-006X.64.4.712,0,0,
3059,Helping children prepare for and cope with natural disasters: A manual for professionals working with elementary school children,,,"La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., Silverman, W. K., Vogel, A. L., Prinstein, M. J.",1994.0,,,0,0,
3060,Children's predisaster functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress following Hurricane Andrew,"This study examined (a) children's predisaster behavioral and academic functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress (PTS) following Hurricane Andrew and (b) whether children who were exposed to the disaster would display a worsening of prior functioning. Fifteen months before the disaster, 92 4th through 6th graders provided self-reports of anxiety; peers and teachers rated behavior problems (anxiety, inattention, and conduct) and academic skills. Measures were repeated 3 months postdisaster; children also reported PTS symptoms and hurricane-related experiences (i.e., exposure). PTS symptoms were again assessed 7 months postdisaster. At 3 months postdisaster, children's exposure to the disaster, as well as predisaster ratings of anxiety, inattention, and academic skills, predicted PTS symptoms. By 7 months, only exposure, African American ethnicity, and predisaster anxiety predicted PTS. Prior anxiety levels also worsened as a result of exposure to the disaster. The findings have implications for identifying and treating children at risk for stress reactions following a catastrophic disaster.",,"La Greca, A. M., Wasserstein, S. B., Silverman, W. K.",1998.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.66.6.883,0,0,
3061,Treating post-traumatic stress disorder in the 'real world': Evaluation of a specialist trauma service and adaptations to standard treatment approaches,"Aims and Method: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment at the Traumatic Stress Service (TSS) by comparing pre- and post-treatment scores on patient self-report measures. Through a questionnaire survey, to explore therapists' views of problems presenting in addition to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and how, as a result, they adapted their approach to trauma work. Results: Therapists reported that their patients present with a range of complex problems, and self-report measures show that patients suffer particularly high levels of psychopathology. Therapists identified a number of adaptations to trauma-focused work to deal with these additional problems. Of the 112 patients who completed therapy, 43% filled in pre- and post-treatment questionnaire measures. Analysis showed clinically and statistically significant improvements in levels of PTSD, depression and social functioning. Clinical Implications: The typical presentation of trauma survivors is often not 'simple' PTSD, but PTSD resulting from chronic and multiple traumas and complicated by additional psychological and social difficulties. Adaptations to trauma-focused work can successfully treat such 'complex' PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Evaluation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Psychopathology, Trauma","Lab, Damon, Santos, Ines, de Zulueta, Felicity",2008.0,,,0,0,
3062,Postmigration living problems and common psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands,"In a previous community-based, national study among Iraqi asylum seekers, a long asylum procedure was found to have a higher risk for common psychiatric disorders than adverse life events in Iraq. In the present article, the postmigration period is considered in more detail and evaluated in relationship with psychiatric disorders. Respondents were interviewed with fully structured, culturally validated, translated questionnaires. With the use of a Postmigration Living Problems questionnaire, worries about all kinds of problems were gathered. Psychiatric (DSM-IV) disorders were measured with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1. Factor analysis was done on the postmigration living problems, and in univariate and multivariate analyses, associations with psychopathology were calculated. Results show that clusters of postmigration living problems could be identified: family issues, discrimination, asylum procedure, socioeconomic living conditions, socioreligious aspects, and work-related issues. There was a significant relationship between all clustered postmigration living problems and psychopathology, except for socioreligious aspects. Multivariate logistic regression showed that lack of work, family issues, and asylum procedure stress had the highest odds ratios for psychopathology. The findings appeal to governments to shorten the asylum procedures, allow asylum seekers to work, and give preference to family reunion. Mental health workers should recognize the impact of postmigration living problems and consider focusing their treatment on coping with these problems instead of traumas from the past. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Asylum seekers, Iraq, Postmigration stress, Psychiatric disorders","Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., Van Der Tweel, I., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3063,"The expansion of the field of research on ayahuasca: Some reflections about the ayahuasca track at the 2010 MAPS "" Psychedelic Science in the 21st Century"" conference",,,"Labate, B. C., Cavnar, C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3064,Does Comorbid Anxiety or Depression Affect Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorders?,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is commonly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. In spite of this, pharmacologic treatment trials for PTSD often exclude individuals with significant psychiatric comorbidity. This study is a post hoc analysis of a 12-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial investigating sertraline in the treatment of patients with comorbid PTSD and an alcohol use disorder. Individuals with additional anxiety and affective disorders were included. Patients (N=93) were stratified into four groups depending on presence or absence of additional anxiety or depressive disorders and evaluated for the effects of comorbidity on PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and drinking behaviors. We hypothesized that additional comorbidity would be associated with poorer outcomes. Patients in all four subgroups showed marked and clinically significant improvement in alcohol drinking behaviors over the course of the study. For the entire sample, over the course of the 12 weeks, mean drinks per drinking day fell from 13.0+/-8.4 (SD) to 3.0+/-5.0 (SD); t =10.2, df=92, P<.000. There were, however, no significant differences among groups. Patients in all four groups showed moderate improvement in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores and Clinician-Administered PTSD scale (CAPS) scores at endpoint. For the entire sample, mean CAPS scores fell from 59.3+/-19.4 (SD) to 40.8+/-26.0, t=8.9, df=92, P<.000. Mean HAMD scores fell from 17.9+/-6.7 (SD) at baseline to 11.8+/-9.4 (SD) at endpoint; t=6.7, df=df 92, P<.000. There were, however, no significant differences among groups for change in HAM-D or CAPS scores. Hence, contrary to our hypothesis, having additional anxiety or mood disorder comorbidity did not decrease treatment response in individuals with comorbid PTSD and an alcohol use disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Anxiety Disorders, *Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Drug Therapy, Patients, Sertraline, Treatment Outcomes","Labbate, Lawrence A., Sonne, Susan C., Randal, Carrie L., Anton, Raymond F., Brady, Kathleen T.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3065,Factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury in veterans of operations Iraqi freedom and enduring freedom: The role of neuropsychological assessment,"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been referred to as ""signature injuries"" among veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). The aims of the current study were to identify demographic and injury related variables associated with the co-occurrence of mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and PTSD and to identify neuropsychological assessment measures that differentiate individuals with mTBI from those with co-occurring mTBI and PTSD. A total of 81 OIF/OEF veterans participated in this study comprising the mTBI (n=21) and combined (n=60) groups. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that Caucasians were 21% more likely to have a PTSD diagnosis (Wald 2 (1) = 4.576, p=.032, O.R. = .210). Individuals who reported loss of consciousness were over 3 times more likely to have a PTSD diagnosis (Wald 2 (1) = 4.421, p=.035, O.R. = 3.287). In terms of classification of individual participants into outcome groups, this model correctly classified 72.4% of participants (91.1% combined group, 20.0% mTBI). With regard to cognitive variables, a significant discriminant function was found in which each of three predictor variables was significantly correlated with the discriminant function with loadings of .877 (CVLT-II recognition hits), .775 (CVLT-II short delay free recall), and .728 (CVLT-II short delay cued recall). 74% of cases were correctly classified based on this model (98% combined group, 10% mTBI group). A second, significant discriminant function analysis was conducted using a theoretical model in which each of four predictor variables were significantly correlated with the discriminant function with loadings of .814 (CVLT-II recognition hits), .685 (CVLT-II short delay free recall), .590 (Trail Making Test Part B), and .565 (CVLT-II long delay free recall). 74% of cases were correctly classified (94% combined group and 20% accuracy for the mTBI group. Overall, the current results indicate reported loss of conscious to be predictive of developing PTSD in the context of mTBI. While some aspects of verbal memory and executive functioning differed between groups, their predictive utility in differentiating individuals with mTBI versus those with combined mTBI and PTSD was limited. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, *Freedom, *Military Veterans, *Neuropsychological Assessment, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Labbe, Donald R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3066,Longitudinal assessment of dissociation in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD and nonexposed aged Jewish adults,"The trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-related symptoms in relation to aging is not well understood. We previously observed higher levels of dissociation as measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) among older Holocaust survivors with, compared to those without, PTSD, though scores on the DES in Holocaust survivors were markedly lower than those that had been reported for younger cohorts. We undertook a longitudinal evaluation of dissociation in Holocaust survivors. Twenty-six Holocaust survivors with current PTSD, 30 Holocaust survivors without current PTSD, and 19 nonexposed were evaluated at the initial evaluation and subsequently 8.11 years later. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the DES scores from these times demonstrated a significant main effect for time and a significant group by time interaction, reflecting a marked decline in Holocaust survivors, particularly those with PTSD. Controlling for age obliterated the effect of time, but not the group by time interaction. A similar pattern was shown with The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores. Different symptoms related to PTSD show different trajectories of change with age, with dissociation appearing to be less prominent with age.","Aged, Aging, Dissociative Disorders/*physiopathology, Holocaust/*psychology, Humans, Jews, Longitudinal Studies, Survivors/*psychology","Labinsky, E., Blair, W., Yehuda, R.",2006.0,Jul,10.1196/annals.1364.042,0,0,119
3067,Genome-wide epigenetic regulation by early-life trauma,"Context: Our genome adapts to environmental influences, in part through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. Variations in the quality of the early environment are associated with alterations in DNA methylation in rodents, and recent data suggest similar processes in humans in response to early-life adversity. Objective: To determine genome-wide DNA methylation alterations induced by early-life trauma. Design: Genome-wide study of promoter methylation in individuals with severe abuse during childhood. Patients, Setting, and Main Outcome Measures: Promoter DNA methylation levels were profiled using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by microarray hybridization in hippocampal tissue from 41 French-Canadian men (25 with a history of severe childhood abuse and 16 control subjects). Methylation profiles were compared with corresponding genome-wide gene expression profiles obtained by messenger RNA microarrays. Methylation differences between groups were validated on neuronal and nonneuronal DNA fractions isolated by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. Functional consequences of site-specific promoter methylation were assessed by luciferase assays. Results: We identified 362 differentially methylated promoters in individuals with a history of abuse compared with controls. Among these promoters, 248 showed hypermethylation and 114 demonstrated hypomethylation. Validation and site-specific quantification of DNA methylation in the 5 most hypermethylated gene promoters indicated that methylation differences occurred mainly in the neuronal cellular fraction. Genes involved in cellular/neuronal plasticity were among the most significantly differentially methylated, and, among these, Alsin (ALS2) was the most significant finding. Methylated ALS2 constructs mimicking the methylation state in samples from abused suicide completers showed decreased promoter transcriptional activity associated with decreased hippocampal expression of ALS2 variants. Conclusion: Childhood adversity is associated with epigenetic alterations in the promoters of several genes in hippocampal neurons.",,"Labonté, B., Suderman, M., Maussion, G., Navaro, L., Yerko, V., Mahar, I., Bureau, A., Mechawar, N., Szyf, M., Meaney, M. J., Turecki, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3068,Treating insomnia in comorbid disorders,"Insomnia has long provided a series of challenges to the various classes of physicians responsible for care of those with this complaint. I shall concentrate on the assessment and treatment of insomnia by psychiatrists. One of the challenges is whether the insomnia is a primary symptom in itself, secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders, or a comorbid disorder, existing in conjunction with the primary psychiatric problem. The assessment of this factor is important as it has a major influence on the conceptual approach, management and type of therapy. Primary, secondary and comorbid insomnia: Primary insomnia is a specific disorder defined in the DSM-IV as a condition of at least one month's duration, not caused by a medical or psychiatric disorder. The insomnia can be a disturbed sleep initiation, problem maintaining sleep or early morning awakening; one or more or these must be associated with complaints of daytime dysfunction. Many psychiatric patients have chronic insomnia but in the general population primary insomnia occurs in about 10% of the population. Secondary insomnia is found in a whole series of conditions. The most common is in association with physical disorders such as pain and breathing difficulties. An important recent State-of-the-Science conference focused on the role that comorbid conditions can have in association with insomnia. It was noted that insomnia usually appears in the presence of at least one other disorder. Particularly common psychiatric comorbidities are major depression, generalised anxiety, substance abuse, attention deficithyperactivity in children, and dementia. This concept of comorbid as opposed to secondary insomnia is becoming accepted as a valid model for understanding the relationships between insomnia and other concomitant disorders. If the insomnia is nullsecondarynull to a psychiatric condition, treatment of the primary disorder would be expected to help the insomnia. However, if the disorder is comorbid, for example, with depression, successful treatment of the depression with antidepressants will not necessarily alleviate the insomnia complaint. Also, people with severe sleep complaints that occurs comorbidly, are less likely to respond than those with milder complaints and may need quite intensive therapy. The most important of these disorders is depression. Sleep difficulties are common symptoms in depressed patients. Insomnia is often the reason that causes depressed patients to seek help. Severe insomnia may lead to exhaustion, poor functioning during the day and accidents. About three quarters of depressed patients complain of difficulties with sleep, in particular fragmented sleep with disturbing dreams. They wake feeling unrefreshed in the morning and feel tired during the day. Paradoxically, total sleep deprivation can help as a temporary expedient in depression but this lies outside my remit. In many cases the insomnia and depression can be conceptualised as comorbidities. One clue can be adduced from the fact that in depressive disorder a proportion of patients show comorbid hypersomnia not insomnia. The relationship between sleep and mood are closely related. Insomnia can significantly worsen the disorder of depression and can increase the likelihood of a suicide attempt. Insomnia is often a prodromal warning sign of depression that will manifest itself in the next two years. After a depressive episode it is a predictive sign of an incipient relapse and can warn the prescriber not to withdraw the antidepressants while insomnia persists. Early intervention to improve sleep may help abort a possible relapse. Antidepressant treatment can help sleep in depressed patients. Many of the treatments used in depression are sedative. The classic examples are the tricyclic antidepressants, such as trimipramine, with antihistaminic actions. More recently, compounds such as trazodone and mirtazapine have been used to treat depression associated with insomnia. The use of such medication may result in an early amelioration of sleep problems and this can improve the orale of the insomniac depressive and also help improve compliance. An interesting compound is the antidepressant agomelatine but the relationship between its melatoninergic properties, antidepressant efficacy and effects on sleep are still being worked out. Other conditions in which the insomnia appears comorbid include bipolar disorder where the manic phase is usually preceded by a shortened duration of sleep. This pattern can often be quite stereotyped. Generalised anxiety is also accompanied by sleep onset insomnia and increased night time awakenings. The sufferers may describe a sense of insufficient and unsatisfying sleep. Other anxiety disorders include post traumatic stress disorders in which there is not only insomnia but parasomnias. Panic disorder may be associated with night time panic attacks that awaken the patient. Patients with schizophrenia can suffer from insomnia at the time of acute symptoms. A circadian rhythm disorder with gradual delay of the sleep period relative to the day may ensue. Carers of schizophrenic patients may recognise this as the onset of a relapse. Dementia is also associated with comorbid insomnia with often fragmentation of the 24-hour sleep wake pattern or even reversal with more sleeping during the day and less at night. Such behaviour may be very difficult to manage and actually be a factor leading the carers to insist that the patient be admitted to full time care. Substance abuse includes alcohol problems, opiate detoxification and the use of sedative hypnotic drugs themselves. Various patterns are seen. One particular source of severe insomnia is withdrawal from psychotropic drugs, in particular sedatives/hypnotics and some antidepressants. Assessment and management: The complaint of insomnia needs assessment and treatment in its own right as the therapeutic approach will vary according to the comorbid psychiatric disorder, its severity and pattern, and the characteristics of the insomnia itself. The treatment of insomnia can be roughly divided into 2 major divisions - the use of medication and behavioural techniques. The latter are becoming more available with evidence that they can be effective when judiciously chosen and applied. The usual hypnotics used are essentially general depressants and have no specific effects on sleep itself. They lie along the sedative/hypnotic/deep sedation/anaesthetic continuum. More recently a series of new approaches have been applied. One of these is a variant of the depressant approach and is eszopiclone. This active enantiomer appears to have long-term efficacy without problems during withdrawal. 5-HT blockers have also been studied for some time and such blockade is part of the profile of action of drugs such as trazodone and mirtazapine. However, newer compounds are being studied. Melatonin agonists have been developed and one, ramelteon, is licensed in some countries. Melatonin itself is too shortacting for much efficacy but long-acting formulations (such as Circadin) have recently been licensed. Another set of compounds involved in sleep regulation are the orexins, and their antagonists are in development. In conclusion, a whole range of compounds are available to treat insomnia. These treatments can be applied symptomatically to primary, secondary and comorbid insomnia. As research progresses into both basic mechanisms and clinical features, distinctions between these aetiologies will become more apparent, and will lead to more focused therapies.","antidepressant agent, melatonin, mirtazapine, hypnotic agent, sedative agent, trazodone, psychotropic agent, tricyclic antidepressant agent, trimipramine, antihistaminic agent, eszopiclone, serotonin antagonist, agomelatine, ramelteon, alcohol, opiate, insomnia, anxiety disorder, mood, sleep, patient, relapse, night, mental disease, panic, drug therapy, therapy, arousal, population, compliance (physical), anxiety, substance abuse, dementia, depression, schizophrenia, dream, sleep deprivation, detoxification, hypersomnia, etiology, suicide attempt, dyspnea, pain, early intervention, needs assessment, enantiomer, psychiatrist, physician, morality, bipolar disorder, mental patient, agonist, posttraumatic stress disorder, parasomnia, circadian rhythm, model, child, intensive care, major depression, accident, clinical feature","Lader, M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3069,"Posttraumatic stress disorder and not depression is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length: Findings from 3,000 participants in the population-based KORA F4 Study","Background: A link between severe mental stress and shorter telomere length (TL) has been suggested. We analysed the impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on TL in the general population and postulated a dose-dependent TL association in subjects suffering from partial PTSD compared to full PTSD. Methods: Data are derived from the population-based KORA F4 study (2006-2008), located in southern Germany including 3,000 individuals (1,449 men and 1,551 women) with valid and complete TL data. Leukocyte TL was measured using a quantitative PCR-based technique. PTSD was assessed in a structured interview and by applying the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES). A total of 262 (8.7%) subjects qualified for having partial PTSD and 51 (1.7%) for full PTSD. To assess the association of PTSD with the average TL, linear regression analyses with adjustments for potential confounding factors were performed. Results: The multiple model revealed a significant association between partial PTSD and TL (beta = -0.051, p = 0.009) as well as between full PTSD and shorter TL (beta = -0.103, p = 0.014) indicating shorter TL on average for partial and full PTSD. An additional adjustment for depression and depressed mood/exhaustion gave comparable beta estimations. Conclusions: Participants with partial and full PTSD had significantly shorter leukocyte TL than participants without PTSD. The dose-dependent variation in TL of subjects with partial and full PTSD exceeded the chronological age effect, and was equivalent to an estimated 5 years in partial and 10 years in full PTSD of premature aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Affective Disorders, *Leucocytes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Chronological Age","Ladwig, Karl-Heinz, Brockhaus, Anne Catharina, Baumert, Jens, Lukaschek, Karoline, Emeny, Rebecca T., Kruse, Johannes, Codd, Veryan, Hafner, Sibylle, Albrecht, Eva, Illig, Thomas, Samani, Nilesh J., Wichmann, H. Erich, Gieger, Christian, Peters, Annette",2013.0,,,0,0,
3070,Neuropsychiatric profile of a case of post traumatic stress disorder following an electric shock,"Exposure to extraordinary stressors or life-threatening events has been shown to result in negative cognitive, behavioural and emotional outcomes including the cluster of symptoms constituting Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder has most often been studied in military veterans and victims of abuse who also show high rates of comorbid conditions. We report a case of PTSD following an electrical injury in a patient with no past psychiatric history. Implications for a full range of examinations including comprehensive neuropsychiatric testing are discussed. Results suggest that such approach addresses the complexity of a differential diagnosis between organic and psychiatric dysfunctions.","article, case report, electric injury, human, male, middle aged, neuropsychological test, occupational accident, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect","Laforce Jr, R., Gibson, B., Morehouse, R., Bailey, P. A., MacLaren, V. V.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3071,Neuropsychiatric profile of a case of post traumatic stress disorder following an electric shock,"Exposure to extraordinary stressors or life-threatening events has been shown to result in negative cognitive, behavioural and emotional outcomes including the cluster of symptoms constituting Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder has most often been studied in military veterans and victims of abuse who also show high rates of comorbid conditions. We report a case of PTSD following an electrical injury in a patient with no past psychiatric history. Implications for a full range of examinations including comprehensive neuropsychiatric testing are discussed. Results suggest that such approach addresses the complexity of a differential diagnosis between organic and psychiatric dysfunctions.","Accidents, Occupational, Electric Injuries/*complications, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*etiology/*psychology","Laforce, R., Jr., Gibson, B., Morehouse, R., Bailey, P. A., MacLaren, V. V.",2000.0,Dec,,0,0,3070
3072,Treatment of nonepileptic seizures,"Studies on nonepileptic seizures (NES) provide dichotomous data sets: extensive observational findings, but a paucity of controlled treatment data. Psychosocial stressors, whose full impact may lie outside a patient's awareness, often underlie NES. These stressors, along with patient's learned patterns of coping, may bring forth or potentiate comorbid psychiatric disorders. Patients with NES often have dysfunction in emotion regulation and family dynamics, as well as unemployment/disability. High percentages of comorbid disorders such as major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cluster B personality with impulsivity (all disorders associated with serotonin system function) also exist in the NES population. The preliminary observational evidence suggests that specific psychotherapies and pharmacotherapy directed at comorbid conditions may be the most effective treatment for NES. (copyright) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.","anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, neuroleptic agent, psychotropic agent, awareness, behavior modification, clinical observation, clinical study, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, compulsive personality disorder, coping behavior, diagnostic procedure, disability, emotional disorder, family, human, major depression, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychogenic nonepileptic seizure, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, review, seizure, serotoninergic system, social psychology, stress, unemployment","LaFrance Jr, W. C., Devinsky, O.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3073,Treatment of nonepileptic seizures,"Studies on nonepileptic seizures (NES) provide dichotomous data sets: extensive observational findings, but a paucity of controlled treatment data. Psychosocial stressors, whose full impact may lie outside a patient's awareness, often underlie NES. These stressors, along with patient's learned patterns of coping, may bring forth or potentiate comorbid psychiatric disorders. Patients with NES often have dysfunction in emotion regulation and family dynamics, as well as unemployment/disability. High percentages of comorbid disorders such as major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and cluster B personality with impulsivity (all disorders associated with serotonin system function) also exist in the NES population. The preliminary observational evidence suggests that specific psychotherapies and pharmacotherapy directed at comorbid conditions may be the most effective treatment for NES.",,"LaFrance, W. C., Jr., Devinsky, O.",2002.0,Oct,,0,0,3072
3074,Association of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic stress disorder vs postconcussion syndrome,"Importance: A proportion of patients experience long-lasting symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). The postconcussion syndrome (PCS), included in the DSM-IV, has been proposed to describe this condition. Because these symptoms are subjective and common to other conditions, there is controversy whether PCS deserves to be identified as a diagnostic syndrome. Objective: To assess whether persistent symptoms 3 months following head injury are specific to MTBI or whether they are better described as part of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a prospective cohort study of injured patients recruited at the adult emergency department of the University Hospital of Bordeaux from December 4, 2007, to February 25, 2009. Main Outcomes and Measures: At 3-month follow-up,we compared the prevalence and risk factors for PCS and PTSD. Multiple correspondence analyses were used to assess clustering of symptoms and their associations with the type of injury. Results: We included 534 patients with head injury and 827 control patients with other nonhead injuries. Three months following the trauma, 21.2%of head-injured and 16.3%of nonhead-injured patients fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnosis of PCS; 8.8% of head-injured patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PTSD compared with 2.2%of control patients. In multivariate analysis, MTBI was a predictor of PTSD (odds ratio, 4.47; 95%CI, 2.38-8.40) but not of PCS (odds ratio, 1.13; 95%CI, 0.82-1.55). Correspondence analysis suggested that symptoms considered part of PCS behave similarly to PTSD symptoms in the hyperarousal dimension. None of these 22 symptoms showed any pattern of clustering, and no clear proximity with head or nonhead injury status could be found. Conclusions and Relevance: Persistent subjective symptoms frequently reported 3 months after MTBI are not specific enough to be identified as a unique PCS and should be considered part of the hyperarousal dimension of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Head Injuries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Symptoms","Lagarde, Emmanuel, Salmi, Louis-Rachid, Holm, Lena W., Contrand, Benjamin, Masson, Francoise, Ribereau-Gayon, Regis, Laborey, Magali, Cassidy, J. David",2014.0,,,0,0,
3075,Exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in substance use disorder inpatients,"Introduction: Exposure to traumatic events is common among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD). Self-medication hypothesis posits that substances are used to relieve distressing psychological symptoms. Moreover, few studies have assessed exposure to traumatic events and Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among samples suffering from addiction. Objectives: To explore SUD inpatients exposure to serious traumatic events both directly (the participant himself) and/or indirectly (the family). Aims: (i) to investigate the prevalence of co-morbid PTSD in SUD clinical inpatients; (ii) to identify the characteristics, severity and types of trauma experienced; (iii) to compare SUD patients with and without co-morbid PTSD on psychiatric variables. Methods: This study compared two groups: (1) those without PTSD, (2) those with PTSD. SUD inpatients reported traumatic experiences (Trauma History Questionnaire), PTSD symptoms (PTSD CheckList-Specific), addiction severity (Addiction Severity Index), and psychiatric symptoms (M.I.N.I.). Khi square or T tests were conducted to compare rates between non-PTSD group (SUDonly; n=27) and PTSD group (SUD-PTSD; n=17). Results: All participants (n=44) reported having been exposed to one or more traumatic events and 17 (38.6%) met the criteria for probable current PTSD. Significant differences between the nullPTSDnull and nullnon-PTSDnull groups were found on the crime cluster (p< .04), the composite score of Alcohol (p< .005), and psychiatric variables including depression (p< .001), psychotic syndromes (p< .02) and anxiety disorders (p< .0001). Conclusions: This study highlights the prevalence of PTSD symptoms among SUD inpatients, and the importance of considering PTSD symptoms to improve quality of care for patients and their families.","alcohol, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, hospital patient, exposure, substance abuse, addiction, injury, patient, prevalence, anxiety disorder, self medication, questionnaire, checklist, mental disease, Student t test, crime, hypothesis, psychosis","Laguerre, C. E., Charles-Nicolas, A., Lacoste, J., Birmes, P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3076,Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in minor delinquent girls indoor in social center,"Introduction.- Violence, delinquency and psychiatric disorders are mostly connected. The relation between these three components is insignificantly evoked while the social authorities formulate continual demand. Objectives.- The goal of this study was to establish sociodemographic profile, delinquency and psychiatric evaluation of the minor delinquent girls. Methods.- This transverse study was realized in the center for child protection of Fez, Morocco (CCPF). Fifty minor girls between 12 to 18 years living in (CCPF) were studied. A heterogeneous questionnaire containing the sociodemographic data, the impact of violence and delinquency was used. The psychiatric scales of evaluation such the MINI, for diagnosing the existing psychiatric disorders, the Hamilton's scale for assessing the severity of anxiety, and Beck's depression inventory were all used. Results.- Most of the girls presented a generalized anxiety that has manifested as a major anxiety in 54 % of cases, with a score greater than 15 in the Hamilton scale. The depression scale found a severe depression in 40 % of cases. The post-traumatic stress disorder represented 38 %, and the panic disorder was recorded in 28 %. The drugs usage was found in 40 % of the investigated girls, while physical violence was practiced on 58 % of cases. Conclusion.- This descriptive study noticed an important occurrence of psychiatric disorders among minor delinquent girls of this sample. A consideration of the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of psychiatric complications is critical for the responsible authorities. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","adolescent, adult, article, Beck Depression Inventory, delinquency, depression, disease severity, female, generalized anxiety disorder, Hamilton scale, human, mental disease, Morocco, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, questionnaire, violence","Lahloua, F., Aalouanea, R., Elghazib, K., Araraba, C., Hafidia, H., Elghazouania, F., Jamaic, H., Idoumhaidia, H., Rammouza, I.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3077,Disasters and Depressive Symptoms in Children: A Review,"Background: Disasters are destructive, potentially traumatic events that affect millions of youth each year. Objective: The purpose of this paper was to review the literature on depressive symptoms among youth after disasters. Specifically, we examined the prevalence of depression, risk factors associated with depressive symptoms, and theories utilized in this research area. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and PubMed electronic databases for English language articles published up to May 1, 2013. Reference lists from included studies were reviewed to capture additional studies. Only quantitative, peer reviewed studies, conducted with youth under the age of 18 years, that examined postdisaster depressive symptoms were included. Seventy-two studies met inclusion criteria. Prevalence of depressive symptoms, disaster type, correlates of depressive symptoms, and theories of depressive symptoms were reviewed. Results: Only 27 studies (38 %) reported on prevalence rates among youth in their sample. Prevalence rates of depression among youth postdisaster ranged from 2 to 69 %. Potential risk factors were identified (e.g., female gender, exposure stressors, posttraumatic stress symptoms). Theories were examined in less than one-third of studies (k = 21). Conclusions: Given the variability in prevalence rates, difficulty identifying a single profile of youth at risk for developing depressive symptoms, and lack of a unifying theory emerging from the studies, recommendations for future research are discussed. Use of established batteries of assessments could enable comparisons across studies. Merging existing theories from children's postdisaster and depression literatures could aid in the identification of risk factors and causal pathways. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Children, Depression, Disaster, Review, Theory","Lai, B. S., Auslander, B. A., Fitzpatrick, S. L., Podkowirow, V.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3078,Mother and Child Reports of Hurricane Related Stressors: Data from a Sample of Families Exposed to Hurricane Katrina,"Background: Families exposed to disasters such as Hurricane Katrina are at risk for numerous adverse outcomes. While previous literature suggests that the degree of disaster exposure corresponds with experiencing negative outcomes, it is unclear if parents and children report similar levels of disaster exposure. Objective: The purpose of this paper was to examine levels of disaster stressor agreement among mother–child dyads affected by Hurricane Katrina, and to examine whether discrepancies in disaster stressor reports are associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Methods: Participants in this study consisted of 353 dyads of mothers (age M = 38.79 years, SD = 7.52; 68 % African American) and children (52 % girls; age M = 11.61 years, SD = 1.57) exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Parents and children were assessed at two timepoints, 3–7 months and 14–17 months postdisaster. Parent and child responses to items regarding hurricane related stressor exposure and PTS symptoms were analyzed. Results: Agreement on hurricane related exposures was predominately slight to moderate, with kappas ranging from κ = 0.19 to κ = 0.83. Polynomial regression analyses revealed that when mothers reported low levels of Immediate Loss/Disruption stressors and children reported high levels of these stressors, children reported higher levels of Time 2 PTS symptoms, b = −0.72 (0.33), p = .03. Conclusions: Overall, levels of mother–child response agreement were low. Discrepancies in mother and child reports predicted higher levels of child PTS symptoms. Clinicians may want to query both parents and children about their disaster experiences when working with families postdisaster. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Children, Disasters, Discrepancy, Family, Kappa, Posttraumatic stress","Lai, B. S., Beaulieu, B., Ogokeh, C. E., Self-Brown, S., Kelley, M. L.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10566-014-9289-3,0,0,
3079,Parent and child distress after war exposure,"Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine multiple distress symptoms (i.e., post-traumatic stress [PTS], anxiety, depression) among parents and children exposed to the Gulf Crisis in 1990-1991. Profiles of parent distress were identified, and the relationship between parent distress and specific child distress symptoms was examined. Design Parents and children were assessed at one time point. Methods Participants included 151 children (M age = 10.62 years; 51% female) and 140 parents (Mage = 40 years; 81% female). Results Utilizing latent profile analysis, three parallel profiles of parent distress were identified: low distress, moderate distress, and high distress. Parent distress was a risk factor for child depression, but it was not a risk factor for child PTS or anxiety. Conclusions Findings support the importance of broadening the scope of research conducted after exposure to traumatic events to include the assessment of anxiety and depression, as well as PTS, among both parents and children. Additional implications for research and clinical work are discussed. Practitioner points Findings support the importance of screening for multiple distress symptoms among both children and parents after war exposure. Based on our findings, clinicians may want to consider including parents in therapy for children reporting psychological distress, especially depression symptoms, after exposure to traumatic events. This study was cross-sectional. Thus, we are not able to infer direction or causality. The generalizability of our study should be interpreted with caution, as findings will need to be replicated across other populations and other cultures. © 2014 The British Psychological Society.","children, mental health, post-traumatic stress, War","Lai, B. S., Hadi, F., Llabre, M. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3080,"Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms Among Children After Hurricane Katrina: A Latent Profile Analysis","This study utilized latent profile analysis to identify typologies of distress [i.e., patterns of posttraumatic stress (PTS), anxiety, and depression symptoms] among children exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Outcomes and risk factors for these pattern groups were examined. Participants were children (n = 353; ages 8-15 years) affected by Hurricane Katrina. Children were assessed at 3-7 months (Time 1) and 14-17 months (Time 2) post-Katrina. Results identified three pattern groups (No Disturbance, PTS Only, and Mixed Internalizing) at Time 1. Children in the No Disturbance group reported the lowest levels of internal distress, while the Mixed Internalizing group reported the highest levels of internal distress at Time 2. The Mixed Internalizing and the PTS Only groups reported greater school problems than the No Disturbance group at Time 2. Perceived life threat and community violence exposure were risk factors associated with higher likelihood of falling in the PTS Only and Mixed Internalizing groups, compared to the No Disturbance group. Immediate loss and disruption was also a risk factor associated with a higher likelihood of falling in the PTS Only group, compared to the No Disturbance group. Finally, social support from parents or a classmate/friend was a significant protective factor associated with a lower likelihood of falling into a symptomatic pattern group. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Anxiety, Children, Depression, Disasters, Latent profile analysis, Posttraumatic stress symptoms","Lai, B. S., Kelley, M. L., Harrison, K. M., Thompson, J. E., Self-Brown, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3081,Children's symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression after a natural disaster: Comorbidity and risk factors,"Background: The current study examined rates of comorbidity among children's symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depression after a natural disaster, Hurricane Ike. We also compared children with comorbid symptoms to children without comorbid symptoms, examining recovery, severity of symptoms, and risk factors. Method: Children (n=277; 52% girls; 38% Hispanic, 28% White, 19% Black; grades 2-4) were assessed at 8 and 15 months postdisaster. Children completed measures of PTS and depressive symptoms at both time points and measures of exposure and recovery stressors at 8 months postdisaster. Results: At 8 months postdisaster, 13% of children reported elevated PTS-only, 11% depression-only, and 10% comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression. At 15 months postdisaster, 7% of children reported elevated PTS-only, 11% depression-only, and 7% comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression. Children with comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression had poorer recovery, more severe symptoms, and they reported greater exposure and recovery stressors. Limitations: We lacked information on children's predisaster functioning and diagnostic interview of psychological distress symptoms. Conclusions: Children with comorbid symptoms need to be identified early postdisaster. Levels of stressors should be monitored postdisaster, as highly stressed youth have difficulties recovering and may need help. Interventions should be tailored for children with comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Children, Depression, Disasters, Posttraumatic stress, Stressors","Lai, B. S., La Greca, A. M., Auslander, B. A., Short, M. B.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.041,0,0,
3082,Hurricane Katrina: Maternal Depression Trajectories and Child Outcomes,"BACKGROUND: The authors examined depression trajectories over two years among mothers exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Risk and protective factors for depression trajectories, as well as associations with child outcomes were analyzed. METHOD: This study included 283 mothers (age at time 1, M = 39.20 years, SD = 7.21; 62% African American). Mothers were assessed at four time points over two years following Hurricane Katrina. Mothers reported posttraumatic stress symptoms, hurricane exposure, traumatic life events, and social support at time 1. Depressive symptoms were modeled at times 2, 3, and 4. Youth reported their distress symptoms (posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety) at time 4. RESULTS: Latent class growth analyses identified three maternal depression trajectories among mothers exposed to Hurricane Katrina: low (61%), resilient (29%), and chronic (10%). Social support was identified as a protective factor among mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Three main trajectories of maternal depression following Hurricane Katrina were identified. Social support was protective for mothers. Identified trajectories were not associated with children's distress outcomes. These results have implications for disaster responses, screening efforts, and interventions targeted towards families. Future studies warrant the investigation of additional risk and protective factors that can affect maternal and child outcomes.","Children, Depressive Symptoms, Disasters, Growth Mixture Modeling, Parents, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Trajectories","Lai, B. S., Tiwari, A., Beaulieu, B. A., Self-Brown, S., Kelley, M. L.",2015.0,Sep,10.1007/s12144-015-9338-6,0,0,
3083,Using the brief resilience scale to assess Chinese people’s ability to bounce back from stress,"This study examined the utility of an adapted version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) to measure Chinese undergraduates’ ability to bounce back from stress. The BRS together with measures tapping optimism, self-esteem, pessimism, and physical health were administered to 547 Hong Kong and 268 mainland Chinese undergraduates. The BRS was found to measure one single construct and exhibited convergent validity in both samples. Further analyses using a path analytic model showed that the BRS scores substantially mediated the link between the two positive traits (optimism and self-esteem) and physical health in the two samples. The results suggested that the BRS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Chinese undergraduates’ ability to bounce back from stress. The implications for further research related to resilience in Chinese people are discussed. © The Author(s) 2014.","Brief resilience scale, Chinese undergraduates, Health, Resilience","Lai, J. C. L., Yue, X.",2014.0,,10.1177/2158244014554386,0,0,
3084,Detection of comorbidity with borderline personality disorder in patients with bipolar disorders,"Background: Difficulties are frequently encountered in distinguishing between Bipolar Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder, with differential diagnosis being complicated by the presence of comorbidity. The present study aims to evaluate the utility of the Milton Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) in discriminating patients affected by ""pure"" Bipolar Disorder from those affected by Bipolar Disorder with Borderline Personality or Other Personality Disorder. Methods: 57 patients (M = 20, F = 37; mean age 47.9 ± 10.8 yrs) affected by BD (BD-I 51%; BD-II 49%) in clinically stable remission were recruited; 28 patients were affected by BD (49.1 %), 18 by BD and BPD (31.6%), 11 by BD plus Other Personality Disorders (OPD) (19.3%). Subjects were submitted to SCID-I and SCID-II and rated by the CGI-severity and GAF scales, and MCMI-IIII. Results: MCMI-III scales focusing on ""clinical syndromes"" and ""severe clinical syndromes"" revealed significantly higher mean scores for comorbid patients on all scales, with the exception of somatization and posttraumatic stress scales. In particular, BD + BPD scored highest on Anxiety, Bipolar-manic, Alcohol dependence, Drug dependence and Thought Disorder scales, while BD + OPD scored highest only on the Dysthymia scale. With regard to ""clinical personality patterns"", highly significant increases in mean scores were obtained for depressive, narcissistic, antisocial, sadistic-aggressive, passive-aggressive scales among BD + BPD patients, who conversely displayed the lowest scores on the obsessive-compulsive scale. Moreover, the highest scores on Avoidant, Dependent and Self-Defeating Scales were obtained by BD + OPD patients, who likewise scored lowest on the Histrionic Scales; no difference in mean scores was detected for the Schizoid scale between BD, BD + BPD, and BD + OPD patients. On taking into account ""severe pathology scales"", the highest mean scores for the Borderline scale were detected among BD + BPD, and among BD + OPD for Schizotypal Scale; no inter-group differences emerged with regard to the Paranoid scale. Cluster B and C scales discriminated respectively between BD + BPD and BD + OPD patients (Table II). Conclusions: MCMI-III may prove to be useful in identifying Bipolar patients with comorbid BPD in routine clinical practice.","Bipolar disorder, Comorbidity, Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-III, Personality dimensions, Personality disorder","Lai, L., Pirarba, S., Pinna, F., Carpiniello, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3085,Psychiatric advanced practice nurses contributions to supporting survivors and caregivers affected by the boston marathon bombings,"Objective:: The role of the psychiatric advanced practice nurse in promoting psychological health and resiliency for patients, their families and staff following the Boston Marathon bombings is reviewed. Background:: On April 15, 2013, 2 bombs exploded near the finish line at the Boston Marathon. Within minutes, 39 patients suffering from multiple injuries presented at a level I trauma center. The magnitude of this event and its effect on our hospital required a comprehensive response that would promote resiliency and healing. Rationale:: Lessons shared from responders to other tragedies were helpful in guiding our interprofessional efforts. The multiple layers of our response are reviewed to offer learnings that may inform others as they work to promote resiliency and healing following traumatic events. Description:: In response to this event, we utilized a trauma-informed care framework emphasizing physical, psychological, and emotional safety to assist staff, survivors, and families on their journey of healing. Conclusion:: Emotional reactions were dramatic but were eased by the psychological care and education that our patients, their families, and staff received in the first days to weeks after the bombings. Implications: The psychiatric advanced practice nurse can influence positive outcomes by utilizing a trauma-informed care framework. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",,"Lakatos, B. E., Delisle, L., Mitchell, M., Etheredge, M. L.",2014.0,,10.1097/NUR.0000000000000030,0,0,
3086,Characteristics of heart rate variability in war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder after myocardial infarction,"Objective: The goal of the study was to evaluate differences in heart rate variability (HRV) among post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients, depending on their participation in the Croatian war and on established diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: The study included 34 male war veterans with diagnosed PTSD who had suffered a first MI and 34 age-matched post-MI patients without PTSD. Cardiac autonomic balance was evaluated through HRV analysis. Results: There were no differences in the mean R-R interval or overall HRV between the analyzed groups. Post-MI patients with PTSD had lower values for the square root of the mean of squared successive differences in R-R intervals (p = 0.02), the percentage of R-R intervals that were >50 milliseconds different from the previous interval (p = 0.03), and the high-frequency component (p = 0.03) but had higher values for the low-frequency component (p = 0.01) and the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio (p = 0.02), compared with post-MI patients without PTSD. Conclusion: Post-MI patients with PTSD have higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic heart rate modulation activity, compared with patients with MI and no PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Heart Rate, *Military Veterans, *Myocardial Infarctions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Heart","Lakusic, Nenad, Fuckar, Krunoslav, Mahovic, Darija, Cerovec, Dusko, Majsec, Marcel, Stancin, Nevenka",2007.0,,,0,0,
3087,Multiple traumatic experiences and the expression of traumatic stress symptoms for children and adolescents,"In order to understand the differential presentation of trauma stress symptoms over the course of development from children to adolescents, a sample of more than 11,000 children and adolescents were studied who were identified as to whether they had experienced multiple trauma experiences prior to placement in child welfare custody. Six age groups were compared on their presentation of symptoms associated with traumatic experiences. Trauma stress symptoms were dramatically different for children and adolescents despite the similarity of trauma experiences. Implications for understanding and addressing multiple trauma experiences across a developmental trajectory are discussed. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","child welfare, development, trauma","Lam, A., Lyons, J. S., Griffin, G., Kisiel, C.",2015.0,,10.1080/0886571X.2015.1046731,0,0,
3088,Trajectories of psychological distress among Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer,,,"Lam, W. W. T., Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Ho, S., Chan, M., Hung, W. K., Or, A., Fielding, R.",2010.0,,10.1002/pon.1658,0,1,
3089,Reported rapes at a hospital rape centre: Demographic and clinical profiles,,,"Lammers, K., Martin, L., Andrews, D., Seedat, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3090,Veterans' PTSD symptoms and their partners' desired changes in key relationship domains,"There is a growing literature investigating the connection between veterans' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and intimate relationship problems. Little to no work, however, has examined the connection between veterans' PTSD symptoms and their partners' perceptions of specific relationship areas in need of change. We examined associations between overall PTSD symptoms and symptom cluster scores with partners' desired changes in the areas of intimacy, shared activities, and responsibilities. The sample consisted of 249 male veterans of different service eras and their female partners. Results indicated that veterans' PTSD symptoms were associated with greater desired changes from their partners in the veterans' intimacy behaviors and participation in shared activities. When examining the contribution of each symptom cluster individually, only the veterans' emotional numbing symptoms emerged as a significant unique predictor and were associated with partners' desired changes in intimacy. The findings suggest that intimacy and shared activities may be relevant areas to address in PTSD treatment for veterans and their partners and highlight the particular significance of emotional numbing symptoms to intimacy in veterans' relationships.",,"LaMotte, A. D., Taft, C. T., Reardon, A. F., Miller, M. W.",2015.0,Sep,10.1037/tra0000052,0,0,
3091,Clinical and psychopathological profile of women victims of psychological partner violence,"Background: Partner violence is a serious public health problem, due to their potential short-, medium- or long-term physical and psychological consequences. Violence is unbearable when it occurs between family members, and often remains unrevealed, invisible, hidden and repeated. The woman possibly feels trapped in a relationship of imprisonment. International studies have well-explored the psychopathological aspects of physical and sexual abuse within couples, but few explored the clinical profile of women victims of psychological violence or moral harassment. This study aims to define the clinical and psychopathological profile of women who are victims of psychological intimate partner violence. Methods: We contacted 628 women who consulted consecutively at the emergency ward of a university hospital covering a 300,000 catchment area. The telephone screening of psychological violence was therefore carried out using the Women's Experience with Battering (WEB) questionnaire (N = 226). An optional clinical interview was given to the women declaring themselves as victims of psychological intimate partner violence (N = 56) to evaluate the life events and the psychiatric disorders according to the DSM-IV. Finally, 43 participants (77%) gave their opinion on the qualitative aspects of the WEB questionnaire and their level of ease with this report. Results: In 63% (N = 35) of the cases, the victims and their partners had a rather high socioprofessional level. Women refer to emergency ward mostly for complaint of vague idiopathic pain (49%) or for psychiatric disorders (52%) with predominance of anxiety (28%) or addictive disorders (19%). The prevalence of potentially traumatic life events was found to be high in this group (83%). The traumatic psychological intimate partner violence was associated with a heightened prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities, like anxiety (72%), depression (100%), posttraumatic stress disorder (100%), and addiction to alcohol (100%) or another psychoactive substance (50%). Finally, 44% of the women linked their gynecoobstetrical history to their psychological state of the relationship. Conclusion: Even if the psychopathological profile is relatively close, the sociodemographic profile of victims of psychological intimate partner violence is singularly different than that of the victims of physical or sexual abuse. This work underlines the necessity of a systematic screening of these aspects of violence in emergency medical services. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","psychotropic agent, addiction, adult, alcoholism, anxiety, article, clinical article, controlled study, demography, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, emergency ward, female, human, life event, mental disease, pain, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological violence, questionnaire, screening, sexual abuse, social aspect, telephone, university hospital, victim, violence","Lamy, C., Dubois, F., Jaafari, N., Carl, T., Gaillard, P., Camus, V., El Hage, W.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3092,Effects of two probiotic Lactobacillus strains on jejunal and cecal microbiota of broiler chicken under acute heart stress condition as revealed by molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes,"We examined the effects of probiotic Lactobacillus strains of Lactobacillus agilis JCM 1048 and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius JCM 1230 on jejunal and cecal microbiota of broiler chicken under heat stress condition using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. The jejunal bacterial community was limited to a few bacterial groups, mostly Lactobacillus spp. A relatively abundant and higher prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. were observed in the jejunal and cecal microbiota of the probiotic chickens compared with those of the control chickens under heat stress condition. In general, the probiotic strains did not significantly affect the abundance of L. agilis and L. salivarius in chicken intestine but clearly contributed to increasing their prevalence in the probiotic chickens. The probiotic Lactobacillus strains enriched the diversity of Lactobacillus flora in chicken jejunum and cecum by increasing the abundance and prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. inhabiting the intestine. The richness of Lactobacillus species tended to be similar among the jejunal and cecal microbiota. The bacterial community of cecum was complex and age-dependent. The major components of the cecal microbiota were clostridia and lactobacilli. The Clostridium subcluster XIVa was the most predominant group in chicken cecum. Probiotic Lactobacillus strains restored the microbial balance and maintained the natural stability of indigenous bacterial microbiota following heat stress-induced changes.","Chicken, Heat stress, Probiotic, T-RFLP","Lan, P. T. N., Sakamoto, M., Benno, Y.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3093,A factor analytic comparison of five models of PTSD symptoms,"This study examined the factor structure of PTSD symptoms in a sample of college students (n = 344) reporting exposure to a range of traumatic events. The sample was randomly split and an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with half of the sample. The factor structure obtained in the exploratory analysis was evaluated against three other models using confirmatory factor analysis utilizing the second half of the sample. This series of factor analyses identified and confirmed a three-factor symptom structure consisting of intrusion/avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal clusters. These results add to the body of literature which has found that PTSD includes a cluster of symptoms shared with other diagnoses (dysphoria) and a more specific factor related directly to the effects of encountering traumatic experiences. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","checklist, factorial analysis, injury, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, college student, diagnosis, dysphoria, exposure","Lancaster, S. L., Melka, S. E., Rodriguez, B. F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3094,PTSD symptom patterns following traumatic and nontraumatic events,"This study extends research examining posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following different types of potentially traumatic events. Specifically, the study examined and compared the symptom patterns observed in those who suffered a major accident, the unexpected death of a loved one, or sexual assault. Based on recent findings, this project also examines those who reported nontraumatic (but stressful) events, as well as comparing symptom patterns across gender. Findings suggest different types of traumas might be associated with differences in severity and patterns of symptoms for women (but not for men), suggesting symptom patterns manifest differently in men and women. Results also call into question the assumption that traumatic events demonstrate different symptom patterns than other types of events. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Death of a loved one, Gender issues, Major accident, Profile analysis, Sexual assault, Symptom profile, Trauma","Lancaster, S. L., Melka, S. E., Rodriguez, B. F., Bryant, A. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3095,Promoting independent task performance by persons with severe developmental disabilities through a new computer-aided system,"This study involved two experiments. In Experiment I, a computer-aided system for promoting task performance by 6 persons with severe developmental disabilities was compared with a card system. The computer-aided system was portable and presented pictorial task instructions (one instruction per step) and prompts. In Experiment 2, the same system was used, but the number of instruction occasions was reduced. In one condition, the system presented all the instructions used in Experiment 1 but mostly in clusters rather than individually. In another, the system presented part of the Experiment 1 instructions. Three Experiment 1 participants also served in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 results indicated all 6 participants had higher percentages of correct steps with the computer system and preferred it to the card system. Experiment 2 results indicated that the condition in which the instructions were clustered was more effective for maintaining correct task performance. Implications of the findings were discussed.",,"Lancioni, G. E., ""OReilly, M. F."", Seedhouse, P., Furniss, F., Cunha, B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3096,Enhancing resilience: Families and communities as agents for change,"In this article, the Linking Human Systems (LINC) Community Resilience model, a theoretical framework for initiating and sustaining change in communities that have undergone rapid and untimely transition or loss, is presented. The model assumes that individuals, families, and communities are inherently competent and resilient, and that with appropriate support and encouragement, they can access individual and collective strengths that will allow them to transcend their loss. This competence can be nurtured by helping people regain a sense of connectedness with one another; with those who came before them; with their daily patterns, rituals, and stories that impart spiritual meaning; and with tangible resources within their community. Rather than imposing artificial support infrastructures, LINC interventions engage respected community members to act as natural agents for change. These ""community links"" provide a bridge between outside professionals, families, and communities, particularly in circumstances in which outside intervention may not be welcomed. The article illustrates how LINC interventions successfully have been used in communities around the world. © 2007 © FPI, Inc.","Community intervention, Community resilience, Family and community links, LINC community resilience, Transitional family therapy, Trauma and loss","Landau, J.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00216.x,0,0,
3097,"Linking human systems: Strengthening individuals, families, and communities in the wake of mass trauma","This article presents an overview of the philosophy and practical principles underlying the Linking Human Systems Approach based on the theory of resilience in individuals, families, and communities facing crisis, trauma, and disaster. The Link Approach focuses on tapping into the inherent strength of individuals and their families and emphasizes resilience rather than vulnerability. It has been successfully used in combating critical public health problems, such as addiction, HIV/AIDS, and recovery from major trauma or disaster. Also, three specific models of Link intervention aimed at the individual, family, and community levels are discussed, with special emphasis on the family-level intervention. These interventions are directed toward mobilizing resources for long-term physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual healing. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.",,"Landau, J., Mittal, M., Wieling, E.",2008.0,,10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00064.x,0,0,
3098,Gender differences in the prevalence of symptom disorders and personality disorders among poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics: Substance abusers treated in two counties in Norway,"Objective: Gender differences in the prevalence of Axis I and II disorders in poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics and between these two groups are explored. Method: A consecutive sample (n=260) of in- and out-patients from two Norwegian counties were assessed by CIDI (Axis I disorders) and MCMI-II (Axis II disorders). Results: Major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women than in men. A significantly higher prevalence of antisocial, passive-aggressive, and borderline personality disorders (PD) was observed among poly-substance abusers, whereas pure alcoholics were found to have dependent PDs more often. Female poly-substance abusers differed significantly from all other substance abusers by suffering more often from major depression, simple phobia, PTSD and borderline PD. Male poly-substance abusers more often presented antisocial PD and less often Cluster C disorders than all other substance abusers. Female pure alcoholics more often had major depression and Cluster C disorders than all other substance abusers. Male pure alcoholics presented less often with Axis I disorders, major depression, and PTSD, but more often with Cluster A disorders, in particular schizoid PD, than all other substance abusers. Conclusion: The pattern of comorbid disorders is clearly different between male and female poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics. This implies that these four subgroups have important differences in their treatment needs. Copyright (copyright) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel.","alcohol, adult, agoraphobia, alcoholism, antisocial behavior, article, avoidant personality disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline state, comorbidity, compulsion, controlled study, dependent personality disorder, dysthymia, eating disorder, female, gender, histrionic personality disorder, human, human experiment, major clinical study, major depression, male, narcissism, Norway, obsessive compulsive disorder, paranoia, passive aggressive personality disorder, personality disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychopathy, sadism, schizoidism, schizotypal personality disorder, sex ratio, social phobia, somatization, substance abuse, symptom","Landheim, A. S., Bakken, K., Vaglum, P.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3099,Incidence and associations of parental and child posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric patients,"Background: Previous studies consistently found remarkable prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in pediatric patients and their parents. Findings suggest a significant association between child and parent PTSS. The present study examined, in a sample of pediatric patients with different conditions, incidence rates and determinants of PTSS and PTSD in the patients, and their mothers and fathers. Also, associations of maternal, paternal and child PTSS and PTSD were analyzed. Method: Two hundred and nine children (aged 6.5-14.5 years) were interviewed 5-6 weeks after an accident or a new diagnosis of cancer or diabetes mellitus type 1 by means of the Child PTSD Reaction Index. Their mothers (n = 180) and fathers (n = 175) were assessed with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Results: Children reported PTSS levels in the mild range. Sixteen percent of the fathers and 23.9% of the mothers met full DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. Type of trauma impacted differently on parents and children. In children, accident-related injury was associated with higher PTSS scores. Conversely, in parents, diagnosis of cancer in their child was associated with more symptoms. Functional status of the child was also found to be an important predictor of PTSS in children and parents. PTSS scores of mothers and fathers were significantly correlated with each other. However, child PTSS were not significantly related to PTSS of mothers and fathers. This was true for total scores as well as for DSM-IV symptom clusters. Conclusions: There is a need for careful evaluation of PTSS and PTSD in pediatric patients with accidental injuries or sudden onset of severe chronic diseases and in their respective parents. Importantly, children, their mothers, and their fathers should be assessed separately, because a significant association between child and parental PTSS may not exist.","Chronic illness, Injury, Parent-child relationships, Pediatrics, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Landolt, M. A., Vollrath, M., Ribi, K., Gnehm, H. E., Sennhauser, F. H.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3100,Incidence and associations of parental and child posttraumatic stress symptoms in pedi- atric patients,,,"Landolt, M. A., Vollrath, M., Ribi, K., Gnehm, H. E., Sennhauser, F. H.",2003.0,2003,,0,0,3099
3101,The mutual prospective influence of child and parental post-traumatic stress symptoms in pediatric patients,"Background: Previous studies found notable rates of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in pediatric patients and their parents and suggest a significant association between child and parent PTSS. However, little is known about mutual influences between child and parental PTSS over time. This study prospectively examined the presence of PTSS and PTSD and the mutual influence of child and parental PTSS in a large sample of pediatric patients with different medical conditions. Methods: A total of 287 children (aged 6.5-16 years) and their mothers (n = 239) and fathers (n = 221) were assessed at 5-6 weeks and 1 year after an accident or a new diagnosis of cancer or diabetes mellitus type 1 in the child. Results: At the first assessment 11.1% and at the second assessment 10.2% of the children had moderate to severe PTSS. At 5-6 weeks 29.3% of mothers and 18.6% of fathers met criteria for PTSD. At 1 year the rates were 14.6% for mothers and 7.9% for fathers. There were considerable differences of PTSS among different medical diagnostic groups in children and parents. Mothers were more vulnerable than fathers. Structural equation analysis revealed that initially high PTSS in mothers and fathers were longitudinally related to poorer recovery from PTSS in the child. Cross-lagged effects from the child to the parents and from one parent to the other were not significant. Conclusions: This study highlights the long-term influence of parental PTSS on the child's recovery after trauma and calls for a family systems approach and for early interventions in the treatment of traumatized pediatric patients. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.","chronic illness, injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Landolt, M. A., Ystrom, E., Sennhauser, F. H., Gnehm, H. E., Vollrath, M. E.",2012.0,,10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02520.x,0,0,
3102,Health and environmental consequences of the World Trade Center disaster,"The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an acute environmental disaster of enormous magnitude. This study characterizes the environmental exposures resulting from destruction of the WTC and assesses their effects on health. Methods include ambient air sampling; analyses of outdoor and indoor settled dust; high-altitude imaging and modeling of the atmospheric plume; inhalation studies of WTC dust in mice; and clinical examinations, community surveys, and prospective epidemiologic studies of exposed populations. WTC dust was found to consist predominantly (95%) of coarse particles and contained pulverized cement, glass fibers, asbestos, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated furans and dioxins. Airborne particulate levels were highest immediately after the attack and declined thereafter. Particulate levels decreased sharply with distance from the WTC. Dust pH was highly alkaline (pH 9.0-11.0). Mice exposed to WTC dust showed only moderate pulmonary inflammation but marked bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 10,116 firefighters showed exposure-related increases in cough and bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 183 cleanup workers showed new-onset cough (33%), wheeze (18%), and phlegm production (24%). Increased frequency of new-onset cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath were also observed in community residents. Follow-up of 182 pregnant women who were either inside or near the WTC on 11 September showed a 2-fold increase in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. In summary, environmental exposures after the WTC disaster were associated with significant adverse effects on health. The high alkalinity of WTC dust produced bronchial hyperreactivity, persistent cough, and increased risk of asthma. Plausible causes of the observed increase in SGA infants include maternal exposures, to PAH and particulates. Future risk of mesothelioma may be increased, particularly among workers and volunteers exposed occupationally to asbestos. Continuing follow-up of all exposed populations is required to document the long-term consequences of the disaster.","Air pollution, Airway hyperresponsiveness, Asbestos, Occupational lung disease, PM10, PM2.5, Small for gestational age (SGA)","Landrigan, P. J., Lioy, P. J., Thurston, G., Berkowitz, G., Chen, L. C., Chillrud, S. N., Gavett, S. H., Georgopoulos, P. G., Geyh, A. S., Levin, S., Perera, F., Rappaport, S. M., Small, C., Becker, M., Breysse, P. N., Cohen, B., Costa, M., Efstathiou, C., Eisenreich, S., Foley, G., Frank, R., McGee, J. K., Groopman, J. D., Herbert, R., Herbstman, J., Jayjock, E., Kendall, M., Lederman, S. A., Lim, H. J., Lippman, M., Maciejczyk, P., Millette, J., Miretzky, A., Ng, S. P., Offenberg, J. H., Özkaynak, H. A., Pleil, J. D., Pozzi, F., Quan, C., Reibman, J., Ross, J., Samet, J. M., Santella, R. M., Schwab, M., Shade, P., Sobo, M., Stenchikov, G., Sun, Q., Symons, J. M., Turpin, B., Vyas, V., Wang, S. W., Weisel, C. P., Williams, D. L., Wolff, M. S., Yiin, L. M., Zhong, M., Gallo, M. A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3103,Symptom patterns among youth exposed to intimate partner violence,"Children and adolescents exposed to intimate partner violence display a broad range of symptoms. We sought to differentiate symptom patterns and predictors of these patterns using a person-oriented approach. Previous cluster analysis research of exposed youth was extended to include youth PTSD symptoms and trauma history. Participants were 74 mothers who had received a police call for domestic violence, and who had a child between 2 and 17 years old. Cluster analysis was used to identify four symptom patterns among exposed youth: Typical, Asymptomatic, General Distress, and Acute PTSD. These patterns were replicated in separate cluster analyses with younger and older participants. Symptom patterns were differentiated by maternal distress, maternal aggression, and youth trauma history, but not by male partner aggression. Implications for assessment and treatment of youth exposed to intimate partner violence, and suggestions for further research, are discussed. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Child, Domestic violence, PTSD, Trauma, Youth","Lang, J. M., Stover, C. S.",2008.0,,,0,1,
3104,Prospective analysis of factors associated with work reentry in patients with accident-related injuries,"Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of accidents, the physical and psychological consequences, the patient's predisposition as well as work-related cognitions on return to work (RTW) post accident. Despite the costs of time-off from work after accidental injuries, very few investigations have been carried out so far. Method: In a consecutive sample, 163 patients were investigated directly and 12 months after an accident. Results: 32% of the patients had a poor occupational integration 12 months after an accident. As predictors for return to work were found type of prior work: laborer (OR=4.34; 1.79-10.50 CI 95%), type of accident: recreational (OR=0.27; 0.11-0.69 CI 95%) and subjective perception of the accident severity (OR=0.98; 0.96-0.99 CI 95%). Conclusion: Laborers after a traffic or work accident, who estimate the accident as severe, are at greater risk of developping long-term disability. Future efforts should be conducted especially for this target group. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","Accident injury, Mental disorders, Predictors, Return to work","Lange, C., Burgmer, M., Braunheim, M., Heuft, G.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3105,Post-concussion and traumatic stress symptoms following combat-related polytrauma: Influence of traumatic brain injury,"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine post-concussion and traumatic stress symptoms in US service members following combat-related polytrauma. Methods: Participants were 66 US military service members (Age: M=27.2 years; 95.5% Male) who were medically evacuated from the combat theater for injuries sustained during Operation's Iraqi Freedom or Enduring Freedom [i.e., 25 Trauma Controls (TC), 21 Uncomplicated Mild TBI (MTBI), and 20 TBI (TBI; i.e., Complicated MTBI, Moderate, or Severe TBI). Patients had significant bodily injuries with or without a brain injury. Patients in the MTBI and TBI groups were matched to patients in the TC group based on age, gender, number of deployments, mechanism of injury, days evaluated post injury, and amputations. Two TC subgroups were created that were matched to the MTBI and TBI groups. The two TC groups were not mutually exclusive (16 patients overlapped in these groups). All service members completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NBSI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version (PCLC) within 12 months of injury (M=80.6 days). Results: Two-group statistical comparisons revealed no significant differences between the TC subgroups and the MTBI or TBI groups on nearly all of the cluster scores and total scores from the NBSI and PCLC (all p>.05). The only exception was significantly higher scores in the TBI group on the NBSI Cognitive cluster (p=.035). Although not statistically significant, medium effect sizes were found for NBSI and PCLC total scores when comparing the TC groups to the MTBI (d=.45 and d=.43) and TBI (d=.40 and d=31) groups, respectively. The MTBI and TBI groups reported more symptoms on both measures than the TC groups. The percentages of each group that met DSM-IV symptom research criteria for Postconcussional Disorder (PCD) were calculated based on symptom reporting as 'moderate or greater.' A person was classified as meeting DSMIV criteria for PCD if they (a) endorsed three or more of the Category C symptom criteria, and (b) endorsed subjective attention and memory complaints. The rates of PCD were as follows: TC group 1=23.8%, MTBI=37.6%, TC group 2=35.0%, and TBI=50.0%. The percentages of each group that met criteria for PTSD, based on symptoms reported as 'moderate or greater,' were as follows: TC group 1=9.5%%, MTBI=19.0%, TC group 2=20.0%, and TBI=30.0%. Conclusion: Combat-related polytrauma is associated with high levels of post-concussion and traumatic stress symptom reporting. A substantial minority of service members with bodily injuries and no head trauma endorse symptoms consistent with Postconcussional Disorder, illustrating the nonspecificity of the diagnosis following combat-related injury. However, those with polytrauma and a traumatic brain injury, of any severity, report greater post-concussion symptoms than those without head trauma.","brain injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, concussion, injury, human, patient, diseases, head injury, memory, effect size, checklist, male, postconcussion syndrome, amputation, diagnosis, gender, military service","Lange, R., French, L., Johnson, F., Bhagwat, A., Iverson, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3106,Clinical utility and psychometric properties of the traumatic brain injury quality of life scale (TBI-QOL) in US military service members,"Objective: To examine the clinical utility and psychometric properties of the Traumatic Brain Injury Quality of Life (TBI-QOL) scale in a US military population. Participants: One hundred fifty-two US military service members (age: M = 34.3, SD = 9.4; 89.5% men) prospectively enrolled from the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and other nationwide community outreach initiatives. Participants included 99 service members who had sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 53 injured or noninjured controls without TBI (n = 29 and n = 24, respectively). Procedure: Participants completed the TBI-QOL scale and 5 other behavioral measures, on average, 33.8 months postinjury (SD = 37.9). Main Outcome Measures: Fourteen TBI-QOL subscales; Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory; Posttraumatic Stress DisorderChecklist-Civilian version; Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; Combat Exposure Scale. Results: The internal consistency reliability of the TBI-QOL scales ranged from α =.91 to α =.98. The convergent and discriminant validity of the 14 TBI-QOL subscales was high. The mild TBI group had significantly worse scores on 10 of the 14 TBI-QOL subscales than the control group (range, P <.001 to P =.043). Effect sizes ranged from medium to very large (d = 0.35 to d = 1.13). The largest differences were found on the Cognition-General Concerns (d = 1.13), Executive Function (d = 0.94), Grief-Loss (d = 0.88), Pain Interference (d = 0.83), and Headache Pain (d = 0.83) subscales. Conclusion: These results support the use of the TBI-QOL scale as a measure of health-related quality of life in a mild TBI military sample. Additional research is recommended to further evaluate the clinical utility of the TBI-QOL scale in both military and civilian settings.","adult, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, anger, anxiety, article, assessment of humans, cluster headache, Combat Exposure Scale, comparative study, controlled study, convergent validity, depression, descriptive research, discriminant validity, emotional stability, executive function, fatigue, female, grief, headache, human, internal consistency, major clinical study, male, military service, Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, outcome assessment, postconcussion syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version, psychometry, quality of life assessment, self esteem, social participation, traumatic brain injury, Traumatic Brain Injury Quality of Life Scale, wellbeing","Lange, R. T., Brickell, T. A., Bailie, J. M., Tulsky, D. S., French, L. M.",2016.0,,,0,0,
3107,Propranolol and central nervous system function: Potential implications for paediatric patients with infantile haemangiomas,"Given its improved safety profile compared with systemic corticosteroids, propranolol has become the mainstay treatment of infantile haemangioma (IH) worldwide. There is evidence, mainly from adult volunteer studies, that propranolol use is associated with central nervous system (CNS) effects. Impairment to short- and long-term memory, psychomotor function, sleep quality and mood with relatively low doses and durations of treatment have been reported. The exact magnitude of CNS effects resulting from propranolol use, especially in the early developmental stages and for prolonged periods of use, is not currently known. These effects may not be readily recognizable and require specialized assessment of cognitive function not routinely performed. Furthermore, there may be a delay between exposure and cognitive defects. The evidence to date provides a strong rationale to proceed with caution when prescribing propranolol for IH: treatment should be used only when indicated (in the presence of ulceration, impairment of a vital function or risk of permanent disfigurement) and for a limited duration, and the benefits of treatment should be weighed carefully against potential adverse events before treatment is initiated. This narrative review describes the evidence for an effect of propranolol use on CNS function from volunteer and patient studies, including IH.","atenolol, metoprolol, noradrenalin, pindolol, propranolol, amygdaloid nucleus, capillary hemangioma, central nervous system function, child, cognition, declarative memory, digit symbol substitution test, electroencephalogram, eye movement, heart rate, hippocampus, human, hypertension, locus ceruleus, long term memory, memory consolidation, mood, muscle tone, nonhuman, noradrenergic system, pons, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychomotor activity, review, short term memory, sleep disorder, sleep quality, working memory","Langley, A., Pope, E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3108,Correlates of comorbid anxiety and externalizing disorders in childhood obsessive compulsive disorder,"The present study examines the influence of diagnostic comorbidity on the demographic, psychiatric, and functional status of youth with a primary diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Two hundred andfifteen children (ages 5-17) referred to a university-based OCD specialty clinic were compared based on DSM-IV diagnostic profile: OCD without comorbid anxiety or externalizing disorder, OCD plus anxiety disorder, and OCD plus externalizing disorder. No age or gender differences were found across groups. Higher OCD severity was found for the OCD + ANX group, while the OCD + EXT group reported greater functional impairment than the other two groups. Lower family cohesion was reported by the OCD + EXT group compared to the OCD group and the OCD + ANX group reported higher family conflict compared to the OCD + EXT group. The OCD + ANX group had significantly lower rates of tic disorders while rates of depressive disorders did not differ among the three groups. The presence of comorbid anxiety and externalizing psychopathology are associated with greater symptom severity and functional and family impairment and underscores the importance of a better understanding of the relationship of OCD characteristics and associated disorders. Results and clinical implications are further discussed. (copyright) Springer-Verlag 2010.","adolescent, article, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, child, child psychiatry, comorbidity, controlled study, demography, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, disease severity, family conflict, family functioning, family interaction, female, functional assessment, functional status, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, obsessive compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, psychiatric diagnosis, school child, social phobia, symptom, tic","Langley, A. K., Lewin, A. B., Bergman, R. L., Lee, J. C., Piacentini, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3109,Using the Excess Heat Factor (EHF) to predict the risk of heat related deaths,"Extremes of climate are not uncommon in Australia and heatwaves are not infrequent. Periods of high ambient temperature may result in clusters of heat related deaths, which may place strain on forensic facilities. This paper describes the formulation of the Excess Heat Factor using meteorological data to provide a means of predicting death resulting from periods of extreme heat stress. The 2009 South Australian heatwave had the highest ranked Excess Heat Factor in Adelaide's records. There were 58 heat related deaths, with the bulk of the heat related deaths following the peak Excess Heat Factor value (144 C2). The 2008 heatwave had a lower peak Excess Heat Factor value (36 C2); there was only one heat related death, which followed the peak in the Excess Heat Factor. It is proposed that calculation of the Excess Heat Factor from meteorological data could provide a means to predict and identify heat related deaths resulting from extreme weather conditions. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","Climate, Excess Heat Factor, Forensic science, Heat related death, Heatwave, Hyperthermia","Langlois, N., Herbst, J., Mason, K., Nairn, J., Byard, R. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3110,"The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications","Background Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has recently been documented. A dissociative subtype of PTSD is being considered for inclusion in the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) to address the symptoms of depersonalization and derealization found among a subset of patients with PTSD. This article reviews research related to the dissociative subtype including antecedent, concurrent, and predictive validators as well as the rationale for recommending the dissociative subtype. Methods The relevant literature pertaining to the dissociative subtype of PTSD was reviewed. Results Latent class analyses point toward a specific subtype of PTSD consisting of symptoms of depersonalization and derealization in both veteran and civilian samples of PTSD. Compared to individuals with PTSD, those with the dissociative subtype of PTSD also exhibit a different pattern of neurobiological response to symptom provocation as well as a differential response to current cognitive behavioral treatment designed for PTSD. Conclusions We recommend that consideration be given to adding a dissociative subtype of PTSD in the revision of the DSM. This facilitates more accurate analysis of different phenotypes of PTSD, assist in treatment planning that is informed by considering the degree of patients' dissociativity, will improve treatment outcome, and will lead to much-needed research about the prevalence, symptomatology, neurobiology, and treatment of individuals with the dissociative subtype of PTSD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","amygdala, depersonalization, derealization, dissociative subtype, medial prefrontal cortex, PTSD, treatment outcome","Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., Spiegel, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3111,Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype,"In this article, the authors present evidence regarding a dissociative subtype of PTSD, with clinical and neurobiological features that can be distinguished from nondissociative PTSD. The dissociative subtype is characterized by over-modulation of affect, while the more common undermodulated type involves the predominance of reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms. This article focuses on the neural manifestations of the dissociative subtype in PTSD and compares it to those underlying the reexperiencing/hyperaroused subtype. A model that includes these two types of emotion dysregulation in PTSD is described. In this model, reexperiencing/hyperarousal reactivity is viewed as a form of emotion dysregulation that involves emotional undermodulation, mediated by failure of prefrontal inhibition of limbic regions. In contrast, the dissociative subtype of PTSD is described as a form of emotion dysregulation that involves emotional overmodulation mediated by midline prefrontal inhibition of the same limbic regions. Both types of modulation are involved in a dynamic interplay and lead to alternating symptom profiles in PTSD. These findings have important implications for treatment of PTSD, including the need to assess patients with PTSD for dissociative symptoms and to incorporate the treatment of dissociative symptoms into stage-oriented trauma treatment.",,"Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Christian, S., Bremner, J. D., Spiegel, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3112,"Negative affect predicts adults' ratings of the current, but not childhood, impact of adverse childhood events","Adverse childhood events (ACE's) have been empirically related to a wide range of negative health and mental health outcomes. However, not all individuals who experience ACE's follow a trajectory of poor outcomes, and not all individuals perceive the impact of ACE's as necessarily negative. The purpose of this study was to investigate positive and negative affect as predictors of adults' ratings of both the childhood and adult impact of their childhood adversity. Self-report data on ACE experiences, including number, severity, and 'impact' were collected from 158 community members recruited on the basis of having adverse childhood experiences. Results indicated that, regardless of event severity and number of different types of adverse events experienced, high levels of negative affect were the strongest predictor of whether the adult impact of the adverse childhood events was rated as negative. All individuals rated the childhood impact of events the same. Implications are discussed. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Affect, Attributions, Childhood maltreatment, Life stress, Resilience","Lanoue, M., Graeber, D. A., Helitzer, D. L., Fawcett, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3113,The comprehensive assessment of defense style: measuring defense mechanisms in children and adolescents,"This study introduces the Comprehensive Assessment of Defense Style (CADS), a new method to assess descriptively the defensive behavior of children and adolescents. Parents of 124 children and adolescents referred to a mental health clinic, of 104 nontreated children, and of 15 children whose fathers were treated for posttraumatic stress disorder completed the CADS. Factor analysis of 28 defenses yielded one mature factor, one immature factor of defenses expressed in relations with the environment (other-oriented), and one of defenses expressed in relations with the self (self-oriented). The CADS significantly discriminated between patients and nonpatients. Psychiatric patients used more immature and fewer mature defenses than control subjects, and adolescents used more mature and fewer other-oriented defenses than children. Girls used more mature and fewer other-oriented defenses than boys. The reliability and validity data of the CADS are encouraging. The three defense factors may be implemented for diagnostic and clinical purposes as well as for screening for psychopathology risk in untreated populations.","Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, *Defense Mechanisms, Discriminant Analysis, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, Male, Mental Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Mothers/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Multivariate Analysis, Object Attachment, Personality Assessment/standards/*statistics & numerical data, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Psychology, Adolescent/statistics & numerical data, Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, ROC Curve, Reproducibility of Results, Research Design, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology","Laor, N., Wolmer, L., Cicchetti, D. V.",2001.0,Jun,,0,0,
3114,The function of image control in the psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder,"The physiological response to trauma-related stimuli of up to one third of participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cannot be discriminated from that of controls. Psychophysiological measures (heart rate and blood pressure) of 22 PTSD and 23 control civilian participants, all exposed to missile attacks during the Gulf War, were recorded while listening to five scripts. The physiological response of PTSD subjects with high image control (IC) was lower than that of PTSD participants with low IC and similar to that of non-PTSD subjects. The physiological response poorly discriminated high IC PTSD participants from controls, but was successful in discriminating low IC PTSD subjects from controls with 91% specificity and 92% sensitivity. Image control is proposed as a function influencing physiological response in PTSD.","adult, article, clinical article, data analysis, discriminant analysis, emotion, female, human, imagery, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychometry, psychophysiology, self concept, stimulus response","Laor, N., Wolmer, L., Wiener, Z., Reiss, A., Muller, U., Weizman, R., Ron, S.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3115,Posttraumatic stress disorder in the emergency room: Exploration of a cognitive model,"Ehlers and Clark (Behav. Res. Ther., 38 (2000) 319) recently proposed a cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we examined two facets of this model, appraisal and peritraumatic dissociation, in the context of a hospital emergency room. Fifty-one emergency room personnel completed questionnaires measuring posttraumatic stress symptoms, interpretations of traumatic events experienced while working in the emergency room and subsequent intrusive recollections, and peritraumatic dissociation. Twelve percent of participants met formal diagnostic criteria for PTSD, and 20% met PTSD symptom criteria. As predicted, both negative appraisals of the trauma and of intrusive recollections were associated with increased PTSD severity. Although peritraumatic dissociation did not correlate with overall PTSD symptom severity, it was associated with the reexperiencing symptom cluster. Discussion focuses on the factors associated with PTSD in emergency room professionals and implications for intervention. (copyright) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","article, clinical article, cognition, controlled study, correlation function, disease severity, dissociative disorder, emergency ward, female, human, male, medical personnel, medical profession, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychotrauma, theoretical model","Laposa, J. M., Alden, L. E.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3116,Lifetime sexual and physical victimization among male veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,,,"Lapp, K. G., Bosworth, H. B., Strauss, J. L., Stechuchak, K. M., Horner, R. D., Calhoun, P. S., Meador, K. G., Lipper, S., Butterfield, M. I.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3117,PTSD in the elderly: The interaction between trauma and aging,"Background: Because an increasingly large cohort of individuals is approaching their elderly years, there is concern about how the healthcare system will cope with the greater demands placed upon it. One area of concern is the impact of trauma and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aged. Although several reviews have highlighted the lack of knowledge and research on the topic, there still remain gaps in the literature. Nevertheless, some recent behavioral, endocrinological and neuroimaging studies may provide new insights into the discussion. The central aims of this paper are to summarize the etiological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of PTSD, trauma, and the elderly, and to integrate this knowledge with (i) what is known about PTSD in adults, and (ii) the behavioral, hormonal and cerebral changes associated with healthy aging. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed with ISI Web of Science and PubMed for articles pertinent to the psychology and biology of PTSD, trauma, and the elderly. Results: There exist both significant similarities and differences between adults and elderly with PTSD concerning cognitive and biological profile. Evidence suggests that PTSD in the elderly does not follow a simple clinical trajectory. Conclusions: PTSD in the elderly must be considered within the context of normal aging. Strong claims about an interaction between PTSD and aging are difficult to make due to sample heterogeneity, but it is clear that PTSD in this age group presents unique aspects not seen in younger cohorts. Further research must integrate their studies with the biological, psychological, and social changes already associated with the aging process. © International Psychogeriatric Association 2011.","aging, elderly, PTSD, trauma","Lapp, L. K., Agbokou, C., Ferreri, F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3118,Management of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: A review,"Prevalence and risk factors for the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth is well described in the literature. However, its management and treatment has only begun to be investigated. The aim of this article is to describe the studies that examine the effects of interventions on PTSD after childbirth. MedLine, PILOTS, CINAHL and ISI Web of Science databases were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials, pilot studies and case studies using key words related to PTSD, childbirth, treatment and intervention. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were also used to supplement the search. A total of nine studies were retrieved. Seven studies that examined debriefing or counselling were identified; six randomised controlled trials and one pilot study. Also found were one case report describing the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) on two women, and one pilot study of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). Overall, there is limited evidence concerning the management of women with PTSD after childbirth. The results agree with the findings from the non-childbirth related literature: debriefing and counselling are inconclusively effective while CBT and EMDR may improve PTSD status but require investigation in controlled trials before conclusions could be drawn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Lapp, Leann K., Agbokou, Catherine, Peretti, Charles-Siegfried, Ferreri, Florian",2010.0,,,0,0,
3119,"Toward an integrative model of the spectrum of mood, behavioral and personality disorders based on fear and anger traits: I. Clinical implications","Current formal psychiatric approaches to nosology are plagued by an unwieldy degree of heterogeneity with insufficient appreciation of the commonalities of emotional, personality, behavioral, and addictive disorders. We address this challenge by building a spectrum model that integrates the advantages of Cloninger's and Akiskalian approaches to personality and temperament while avoiding some of their limitations. We specifically propose that ""fear"" and ""anger"" traits - used in a broader connotation than in the conventional literature - provide an optimum basis for understanding how the spectra of anxiety, depressive, bipolar, ADHD, alcohol, substance use and other impulse-control, as well as cluster B and C personality disorders arise and relate to one another. By erecting a bidimensional approach, we attempt to resolve the paradox that apparently polar conditions (e.g. depression and mania, compulsivity and impulsivity, internalizing and externalizing disorders) can coexist without canceling one another. The combination of excessive or deficient fear and anger traits produces 4 main quadrants corresponding to the main temperament types of hyperthymic, depressive, cyclothymic and labile individuals, which roughly correspond to bipolar I, unipolar depression, bipolar II and ADHD, respectively. Other affective temperaments resulting from excess or deficiency of only fear or anger include irritable, anxious, apathetic and hyperactive. Our model does not consider schizophrenia. We propose that ""healthy"" or euthymic individuals would have average or moderate fear and anger traits. We further propose that family history, course and comorbidity patterns can also be understood based on fear and anger traits. We finally discuss the implications of the new derived model for clinical diagnosis of the common psychiatric disorders, and for subtyping depression and anxiety as well as cognitive and behavioral styles. We submit this proposed schema represented herein as a heuristic attempt to build bridges between basic and clinical science. (copyright) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, mood stabilizer, neuroleptic agent, psychostimulant agent, addiction, alcoholism, anger, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, anxiety disorder, apathy, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, bulimia, cognition, comorbidity, compulsion, cyclothymia, depression, diagnostic value, disease predisposition, disruptive behavior, emotion, exploratory behavior, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hyperactivity, hyperthymia, hypomania, impulse control disorder, impulsiveness, irritability, kleptomania, mania, mental instability, mixed mania and depression, mood disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, pedophilia, personality, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, psychological model, review, schizophrenia, sex difference, social phobia, substance abuse, temperament","Lara, D. R., Pinto, O., Akiskal, K., Akiskal, H. S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3120,The characteristics of a cohort who tamper with prescribed and diverted opioid medications,"Aims: To describe the methods and baseline characteristics of a cohort of people who tamper with pharmaceutical opioids, formed to examine changes in opioid use following introduction of Reformulated OxyContin®. Methods: Participants were 606 people from three Australian jurisdictions who reported past month injecting, snorting, chewing or smoking of a pharmaceutical opioid and had engaged in these practices at least monthly in the past 6. months. Baseline interviews were conducted prior to introduction of Reformulated OxyContin® in April 2014. Patterns of opioid use and cohort characteristics were examined according to whether participants were prescribed opioid medications, or exclusively used diverted medication. Results: The cohort reported high levels of moderate/severe depression (61%), moderate/severe anxiety (43%), post-traumatic stress disorder (42%), chronic pain or disability (past 6. months, 54%) and pain (past month, 47%). Lifetime use of oxycodone, morphine, opioid substitution medications and codeine were common. Three-quarters (77%) reported ICD-10 lifetime pharmaceutical opioid dependence and 40% current heroin dependence. Thirteen percent reported past year overdose, and 70% reported at least one past month opioid injection-related injury or disease. The cohort displayed complex clinical profiles, but participants currently receiving opioid substitution therapy who were also prescribed other opioids particularly reported a wide range of risk behaviors, despite their health service engagement. Conclusions: Findings highlight the heterogeneity in the patterns and clinical correlates of opioid use among people who tamper with pharmaceutical opioids. Targeted health interventions are essential to reduce the associated harms. © 2015.","Abuse deterrent, Abuse liability, Cohort, Opioids, Pharmaceutical opioids, Tamper resistant","Larance, B., Lintzeris, N., Bruno, R., Peacock, A., Cama, E., Ali, R., Kihas, I., Hordern, A., White, N., Degenhardt, L.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jsat.2015.06.001,0,0,
3121,Substantial symptom changes in naturalistic recovery from aversive events,"Objective: Researchers have recommended examining trajectories of recovery from aversive events, including sudden gains and spikes. We examined rates, attributions for, and outcomes associated with substantial symptom improvements and brief exacerbations after aversive events. Method: Sixty-three women completed questionnaire measures of mood, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. They used a Life History Calendar (LHC) to draw the trajectory of symptom levels from the event to the present, and were interviewed regarding the course of their symptoms. Based on the LHC and interview, we coded whether each participant experienced substantial improvements and/or brief exacerbations and reasons for them. Results: Participants frequently experienced substantial improvements and brief exacerbations, most of which they attributed to external events. Substantial improvements-but not substantial brief exacerbations-were associated with significantly lower symptom levels. Conclusion: Substantial improvements are similar to sudden gains in therapy samples. Substantial improvements in avoidance and mood have positive, bidirectional effects on each other.","Aversive events, Spikes, Stressful life events, Sudden gains, Trauma","Larsen, S. E., Berenbaum, H.",,,,0,0,
3122,Substantial symptom changes in naturalistic recovery from aversive events,"OBJECTIVE: Researchers have recommended examining trajectories of recovery from aversive events, including sudden gains and spikes. We examined rates, attributions for, and outcomes associated with substantial symptom improvements and brief exacerbations after aversive events. METHOD: Sixty-three women completed questionnaire measures of mood, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. They used a Life History Calendar (LHC) to draw the trajectory of symptom levels from the event to the present, and were interviewed regarding the course of their symptoms. Based on the LHC and interview, we coded whether each participant experienced substantial improvements and/or brief exacerbations and reasons for them. RESULTS: Participants frequently experienced substantial improvements and brief exacerbations, most of which they attributed to external events. Substantial improvements-but not substantial brief exacerbations-were associated with significantly lower symptom levels. CONCLUSION: Substantial improvements are similar to sudden gains in therapy samples. Substantial improvements in avoidance and mood have positive, bidirectional effects on each other.","aversive events, spikes, stressful life events, sudden gains, trauma","Larsen, S. E., Berenbaum, H.",2014.0,Oct,10.1002/jclp.22092,0,0,3121
3123,Are Specific Emotion Regulation Strategies Differentially Associated with Posttraumatic Growth Versus Stress?,"Extremely few studies have examined emotion regulation strategies as predictors of posttraumatic growth (PTG). This study aimed to examine several specific emotion regulation strategies, along with meaning making, as predictors of PTG, as opposed to posttraumatic distress. Participants were 107 adult women who had experienced a very stressful or traumatic event within the past 3 years and completed questionnaires measuring emotion regulation, meaning making, distress, and PTG. Emotion suppression positively predicted distress, but not PTG. Meaning making positively predicted PTG and negatively predicted distress. Bootstrapped mediation models showed that emotional processing has a significant indirect effect on PTG and distress through its effect on meaning making. Results indicate that researchers should pay closer attention to emotional processes involved in etiological models of PTG. It might also be helpful to examine specific emotion regulation strategies, as these can point to ways to help people navigate recovery from trauma. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","emotion regulation, meaning making, posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, stressful events, traumatic events","Larsen, S. E., Berenbaum, H.",2015.0,,10.1080/10926771.2015.1062451,0,0,
3124,"Memory deficits, postconcussive complaints, and posttraumatic stress disorder in a volunteer sample of veterans","Purpose: To better understand how memory impairment is related to postconcussive complaints and to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and whether these relationships remain after controlling for premorbid cognitive ability. Method: We examined memory impairment, premorbid cognitive ability, postconcussive complaints, and symptoms of PTSD in 205 veterans, 135 of who gave a self-reported history of concussion and exposure to a traumatic life event. We limited our sample to those who gave good effort on cognitive testing according to a symptom validity measure. Results: Although memory impairment was not associated with a history of concussion, it was associated with severity of postconcussive complaints. That association was no longer significant after controlling for premorbid IQ. A similar analysis yielded slightly different findings for PTSD. Memory impairment was associated with PTSD diagnosis, although it was not associated with severity of PTSD symptoms after controlling for premorbid ability. Conclusions: These data are consistent with multifactorial models of the etiology of postconcussion disorder and PTSD such as the ""burden of adversity hypothesis"" described by Brenner, Vanderploeg, and Terrio (2009). In such models, symptom severity and course of recovery are determined not only by trauma severity but (also) premorbid risk factors and postonset complications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Concussion, *Cognition, *Memory Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Impairment, Disorders, Memory, Military Veterans, Premorbidity","Larson, Eric, Zollman, Felise, Kondiles, Bethany, Starr, Christine",2013.0,,,0,0,
3125,Psychiatric diagnoses in historic and contemporary military cohorts: Combat deployment and the healthy warrior effect,,,"Larson, G. E., Highfill-McRoy, R. M., Booth-Kewley, S.",2008.0,,10.1093/aje/kwn084,0,0,
3126,Exposure to workplace bullying and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology: The role of protective psychological resources,"Aim To examine the relationship between nurses' exposure to workplace bullying and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptomology and the protective role of psychological capital (PsyCap). Background Workplace bullying has serious organisational and health effects in nursing. Few studies have examined the relation of workplace bullying to serious mental health outcomes, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Even fewer have examined the effect of intrapersonal strengths on the health impact of workplace bullying. Method A survey of 1205 hospital nurses was conducted to test the hypothesized model. Nurses completed standardized measures of bullying, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and PsyCap. Result A moderated regression analysis revealed that more frequent exposure to workplace bullying was significantly related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptomology regardless of the PsyCap level. That is, PsyCap did not moderate the bullying/PTSD relationship in either group. Bullying exposure and PsyCap were significant independent predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in both groups. Efficacy, a subdimension of PsyCap, moderated the bullying/Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder relationship only among experienced nurses. Conclusion Workplace bullying appears to be predictive of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptomology, a serious mental health outcome. Implications for nursing management Workplace bullying is a serious threat to nurses' health and calls for programmes that eliminate bullying and encourage greater levels of positive resources among nurses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Psychosocial Factors, *Working Conditions, *Bullying, Nurses","Laschinger, Heather K. Spence, Nosko, Amanda",2015.0,,,0,0,
3127,Personality disorders and anxiety disorders: What is the relationship?,"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To systematically review the recent studies which examined the co-occurrence and relationships between anxiety disorders and personality disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: The prevalence rates of personality disorders in patients with anxiety disorders are high, with 35% in posttraumatic stress disorder, 47% in panic disorder with agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder, 48% in social phobia, and 52% in obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is a high rate (39%) of the DSM cluster C personality disorders among individuals with anxiety disorders. Moreover, anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in samples of people with personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorder (80-84.8%). Personality disorders co-occurring with anxiety disorders have a number of clinical implications, including an increased risk of suicide, greater severity of anxiety disorders, and negative impact on the treatment outcome of anxiety disorders. SUMMARY: It is important for the clinicians to look for possible personality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders. Further studies need to ascertain how best to treat individuals suffering from both anxiety disorders and personality disorders and focus on the issue of causality when these conditions co-occur. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","anxiety disorders, co-occurrence, comorbidity, personality disorders","Latas, M., Milovanovic, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3128,"Psychological distress among adolescents in Chengdu, Sichuan at 1 month after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake","A devastating earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 in Sichuan, China. This study investigated the prevalence and factors in association with psychological problems among secondary school students living in Chengdu (90 km away from the disaster epicenter) in June 2008. In a cross-sectional survey, 3,324 secondary students self-administered a structured questionnaire in classroom setting. Validated scales were used in this study. Among all respondents, 22.3% reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); 22.6% were probable depression cases; 10.6% reported suicidal ideation; and 14.1% would like to receive psychological counseling. No gender differences were found. While social/emotional support from teachers or peers (OR from 0.40 to 0.78) and exposure to positive news reports (OR from 0.59 to 0.62) were found protective, prior experience of severe mental distress (OR from 1.60 to 2.68) and corporal punishment (OR from 1.31 to 1.58), worry about future aftershocks (OR from 1.64 to 3.11), absence from school when it was not closed (OR from 1.38 to 1.48), exposures to scary or sorrowful disaster media coverage (OR from 1.39 to 2.07), post-disaster visits to affected sites (OR from 1.51 to 1.59), separation from parents (OR = 1.61), etc., were risk factors predictive of some of the aforementioned psychological problems. Negative mental health impacts were prevalent among the respondents. Teachers, parents, and the mass media are all important in maintaining good mental health among adolescents that are indirectly affected by the severe earthquake. The results have important implications for earthquake preparedness and relief work in the future. © 2010 The New York Academy of Medicine.","Depression, Disaster, Earthquake, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Lau, J. T. F., Yu, X., Zhang, J., Mak, W. W. S., Choi, K. C., Lui, W. W. S., Chan, E. Y. Y.",2010.0,,10.1007/s11524-010-9447-3,0,0,
3129,Salivary cortisol among American Indians with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Gender and alcohol influences,"Disruptions in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation and immunity have been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We examined the association of PTSD with diurnal rhythms in salivary cortisol in a convenience sample from a population-based study of male and female American Indians. Subjects with and without PTSD were identified from American Indians living on/near a Northern Plains reservation as part of a larger study. Over two days diurnal saliva samples were collected by staff at the University of Colorado Denver Clinical Research Center at waking, 30 min after waking, before lunch, and before dinner. Generalized estimating equations linear regression models investigated the influence of PTSD on cortisol over time. The association of a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD with salivary cortisol level was assessed in subjects with complete data (PTSD: n = 27; no PTSD n = 32) for age, gender, and alcohol consumption in the past month. Subject mean age was 44 years, and 71% were women. When stratified by gender, women with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD had significantly higher mean cortisol levels throughout the day than women without PTSD (p = 0.01); but there was no significant association between PTSD and cortisol levels in men (p = 0.36). The cortisol awakening response - the difference in cortisol levels from waking to 30 min after waking - was not associated with PTSD in men or women. A lifetime diagnosis of PTSD may influence diurnal cortisol among American Indian women. These effects were independent of influences of current alcohol use/abuse. The unexpected elevation in cortisol in American Indian women with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD may reflect acute anxiety associated with experiencing a number of novel tests in a strange location (e.g., cardiac imaging, medical, dental exams, etc.), or concurrent depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Drinking Patterns, *American Indians, *Human Sex Differences, *Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Human Biological Rhythms, Saliva","Laudenslager, Mark L., Noonan, Carolyn, Jacobsen, Clemma, Goldberg, Jack, Buchwald, Dedra, Bremner, J. Douglas, Vaccarino, Viola, Manson, Spero M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3130,Therapeutic effects of melatonin receptor agonists on sleep and comorbid disorders,"Several melatonin receptors agonists (ramelteon, prolonged-release melatonin, agomelatine and tasimelteon) have recently become available for the treatment of insomnia, depression and circadian rhythms sleep-wake disorders. The efficacy and safety profiles of these compounds in the treatment of the indicated disorders are reviewed. Accumulating evidence indicates that sleep-wake disorders and co-existing medical conditions are mutually exacerbating. This understanding has now been incorporated into the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Therefore, when evaluating the risk/benefit ratio of sleep drugs, it is pertinent to also evaluate their effects on wake and comorbid condition. Beneficial effects of melatonin receptor agonists on comorbid neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular and metabolic symptomatology beyond sleep regulation are also described. The review underlines the beneficial value of enhancing physiological sleep in comorbid conditions.","Insomnia comorbid, Melatonin receptors agonists, Sleep","Laudon, M., Frydman-Marom, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3131,Symptom patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans exposed to war trauma,"Examined whether the relationship between traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is captured more accurately by aggregating symptoms, as in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) or by differentiating them in the subtypes of denial and reexperiencing. The sample analyzed consisted of 251 men who served in Vietnam between 1964 and 1972 when they were between the ages of 18 and 35 yrs. Ss took part in 3-4 hr interviews. Findings indicate that distinguishing between the responses of denial and reexperiencing is an alternative and potentially more useful approach for understanding PTSD and its origins in war trauma than the comprehensive model proposed in DSM-III. The analysis suggested that biases in the current model of PTSD may lead to underestimation of its prevalence. It is concluded that reconsideration of what constitutes the disorder is warranted. Outlines of the 2 models are appended. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Models, Psychodiagnostic Typologies, Symptoms","Laufer, Robert S., Brett, Elizabeth, Gallops, M. S.",1985.0,,,0,0,
3132,Child anxiety symptoms related to longitudinal cortisol trajectories and acute stress responses: Evidence of developmental stress sensitization,"Cross-sectional research suggests that individuals at risk for internalizing disorders show differential activation levels and/or dynamics of stress-sensitive physiological systems, possibly reflecting a process of stress sensitization. However, there is little longitudinal research to clarify how the development of these systems over time relates to activation during acute stress, and how aspects of such activation map onto internalizing symptoms. We investigated children's (n = 107) diurnal hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal activity via salivary cortisol (morning and evening levels) across 29 assessments spanning 6 years, and related longitudinal patterns to acute stress responses at the end of this period (age 9-10). Associations with child psychiatric symptoms at age 10 were also examined to determine internalizing risk profiles. Increasing morning cortisol levels across assessments predicted less of a cortisol decline following interpersonal stress at age 9, and higher cortisol levels during performance stress at age 10. These same profiles of high and/or sustained cortisol elevation during psychosocial stress were associated with child anxiety symptoms. Results suggest developmental sensitization to stress-reflected in rising morning cortisol and eventual hyperactivation during acute stress exposure-may distinguish children at risk for internalizing disorders.","hydrocortisone, acute stress, acute stress hypersensitivity, age distribution, anxiety disorder, article, child, child anxiety symptom, childhood, circadian rhythm, controlled study, developmental stress sensitization, disease association, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, internalizing risk, interpersonal stress, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental disease assessment, mental stress, negative feedback, obsessive compulsive disorder, performance stress, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictive value, problem solving, risk, risk assessment, saliva analysis, saliva level, school child, sensitization, specific phobia, stress, symptom, Trier Social Stress Test for Children","Laurent, H. K., Gilliam, K. S., Wright, D. B., Fisher, P. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3133,Symptom Trajectories Among Child Survivors of Maltreatment: Findings from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN),"Very few studies have investigated the longitudinal trajectory of depression and anxiety related symptomatology among child victims of maltreatment or among those at risk for maltreatment. The current study examined latent class trajectories of anxiety/depression symptoms in a sample of 1354 (n = 657 boys, n = 697 girls) victimized or at risk children using data collected from the Longtitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Four trajectory groups were identified labeled low-stable, moderate-stable, moderate-increasing, and high-decreasing. This study also sought to investigate predictors of group membership. Relative to the low-stable group, membership in the three more pathological groups (i.e., moderate-stable, moderate-increasing, and high-decreasing) was predicted by a greater number of maltreatment allegations, more visits to a primary care physician for psychological issues, less perceived support by primary maternal caregiver, and lower rated popularity of the child. Implications for early identification of child maltreatment victims in primary health care settings was discussed. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Child maltreatment, Growth mixture modeling, Longitudinal","Lauterbach, D., Armour, C.",2016.0,,10.1007/s10802-015-9998-6,0,1,
3134,Post-traumatic stress-disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders: Interrelations and integrated therapeutic models,"Post-traumatic stress-disorders (PTSD) and substance use disorders are frequently interrelated and represent a clinical challenge. This dual diagnosis is associated with poorer outcomes, more dropouts from treatment and more relapses. To date, no consensus had been reached on best practices. However, a few cognitive-behavioral models have recently been developed and assessed within clinical trials. This article explores the literature associated with this dual diagnosis, and proposes different avenues for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Dual Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Therapeutic Processes, *Treatment, Integrated Services, Relapse (Disorders), Stress","Lavoie, Vicky, Langlois, Robert, Simoneau, Helene, Guay, Stephane",2008.0,,,0,0,
3135,"The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene is associated with co-morbid depression, anxiety and social dysfunction in untreated veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","Objective. - To identify clusters of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to symptom profile and to examine the association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene with these clusters. Method. - Fifty-seven untreated Caucasian Vietnam veterans with PTSD were administered the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ) and the Mississippi Scale for combat-related PTSD. DRD2 allelic status was determined by PCR. Results. - Subjects with the DRD2 Al allele compared to those without this allele had significantly higher scores on GHQ 2 (anxiety/insomnia), GHQ 3 (social dysfunction) and GHQ 4 (depression). Cluster analysis of the GHQ data identified two primary groups. A high psychopathology cluster (cluster 3), featured by high co-morbid levels of somatic concerns, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction and depression, and a low psychopathology cluster (cluster 1), manifested by the reverse pattern. Scores in each of the four GHQ groups were significantly higher in cluster 3 than cluster 1, as was Mississippi Scale PTSD score. DRD2 A1 allele veterans compared to those without this allele were significantly more likely to be found in the high than the low psychopathology cluster group. Conclusions. - DRD2 variants are associated with severe co-morbid psychopathology in PTSD subjects. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.","dopamine 2 receptor, receptor subunit, adult, allele, anxiety disorder, article, Caucasian, cluster analysis, comorbidity, comparative study, controlled study, depression, genetic association, genetic susceptibility, genetic variability, human, insomnia, major clinical study, male, mental disease, polymerase chain reaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, receptor gene, scoring system, social disability, symptomatology, veteran","Lawford, B. R., Young, R., Noble, E. P., Kann, B., Ritchie, T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3136,Epidemiology and impact of scarring after burn injury: A systematic review of the literature,,,"Lawrence, J. W., Mason, S. T., Schomer, K., Klein, M. B.",2012.0,,10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182374452,0,0,
3137,Mental health status and physical function of combat-injured military personnel at hospital discharge,"BACKGROUND: Much is unknown regarding mental health and physical function outcomes among service members injured in Iraq and Afghani- stan. The San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC) provides combat trauma care to all active duty personnel whose home base is in the Great Plains Regional Medical Command, which encompasses 17 states. We hypothesized that combat-injured service members would have significant residual mental and physical impairment when well enough for discharge from inpatient care at SAMMC. METHODS: Joint VA-DoD prospective cohort study of consecutively consenting combat-wounded service members (greater-than or equal to)18 years old, hospitalized (greater-than or equal to)72 hours at SAMMC after medical evacuation from Iraq or Afghanistan, surveyed at the time of discharge from inpatient care, using a battery of psychosocial and functional status measures, and annually thereafter for 4 years. RESULTS: Of 70 combat-injured enrolled, 67 were men (95.7%). Other demographic characteristics were: age range 19-45 years old with a mean (sd) age of 27.8 (6.2) and 54 (77%) nonHispanic white, 10 (14.3%) Hispanic, and 6 (8.6%) African-American or other. Mean ADL and IADL scores were 10.7 (2.7) and 14.4 (3.5). Mean pain score (McGill Short Form Pain Questionnaire) was 3.8 (2.1). For health-related quality of life, mean SF12V PCS and MCS scores were 29.03 (7.4) and 54.6 (10.0), respectively. Regarding PTSD and depression, mean PCL-M (military) and CES-D scores were 32.2 (12.2) and 18.1 (6.1) respectively. Based on National Center for PTSD cutoff scores for those serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, 48 (66%) had positive PTSD screens and 44 (63%) met criteria for diagnosis. Using a CES-D score of (greater-than or equal to)16, 44 (63%) met criteria for clinical depression. CONCLUSIONS: After recovering from combat injury sufficiently to be discharged from inpatient care, this cohort had some impairment in ADL and IADL but still scored better than the U.S. average on the PCS. Despite scoring at about the U.S. average on the MCS, a high proportion (>60%) met criteria for clinical depression and screening and diagnostic criteria for PTSD. These data will be important for examining recovery trajectories over the four-year follow-up period for the cohort. The findings suggest that primary care providers will need to coordinate care for mental health and physical rehabilitation, in addition to medical comorbidities, for substantial numbers of combat-injured as they continue recovery as outpatients and after leaving the military.","human, health status, soldier, mental health, hospital discharge, society, internal medicine, hospital patient, Iraq, army, diagnosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, United States, depression, pain, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, injury, Afghanistan, African American, cohort analysis, demography, rehabilitation, Hispanic, physical disease, male, follow up, functional status, screening, quality of life, questionnaire, primary medical care, outpatient","Lawrence, V., Noel, P. H., Yoder, L. H., Cornell, J. E., Johnson, A. E., Hsu, J. R., Wolf, S. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3138,Trauma and post traumatic stress disorder within the relationship with mental disorders of juvenile justice population,"Introduction: To investigate the diffusion of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in juvenile justice population, giving particular attention to the analysis of the relationships between trauma and mental health problems in consideration of comorbidity with PTSD. Materials and methods: Our remarks were produced from the analysis of medical and psychiatric literature concerning the subject and availability in the main databases - especially Pubmed - giving priority to more recently published articles and reviews as considered more evocative of the current situation. Results: Incarcerated adolescents are a deeply victimized population, characterized - when investigated - by higher prevalence of PTSD and trauma-related psychopathology than those reported in general juvenile population. In its tendency to co-occur with several psychiatric disorders, diagnosis of PTSD identifies, within juvenile offenders samples, clusters at risk of developing pathological outcomes in terms of mental health and social behaviour. Conclusions: Often overlooked and underestimated, the diagnosis of trauma and PTSD histories within juvenile justice system is so tactful and complex as essential for the treatment and prevention of those PTSD-related problems in psychosocial functioning potentially getting worse and chronic if that disorder and its syndromes are misdiagnosed and, therefore, not adequately treated. In this respect it recognizes the importance of realizing integrated and holistic interventions, encouraging the passage from punishing in correctional institute to therapeutic rehabilitation in community. © 2012 Elsevier Srl. Tutti i diritti riservati.","Juvenile justice population, PTSD, PTSD-related comorbidity, Trauma","Lax, A., Clerici, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3139,"Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: Towards an integrative conceptualization of posttraumatic adaptation",,,"Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Watson, P. J., Shalev, A. Y.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3140,The psychological impact of a catastrophic earthquake: A retrospective study 50 years after the event,"Aim of the present study was to retrospectively assess the impact of a catastrophic earthquake in a sample of 121 survivors, 50 years after the event. Mean age ± SD of the responders was 72.2 ± 6.1 years. The majority of the victims (78%) acknowledged a strong overall impact of the earthquake on their lives, and almost all of them had intense recollection of the event at its anniversary. The most frequent symptom during the 6 months after the earthquake was persistent remembering or ""reliving"" of the event; women had considerably more often recurrent dreams of the earthquake and distress than did men. Women and young adults at the time of the earthquake appear to be the most vulnerable groups regarding the psychological effects of the event. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","Earthquake, Natural disasters, Psychological reactions, PTSD symptoms","Lazaratou, H., Paparrigopoulos, T., Galanos, G., Psarros, C., Dikeos, D., Soldatos, C.",2008.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e31816a62c6,0,0,
3141,The course of postraumatic stress in children: Examination of symptom trajectories following PICU admission,"Background and aims: Advances in modern medicine have increasingly improved survival rates of critically ill and injured children. Evidence suggests that there is a significant risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) for children following admission to the Paediatric Intensive Care (PICU), however few studies have explored individual recovery patterns, especially in children. Aims: This paper identifies patterns of PTSS in children aged from 1 year following PICU admission using group-based trajectory modelling. Methods: Following IRB approval, maternal reports of child distress from the acute stage and up to 2 years post-PICU admission (n = 272) were examined to: (1) assess the prevalence of distress in the child, (2) identify symptom trajectories, and (3) identify risk factors associated with poor child mental health outcomes following PICU admission. Results: Analysis identified three distinct symptom trajectories in the children. The majority were resilient (82%). A small group had very high symptoms in the acute phase but were below the clinical cut-off after 6 months (recovery 3%). A significant group of children had clinical level symptoms that did not appear to improve over time (chronic 15%). There was no evidence of delayed onset PTSS. Child age and gender do not predict trajectory patterns. Conclusions: There is growing evidence that significant distress in the peritrauma period is linked to continuing clinical level distress symptoms which have the potential to impact on child physical recovery and long term functioning. Research into early interventions for distressed children following critical illness is a matter of urgency.","human, examination, intensive care, child, survival rate, model, early intervention, mental health, critical illness, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, risk factor, risk, gender, critically ill patient","Le Brocque, R., Long, D., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J., Dow, B., Keogh, S.",2014.0,,,0,1,
3142,Parental response to child injury: examination of parental posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories following child accidental injury,OBJECTIVE: Trajectory analyses were used to empirically differentiate patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents following child accidental injury and explore the relationship between parent and child recovery patterns. METHOD: Parent (n = 189) self-reported symptoms from acute to 2 years post accident were examined to (1) identify distinct parent symptom trajectories; (2) identify risk factors; and (3) explore the patterns of children and parents together. RESULTS: Analysis revealed three distinct symptom trajectory groups for parents: resilient (78%); clinical level acute symptoms that declined to below clinical level by 6 months (recovery 8%); and chronic subclinical (14%). Children of resilient parents were most likely to be resilient. Half of the children of parents with chronic subclinical trajectories were likely to have chronic trajectories. CONCLUSION: Clinicians cannot rely only on clinical level symptoms in parents to identify high risk families but include families where the parent has subclinical level symptoms.,"accident, adult, article, child, child parent relation, female, human, injury, life event, male, mental stress, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, risk factor","Le Brocque, R. M., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J. A.",2010.0,,,1,1,
3143,The course of posttraumatic stress in children: examination of recovery trajectories following traumatic injury,"OBJECTIVE: Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify patterns of posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) in children 6-16 years following accidental injury. The aims were to: (a) identify probable groups of children following distinct trajectories, and (b) identify risk factors affecting the probability of group membership. METHOD: Children's Impact of Events Scale (n = 190) was used to assess PTSS up to 2 years post injury. Age, gender, type of injury, and preinjury behavior were assessed as risk factors. RESULTS: Three distinct trajectory groups were identified: resilient (57%), elevated stress symptoms which recovered quickly (33%), and chronic (10%). Younger children were more likely to be in the recovery group. Those with serious injuries were more likely to be in the chronic group. Preinjury child behavior problems were predictive of recovery and high chronic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Identification of distinct PTSS trajectory groups has implications for understanding the course and treatment of PTSS in children.","accident, adolescent, article, child, female, human, injury, life event, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, risk, risk factor","Le Brocque, R. M., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J. A.",2010.0,,,0,1,
3144,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in guillain-barre syndrome patients after prolonged mechanical ventilation in icu,"OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population. BACKGROUND: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system. Its severity depends on respiratory muscles and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Nearly 30% of patients require mechanical ventilation (MV) and patients with more severe forms may require MV for several months. PTSD is a potentially serious psychiatric disorder that could be present in 5 to 63% ICU survivors and it has never been studied in this population. DESIGN/METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients that had required MV for more than 2 months. Those who had less than 1 year of follow-up were excluded. Patients were contacted to complete several scales. PTSD was assessed using Impact of Event Scale Revisited (IES-R); functional outcome using Rankin and Barthel scales ; depression using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and Beck questionnaire ; and QoL using Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Our patients had a median IES-R at 13 [1-26] and 55% of our patients had PTSD. Our population had only mild disability with a median Rankin score at 2 [1-3] and a median Barthel score at 100 [87.5 to 100]. They were neither anxious (median HAD subscale at 5 [4-10]) nor depressed (median HAD subscale at 1 [0 - 4] and median Beck at 1 [0-4]). QoL was decreased in our population with a median NHP at 125 [47-237], a median SF-36 physical functioning score at 65 [55-100] and a median SF-36 general health score at 60 [38-83]. Compared to the French population, the SF-36 sub-categories were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: High incidence of PTSD was observed in GBS requiring prolonged MV, although they had good functional recovery and no difference in QoL compared to French general population. PTSD is under study in these patients.","acivicin, Guillain Barre syndrome, patient, human, artificial ventilation, neurology, posttraumatic stress disorder, population, Impact of Events Scale, follow up, survivor, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, autonomic neuropathy, breathing muscle, mental disease, peripheral nervous system, Short Form 36, Nottingham Health Profile, questionnaire, inflammatory disease, disability, health","Le Guennec, L., Brisset, M., Essardy, F., Viala, K., Demeret, S., Bolgert, F., Weiss, N.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3145,Longterm evaluation of severe guillain-barre syndrome patients mechanically ventilated for more than two months in ICU,"INTRODUCTION. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system, with some severe forms requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU. OBJECTIVES. Longterm evaluation of disability, depression, traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients mechanically ventilated for more than two months in ICU. METHODS. Patients with GBS admitted in the Neurological Intensive Care Unit of La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France, were retrospectively identified in our registry between January 2001 and September 2011. Those who were mechanically ventilated for more than two months were included in the study. Patients who had less than 1 year of follow-up were excluded. The patients were seen in consultation or contacted by phone call to complete several scales; functional scores (Rankin and Barthel), depression scales [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD); Beck questionnaire], one post traumatic stress disorder scale [Impact of event scale revisited (IES-R)] and quality of life scales [36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF- 36), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)]. The SF-36 scores of our patients were compared with an age and sex-matched French population using Wilcoxon test. RESULTS. Among 212 patients hospitalized for GBS between January 2001 and September 2011, 21 were mechanically ventilated more than 2 months. 5 were lost-of-follow-up and 2 had less than 1 year follow-up and 2 were excluded because of an evolution towards a chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Thus 12 patients were finally included for analysis. Their median age was 62.5 years [34.5-78.75] and their ICU length of stay (LOS) was 3.4 months [2.1-4.2]. Median duration of mechanical ventilation was 2.7 months [2-3.2]. Despite the severity of GBS and the need of long periods of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, patients had moderate disability. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder scales were comparable. Their quality of life was slightly decreased compared to the general population in terms of functional impairment but not in terms of psychological and social impact. CONCLUSIONS. Severe GBS ventilated more than 2 months in ICU, have only moderate disability and decline in the physical impact of the quality of life. The psychological and social component of quality of life is not altered compared to the general population. At longterm, these patients were not depressed and had no post-traumatic stress disorder.","Guillain Barre syndrome, patient, human, society, intensive care, quality of life, posttraumatic stress disorder, follow up, artificial ventilation, disability, population, France, Impact of Events Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, consultation, register, peripheral nervous system, length of stay, hospital, polyradiculoneuropathy, rank sum test, intensive care unit, Nottingham Health Profile, health survey, functional disease, questionnaire, diseases, demyelinating disease","Le Guennec, L., Brisset, M., Essardy, F., Viala, K., Demeret, S., Pierrot Desseiligny, C., Bolgert, F., Weiss, N.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3146,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients after prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU: a preliminary report,"Thirty-percent of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) patients require mechanical ventilation in ICU. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is found in ICU survivors, and the traumatic aspects of intubation and mechanical ventilation have been previously reported as risk factors for PTSD after ICU. Our objective was to determine long-term PTSD or post-traumatic stress symptoms in GBS patients after prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU. We assessed GBS patients who had mechanical ventilation for more than two months. PTSD was assessed using Horowitz Impact of Event Scale (IES), IESRevisited (IES-R) and the Post-traumatic CheckList Scale (PCLS); functional outcome using Rankin and Barthel scales; QoL using Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and depression using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and Beck questionnaire. Thirteen patients could be identified and analyzed. They had only mild disability. They were neither anxious nor depressed with an anxiety HAD at 5 [4-11.5], a depression HAD at 1 [0 - 3.5] and a Beck at 1 [0-5]. QoL was mildly decreased in our population with a NHP at 78.5 [12.8-178.8] and mild decreased SF-36. Compared to the French population, the SF-36 sub-categories were, however, not statistically different. 22% of our 13 patients had PTSD and post-traumatic stress symptoms with a Horowitz IES at 12 [2-29], and an IES-R at 16 [2-34.5]. Although severe GBS patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation had good functional recovery and no difference in QoL, they had a high incidence of post-traumatic stress symptoms.","Guillain-Barre syndrome, mechanical ventilation, outcome, post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic stress symptoms, quality of life","Le Guennec, L., Brisset, M., Viala, K., Essardy, F., Maisonobe, T., Rohaut, B., Demeret, S., Bolgert, F., Weiss, N.",2014.0,Nov 18,10.1111/jns.12087,0,0,
3147,Complex posttraumatic stress symptoms among a community sample of battered women,"Objective. The aim of this study was to identify longitudinal patterns of domestic violence (DV) victimization and to examine the relationship between these patterns and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CP) symptoms. An additional aim was to test the potential mediating role of social support and the potential moderating roles of adult representations of childhood attachment and child maltreatment history in the development of CP symptoms among a community sample of female victims of DV. Method. Cluster analysis techniques were used to summarize 164 women's individual experiences of DV victimization over six years. Frequency, severity, and type of abuse (threats of aggression, physical DV, and sexual DV) were considered separately in the cluster analyses. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between DV trajectories and CP symptoms, and DV duration and CP symptoms. Baron and Kenny's (1986) procedures for testing mediation and moderation were applied to examine social support as an intervening variable and adult representations of childhood attachment and child maltreatment history as vulnerability factors in the proposed DV-CP symptom link. Results. Cluster analyses based on DV frequency, DV severity, threats of DV, and physical DV produced nearly equivalent solutions; each produced Minimal, Moderate, and High DV subgroups. The cluster analysis based on sexual DV produced a 2-group solution: Minimal and High sexual DV. The relationships between all cluster solutions and CP symptoms, as well as DV duration and CP symptoms were significant, such that greater DV was related to more CP symptoms. DV was related to poor quality of social support; however, social isolation did not account for the relationship between DV and CP symptoms. Child maltreatment history moderated the DV-CP symptoms link, but adult representations of childhood attachment did not. Conclusions. Findings suggest that female victims of DV (even those with moderate levels of DV) are at risk for affective and behavioral dysregulation that transcends simple PTSD and may be better accounted for by CP. In addition, the experience of abuse in childhood appears to exacerbate DV-related CP symptoms. The lack of significant findings regarding social support suggests that mechanisms for the development of CP symptoms among community-dwelling women who experience mild to moderate levels of DV are not well understood. Results have significant clinical implications for the psychological treatment of women who experience DV. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Battered Females, *Domestic Violence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, *Victimization, Attachment Behavior, Childhood Development, Communities","Leahy, Kerry Lynn",2008.0,,,0,0,
3148,Do adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder in US Marines?,,,"Leardmann, C. A., Smith, B., Ryan, M. A.",2010.0,,10.1186/1471-2458-10-437,0,0,
3149,Smallpox vaccination: Comparison of self-reported and electronic vaccine records in the millennium cohort study,,,"LeardMann, C. A., Smith, B., Smith, T. C., Wells, T. S., Ryan, M. A. K.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3150,Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment,,,"LeardMann, C. A., Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Wells, T. S., Ryan, M. A. K.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3151,Post-traumatic stress disorder predicts future weight change in the Millennium Cohort Study,"Objective: To prospectively examine the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and weight change. Methods: Longitudinal analysis techniques were used to examine data (2001-2008) from Millennium Cohort Study participants, consisting of U.S. service members and veterans. Using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, PTSD was assessed as none, resolved, new onset, or persistent. Subsequent weight change was assessed as stable (<3% loss or gain), >3% weight loss, >3% but <10% weight gain, and >10% weight gain. Results: Of the 38,352 participants, 2391 (6.2%) had PTSD (838 resolved, 1024 new onset, and 529 persistent), and 11% of participants subsequently had >10% weight gain. In multivariable models, PTSD was associated with higher odds of >10% weight gain (new onset OR: 1.44 [95% CI: 1.20-1.73]; persistent OR: 1.51 [CI: 1.17-1.96]; resolved OR: 1.30 [CI: 1.05-1.60]) compared with those without PTSD. New-onset and persistent PTSD were also associated with higher odds of >3% weight loss (OR: 1.41 [CI: 1.17-1.71]; OR: 1.42 [CI: 1.09-1.86], respectively). Conclusions: PTSD is independently associated with a higher risk of weight gain and loss, the former of which leads to a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity and a higher risk of comorbidities associated with excessive body adiposity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Risk Assessment, *Weight Gain","LeardMann, Cynthia A., Woodall, Kelly A., Littman, Alyson J., Jacobson, Isabel G., Boyko, Edward J., Smith, Besa, Wells, Timothy S., Crum-Cianflone, Nancy F.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3152,Susceptibility to PTSD-like behavior is mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 levels in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disease, which affects 8-10% of the population exposed to traumatic events. The factors that make certain individuals susceptible to PTSD and others resilient are currently unknown. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2) has been implicated in mediating stress coping mechanisms. Here, we use a physiological PTSD-like animal model and an in-depth battery of tests that reflect the symptomology of PTSD to separate mice into subpopulations of ""PTSD-like"" and ""Resilient"" phenotypes. PTSD-likemice are hypervigilant, hyperalert, insomniac, have impaired attention and risk assessment, aswellas accompanying attenuated corticosterone levels. Intriguingly, PTSD-like mice show long-term robust upregulation of BNST-CRFR2 mRNA levels, and BNST-CRFR2-specific lentiviral knockdown reduces susceptibility to PTSD-like behavior. Additionally, using a BNST mRNA expression array, PTSD-like mice exhibita general transcriptional attenuation profile, which was associated with upregulation of the BNST-deacetylation enzyme, HDAC5. We suggest PTSD to be a disease of maladaptive coping. © 2012 the authors.",,"Lebow, M., Neufeld-Cohen, A., Kuperman, Y., Tsoory, M., Gil, S., Chen, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3153,A multidimensional approach for evaluating variables in organizational research and practice,,,"LeBreton, J. M., Hargis, M. B., Griepentrog, B., Oswald, F. L., Ployhart, R. E.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00080.x,0,0,
3154,Successful neuropharmacological treatment of Myasthenia gravis: Report of eight cases,"We treated eight Myasthenia Gravis (MG) patients using neuropharmacological drugs with successful results in all cases. These patients possessed neurochemical, endocrine, physiologic, pharmacologic and immunological profiles compatible with those observed in chronic uncontrollable stress situation: low levels of noradrenalin (NA) + raised levels of adrenalin (Ad) + high levels of free serotonin (f5HT) + raised levels of cortisol in the plasma. They also had Ad hyperresponsiveness + NA hyporesponsiveness to orthostasis, exercise, oral glucose and buspirone stress tests. Growth hormone + cortisol hyperresponsiveness to clonidine were also observed in all patients. Platelet agreeability was increased in all of them. The immunological profile showed a Th2 > Th1 imbalance. All MG patients showed more than 90% improvement within 2-3 months as assessed through clinical, serologic, electromyographic, neurochemical and immunologic parameters. Our results strongly suggest that chronic-uncontrollable stress disorder plays an important (etiologic) pathogenic role in the development of myasthenia gravis.","adrenalin, buspirone, clonidine, hydrocortisone, levomepromazine, noradrenalin, phenylalanine, pyridostigmine, serotonin, tyrosine, yohimbine, adrenalin blood level, article, clinical article, drug effect, drug efficacy, exercise, hormone response, human, hydrocortisone blood level, myasthenia gravis, neuropharmacology, noradrenalin blood level, oral glucose tolerance test, pathophysiology, priority journal, serotonin blood level, standing, thrombocyte aggregation","Lechin, F., Van Der Dijs, B., Jara, H., Baez, S., Orozco, B., Jahn, E., Lechin, M. E., Jimenez, V., Lechin, A. E.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3155,Plasma neurotransmitters and cortisol in chronic illness: Role of stress,"We routinely measured plasma neurotransmitters and hormone levels in order to investigate the role of stress on many types of diseases. In this study, we present results obtained from patients with severe chronic diseases. The study sample consisted of 88 patients (asthmatics, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic active hepatitis, chronic relapsing hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, trigeminal neuralgia, systemic lupus erithematous, and rheumatoid arthritis), and their respective controls. Noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (Ad), dopamine (DA), platelet-serotonin (pS), free-serotonin (fS), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol (CRT) were determined during both exacerbation and improvement periods. A profile compatible with uncoping stress disorder (raised NA-Ad-DA + fS + CRT as well as low pS and NA/Ad ratio) was found during exacerbation periods when compared with improvement, as seen in controls. However, during improvement periods the neurochemical profile remained significantly different from that of normal controls. The neurochemical plus hormonal plasma profiles registered in chronic illness, both during exacerbation and improvement periods, strongly suggest that an uncoping stress mechanism underlies diseases of these patients.","adrenalin, clonidine, dopamine, growth hormone, hydrocortisone, noradrenalin, serotonin, adolescent, adult, aged, article, asthma, chronic active hepatitis, chronic bronchitis, chronic disease, chronic pancreatitis, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, Crohn disease, dose response, female, human, intramuscular drug administration, major clinical study, male, multiple sclerosis, neurotransmitter release, rheumatoid arthritis, stress, systemic lupus erythematosus, trigeminus neuralgia, ulcerative colitis, catapres","Lechin, F., Van der Dijs, B., Lechin, A., Orozco, B., Lechin, M., Baez, S., Rada, I., Leon, G., Acosta, E.",1994.0,,,0,0,
3156,A study on the long-term effects of child sexual abuse: An empirical investigation of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumagenic Dynamic models,"Recently, child sexual abuse (CSA) has become an issue of increasing interest and concern in the social and scientific domains. To date, research on CSA has focused on documenting the incidence, prevalence, and impact of sexual abuse, and the literature is in need of theoretically-driven studies. Accordingly, this study assessed the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Traumagenic Dynamics (TD) models of CSA. Participants were 603 adult women recruited from two University settings and the Internet, 205 (34%) of whom reported a history of CSA. They completed a series of questionnaires inquiring about their socio-demographic characteristics, childhood experiences and present experiences. The PTSD and TD perspectives were tested using hierarchical multiple regression; the results provide partial support for both formulations of CSA, and suggest that including non-sexual child abuse and parental relationship variables improves prediction in both models. The implications of these findings and future directions for the CSA literature are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse","Leclair, Laura Susan",2001.0,,,0,0,
3157,The Methamphetamine And Psychosis Study (MAPS) - Individual profiles and treatment needs,"Background: Multiple studies are investigating the impact of substance abuse on early psychosis. Stimulants such as methamphetamines (MA), while known to precipitate psychosis, are understudied. The prevalence of MA abuse in young individuals showing signs of early psychosis is dramatically high in Western North America, as is the prevalence of psychosis in young MA abusers. MA lifetime use by youth diagnosed with psychosis ranges from 21-33%. Common reasons for drug misuse in first episode clients range from increased pleasure, reduced depression and anxiety, and enhanced social facilitation. Individuals who abuse drugs, particularly stimulants such as MA, tend to have their first hospitalization earlier than non-misusing peers with schizophrenia, present with more severe symptoms, and have more problems in areas of interpersonal relationships, motivation, role functioning and activities. For many people, the substance abuse may precede the onset of the illness, whereas for others MA abuse may coincide with the onset, or even follow the onset of psychosis. Sixty-90% of first episode psychosis youth have abused drugs prior to their first psychiatric contact, suggesting a strong connection between psychosis and substances. Recent studies suggest that MA users with psychosis are much more likely to experience psychotic symptoms again if they use MA, and are also more likely to have a psychotic relapse when confronted with stressful situations, even years after cessation of MA use. MA users with persistent or recurrent psychotic symptoms become vulnerable to stress and may benefit from antipsychotic medication the same way individuals with schizophrenia do. Method: Our study aimed at describing the profiles of individuals with MA abuse and psychotic symptoms. We also wished to determine patterns of abuse and psychotic symptoms over time. 295 participants were interviewed following at least one episode of acute psychotic symptoms linked to MA abuse, and followed with monthly measures of substance abuse and psychiatric symptoms for six months. Results: Most participants lived in transitional housing or were homeless. Only 13% had no family history of mental illness or substance abuse. Close to 70% had a previous diagnosis of a mental illness. Antisocial personality disorder (68%), depression (67%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (49%) were highly prevalent. Risk factors and trajectories of substance abuse and psychotic symptoms will also be presented. Treatment: Integrated dual-disorder treatment, where the mental health team works in collaboration with the substance abuse counsellors, is considered the evidenced-based treatment for individuals presenting with co-occurring substance abuse and severe mental illness. Such treatments include step-wise interventions, often using CBT and motivational interviewing components, and can be found in various settings, including assertive community treatments. However, only some of the difficulties presented by participants in our study are addressed in these programs. Our team is currently working on developing modular programs for people with early psychosis and various concurrent disorders. Some examples of these treatment modules will be presented.","methamphetamine, central stimulant agent, psychosis, schizophrenia, society, substance abuse, abuse, mental disease, juvenile, prevalence, North America, housing, family history, diagnosis, psychopathy, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factor, mental health, group therapy, drug misuse, anxiety, social behavior, hospitalization, lifespan, human relation, motivation, general aspects of disease, relapse, drug therapy, teamwork","Lecomte, T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3158,Treatment needs of individuals seeking psychiatric help for psychotic symptoms linked to methamphetamine abuse,"Background: Recent studies suggest thatMAusers with psychosis are much more likely to experience psychotic symptoms again if they use MA, and are also more likely to have a psychotic relapse when confronted with stressful events, even years after cessation of MA use. MA users with persistent or recurrent psychotic symptoms become vulnerable to stress and may benefit from antipsychotic medication the same way individuals with schizophrenia do. Our study aimed at describing the trajectories of symptoms and substance abuse over time of individuals with methamphetamine (MA) abuse and psychotic symptoms. We also wished to determine services and treatments received during this period. Methods: 295 individuals needing psychiatric help for MA psychosis were assessed at baseline on various profile measures, as well as monthly for six months regarding their substance abuse patterns and psychiatric symptoms. File reviews were also conducted to determine treatments received. Results: Trajectory analyses on positive symptoms revealed two principal groups: sustained-high (30%), and decreasing- low 70%). Logistic regression revealed that the strongest predictors (forward Wald) of having the sustained-high psychosis overtime were more years of use of amphetamines and more severe depressive symptoms. This group was also significantly older. There were trends toward more individuals in the high psychosis group with antisocial personality disorder, more years of alcohol abuse. Diagnoses and treatments received for each group during the six months of the study will also be described. Conclusion: Close to one third of individuals presenting with methamphetamine abuse and psychosis seemto present with higher treatment needs, in terms of higher and more sustained psychotic symptoms, more severe depressive symptoms, more substance abuse (MA and alcohol) and more personality problems. Previous baseline results from this study had also revealed high comorbidities in this sample, namely regarding PTSD. Future directions, such as ways of targeting these nullhigher treatment needsnull individuals in order to offer them better tailored treatments, will be discussed. Predictors of worst psychotic profile in MA abusers (Table presented).","methamphetamine, amphetamine derivative, alcohol, psychosis, schizophrenia, abuse, substance abuse, depression, drug therapy, mental disease, positive syndrome, alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, logistic regression analysis, psychopathy, personality, relapse, diagnosis","Lecomte, T., Mueser, K. T., MacEwan, W., Thornton, A. E., Goldner, E., Buchanan, T., Kang, S., Barr, A. M., Brink, J., Lang, D., Honer, W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3159,Profiles of individuals seeking psychiatric help for psychotic symptoms linked to methamphetamine abuse - Baseline results from the MAPS (methamphetamine and psychosis study),"Background: Methamphetamine psychosis (MAP) is commonly encountered in psychiatric emergency rooms (ERs) in North America, and little is known regarding the specific needs of this clientele. Aims: This study aimed at describing the psychiatric and socioeconomic profiles of individuals with co-occurring methamphetamine abuse and psychosis profiles. Method: Two hundred and ninety-five (295) individuals needing psychiatric help for MAP were assessed regarding their socioeconomic situation, their substance abuse patterns, family histories, past psychiatric diagnoses, childhood trauma, and co-occurring disorders of depression, PTSD and antisocial personality disorder. Results: Eighty-seven percent had a family history of mental illness or substance abuse and close to 70% had a previous diagnosis of a mental illness, although only 21% of a psychotic disorder. Antisocial personality disorder, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder were highly prevalent in our sample. Cluster analyses on methamphetamine (MA) use revealed two profiles: high users (daily, high quantities and inject MA) and low users. No significant differences between the profiles were found for symptoms, but high users were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder and to have experienced childhood abuse than the low users. Conclusion: The high prevalence of comorbidities in this sample of individuals with MAP suggests that treatments address multiple targets and not only substance misuse and severe mental illness. (copyright) 2010 Taylor & Francis.","3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 4 hydroxybutyric acid, cannabichromene, cannabis, cocaine, diamorphine, methadone, methamphetamine, sedative agent, accident, adult, alcoholism, article, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder, child abuse, childhood injury, clinical assessment, comorbidity, depression, disaster, drug dependence, family history, female, human, major clinical study, male, mania, mental disease, military service, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychopathy, psychosis, schizophrenia, sexual crime, substance abuse, suicide, violence","Lecomte, T., Mueser, K. T., MacEwan, W. G., Laferriere-Simard, M. C., Thornton, A. E., Buchanan, T., Goldner, E., Brink, J., Ehmann, T. S., Lang, D., Kang, S., Barr, A. M., Honer, W. G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3160,"Relationships among depression, PTSD, methamphetamine abuse, and psychosis","Objective: Research suggests several possible associations among methamphetamine abuse, psychotic symptoms, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the exact nature and clinical significance of these associations is unclear. Individuals who abuse methamphetamine increasingly present in hospital emergency rooms with acute psychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify patterns of depressive symptoms and explore predictors of acute versus sustained depressive symptoms in individuals who abuse methamphetamine and who have had psychotic symptoms. Methods: This longitudinal study, conducted in Vancouver, British Columbia, included 295 participants with methamphetamine use disorder who were seeking psychiatric help for depressive or psychotic symptoms, assessed at baseline and monthly for 6 months. Measures included substance use (including frequency, quantity, and route of administration), family history of psychosis and depression, trauma exposure, and PTSD symptoms. Results: Trajectory analyses on depressive symptoms revealed two profiles of depression: one with more severe and sustained depressive symptoms and one with decreasing and lower levels of depressive symptoms. Group comparisons showed that those with more severe and persistent depressive symptoms had more family history of depression (p <.05), more years of alcohol and cocaine abuse (p <.01), more traumatic events (p <.001), and more PTSD symptoms (p <.001). Logistic regression suggested that the strongest predictors of belonging to the high depression group were more severe psychotic symptoms at baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03, p <.001), followed by quantity of methamphetamine used in the month preceding baseline (OR = 1.13, p <.05), severity of PTSD symptoms at baseline (OR = 1.07, p <.001), and the frequency of drug injection (OR = 1.25, p <.05). Conclusions: Our results are similar to those of other studies suggesting that depression and psychosis often coexist and that the intensity of methamphetamine abuse is linked to the severity of the depressive symptoms. The individuals who took part in this study had many coexisting problems, such as PTSD symptoms, polysubstance abuse, depression, and psychosis. In fact, depression, psychosis, PTSD, and substance abuse appeared to be intertwined in their development and expression. A more comprehensive treatment program to help individuals with multiple coexisting psychiatric and substance misuse issues is needed. © 2013 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","depression, methamphetamine, psychosis, PTSD, trauma","Lecomte, T., Paquin, K., Mueser, K. T., MacEwan, G. W., Goldner, E., Thornton, A. E., Brink, J., Lang, D., Kang, S., Barr, A. M., Honer, W. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3161,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Diagnostic issues and epidemiology in adult survivors of traumatic events,"This paper presents a review of the issues surrounding the diagnosis and epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of traumatic events. The paper is presented in two sections. First, the diagnostic category of post-traumatic stress disorder as defined by the DSM-IV and the ICD-10 is reviewed. Issues to do with differential diagnosis, comorbidity and the validity of the three symptom clusters are examined in the light of recent empirical evidence. Second, recent epidemiological data is presented as it relates to five pertinent questions of epidemiological research.",,"Lee, D., Young, K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3162,Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Associations Between Multiple Strategies and Specific Symptom Clusters,"A growing literature suggests that emotion regulation (ER) is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most of the studies in this literature have one or more important limitations, including examining only a single ER strategy (e.g., thought suppression) rather than multiple strategies simultaneously, examining PTSD at the syndrome level rather than by symptom cluster, and failing to control for negative affect. The present study sought to address these limitations by using latent variable modeling to examine the associations between multiple ER strategies and individual PTSD symptom clusters while controlling for negative affect. Of the four measurement models of ER strategy use examined, the best-fitting model allowed items corresponding to each included strategy to load onto their independent factors. Of the four measurement models of PTSD symptoms examined, the best-fitting model was the five-factor dysphoric arousal model. Results of structural models indicated that thought suppression and experiential avoidance were associated with most PTSD symptom clusters, even after controlling for negative affect. However, most other included ER strategies were not associated with any symptom clusters. A number of issues regarding measurement of ER and PTSD are discussed, and several suggestions for future research are provided.","affect, article, assessment of humans, avoidance behavior, controlled study, emotionality, human, Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, Ruminative Responses Scale, treatment outcome, undergraduate student, White Bear Suppression Inventory","Lee, D. J., Witte, T. K., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3163,Longitudinal analysis of psychological resilience and mental health in Canadian military personnel returning from overseas deployment,"The relationship between exposure to combat stressors and poorer postdeployment health is well documented. Still, some individuals are more psychologically resilient to such outcomes than others. Researchers have sought to identify the factors that contribute to resilience in order to inform resiliencebuilding interventions. The present study assessed the criterion validity of a model of psychological resilience composed of various intrapersonal and interpersonal variables for predicting mental health among Canadian Forces (CF) members returning from overseas deployment. Participants included 1,584 male CF members who were deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan between 2008 and 2010. Data on combat experiences and mental health collected through routine postdeployment screening were linked with historical data on the intrapersonal and interpersonal variables from the model. The direct and moderating effects of these variables were assessed using multiple linear regression analyses. Analyses revealed direct effects of only some intrapersonal and interpersonal resilience variables, and provided limited support for moderating effects. Specifically, results emphasized the protective nature of conscientiousness, emotional stability, and positive social interactions. However, other variables demonstrated unexpected negative associations with postdeployment mental health (e.g., positive affect and affectionate social support). Ultimately, results highlight the complexities of resilience, the limitations of previous cross-sectional research on resilience, and potential targets for resilience-building interventions. Additional longitudinal research on the stability of resilience is recommended to build a better understanding of how resilience processes may change over time and contribute to mental health after adverse experiences. © 2013 The Crown in Right of Canada.","Combat stress, Mental heal, Military, Personality, Resilience","Lee, J. E. C., Sudom, K. A., Zamorski, M. A.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0033059,0,0,
3164,Differential mediating effects of PTSD symptom clusters on alcohol use and sleep in university students with trauma experiences: A multi-group analysis,"This study investigates the differential mediating pathways of PTSD symptom clusters in the relationship between traumatic events and alcohol use or poor sleep quality in a sample of university students with traumatic life experiences using a path analysis. Gender difference was also examined using multi-group analysis. Male (N= 1471) and female (N= 528) university students completed an online mental health survey consisting of the Life Event Checklist, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, the CAGE Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results showed that traumatic events had a direct impact on both alcohol use and poor sleep quality. The indirect impact of traumatic events on alcohol use appeared to be through PTSD-avoidance, and the indirect impact of traumatic events on poor sleep quality appeared to be through PTSD-intrusion and PTSD-hyperarousal. A multi-group analysis showed that male students are 3.25 times more likely to use alcohol in response to traumatic stress than female students. Our findings suggest that there are differential mediating mechanisms of PTSD symptom clusters underlying alcohol use or poor sleep quality following traumatic events, indicating the importance of developing symptom-tailored therapeutic intervention. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Alcohol use, Multi-group analysis, Poor sleep, PTSD, Traumatic stress, University student","Lee, J. S., Lee, S. W., Choi, K. S., Chung, U. S., Jeong, B.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.035,0,0,
3165,A 50-year prospective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat,"Objective: The authors took advantage of a 50-year prospective study of World War II veterans to examine the predictors and correlates of combat exposure, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and trait neuroticism. Method: The subjects were 107 veterans who had been extensively studied before and immediately after serving overseas in World War II. All served as members of the study until the present time, and 91 completed questionnaires of both PTSD symptoms and neuroticism. Results: In this study group, variables associated with positive psychosocial health in adolescence and at age 65 predicted combat exposure. Combat exposure and number of physiological symptoms during combat stress-but not during civilian stress- predicted symptoms of PTSD in 1946 and 1988. Combat exposure also predicted early death and study attrition. Psychosocial vulnerability in adolescence and at age 65 and physiological symptoms during civilian stress-but not during combat stress-predicted trait neuroticism at age 65. Conclusions: Combat exposure predicted symptoms of PTSD but not nonspecific measures of psychopathology. Premorbid vulnerability predicted subsequent psychopathology but not symptoms of PTSD.",,"Lee, K. A., Vaillant, G. E., Torrey, W. C., Elder, G. H.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3166,Clinical Needs of In-treatment Pregnant Women with Co-occurring Disorders: Implications for Primary Care,"We investigated social vulnerability and behavioral health clinical profiles (symptom severity) of pregnant women with co-occurring disorders, defined as substance abuse, mental illness, and trauma at treatment entry compared to their nonpregnant counterparts and the role of interpersonal abuse in clinical presentation among pregnant women. Our objective was to provide primary health care providers with insight into the needs of pregnant patients with high behavioral health risks to serve them better during the critical window of opportunity for long-term impact. We conducted cross-sectional secondary analysis of baseline data from women enrolled in treatment programs in the Women, Co-occurring Disorders and Violence Study from nine sites across the United States. We used analysis of variance and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistical analyses to compare means and frequencies of social vulnerability indicators and baseline Addiction Severity Index, Brief Symptom Inventory of mental health, and Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale scores between 152 pregnant and 2,577 nonpregnant women, and between pregnant women with and without current interpersonal abuse. Compared to nonpregnant women, pregnant women evidenced more social vulnerability but better behavioral health clinical profiles at treatment entry. Current interpersonal abuse was associated with increased mental health and trauma symptomatology but not with alcohol or drug abuse severity among pregnant women. The prenatal period is an important time for screening and intervention for factors such as social vulnerability and co-occurring disorders, known to affect pregnancy and infant outcomes; social and behavioral health services are particularly essential among pregnant women with co-occurring disorders. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Clinical profiles, Co-occurring disorders, Primary care, Trauma, Women","Lee King, P. A., Duan, L., Amaro, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3167,Predictors of healthy behaviour in long-term survivors of childhood cancer,"The objective of this study was to examine the factors contributing to healthy behaviour in young adult long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Young adult childhood cancer survivors can adopt more healthy behaviour than the general population as a way to minimize the adverse consequences, that is, late effects of cancer and its treatment. Knowledge about the predictors of healthy behaviour in childhood cancer survivors can help providers assist young adult survivors with minimizing late effects. A cross-sectional correlational design and convenience sampling were used. Data were collected by mailed survey. Study measures included an investigator-developed demographic and disease form, the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale-Community, the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Index and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Fifty-one per cent (N = 46) of eligible survivors responded to the survey. Data from 45 participants were used in the analyses. 43(middle dot)3% of variance in healthy behaviour was explained by a model that included uncertainty ((beta) = -0(middle dot)37, p = 0(middle dot)007), post-traumatic stress symptoms ((beta) = -0(middle dot)10, p = -0(middle dot)44), interactions with primary care providers ((beta) = 0(middle dot)33, p = 0(middle dot)01) and a history of special educational assistance ((beta) = -0(middle dot)23, p = 0(middle dot)06). Young adult childhood cancer survivors who have higher levels of uncertainty, higher levels of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, lower frequency of primary healthcare interaction and poorer cognitive resources were more likely to report lower levels of healthy behaviour. The findings can guide the clinical assessment of young adult survivors with regard to their health behaviours and needs they may have for education and supportive care. Findings also help inform the design of health promotion interventions for this specific group of cancer survivors. (copyright) 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","adult, article, cross-sectional study, female, health behavior, health promotion, human, male, neoplasm, nursing, postal mail, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, questionnaire, regression analysis, social class, statistics, survivor","Lee, Y. L., Santacroce, S. J., Sadler, L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3168,Offspring psy- chological and biological correlates of parental posttrau- matic stress: Review of the literature and research agenda,,,"Leen-Feldner, E. W., Feldner, M. T., Knapp, A., Bunaciu, L., Blumenthal, H., Amstadter, A. B.",2013.0,2013,,0,0,
3169,MMPI-2 base rates for 492 personal injury plaintiffs: Implications and challenges for forensic assessment,"This study reports base rates of MMPI-2 clinical scales, PTSD scales, and validity scales for 492 personal injury plaintiffs, 230 men and 262 women. Scales studied included L, F, K, F minus K. Ds-r, Fake Bad, Ego Strength, Back F, Total Obvious minus Subtle. VRIN, and TRIN. Forensic high points resembled outpatient profiles but not the MMPI-2 psychiatric sample and shared only code type 13/31 with the normative sample. The most common two-point code type for men was 13/31, followed by 12/21 and 23/32, and for women was 13/31, followed by 23/32 and 12/21. Fifty percent of the forensic sample were code type 13/31, 12/21, or 23/32. Validity measures suggested possible malingering on approximately 20 to 30% of the profiles but the majority of profiles were valid. Validity problems discussed include attorney coaching and the congruence of plaintiff personality characteristics with the demand characteristics of litigation. Examples of attorney coaching are provided. The modal plaintiff appears to be an unhappy somatizer involved in e social context which encourages rationalization, projection of blame, and complaining.",,"Lees-Haley, P. R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3170,Nonpharmacological management of epilepsy comorbidities,"Rationale: Neurofeedback (NF) - facilitated regulation of the arousal state has been used effectively in the treatment of closed head injury1, insomnia2, migraine, depression3, ADHD4, and posttraumatic stress disorder5. A recent meta-analysis review concluded epilepsy was positively impacted by neurofeedback (p = 0.001).6 We therefore hypothesized that NF could serve as a therapeutic modality for epilepsy patients with refractory comorbidities. In the present study we applied a NF protocol to two male patients with well controlled seizures but with medically refractory comorbidities: insomnia, intractable headaches and ADHD in Patient A; episodic dyscontrol (self-banging/ mutilating episodes) in Patient B. Methods: We obtained consent for NF therapy promoting central nervous system (CNS) self-regulation. Procedures were performed under physician direction and supervision (one of the authors). Patient A's implanted vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) device was temporarily inactivated for all his NF sessions. Initial NF trials sought an optimal reinforcement frequency (ORF) for each patient reflecting his optimal arousal state, based on subjective reporting by the patient as well as observer ratings of behavioral alertness. The ORF was established using bipolar training at T3-T4 (the ORF being within the clinical EEG band, particularly the infra-low region < = 0.1 - 1.5 Hz).7, 8 The T3-T4 bipolar recording was used to maximize the reward-based frequency feedback signal without promoting hemispheric coherence (of concern in individuals with seizures). Subsequently, each patient was scheduled to receive 21 separate 30-minute NF sessions (Othmer protocol9) over a period of four weeks. Baseline performance tests (symptom profiles, TOVA10, QEEGs, and observer evaluations) were to be repeated after 21 sessions to compare results to pre-treatment baseline. Results: (Table 1.) Patient A completed only 13 sessions (discontinuing for financial reasons). Nevertheless Patient A's medications for insomnia, headache, and ADHD were progressively discontinued and he remained seizure free on his original three antiepileptic drugs (oxcarbazepine, rufinamide, and zonisamide). Patient B's symptom profile was reduced 62.7% following 21 NF sessions; his seizures remained well-controlled on monotherapy (topiramate). Conclusions: Early results support the hypothesis that NF is a useful therapeutic modality for managing epilepsy comorbidities without compromising seizure control. Furthermore, NF treatment can allow medications other than AEDs to be discontinued thereby averting potential adverse effects arising from multiple drug interactions. The therapy is not widely covered by insurance, limiting its heuristic evaluation. Intrinsic cortical hyperexcitability underlying common epilepsy disorders reflects disturbed mechanisms of CNS control and regulation. Because many epilepsy comorbidites are syndromic expressions of the same CNS dysregulation that gives rise to seizures, physician-driven protocols investigating the mechanisms by which NF works to control comorbidities may shed light on mechanisms of epileptogenesis.","zonisamide, rufinamide, oxcarbazepine, anticonvulsive agent, topiramate, epilepsy, society, human, patient, seizure, headache, insomnia, central nervous system, drug therapy, physician, therapy, neurofeedback, hospital patient, arousal, meta analysis (topic), migraine, meta analysis, devices, hypothesis, procedures, autoregulation, adverse drug reaction, drug interaction, diseases, vagus nerve, attention deficit disorder, performance, feedback system, reward, recording, alertness, monotherapy, reinforcement, male, insurance, epileptogenesis, posttraumatic stress disorder, electroencephalogram","Legarda, M. S., Ford, S., Kondratyev, A., Gale, K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3171,DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms associated with suicide behaviors in veterans,"A connection between suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been consistently demonstrated; however, the underlying relationship between suicidality and PTSD remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine patterns of DSM-5 PTSD symptom endorsement that differentiated veteran participants with and without a history of suicide behaviors. We enrolled 95 veterans, 32 of whom reported no suicide ideation (SI) or suicide attempts (SA). The 63 remaining participants reported a history of SI, with 28 of the 63 also reporting a historical SA. Participants completed a standardized diagnostic interview (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002), structured interview of suicidal behaviors (Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale; Posner et al., 2011), and selected clinical measures. Veterans who reported SI and/or SA were more likely to meet criteria for PTSD on DSM-5 than were veterans who reported neither SI nor SA. Participants who reported SA were more likely to meet criteria for clusters C and D. Finally, at the symptom level, those who reported SI were more likely to report experiencing feelings of alienation. Those who reported a SA were more likely to report avoidance of thoughts and feelings, inability to recall an important aspect of their trauma, persistent negative beliefs, diminished interest, and feelings of alienation. These findings suggest that targeting specific symptoms of PTSD may aid in treatment of suicidal thoughts and behaviors associated with PTSD. © 2014 American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.","DSM-5, PTSD, suicide, trauma, veterans","Legarreta, M., Graham, J., North, L., Bueler, C. E., McGlade, E., Yurgelun-Todd, D.",2015.0,,10.1037/tra0000026,0,0,
3172,Longitudinal analysis of children's internal states language and posttraumatic stress symptoms following a natural disaster,"Disclosure of internal states terms (e.g., emotions, cognitions, and perceptions) in traumatic event descriptions is thought to be associated with physical and mental health in adults, but studies with children have been mixed, and the interpretation of many findings is complicated by the lack of longitudinal data. Using data collected from 568 students (ages 7-12years) attending schools in Miami-Dade County, Florida, this study examined the internal states language in participant's written descriptions of the 'worst things that happened during the hurricane' collected 3 and 7months after Hurricane Andrew. Associations between these internal states and their posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) 3, 7, and 10months post-hurricane were evaluated using structural equation modeling. Patterns of association suggest that PTSS were not affected by internal states disclosure; rather, internal states language seemed to be a manifestation of PTSS. Implications for risk assessment, theory building, and treatment of PTSS in children are discussed. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Legerski, J. P., Greenhoot, A. F., Vernberg, E. M., M. La Greca, A., Silverman, W. K.",2015.0,,10.1002/acp.3081,0,0,
3173,From Postimpact to Reconstruction: Considerations When Treating Traumatized Child and Adolescent Clients,"Longitudinal data analyses have revealed that children and adolescents may encounter several distinct recovery stages and trajectories following exposure to a traumatic event. As recent dissemination efforts have increased the availability of training in various empirically-supported treatments, mental health service providers may struggle to identify among these approaches a treatment that is best suited to address the needs of an individual client. Treatment planning should take into consideration the severity of distress symptoms, as well as the timing, mode of delivery, and the setting of intervention. In this paper we provide an overview of assessment and emerging treatment approaches that can be used across various phases of recovery. We also identify a framework for making treatment decisions based on existing research. Finally, we propose next steps for research and practice in the area of treating traumatized children and adolescents.","acute stress disorder, adolescent, article, child, child parent psychotherapy, clinical research, cognitive therapy, conceptual framework, critical incident stress, debriefing, early intervention, family functioning, family therapy, human, medical research, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, psychoanalysis, psychoeducation, psychological first aid, psychotherapy, psychotrauma assessment, risk factor, social support, survivor","Legerski, J. P., King, A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3174,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and socioeconomic factors associated with Veterans Health Administration use among women veterans,"Background: The Veterans Health Administration (VA) has historically focused on treating men. Although women veterans' VA use is increasing, they remain more likely than male veterans to receive their care in non-VA settings. To date, there is limited research on factors associated with VA use among women. We examined the relationship between demographic, civilian, military, and health-related variables with past-year VA use among women veterans. Methods: Women veterans were recruited over the internet to participate in an anonymous national survey (n = 617) in 2013. An empirically derived decision tree was computed using signal detection software for iterative receiver operator characteristics (ROC) to identify variables with the best sensitivity/specificity balance associated with past-year VA use. Results: ROC analysis indicated that 85% of participants with high posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms and who were younger than 54 years of age used VA in the past year. Of those who were 54 years of age or older and had very high PTSD symptoms, 94% used the VA in the last year. By contrast, only 40% of participants with relatively lower PTSD symptoms had VA past-year use, although among these individuals, VA past-year use increased to 65% for those with a relatively lower income. Conclusions: Findings suggest that greater PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and low income correlate with VA use, with very high PTSD symptoms in older groups, high PTSD symptoms coupled with high depressive symptoms in younger groups, and low income in those with lower PTSD symptoms each associated with greater past-year VA use. Ensuring PTSD assessment and treatment, and addressing socioeconomic factors, may be key strategies for health care delivered directly or through contract with VA facilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), *Socioeconomic Status, Human Females, Symptoms","Lehavot, Keren, ""OHara, Ruth"", Washington, Donna L., Yano, Elizabeth M., Simpson, Tracy L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3175,The development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of child witnesses to mother assault,"Examines the relationship between the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a number of coping variables in child witnesses to mother assault. Ss were 84 children (mean age 11 yrs) who had been referred from shelters for battered women and child welfare agencies. The Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-Family Violence Form (CITES-FVF) was administered to assess the presence of PTSD symptoms. Child adjustment measures were used to provide a comparative basis for the CITES-FVF scale results. Comparisons of children who met PTSD criteria and those who did not found significant differences on variables of age, duration, and frequency of witnessing children. The PTSD group differed significantly from the non-PTSD group on the basis of assault anxiety, depression, dissociation, anger, and negative attributions. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that factors related to negative attributions and assault variables each contributed significantly to explaining 71% of the variance of PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Battered Females, *Childhood Development, *Domestic Violence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Witnesses, Mothers","Lehmann, Peter",1997.0,,,0,0,
3176,Children who witness mother-assault: An expanded Posttraumatic Stress Disorder conceptualization,"The impact on children who witness mother-assault was conceptualized as an expanded posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and an exploratory research study testing this formulation was carried out. The current conceptualization was based in part on the work of V. Wolfe and associates who utilized a model whereby a number of mediating factors were thought to determine adjustment to traumatic events. An important part of their model was the utilization of the Type I and Type II trauma typologies of Terr (1990, 1991). These typologies were used to measure the PTSD symptoms of children in response to the severity and course of mother-assault. In this study, a Type I sequelae consisted of the PTSD responses of reexperiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance, and was related to the severity of mother-assault and child witnessing. The Type II sequelae consisted of the PTSD symptoms in addition to the coping responses of denial, rage, dissociation, sadness, and negative attributions. The Type II typology was related to the course of mother-assault which included the frequency of assaults and the duration of witnessing. Mediators included social support family disadvantage, and family functioning. Finally, this study tested the construct validity of two new instruments related to the child witness. The major questions posed for this exploratory research study were: (a) would children who witness mother-assault exhibit Type I symptoms in response to the severity of mother-assault, (b) would such children exhibit Type II symptoms in response to the course of mother-assault, and last, (c) would the History Of Violence Witnessed By Child Questionnaire (HVWCQ) and the Children's Impact Of Traumatic Events Scale-Family Violence Form (CITES-FVF) be valid instruments. Eighty-four children and their mothers volunteered to be participants. Initial findings yielded a curvilinear relationship between the Type I and II responses and the severity and course of mother-assault. Consequently, ch (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Physical Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnostic Typologies, *Symptoms, Battered Females, Experiences (Events)","Lehmann, Peter John",1996.0,,,0,0,
3177,Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective? A review of empirical data,"There is a need for empirical outcome research in psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapy. However, both the approach of empirically supported therapies (EST) and the procedures of evidence-based medicine (EBM) have severe limitations making randomised controlled trials (RCTs) an absolute standard. After a critical discussion of this approach, the author reviews the empirical evidence for the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific psychiatric disorders. The review aims to identify for which psychiatric disorders RCTs of specific models of psychodynamic psychotherapy are available and for which they are lacking, thus providing a basis for planning further research. In addition, results of process research of psychodynamic psychotherapy are presented. As the methodology of RCTs is not appropriate for psychoanalytic therapy, effectiveness studies of psychoanalytic therapy are reviewed as well. Studies of psychodynamic psychotherapy published between 1960 and 2004 were identified by a computerised search using Medline, PsycINFO and Current Contents. In addition, textbooks and journal articles were used. Twenty-two RCTs were identified of which 64% had not been included in the 1998 report by Chambless and Hollon. According to the results, for the following psychiatric disorders at least one RCT providing evidence for the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy was identified: depressive disorders (4 RCTs), anxiety disorders (1 RCT), post-traumatic stress disorder (1 RCT), somatoform disorder (4 RCTs), bulimia nervosa (3 RCTs), anorexia nervosa (2 RCTs), borderline personality disorder (2 RCTs), Cluster C personality disorder (1 RCT), and substance-related disorders (4 RCTs). According to results of process research, outcome in psychodynamic psychotherapy is related to the competent delivery of therapeutic techniques and to the development of a therapeutic alliance. With regard to psychoanalytic therapy, controlled quasi-experimental effectiveness studies provide evidence that psychoanalytic therapy is (1) more effective than no treatment or treatment as usual, and (2) more effective than shorter forms of psychodynamic therapy. Conclusions are drawn for future research. (copyright) 2005 Institute of Psychoanalysis.","anorexia nervosa, anxiety disorder, borderline state, bulimia, clinical trial, depression, disease model, evidence based medicine, human, information retrieval, Medline, mental disease, meta analysis, outcomes research, patient counseling, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychoanalysis, psychodynamics, psychotherapy, PsycINFO, review, SciSearch, somatoform disorder, substance abuse, systematic review","Leichsenring, F.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3178,The effects of stress coping strategies in post-traumatic stress symptoms among earthquake survivors: An explanatory model of post-traumatic stress,"The effect of the ways of coping (WOC) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a stressing event common to a sample of 304 people (Chile, earthquake February, 27 2010) was determined through the application of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the Davidson Scale of Trauma, The results show 4 significant Regression Multiple Linear models explaining the total and the 3 types of PTSD symptoms through WOC such as avoidance and problem solution. However, a first integrated model through structural equations did not attain good fit indexes. The study has been concluded with an alternative integrated model presenting very good adjustment indexes (CMN/DF = .05S, RMSEA = .000, NFI = .999, CFI = .999 and PNFI = .100). Finally, explanations based on neuroimages and covert conditioning are provided along with reflections on the prevention and prevalence of the PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, Natural Disasters, Stress, Symptoms","Leiva-Bianchi, Marcelo, Baher, Guillermo, Poblete, Carlos",2012.0,,,0,0,
3179,American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics,,,"Leland, A., Oboroceanu, M. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3180,Factors associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans,"Background: The purpose of this project was to examine factors associated with suicidal ideation in returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Methods: A cross-sectional review of 1740 veterans' initial mental health screening evaluations. One-hundred and thirteen (6.5%) OEF/OIF veterans reported active suicidal ideation at the time of the interview. Results: Prior exposures of physical or sexual abuse and having a history of a prior suicide attempt(s) were associated with the presence of current suicidal ideation, as were having a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, a depressive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Deployment concerns related to training (protective), the deployment environment, family concerns, deployment concerns, post-deployment support (protective), and post-deployment stressors were also associated with current suicidal ideation. Logistic regression analysis revealed the major risk factors were having a prior suicide attempt, female gender, and a depressive disorder diagnosis; while more perceived current social support was a protective factor. Logistic regression analysis also revealed having comorbid PTSD and depression carried a higher odds ratio for risk than did having either PTSD or depression alone; and that the PTSD avoidance symptom-cluster was associated with more risk than either the re-experiencing or hyper-arousal symptom clusters for current suicidal ideation. Limitations: As a cross-sectional retrospective medical chart review, limitations include limited generalizability and causal relationships cannot be evaluated. Conclusions: Further investigation of these risk factors is warranted to aid in suicide risk assessment and in the development of targeted interventions to mitigate the identified risk factors and bolster the identified protective factor. © 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.","Depression, Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress, Suicide, Veterans","Lemaire, C. M., Graham, D. P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3181,Childhood trauma and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in OEF/OIF service members and Veterans,"Prior research has shown that trauma exposure during childhood is associated with increased risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following combat. The present study promotes further understanding of the relationship between childhood trauma and combat-related PTSD in a well-characterized sample of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) active duty members and veterans of the military. Two hundred and ninety male and female participants completed retrospective, self-report measures of trauma exposure (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Traumatic Events Survey, Combat Exposure Scale) while combat-related PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. A series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to test hypotheses related to childhood trauma, combat exposure, and PTSD symptoms as well as the trauma-specific characteristics of severity level, maltreatment subtypes, age of exposure, level of subjective distress, and PTSD symptom clusters. Results indicated that after controlling for combat exposure, childhood trauma significantly predicted combat-related PTSD symptoms, although no specific maltreatment subtype was particularly influential. Further, the subjective impact of childhood trauma was also a significant predictor of PTSD, providing evidence that the perception of trauma may be as clinically relevant as objective measures. Exploratory findings revealed that childhood trauma had the strongest association with the avoidance and emotional numbing symptom cluster of PTSD, followed by hyperarousal and re-experiencing. Results confirm the importance of not only examining pre-deployment risk factors when screening for PTSD, but also for recognizing how childhood experiences may impact an individual's clinical picture and course of treatment. Implications for primary prevention of PTSD and directions for future research are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Duty Status, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, Combat Experience, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Subtypes (Disorders)","Lemmer, Jennifer A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3182,Primary focal dystonia: Evidence for distinct neuropsychiatric and personality profiles,"Background: Primary focal dystonia (PFD) is characterised by motor symptoms. Frequent co-occurrence of abnormal mental conditions has been mentioned for decades but is less well defined. In this study, prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, personality disorders and traits in a large cohort of patients with PFD were evaluated. Methods: Prevalence rates of clinical psychiatric diagnoses in 86 PFD patients were compared with a population based sample (n = 3943) using a multiple regression approach. Furthermore, participants were evaluated for personality traits with the 5 Factor Personality Inventory. Results: Lifetime prevalence for any psychiatric or personality disorder was 70.9%. More specifically, axis I disorders occurred at a 4.5-fold increased chance. Highest odds ratios were found for social phobia (OR 21.6), agoraphobia (OR 16.7) and panic disorder (OR 11.5). Furthermore, an increased prevalence rate of 32.6% for anxious personality disorders comprising obsessive-compulsive (22.1%) and avoidant personality disorders (16.3%) were found. Except for social phobia, psychiatric disorders manifested prior to the occurrence of dystonia symptoms. In the self-rating of personality traits, PFD patients demonstrated pronounced agreeableness, conscientiousness and reduced openness. Conclusions: Patients with PFD show distinct neuropsychiatric and personality profiles of the anxiety spectrum. PFD should therefore be viewed as a neuropsychiatric disorder rather than a pure movement disorder.",,"Lencer, R., Steinlechner, S., Stahlberg, J., Rehling, H., Orth, M., Baeumer, T., Rumpf, H. J., Meyer, C., Klein, C., Muenchau, A., Hagenah, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3183,Pre-attack symptomatology and temperament as predictors of children's responses to the September 11 terrorist attacks,"Background: The aims of this study were to assess the psychological response of children following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, DC and to examine prospective predictors of children's post-attack responses. Method: Children's responses were assessed in a community sample of children in Seattle, Washington, participating in an ongoing study. Symptomatology and temperament assessed prior to the attacks were examined as prospective predictors of post-attack post-traumatic stress (PTS), anxiety, depression and externalizing problems. Results: Children demonstrated PTS symptoms and worries at levels comparable to those in children directly experiencing disasters, with 77% of children reporting being worried, 68% being upset by reminders, and 39% having upsetting thoughts. The most common PTS symptom cluster was re-experiencing, and 8% of children met criteria consistent with PTSD. African-American children reported more avoidant PTS symptoms and being more upset by the attacks than European-American children. Girls reported being more upset than boys. Prior internalizing, externalizing, social competence and self-esteem were related to post-attack PTS; and child inhibitory control, assessed prior to the 9/11 attacks, demonstrated a trend towards an association with post-attack PTS symptoms controlling for prior levels of symptomatology. PTS predicted child-report anxiety and conduct problem symptoms at follow-up, approximately 6 months after 9/11. Conclusions: Children experiencing a major disaster at a distance or indirectly through media exposure demonstrated worries and PTS symptoms suggesting that communities need to attend to children's mental health needs in response to national or regional disasters. Pre-disaster symptomatology or low self-regulation may render children more vulnerable in response to a disaster, and immediate post-disaster responses predict subsequent symptomatology. These variables might be used in the identification of children in need of intervention. (copyright) Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2004.","African American, analysis of variance, anxiety, article, child, child behavior, controlled study, depression, disaster, European American, female, health care need, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychologic assessment, race difference, self esteem, sex difference, social interaction, symptomatology, temperament, terrorism, United States","Lengua, L. J., Long, A. C., Smith, K. I., Meltzoff, A. N.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3184,Delivering a Victim Impact Statement: Emotionally effective or counter-productive?,"Although the delivery of a Victim Impact Statement (VIS) in court is assumed to contribute to the healing and recovery process of victims of violent crimes, its effectiveness to facilitate emotional recovery is widely debated. The current longitudinal study is the first to empirically examine the psychological effects of delivering a VIS in terms of the two most important emotional reactions after crime: anger and anxiety. It extends previous findings by showing that the debate concerning the effectiveness of delivering a VIS is not a ‘black and white’ matter. In this article, we argue that the question should not be whether delivering a VIS ‘works’ or ‘doesn’t work’ for the victim, but for whom, and under which conditions. We show that delivering a VIS does not give rise to direct ‘therapeutic’ effects. However, we found that feelings of anger and anxiety decrease for victims who experience more control over their recovery process and higher levels of procedural justice. © The Author(s) 2014.","Emotional recovery, procedural justice, therapeutic justice, Victim Impact Statement, victim participation","Lens, K. M., Pemberton, A., Brans, K., Braeken, J., Bogaerts, S., Lahlah, E.",2015.0,,10.1177/1477370814538778,0,0,
3185,Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis,,,"Lensvelt-Mulders, G., van der Hart, O., van Ochten, J. M., van Son, M. J. M., Steele, K., Breeman, L.",2008.0,,10.1016/j.cpr.2008.03.006,0,0,
3186,"Childhood adversity, mental disorder comorbidity, and suicidal behavior in schizotypal personality disorder","Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a serious and relatively common psychiatric disorder, yet remains understudied among the personality disorders. The current study examines the psychiatric correlates of SPD in a representative epidemiologic sample, utilizing data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 34,653). Multiple logistic regression compared people with SPD to the general population across a broad range of childhood adversities, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and suicidal behavior. SPD was strongly associated with many adverse childhood experiences. After adjusting for confounding factors, SPD was independently associated with major depression and several anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, SPD was more strongly associated with borderline and narcissistic personality disorders than cluster A personality disorders. Individuals with SPD were also more likely to attempt suicide. As a whole, these results suggest that individuals with SPD experience significant morbidity and may be at increased risk of mortality. (copyright) 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","adult, aged, article, borderline state, child abuse, comorbidity, female, high risk population, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, narcissism, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, suicidal behavior","Lentz, V., Robinson, J., Bolton, J. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3187,Evaluation of a Family-Centered Preventive Intervention for Military Families: Parent and Child Longitudinal Outcomes,"OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the longitudinal outcomes of Families OverComing Under Stress (FOCUS), a family-centered preventive intervention implemented to enhance resilience and to reduce psychological health risk in military families and children who have high levels of stress related to parental wartime military service. METHOD: We performed a secondary analysis of evaluation data from a large-scale service implementation of the FOCUS intervention collected between July 2008 and December 2013 at 15 military installations in the United States and Japan. We present data for 2,615 unique families (3,499 parents and 3,810 children) with completed intake and at least 1 postintervention assessment. Longitudinal regression models with family-level random effects were used to assess the patterns of change in child and parent (civilian and military) psychological health outcomes over time. RESULTS: Improvement in psychological health outcomes occurred in both service member and civilian parents. Relative to intake, parental anxiety and depression symptoms were significantly reduced postintervention, and these reductions were maintained at 2 subsequent follow-up assessments. In addition, we identified an improvement over time in emotional and behavioral symptoms and in prosocial behaviors for both boys and girls. We observed reductions in the prevalence of unhealthy family functioning and child anxiety symptoms, as well as parental depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms from intake to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Longitudinal program evaluation data show sustained trajectories of reduced psychological health risk symptoms and improved indices of resilience in children, civilian, and active duty military parents participating in a strength-based, family-centered preventive intervention.","family resilience, family-centered prevention, military-connected children, parental mental health, wartime deployment","Lester, P., Liang, L. J., Milburn, N., Mogil, C., Woodward, K., Nash, W., Aralis, H., Sinclair, M., Semaan, A., Klosinski, L., Beardslee, W., Saltzman, W.",2016.0,Jan,10.1016/j.jaac.2015.10.009,0,0,
3188,A family study of PTSD: Occurrence and correlates of internalizing disorders in children of OIF/OEF soldiers with combat posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among U.S. combatants who are deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom conflicts (OIF/OEF). Combat PTSD has been shown to be associated with impaired social, occupational, and physical functioning. An understudied area of research is how PTSD from combat affects interpersonal functioning at the family level. Of particular vulnerability to disruption in relational systems is the parent-child dyad. The present study focused on parental PTSD, child environment, and child psychological symptoms in order to begin delineating pathways connecting parent trauma to child psychopathology. The sample consisted of 21 dyads: Adult participants with and without combat-related PTSD and biological child participants (aged 6 - 17). Parents and children were administered structured diagnostic interviews and dimensional measures of anxiety, depression, and PTSD and home environment. Simple linear regression was used to test a predictive model between fathers' level of PTSD symptoms and child clinical symptoms. Multiple regression was used to test the mediation model of child home environment on the relationship between parent and child symptomatology. Results from descriptive analyses showed that level of fathers' combat exposure was a significant predictor at the alpha = 0.05 level for child anxiety, PTSD symptoms, oppositional, and conduct problems. However, level of fathers' combat exposure did not predict child depression, somatization, or withdrawn symptoms. Results showed no interaction effects. This pilot study demonstrates that the experiences of OIF/OEF combatants such as the nature of their combat exposure during deployment may be important in impacting the psychological outcomes of their offspring. Furthermore, the warzone experiences of OIF/OEF combatants during deployment appear to predict child anxiety, PTSD, and externalizing symptoms, but not child depression, withdrawn symptoms, or somatization. Results of this pilot study should be considered preliminary and the design should be replicated with a larger sample of OIF/OEF combatants. The current findings may be relevant in advancing our knowledge of etiological models of psychiatric illness in youths, identifying at-risk individuals during early life stages, and advancing mental health interventions for military families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Health, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Family","Letamendi, Andrea M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3189,Ecstasy and other club drugs: A review of recent epidemiologic studies,"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights the epidemiologic research on club drug use in the past year, with a focus on clinical epidemiology, social epidemiology, new methodological approaches, and alternative explanations for drug use behaviors. RECENT FINDINGS: Although 3,4-methylenedioxy-N- methylamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy is currently classified as a type of hallucinogen and its withdrawal is not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there is evidence for the association of withdrawal symptoms with MDMA abstinence. Findings from latent class analysis indicate that MDMA users have a significantly higher risk of dependence than lysergic acid diethylamide users. Research on sociodemographic factors associated with club drug use continues to be a main focus worldwide. New epidemiologic research methods have been developed to enable researchers to monitor real-time drug use behaviors and to conduct surveys on sensitive issues in public places. In addition to traditional behavioral models, researchers began to examine the club drug phenomenon in the context of economic environment. SUMMARY: Recent findings on MDMA use further question the current drug classification in the diagnostic systems. Despite the continuous growth in the club drug research literature, there is no study on the influence of genetic factors on club drug use. More research in this area is needed. (copyright) 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, diamorphine, ketamine, lysergide, methamphetamine, tranquilizer, anxiety disorder, demography, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, drug classification, drug dependence, drug use, economic aspect, environmental factor, health survey, heredity, human, medical research, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, social aspect","Leung, K. S., Cottler, L. B.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3190,Suicide Ideation and Deliberate Self-Harm among Ex-Prisoners of War,"The current study aims to assess the relations among war captivity, PTSD, suicidal ideation (SI), and deliberate self-harm (DSH) among former prisoners of war (ex-POWs). Israeli ex-POWs (N = 176) and a matched control group of combat veterans (controls; N = 118) were assessed using self-report measures. Ex-POWs with PTSD reported higher levels of both SI and DSH compared to ex-POWs and comparable veterans without PTSD. Furthermore, captivity-related variables as well as PTSD symptom clusters were positively related to both SI and DSH. However, only loss of emotional control in captivity and posttraumatic intrusion and emotional numbing symptoms, predicted SI. Ex-POWs with PTSD endorse high levels of SI and DSH. Among ex-POWs, both SI and DSH share similar captivity-related and posttraumatic symptoms correlates but only posttraumatic intrusion and emotional numbing symptoms predict SI. © 2015 International Academy for Suicide Research.","captivity, deliberate self-harm, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoners of war, suicide ideation","Levi-Belz, Y., Zerach, G., Solomon, Z.",2015.0,,10.1080/13811118.2013.845123,0,0,
3191,Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder at three months after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury,"To investigate the frequency and risk factors of major depressive disorder (MDD) after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), 69 TBI and 52 general trauma (GT) patients were prospectively recruited and studied at 3-months postinjury. There was a nonsignificant difference in the proportion of MDD patients in the TBI and GT groups. Therefore, a composite MDD group (TBI and GT patients) was compared to patients who were nondepressed. Female gender was related to MDD, but no other risk factors were identified. MDD was associated with disability and cognitive impairment. MDD was comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Implications for postacute management of mild to moderate TBI are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Epidemiology","Levin, Harvey S., Brown, Sharon A., Song, James X., McCauley, Stephen R., Boake, Corwin, Contant, Charles F., Goodman, Heather, Kotrla, Kathryn J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3192,PTSD symptoms and marital adjustment among ex-POWs' wives,"This study prospectively assessed the implications of war captivity and former prisoners of war's (ex-POWs) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD trajectory on their wives' marital adjustment, adjusting for their secondary traumatization (ST). Results show that marital adjustment of the wives of ex-POWs with PTSD (N = 66) was lower compared to wives of ex-POWs (N = 37) and combat veterans (N = 55) without PTSD symptoms. Investigating the possible mechanism underlying the lower marital adjustment, via a mediating model, indicated that husbands' PTSD symptoms mediated the association between captivity and the wives' marital adjustment. Moreover, husbands' PTSD trajectories assessed over 17 years were implicated in their wives' marital adjustment; wives of ex-POWs with chronic PTSD reported lower marital adjustment compared to wives of resilient ex-POWs. The substantial novelty was revealed in prospective deterioration found in dyadic adjustment among wives of ex-POWs with delayed PTSD, but not for wives of chronic or resilient ex-POWs. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record",,"Levin, Y., Greene, T., Solomon, Z.",2016.0,Feb,10.1037/fam0000170,0,0,
3193,"Anxiety disorders and major depression, together or apart","This paper will discuss the relationship between anxiety and depression. We will begin with a brief historical perspective. We will then move into the twentieth century, with a focus on the 1950s, at which time the introduction of pharmacological treatment options revolutionized the field of psychiatry. The use of psychiatric medications and the observation of treatment response provided an additional means of understanding the relationship between anxiety and depression. From the late 1970s to the 1990s, it became apparent that various medications possessed wider therapeutic profiles than were previously recognized. For example, many medications were found to be efficacious in both anxiety and depressive disorders. These expanded therapeutic profiles provided additional clues to fuel our thinking about the relationship between anxiety and depression. The two major objectives of this paper are, first, to describe and formalize a process of pharmacological dissection and, second, to consider how this process might contribute to our search for a better understanding of the relationship between anxiety and depression. Depression and Anxiety © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Antianxiety agents, Antidepressive agents, Anxiety disorders, Comorbidity, Major depression, Pharmacological dissection","Levine, J., Cole, D. P., Roy Chengappa, K. N., Gershon, S.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3194,Posttraumatic growth in adolescence: Examining its components and relationship with PTSD,"To address gaps in the literature, this study examined the components of posttraumatic growth, and the relationship between growth and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were from a pooled sample of 4,054 Israeli adolescents exposed to terror of whom 210 (5.5%) met criteria f o r PTSD. Measures included the Child Post- Traumatic Stress Reaction Index and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Principal components analysis showed two correlated components of outward and intrapersonal growth. Regression modeling showed that the relationship between the growth and PTSD measures was linear and curvilinear (inverted-U). These results replicated accounting for heterogeneity in PTSD, exposure and subsamples. Collectively, the results imply that posttraumatic growth in adolescence is characterized by two robust components, and is greatest at moderate posttraumatic stress levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychology, *Disease Course, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth","Levine, Stephen Z., Laufer, Avital, Hamama-Raz, Yaira, Stein, Einat, Solomon, Zahava",2008.0,,,0,0,
3195,Treatment response heterogeneity in the predominant negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Analysis of amisulpride vs placebo in three clinical trials,,,"Levine, S. Z., Leucht, S.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.005,0,1,
3196,An animal model for studying therapeutic drugs against post-traumatic stress disorder,"An animal model for the evolvement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was developed by simulating the hormonal consequences of prolonged stress via the continuous administration of corticosterone by subcutaneously implanted sustained-release pellets. Behavioral, morphological, and biochemical effects were recorded and analyzed. This model has shown cognitive deficits as well as hippocampal damage in the rat similar to those found in PTSD patients. The model also was used to test a therapeutic treatment against stress-induced brain damage. Concomitant treatment with the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine protected young rats from corticosterone-induced morphological brain changes but not cognitive impairments. The proposed animal model may be useful for testing the efficacy of various neuroprotective drugs. Development of an effective drug treatment for use after a traumatic event and through the trauma period might prevent permanent brain damage and the development of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Animal Models, *Brain Damage, *Channel Blockers, *Cognitive Processes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Drug Therapy, Rats, Stress","Levy, Aharon, Kadar, Tamar, Dachir, Shlomit",2001.0,,,0,0,
3197,Development of a guided self-help (GSH) program for the treatment of mild-to-moderate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Background: There is a shortage of suitably qualified therapists able to deliver evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), precluding timely access to intervention. This work aimed to develop an optimally effective, feasible, and acceptable guided self-help (GSH) program for treatment of the disorder. Methods: The study followed Medical Research Council (MRC) guidance for the development of a complex intervention. A prototype GSH program was developed through an initial modeling phase. Systematic reviews of the literature informed a portfolio of up-to-date information for key stakeholders to consider and discuss in a series of focus groups and semistructured interviews, which included 10 mental health professionals with expertise in the fields of GSH and/or PTSD, and seven former PTSD sufferers. Data were analyzed through a process of Inductive Thematic Analysis and used to inform the content, delivery, and guidance of a GSH program for PTSD. The prototype was piloted with 19 PTSD sufferers in two pilot studies, and refined on the basis of their quantitative results and qualitative feedback. Results: The final version was available online and in hardcopy. It included 11 modules, some being mandatory and others optional, allowing tailoring of the intervention to meet an individual's specific needs. Qualitative and quantitative results of the pilot studies supported its efficacy in terms of reducing traumatic stress symptoms and its acceptability to PTSD sufferers. Conclusions: Delivering psychological treatment in a GSH format shows promise as an effective and acceptable way of treating mild-to-moderate PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Evidence Based Practice, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Help Techniques, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, Therapists","Lewis, Catrin, Roberts, Neil, Vick, Tracey, Bisson, Jonathan I.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3198,Harry Potter's headaches [4],,"clinical feature, cluster headache, disease classification, disease severity, emotion, follow up, headache, human, letter, literature, migraine, neuropathic pain, neuropathy, pain assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary headache, priority journal, secondary headache, traumatic brain injury, trigeminal nerve, trigeminus neuralgia","Lewis, D., Hershey, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3199,Borderline personality disorder subtypes: A factor analysis of the DSM-IV criteria,"This study examined the underlying factor structure of the DSM-IV criteria to determine whether the diagnosis could be classified into subtypes. It also sought to enhance the clinical interpretation of any identified subtypes by examining their relation to comorbid axis I and II disorders. In 95 treatment-seeking adults (82 women, 13 men), attending a psychiatric outpatient clinic principle components analysis yielded support for three subtypes: 'affect dysregulation', 'rejection sensitivity' and 'mentalization failure'. Results of logistic regression analyses indicated that the affect dysregulation subtype was associated with the comorbid diagnosis of generalized anxiety and panic disorder and other cluster B and C personality disorders. The mentalization failure subtype was found to be predictive of posttraumatic stress disorder and other cluster B personality disorders. With further research, confirmation of these subtypes may inform diagnostic revisions and appropriate treatment regimes that are individually designed to target the patients' core symptoms. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Lewis, K., Caputi, P., Grenyer, B. F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3200,Is poor sleep in veterans a function of post-traumatic stress disorder?,"Substantial research has demonstrated an association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and quality of sleep, particularly in veteran populations. The exact nature of this relationship, however, is not clear. The possibility that poor sleep is a more general experience among veterans has not been explored to date, with most studies focusing only on veteran populations with PTSD. This pilot study aimed to explore whether sleep disturbance is common to veterans generally or simply those with PTSD. Data were collected from a community sample of 152 Australian Vietnam war veterans, 87 of whom did not meet criteria for PTSD. All those with PTSD and 90% of those without PTSD reported clinically significant sleep disturbance, indicating that serious sleep problems are common across the veteran population. Despite the limitations of this initial study, these results highlight the importance of ensuring that research into sleep disorders in veterans with PTSD pays attention to the potential etiological role of other military factors, including deployments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sleep, Sleep Disorders","Lewis, Virginia, Creamer, Mark, Failla, Salvina",2009.0,,,0,0,
3201,Validation of a tibetan translation of the hopkins symptom checklist-25 and the harvard trauma questionnaire,"This study sought to translate and validate the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-;25 (HSCL) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) in a Tibetan population. Translated questionnaires were administered to 57 Tibetan survivors of torture/human rights abuses living in the United States and receiving services in a torture treatment program. Participants were evaluated to determine if they met criteria for major depressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Coefficient alpha for the HSCL Anxiety subscale (.89), Depression subscale (.92), and the HTQ (.89) were high. Diagnostic accuracy using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis generated good classification accuracy for anxiety (.89), depression (.92), and PTSD (.83). However, although sensitivity and specificity for HSCL subscales were quite high, the HTQ generated low sensitivity (.33), partly because of a low rate of PTSD. Results support the reliability and validity of the HSCL but suggest further study of the HTQ with this population is required. (copyright) 2007 Sage Publications.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, China, cultural anthropology, female, health survey, human, human rights, injury, devices, major depression, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, publication, questionnaire, refugee, Sickness Impact Profile, survivor, torture, validation study","Lhewa, D., Banu, S., Rosenfeld, B., Keller, A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3202,Validation of a Tibetan translation of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire,"This study sought to translate and validate the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) in a Tibetan population. Translated questionnaires were administered to 57 Tibetan survivors of torture/human rights abuses living in the United States and receiving services in a torture treatment program. Participants were evaluated to determine if they met criteria for major depressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Coefficient alpha for the HSCL Anxiety subscale (.89), Depression subscale (.92), and the HTQ (.89) were high. Diagnostic accuracy using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis generated good classification accuracy for anxiety (.89), depression (.92), and PTSD (.83). However, although sensitivity and specificity for HSCL subscales were quite high, the HTQ generated low sensitivity (.33), partly because of a low rate of PTSD. Results support the reliability and validity of the HSCL but suggest further study of the HTQ with this population is required.","Adult, Anxiety Disorders/*diagnosis, Culture, Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis, Female, Health Surveys, *Human Rights, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics/*instrumentation, *Questionnaires, Refugees/psychology, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis, Survivors/*psychology, Tibet, Torture/*psychology, Translations, Wounds and Injuries/*complications/psychology","Lhewa, D., Banu, S., Rosenfeld, B., Keller, A.",2007.0,Sep,10.1177/1073191106298876,0,0,3201
3203,Heat stress deteriorates mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in cultured fibroblasts with fatty acid β-oxidation disorders,"Mitochondrial fatty acids β-oxidation disorder (FAOD) has become popular with development of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and enzymatic evaluation techniques. FAOD occasionally causes acute encephalopathy or even sudden death in children. On the other hand, hyperpyrexia may also trigger severe seizures or encephalopathy, which might be caused by the defects of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). We investigated the effect of heat stress on FAO to determine the relationship between serious febrile episodes and defect in β-oxidation of fatty acid in children. Fibroblasts from healthy control and children with various FAODs, were cultured in the medium loaded with unlabelled palmitic acid for 96 h at 37 °C or 41 °C. Acylcarnitine (AC) profiles in the medium were determined by MS/MS, and specific ratios of ACs were calculated. Under heat stress (at 41 °C), long-chain ACs (C12, C14, or C16) were increased, while medium-chain ACs (C6, C8, or C10) were decreased in cells with carnitine palmitoyl transferase II deficiency, very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency, whereas AC species from short-chain (C4) to long-chain (C16) were barely affected in medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and control. While long-chain ACs (C12-C16) were significantly elevated, short to medium-chain ACs (C4-C10) were reduced in multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. These data suggest that patients with long-chain FAODs may be more susceptible to heat stress compared to medium-chain FAOD or healthy control and that serious febrile episodes may deteriorate long-chain FAO in patients with long-chain FAODs. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Acylcarnitine profiling, Fatty acids β-oxidation disorder, Heat stress, Tandem mass spectrometry","Li, H., Fukuda, S., Hasegawa, Y., Purevsuren, J., Kobayashi, H., Mushimoto, Y., Yamaguchi, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3204,Mitochondrial gene expression profiles and metabolic pathways in the amygdala associated with exaggerated fear in an animal model of PTSD,"The metabolic mechanisms underlying the development of exaggerated fear in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not well defined. In the present study, alteration in the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial function in the amygdala of an animal model of PTSD was determined. Amygdala tissue samples were excised from 10 nonstressed control rats and10 stressed rats, 14 days post stress treatment.. Total RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized, and gene expression levels were determined using a cDNA microarray. During the development of the exaggerated fear associated with PTSD, 48 genes were found to be significantly upregulated and 37 were significantly downregulated in the amygdala complex based on stringent criteria (p<0.01). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed up or down regulation in the amygdala complex of four signaling networks - one associated with inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, one with immune mediators and metabolism, one with transcriptional factors, and one with chromatin remodeling. Thus, informatics of a neuronal gene array allowed us to determine the expression profile of mitochondrial genes in the amygdala complex of an animal model of PTSD. The result is a further understanding of the metabolic and neuronal signaling mechanisms associated with delayed and exaggerated fear. © 2014 Li, Li, Smerin, Zhang, Jia, Xing, Su, Wen, Benedek and Ursano.","Amygdala, Bcl2, Biomarker, cDNA microarray, Fear, Mitochondria genes, Molecular networks, NFκB, Oligonucleotide, PTSD, Startle, Stress","Li, H., Li, X., Smerin, S. E., Zhang, L., Jia, M., Xing, G., Su, Y. A., Wen, J., Benedek, D., Ursano, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3205,Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and comorbid asthma and posttraumatic stress disorder following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on world trade center in New York City,"Objectives: Excess gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was reported in several populations exposed to the September 11 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC). We examined new onset gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) since 9/11 and persisting up to 5-6 years in relation to 9/11-related exposures among the WTC Health Registry enrollees, and potential associations with comorbid asthma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 37,118 adult enrollees (i.e., rescue/recovery workers, local residents, area workers, and passersby in lower Manhattan on 9/11) who reported no pre-9/11 GERS and who participated in two Registry surveys 2-3 and 5-6 years after 9/11. Post-9/11 GERS (new onset since 9/11) reported at first survey, and persistent GERS (post-9/11 GERS reported at both surveys) were analyzed using log-binomial regression. Results: Cumulative incidence was 20% for post-9/11 GERS and 13% for persistent GERS. Persistent GERS occurred more often among those with comorbid PTSD (24%), asthma (13%), or both (36%) compared with neither of the comorbid conditions (8%). Among enrollees with neither asthma nor PTSD, the adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for persistent GERS was elevated among: workers arriving at the WTC pile on 9/11 (aRR=1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.1) or working at the WTC site >90 days (aRR=1.6; 1.4-2.0); residents exposed to the intense dust cloud on 9/11 (aRR=1.5; 1.0-2.3), or who did not evacuate their homes (aRR=1.7; 1.2-2.3); and area workers exposed to the intense dust cloud (aRR=1.5; 1.2-1.8). Conclusions: Disaster-related environmental exposures may contribute to the development of GERS. GERS may be accentuated in the presence of asthma or PTSD. © 2011 by the American College of Gastroenterology.",,"Li, J., Brackbill, R. M., Stellman, S. D., Farfel, M. R., Miller-Archie, S. A., Friedman, S., Walker, D. J., Thorpe, L. E., Cone, J.",2011.0,,10.1038/ajg.2011.300,0,0,
3206,Perceived cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with breast cancer and its relationship with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and fatigue,"Objective: Clinical reports have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy has a negative impact on perceived cognitive impairment (PCI) of patients with breast cancer; however, evidence concerning the effects of psychological factors such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on PCI is limited, especially in relation to Chinese patients with breast cancer. This research investigated the associations between psychological factors and PCI in Chinese women with breast cancer. Methods: In total, 204 women with breast cancer were assessed for PCI, PTSD symptoms, fatigue, anxiety, and depression using self-report measures. Hierarchical linear regression was conducted to investigate the associations between the variables of interest and PCI. Results: Two hundred and two women were included in the final analysis; two of those originally tested were excluded because of missing data. A univariate analysis showed that PCI was significantly related to education, PTSD symptoms (re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal), fatigue, depression, anxiety, and undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Hierarchical linear regression revealed that PTSD symptoms and fatigue (DELTAR2 = 0.26, P < 0.001) independently accounted for PCI in Chinese women with breast cancer regardless of age, education level, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Hyperarousal was the only contributing PTSD symptom to PCI (B = -1.24, SE = 0.33, beta = -0.39, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Besides chemotherapy, PTSD symptoms, especially hyperarousal, and fatigue are important risk factors for significant PCI and are therefore worthy of further investigation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Breast Neoplasms, *Chinese Cultural Groups, *Cognitive Impairment, *Human Females, Chemotherapy, Fatigue, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Li, Jie, Yu, Lixiang, Long, Zhouting, Li, Yang, Cao, Fenglin",2015.0,,,0,0,
3207,Grey matter reduction associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic stress,"In recent decades, many imaging studies have reported brain structural alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, due to differences in the selection of control subjects, it is difficult to conclude whether the observed alterations were related to disease or traumatic stress. The present study was to provide a quantitative voxelwise meta-analysis of grey matter (GM) changes in PTSD relative to either trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (TEC) or non-traumatised healthy controls (HC) separately and to conduct a systematic review of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies that compared trauma-exposed individuals with HC to explore the effect of traumatic stress. GM reduction was identified in the medial prefrontal cortex in PTSD compared to both TEC and HC. Additional GM reduction was also observed in PTSD in the left hippocampus, left middle temporal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus compared with TEC. Additionally, GM decreased in the left occipital cortex in PTSD compared with HC. The present study delimited the significant differences among VBM results in PTSD research when different control groups were chosen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, *Gray Matter, Stress, Trauma","Li, Lei, Wu, Min, Liao, Yi, Ouyang, Luo, Du, Mingying, Lei, Du, Chen, Lizhou, Yao, Li, Huang, Xiaoqi, Gong, Qiyong",2014.0,,,0,0,
3208,Expression of locus coeruleus mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor in rats under single-prolonged stress,"The pathogenesis of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may involve dysfunction of several brain structures, such as the amygdala, locus coeruleus, hippocampus, noradrenergic system as well as the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The cortisol and locus coeruleus dysfunction may affect the secretion of corticosterone. The present study was designed to examine the expression of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the locus coeruleus in the rats treated with single-prolonged stress (SPS). The results showed that the expression of MR had a sharp decline on day 1, but gradually increased on days 4, 7, 14, and 28. The expression of GR gradually increased on days 1, 4, and 7, but decreased on days 14 and 28, respectively.MR and GR in the locus coeruleus may have a role in the development of long-term persistent neuropsychological sequelae in PTSD. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.","Glucocorticoid receptors, Locus coeruleus, Mineralocorticoid receptors, Posttraumatic stress disorders","Li, M., Han, F., Shi, Y.",2011.0,,10.1007/s10072-011-0597-1,0,0,
3209,Posttraumatic growth and related factors in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer,"Objective: To investigate posttraumatic growth (PTG) and related factors in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer. Methods: A total of 299 advanced cancer patients were assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire(SCSQ) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Check List-Civilian (PCL-C). Results: Pearson correlation analysis showed that the PSSS total score, positively coping score and negatively coping score significantly were all associated with the PTGI total score (Ps < 0.05). After controlling for other demographic variables, the multiple linear regression showed that only the PSSS total score and the positively coping score positively predicted the PTGI total score. Conclusion: It suggests that social support and positively coping may improve posttraumatic growth in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Growth, Hospitalized Patients, Major Depression, Self Concept, Social Support","Li, Ning, Wang, Li, Cao, Xing, Cao, Cheng-qi",2014.0,,,0,0,
3210,Analysis of 23andme antidepressant and efficacy survey data: Genome wide association analyses and genetic heritability and correlation estimates,"Background: Despite the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC)'s collaborative efforts of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) meta-analysis, variants predictive of disease susceptibility remain elusive, partly due to the fact that MDD is a heterogeneous disorder. Treatment for MDD is equally challenging. There are ∼30 antidepressants available for MDD patient care and response to treatment varies in terms of time to onset of benefit, overall efficacy, and duration of effect. Genetic predisposition may contribute to the differences in drug-specific, class-specific, or antidepressant-wide treatment non-response/resistance, but clinical studies with genetic data are often collected from limited sample sizes. Drug response information obtained from self-reported questionnaires may offer an alternative approach to conduct a study with much larger sample size. Disease subtypes may also be defined by treatment response status to antidepressant therapy. There are inherent challenges of interpreting single arm observational studies where self-reported outcome assessment is the only data collection modality. These challenges include lack of diagnostic certainty, recall biases, and qualitative nature of outcome assessment. Methods: Using phenotype data collected from 23andMe surveys (“Antidepressant Efficacy and Side Effects” survey, “Your Profile and Health History” survey) and genotype data from 23andMe's research participants, we performed genome-wide association analyses on 4 groups of phenotypes (a) treatment resistant depression (TRD) vs. nontreatment resistant depression, (b) SSRI non-responder vs. SSRI responder, (c) citalopram/escitalopram non-responder vs. citalopram/escitalopram responder, and (d) NDRI (bupropion only) non-responder vs. NDRI (bupropion only) responder. The drug efficacy responses from Antidepressant Efficacy and Side Effects survey were coded as 4 (great deal), 3 (fair amount), 2 (somewhat), 1 (little) and 0 (not at all). The SSRI class of antidepressants includes fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline in addition to citalopram and escitalopram. All subjects included in the analyses self-reported taking antidepressants for depression indication in the last five years and were of European ancestry. TRD (n = 1290) were defined as subjects who reported efficacy r1 to at least 2 antidepressants and never reported efficacy ≥3 to any antidepressant, while non-TRD (n = 7500) were defined as subjects who reported efficacy ≥ 3 to at least one antidepressants and never reported efficacy r 1 for any antidepressant. SSRI non-responders (n = 3280) were defined as subjects who reported efficacy r1 to at least one SSRI and never reported efficacy ≥ 3 to any SSRI antidepressant, while SSRI-responders (n = 6100) were defined as subjects who reported efficacy ≥ 3 to at least one SSRI and never reported efficacy r 1 to any SSRI antidepressant. Citalopram/escitalopram non-responders (n=1980) were subjects who reported efficacy r1 to either citalopram or escitalopram and never reported efficacy ≥ 3 to both citalopram and escitalopram, while citalopram/ escitalopram responders (n = 2880) were subjects who reported efficacy ≥ 3 to either citalopram or escitalopram and never reported efficacy r 1 to both citalopram and escitalopram. Likewise, bupropion non-responders (n = 1800) were subjects who reported efficacy r1 to bupropion and bupropion-responders (n = 2600) were subjects who reported efficacy ≥ 3 to bupropion. For each of the four phenotype groups, the resistant/non-responder group and the non-resistant/responder group were also compared to healthy controls (n ∼ 35,000) self-reported to be free of any of the following conditions: ADHD, anxiety, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar, OCD, autism, PTSD, and insomnia. We imputed genotypes based on the reference haplotypes from the 1,000 Genomes project prior to genome-wide association analysis and age, gender, the first 5 principal components representing population substructure, and genotype platforms were included as covariates in the logistic regre sion analysis. Heritability (h2) for each of the phenotype groups and the genetic correlation between traits were estimated using LD Score regression. Results: The most significant association in the genomewide association study (GWAS) was from bupropion responders vs. non-responders analysis. Variant rs1908557 (p = 2.6±10-8) passed the conventional genome-wide significance threshold (p = 5x10-8) and was located within the intron of human spiced expressed sequence tags (EST) in chromosome 4 overlapping with enhancer/ promoter-associated histone mark H3K4Me1. No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) passed genome-wide significance threshold in all other GWAS analyses. The heritability estimates for each responder/non-responder group in comparison to healthy controls were between 0.15-0.25, consistent with the known heritability estimates for MDD. Conclusions: We have identified a candidate genetic marker for bupropion response with an association p-value passing genome wide significance using a phenotype derived from survey data which needs to be replicated in clinically ascertained samples to further dissect the genetic basis of treatment response among depression patients. The consistent heritability estimates from self-reported samples with clinically ascertained samples and the high genetic correlation estimated between our phenotypes and clinically ascertained MDD patients suggest that self-reported samples do not significantly bias the recruitment of diagnostic class. The apparent overlap in genetic architecture between drug/class-specific and antidepressant-wide responders/ non-responders is not surprising given that these research participants have a history of self-reported depression.","amfebutamone, citalopram, escitalopram, antidepressant agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine, histone, treatment resistant depression, genome, heritability, American, college, psychopharmacology, human, phenotype, genotype, sample size, outcome assessment, side effect, genetic correlation, diagnosis, patient, treatment response, schizophrenia, anxiety, drug response, clinical study, meta analysis, genetic predisposition, patient care, major depression, drug efficacy, health, architecture, genetic marker, European, single nucleotide polymorphism, recall bias, chromosome 4, information processing, diseases, expressed sequence tag, intron, disease predisposition, logistic regression analysis, observational study, population, arm, gender, promoter region, haplotype, therapy, insomnia, statistical significance, autism, bipolar depression, questionnaire, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention deficit disorder","Li, Q., Tian, C., Seabrook, G., Nye, J., Narayan, V.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3211,Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms among earthquake victims from different communities 3 months after the earthquake,"Objective: To compare the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder( PTSD) and depression and their related factors in Wen-chuan earthquake victims from two communities 3 months after the earthquake. Methods: A survey was carried out among around 2,000 earthquake victims at Xinxing Town, Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province. Two hundred and nine mild-damaged participants from two different communities were evaluated with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Center for Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale (CESD). T-test and regression analysis were used to compare the two groups of participants. Results: The severities of both PTSD and depression in participants from the post-earthquake shelters were higher than those in participants who lived in the same community [(37. 21 +/- 15. 12) vs. (32. 82 +/- 14. 96), P = 0. 036; (22. 49 +/- 8. 95) vs. (19. 52 +/- 8. 86), P = 0. 017]. According to the regression analysis, interpersonal relationships predicted PTSD symptom severity negatively among the shelter residents ( = - 0.277) while positively among those who live in the same community ( = 0.176). Asset loss did not predict PTSD symptom severity among the shelter residents while negatively predicted among those who lived in the same community[ (not included in the equation) vs. ( = - 0.326)]. Conclusion: Different types of population allocation may result in different PTSD and depression severity, as participants from the post-earthquake shelters show more symptoms in terms of PTSD and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Environmental Effects, *Major Depression, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Regional Differences, Chinese Cultural Groups, Communities, Survivors, Symptoms","Li, Song-Wei, Mu, Wen-Ting, Xu, Kai-Wen, Wang, Yu-Yin, Qian, Ming-Yi",2010.0,,,0,0,
3212,"A study on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder in flood victim parents and children in Hunan, China","Objective: To explore the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in flood victim parents and children in Hunan, China. Methods: Using the method of multistage cluster random sampling, we conducted a retrospective investigation on 3,698 families in Hunan, China who suffered from flooding in 1998. Investigators held face-to-face interviews with the parents and children of the families. The diagnosis of PTSD was made according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. The comparison of rate of PTSD positive in the groups of children with different characteristics was done by chi-square test. In the evaluation of the impact of parent PTSD on PTSD in their children, we used a multivariable logistic regression model to re-estimate the adjusted Odds Ratio and its confidence interval. We did this after the possible confounding variables were adjusted for. Additionally, the Odds Ratio and its confidence interval were estimated under the condition of a single variable. Results: A total of 4,327 children and the parents of 3,292 families were included for analysis; 203 (4.7%) of 4,327 children and 740 (11.2%) of 6,584 parents were diagnosed with PTSD. We found that the PTSD positive rate is significantly higher in the children with disaster-related experience. The rate of beating their children in PTSD positive fathers (54.9%) was higher than that of PTSD negative fathers (51.2%). No correlation was found between mothers' PTSD and beating their children. The risk of developing PTSD is higher for children living in the families with PTSD parents. Conclusion: The rate of PTSD in 7-14-year-old children is 4.7% in areas in Hunan, China, who suffered from flooding in 1998. The possibility for children to develop PTSD is increased in families with PTSD parents. (copyright) 2010 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","adolescent, article, child, child abuse, child parent relation, China, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, family violence, female, flooding, human, interview, major clinical study, male, natural disaster, posttraumatic stress disorder, retrospective study, risk assessment, school child, victim","Li, X., Huang, X., Tan, H., Liu, A., Zhou, J., Yang, T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3213,"Nursing students' post-traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience","Resilience, emotional intelligence and post-traumatic growth may benefit nursing students' careers and personal well-being in clinical work. Developing both their emotional intelligence and resilience may assist their individual post-traumatic growth and enhance their ability to cope with clinical stress. To investigate the relationships among post-traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience in vocational school nursing students who have experienced childhood adversities, a cross-sectional research design with anonymous questionnaires was conducted and self-report data were analysed. The Childhood Adversities Checklist (Chinese version), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Emotional Intelligence Scale and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were used. Survey data were collected from 202 Chinese vocational school nursing students during 2011. Post-traumatic growth was associated with emotional intelligence and psychological resilience. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between emotional intelligence and post-traumatic growth, and between psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth. Moderate-level emotional intelligence and psychological resilience were most associated with the greatest levels of growth. The results imply that moderate resilience and emotional intelligence can help nursing students cope with adversity in their future clinical work. This study first provided preliminary data suggesting the curvilinear relationship rather than linear relationship between post-traumatic growth and positive factors in the sample of nursing students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Emotional Intelligence, *Nursing Students, *Resilience (Psychological), *Posttraumatic Growth, Early Experience, Pediatrics, Psychological Endurance","Li, Y., Cao, F., Cao, D., Liu, J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3214,"The relationship between glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms, stressful life events, social support, and post-traumatic stress disorder","Background: It is debatable whether or not glucocorticoid receptor (GR) polymorphisms moderate susceptibility to PTSD. Our objective was to examine the effects of stressful life events, social support, GR genotypes, and gene-environment interactions on the etiology of PTSD.Methods: Three tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, trauma events, stressful life events, and social support were assessed in 460 patients with PTSD and 1158 control subjects from a Chinese Han population. Gene-environment interactions were analyzed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR).Results: Variation in GR at rs41423247 and rs258747, stressful life events, social support, and the number of traumatic events were each separately associated with the risk for PTSD. A gene-environment interaction among the polymorphisms, rs41423247 and rs258747, the number of traumatic events, stressful life events, and social support resulted in an increased risk for PTSD. High-risk individuals (a large number of traumatic events, G allele of rs258747 and rs41423247, high level stressful life events, and low social support) had a 3.26-fold increased risk of developing PTSD compared to low-risk individuals. The association was statistically significant in the sub-groups with and without childhood trauma.Conclusions: Our data support the notion that stressful life events, the number of trauma events, and social support may play a contributing role in the risk for PTSD by interacting with GR gene polymorphisms. © 2014 Lian et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Genetics, Glucocorticoid receptor, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Stressful life events, Trauma","Lian, Y., Xiao, J., Wang, Q., Ning, L., Guan, S., Ge, H., Li, F., Liu, J.",2014.0,,10.1186/s12888-014-0232-9,0,0,
3215,Neural Correlates of Traumatic Recall in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Functional activation studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using symptom provocation paradigms have implicated dysfunction in limbic and paralimbic brain regions. Increased or altered cerebral blood flow has been observed in amygdala and insula. Decreased or absent activity has been seen in medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These brain regions comprise a neural circuit that has been demonstrated as important for emotional processing and emotional regulation. We studied combat veterans with PTSD (n = 16), combat veterans without PTSD (combat controls, n = 15), and age-matched healthy control subjects (n = 15) with [O-15] H2bO PET under a script-driven imagery paradigm of personalized traumatic/stressful and emotionally neutral events. Preliminary findings show that PTSD patients and combat controls had differential blood flow patterns during emotional recall in amygdala, insula and medial prefrontal cortex. Consistent with and extending prior findings, these preliminary results replicate differential patterns of activation in limbic and paralimbic regions of PTSD patients and trauma exposed controls suggesting that these neural substrates may be involved in the deficits in emotional processing in PTSD on one hand, and in resilience to trauma on... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Military Veterans, *Neurology, *Physiological Correlates, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Brain, Stress","Liberzon, Israel, Britton, Jennifer C., Luan Phan, K.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3216,Panic disorder; comorbidity and demographic characteristics,"Introduction: Numerous of clinical, epidemiological international studies shows high prevalence and the importance of the panic disorder and its co morbidity. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze prevalence of panic disorders and its co morbidity in subjects at the Psychiatric Clinic KCUS, and examine the demographic profile of patients. Patients and methods: Randomly selected subjects (aged between 18 and 64 years, N=3679, who were hospitalized at the Psychiatric Clinic from 01/01/2010-31.12.2010.) were interviewed by the Structural Clinical Interview (SCID) which generated DSM-IV diagnoses and to assess co morbidity. Depressive symptoms were assessed by Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS) with items. Anxiety symptoms were assessed with Beck Anxiety Inventory scale with 21 items. Study is retrospective, clinical-epidemiological. Results: Of the total number of patients, (3679) 424 (35.3%) was found with panic disorder. Panic Disorder is the most common among male population 45-64 age group. Majority (74%) gained high school education. The most of them, 206 (60%) were unemployed and married 274 (80%). Co morbidity was the most frequent among subjects 26-45 yrs with 2,6%. As co morbid disorder the highest prevalence was PTSD (11.8%); anxiety disorder with 57 (4.7%) and Depression 10 (0.8%) cases. Other demographic characteristics and frequency of Panic Disorders was analyzed as well. Conclusion: The wider effective assessment, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment can lead to better treatment outcomes and improved quality of life in primary care patients.","comorbidity, demography, psychiatry, panic, human, morbidity, patient, prevalence, mental hospital, diagnosis, population, male, Beck Anxiety Inventory, anxiety, Hamilton scale, depression, groups by age, interview, quality of life, treatment outcome, anxiety disorder, diseases, primary medical care, education, high school, posttraumatic stress disorder","Licanin, I., Fisekovic, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3217,Psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs: Suggested guidelines from the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark,"A subcommittee under the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark have recently developed national guidelines for the psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs, and the present translation aims at contributing to the international discussion on the development of proper guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Among the antiepileptic drugs, the report deals with valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine and to a lesser extent with oxcarbazepine, gabapentin and topiramate. The various drugs will be reviewed, outlining the scientific evidence for mood-stabilizing properties and discussing major side effects, the most important interactions with other drugs and practical use. Special considerations during pregnancy and lactation, during treatment of children and adolescents and during treatment of the elderly will also be presented. Antidepressants and antipsychotics are beyond the scope of the report, but due to the mood-stabilizing properties of at least some of the atypical antipsychotics, these agents will be brought into some focus in connection with the overall treatment guidelines for the different phases of bipolar disorder given at the end of this report. (copyright) Blackwell Munksgaard 2003.","anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, carbamazepine, digoxin, diuretic agent, electrolyte, erythromycin, gabapentin, haloperidol, lamotrigine, lithium, lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, methadone, mood stabilizer, neuroleptic agent, nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, olanzapine, oxcarbazepine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, theophylline, thiazide diuretic agent, topiramate, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, valproic acid, warfarin, acute pancreatitis, agranulocytosis, alcohol withdrawal, alopecia, angioneurotic edema, aplastic anemia, ataxia, bipolar disorder, bulimia, clinical feature, cluster headache, cognitive defect, coma, confusion, consciousness disorder, convulsion, Denmark, depression, diabetes insipidus, diarrhea, diplopia, disease course, dizziness, dose response, drug effect, drug efficacy, edema, epilepsy, erythroderma, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptom, heart conduction, hepatitis, human, hyponatremia, hypothyroidism, incidence, insomnia, irritability, kidney disease, lactation, leukopenia, liver injury, liver toxicity, mania, medical society, memory disorder, menstruation disorder, nausea, neurotoxicity, obsessive compulsive disorder, ovary polycystic disease, panic, paresthesia, personality disorder, polyuria, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, pregnancy, priority journal, psoriasis, psychopharmacology, psychosis, puerperium, rash, restlessness, review, schizophrenia, sedation, side effect, Stevens Johnson syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, thirst, thrombocytopenia, treatment contraindication, tremor, vitamin supplementation, vomiting, weight gain","Licht, R. W., Vestergaard, Kessing, L. V., Larsen, J. K., Thomsen, P. H.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3218,Psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs: Suggested guidelines from the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark,"A subcommittee under the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark have recently developed national guidelines for the psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs, and the present translation aims at contributing to the international discussion on the development of proper guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Among the antiepileptic drugs, the report deals with valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine and to a lesser extent with oxcarbazepine, gabapentin and topiramate. The various drugs will be reviewed, outlining the scientific evidence for mood-stabilizing properties and discussing major side effects, the most important interactions with other drugs and practical use. Special considerations during pregnancy and lactation, during treatment of children and adolescents and during treatment of the elderly will also be presented. Antidepressants and antipsychotics are beyond the scope of the report, but due to the mood-stabilizing properties of at least some of the atypical antipsychotics, these agents will be brought into some focus in connection with the overall treatment guidelines for the different phases of bipolar disorder given at the end of this report.","Antiepileptic drugs, Atypical antipsychotics, Bipolar disorder, Guidelines, Lithium, Review, Treatment","Licht, R. W., Vestergaard, P., Kessing, L. V., Larsen, J. K., Thomsen, P. H.",2003.0,,,0,0,3217
3219,Giving Voice to the Unsayable: Repairing the Effects of Trauma in Infancy and Early Childhood,"The research on early trauma establishes conclusively that, although there are marked individual differences in how children in the first five years of life respond to and recover from trauma, they consistently show negative biological, emotional, social, and cognitive sequelae after enduring traumatic events. This evidence lends particular urgency to the development, evaluation and implementation of approaches to prevention and treatment that are both empirically supported and can be effectively adapted to mental health community programs and other service systems that serve traumatized children and their families. This article describes the clinical applications and community dissemination of child-parent psychotherapy (CPP), a relationship-based trauma treatment for young children and their families that has substantial empirical evidence of efficacy in decreasing symptoms of traumatic stress and restoring young children's normative developmental trajectories. Clinical illustrations are provided to demonstrate how this intervention is conducted and to consider how it might effect therapeutic change. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","child behavior, child care, child development, child parent relation, human, mental health, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotherapy, review, therapy effect","Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3220,Support for the mutual maintenance of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms,"BACKGROUND: Pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently co-morbid in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Although several models attempt to explain the relationship between these two disorders, the mechanisms underlying the relationship remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between each PTSD symptom cluster and pain over the course of post-traumatic adjustment. METHOD: In a longitudinal study, injury patients (n=824) were assessed within 1 week post-injury, and then at 3 and 12 months. Pain was measured using a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to identify causal relationships between pain and PTSD. RESULTS: In a saturated model we found that the relationship between acute pain and 12-month pain was mediated by arousal symptoms at 3 months. We also found that the relationship between baseline arousal and re-experiencing symptoms, and later 12-month arousal and re-experiencing symptoms, was mediated by 3-month pain levels. The final model showed a good fit [(chi)2=16.97, df=12, p>0.05, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.999, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.022]. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence of mutual maintenance between pain and PTSD.","pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, model, arousal, injury, longitudinal study, visual analog scale, patient","Liedl, A., ""ODonnell, M."", Creamer, M., Silove, D., McFarlane, A., Knaevelsrud, C., Bryant, R. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3221,Support for the mutual maintenance of pain and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms,"BACKGROUND: Pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently co-morbid in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Although several models attempt to explain the relationship between these two disorders, the mechanisms underlying the relationship remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between each PTSD symptom cluster and pain over the course of post-traumatic adjustment. METHOD: In a longitudinal study, injury patients (n=824) were assessed within 1 week post-injury, and then at 3 and 12 months. Pain was measured using a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to identify causal relationships between pain and PTSD. RESULTS: In a saturated model we found that the relationship between acute pain and 12-month pain was mediated by arousal symptoms at 3 months. We also found that the relationship between baseline arousal and re-experiencing symptoms, and later 12-month arousal and re-experiencing symptoms, was mediated by 3-month pain levels. The final model showed a good fit [chi2=16.97, df=12, p>0.05, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.999, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.022]. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence of mutual maintenance between pain and PTSD.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arousal/physiology, Chronic Disease, Comorbidity, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology, Pain Measurement, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*psychology, Young Adult","Liedl, A., ""ODonnell, M."", Creamer, M., Silove, D., McFarlane, A., Knaevelsrud, C., Bryant, R. A.",2010.0,Jul,10.1017/s0033291709991310,0,0,3220
3222,"Is there a recognizable post-incarceration syndrome among released ""lifers""?","It has been suggested that released prisoners experience a unique set of mental health symptoms related to, but not limited to, post-traumatic stress disorder. We sought to empirically assess whether there is a recognizable post-incarceration syndrome that captures the unique effects of incarceration on mental health. We conducted in-depth life interviews with 25 released ""lifers"" (individuals serving a life sentence), who served an average of 19. years in a state correctional institution. We assessed to what extent the symptoms described by the participants overlapped with other mental disorders, most notably PTSD. The narratives indicate a specific cluster of mental health symptoms: In addition to PTSD, this cluster was characterized by institutionalized personality traits, social-sensory disorientation, and alienation. Our findings suggest that post-incarceration syndrome constitutes a discrete subtype of PTSD that results from long-term imprisonment. Recognizing Post-Incarceration Syndrome may allow for more adequate recognition of the effects of incarceration and treatment among ex-inmates and ultimately, successful re-entry into society. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Effects of imprisonment, Lifers, Post-incarceration effects, Post-incarceration syndrome, PTSD","Liem, M., Kunst, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3223,"The relationship between childhood trauma, combat exposure, postwar traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder: A test of an interaction model","Research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans has focused on the contributions of premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors. Most studies have found PTSD to be primarily explained by combat exposure and exposure to atrocities. However, studies that have examined the interaction between premilitary factors and combat exposure have found this interaction to significantly contribute to the prediction of PTSD. This study is a test of an interaction model of traumatic events in predicting PTSD, and other psychological sequelae of trauma, i.e., alexithymia, dissociation, and depression. Premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors consist of childhood abuse, combat exposure, and traumatic events that occurred after the Vietnam war, respectively. The hypothesis was tested that the interaction of combat exposure and childhood abuse would significantly improve the prediction of PTSD above and beyond their main effects and that postwar trauma would significantly add to the prediction of PTSD. The same hypothesis was tested for alexithymia, dissociation, and depression. One hundred and twenty-one male Vietnam combat veterans participated, 63 from the inpatient PTSD program at the Cincinnati Veteran Administration Medical Center and 58 from veteran community agencies, e.g., Vietnam Veterans of America, Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association. Self-report data was collected on PTSD, childhood abuse, combat exposure, etc., as well as exposure to atrocities. The independent variables of childhood abuse, combat exposure, their interaction, and postwar trauma were analyzed by multiple regression analysis for each dependent variable (PTSD, alexithymia, dissociation, and depression). Contrary to the hypothesis, PTSD was initially predicted by postwar trauma in the community group only. By adding atrocities to improve the model, postwar trauma no longer predicted PTSD, but atrocities did. The other psychological sequelae of trauma, i.e., depression, alexithymia, and dissociation presented a mixed pattern. In support of the hypothesis, depression was best predicted by childhood abuse, combat exposure, and their interaction for the community group only. Of those exposed to high combat, childhood abuse made little difference. Whereas, of those exposed to low combat, high levels of childhood abuse increased depression markedly. Contrary to the hypothesis, alexithymia was not predicted by any specific trauma variable but by the combination of childhood abuse, combat exposure, and postwar trauma. Again, contrary to the hypothesis, dissociation was best predicted by childhood abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Combat Experience, *Early Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alexithymia, Dissociative Disorders, Experiences (Events), Major Depression","Lieneck, Mary",1997.0,,,0,0,
3224,An investigation of malingering posttraumatic stress disorder on the personality assessment inventory,"Utilizing the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), this study aimed to isolate a pattern of responding that is indicative of an attempt to malinger posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PAI profiles of 116 male participants were examined. Profiles of a group of 29 alcohol- abusing veterans with a primary Axis I (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnosis of PTSD and a group of 30 alcohol-abusing veterans with no other diagnoses were compared to those of 27 undergraduate men instructed to feign PTSD. Control data were obtained from another group of 30 undergraduates. The student malingerers produced PAI profiles that were significantly different from the veterans with PTSD. Seven scales distinguished the malingerers from the veterans with an actual diagnosis of PTSD. Malingerers tended to overexaggerate pathology, inflating their scores on many clinical scales greater than the mean of the PTSD sample. Malingerers also scored higher on Morey's (1993) 8-item Malingering Index than either group of veterans and the controls. Only 2 scales reliably differentiated alcohol-abusing veterans with PTSD from those without the disorder. The implications of these findings in the diagnosis of PTSD are discussed.",,"Liljequist, L., Kinder, B. N., Schinka, J. A.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3225,Psychological Inflexibility and Psychopathology in 9-1-1 Telecommunicators,"Mental health in 9-1-1 telecommunicators has been understudied in comparison to other emergency responders. This study enrolled a sample of telecommunicators from across the United States (N = 808). As measured by self-report, the prevalence of current probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 17.6% to 24.6%; it was 23.9% for probable major depression. Structural equation modeling revealed a significant direct effect of psychological inflexibility on psychopathology (path coefficient = .32) when considered among duty-related distress and dissociation, neuroticism, anger, and emotion dysregulation. The results provided further evidence of the adverse psychological effects of duty-related trauma exposure, including exposure that is vicarious in nature. The results indicate a need for prevention and intervention in this population, with psychological inflexibility as a potential target in these efforts. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.",,"Lilly, M. M., Allen, C. E.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.22004,0,0,
3226,Broad Clinical Phenotype and Facets of Emotion Regulation in Interpersonal Trauma Survivors,"OBJECTIVES: This study examines broad-based psychopathology in a community sample of female survivors of interpersonal trauma. The extent to which facets of emotion regulation predict symptom presentation among this population is examined. METHOD: Hierarchical cluster analysis examining symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, somatization, and alcohol abuse was used to identify symptom clusters in an ethnically diverse sample (N = 205). RESULTS: Approximately 17% of the sample fell into a severe symptom group characterized by clinical levels of distress across all four disorders. The largest group (46%) was marked by subclinical distress across all four disorders, while the final group (37%) reported subclinical distress, but with a relative absence of alcohol abuse. Of the 6 emotion regulation subscales from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), 2 consistently predicted group membership: nonacceptance and impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster analyses revealed symptom clusters that may vary in their appropriateness for current posttrauma interventions. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.","emotion regulation, interpersonal trauma, psychopathology","Lilly, M. M., London, M. J.",2015.0,Sep,10.1002/jclp.22177,0,1,
3227,Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised,,,"Lim, H. K., Woo, J. M., Kim, T. S., Kim, T. H., Choi, K. S., Chung, S. K., Chee, I. S.",2008.0,2008,,0,0,
3228,The impact of chronic hepatitis C and comorbid psychiatric illnesses on health-related quality of life,"GOALS: To determine the relative impact of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and comorbid psychiatric illness on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). BACKGROUND: Psychiatric conditions are more common among patients with CHC but their relative influence on HRQoL is not well understood. STUDY: We identified 864 veterans who had previously completed a veteran-specific HRQoL questionnaire (SF-36V) as part of the 1999 VA Large Health Survey with known HCV antibody (anti-HCV) status before the survey. For 201 anti-HCV(+) and 663 anti-HCV(-) patients, we compared the HRQoL status and the prevalence of 6 major psychiatric diagnoses. We conducted multiple regression analyses to measure the effect of anti-HCV status and psychiatric comorbidity. RESULTS: Compared with the anti-HCV(-) group, anti-HCV(+) veterans were more likely to have alcohol dependence (P<0.001), depression (P=0.01), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (P<0.004). The anti-HCV(+) group also reported lower HRQoL on 4 of the 8 SF-36V subscales (P<0.01) and the mental component summary scale (P<0.001). Even after adjusting for demographic variables and comorbid psychiatric illness, anti-HCV(+) patients reported a significantly lower mental component summary score (P<0.01) than did anti-HCV(-) patients. Multiple regression analysis found that depression and PTSD predicted lower HRQoL scores for all 8 HRQoL subscales (P<0.01) and both the physical (P<0.001) and mental component (P<0.03) summary scales independent of anti-HCV status. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL is significantly impaired in veterans with CHC, particularly the mental health components of HRQoL. In contrast, comorbid depression and PTSD are associated with both lower physical and mental components of HRQol, independent of CHC.","California/epidemiology, Comorbidity, Female, *Health Status, Hepatitis C, Chronic/*epidemiology/pathology/psychology, Hospitals, Veterans, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/pathology/psychology, Middle Aged, *Quality of Life, Questionnaires, Sickness Impact Profile, Veterans","Lim, J. K., Cronkite, R., Goldstein, M. K., Cheung, R. C.",2006.0,Jul,,0,0,
3229,Disaster severity and emotional disturbance: Implications for primary mental health care in developing countries,"Two months following the 1987 earthquakes in Ecuador, 150 patients in the primary health care clinics of the area were screened for emotional problems; 40% of them were emotionally distressed. Risk factors included not being married, reporting poor physical or emotional health, and having ill-defined physical complaints. The findings from this research are discussed in relation to a disaster of much greater intensity, whose victims were studied by the authors, utilizing the same instrument and research design. The comparison between these 2 groups of disaster victims revealed that: 1) the prevalence of emotional distress was smaller among the Ecuador victims, but the frequency of symptoms among the distressed was similar for both groups; 2) the symptom profiles were remarkably similar; and 3) the most frequent symptoms and the strongest predictors of emotional distress were very similar. These findings support a focused training of health care workers on selected emotional problems that are regularly present among victims of different disasters.",,"Lima, B. R., Chavez, H., Samaniego, N., Pompei, M. S., Pai, S., Santacruz, H., Lozano, J.",1989.0,,,0,0,
3230,Emotional distress in disaster victims: A follow-up study,"One hundred thirteen adult victims of a major Latin American disaster were screened for emotional distress 1 and 5 years after the catastrophe. We used the Self-Reporting Questionnaire to identify emotionally distressed victims. Results indicate that the prevalence of emotional distress decreased from 65% in 1986 to 31% in 1990. However, a comparison of the symptomatology on these two assessments indicates a similarity in the frequency and profiles of symptoms among the distressed. Also, the most frequent symptoms and the strongest predictors of emotional distress were essentially the same. These findings provide empirical support to the clinically observed course of emotional symptomatology of disaster victims and to the focused training of health workers on selected emotional problems that are consistently present over time.",,"Lima, B. R., Pai, S., Toledo, V., Caris, L., Haro, J. M., Lozano, J., Santacruz, H.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3231,Escitalopram reversed the traumatic stress-induced depressed and anxiety-like symptoms but not the deficits of fear memory,"Rationale: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced mental disorder characterised by fear extinction dysfunction in which fear circuit monoamines are possibly associated. PTSD often coexists with depressive/anxiety symptoms, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recommended to treat PTSD. However, therapeutic mechanisms of SSRIs underlying the PTSD fear symptoms remain unclear. Objectives: Using a rodent PTSD model, we examined the effects of early SSRI intervention in mood and fear dysfunctions with associated changes of monoamines within the fear circuit areas. Methods: A 14-day escitalopram (ESC) regimen (5 mg/kg/day) was undertaken in two separate experiments in rats which previously received a protocol of single prolonged stress (SPS). In experiment 1, sucrose preference and elevated T-maze were used to index anhedonia depression and avoidance/escape anxiety profiles. In experiment 2, the percentage of freezing time was measured in a 3-day fear conditioning paradigm. At the end of our study, tissue levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum were measured in experiment 1, and the efflux levels of infralimbic (IL) monoamines were measured in experiment 2. Results: In experiment 1, ESC corrected both behavioural (depression/anxiety) and neurochemical (reduced 5-HT tissue levels in amygdala/hippocampus) abnormalities. In experiment 2, ESC was unable to correct the SPS-impaired retrieval of fear extinction. In IL, ESC increased the efflux level of 5-HT but failed to reverse SPS-reduced dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA). Conclusions: PTSD-induced mood dysfunction is psychopathologically different from PTSD-induced fear disruption in terms of disequilibrium of monoamines within the fear circuit areas. © 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg","Anxiety, Depression, Fear memory, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Serotonin","Lin, C. C., Tung, C. S., Liu, Y. P.",2016.0,,10.1007/s00213-015-4194-5,0,0,
3232,Pharmacotherapy for Southeast Asian psychiatric patients,"Refugees have been demonstrated to be at high risk for developing major depressive and posttraumatic stress disorders, but are often not able to benefit from modern advances in psychopharmacology. Besides difficulties in cross-cultural psychiatric diagnosis, problems also arise from cultural differences in the expectation of drug effects and in compliance. Recent evidence has suggested that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of various psychotropic medications may be different in Asians than in non-Asian patients, leading to differences in dosage requirements and side effect profiles. These issues and their relevance to the care of refugee patients are reviewed.",,"Lin, K. M., Shen, W. W.",1991.0,,,0,0,
3233,Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and predicting factors among children affected by AIDS,"The current study explored the PTSD (Post traumatic Stress Disorder) symptoms among children affected by AIDS, and the relationship with life events, stigma experience, cognitive appraisal. 1221 children participated in the research. Data analysis showed that(l) Children affected by AIDS had significant high scores than normative samples in the USA in UND and HYP, but, had significant low scores in ANX, DEP, PES and DIS; (2) Children who were female, elder, double and single AIDS orphans got significant high scores than the corresponding samples respectively; (3) Life events, stigma experience could affect PTSD symptoms directly, and appraisal could act as a media variable among life events, stigma experience and PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*AIDS, *Cognitive Appraisal, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stigma, Symptoms","Lin, Xiuyun, Fang, Xiaoyi, Zhao, Junfeng, Lan, Jing, Li, Xiaoming",2009.0,,,0,0,
3234,Effects of psychotherapy on regional cerebral blood flow during trauma imagery in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial,"Background. Functional brain-imaging studies in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have suggested functional alterations in temporal and prefrontal cortical regions. Effects of psychotherapy on these brain regions have not yet been examined. Method. Twenty civilian PTSD out-patients and 15 traumatized control subjects were assessed at baseline using psychometric ratings. Cerebral blood flow was measured using trauma script-driven imagery during 99mtechnetium hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime single-photon emission computed tomography scanning. All 20 out-patients were randomly assigned to treatment or wait-list conditions. Treatment was brief eclectic psychotherapy (BEP) in 16 weekly individual sessions. Results. At baseline, greater activation was found in the right insula and right superior/middle frontal gyrus in the PTSD group than in the control group. PTSD patients treated with BEP significantly improved on all PTSD symptom clusters compared to those on the waiting list. After effective psychotherapy, lower activation was measured in the right middle frontal gyrus, compared to the PTSD patients on the waiting list. Treatment effects on PTSD symptoms correlated positively with activation in the left superior temporal gyrus, and superior/middle frontal gyrus. Conclusions. BEP induced clinical recovery in PTSD patients, and appeared to modulate the functioning of specific PTSD-related sites in the prefrontal cortical regions. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.","Brain imaging, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychotherapy, Randomized clinical trial","Lindauer, R. J. L., Booij, J., Habraken, J. B. A., Van Meijel, E. P. M., Uylings, H. B. M., Olff, M., Carlier, I. V. E., Den Heeten, G. J., Van Eck-Smit, B. L. F., Gersons, B. P. R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3235,Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature study,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder following exposure to a traumatic stressor with symptom clusters including reexperiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Neurobiological research of PTSD demonstrates changes in psychophysiology, neuroendocrinology and (functional) neuroanatomy. AIMS Examination of the three following questions: (a) Is there neurobiological vulnerability for development of PTSD? (b) Which neurobiological changes arise from trauma? (c) Do neurobiological complications arise from (chronic) PTSD? Method: Literature search in Medline (publications after 1989) and publications in books. Results: PTSD is characterized by disregulation of the noradrenergic system, hypersensitivity of the HPA-axis, decrease of hippocampus volume, hyperperfusion of the limbic system and hypoperfusion of the prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: (a) Disregulation of the noradrenegic system and hypersensitivity of the HPA-axis are possible neurobiological vulnerabilities for development of PTSD. (b) PTSD not only shows a physiological hyperrespons and decreased cortisol, but also hyperperfusion of the limbic system and hypoperfusion of the prefrontal cortex. (c) PTSD is complicated by comorbidity of depression and alcohol abuse, which also give reduction of hippocampus volume.","Neuroanatomy, Neuroendocrinology, Neuroimaging, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychophysiology","Lindauer, R. J. L., Carlier, I. V. E., Gersons, B. P. R.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3236,Effects of psychotherapy on hippocampal volume in out-patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: A MRI investigation,"Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have especially reported smaller hippocampal volume in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), most of them war or sexual abuse victims. The present study compares the hippocampal volumes of out-patients with PTSD who had low co-morbidity rates to those of trauma-exposed control subjects without PTSD, and measures hippocampal volume changes in these patients after brief eclectic psychotherapy. We hypothesized that smaller hippocampal volumes are specific to PTSD and that hippocampal volume changes after effective psychotherapy would be measurable. Method: Eighteen patients with PTSD and 14 traumatized control subjects were examined with MRI. In a randomized clinical trial, the PTSD patients were assigned to treatment (n = 9) or waiting-list group (n = 9). After the former received psychotherapy for 4 months, the MRI was repeated on both PTSD groups. Three temporal lobe structures were manually segmented: hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus. Volumetric analysis was used to measure grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. Results: PTSD patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes at baseline (total 13.8%, right 13.5%, left 14.1%) compared to the control subjects. After effective psychotherapy, however, no volume changes were found in the smaller hippocampi. Conclusions: We confirmed previous findings of smaller hippocampal volume in PTSD in a new population made up of out-patients who experienced different types of traumas, reducing co-morbidity to a minimum. Smaller hippocampal volumes did not change after effective psychotherapy, even while symptoms resolved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brief Psychotherapy, *Comorbidity, *Eclectic Psychotherapy, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Outpatients, Psychotherapy","Lindauer, Ramon J. L., Vlieger, Erik-Jan, Jalink, Margje, Olff, Miranda, Carlier, Ingrid V. E., Majoie, Charles B. L. M., Den Heeten, Gerard J., Gersons, Berthold P. R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3237,Identification of Traumatic Stress Reactions in Women at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer,"It has been shown that the diagnosis and treatment of cancer may constitute a traumatic event that generates in patients and some of their family members traumatic reactions that are consistent with the symptom profile of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study was conducted to establish the degree to which women at increased familial risk for breast cancer showed such traumatic reactions and to establish which demographic or psychological variables may contribute to the experience of such traumatic reactions in at-risk individuals. Seventy-three women from the Revlon UCLA Breast Center High Risk Clinic were assessed for traumatic reactions that might be consistent with the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. The results showed that women at increased risk for breast cancer exhibited traumatic responses similar to those reported by cancer patients. When the authors used a self-report instrument that maps onto DSM-IV criteria, 4% of the study subjects reported symptoms consistent with criteria for a potential diagnosis of PTSD, and an additional 7% of the subjects reported symptoms consistent with potentially subclinical levels of PTSD, according to DSM-IV criteria.","adult, aged, article, breast cancer, cancer risk, demography, female, high risk population, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, risk assessment, self report","Lindberg, N. M., Wellisch, D. K.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3238,The psychopathology of posttraumatic embitterment disorders,"Background: The posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) was introduced as a new subgroup of adjustment disorders. The trigger event in PTED is an exceptional, though normal negative life event that is experienced as a violation of basic beliefs and values. The predominant emotion in PTED is embitterment. This study presents first data on the psychopathological profile of PTED. Method: 48 inpatients were diagnosed by clinical judgment as suffering from PTED. Patients were then interviewed with the standardized Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and an additional interview section on the diagnostic criteria for PTED. Patients also filled in the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R), and the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R). Results: According to the MINI68.8% of the patients fulfilled the criteria for adjustment disorders, 52.1% for major depression, 41.7% for dysthymia, and 35.4% for generalized anxiety disorders. 100% of patients reported that they were suffering from intrusive thoughts about the event. 97.9% of the patients complained about persistent negative mood, 91.7% about restlessness, 83.3% inhibition of drive and loss of interest, 77.1% phobic avoidance of places related to the event, and 75% resignation, but 91.7% reported normal mood when distracted. The SCL-90-R indicated a high load of general psychopathological complaints with an average positive symptom total score of 52.26. Characteristic were feelings of injustice (100%), embitterment (97.7%), and rage (91.7%). The IES-R scale indicated a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress, with an average total score of 3.23. The average duration of illness was 31.7 months. Conclusions: The PTED patients are suffering from severe, multiform, and disabling symptoms. Their clinical features pose difficult diagnostic problems. The predominant complaints about feelings of injustice, embitterment, and rage and the results of the IES speak for the importance of the critical event for the development and understanding of such disorders. Copyright (copyright) 2007 S. Karger AG.","adjustment disorder, adult, article, avoidance behavior, clinical article, controlled study, decision making, disease classification, dysthymia, emotion, female, generalized anxiety disorder, hospital patient, human, Impact of Events Scale, interview, major depression, male, mental disease, mood disorder, posttraumatic embitterment disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, restlessness, Symptom Checklist 90","Linden, M., Baumann, K., Rotter, M., Schippan, B.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3239,"Creating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Study of the History, Sociology, and Politics of Psychiatric Classification","(from the chapter) This chapter provides a case study of the history, sociology and politics of psychiatric classification and the creation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) first appeared in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980 in response to the lobbying efforts of distressed Vietnam veterans and their psychiatric allies. This is important because the foundation of a diagnosis affects the final form and applicability of the criteria. Today, PTSD is the catchall category for victims of trauma, including victims of domestic violence and survivors of sexual assault and natural disasters. However, it is unclear whether PTSD's patently male, wartime origins have been adequately diversified to justify and render useful its current applications. The author's research reveals striking differences between the construction and revision of PTSD and the assumptions clinicians make about that process, especially the way the domain of traumas expanded in the absence of supporting research and before the diagnosis was socially and professionally validated. This analysis of the history and politics of the construction of PTSD and of the ways in which clinicians actually use the label highlights the gap between the reality the DSM authors claim to represent and the reality of clinicians treating victims of trauma. It reveals why decisions about what goes into the DSM are not always based on careful interpretations of well-designed and well-executed research or on professional consensus. In addition, therapists who specialize in the treatment of trauma use the label in different ways and the author particularly focuses on how this diagnostic category is applied to women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Psychodiagnostic Typologies","Linder, Meadow",2004.0,,,0,0,
3240,Suicide in the US Army,"Suicide in the US Army is a high-profile public health problem that is complex and poorly understood. Adding to the confusion surrounding Army suicide is the challenge of defining and understanding individuals/populations dying by suicide. Data from recent studies have led to a better understanding of risk factors for suicide that may be specifically associated with military service, including the impact of combat and deployment on increased rates of psychiatric illness in military personnel. The next steps involve applying these results to the development of empirically supported suicide prevention approaches specific to the military population. This special article provides an overview of suicide in the Army by synthesizing new information and providing clinical pearls based on research evidence. © 2012 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.",,"Lineberry, T. W., ""OConnor, S. S.""",2012.0,,,0,0,
3241,Long-Term Trajectories and Service Needs for Military Families,"The deployment of US military personnel to recent conflicts has been a significant stressor for their families; yet, we know relatively little about the long-term family effects of these deployments. Using data from prior military service eras, we review our current understanding of the long-term functioning and needs of military families. These data suggest that overseas deployment, exposure to combat, experiencing or participating in violence during war deployment, service member injury or disability, and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all have profound impacts on the functioning of military families. We offer several recommendations to address these impacts such as the provision of family-centered, trauma-informed resources to families of veterans with PTSD and veterans who experienced high levels of combat and war violence. Recent efforts to address the needs of caregivers of veterans should be evaluated and expanded, as necessary. We should also help military families plan for predictable life events likely to challenge their resilience and coping capacities. Future research should focus on the following: factors that mediate the relationship between PTSD, war atrocities, caregiver burden, and family dysfunction; effective family-centered interventions that can be scaled-up to meet the needs of a dispersed population; and system-level innovations necessary to ensure adequate access to these interventions. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Afghan Campaign 2001-, Family health, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Long-term care, Military personnel, Veterans","Link, P. E., Palinkas, L. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3242,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Study of Diagnostic Comorbidity and Child Factors,"The study of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in maltreated youth has received increased attention, though extensive comparisons to maltreated youth without PTSD and administrations of anxiety-based structured diagnostic interviews remain needed. We examined maltreated youth with or without PTSD using structured diagnostic interviews and standardized child self-report measures. We hypothesized that maltreated youth with PTSD, compared to their peers without PTSD, would experience significantly greater duration of abuse, diagnostic comorbidity, PTSD symptomatology, dysfunctional family environment, and avoidant coping styles. Results indicated that the group with PTSD did indeed experience significantly greater duration of abuse, diagnostic comorbidity, and PTSD symptomatology, though less so dysfunctional family environment or avoidant coping styles. The presence of a mood or anxiety disorder was highly predictive of PTSD in this sample. Results are discussed within the context of evolving etiological and maintenance models of PTSD in maltreated youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Child Neglect, *Comorbidity, *Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, Dysfunctional Family, Home Environment","Linning, Lisa M., Kearney, Christopher A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3243,Pharmacology for sleep disturbance in PTSD,"Symptoms of sleep disturbance, particularly nightmares and insomnia, are a central feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Emerging evidence suggests that specific treatment of PTSD-related sleep disturbance improves other symptoms of the disorder, which in turn suggests that such disturbance may be fundamental to development and maintenance of the disorder. This mini-review focuses on pharmacological treatment of sleep disturbance in adult PTSD (specifically, studies testing the efficacy of antidepressants, adrenergic inhibiting agents, antipsychotics and benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics). We conclude that only prazosin, an adrenergic inhibiting agent, has had its efficacy established by multiple randomised controlled trials. There is also high-level evidence supporting use of eszopiclone, as well as risperidone and olanzapine as adjunct therapy. Antidepressants such as sertraline, venlafaxine and mirtazapine, benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and clonazepam and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics such as zolpidem appear ineffective in treating PTSD-related sleep disturbance. Most studies that report reduced frequency of nightmares and insomnia also report decreases in overall symptom severity. Such findings suggest that (i) sleep disruption is central to PTSD; (ii) treating sleep disruption may be an effective way to address other symptoms of the disorder and (iii) PTSD symptoms tend to cluster together in predictable ways. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","insomnia, nightmares, pharmacotherapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep","Lipinska, G., Baldwin, D. S., Thomas, K. G.",2016.0,Feb 8,10.1002/hup.2522,0,0,
3244,In search of an effective treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Can the stellate ganglion block be the answer?,"Notes that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and intractable condition associated with severe stress and trauma. PTSD has been difficult to treat with conventional methods. A glimmer of hope for this condition may be found in the use of stellate ganglion block (SGB), a technique traditionally used for the treatment of chronic pain-anesthetic blockade of a sympathetic ganglion administered at C7. In this edition of Pain Practice, S. W. Mulvaney et al. (see record 2010-14345-013) describe a significant resolution of PTSD symptoms using SGB in a pilot study of Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans, leading to a subsequent complete weaning of the patients off their psychiatric drugs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Autonomic Ganglia, *Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Lipov, Eugene",2010.0,,,0,0,
3245,Sympathetic system modulation to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A review of clinical evidence and neurobiology,"A review of clinical evidence and neurobiology on the effects of modulation of sympathetic system modulation to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is being presented. The review provides an overview of currently available treatments followed by efficacy of orally effective sympathetic blocking agents. The main focus of the review is the application of stellate ganglion blocks (SGBs) or a local anesthetic blockade of the sympathetic ganglion in the neck. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Autonomic Ganglia, Treatment Outcomes","Lipov, Eugene, Kelzenberg, Briana",2012.0,,,0,0,
3246,Postconcussive symptoms after blast and nonblast-related mild traumatic brain injuries in afghanistan and iraq war veterans,"Blast injury is common in current warfare, but little is known about the effects of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Profile analyses were conducted investigating differences in self-reported postconcussive (PC) symptoms in 339 veteran outpatients with mTBI histories reporting current symptoms based on mechanism of injury (blast only, nonblast only, or both blast and nonblast), number of blast injuries, and distance from the blast. Veterans with any blast-related mTBI history were younger and reported higher posttraumatic stress symptoms than veterans with nonblast-related mTBI histories, with a marginally significant difference in posttraumatic stress symptom report between veterans reporting blast-related mTBI only and those reporting nonblast-related mTBI. The groups did not differ in terms of PC symptom severity or PC symptom cluster profiles. Among veterans with blast-related mTBI histories, PC symptom report did not vary by number of blast-related mTBIs or proximity to blast. Overall, posttraumatic stress symptoms accounted for a substantial portion of variance in PC symptom report. In veteran outpatients with remote mTBI histories who have enduring symptom complaints related to the mTBI, mechanism of injury did not clearly contribute to differential PC symptom severity or PC symptom cluster profile. Proximal rather than distal factors may be important intervention targets in returning symptomatic veterans with mTBI histories. (JINS, 2010, 16, 856-866.) Copyright (copyright) 2010 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press.","adult, analysis of variance, article, blast injury, brain concussion, brain injury, female, hospitalization, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, veteran, war","Lippa, S. M., Pastorek, N. J., Benge, J. F., Thornton, G. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3247,Posttraumatic stress disorder in hospitalized adolescents: Psychiatric comorbidity and clinical correlates,"Objective: To describe the diagnostic comorbidity and clinical correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Method: Seventy-four adolescent inpatients were given a structured diagnostic interview, the revised version of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, and a battery of standard self- report measures to assess general trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, suicidal behavior, dissociation, and depression. Results: Ninety- three percent of subjects reported exposure to at least one traumatic event such as being a witness/victim of community violence, witnessing family violence, or being the victim of physical/sexual abuse. Thirty-two percent of subjects met diagnostic criteria for current PTSD, with sexual abuse cited as the most common traumatic stressor in 69% of PTSD cases. Girls were significantly more likely to develop PTSD than boys, although the total number of types of trauma did not differ by gender. Compared with psychiatric controls, male youngsters with PTSD were significantly more likely to have comorbid diagnoses of eating disorders, other anxiety disorders, and somatization disorder. Furthermore, male and female youngsters with PTSD were significantly more likely to have attempted suicide and report greater depressive and dissociative symptoms. Conclusion: In clinical populations of hospitalized adolescents exposed to multiple forms of trauma, PTSD is a common, but highly comorbid disorder. Specific multimodal assessments and treatments targeted to both PTSD and its comorbidity profile are warranted.","adolescent, adult, article, comorbidity, correlation function, depression, disease association, dissociation, female, hospitalization, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, school child, suicide","Lipschitz, D. S., Winegar, R. K., Hartnick, E., Foote, B., Southwick, S. M.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3248,Intimate partner violence and alcohol misuse: A two-way street?,"The aims of this study were to examine racial/ethnic differences in the trajectories of adult onset of traumatic intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and alcohol misuse and whether childhood trauma moderated these relationships among non-Hispanic white, black, and Hispanic women in the U.S. Two waves of the National Epidemiologic Surveys on Alcohol and Related Conditions were utilized. Age of onset of traumatic IPV, binge and frequent heavy drinking, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence were used to conduct multiple extended Cox regression, adjusted for sociodemographics, family history of problem drinking, social networks/support, and lifetime major depression, GAD, and PTSD. In the IPV to alcohol trajectory analyses, the hazard/risk of binge drinking was greater among women with prior IPV relative to those without IPV (HR 1.61; CI 1.25, 2.09); similar findings were revealed with regard to frequent heavy drinking and alcohol abuse. The risk of alcohol dependence was also greater among women with IPV (HR 1.45, CI 1.15, 1.84); the cumulative effect of active alcohol abuse (HR 3.18, CI 2.66, 3.81) also increased the risk for alcohol dependence. IPV predicted binge and frequent heavy drinking and alcohol abuse among white and black women only; among black women, however, the risk of alcohol abuse was greater only among those without childhood trauma. IPV predicted alcohol dependence among white women only. In the alcohol to IPV trajectory analyses, the risk of IPV was significantly greater among women with compared to those without prior onset of binge (HR 1.97; CI 1.35, 2.87) and frequent heavy (HR 2.15; CI 1.44, 3.23) drinking in the total sample. The cumulative effect of active alcohol abuse (HR 1.75, CI 1.05, 2.92), but not prior history of alcohol abuse, significantly increased the risk of IPV. Alcohol dependence did not predict IPV. The findings for white women were similar to those of the total sample for binge and frequent heavy drinking. Among black women, binge and frequent heavy drinking predicted IPV only among those without childhood trauma; active alcohol abuse also predicted IPV. Among Hispanic women, a prior history of alcohol abuse predicted IPV only among those without childhood trauma. No significant findings were revealed for alcohol dependence and IPV. These findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between IPV and alcohol use, highlighting the importance of primary and secondary alcohol prevention and intervention efforts.","alcohol, partner violence, society, alcoholism, female, human, alcohol abuse, drinking, risk, childhood, injury, Hispanic, family history, proportional hazards model, epidemiology, United States, prevention, lifespan, onset age, alcohol consumption, major depression, adult, posttraumatic stress disorder","Lipsky, S., Kernic, M., Hasin, D., Qiu, Q., Wright, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3249,Relationship Between Peer Victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Among Primary School Children,"Peer victimization is a common stressor experienced by children. Although peer victimization has been studied extensively, few studies have examined the potential link between peer victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and no studies of which we are aware have examined this link among children in primary school. The paucity of studies examining the link between PTSD and peer victimization in primary school is surprising because peer victimization occurs more frequently and is more likely to be physical among 7- and 8-year-old children. This study assessed the relationship between peer victimization and PTSD in a sample of 358 elementary school children (ages 6-11 years). Results indicated that peer victimization accounted for 14.1% of PTSD symptom severity among boys and 10.1% among girls. Additionally, we found gender differences in the types of peer victimization that were most associated with PTSD symptom severity (d = 0.38). The long-term developmental consequences that may be associated with peer victimization-linked PTSD symptomatology are discussed. © 2015 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Litman, L., Costantino, G., Waxman, R., Sanabria-Velez, C., Rodriguez-Guzman, V. M., Lampon-Velez, A., Brown, R., Cruz, T.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.22031,0,0,
3250,A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values,"A common concern when faced with multivariate data with missing values is whether the missing data are missing completely at random (MCAR); that is, whether missingness depends on the variables in the data set. One way of assessing this is to compare the means of recorded values of each variable between groups defined by whether other variables in the data set are missing or not. Although informative, this procedure yields potentially many correlated statistics for testing MCAR, resulting in multiple-comparison problems. This article proposes a single global test statistic for MCAR that uses all of the available data. The asymptotic null distribution is given, and the small-sample null distribution is derived for multivariate normal data with a monotone pattern of missing data. The test reduces to a standard t test when the data are bivariate with missing data confined to a single variable. A limited simulation study of empirical sizes for the test applied to normal and nonnormal data suggests that the test is conservative for small samples. © 1976 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Incomplete data, Multivariate normal distribution, Nonresponse","Little, R. J. A.",1988.0,,10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722,0,0,
3251,An evaluation of the coping patterns of rape victims: Integration with a schema-based information-processing model,"The current study sought to provide an expansion of Resick and Schnicke's information-processing model of interpersonal violence response. Their model posits that interpersonal violence threatens victims' schematic beliefs and that victims can resolve this threat through assimilation, accommodation, or overaccommodation. In addition, it is hypothesized that how victims resolve schematic threat affects their coping strategies. To test this hypothesis, a cluster analysis of rape victims' coping patterns was conducted. Victims' coping patterns were related to distress, self-worth, and rape label in ways consistent with predictions. Thus, future research should focus on the implications of how victims integrate trauma with schemas. (copyright) 2007 Sage Publications.","adaptive behavior, adult, article, cluster analysis, female, human, human relation, middle aged, perception, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological model, questionnaire, rape, regression analysis, self concept, United States, victim","Littleton, H.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3252,Resource loss as a predictor of posttrauma symptoms among college women following the mass shooting at Virginia Tech,"We examined risk factors for posttrauma symptomatology, 2 and 6 months following the April 2007 mass shooting at Virginia Tech. Using a conservation of resources framework and a Web-based survey methodology, we prospectively evaluated the relations among preshooting distress, social support, resource loss, and posttrauma symptomatology in a sample of 293 female students enrolled at the university at the time of the shootings. Structural equation modeling supported that preshooting social support and distress predicted resource loss postshooting. Resource loss predicted symptomatology 2 months and 6 months after the shooting. Implications of the results for research and intervention following mass trauma are discussed. © 2009 Springer Publishing Company.","Campus violence, Conservation of resources theory, Mass trauma, PTSD","Littleton, H., Grills-Taquechel, A., Axsom, D.",2009.0,,10.1891/0886-6708.24.5.669,0,0,
3253,Assessing nonresponse bias at follow-up in a large prospective cohort of relatively young and mobile military service members,,,"Littman, A. J., Boyko, E. J., Jacobson, I. G., Horton, J., Gackstetter, G. D., Smith, B., Hooper, T., Wells, T. S., Amoroso, P. J., Smith, T. C.",2010.0,,10.1186/1471-2288-10-99,0,0,
3254,Early intervention for trauma and traumatic loss,,,"Litz, B. T.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3255,Resilience in the aftermath of war trauma: A critical review and commentary,"The resilience construct has received a great deal of attention as a result of the long wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The discourse about resilience, especially the promise of promoting it and mitigating risk for serious post-traumatic negative outcomes among service members and veterans, is hopeful and encouraging. Remarkably, most service members exposed to horrific war trauma are not incapacitated by the experience. Yet, resilience is elusive and fleeting for many veterans of war. In this paper, I address some of the complexities about resilience in the context of exposure to war stressors and I offer some assumptions and heuristics that stem from my involvement in the dialogue about resilience and from experiences helping prevent posttraumatic stress disorder among active-duty service members with military trauma. My goal is to use my observations and applied experiences as an instructive context to raise critical questions for the field about resilience in the face of traumatic life-events. © 2014 The Authors.","Indicated prevention, Military trauma, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Resilience","Litz, B. T.",2014.0,,10.1098/rsfs.2014.0008,0,0,
3256,PTSD in service members and new veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars: A bibliography and critique,,,"Litz, B. T., Schlenger, W. E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3257,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms following low-magnitude stressors,"The Diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been exclusively connected to the experience of high magnitude stressors. This focus on the stressor as the gatekeeper to the disorder endorses a dose-response relationship. However, much debate regarding this simplistic model has been generated. To this date, there has not been sufficient research regarding PTSD symptoms following the experience of low magnitude stressors, stressors that are considered upsetting but not life threatening. Furthermore, the importance of individual and environmental variables in the development of PTSD symptoms has not been fully understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of PTSD symptoms following the experience of low magnitude stressors. Also of interest was the development of a predictive model that correctly classifies PTSD cases. Specifically, appraisal, coping strategies, perceived social support and daily hassles were suggested as potential predictor variables. The sample for this study included 60 adults, 30 who met the symptoms and duration criteria of PTSD according to the DSM-IV and 30 who did not. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Impact of Events Scale and a PTSD checklist/An appraisal scale, the Ways of Coping Scale-R, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-R and the Hassles Scale were used to assess the predictor variables. Using a stepwise logistic regression analysis, a significant predictive model was generated. Intensity of hassles, Seeking Social Support coping, Distancing coping, perceived Tangible social support, age and education were all found to be significant predictor variables in the logistic regression equation. This model correctly classified 83.3% of this sample group. A series of univariate ANOVAs showed that the two PTSD groups differed significantly on appraised expectedness of the stressor, Seeking Social Support coping, Escape-Avoidance coping, total perceived social support, perceived Tangible social support, perceived Appraisal social support and hassle intensity. In conclusion, it should be noted that this was an exploratory study, interested in finding possible predictors of PTSD symptoms following the experience of a low magnitude stressor. Further replication of this finding on other samples is needed. Clinical and research implications and future directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, *Stress, *Symptoms","Litzinger, Katherine Marie Musser",1997.0,,,0,0,
3258,World Trade Center disaster exposure-related probable posttraumatic stress disorder among responders and civilians: A meta-analysis,"The World Trade Center (WTC) disaster on September 11, 2001 was an unprecedented traumatic event with long-lasting health consequences among the affected populations in the New York metropolitan area. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the risk of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with specific types of WTC exposures. Meta-analytical findings from 10 studies of 3,271 to 20,294 participants yielded 37 relevant associations. The pooled summary odds ratio (OR) was 2.05 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.82, 2.32), with substantial heterogeneity linked to exposure classification, cohort type, data source, PTSD assessment instrument/criteria, and lapse time since 9/11. In general, responders (e.g. police, firefighters, rescue/recovery workers and volunteers) had a lower probable PTSD risk (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.39, 1.87) compared to civilians (e.g. residents, office workers, and passersby; OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 2.35, 3.12). The differences in ORs between responders and civilians were larger for physical compared to psychosocial exposure types. We also found that injury, lost someone, and witnessed horror were the three (out of six) most pernicious exposures. These findings suggest that these three exposures should be a particular focus in psychological evaluation and treatment programs in WTC intervention and future emergency preparedness efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disasters, *Health, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Volunteers, Public Health, Terrorism, First Responders","Liu, Bian, Tarigan, Lukman H., Bromet, Evelyn J., Kim, Hyun",2014.0,,,0,0,
3259,Characterization of post-traumatic stress disorder using resting-state fMRI with a multi-level parametric classification approach,"Functional neuroimaging studies have found intra-regional activity and inter-regional connectivity alterations in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the results of these studies are based on group-level statistics and therefore it is unclear whether PTSD can be discriminated at single-subject level, for instance using the machine learning approach. Here, we proposed a novel framework to identify PTSD using multi-level measures derived from resting-state functional MRI (fMRI). Specifically, three levels of measures were extracted as classification features: (1) regional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (univariate feature), which represents local spontaneous synchronous neural activity; (2) temporal functional connectivity (bivariate feature), which represents the extent of similarity of local activity between two regions, and (3) spatial functional connectivity (multivariate feature), which represents the extent of similarity of temporal correlation maps between two regions. Our method was evaluated on 20 PTSD patients and 20 demographically matched healthy controls. The experimental results showed that the features of each level could successfully discriminate PTSD patients from healthy controls. Furthermore, the combination of multi-level features using multi-kernel learning can further improve the classification performance. Specifically, the classification accuracy obtained by the proposed framework was 92.5 %, which was an increase of at least 5 and 17.5 % from the two-level and single-level feature based methods, respectively. Particularly, the limbic structure and prefrontal cortex provided the most discriminant features for classification, consistent with results reported in previous studies. Together, this study demonstrated for the first time that patients with PTSD can be identified at the individual level using resting-state fMRI data. The promising classification results indicated that this method may provide a complementary approach for improving the clinical diagnosis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Magnetic Resonance Imaging, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, *Temporal Lobe, *Biological Neural Networks, Limbic System, Machine Learning, Spatial Ability","Liu, Feng, Xie, Bing, Wang, Yifeng, Guo, Wenbin, Fouche, Jean-Paul, Long, Zhiliang, Wang, Wenqin, Chen, Heng, Li, Meiling, Duan, Xujun, Zhang, Jiang, Qiu, Mingguo, Chen, Huafu",2015.0,,,0,0,
3260,A systematic investigation of within-subject and between-subject covariance structures in growth mixture models,"The current study investigated how between-subject and within-subject variance-covariance structures affected the detection of a finite mixture of unobserved subpopulations and parameter recovery of growth mixture models in the context of linear mixed-effects models. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate the impact of variance-covariance structure difference, mean separation, mixture proportion and sample size on parameter estimates from growth mixture models. Data were generated based on 2-class growth mixture model framework and estimated by 1-, 2-, and 3-class growth mixture models using Mplus. Bias, precision and efficiency of parameter estimates were assessed as well as the model enumeration accuracy and classification quality. Results suggested that sample size and data overlap were key factors influencing the convergence rates and possibilities of local maxima in the estimation of GMM models. BIC outperformed ABIC and LMR in identifying the correct number of latent classes. Model enumeration using BIC could be improved by increasing sample size and/or decreasing overall data overlap, and the latter had more impact. Relative bias of parameters was smaller when subpopulation data were more separated. Both the magnitude of mean and variance-covariance separation and variance-covariance differences impacted parameter recovery. Across all conditions, parameter recovery was better for intercept and slope estimates than variance and covariances estimates. Entropy values were as high as the acceptable standards suggested by previous studies for any of the conditions even when data were very well-separated. Class membership assignment was more accurate when mean growth trajectories were more different among subpopulations and mixing proportions were more balanced. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Analysis of Covariance, *Item Response Theory, *Linear Regression, *Statistical Estimation, *Statistical Sample Parameters","Liu, Junhui",2013.0,,,0,0,
3261,Structural analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed adolescents,"Objective: To investigate symptom structure of DSM-5 post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: 1023 students from vocational school and reformatory school were administrated with trauma history questionnaire and The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. 559 subjects were screened as trauma-exposed. The average age of the current sample is 15.8 +/- 1.3. Results: Six competitive structural models of DSM-5 PTSD were tested. Result of confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor anhedonia model (intrusion, avoidance, negative emotion, anhedonia, dysphoric arousal and anxious arousal). Conclusion: The six-factor anhedonia model represents the symptom structure of DSM-5 PTSD in trauma-exposed adolescents better. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Trauma, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Factor Analysis","Liu, Li-yong, Wang, Li, Qing, Yu-lan",2015.0,,,0,0,
3262,Using latent profile models and unstructured growth mixture models to assess the number of latent classes in growth mixture modeling,"Growth mixture modeling has gained much attention in applied and methodological social science research recently, but the selection of the number of latent classes for such models remains a challenging issue. This problem becomes more serious when one of the key assumptions of this model, proper model-specification is violated. The current simulation study compared the performance of a linear growth mixture model in determining the correct number of latent classes against two less parametrically restricted options, a latent profile model and an unstructured growth mixture model. A variety of conditions were examined, both for properly and improperly specified models. Results indicate that prior to the application of linear growth mixture model, the unstructured growth mixture model is a promising way to identify the correct number of unobserved groups underlying the data by using most model fit indices across all the conditions investigated in this study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mathematical Modeling, *Simulation, *Statistics, Models","Liu, Min",2012.0,,,0,0,
3263,"Selecting a linear mixed model for longitudinal data: Repeated measures analysis of variance, covariance pattern model, and growth curve approaches","With increasing popularity, growth curve modeling is more and more often considered as the 1st choice for analyzing longitudinal data. Although the growth curve approach is often a good choice, other modeling strategies may more directly answer questions of interest. It is common to see researchers fit growth curve models without considering alterative modeling strategies. In this article we compare 3 approaches for analyzing longitudinal data: repeated measures analysis of variance, covariance pattern models, and growth curve models. As all are members of the general linear mixed model family, they represent somewhat different assumptions about the way individuals change. These assumptions result in different patterns of covariation among the residuals around the fixed effects. In this article, we first indicate the kinds of data that are appropriately modeled by each and use real data examples to demonstrate possible problems associated with the blanket selection of the growth curve model. We then present a simulation that indicates the utility of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion in the selection of a proper residual covariance structure. The results cast doubt on the popular practice of automatically using growth curve modeling for longitudinal data without comparing the fit of different models. Finally, we provide some practical advice for assessing mean changes in the presence of correlated data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Analysis of Variance, *Repeated Measures, *Simulation, Models","Liu, Siwei, Rovine, Michael J., Molenaar, Peter C. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3264,The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries,"The current study investigated the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of 256 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI) in China. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that a five-factor model composed of intrusion, avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal fits the data significantly better than the tripartite DSM-IV model and the two well-supported four-factor models, and the C3 symptom (inability to recall important aspect of the trauma) loaded weakly on its corresponding factor. Implications and limitations for the results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Liu, Songhuai, Wang, Li, Cao, Chengqi, Zhang, Jianxin",2014.0,,,0,0,
3265,Perfusion deficits in patients with mild traumatic brain injury characterized by dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI,"Perfusion deficits in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) from a military population were characterized by dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging. Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was calculated by a model-independent deconvolution approach from the tracer concentration curves following a bolus injection of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Gd-DTPA) using both manually and automatically selected arterial input functions (AIFs). Linear regression analysis of the mean values of rCBF from selected regions of interest showed a very good agreement between the two approaches, with a regression coefficient of R=0.88 and a slope of 0.88. The Bland-Altman plot also illustrated the good agreement between the two approaches, with a mean difference of 0.6±12.4mL/100g/min. Voxelwise analysis of rCBF maps from both approaches demonstrated multiple clusters of decreased perfusion (p<0.01) in the cerebellum, cuneus, cingulate and temporal gyrus in the group with mild TBI relative to the controls. MRI perfusion deficits in the cerebellum and anterior cingulate also correlated (p<0.01) with neurocognitive results, including the mean reaction time in the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics and commission error and detection T-scores in the Continuous Performance Test, as well as neurobehavioral scores in the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version. In conclusion, rCBF calculated using AIFs selected from an automated approach demonstrated a good agreement with the corresponding results using manually selected AIFs. Group analysis of patients with mild TBI from a military population demonstrated scattered perfusion deficits, which showed significant correlations with measures of verbal memory, speed of reaction time and self-report of stress symptoms. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Perfusion deficits in patients with mild traumatic brain injury from a military population were characterized by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) imaging. Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) calculated using arterial input functions (AIFs) selected from an automated approach demonstrated good agreement with the results obtained using manually selected AIFs. Preliminary group analysis demonstrated scattered perfusion deficits in the patient group, and the perfusion deficits in the cerebellum and anterior cingulate showed significant correlations with measures of verbal memory, speed of reaction time and self-report of stress symptoms. © Published 2013.","Arterial input function, Dynamic susceptibility-weighted MRI, Perfusion, Relative cerebral flood flow, Traumatic brain injury","Liu, W., Wang, B., Wolfowitz, R., Yeh, P. H., Nathan, D. E., Graner, J., Tang, H., Pan, H., Harper, J., Pham, D., Oakes, T. R., French, L. M., Riedy, G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3266,"Efficacy and acceptability of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials","As some evidence demonstrates that atypical antipsychotics (AA) may be efficacious in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we preformed a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of AAs for the treatment of PTSD. Two hundred and fifty one papers were searched and screened. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. AAs may be superior to placebo in the treatment of PTSD, as indicated by the changes in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) total scores (weighted mean differences (WMD) = -5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-9.21, -2.56], P = 0.0005) and also in CAPS subscale intrusion (WMD = -2.58, 95% CI[-3.83, -1.33], P < 0.0001 ) and subscale hyperarousal (WMD = -2.94, 95% CI[-5.45, -0.43], P = 0.02). The acceptability measured by dropout rates between AAs and placebo showed no statistical difference (OR = 1.24, 95%CI [0.78, 1.97], P = 0.36). PTSD symptom cluster, especially in intrusion and hyperarousal. However, we should be careful to generalize the conclusion because of the small number of included trails. We expect more RCTs will be done in the future so as to clarify the specific value of AAs for PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Placebo, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Trials, Neuroleptic Drugs","Liu, Xiao-hui, Xie, Xin-hui, Wang, Ke-yong, Cui, Hong",2014.0,,,0,0,
3267,"Efficacy and acceptability of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials","As some evidences demonstrated that atypical antipsychotics (AA) may be efficacious in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we preformed a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of AAs for the treatment of PTSD. Two hundred and fifty one papers were searched and screened. Eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria. AAs may be superior to placebo in the treatment of PTSD, as indicated by the changes in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) total scores (weighted mean differences (WMD)=-5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-9.21, -2.56], P=0.0005) and also in CAPS subscale intrusion (WMD=-2.58, 95% CI[-3.83, -1.33], P<0.0001) and subscale hyperarousal (WMD=-2.94, 95% CI[-5.45, -0.43], P=0.02). The acceptability measured by dropout rates between AAs and placebo showed no statistical difference (OR=1.24, 95%CI [0.78, 1.97], P=0.36). PTSD symptom cluster, especially in intrusion and hyperarousal. However, we should be careful to generalize the conclusion because of the small number of included trails. We expect more RCTs will be done in the future so as to clarify the specific value of AAs for PTSD. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Atypical antipsychotics, Meta-analysis, Pharmacotherapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Randomized controlled trial","Liu, X. H., Xie, X. H., Wang, K. Y., Cui, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,3266
3268,Cortical thinning in patients with recent onset post-traumatic stress disorder after a single prolonged trauma exposure,"Most of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) focused primarily on measuring of small brain structure volume or regional brain volume changes. There were rare reports investigating cortical thickness alterations in recent onset PTSD. Recent advances in computational analysis made it possible to measure cortical thickness in a fully automatic way, along with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) that enables an exploration of global structural changes throughout the brain by applying statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to high-resolution MRI. In this paper, Laplacian method was utilized to estimate cortical thickness after automatic segmentation of gray matter from MR images under SPM. Then thickness maps were analyzed by SPM8. Comparison between 10 survivors from a mining disaster with recent onset PTSD and 10 survivors without PTSD from the same trauma indicates cortical thinning in the left parietal lobe, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right parahippocampal gyrus. The regional cortical thickness of the right inferior frontal gyrus showed a significant negative correlation with the CAPS score in the patients with PTSD. Our study suggests that shape-related cortical thickness analysis may be more sensitive than volumetric analysis to subtle alteration at early stage of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Size, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Gray Matter, Onset (Disorders)","Liu, Yang, Li, Yi-Jun, Luo, Er-Ping, Lu, Hong-Bing, Yin, Hong",2012.0,,,0,0,
3269,Improved sleep in military personnel is associated with changes in the expression of inflammatory genes and improvement in depression symptoms,"Study objectives: Sleep disturbances are common in military personnel and are associated with increased risk for psychiatric morbidity, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, as well as inflammation. Improved sleep quality is linked to reductions in inflammatory bio-markers; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Methods: In this study, we examine whole genome expression changes related to improved sleep in 68 military personnel diagnosed with insomnia. Subjects were classified into the following groups and then compared: improved sleep (n = 46), or non-improved sleep (n = 22) following three months of standard of care treatment for insomnia. Within subject differential expression was determined from microarray data using the Partek Genomics Suite analysis program and the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to determine key regulators of observed expression changes. Changes in symptoms of depression and PTSD were also compared. Results: At baseline, both groups were similar in demographics, clinical characteristics, and gene-expression profiles. The microarray data revealed that 217 coding genes were differentially expressed at the follow-up-period compared to baseline in the participants with improved sleep. Expression of inflammatory cytokines were reduced including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, with fold changes ranging from -3.19 to -2.1, and there were increases in the expression of inflammatory regulatory genes including toll-like receptors 1, 4, 7, and 8 in the improved sleep group. IPA revealed six gene networks, including ubiquitin, which was a major regulator in these gene-expression changes. The improved sleep group also had a significant reduction in the severity of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Interventions that restore sleep likely reduce the expression of inflammatory genes, which relate to ubiquitin genes and relate to reductions in depressive symptoms. © 2015 Livingston, Rusch, Nersesian, Baxter, Mysliwiec and Gill.","Depression, Gene expression, Inflammation, Insomnia, Military personnel","Livingston, W. S., Rusch, H. L., Nersesian, P. V., Baxter, T., Mysliwiec, V., Gill, J. M.",2015.0,,10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00059,0,0,
3270,Psychosocial adaptation to spinal cord injury as a function of time since injury,"The literature on the relationship between time since injury (TSI) and the clinical unfolding of psychosocial adaptation to disability has yielded mixed results. In this exploratory study we have attempted to compare two groups of people who sustained spinal cord injury (SCI)--namely, short-term TSI versus long-term TSI--on the patterns of psychosocial reactions to their medical condition. Using the initial pool of participants (n=317), two ""extreme'"" TSI groups were created (short-term TSI, composed of people whose injuries occurred within the last 4 years, and long-term TSI, comprising people whose injuries occurred 20 or more years ago). A two-group discriminant function analysis (DFA) applied to the eight subscales of the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory (RIDI) yielded a significant function that was most closely associated with reactions of denial, shock and generalized anger, suggesting a non-acceptance of the condition among the more recently injured. Further analyses were then separately applied to the two groups of civilians and veterans with SCI. The resultant DFAs yielded functions suggesting somewhat different group patterns from the original one. Results are discussed within the context of the literature drawn from the fields of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related traumatic experiences.","*Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Spinal Cord Injuries/*rehabilitation, Time Factors","Livneh, H., Martz, E.",2003.0,Sep,10.1097/01.mrr.0000088443.78481.c4,0,0,
3271,Long-term positive and negative psychological late effects for parents of childhood cancer survivors: A systematic review,"Increasing survival rates in childhood cancer have yielded a growing population of parents of childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). This systematic review compiles the literature on positive and negative long-term psychological late effects for parents of CCSs, reported at least five years after the child's diagnosis and/or two years after the end of the child's treatment. Systematic searches were made in the databases CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Fifteen studies, published between 1988 and 2010, from 12 projects were included. Thirteen studies used quantitative methodology, one quantitative and qualitative methodology, and one qualitative methodology. A total of 1045 parents participated in the reviewed studies. Mean scores were within normal ranges for general psychological distress, coping, and family functioning. However, a substantial subgroup reported a clinical level of general psychological distress, and 21-44% reported a severe level of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Worry, disease-related thoughts and feelings, marital strains, as well as posttraumatic growth was reported. Several factors were associated with the long-term late effects, such as parents' maladaptive coping during earlier stages of the childs disease trajectory and children's current poor adjustment. Quality assessments of reviewed studies and clinical implications of findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. © 2014 Ljungman et al.",,"Ljungman, L., Cernvall, M., Grönqvist, H., Ljótsson, B., Ljungman, G., Von Essen, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3272,Does time heal all wounds? A longitudinal study of development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with cancer,"BACKGROUND: The purpose was to examine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in parents of children with cancer from shortly after diagnosis up to 5 years after end of treatment or a child's death. The study aimed to distinguish distinct landmarks important for parents' adjustment by assessment of the effect of time since significant events such as diagnosis, treatment cessation, and a child's death. METHOD: A longitudinal design covering seven assessments (T1-T7) was used. The assessments were linked to key events rather than merely to time since diagnosis. T1-T3 were administered in relation to diagnosis during treatment and the following in relation to treatment cessation (T4-T7) or a child's death (T5-T7). Parents (N = 259 at T1) were assessed for PTSS and full/partial PTSD using the self-report questionnaire PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C). Latent growth curve modeling and McNemar's test were used to assess development of PTSS over time and prevalence of PTSD after end of treatment/a child's death. RESULTS: Initial levels of PTSS were high however a subsequent decline was confirmed with a significant linear and quadratic slope between T1 and T4. The decline abated with time and was non-significant from three months after treatment cessation. The immediate time after end of treatment deviated from the overall growth with a substantially higher level. At T7, 19% of mothers and 8% of fathers reported levels indicative of at least partial PTSD. Bereaved parents reported a higher level of PTSS/ PTSD. For bereaved mothers, the prevalence of PTSD decreased with time and was at T7 equal to the prevalence among mothers of survivors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm that the initial high level of PTSS among parents decreases with time up to three months after treatment cessation. After this time a stable state enters. A subgroup of parents continues to report a clinically relevant level of PTSS five years after end of treatment. The results reveal that the time directly after end of treatment is an important landmark with a substantially higher level of PTSS/PTSD compared to the overall development pattern. The level of PTSS and the prevalence of PTSD was high following bereavement, pointing to the traumatic implication of losing a child to cancer. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: The application of PTSS/PTSD has been questioned for populations exposed to serious illness. Our findings underscore that the phenomena captures symptoms that parents experience and show that posttraumatic stress provides a useful framework for the conceptualization of the psychological sequelae experienced by parents of children with cancer. The design does not capture the immediate time preceding treatment cessation. There may be unique elements of parents' experiences in relation to treatment cessation that warrant further study. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: We identified a subgroup of parents for whom time does not heal the wounds created by a child's cancer disease. Intervention trials focusing on psychological functioning and targeting this subgroup are warranted. The immediate time after end of a child's cancer treatment appears as psychologically demanding for parents and should be considered in the clinical care. In addition, findings indicate that bereaved fathers may be at risk for long-term psychological sequelae.","longitudinal study, posttraumatic stress disorder, parent, child, human, neoplasm, oncology, wound, prevalence, diagnosis, female, mother, male, child death, father, implantable cardiac monitor, survivor, self report, cancer therapy, intervention study, laryngeal mask, model, growth curve, diseases, population, bereavement, checklist, questionnaire, risk, McNemar test","Ljungman, L., Hoven, E., Ljungman, G., Cernvall, M., Essen, L.",2014.0,,,0,1,
3273,Short and longer-term psychological consequences of Operation Cast Lead: Documentation from a mental health program in the Gaza Strip,"Background: There is growing recognition of the psychological impact of adversity associated with armed conflict on exposed civilian populations. Yet there is a paucity of evidence on the value of mental health programs in these contexts, and of the chronology of psychological sequelae, especially in prolonged conflicts with repeated cycles of extreme violence. Here, we describe changes in the psychological profile of new patients in a mental health program after the military offensive Cast Lead, in the context of the prolonged armed conflict involving the Gaza Strip. Methods. This study analyses routinely collected program data from a Médecins Sans Frontières mental health program in the Gaza Strip spanning 2007-2011. Data consist of socio-demographic as well as clinical baseline and follow-up data on new patients entering the program. Comparisons were made through Chi square and Fishers exact tests, univariate and multivariate logistic and linear regression. Results: PTSD, depression and other anxiety disorders were the most frequent psychopathologies, with 21% having multiple diagnoses. With a median of nine sessions, clinical improvement was recorded for 83% (1122/1357), and more common for those with separation anxiety, acute and posttraumatic disorders as principal diagnosis (855/1005), compared to depression (141/183, p<0.01). Noted changes proximal to Operation Cast Lead were: a doubling in patient case load with a broader socio-economic background, shorter interval from an identified traumatic event to seeking care, and a rise in diagnoses of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders. Sustained changes included: high case load, more distal triggering events, and increase in diagnoses of other anxiety disorders (especially for children 15 years and younger) and depression (especially for patients 16 years and older). Conclusion: Evolving changes in patient volume, diagnoses and recall period to triggering events suggest a lengthy and durable effect of an intensified exposure to violence in a context of prolonged conflict. Our findings suggest that mental health related humanitarian relief in protracted conflicts might need to prepare for an increase in patients with changing profiles over an extended period following an acute flare-up in violence. © 2012 Llosa et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Cast lead, Conflict, Gaza, Internally displaced persons, Mental health, Palestinian, Psychological, PTSD, Refugees, War","Llosa, A. E., Casas, G., Thomas, H., Mairal, A., Grais, R. F., Moro, M. R.",2012.0,,,0,1,
3274,Testing the number of components in a normal mixture,,,"Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., Rubin, D. B.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3275,Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology: identifying obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes,"BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous disorder. Different clinical subtypes may be characterized by differing pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment outcomes. METHODS: A cluster analysis was performed on 45 items of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Checklist (YBOCS-CL) for 261 patients with OCD. Cluster solutions emerging at different linkage distance levels, and the associations of identified clusters with demographic, clinical and relevant genetic variables, were investigated. RESULTS: A 6-cluster solution emerged at a linkage distance level of 1.5, and a 3-cluster solution emerged at a linkage distance level of 2.1. The 3 clusters in the latter solution were labeled I) Contamination / washing, II) Hoarding / symmetry / ordering, and III) Obsessional / checking. Increased Cluster III scores were associated with earlier age of OCD onset and the Met/Met (L/L) genotype of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. CONCLUSION: The data here are consistent with previous work delineating the different symptom subtypes of OCD, also with previous work suggesting that the Met/Met (L/L) genotype of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism may be associated with anxiety symptoms, as well as with previous work suggesting that dopaminergic genes may be particularly important in early-onset OCD.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Catechol O-Methyltransferase/genetics, Cluster Analysis, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/classification/diagnosis/genetics/psychology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Genetic, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Young Adult","Lochner, C., Hemmings, S. M., Kinnear, C. J., Nel, D., Hemmings, S. M., Seedat, S., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Stein, D. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3276,Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic correlates,"BACKGROUND: Comorbidity of certain obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs; such as Tourette's disorder) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may serve to define important OCD subtypes characterized by differing phenomenology and neurobiological mechanisms. Comorbidity of the putative OCSDs in OCD has, however, not often been systematically investigated. METHODS: The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , Axis I Disorders-Patient Version as well as a Structured Clinical Interview for Putative OCSDs (SCID-OCSD) were administered to 210 adult patients with OCD (N = 210, 102 men and 108 women; mean age, 35.7 +/- 13.3). A subset of Caucasian subjects (with OCD, n = 171; control subjects, n = 168), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (with OCD, n = 77; control subjects, n = 144), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Because the items of the SCID-OCSD are binary (present/absent), a cluster analysis (Ward's method) using the items of SCID-OCSD was conducted. The association of identified clusters with demographic variables (age, gender), clinical variables (age of onset, obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and dimensions, level of insight, temperament/character, treatment response), and monoaminergic genotypes was examined. RESULTS: Cluster analysis of the OCSDs in our sample of patients with OCD identified 3 separate clusters at a 1.1 linkage distance level. The 3 clusters were named as follows: (1) ""reward deficiency"" (including trichotillomania, Tourette's disorder, pathological gambling, and hypersexual disorder), (2) ""impulsivity"" (including compulsive shopping, kleptomania, eating disorders, self-injury, and intermittent explosive disorder), and (3) ""somatic"" (including body dysmorphic disorder and hypochondriasis). Several significant associations were found between cluster scores and other variables; for example, cluster I scores were associated with earlier age of onset of OCD and the presence of tics, cluster II scores were associated with female gender and childhood emotional abuse, and cluster III scores were associated with less insight and with somatic obsessions and compulsions. However, none of these clusters were associated with any particular genetic variant. CONCLUSION: Analysis of comorbid OCSDs in OCD suggested that these lie on a number of different dimensions. These dimensions are partially consistent with previous theoretical approaches taken toward classifying OCD spectrum disorders. The lack of genetic validation of these clusters in the present study may indicate the involvement of other, as yet untested, genes. Further genetic and cluster analyses of comorbid OCSDs in OCD may ultimately contribute to a better delineation of OCD endophenotypes.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cluster Analysis, Comorbidity, Female, Gambling, Genotype, Humans, Impulse Control Disorders/epidemiology/genetics, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Monoamine Oxidase/genetics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics, Questionnaires, Self-Injurious Behavior/epidemiology/genetics, Serotonin/genetics, Severity of Illness Index, Tourette Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology/genetics, Trichotillomania/epidemiology/genetics","Lochner, C., Hemmings, S. M., Kinnear, C. J., Niehaus, D. J., Nel, D. G., Corfield, V. A., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Seedat, S., Stein, D. J.",2005.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.020,0,0,
3277,Dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: clinical and genetic findings,"A link between dissociation proneness in adulthood and self-reports of childhood traumatic events (including familial loss in childhood, sexual/physical abuse and neglect) has been documented. Several studies have also provided evidence for an association between dissociative experiences and trauma in patients with various psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality, dissociative identity and eating disorders. Based on the relative paucity of data on dissociation and trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (TTM), the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma and dissociative experiences (DE) in these two diagnostic groups. Furthermore, the availability of clinical and genetic data on this sample allowed us to explore clinical and genetic factors relevant to this association. A total of 110 OCD and 32 TTM patients were compared with respect to the degree of dissociation (using the Dissociative Experiences Scale [DES]) and childhood trauma (using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Patients were classified on the DES as either ""high"" (mean DES score >/= 30) or ""low"" (mean DES score < 30) dissociators. Additional clinical and genetic factors were also explored with chi-square and t tests as appropriate. A total of 15.8% of OCD patients and 18.8% of TTM patients were high dissociators. OCD and TTM groups were comparable on DES and CTQ total scores, and in both OCD and TTM groups, significant positive correlations were found between mean DES scores and mean CTQ subscores of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. In the OCD group, high dissociators were significantly younger than low dissociators, and significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported a lifetime (current and past) history of tics (P <.001), Tourette's syndrome (P =.019), bulimia nervosa (P =.003), and borderline personality disorder (P =.027). In the TTM group, significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported (lifetime) kleptomania (P =.005) and depersonalisation disorder (P =.005). In the Caucasian OCD patients (n = 114), investigation of genetic polymorphisms involved in monoamine function revealed no significant differences between high and low dissociator groups. This study demonstrates a link between childhood trauma and DE in patients with OCD and TTM. High dissociative symptomatology may be present in a substantial proportion of patients diagnosed with these disorders. High dissociators may also be differentiated from low dissociators on some demographic features (e.g., lower age) and comorbidity profile (e.g., increased incidence of impulse dyscontrol disorders). Additional work is necessary before conclusions about the role of monoaminergic systems in mediating such dissociation can be drawn.","Adult, Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*genetics, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Monoamine Oxidase/*genetics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics, Prevalence, Questionnaires, Trichotillomania/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*genetics","Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Hemmings, S. M., Kinnear, C. J., Corfield, V. A., Niehaus, D. J., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Stein, D. J.",2004.0,Sep-Oct,10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.010,0,0,
3278,Dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: Clinical and genetic findings,"A link between dissociation proneness in adulthood and self-reports of childhood traumatic events (including familial loss in childhood, sexual/physical abuse and neglect) has been documented. Several studies have also provided evidence for an association between dissociative experiences and trauma in patients with various psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality, dissociative identity and eating disorders. Based on the relative paucity of data on dissociation and trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (TTM), the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma and dissociative experiences (DE) in these two diagnostic groups. Furthermore, the availability of clinical and genetic data on this sample allowed us to explore clinical and genetic factors relevant to this association. A total of 110 OCD and 32 TTM patients were compared with respect to the degree of dissociation (using the Dissociative Experiences Scale [DES]) and childhood trauma (using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Patients were classified on the DES as either ""high"" (mean DES score (greater-than or equal to) 30) or ""low"" (mean DES score < 30) dissociators. Additional clinical and genetic factors were also explored with chi-square and t tests as appropriate. A total of 15.8% of OCD patients and 18.8% of TTM patients were high dissociators. OCD and TTM groups were comparable on DES and CTQ total scores, and in both OCD and TTM groups, significant positive correlations were found between mean DES scores and mean CTQ subscores of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. In the OCD group, high dissociators were significantly younger than low dissociators, and significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported a lifetime (current and past) history of tics (P < .001), Tourette's syndrome (P = .019), bulimia nervosa (P = .003), and borderline personality disorder (P = .027). In the TTM group, significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported (lifetime) kleptomania (P = .005) and depersonalisation disorder (P = .005). In the Caucasian OCD patients (n = 114), investigation of genetic polymorphisms involved in monoamine function revealed no significant differences between high and low dissociator groups. This study demonstrates a link between childhood trauma and DE in patients with OCD and TTM. High dissociative symptomatology may be present in a substantial proportion of patients diagnosed with these disorders. High dissociators may also be differentiated from low dissociators on some demographic features (e.g., lower age) and comorbidity profile (e.g., increased incidence of impulse dyscontrol disorders). Additional work is necessary before conclusions about the role of monoaminergic systems in mediating such dissociation can be drawn. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","monoamine, serotonin antagonist, adult, article, behavior therapy, borderline state, bulimia, chi square test, child abuse, comorbidity, controlled study, correlation analysis, demography, depersonalization, disease association, dissociative disorder, female, genetic polymorphism, genetics, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, heredity, human, impulse control disorder, incidence, kleptomania, major clinical study, male, monoaminergic system, obsessive compulsive disorder, personality disorder, psychotrauma, questionnaire, rating scale, sexual abuse, symptomatology, tic, trichotillomania","Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Hemmings, S. M. J., Kinnear, C. J., Corfield, V. A., Niehaus, D. J. H., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Stein, D. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,3277
3279,Topiramate in the treatment of trichotillomania: an open-label pilot study,"There is a need for an effective medication for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM), which is an impulse control disorder characterized by chronic hair-pulling. Topiramate has shown promising results in the treatment of impulse-control disorders. The present open-label pilot study investigated the efficacy and safety of topiramate in 14 adults with TTM. Patients received 16 weeks of flexible dose treatment (50-250 mg/day), followed by a flexible dose taper over 2-4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair-Pulling Scale (HPS), whereas secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety and the Disability Profile. A repeated measures analysis of variance on the intent-to-treat sample was implemented to evaluate treatment response. The primary outcome measure (HPS) indicated that the severity of hair-pulling in adults with TTM who completed the 16-week study (n=9) decreased significantly from baseline to the treatment endpoint (F=5.05; P=0.0002). Although the CGI-Improvement scores suggested that hair-pulling was not significantly reduced, six of nine trial completers were classified as responders. None of the other measures showed significant differences compared to baseline. Five patients dropped out owing to adverse effects. These results suggest that topiramate may be useful in the treatment of TTM. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of topiramate in an appropriately powered randomized placebo-controlled trial.","Adult, Central Nervous System Agents/therapeutic use, Female, Fructose/adverse effects/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use, Humans, Male, Pilot Projects, Trichotillomania/drug therapy","Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Niehaus, D. J., Stein, D. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3280,Comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a marker of severity,"INTRODUCTION: Comorbid obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is well-described in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It remains unclear, however, whether OCPD in OCD represents a distinct subtype of OCD or whether it is simply a marker of severity in OCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to compare a large sample of OCD subjects (n=403) with and without OCPD on a range of demographic, clinical and genetic characteristics to evaluate whether comorbid OCPD in OCD represents a distinct subtype of OCD, or is a marker of severity. RESULTS: Our findings suggest that OCD with and without OCPD are similar in terms of gender distribution and age at onset of OC symptoms. Compared to OCD-OCPD (n=267, 66%), those with OCD+OCPD (n=136, 34%) are more likely to present with the OC symptom dimensions which reflect the diagnostic criteria for OCPD (e.g., hoarding), and have significantly greater OCD severity, comorbidity, functional impairment, and poorer insight. Furthermore there are no differences in distribution of gene variants, or response to treatment in the two groups. CONCLUSION: The majority of our findings suggest that in OCD, patients with OCPD do not have a highly distinctive phenomenological or genetic profile, but rather that OCPD represents a marker of severity.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Anxiety Disorders/complications/psychology, Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism, Compulsive Personality Disorder/complications/genetics/psychology, DNA/genetics, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Disability Evaluation, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/complications/psychology, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/complications/genetics/psychology, Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Self Concept, Sex Characteristics, Young Adult","Lochner, C., Serebro, P., van der Merwe, L., Hemmings, S., Kinnear, C., Seedat, S., Stein, D. J.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.006; 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.006,0,0,
3281,Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults,"Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) are among the most common mental disorders in the United States, and they can negatively impact a patient’s quality of life and disrupt important activities of daily living. Evidence suggests that the rates of missed diagnoses and misdiagnosis of GAD and PD are high, with symptoms often ascribed to physical causes. Diagnosing GAD and PD requires a broad differential and caution to identify confounding variables and comorbid conditions. Screening and monitoring tools can be used to help make the diagnosis and monitor response to therapy. The GAD-7 and the Severity Measure for Panic Disorder are free diagnostic tools. Successful outcomes may require a combination of treatment modalities tailored to the individual patient. Treatment often includes medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and/or psychotherapy, both of which are highly effective. Among psychotherapeutic treatments, cognitive behavior therapy has been studied widely and has an extensive evidence base. Benzodiazepines are effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, but their use is limited by risk of abuse and adverse effect profiles. Physical activity can reduce symptoms of GAD and PD. A number of complementary and alternative treatments are often used; however, evidence is limited for most. Several common botanicals and supplements can potentiate serotonin syndrome when used in combination with antidepressants. Medication should be continued for 12 months before tapering to prevent relapse. © 2015 American Academy of Family Physicians.",,"Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., Shultz, C. G.",2015.0,May 1,,0,0,
3282,The psychological and medical sequelae of war in Central American refugee mothers and children,"Objective: To investigate the physical and mainly psychological sequelae of exposure to war in Central American children and their mothers who immigrated to the United States on average 4 years before the study began. Design: Interview study. Participants: Twenty-two immigrant Central American women caretakers and 1 of their children aged 5 to 13 years. Main Outcome Measures: Standardized and new measures were administered to assess children's physical and mental health symptoms and exposure to political violence. Results: Eighteen of the 22 children had chronic health problems. Fifteen children and all of the adults had observed traumatic events, including bombings and homicides. Thirteen of the children showed mental health symptom profiles above established norms, although only 2 met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder according to their own reports. Many of the caretakers were unaware of their child's psychological distress. Four of the mothers exhibited posttraumatic stress disorder, and their symptoms predicted their child's mental health. Conclusions: Pediatricians are sometimes the first and only contacts these families have with health care providers. Caretakers' reports of children's mental health are often incomplete. It is therefore important for physicians to probe for 'hidden' symptoms in refugee children. These family members may need referrals to social and psychological services, and pediatricians can open the gates to existing community networks of support. Because we found that maternal mental health influences the child's, the child's interests are well served when pediatricians also encourage the mother to contact services for herself if she confides that she is experiencing some of the severe psychological sequelae reported by the women in this study.",,"Locke, C. J., Southwick, K., McCloskey, L. A., Fernández-Esquer, M. E.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3283,An office mental status examination for complex chronic dissociative symptoms and multiple personality disorder,"Chronic complex dissociative symptoms can be readily inquired about in the diagnostic interview leading to a clinical diagnosis of MPD in many cases. It is most useful to begin with inquiry about amnesia, autohypnotic, posttraumatic, pseudopsychotic, and passive-influence symptoms, and childhood abuse or traumatization. As this proceeds, overt dissociation is commonly noted including spontaneous trances, age-regression, blending or overlap of states, or frank switching. When this occurs, the interviewer can pursue more detailed information about the patient's experiences. Tracking these processes may readily lead to the clear appearance of an alter personality or will help make the patient sufficiently comfortable that he or she will allow the full emergence of an alter if this is directly requested. In other cases, however, methods such as use of ideomotor signals, formal induction of trance, and even barbiturate-facilitated interviews may be necessary to permit the full emergence of an alter. The symptom-cluster method is a useful clinical diagnostic tool to elicit dissociative symptoms for the diagnosis of MPD. Combined with diagnostic tools such as the DES, the DDIS, and the SCID-D, this method can help the clinician make the diagnosis of MPD in a far more expeditious and rigorous fashion. In addition, all psychiatric patients should be screened for a history of blackouts, time loss, trance experiences, childhood trauma, and PTSD symptoms. This will improve case finding to help clinicians begin to treat the single largest preventable cause of mental illness: the sequelae of childhood abuse, trauma, and family violence.","Dissociative Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology/therapy, Humans, *Interview, Psychological, Life Change Events, Mental Status Schedule/*statistics & numerical data, Mood Disorders/diagnosis/psychology/therapy, Multiple Personality Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology/therapy, Personality Development, Psychotherapy, Somatoform Disorders/diagnosis/psychology/therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/psychology/therapy","Loewenstein, R. J.",1991.0,Sep,,0,0,
3284,Path to growth or open wound? The quest for meaning and coping with trauma in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between meaning in life and coping with trauma, and correlations between posttraumatic growth and mental health. Methods: The content and structure of the personal meaning systems of 62 patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed qualitatively. In addition, the participants completed questionnaires measuring meaning in life (LRl-r-d; MLQ), PTSD symptoms (lES-R), depression (BDI-II), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), satisfaction with life (SWLS) and posttraumatic growth (PPR-r). Results: A stronger sense of meaning in life and a more elaborately structured personal meaning system correlated with a better mental health and more posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth was also associated with mental health. Conclusions: Patients with coherent personal meaning systems are more successful in coping with traumatic life events. They also reported more posttraumatic growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Life Satisfaction, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Trauma, Mental Health","Loffler, Sabine, Bogausch, Anja, Knappe, Rainer, Joraschky, Peter, Pohlmann, Karin",2012.0,,,0,0,
3285,Stress modulation of drug self-administration: Implications for addiction comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Drug abuse and dependence present significant health burdens for our society, affecting roughly 10% of the population. Stress likely contributes to the development and persistence of drug use; for example, rates of substance dependence are elevated among individuals diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thus, understanding the interaction between stress and drug use, and associated neuroadaptations, is key for developing therapies to combat substance use disorders. For this purpose, many rodent models of the effects of stress exposure on substance use have been developed; the models can be classified according to three categories of stress exposure: developmental, adult nonsocial, and adult social. The present review addresses preclinical findings on the effect of each type of trauma on responses to and self-administration of drugs of abuse by focusing on a key exemplar for each category. In addition, the potential efficacy of targeting neuropeptide systems that have been implicated in stress responses and stress system neuroadaptation in order to treat comorbid PTSD and substance abuse will be discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","Logrip, Marian L., Zorrilla, Eric P., Koob, George F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3286,The psychiatric genomics consortium posttraumatic stress disorder workgroup: Posttraumatic stress disorder enters the age of large-scale genomic collaboration,"The development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is influenced by genetic factors. Although there have been some replicated candidates, the identification of risk variants for PTSD has lagged behind genetic research of other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. Psychiatric genetics has moved beyond examination of specific candidate genes in favor of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) strategy of very large numbers of samples, which allows for the discovery of previously unsuspected genes and molecular pathways. The successes of genetic studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been aided by the formation of a large-scale GWAS consortium: the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). In contrast, only a handful of GWAS of PTSD have appeared in the literature to date. Here we describe the formation of a group dedicated to large-scale study of PTSD genetics: the PGC-PTSD. The PGC-PTSD faces challenges related to the contingency on trauma exposure and the large degree of ancestral genetic diversity within and across participating studies. Using the PGC analysis pipeline supplemented by analyses tailored to address these challenges, we anticipate that our first large-scale GWAS of PTSD will comprise over 10 000 cases and 30 000 trauma-exposed controls. Following in the footsteps of our PGC forerunners, this collaboration-of a scope that is unprecedented in the field of traumatic stress-will lead the search for replicable genetic associations and new insights into the biological underpinnings of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Genome, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatry, *Schizophrenia","Logue, Mark W., Amstadter, Ananda B., Baker, Dewleen G., Duncan, Laramie, Koenen, Karestan C., Liberzon, Israel, Miller, Mark W., Morey, Rajendra A., Nievergelt, Caroline M., Ressler, Kerry J., Smith, Alicia K., Smoller, Jordan W., Stein, Murray B., Sumner, Jennifer A., Uddin, Monica",2015.0,,,0,0,
3287,Anger: Cause or Consequence of Posttraumatic Stress? A Prospective Study of Dutch Soldiers,"Many studies have shown that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience more anger over time and across situations (i.e., trait anger) than trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD. There is a lack of prospective research, however, that considers anger levels before trauma exposure. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the relationship between trait anger and PTSD symptoms, with several known risk factors, including baseline symptoms, neuroticism, and stressor severity in the model. Participants were 249 Dutch soldiers tested approximately 2 months before and approximately 2 months and 9 months after their deployment to Afghanistan. Trait anger and PTSD symptom severity were measured at all assessments. Structural equation modeling including cross-lagged effects showed that higher trait anger before deployment predicted higher PTSD symptoms 2 months after deployment (β = .36), with stressor severity and baseline symptoms in the model, but not with neuroticism in the model. Trait anger at 2 months postdeployment did not predict PTSD symptom severity at 9 months, and PTSD symptom severity 2 months postdeployment did not predict subsequent trait anger scores. Findings suggest that trait anger may be a pretrauma vulnerability factor for PTSD symptoms, but does not add variance beyond the effect of neuroticism. © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Lommen, M. J. J., Engelhard, I. M., van de Schoot, R., van den Hout, M. A.",2014.0,,10.1002/jts.21904,0,0,
3288,Psychosocial predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in Sri Lankan tsunami survivors,"This study aimed to determine whether psychological factors associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) identified in Western samples generalize to low Social-Economical-Status (SES) populations in an underdeveloped Asian country. The study included 113 survivors of the 2004-tsunami on the south coast of Sri Lanka, recruited from 4 preschools and 10 villages for displaced persons. With logistic regressions the relations between interview-based PTSD diagnosis and psychological factors were assessed, controlling for putative confounders. Fifteen months post-trauma the prevalence of PTSD was 52.2%. Multivariate analyses indicated that negative interpretation of tsunami-memories was significantly (P < 0.005) related to PTSD. Of the putative confounders, gender and (non-replaced) lost work equipment were related to current PTSD (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the relation between negative interpretation of trauma memories and PTSD is quite universal, suggesting that interventions focusing on this factor may be important in treatment of tsunami survivors who are suffering from chronic PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Assessment, *Socioeconomic Status, *Survivors, South Asian Cultural Groups, Stress, Suffering","Lommen, Miriam J. J., Sanders, Angelique J. M. L., Buck, Nicole, Arntz, Arnoud",2009.0,,,0,0,
3289,The experience of traumatic events disrupts the measurement invariance of a posttraumatic stress scale,"Studies that include multiple assessments of a particular instrument within the same population are based on the presumption that this instrument measures the same construct over time. But what if the meaning of the construct changes over time due to one's experiences? For example, the experience of a traumatic event can influence one's view of the world, others, and self, and may disrupt the stability of a questionnaire measuring posttraumatic stress symptoms (i.e., it may affect the interpretation of items). Nevertheless, assessments before and after such a traumatic event are crucial to study longitudinal development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. In this study, we examined measurement invariance of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a sample of Dutch soldiers before and after they went on deployment to Afghanistan (N = 249). Results showed that the underlying measurement model before deployment was different from the measurement model after deployment due to invariant item thresholds. These results were replicated in a sample of soldiers deployed to Iraq (N = 305). Since the lack of measurement invariance was due to instability of the majority of the items, it seems reasonable to conclude that the underlying construct of PSS is unstable over time if war-zone related traumatic events occur in between measurements. From a statistical point of view, the scores over time cannot be compared when there is a lack of measurement invariance. The main message of this paper is that researchers working with posttraumatic stress questionnaires in longitudinal studies should not take measurement invariance for granted, but should use pre- and post-symptom scores as different constructs for each time point in the analysis. © 2014 Lommen, Van de Schoot and Engelhard.","Measurement invariance, Multiple assessments, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Threshold instability, Trauma","Lommen, M. J. J., van de Schoot, R., Engelhard, I. M.",2014.0,,10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01304,0,0,
3290,"Predicting symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in croatian war veterans: The role of socio-demographics, war experiences and subjective quality of life","Background: Previous research has documented multiple chains of risk in the development of PTSD among war veterans. However, existing studies were mostly carried out in the West, while they also did not analyze specific symptom clusters of PTSD. The aim of this study was to examine the role of socio-demographic characteristics, war experiences and subjective quality of life in the prediction of three clusters of PTSD symptoms (i.e., avoidance, intrusion, hyperarousal). Subjects and methods: This study comprised 184 male participants who have survived war imprisonment during the Croatian Homeland War in the period from 1991 to 1995. The data was collected through several self-report measuring instruments: questionnaire on socio-demographic data, war experiences (Questionnaire on Traumatic Combat and War Experiences), subjective quality of life (WHO-Five Well-being Index), and PTSD symptoms (Impact of Events Scale - Revised). Results: The level of three symptom clusters of PTSD was found to be moderate to high, as indicated by the scores on the IES-R. Results of the three hierarchical regression analyses showed the following: traumatic war experiences were significant predictors of avoidance symptoms; traumatic war experiences and subjective quality of life were significant predictors of hyperarousal symptoms; and traumatic war experiences, material status and subjective quality of life were significant predictors of intrusion symptoms. Conclusions: These findings support the widespread belief that the development of war-related PTSD is accounted for by multiple chains of risk, while traumatic war experiences seem to be the only predictor of all three symptom clusters. Future research should put more emphasis on specific PTSD symptom clusters when investigating the etiopathogenesis of this disorder among war-affected populations.","Croatia, Posttraumatic stress disorder - PTSD, Socio-demographics, Subjective quality of life, War veterans","Lončar, M., Plašć, I. D., Bunjevac, T., Hrabać, P., Jakšić, N., Kozina, S., Henigsberg, N., Šagud, M., Marčinko, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3291,Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD: The role of complex PTSD on treatment outcome,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents an often chronic and debilitating mental illness resulting from exposure to trauma. Although the most compelling evidence for the treatment of PTSD is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), many patients experience residual functional impairment, or relapse, suggesting that this approach does not work for all cases of PTSD. Repeated severe trauma, particularly during development, might increase the risk for a more intricate clinical profile, called complex PTSD (CPTSD), which might contribute to poorer treatment response. The following provides a comprehensive summary of the evidence examining whether CPTSD symptomatology is related to poorer treatment outcome of CBT, reviews the literature on the treatment of CPTSD, and offers insights into current issues and future directions of the construct. © Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","affective behavioral impairment, childhood abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictors of outcome, refractory symptoms, refugee, residual symptoms, trauma","Lonergan, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3292,Pilot study to assess the viability of a rape trauma syndrome questionnaire,"Introduction: Studies have revealed that rape victims undergo a number of psychological symptoms following the attack, which constitute a specific syndrome termed the rape trauma syndrome (RTS). Evidence of the RTS has been admitted as scientific testimony in the prosecution of sexual offences and has been integral in their successful conviction. The present study aims to assess the viability of a questionnaire designed to identify the RTS in victims of alleged rape. Materials and Method: A 77-item rape trauma syndrome questionnaire (RTSQ) was developed and administered to 30 women who reported rape and 57 nurses who formed the control group. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Windows Version 6.0). Results: Statistical analysis suggested that the questionnaire was internally consistent and effective in uncovering significant differences between rape victims and controls in their experience of rape trauma symptoms. Rape victims scored significantly higher than controls on the RTS scale. Those who faked rape were also found to endorse a greater number of the rape trauma symptoms than actual rape victims, as well as a greater number of fictitious and unlikely symptoms. Conclusion: This pilot study confirmed the viability of the RTSQ and paves the way for a more rigorous examination of its reliability and validity. In the future, the questionnaire may be of use in ascertaining the veracity of victims' claims of rape in the conviction of sexual offences where circumstances are equivocal.","Alleged rape, Conviction, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sexual offences, Testimony","Long, F. Y., Pang, E., Kee, C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3293,The pharmacology and circuitry underlying stress enhanced fear learning in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating anxiety disorder that profoundly affects the lives of men and women worldwide. PTSD is characterized by exposure to an acute or traumatic stress that precipitates a number of psychological and physiological symptoms. There are many challenges that hinder the development of effective preventative and palliative treatments for PTSD such as co-morbidity with other anxiety disorders, major depression and substance abuse. Although brain regions associated with fear learning and memory have been implicated in PTSD, the neurobiological mechanisms by which normal fear learning becomes pathological is yet unresolved. Here we describe a stress sensitization model of PTSD in rodents that recapitulates several aspects of PTSD such as its resistance to extinction (the animal analog of cognitive/behavior therapy), resistance to pharmaco-therapy, long-term effects, and maladaptive fear response. Stress-enhanced Fear Learning (SEFL) is a model of PTSD that examines how normally adaptive fear learning becomes maladaptive. The SEFL model uses un-signaled, unpredictable foot-shocks to mimic and induce traumatic stress rather than tone-shock pairings used in typical Pavlovian conditioning procedures. The SEFL procedure consists of a 15 foot-shock traumatic experience followed 24 (or more) hours later by a single shock in a novel environment. Fear memory, indexed by freezing behavior, is tested in a novel environment on the following day where animals received the single foot-shock. When animals are tested for contextual fear memory of the novel environment they show a disproportionate amount of new fear to the single shock context. This enhancement of new fear learning is the primary characteristic of SEFL and defines the phenomena. Thus, SEFL models non-associative sensitization of fear that occurs subsequent to the initial trauma, demonstrating how prior experience of trauma modulates later fear learning. Using the behavioral phenomenon of SEFL as a measure of maladaptive fear we examine the effects of behavioral and pharmacological manipulations as well as begin to define the contributions of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Our findings suggest that SEFL is mediated by the BLA; functional inactivation of this region during trauma prevents SEFL. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DH normally contributes to SEFL but is not necessary for the phenomenon to occur. Finally, we show that SEFL is a robust behavioral effect that appears to be refractory to extinction of trauma-associated fear and pharmacological treatments used to treat anxiety and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Animal Learning, *Animal Models, *Fear, *Pharmacology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depression","Long, Virginia Ann",2011.0,,,0,0,
3294,Altered brain structural connectivity in post-traumatic stress disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging tractography study,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by dysfunction of several discrete brain regions such as medial prefrontal gyrus with hypoactivation and amygdala with hyperactivation. However, alterations of large-scale whole brain topological organization of structural networks remain unclear. Methods: Seventeen patients with PTSD in motor vehicle accident survivors and 15 normal controls were enrolled in our study. Large-scale structural connectivity network (SCN) was constructed using diffusion tensor tractography, followed by thresholding the mean factional anisotropy matrix of 90 brain regions. Graph theory analysis was then employed to investigate their aberrant topological properties. Results: Both patient and control group showed small-world topology in their SCNs. However, patients with PTSD exhibited abnormal global properties characterized by significantly decreased characteristic shortest path length and normalized characteristic shortest path length. Furthermore, the patient group showed enhanced nodal centralities predominately in salience network including bilateral anterior cingulate and pallidum, and hippocampus/parahippocamus gyrus, and decreased nodal centralities mainly in medial orbital part of superior frontal gyrus. Limitations: The main limitation of this study is the small sample of PTSD patients, which may lead to decrease the statistic power. Consequently, this study should be considered an exploratory analysis. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the notion that PTSD can be understood by investigating the dysfunction of large-scale, spatially distributed neural networks, and also provide structural evidences for further exploration of neurocircuitry models in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Motor Vehicles, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Cingulate Cortex, Amygdala, Brain, Hyperkinesis, Interneurons","Long, Zhiliang, Duan, XuJun, Xie, Bing, Du, Handan, Li, Rong, Xu, Qiang, Wei, Luqing, Zhang, Shao-xiang, Wu, Yi, Gao, Qing, Chen, Huafu",2013.0,,,0,0,
3295,Diagnostic efficacy of posttraumatic symptoms in children exposed to disaster,"Examined 5 conditional probability indices to determine the diagnostic efficacy of 48 symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 5,687 children exposed to Hurricane Hugo, of whom 5.5% had a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSS). Moderate levels of sensitivity and high levels of specificity were obtained for most symptoms. Odds ratios more precisely demonstrated that some Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) symptoms of PTSD, especially when combined, were useful for identifying children with PTSS but that anxiety symptoms and some DSM symptoms of PTSD had poor diagnostic utility. Satisfying criteria for the DSM-III-R numbing/avoidance cluster and symptoms from the numbing/avoidance cluster had the highest diagnostic efficacy, suggesting that avoidance may be the hallmark of severe posttraumatic reactions. These results suggest which symptoms should be conceptualized as central versus peripheral to the disorder and which symptoms and symptom combinations clinicians should attend to most when diagnosing or screening PTSD in children.","adolescent, anxiety, article, child, defense mechanism, disaster, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, psychometry, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity, statistics, United States","Lonigan, C. J., Anthony, J. L., Shannon, M. P.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3296,Children's reactions to a natural disaster: symptom severity and degree of exposure,"Self-report data for 5,687 children ranging in age from 9 to 19 years were collected approximately three months after Hurricane Hugo devastated the rural community where the children lived. Information about the children's perceptions of hurricane severity, degree of home damage suffered as a result of the hurricane, and hurricane-related parental job loss was used to categorize children into four levels of hurricane exposure. Reports of anxiety were obtained via the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and reports of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were obtained via the Reaction Index (RI). Significantly higher anxiety scores and significantly more PTSD symptomatology was found for children experiencing more or more severe exposure to the hurricane. Girls reported more anxiety and PTSD symptoms than boys, and black children were more likely than the white children to report PTSD symptomatology. Additionally, girls were more severely affected by increasing levels of hurricane exposure as indicated by their RI scores. These results indicate that, similar to adult and child victims of crime and adult victims of disaster, the development of PTSD symptoms in children exposed to a natural disaster is a function of the degree of exposure to the traumatic event. The results also suggest that children's trait negative affectivity may moderate the effects of exposure on the development of PTSD symptoms. © 1991.",,"Lonigan, C. J., Shannon, M. P., Finch Jr, A. J., Daugherty, T. K., Taylor, C. M.",1991.0,,10.1016/0146-6402(91)90002-R,0,0,
3297,Children exposed to disaster: Ii. risk factors for the development of post-traumatic symptomatology,"Objective: To examine the influence of subject and exposure variables on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and syndrome in children exposed to disaster. Method: Three months after Hurricane Hugo, 5,687 school-aged children were surveyed about their experiences and reactions to the hurricane. Self-reports of PTSD symptoms were obtained by use of a PTSD Reaction Index. Results: The presence of PTSD symptoms was strongly related to children’s reported severity of the hurricane, degree of home damage sustained, and continued displacement: However, children’s level of trait anxiety and their reported emotional reactivity during the hurricane were more strongly related to the presence of PTSD symptoms than were the exposure factors. Different sets of risk factors appeared to differentially influence the development of the three DSM-III-R PTSD symptom clusters. Little evidence for a differential effect of the risk factors between females and males and younger and older children was found. Conclu¬sions: Level of trait anxiety appears to be the single strongest risk for the development of severe post-traumatic reactions. The higher rate of post-traumatic symptoms in females and younger children in combination with the absence of differential reaction to the risk factors suggests that females and younger children are more likely to develop posttraumatic reactions following a disaster. © 1994 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","Disaster, PTSD, School-aged children, Trauma","Lonigan, C. J., Shannon, M. P., Taylor, C. M., Finch, A. J., Sallee, F. R.",1994.0,,,0,0,
3298,Children exposed to disaster: II. Risk factors for the development of post-traumatic symptomatology,"Objective: To examine the influence of subject and exposure variables on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and syndrome in children exposed to disaster. Method: Three months after Hurricane Hugo, 5,687 school-aged children were surveyed about their experiences and reactions to the hurricane. Self-reports of PTSD symptoms were obtained by use of a PTSD Reaction Index. Results: The presence of PTSD symptoms was strongly related to children's reported severity of the hurricane, degree of home damage sustained, and continued displacement; however, children's level of trait anxiety and their reported emotional reactivity during the hurricane were more strongly related to the presence of PTSD symptoms than were the exposure factors. Different sets of risk factors appeared to differentially influence the development of the three DSM-III-R PTSD symptom clusters. Little evidence for a differential effect of the risk factors between females and males and younger and older children was found. Conclusions: Level of trait anxiety appears to be the single strongest risk for the development of severe post-traumatic reactions. The higher rate of post-traumatic symptoms in females and younger children in combination with the absence of differential reaction to the risk factors suggests that females and younger children are more likely to develop posttraumatic reactions following a disaster.","disaster, PTSD, school-aged children, trauma","Lonigan, C. J., Shannon, M. P., Taylor, C. M., Finch Jr, A. J., Sallee, F. R.",1994.0,,,0,0,3297
3299,Childhood maltreatment and cluster B personality pathology in female serious offenders,"The authors examined early maltreatment among serious female offenders at a maximum-security correctional facility, contrasting the maltreatment histories of inmates with and without Cluster B personality pathology. Women were interviewed regarding the frequency of 13 indicators of psychological or physical abuse perpetrated by maternal or paternal caregivers and the frequency of 10 types of sexual abuse perpetrated by persons at least 5 years older. Reports were based on inmates' recollected worst years of maltreatment before age 16. Women in both diagnostic groups reported substantial early maltreatment. Cluster B inmates reported higher levels and a greater variety of maternal and paternal physical and psychological abuse but were not distinguished from non-Cluster B inmates on levels of childhood sexual abuse. Inmates reported more physical and psychological abuse from maternal than paternal caregivers. The results document the high levels of childhood maltreatment of female prisoners and the relevance of this history to personality pathology. (copyright) 2008 Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers.","adult, article, cognitive defect, female, human, human relation, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, psychological aspect, questionnaire, survivor, ""womens health""","Loper, A. B., Mahmoodzadegan, N., Warren, J. I.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3300,"Mental health, social functioning, and disability in postwar Afghanistan","Context: More than 2 decades of conflict have led to widespread human suffering and population displacement in Afghanistan. In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other collaborating partners performed a national population-based mental health survey in Afghanistan. Objective: To provide national estimates of mental health status of the disabled (any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner considered normal for a human being) and nondisabled Afghan population aged at least 15 years. Design, Setting, and Participants: A national multistage, cluster, population-based mental health survey of 799 adult household members (699 nondisabled and 100 disabled respondents) aged 15 years or older conducted from July to September 2002. Fifty district-level clusters were selected based on probability proportional to size sampling. One village was randomly selected in each cluster and 15 households were randomly selected in each village, yielding 750 households. Main Outcome Measures: Demographics, social functioning as measured by selected questions from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, depressive symptoms measured by the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25, trauma events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) measured by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and culture-specific symptoms of mental illness and coping mechanisms. Results: A total of 407 respondents (62.0%) reported experiencing at least 4 trauma events during the previous 10 years. The most common trauma events experienced by the respondents were lack of food and water (56.1%) for nondisabled persons and lack of shelter (69.7%) for disabled persons. The prevalence of respondents with symptoms of depression was 67.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 54.6%-80.7%) and 71.7% (95% CI, 65.0%-78.4%), and symptoms of anxiety 72.2% (95% CI, 63.8%-80.7%) and 84.6% (95% CI, 74.1%-95.0%) for nondisabled and disabled respondents, respectively. The prevalence of symptoms of PTSD was similar for both groups (nondisabled, 42.1%; 95% CI, 34.2%-50.1%; and disabled, 42.2%; 95% CI, 29.2%-55.2%). Women had significantly poorer mental health status than men did. Respondents who were disabled had significantly lower social functioning and poorer mental health status than those who were nondisabled. Feelings of hatred were high (84% of nondisabled and 81% of disabled respondents). Coping mechanisms included religious and spiritual practices; focusing on basic needs, such as higher income, better housing, and more food; and seeking medical assistance. Conclusions: In this nationally representative survey of Afghans, prevalence rates of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD were high. These data underscore the need for donors and health care planners to address the current lack of mental health care resources, facilities, and trained mental health care professionals in Afghanistan.","adolescent, adult, Afghanistan, anxiety disorder, article, coping behavior, cultural factor, demography, depression, disability, experience, female, hate, health care facility, health care need, health care planning, health practitioner, health survey, housing, human, income, major clinical study, male, medical care, mental disease, mental health, nutrition, posttraumatic stress disorder, poverty, priority journal, questionnaire, religion, resource allocation, social interaction, symptomatology, war","Lopes Cardozo, B., Bilukha, O. O., Gotway Crawford, C. A., Shaikh, I., Wolfe, M. I., Gerber, M. L., Anderson, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,996
3301,"Mental health survey among landmine survivors in Siem Reap province, Cambodia","Many survivors of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia and the subsequent war with Vietnam have now returned to Cambodia. In this two-stage household cluster survey in Siem Reap Province in Cambodia, we explored the mental health consequences on 166 landmine injury survivors selected from 1000 household in 50 clusters and an oversample of all landmine survivors. We found a prevalence of anxiety of 62% for all respondents, 74% for depression, and 34% for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These prevalences were statistically significantly higher than among the adult population who had not been injured by landmines. These data underscore the importance of providing mental health care services for the people in Siem Reap Province in Cambodia who have been injured by landmines. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","Cambodia, depression, landmine injury, landmines, mental health, PTSD","Lopes Cardozo, B., Blanton, C., Zalewski, T., Tor, S., McDonald, L., Lavelle, J., Brooks, R., Anderson, M., Mollica, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3302,"Mental health, social functioning, and feelings of hatred and revenge of Kosovar Albanians one year after the war in Kosovo","A cross-sectional cluster sample survey was conducted in June 2000 in Kosovo to assess the prevalence of mental health problems associated with traumatic experiences, feelings of hatred and revenge, and the level of social functioning among Kosovar Albanians approximately 1 year after the end of the war. Findings of the second cross-sectional survey were compared with those from our 1999 mental health survey in Kosovo. Included in the survey were 1399 Kosovar Albanians aged 15 years or older living in 593 randomly selected households across Kosovo. Twenty-five percent of respondents reported PTSD symptoms, compared with 17.1% in 1999. The MOS-20 social functioning score improved to 69.8 from 29.5 in 1999. In the 2000 survey 54% of men felt hatred toward the Serbs, compared with 88.7% in 1999.","adolescent, adult, anger, chronic disease, emotion, female, health survey, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, questionnaire, review, social aspect, violence, war, Yugoslavia","Lopes Cardozo, B., Kaiser, R., Gotway, C. A., Agani, F.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3303,"Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar Albanians following the war in Kosovo","Context: The 1998-1999 war in Kosovo had a direct impact on large numbers of civilians. The mental health consequences of the conflict are not known. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity associated with the war in Kosovo, to assess social functioning, and to identify vulnerable populations among ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional cluster sample survey conducted from August to October 1999 among 1358 Kosovar Albanians aged 15 years or older in 558 randomly selected households across Kosovo. Main Outcome Measures: Nonspecific psychiatric morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and social functioning using the General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28), Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 20 (MOS-20), respectively; feelings of hatred and a desire for revenge among persons surveyed as addressed by additional questions. Results: Of the respondents, 17.1% (95% confidence interval [Cl], 13.2%-21.0%) reported symptoms that met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for PTSD; total mean score on the GHQ-28 was 11.1 (95% Cl, 9.9-12.4). Respondents reported a high prevalence of traumatic events. There was a significant linear decrease in mental health status and social functioning with increasing amount of traumatic events (P(less-than or equal to).02 for all 3 survey tools). Populations at increased risk for psychiatric morbidity as measured by GHQ-28 scores were those aged 65 years or older (P=.006), those with previous psychiatric illnesses or chronic health conditions (P<.001 for both), and those who had been internally displaced (P=.009). Populations at risk for poorer social functioning were living in rural areas (P=.001), were unemployed (P=.046) or had a chronic illness (P=.01). Respondents scored highest on the physical functioning and role functioning subscales of the MOS-20 and lowest on the mental health and social functioning subscales. Eighty-nine percent of men and 90% of women reported having strong feelings of hatred toward Serbs. Fifty-one percent of men and 43 % of women reported strong feelings of revenge; 44% of men and 33% of women stated that they would act on these feelings. Conclusions: Mental health problems and impaired social functioning related to the recent war are important issues that need to be addressed to return the Kosovo region to a stable and productive environment.","adolescent, adult, aged, Albania, article, attitude, human, mental disease, mental health, morbidity, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, risk assessment, scoring system, social interaction, war","Lopes Cardozo, B., Vergara, A., Agani, F., Gotway, C. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3304,Why verbal psychotherapy is not enough to treat post traumatic stress disorder: A biosystemic approach to stress debriefing,"Clinical and common experience shows that the consequences of traumatic events (physical and sexual violence, natural or civil disasters, witnessing violent events, serious diseases or bereavements, etc.) on people's lives is one of the main causes of mental suffering. The prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is estimated to be as low as 0.5-1% (Frans, Rimmo, Aberg, & Fredrikson, 2005) and as high as 9.5% (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). It is clear the important role psychotherapy plays in facing similar conditions and restoring a state of wellness; hence the need for specific methodologies of intervention based on scientific evidence. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how mind-body techniques may usefully be integrated into psychotherapy protocols and can be used in the prevention and treatment of symptoms related to PTSD. These techniques may empower the 'body's innate intelligence' and improve self-regulation when addressing factors such as trauma, mind/body continuum, stored (unconscious) memories, arousal, and impulse seeking to complete truncated patterns (Levine, 1996; Naparstek, 2005; Scaer, 2005). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Debriefing (Psychological), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, Stress Reactions","Lopez, Giovanni",2011.0,,,0,0,
3305,"Abuse-related post-traumatic stress, coping, and tobacco use in pregnancy","Objective: To examine the relationship between trauma history, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), coping, and smoking in a diverse sample of pregnant women, some of whom are active smokers. Design: Secondary analysis from a prospective study on PTSD and pregnancy outcomes. Setting: Maternity clinics at three health systems in the midwestern United States. Participants: Women age 18 or older (1,547) interviewed at gestational age fewer than 28 weeks. Methods: Participants were classified at nonsmokers, quitters (stopped smoking during pregnancy), and pregnancy smokers. Demographic, trauma, and pregnancy factors, substance use, and use of tobacco to cope were compared across groups. Logistic regression assessed the influence of these factors on being a smoker versus a nonsmoker and a quitter versus a pregnancy smoker. Results: Smokers differed from nonsmokers on all demographic risk factors (being African American, being pregnant as a teen, having lower income and less education, and living in high-crime areas), had higher rates of current and lifetime PTSD, and were more likely to report abuse as their worst trauma. Pregnancy smokers had lower levels of education, were more likely to classify their worst trauma as ""extremely troubling,"" and were more likely to exhibit PTSD hyperarousal symptoms. In regression models, smoking ""to cope with emotions and problems"" doubled the odds of continuing to smoke while pregnant even after accounting for several relevant risk factors. Conclusion: Smoking behavior in pregnancy may be influenced by the need to cope with abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Clinicians should consider using trauma-informed interventions when working with tobacco-using pregnant women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Pregnancy, *Tobacco Smoking","Lopez, William D., Konrath, Sara H., Seng, Julia S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3306,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, smoking, and cortisol in a community sample of pregnant women","Background: The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the United States is higher among pregnant women than women generally. PTSD is related to adverse birth outcomes via physiological and behavioral alterations, such as smoking. Methods: We utilize salivary cortisol measures to examine how traumatic stress, smoking and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis interact. Pregnant women (n = 395) gave cortisol specimens as part of a cohort study of PTSD and pregnancy at three health systems in the Midwestern United States. Women were divided into three groups: nonsmokers, quitters (who stopped smoking during pregnancy), and pregnancy smokers. Mean cortisol values at three points, sociodemographics, trauma history, and PTSD were compared across groups. We assessed the association of smoking group and PTSD with late afternoon cortisol levels. Results: Smokers, quitters, and nonsmokers differed on demographic risk factors and PTSD symptom load. Late afternoon and bedtime cortisol measures were significantly positively correlated with smoking in pregnancy, with smokers with PTSD presenting the highest cortisol levels. Regression analysis showed that smoking in pregnancy was associated with higher late afternoon cortisol in an additive manner with PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Smoking appears to have a different relationship with cortisol level for those with and without PTSD. This is the first study to show additive effects of smoking and PTSD on cortisol levels in pregnant women. Since high cortisol, smoking, and PTSD have been shown to adversely affect perinatal outcomes, and since those continuing to smoke in pregnancy had the highest PTSD symptom load, PTSD-specific smoking cessation programs in maternity settings are warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Pregnancy, *Risk Factors, *Tobacco Smoking","Lopez, William D., Seng, Julia S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3307,Recovery trajectories of women with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders,"Over the past ten years interventions utilizing an integrated model of treatment for co-occurring PTSD and SUD in women have emerged to address the links between trauma and addiction. The current study applied a longitudinal, dynamic lens to 353 women dually diagnosed with SUD and PTSD in an effort to classify common trajectories of substance use during the first 12 months following treatment. As a secondary analysis of the largest behavioral trial to date for the concurrent treatment of PTSD and SUD in women (Hien et al., 2009), the present study utilized latent growth mixture models (LGMM) with multiple groups to estimate substance use patterns after treatment in order to further clarify the phenomenon of recovery for traumatized substance users. Results from the growth mixture analyses provided support for three distinct trajectories of use and recovery in the post-treatment year. Findings highlight the necessity of accounting for heterogeneity in post-treatment substance use and the relevance of incorporating methodologies like LGMM when evaluating treatment outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Addiction, *Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, Human Females, Treatment","Lopez-Castro, Teresa",2013.0,,,0,1,
3308,Pathways to change: Trajectories following treatment in women with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders,"Aims: High rates of relapse, heterogeneity, and nonlinearity in substance/alcohol use following treatment have underscored the need for clinical research to examine longitudinal trajectories of growth or decline. The present study evaluated the trajectories of substance/alcohol use in the 12 months following treatment in a sample of 353 women with co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A second, related aim was the exploration of associations between common trajectories and risk factors, treatment response, and post-treatment behaviors. Methods: Study re-analyzed data from the largest randomized, multi-site clinical trial to date for co-occurring SUDs and PTSD in women (National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network “Women and Trauma Study”). We utilized latent growth mixture models (LGMM) with multiple groups to estimate substance and alcohol use trajectories of 353 women with comorbid PTSD and SUDs who received six session of either Seeking Safety or Women's Health Education in addition to substance abuse treatment. LGMM was then employed to identify variables significantly associated with membership in each trajectory class. Results: LGMM analyses indicated the best fit model to consist of three distinct use patterns in the year following treatment: (1) a “light use” group (54.5%) with low likelihood and low frequency of use; (2) a “lapsing” group (23.6%) with high likelihood and low frequency; (3) a “relapsing” group (21.9%) with high likelihood and high frequency. PTSD treatment response, age, and follow up care were associated with specific trajectories. Conclusions: Study marks the first application of LGMM to investigate post-treatment substance/alcohol use trajectories in women with co-occurring PTSD and SUDs. Findings supported a 3-class trajectory model. Findings highlight the necessity of accounting for heterogeneity in post-treatment substance/alcohol use and the relevance of incorporating methodologies like LGMM when evaluating treatment outcomes.","human, female, college, drug dependence, substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, model, treatment response, relapse, clinical trial, follow up, clinical trial (topic), national health organization, health education, alcohol consumption, risk factor, safety, injury, clinical research, methodology, treatment outcome, nonlinear system","Lopez-Castro, T., Hu, M., Hien, D. A.",2015.0,,,0,1,
3309,Pathways to change: Use trajectories following trauma-informed treatment of women with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders,"INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Despite advances towards integration of care for women with co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), low abstinence rates following SUD/PTSD treatment remain the norm. The utility of investigating distinct substance use trajectories is a critical innovation in the detection and refining of effective interventions for this clinical population. DESIGN AND METHODS: The present study reanalysed data from the largest randomised clinical trial to date for co-occurring SUD and PTSD in women (National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network; Women and Trauma Study). Randomised participants (n = 353) received one of two interventions in addition to treatment as usual for SUD: (i) trauma-informed integrative treatment for PTSD/SUD; or (ii) an active control psychoeducation course on women's health. The present study utilised latent growth mixture models (LGMM) with multiple groups to estimate women's substance use patterns during the 12-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Findings provided support for three different trajectories of substance use in the post-treatment year: (i) consistently low likelihood and use frequency; (ii) consistently high likelihood and use frequency; and (iii) high likelihood and moderate use frequency. Covariate analyses revealed improvement in PTSD severity was associated with membership in a specific substance use trajectory, although receiving trauma-informed treatment was not. Additionally, SUD severity, age and after-care efforts were shown to be related to trajectory membership. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the necessity of accounting for heterogeneity in post-treatment substance use, relevance of trauma-informed care in SUD recovery and benefits of incorporating methodologies like LGMM when evaluating SUD treatment outcomes.","ClinicalTrials.gov, adult, complication, controlled study, female, health education, human, life event, middle aged, psychology, randomized controlled trial, posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction, treatment outcome, ""womens health""","López-Castro, T., Hu, M. C., Papini, S., Ruglass, L. M., Hien, D. A.",2015.0,,,0,1,
3310,An examination of the structural link between post-traumatic stress symptoms and chronic pain in the framework of fear-avoidance models,"Background: The tendency to respond with fear and avoidance can be seen as a shared vulnerability contributing to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain. Although several studies have examined which specific symptoms of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal) are associated with chronic pain, none has considered this association within the framework of fear-avoidance models. Methods: Seven hundred fourteen patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain were assessed. Of these, 149 patients were selected for the study based upon the following inclusion criteria: exposure to a traumatic event before the onset of pain (with scores equal to or higher than 8 points on the fear and hopelessness scales of the Stressful Life Event Screening Questionnaire Revised) and scores equal to or higher than 30 on the Davidson Trauma Scale. Results: Structural equation modelling was used to test the association between PTSD symptoms and pain outcomes (pain intensity and disability) using the mediating variables considered in the fear-avoidance models. The results show that emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms, but neither re-experiencing nor avoidance, affected pain outcome via anxiety sensitivity (AS), catastrophizing and fear of pain. PTSD symptoms increased the levels of AS, which predisposes to catastrophizing and, in turn, had an effect on the tendency of pain patients to respond with more fear and avoidance. Conclusions: This study provides empirical support for the potential role of PTSD symptoms in fear-avoidance models of chronic pain and suggests that AS is a relevant variable in the relationship between both disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Avoidance, *Chronic Pain, *Fear, *Symptoms, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Lopez-Martinez, A. E., Ramirez-Maestre, C., Esteve, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3311,A critical review of traumatic memory in children with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The memory processes play an important role in understanding the development and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review critically examines the empirical evidence concerning the trauma-memory argument in children. The studies show a mixed picture. There are some indications of adverse brain development and poor quality of memory in children and adolescents with PTSD. However, in contrast to adults, children with PTSD showed greater hippocampal volumes compared with control subjects. More research is needed before meaningful conclusions can be drawn about the relation between traumatic memory and PTSD in children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Development, *Childhood Development, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Disease Course","Lorenz, Elvira",2013.0,,,0,0,
3312,Do cognitive and exposure treatments improve various PTSD symptoms differently? A randomized controlled trial,"This study (part of a larger one whose main outcomes were reported by Marks, Lovell, Noshirvani, Thrasher, & Livanou, 1998) investigated the impact of exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring alone and combined on the individual symptoms of PTSD and on associated features. Exposure therapy was expected to act mainly on fear and avoidance, and cognitive restructuring mainly on detachment, restricted range of affect, and associated features of PTSD. Seventy-seven PTSD outpatients were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) exposure alone: 2) cognitive restructuring alone: 3) combined exposure and cognitive restructuring; or 4) relaxation (placebo control). The active treatments were superior to relaxation in improving clusters of PTSD symptoms and associated features and some but not all individual symptoms and associated features of PTSD. Exposure and cognitive restructuring improved almost all individual symptoms similarly.","Behavioural and cognitive treatments, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Treatment","Lovell, K., Marks, I. M., Noshirvani, H., Thrasher, S., Livanou, M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3313,The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories,,,"Lovibond, P. F., Lovibond, S. H.",1995.0,,10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U,0,0,
3314,Air medical evacuations from a developing world conflict zone,"Somalia has been without effective government for close to two decades, with more than 1 million people internally displaced. The political unrest persists, with United Nations-backed African Union peacekeeping forces supporting the Transitional National government of Sharif Ahmed, struggling to maintain control of central Mogadishu from Islamist extremist groups, such as the reportedly Al-Qaeda-backed Al-Shabab. The African Union force of 5,000 troops is predominantly of Ugandan and Burundian origin, making up the African Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) effort. However, its mandate is limited to operations only in Mogadishu, and it is unauthorized to actively pursue insurgents. As with other ongoing high-profile conflicts, African Union troops face an enemy that blends into the civilian populace, fighting with a lethal mixture of improvised explosive devices and suicide bombers. © 2011 Air Medical Journal Associates.",,"Low, A., Vadera, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3315,Frequencies and predictors of barriers to mental health service use: a longitudinal study of Hurricane Ike survivors,"Background: The majority of disaster survivors suffering from psychological symptoms do not receive mental health services. Research on barriers to service use among disaster survivors is limited by a lack of longitudinal studies of representative samples and investigations of predictors of barriers. The purpose of this study was to address these limitations through analysis of a three-wave population-based study of Hurricane Ike survivors (N = 658). Methods: Frequencies of preference, outcome expectancy, resource, and stigma barriers among participants with unmet mental health needs were documented and logistic regression using a generalized estimating equations approach explored predisposing (e.g., age), illness-related (e.g., posttraumatic stress) and enabling (e.g., insurance coverage) factors as predictors of each type of barrier. Results: Preference barriers were most frequently cited at each wave, whereas stigma barriers were least frequently cited. Older age and higher emotional support predicted preference barriers; being a parent of a child under 18-years old at the time of the hurricane, higher generalized anxiety, and lack of insurance predicted resource barriers; and higher posttraumatic stress predicted stigma barriers. Conclusions: These findings suggest that postdisaster practices targeting subpopulations most likely to have barriers to service use may be indicated. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Barriers to service use, Mental health services, Natural disasters, Posttraumatic stress, Stigma","Lowe, S. R., Fink, D. S., Norris, F. H., Galea, S.",2015.0,,10.1007/s00127-014-0908-y,0,0,
3316,Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Among Urban Residents,"Urban residents experience a wide range of traumatic events and are at increased risk of assaultive violence. Although previous research has examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) through latent class growth analysis (LCGA) among persons exposed to the same index events (e.g., a natural disaster), PTS trajectories have not been documented among urban residents. The aims of this study were to conduct LGCA with a sample of trauma survivors from Detroit, Michigan (N = 981), and to explore predictors of trajectory membership. Participants completed three annual telephone surveys, each of which included the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version. Four PTS trajectories were detected. Although the majority evidenced a trajectory of consistently few symptoms (Low: 72.5 %), 4.6 % were in a trajectory of chronic severe PTSD (High), and the remainder were in trajectories of consistently elevated, but generally subclinical, levels of PTS (Decreasing: 12.3 %; Increasing: 10.6 %). Socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., lower income), more extensive trauma history (e.g., childhood abuse), and fewer social resources (e.g., lower social support) were associated with membership in higher PTS trajectories, relative to the Low trajectory. The results suggest that efforts to reduce PTS in urban areas need to attend to socioeconomic vulnerabilities in addition to trauma history and risk for ongoing trauma exposure. © 2014 Society for Community Research and Action.","Latent class growth analysis, Non-Hispanic Blacks, Posttraumatic stress, Urban environment","Lowe, S. R., Galea, S., Uddin, M., Koenen, K. C.",2014.0,,,0,1,
3317,Mental health and general wellness in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike,"Exposure to natural disasters has been linked to a range of adverse outcomes, including mental health problems (e.g., posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS], depression), declines in role functioning (e.g., occupational difficulties), and physical health problems (e.g., somatic complaints). However, prior research and theory suggest that the modal postdisaster response in each of these domains is resilience, defined as low levels of symptoms or problems in a given outcome over time, with minimal elevations that are limited to the time period during the disaster and its immediate aftermath. However, the extent to which disaster survivors exhibit mental health wellness (resilience across multiple mental health conditions) or general wellness (resilience across mental health, physical health, and role functioning domains) remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to quantify mental health and general wellness, and to examine predictors of each form of wellness, in a three-wave population-based study of Hurricane Ike survivors (N=658). Latent class growth analysis was used to determine the frequency of resilience on four outcomes (PTSS: 74.9%; depression: 57.9%; functional impairment: 45.1%; days of poor health: 52.6%), and cross-tabulations were used to determine the frequency of mental health wellness (51.2%) and general wellness (26.1%). Significant predictors of both mental health and general wellness included lower peri-event emotional reactions and higher community-level collective efficacy; loss of sentimental possessions or pets and disaster-related financial loss were negative predictors of mental health wellness, and loss of personal property was a negative predictor of general wellness. The results suggest that studies focusing on a single postdisaster outcome may have overestimated the prevalence of mental health and general wellness, and that peri-event responses, personal property loss and collective efficacy have a cross-cutting influence across multiple domains of postdisaster functioning. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Mental health, Natural disasters, Physical health, Resilience, Role functioning, Wellness","Lowe, S. R., Joshi, S., Pietrzak, R. H., Galea, S., Cerdá, M.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.032,1,1,
3318,Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among low-income mothers who survived Hurricane Katrina,"Objective: The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) after Hurricane Katrina, and the role of demographics, predisaster psychological distress, hurricane-related stressors, and psychological resources (optimism and purpose) in predicting each. Method: Participants were 334 low-income mothers (82.0% non-Hispanic Black) living in the New Orleans area prior to Hurricane Katrina, who completed surveys in the year prior to the hurricane (T1 [Time 1]) and 1 and 3 years thereafter (T2 and T3). Results: Higher T2 and T3 PTS full-scale and symptom cluster subscales (Intrusion, Avoidance, and Hyperarousal) were significantly associated with higher T3 PTG, and participants who surpassed the clinical cutoff for probable posttraumatic stress disorder at both T2 and T3 had significantly higher PTG than those who never surpassed the clinical cutoff. Older and non-Hispanic Black participants, as well as those who experienced a greater number of hurricane-related stressors and bereavement, reported significantly greater T3 PTS and PTG. Participants with lower T2 optimism reported significantly greater T3 intrusive symptoms, whereas those with higher T1 and T2 purpose reported significantly greater T3 PTG. Conclusions: Based on the results, we suggest practices and policies with which to identify disaster survivors at greater risk for PTS, as well as longitudinal investigations of reciprocal and mediational relationships between psychological resources, PTS, and PTG. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Natural disasters, Optimism, Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, sense of purpose","Lowe, S. R., Manove, E. E., Rhodes, J. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3319,RORA and posttraumatic stress trajectories: main effects and interactions with childhood physical abuse history,"BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies of posttraumatic stress (PTS) have documented environmental factors as predictors of trajectories of higher, versus lower, symptoms, among them experiences of childhood physical abuse. Although it is now well-accepted that genes and environments jointly shape the risk of PTS, no published studies have investigated genes, or gene-by-environment interactions (GxEs), as predictors of PTS trajectories. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We examined associations between variants of the retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene and trajectory membership among a sample of predominantly non-Hispanic Black urban adults (N = 473). The RORA gene was selected based on its association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the first PTSD genome wide association study. Additionally, we explored GxEs between RORA variants and childhood physical abuse history. RESULTS: We found that the minor allele of the RORA SNP rs893290 was a significant predictor of membership in a trajectory of consistently high PTS, relatively to a trajectory of consistently low PTS. Additionally, the GxE of rs893290 with childhood physical abuse was significant. Decomposition of the interaction showed that minor allele frequency was more strongly associated with membership in consistently high or decreasing PTS trajectories, relative to a consistently low PTS trajectory, among participants with higher levels of childhood physical abuse. CONCLUSION: The results of the study provide preliminary evidence that variation in the RORA gene is associated with membership in trajectories of higher PTS and that these associations are stronger among persons exposed to childhood physical abuse. Replication and analysis of functional data are needed to further our understanding of how RORA relates to PTS trajectories.","Adult, Aged, Child, Child Abuse/*psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/*genetics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*genetics/psychology, Urban Health, Childhood physical abuse, gene-environment interaction, longitudinal survey, posttraumatic stress disorders, retinoid-related orphan receptor-alpha","Lowe, S. R., Meyers, J. L., Galea, S., Aiello, A. E., Uddin, M., Wildman, D. E., Koenen, K. C.",2015.0,Apr,10.1002/brb3.323,0,1,
3320,"Trajectories of psychological distress among low-income, female survivors of Hurricane Katrina","The purpose of this study was to investigate trajectories of psychological distress among low-income, primarily unmarried and African American women who survived Hurricane Katrina (N = 386). Data were collected in the year prior to the hurricane as well as approximately 1 and 3 years thereafter. Using Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA), we detected 6 distinct trajectory groups. Over half of the participants fit into a trajectory consistent with resilience; that is, they maintained low levels of psychological distress over the course of the study, but experienced an elevation in symptoms at the first predisaster time point followed by a return to predisaster levels. The other trajectories reflected a range of psychological responses to disasters and indicated that predisaster functioning had a major influence on postdisaster psychological outcomes. Degree of exposure to hurricane-related stressors, experiences of human and pet bereavement, perceived social support, and socioeconomic status were significant predictors of trajectory group membership. Implications for research and policy are discussed. © 2013 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Delayed distress, Disaster exposure, Displacement, Human bereavement, Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane survivors, Pet loss, Postdisaster psychological distress, Women","Lowe, S. R., Rhodes, J. E.",2013.0,,,0,1,
3321,Understanding Resilience and Other Trajectories of Psychological Distress: a Mixed-Methods Study of Low-Income Mothers Who Survived Hurricane Katrina,"Recent longitudinal studies in the aftermath of natural disasters have shown that resilience, defined as a trajectory of consistently low symptoms, is the modal experience, although other trajectories representing adverse responses, including chronic or delayed symptom elevations, occur in a substantial minority of survivors. Although these studies have provided insight into the prototypical patterns of postdisaster mental health, the factors that account for these patterns remain unclear. In the current analysis, we aimed to fill this gap through a mixed-methods study of female participants in the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) study. Latent class growth analysis identified six trajectories of psychological distress in the quantitative sample (n = 386). Qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with 54 participants identified predisaster, disaster-related and postdisaster experiences that could account for the trends in the quantitative data. In particular, preexisting and gains in psychosocial resources (e.g., emotion regulation, religiosity) and positive postdisaster impacts (e.g., greater neighborhood satisfaction, improved employment opportunities) were found to underlie resilience and other positive mental health outcomes. Conversely, experiences of childhood trauma, and pre and postdisaster stressors (e.g., difficulties in intimate partner relationships) were common among participants in trajectories representing adverse psychological responses. Illustrative case studies that exemplify each trajectory are presented. The results demonstrate the utility of mixed-methods analysis to provide a richer picture of processes underlying postdisaster mental health. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Case studies, Hurricane Katrina, Mental health, Mixed-methods analysis, Natural disasters, Resilience, Trajectory analysis","Lowe, S. R., Rhodes, J. E., Waters, M. C.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12144-015-9362-6,0,0,
3322,Psychological resilience after hurricane sandy: The influence of individual- and community-level factors on mental health after a large-scale natural disaster,"Several individual-level factors are known to promote psychological resilience in the aftermath of disasters. Far less is known about the role of community-level factors in shaping postdisaster mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of both individual- and community-level factors on resilience after Hurricane Sandy. A representative sample of household residents (N = 418) from 293 New York City census tracts that were most heavily affected by the storm completed telephone interviews approximately 13-16 months postdisaster. Multilevel multivariable models explored the independent and interactive contributions of individual- and community-level factors to posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms. At the individual-level, having experienced or witnessed any lifetime traumatic event was significantly associated with higher depression and posttraumatic stress, whereas demographic characteristics (e.g., older age, non-Hispanic Black race) and more disaster-related stressors were significantly associated with higher posttraumatic stress only. At the community-level, living in an area with higher social capital was significantly associated with higher posttraumatic stress. Additionally, higher community economic development was associated with lower risk of depression only among participants who did not experience any disaster-related stressors. These results provide evidence that individual-and community-level resources and exposure operate in tandem to shape postdisaster resilience. © 2015 Lowe et al.",,"Lowe, S. R., Sampson, L., Gruebner, O., Galea, S.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0125761,0,0,
3323,Trajectories of perceived social support among low-income female survivors of Hurricane Katrina,"The purpose of this study was to explore trajectories of perceived social support among low-income women who survived Hurricane Katrina, and were surveyed prior to the hurricane and approximately one and four years thereafter (N = 562). Latent class growth analysis provided evidence of the following four trajectories of perceived support: High Increasing (35.9%), High Decreasing (20.3%), Low Stable (41.1%), and Low Decreasing (2.7%). Bereavement was significantly predictive of membership in the Low Stable trajectory, relative to the High Increasing and High Decreasing trajectories. Higher psychological distress and indicators of greater social network size, density, and closeness were significantly predictive of membership in the Low Decreasing trajectory, relative to the High Increasing and High Decreasing trajectories. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","Hurricane Katrina, latent class growth analysis, low-income women, natural disasters, perceived social support, psychological distress, social networks","Lowe, S. R., Willis, M.",2015.0,,10.1177/0265407514558958,0,0,
3324,Post-traumatic stress reactions in victims of motor accidents,"This article assesses the incidence and types of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), causes and symptoms of the condition, diagnosis and assessment, treatment, and prediction of litigation as well as remission. Two questions of particular interest to the legal professional are considered: the length of time and other factors needed for the prediction of post-traumatic stress and the time elapsing before normal patterns of behaviour reoccur. Also discussed is the difference in the prevalence of PTSD in the sexes. Physical injuries both to the brain and to other parts of the body, specifically whiplash, are assessed. A number of case studies for post-traumatic stress are analysed and predictions for successfully applied treatment are provided. There is also a section dealing specifically with the effect of post-traumatic stress on children. On the whole, PTSD has been found to be related, neither to type of accident nor severity of physical injuries but rather to the child's perception of the accident as having been life-threatening. From the results of the research, it was noted that girls were more likely than boys to develop this disorder, and that such treatment approaches as psychotherapy and, most importantly, cognitive behaviour therapy, should be used. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, *Victimization","Lowenstein, L. F.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3325,"Posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: Exploring the relationship between symptom clusters, quality of life, and treatment goals","Using archival data obtained from two larger, randomized controlled noninferiority studies (i.e., Veterans Telemedicine Outreach for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Services [VTOPS], Telemedicine for Improved Delivery of Psychosocial Treatments for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/San Diego Telemedicine Exposure Project [STEP]), this study investigated relationships among PTSD symptomology, perceived quality of life, and treatment goals for veterans with PTSD (N = 318). PTSD symptom cluster scores were evaluated using the emotional numbing PTSD model developed by King, Leskin, King, and Weathers (1998), conceptualizing PTSD by four symptom clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal. Results demonstrated a significant, negative correlation between overall PTSD severity and quality of life. Regression models indicated that increases in the severity of re-experiencing symptoms significantly predicted deficits in physical quality of life, whereas emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms were associated with impairments in mental health quality of life. Veterans with PTSD primarily identified goals related to coping with specific problems and symptoms associated with PTSD, followed by goals addressing interpersonal issues, personal growth, and general well-being and functioning, respectively. However, treatment goal types typically did not have a significant association with PTSD symptom cluster severity, except that increased re-experiencing symptoms appeared to result in veterans with PTSD having difficulties identifying treatment goals. Comparisons of treatment goals for individuals with anxiety, depression, and veterans in the current study suggest PTSD is uniquely different from anxiety and depressive disorders. Clinically, treatments focusing on symptom relief appear to address the primary needs and preferences of veterans with PTSD, although quality of life remains an important area to consider when treating PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Self Concept, *Symptoms, *Telemedicine, Major Depression, Military Veterans","Lowrey, Kyle Daniel",2015.0,,,0,0,
3326,Effects of a formula of components from Shengmai powder on glucocorticoid receptor in rats after thermal injury,"Objective: To investigate the effects of a formula of components from Shengmai Powder, a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in rats after thermal injury. Methods: A total of 32 male SD rats were randomly assigned into normal control group, untreated group, ginsenosides group and components group, with 8 rats in each group. Rats in the normal control group were intragastrically administered with normal saline (NS) at room temperature once daily. Rats in the untreated group were treated with NS before thermal injury, and rats in the components group and ginsenosides group were once daily treated with a mixture of aqueous extracts of Ophiopogonis Japoni, Fructus schizandrae Chinensis and ginsenosides and ginsenosides respectively. Rats were administered for one week. After the last administration, rats in the untreated group and treated groups underwent thermal injury for one hour, and then were sacrificed immediately by decapitation. Blood serum was collected, and the serum corticosterone (CS) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) respectively. The liver, lung and kidney homogenates were used to determine the GR binding capacity by radioligand receptor binding assay. The results were analyzed by one point analysis. Results: GR binding capacities in liver, lung and kidney cytosols in the untreated group were obviously lower than those in the normal control group (P<0.01). The GR binding capacities in the liver and lung cytosols in the components group and the ginsenosides group were significantly higher than those in the untreated group (P<0.01), but no significant difference was found in kidney cytosol. Compared with the ginsenosides group, GR binding capacity in liver cytosol in the components group was increased (P<0.01), but there were no noticeable differences when compared with the GR binding capacities in lung and kidney cytosols. Serum CS and ACTH levels of the normal rats were (66±16) μg/L and (59±18) ng/L respectively. There were significant differences in CS and ACTH levels between the normal control group and the other groups (P<0.01), in which the serum CS and ACTH levels were (113±33) μg/L and (125±20) ng/L, (123± 26) μg/L and (110±30) ng/L and (118±17) μg/L and (115±35) ng/L respectively. But there was no significant difference between the untreated group and the other treated groups. Conclusion: The formula of components from Shengmai Powder can enhance the effect of ginsenosides in upregulating GR in rats after thermal injury.","Component formula, Ginsenosides, Glucocorticoid receptor, Rats, Shengmai powder, Thermal injury","Lu, X., Cheng, B. B., Ling, C. Q., Yue, X. Q., Li, B.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3327,Bayesian inference for growth mixture models with latent class dependent missing data,"Growth mixture models (GMMs) with nonignorable missing data have drawn increasing attention in research communities but have not been fully studied. The goal of this article is to propose and to evaluate a Bayesian method to estimate the GMMs with latent class dependent missing data. An extended GMM is first pre- sented in which class probabilities depend on some observed explanatory variables and data missingness depends on both the explanatory variables and a latent class variable. A full Bayesian method is then proposed to estimate the model. Through the data augmentation method, conditional posterior distributions for all model parameters and missing data are obtained. A Gibbs sampling procedure is then used to generate Markov chains of model parameters for statistical inference. The application of the model and the method is first demonstrated through the analysis of mathematical ability growth data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 1997). A simulation study considering 3 main factors (the sample size, the class probability, and the missing data mechanism) is then conducted and the results show that the proposed Bayesian estimation approach performs very well under the studied conditions. Finally, some implications of this study, including the misspecified missingness mechanism, the sample size, the sensitivity of the model, the number of latent classes, the model comparison, and the future directions of the approach, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Inference, *Statistical Data, *Statistical Probability, Models","Lu, Zhenqiu Laura, Zhang, Zhiyong, Lubke, Gitta",2011.0,,,0,0,
3328,Efficacy of psychoeducational group therapy in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among multiply traumatized women,"Objective: The role of group therapy in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been traditionally restricted to issues of self- esteem and interpersonal relationships, rather than primary symptoms of the disorder. In this study, the authors examined the effectiveness of a 16-week trauma-focused, cognitive-behavioral group therapy, named Interactive Psychoeducational Group Therapy, in reducing primary symptoms of PTSD in five groups (N=29) of multiply traumatized women diagnosed with chronic PTSD. Method: The authors made assessments at baseline, at 1-month intervals during treatment, at termination, and at 6-month follow-up by using self-report and structured interview measures of PTSD and psychiatric symptoms. The absence of a control group limits the conclusions drawn from the study. Results: At termination, subjects showed significant reductions in all three clusters of PTSD symptoms (i.e., reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) and in depressive symptoms; they showed near-significant reductions in general psychiatric and dissociative symptoms, at termination. These improvements were sustained at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: The role of group therapy in PTSD treatment should not be prematurely restricted to addressing self- esteem and interpersonal dimensions only. The use of structured, cognitive- behavioral elements within the group format may allow for more targeted treatment of core symptoms of the disorder.",,"Lubin, H., Loris, M., Burt, J., Johnson, D. R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3329,Distinguishing between latent classes and continuous factors with categorical outcomes: Class invariance of parameters of factor mixture models,"Factor mixture models are latent variable models with categorical and continuous latent variables that can be used as a model-based approach to clustering. A previous article covered the results of a simulation study showing that in the absence of model violations, it is usually possible to choose the correct model when fitting a series of models with different numbers of classes and factors within class. The response format in the first study was limited to normally distributed outcomes. This article has 2 main goals, first, to replicate parts of the first study with 5-point Likert scale and binary outcomes, and second, to address the issue of testing class invariance of thresholds and loadings. Testing for class invariance of parameters is important in the context of measurement invariance and when using mixture models to approximate nonnormal distributions. Results show that it is possible to discriminate between latent class models and factor models even if responses are categorical. Comparing models with and without class-specific parameters can lead to incorrectly accepting parameter invariance if the compared models differ substantially with respect to the number of estimated parameters. The simulation study is complemented with an illustration of a factor mixture analysis of 10 binary depression items obtained from a female subsample of the Virginia Twin Registry. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cluster Analysis, *Models, *Simulation, *Statistical Estimation","Lubke, Gitta, Neale, Michael",2008.0,,,0,0,
3330,"Modular Approach to Therapy for Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems in outpatient child and adolescent mental health services in New Zealand: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","Background: Mental health disorders are common and disabling for young people because of the potential to disrupt key developmental tasks. Implementation of evidence-based psychosocial therapies in New Zealand is limited, owing to the inaccessibility, length, and cost of training in these therapies. Furthermore, most therapies address one problem area at a time, although comorbidity and changing clinical needs commonly occur in practice. A more flexible approach is needed. The Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems (MATCH-ADTC) is designed to overcome these challenges; it provides a range of treatment modules addressing different problems, within a single training program. A clinical trial of MATCH-ADTC in the USA showed that MATCH-ADTC outperformed usual care and standard evidence-based treatment on several clinical measures. We aim to replicate these findings and evaluate the impact of providing training and supervision in MATCH-ADTC to: (1) improve clinical outcomes for youth attending mental health services; (2) increase the amount of evidence-based therapy content; (3) increase the efficiency of service delivery. Methods: This is an assessor-blinded multi-site effectiveness randomized controlled trial. Randomization occurs at two levels: (1) clinicians (≥60) are randomized to intervention or usual care; (2) youth participants (7-14 years old) accepted for treatment in child and adolescent mental health services (with a primary disorder that includes anxiety, depression, trauma-related symptoms, or disruptive behavior) are randomly allocated to receive MATCH-ADTC or usual care. Youth participants are recruited from 'mainstream', Maori-specific, and Pacific-specific child and adolescent mental health services. We originally planned to recruit 400 youth participants, but this has been revised to 200 participants. Centralized computer randomization ensures allocation concealment. The primary outcome measures are: (i) the difference in trajectory of change of clinical severity between groups (using the parent-rated Brief Problem Monitor); (ii) clinicians' use of evidence-based treatment procedures during therapy sessions; (iii) total time spent by clinicians delivering therapy. Discussion: If MATCH-ADTC demonstrates effectiveness it could offer a practical efficient method to increase access to evidence-based therapies, and improve outcomes for youth attending secondary care services. Trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000297628. © 2015 Lucassen et al.","Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Conduct problems, Depression, Disruptive behavioral disorder, Effectiveness, Evidence-based treatments, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Randomized controlled trial","Lucassen, M. F. G., Stasiak, K., Crengle, S., Weisz, J. R., Frampton, C. M. A., Bearman, S. K., Ugueto, A. M., Herren, J., ""Cribb-Sua, A."", Faleafa, M., ""Kingi-Uluave, D."", Loy, J., Scott, R. M., Hartdegen, M., Merry, S. N.",2015.0,,10.1186/s13063-015-0982-9,0,0,
3331,Psychological reactions in subjects with limb amputation: A review,"The aim of this paper is to clarify the current state of knowledge on psychological adjustment post-amputation, providing a critical analysis of methodological issues and illus trating some tools specifically ideated to investigate psychosocial problems faced by amputees. Research results show the presence of significant anxiety-depressive symptoms in the short period after the trauma, as well as at a distance of several years. However, some potentially critical phase, such as the period immediately after discharge from rehabilitation centers in which the support of therapy is reduced, remain insufficiently explored. Due to the complex nature of the adjustment process to limb loss, several authors have highlighted the need for further longitudinal studies to investigate the evolution of psychological reactions in different stages of rehabilitation and prosthetic fitting, in short-and long-term postamputation. Consider not only medical-prosthetic factors, but also psychosocial ones is relevant for both research and clinical practice.","Adjustment, Anxiety, Depression, Limb amputation, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Luchetti, M., Cutti, A. G., Montebarocci, O., Verni, G., Rossi, N. C. F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3332,"Comparison of concussive symptoms, cognitive performance, and psychological symptoms between acute blast-versus nonblast-induced mild traumatic brain injury","Blast-related head injuries are one of the most prevalent injuries among military personnel deployed in service of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Although several studies have evaluated symptoms after blast injury in military personnel, few studies compared them to nonblast injuries or measured symptoms within the acute stage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Knowledge of acute symptoms will help deployed clinicians make important decisions regarding recommendations for treatment and return to duty. Furthermore, differences more apparent during the acute stage might suggest important predictors of the long-term trajectory of recovery. This study evaluated concussive, psychological, and cognitive symptoms in military personnel and civilian contractors (N = 82) diagnosed with mild TBI (mTBI) at a combat support hospital in Iraq. Participants completed a clinical interview, the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric (ANAM), PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M), Behavioral Health Measure (BHM), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) within 72 hr of injury. Results suggest that there are few differences in concussive symptoms, psychological symptoms, and neurocognitive performance between blast and nonblast mTBIs, although clinically significant impairment in cognitive reaction time for both blast and nonblast groups is observed. Reductions in ANAM accuracy were related to duration of loss of consciousness, not injury mechanism. (JINS, 2011, 17,36-45 ) © Copyright 2010. The International Neuropsychological Society 2010.","Blast injuries, Brain concussion, Brain injuries/psychology, Cognition disorder, Military personnel, Neuropsychological tests","Luethcke, C. A., Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Isler, W. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3333,"Exposure, probable PTSD and lower respiratory illness among World Trade Center rescue, recovery and clean-up workers","Background Thousands of rescue and recovery workers descended on the World Trade Center (WTC) in the wake of the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 (9/11). Recent studies show that respiratory illness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the hallmark health problems, but relationships between them are poorly understood. The current study examined this link and evaluated contributions of WTC exposures.Method Participants were 8508 police and 12 333 non-traditional responders examined at the WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program (WTC-MMTP), a clinic network in the New York area established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore patterns of association among exposures, other risk factors, probable WTC-related PTSD [based on the PTSD Checklist (PCL)], physician-assessed respiratory symptoms arising after 9/11 and present at examination, and abnormal pulmonary functioning defined by low forced vital capacity (FVC).Results Fewer police than non-traditional responders had probable PTSD (5.9% v. 23.0%) and respiratory symptoms (22.5% v. 28.4%), whereas pulmonary function was similar. PTSD and respiratory symptoms were moderately correlated (r=0.28 for police and 0.27 for non-traditional responders). Exposure was more strongly associated with respiratory symptoms than with PTSD or lung function. The SEM model that best fit the data in both groups suggested that PTSD statistically mediated the association of exposure with respiratory symptoms.Conclusions Although longitudinal data are needed to confirm the mediation hypothesis, the link between PTSD and respiratory symptoms is noteworthy and calls for further investigation. The findings also support the value of integrated medical and psychiatric treatment for disaster responders. © Cambridge University Press 2011.","9/11, disaster responders, exposure, mediate, post-traumatic stress disorder, respiratory conditions, risk factors, World Trade Center","Luft, B. J., Schechter, C., Kotov, R., Broihier, J., Reissman, D., Guerrera, K., Udasin, I., Moline, J., Harrison, D., Friedman-Jimenez, G., Pietrzak, R. H., Southwick, S. M., Bromet, E. J.",2012.0,,10.1017/S003329171100256X,0,0,
3334,"Traumatic impact of a fire disaster on survivors - A 25-year follow-up of the 1978 hotel fire in Borås, Sweden","The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term psychological and mental health outcomes among survivors of a disastrous hotel fire. A 25-year follow-up investigation among adolescent and young adult survivors of a fire disaster was conducted in Boras, Sweden. A self-evaluation questionnaire and four self-rating scales - the IES-22, PTSS-10, GHQ-28 and SoC - were sent by mail to the participants. The results from the self-reported data showed low levels of psychiatric illness. Moreover, the respondents reported a low level of traumatic stress symptoms. More than 50% of the participants stated that the fire had a determining effect on their lives. Sixteen (21.3%) respondents indicated that the fire still had an impact on their daily lives. Differences between men and women were reported in most of the self-rating scales. The results indicate that a traumatizing experience (such as a fire disaster) still had a small effect on psychological health in a long-term perspective.","Bereavement, Fire disaster, Follow-up study, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Lundin, T., Jansson, L.",2007.0,,10.1080/08039480701773329,0,0,
3335,"Attachment to therapist, the working alliance, and emotional processing of traumatic material in session among veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder","Combat related posttraumatic stress (PTSD) continues to be a pervasive phenomenon, and world-wide PTSD rates are rising. Although a number of treatment approaches are utilized to address traumatic stress, veterans diagnosed with this disorder often have PTSD symptoms decades after the original combat trauma. Emotional processing appears to be a critical component in most effective treatments for PTSD. However, many veterans are unable to engage in this activity. Theory and research suggest that a secure attachment to the therapist and a strong working alliance will facilitate readiness to process emotional material in session. Sixty-eight self-selecting veterans diagnosed with combat-related PTSD were administered the Client Attachment to Therapist Scale (CATS), the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF), the Post-traumatic Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M), the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment scale (URICA), and a demographic questionnaire to examine the possible associations between adult attachment, the working alliance, and readiness to process traumatic material in session. Results suggest that fostering a strong, secure emotional bond may play a central role in working with veterans with posttraumatic stress. Veterans' attachment to their therapists appears to affect whether there will be agreement on the goals and tasks of therapy, as well as motivation to carry out these tasks. Motivational interviewing may be a useful tool to assist veterans in weighing the pros and cons of addressing their PTSD. Limitations of the study and future research were also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Therapeutic Alliance, *Therapists, *Trauma, Diagnosis, Emotional States","Lunsford Peterman, Tina",2012.0,,,0,0,
3336,Relationships between psychopathological and demographic variables and posttraumatic growth among holocaust survivors,"The relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, anxiety, and vulnerability, as well as demographic differences in growth was examined in a group of 23 Holocaust survivors. The posttraumatic growth aspect of spiritual change was found to correlate positively and significantly with the PTSD symptom clusters of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Numerous demographic variables were also found to relate to posttraumatic growth including survivors' age during the Holocaust; the nature of their Holocaust experiences; and whether they were ever alone, without family, during their Holocaust experiences as well as survivor support group membership. © 2008 SAGE Publications.","Holocaust survivors, Posttraumatic growth","Lurie-Beck, J. K., Liossis, P., Gow, K.",2008.0,,,0,1,
3337,The General Self- Efficacy Scale: Multicultural validation studies,,,"Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., Schwarzer, R.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
3338,Behavioural sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Protocol for a prospective cohort study,"Introduction: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly experience behavioural sleep problems, yet these difficulties are not routinely assessed and managed in this group. Presenting with similar symptoms to ADHD itself, sleep problems are complex in children with ADHD and their aetiology is likely to be multifactorial. Common internalising and externalising comorbidities have been associated with sleep problems in children with ADHD; however, this relationship is yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, limited longitudinal data exist on sleep problems in children with ADHD, thus their persistence and impact remain unknown. In a diverse sample of children with ADHD, this study aims to: (1) quantify the relationship between sleep problems and internalising and externalising comorbidities; (2) examine sleep problem trajectories and risk factors; and (3) examine the longitudinal associations between sleep problems and child and family functioning over a 12-month period. Methods and analysis: A prospective cohort study of 400 children with ADHD (150 with no/mild sleep problems, 250 with moderate/severe sleep problems) recruited from paediatric practices across Victoria, Australia. The children's parents and teacher provide data at baseline and 6-month and 12-month post enrolment. Key measures: Parent report of child's sleep problem severity (no, mild, moderate, severe); specific sleep domain scores assessed using the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire; internalising and externalising comorbidities assessed by the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children IV/Parent version. Analyses: Multiple variable logistic and linear regression models examining the associations between key measures, adjusted for confounders identified a priori. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval has been granted. Findings will contribute to our understanding of behavioural sleep problems in children with ADHD. Clinically, they could improve the assessment and management of sleep problems in this group. We will seek to publish in leading paediatric journals, present at conferences and inform Australian paediatricians through the Australian Paediatric Research Network.",,"Lycett, K., Sciberras, E., Mensah, F. K., Gulenc, A., Hiscock, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3339,"MMPI, MMPI-2 and PTSD: Overview of scores, scales, and profiles","A number of issues should be considered when applying profile interpretations and subscales derived from the original MMPI. These issues and the overall utility of the MMPI-2 for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) evaluations are summarized. The Keane PTSD scale is found to be an effective tool for differential diagnosis when a cut-off score of 28 is used. The Schlenger PTSD scale warrants additional study. Various MMPI-2 validity scales are useful in detecting malingering, but concurrence regarding cut- off scores is lacking. The 2-8/8-2 MMPI PTSD profile does not emerge as consistently on the MMPI-2 as it did on the MMPI, due to the frequent elevation of scale 7 on the MMPI-2.","article, human, intermethod comparison, mental stress, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, rating scale, scoring system","Lyons, J. A., Wheeler-Cox, T.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3340,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) The ""diathesis-stress"" model has been an influential approach for conceptualizing mental disorders. It reconciles the roles of nature and nurture in the etiology of a disorder. ""Diathesis"" refers to a predisposition, tendency, or pre-existing vulnerability to develop a disorder when the individual is exposed to an environmental stressor. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a quintessential example of a diathesis stress phenomenon because it describes a process in which an individual reacts to an environmental stressor by developing a mental disorder (PTSD). This chapter provides some background about PTSD and reviews the evidence for the role of genetic factors as a diathesis for PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diathesis Stress Model, *Etiology, *Genetics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Models, Environment","Lyons, Michael J., Zink, Tyler, Koenen, Karestan C.",2012.0,,,0,0,42
3341,The neurobiological role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in recovery from trauma: Longitudinal brain imaging study among survivors of the South Korean subway disaster,"Context: A multiwave longitudinal neuroimaging study in a cohort of direct survivors of a South Korean subway disaster, most of whom recovered from posttraumatic stress disorder 5 years after trauma, provided a unique opportunity to investigate the brain correlates of recovery from a severe psychological trauma. Objectives: To investigate region-specific brain mobilization during successful recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder by assessing cortical thickness multiple times from early after trauma to recovery, and to examine whether a brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphism was associated with this brain mobilization. Design: Five-year follow-up case-control study conducted from 2003-2007. Setting: Seoul National University and Hospital. Participants: Thirty psychologically traumatized disaster survivors and 36 age- and sex-matched control group members recruited from the disaster registry and local community, respectively, who contributed 156 highresolution brain magnetic resonance images during 3 waves of assessments. Main Outcome Measures: Cerebral cortical thickness measured in high-resolution anatomic magnetic resonance images using a validated cortical thickness analysis tool and its prospective changes from early after trauma to recovery in trauma-exposed individuals and controls. Results: Trauma-exposed individuals had greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortical (DLPFC) thickness 1.42 years after trauma (right DLPFC, 5.4%; left superior frontal cortex, 5.8%; and left inferior frontal cortex, 5.3% [all clusters, P≤.01]) relative to controls. Thicknesses gradually normalized over time during recovery. We found a positive linear trend, with trauma-exposed individuals with a valine/valine genotype having the greatest DLPFC cortical thickness, followed by those with a methionine genotype and controls (P<.001 for trend). Greater DLPFC thickness was associated with greater posttraumatic stress disorder symptom reductions and better recovery. Conclusion: The DLPFC region might play an important role in psychological recovery from a severely traumatic event in humans. ©2011 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Lyoo, I. K., Kim, J. E., Yoon, S. J., Hwang, J., Bae, S., Kim, D. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3342,Risk indicators for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China,"In Chinese adolescents exposed to the Wenchuan earthquake, we used the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) as the screening tool, and Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to assess the cognitive status and their social supports, to evaluate the prevalence and the predictors variables of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the Wenchuan earthquake in China, which occurred on 12 May 2008. Subjects with a CRIES score greater than 30 were interviewed and assessed using the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD diagnosis by a trained psychiatrist with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Lifetime version (Kiddie-SADS-L). We found the overall prevalence of PTSD was 2.5% in 3208 adolescents from the surrounding areas of the epicentre 6months after the earthquake. Risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms are as follows: being female, being buried/injured during the earthquake, having parents who were severely injured, having classmate(s) who died, having a house destroyed, and witnessing someone buried/wounded/dying during the earthquake. Individuals with better social support had significantly lower scores on the CRIES. There were significant differences in cognitive style between individuals at low risk for PTSD (CRIES<30) and those at high risk for PTSD (CRIES>30). Post-traumatic cognition emerged as an important factor that was associated with PTSD reactions in children. Social support can lessen the impact of a natural disaster by affecting post-traumatic cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Cognitions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Social Support","Ma, Xiaohong, Liu, Xiang, Hu, Xun, Qiu, Changjian, Wang, Yingcheng, Huang, Yi, Wang, Qiang, Zhang, Wei, Li, Tao",2011.0,,,0,0,
3343,Experiential avoidance mediates the association between behavioral inhibition and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Despite the large body of research on the risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), few studies have examined specific personality factors that may be associated with risk for PTSD or the potential mechanisms that may underlie the association between personality and PTSD. Thus, this study sought to examine the relation between the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), a motivational brain-based system associated with the experience of anxiety, and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) status. Further, we examined the mediating role of experiential avoidance in the relation between BIS sensitivity and PTSD. Participants included 291 undergraduates who indicated they had experienced a potentially traumatic event at some point in their life. As expected, significant associations were found between BIS sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and probable PTSD status. Results indicated that BIS scores significantly predicted probable PTSD status above and beyond other relevant covariates, including anxiety symptom severity. Further, this association was found to be fully mediated by experiential avoidance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Anxiety, Avoidance, Inhibition (Personality), Personality Traits","Maack, Danielle J., Tull, Matthew T., Gratz, Kim L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3344,Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: A review,"Although the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is high among those with severe mental illness, little is known about the use of interventions to lessen the burden of PTSD in this population. Currently, there are limited data about safe and effective interventions to treat these individuals. This systematic published work review presents the scientific published work reporting studies of psychological treatment approaches for individuals with comorbid PTSD and severe mental illness. A secondary aim of this study was to identify the specific models implemented and tested, and their impact upon patient outcomes. A review of the published work from January 2001 through January 2012 of English-language publications retrieved from the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, and the American Psychological Association generated abstracts (PsycINFO) databases was conducted. Six studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The treatment programs described were cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychoeducation, exposure-based cognitive-behavioural therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Evidence of the effectiveness of these programs is examined. Data to support the use of these interventions are limited, indicating the need for further research and efficacy trials. Future areas of research and implications for nursing are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), Databases, Treatment","Mabey, Linda, van Servellen, Gwen",2014.0,,,0,0,
3345,Trajectories of depression following spousal and child bereavement: A comparison of the heterogeneity in outcomes,"Our understanding of how individuals react to the loss of a close loved one comes largely from studies of spousal bereavement. The extent to which findings are relevant to other bereavements is uncertain. A major methodological limitation of current studies has been a reliance on retrospective reporting of functioning and use of samples of individuals who have self-selected for participant in grief research. To address these limitations, in the current study we applied Latent Growth Mixture Modelling (LGMM) in a prospective population-based sample to identify trajectories of depression following spousal and child bereavement in later life. The sample consisted of 2512 individual bereaved adults who were assessed once before and three times after their loss. Four discrete trajectories were identified: Resilience (little or no depression; 68.2%), Chronic Grief (an onset of depression following loss; 13.2%), Depressed-Improved (high pre-loss depression that decreased following loss; 11.2%), and Pre-existing Chronic Depression (high depression at all assessments; 7.4%). These trajectories were present for both child and spousal loss. There was some evidence that child loss in later life was associated more strongly with the Chronic Grief trajectory and less strongly with the Resilience trajectory. However these differences disappeared when covariates were included in the model. Limitations of the analyses are discussed. These findings increase our understanding of the variety of outcomes following bereavement and underscore the importance of using prospective designs to map heterogeneity of response outcomes. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Adjustment, Bereavement, Depression, Latent growth mixture modeling, Resilience","Maccallum, F., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.017,0,0,
3346,Measurement properties of the neck disability index: A systematic review,,,"Macdelilld, J. C., Walton, D. M., Avery, S., Blanchard, A., Etruw, E., McAlpine, C., Goldsmith, C. H.",2009.0,,10.2519/jospt.2009.2930,0,0,
3347,Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD Improves Various PTSD Symptoms and Trauma-Related Cognitions: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial,"Numerous studies document an association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and impairments in intimate relationship functioning, and there is evidence that PTSD symptoms and associated impairments are improved by cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for PTSD (CBCT for PTSD; Monson & Fredman, 2012). The present study investigated changes across treatment in clinician-rated PTSD symptom clusters and patient-rated trauma-related cognitions in a randomized controlled trial comparing CBCT for PTSD with waitlist in a sample of 40 individuals with PTSD and their partners (N = 40; Monson et al., 2012). Compared with waitlist, patients who received CBCT for PTSD immediately demonstrated greater improvements in all PTSD symptom clusters, trauma-related beliefs, and guilt cognitions (Hedge's gs -.33 to -1.51). Results suggest that CBCT for PTSD improves all PTSD symptom clusters and trauma-related cognitions among individuals with PTSD and further supports the value of utilizing a couple-based approach to the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved).","CBCT for PTSD, Cognitions, Couple therapy, Couples, PTSD","Macdonald, A., Pukay-Martin, N. D., Wagner, A. C., Fredman, S. J., Monson, C. M.",2015.0,,10.1037/fam0000177,0,0,
3348,Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether children with a history of disorganized attachment in infancy were more likely than children without a history of disorganized attachment to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at school age following trauma exposure. The sample consisted of 78 8.5-year-old children from a larger, ongoing prospective study evaluating the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) on children's growth and development from birth to adolescence. At the 12-month visit, children's attachment status was scored from videotapes of infant-caregiver dyads in Ainsworth's strange situation. At the 8.5-year visit, children were administered the Violence Exposure Scale - Revised, a child-report trauma exposure inventory, and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents by an experienced clinical psychologist masked to children's attachment status and IUCE status. Sixteen of the 78 children (21%) were classified as insecure-disorganized/insecure-other at 12 months. Poisson regressions covarying IUCE, gender, and continuity of maternal care indicated that disorganized attachment status at 12 months, compared with nondisorganized attachment status, significantly predicted both higher avoidance cluster PTSD symptoms and higher reexperiencing cluster PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that the quality of early dyadic relationships may be linked to differences in children's later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a traumatic event. (copyright) 2008 Cambrige University of Press.","cocaine, anxiety disorder, article, caregiver, child, controlled study, emotional attachment, female, human, infant, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, maternal care, posttraumatic stress disorder, prenatal exposure, priority journal, psychotrauma, rating scale, violence","Macdonald, H. Z., Beeghly, M., Grant-Knight, W., Augustyn, M., Woods, R. W., Cabral, H., Rose-Jacobs, R., Saxe, G. N., Frank, D. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3349,Associations of postdeployment PTSD symptoms with predeployment symptoms in Iraq-deployed Army soldiers,"Prior to deployment, military personnel may experience a range of symptoms typically associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the relationship of specific preexisting symptoms characteristic of PTSD to postdeployment PTSD symptoms is not well understood. This prospective study examined (a) pre- to postdeployment changes in reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms among Iraq-deployed military personnel, and (b) pre- to postdeployment associations among these symptom groupings. Seven-hundred and seventy-four U.S. Army soldiers completed the PTSD Checklist pre- and postdeployment to Iraq. Participants demonstrated increases in reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptom severity but not in severity of numbing symptoms from pre- to postdeployment. Predeployment numbing was positively correlated with all postdeployment symptom clusters, and predeployment hyperarousal was positively correlated with postdeployment hyperarousal, reexperiencing, and numbing. Findings highlight the role of preexisting numbing and hyperarousal symptoms in the evolution of PTSD symptoms following trauma exposure. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Deployment, Longitudinal, OIF, PTSD symptom clusters","MacDonald, H. Z., Proctor, S. P., Heeren, T., Vasterling, J. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3350,Blood lactate and heat stress during training in rowers,"The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that large increases in blood lactate concentration ([La]b) and/or body temperature may occur during an endurance training on a rowing ergometer and disrupt training. The influence of an increase in air convection on the capacity to perform a prolonged exercise was also explored. Ten trained oarsmen were asked to undergo twice, in control (C) and increased air ventilation (AV) conditions, two 30-min trainings on a rowing ergometer at a work rate corresponding to 2.5 mmol·L-1 of [La]b determined during a previous incremental exercise (P2.5). Four subjects did not complete the training session in C despite a steady state in [La]b in two of them. In these four subjects, the end of the exercise was associated with the highest measured rectal temperatures (Tre, 39.4 ± 0.1°C) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE, 17.8 ± 0.3). Regarding the six other subjects, their heart rate, oxygen uptake, RPE, Tre and water loss values were lower (p &lt; 0.05) in AV than in C. [La]b displayed the same profile in C and AV. This study suggests that i) high body temperature may constitute a significant factor of perceived exertion and disrupt indoor training session, and ii) capacity to perform an endurance training on a rowing ergometer was improved by increasing air convection. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart.","Air ventilation, Rate of perceived exertion, Rectal temperature, Rowing ergometer","Maciejewski, H., Messonnier, L., Moyen, B., Bourdin, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3351,Peeking into the black box: Mechanisms of action for anger management treatment,"We investigated potential mechanisms of action for anger symptom reductions, specifically, the roles of anger regulation skills and therapeutic alliance on changes in anger symptoms, following group anger management treatment (AMT) among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data were drawn from a published randomized controlled trial of AMT conducted with a racially diverse group of 109 veterans with PTSD and anger symptoms residing in Hawaii. Results of latent growth curve models indicated that gains in calming skills predicted significantly larger reductions in anger symptoms at post-treatment, while the development of cognitive coping and behavioral control skills did not predict greater symptom reductions. Therapeutic alliance had indirect effects on all outcomes mostly via arousal calming skills. Results suggest that generalized symptom reduction may be mediated by development of skills in calming physiological arousal. In addition, arousal reduction skills appeared to enhance one's ability to employ other anger regulation skills. © 2014.","Anger, Anger control, Cognitive behavior therapy, Military veterans, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Mackintosh, M. A., Morland, L. A., Frueh, B. C., Greene, C. J., Rosen, C. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3352,"Post-traumatic stress reactions before the advent of post-traumatic stress disorder: Potential effects on the lives and legacies of Alexander the Great, Captain James Cook, Emily Dickinson, and Florence Nightingale","Evidence is presented that Alexander the Great, Captain James Cook, Emily Dickinson, and Florence Nightingale each developed symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of repeated potentially traumatizing events of differing character. Their case histories also varied with respect to background, premorbid personality style, risk factors, clinical presentation, and course of the illness, illustrating the pleomorphic character of the disorder, as well as the special problems in diagnosing it in historical figures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, *Symptoms, *Trauma, History, Premorbidity","Mackowiak, Philip A., Batten, Sonja V.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3353,Impact of pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour on behavioural outcomes among UK military personnel,"Purpose: Concern has been raised over alleged increases in antisocial behaviour by military personnel returning from the deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan. US-based research has shown that post-deployment violence is related not only to combat experience, but also to pre-enlistment antisocial behaviour (ASB). This study aimed to examine the association between pre-enlistment ASB and later behavioural outcomes, including aggression, in a large randomly selected UK military cohort. Methods: Baseline data from a cohort study of 10,272 UK military personnel in service at the time of the Iraq war in 2003 were analysed. The associations between pre-enlistment ASB and a range of socio-demographic and military variables were examined as potential confounders. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between pre-enlistment ASB and military behavioural outcomes such as severe alcohol use, violence/aggression and risk-taking behaviour, controlling for confounders. Results: 18.1% were defined as having displayed preenlistment ASB. Pre-enlistment ASB was significantly associated with factors such as younger age, low educational achievement, male gender, non-officer rank, Army personnel, being a regular, increasing time spent on the deployment and having a combat role. Pre-enlistment ASB was associated with increased risk of negative behavioural outcomes (severe alcohol misuse, outbursts of anger or irritability, fighting or assaultative behaviour and risk-taking behaviour), after controlling for confounders, suggesting that such background information may identify individuals who are more vulnerable to subsequent behavioural disturbance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that those already demonstrating ASB prior to joining the military are more likely to continue on this trajectory, thus emphasising the importance of considering pre-enlistment behaviour when exploring the aetiology of aggression in military personnel. © Springer-Verlag 2011.","Aggression, Alcohol misuse, Antisocial behaviour, Deployment, Military","MacManus, D., Dean, K., Iversen, A. C., Hull, L., Jones, N., Fahy, T., Wessely, S., Fear, N. T.",2012.0,,,0,1,
3354,Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: A data linkage cohort study,"Background Violent offending by veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts is a cause for concern and there is much public debate about the proportion of ex-military personnel in the criminal justice system for violent offences. Although the psychological effects of conflict are well documented, the potential legacy of violent offending has yet to be ascertained. We describe our use of criminal records to investigate the effect of deployment, combat, and postdeployment mental health problems on violent offending among military personnel relative to pre-existing risk factors. Methods In this cohort study, we linked data from 13 856 randomly selected, serving and ex-serving UK military personnel with national criminal records stored on the Ministry of Justice Police National Computer database. We describe offending during the lifetime of the participants and assess the risk factors for violent offending. Findings 2139 (weighted 17•0%) of 12 359 male UK military personnel had a criminal record for any offence during their lifetime. Violent offenders (1369 [11•0%]) were the most prevalent offender types; prevalence was highest in men aged 30 years or younger (521 [20•6%] of 2728) and fell with age (164 [4•7%] of 3027 at age >45 years). Deployment was not independently associated with increased risk of violent offending, but serving in a combat role conferred an additional risk, even after adjustment for confounders (violent offending in 137 [6•3%] of 2178 men deployed in a combat role vs 140 (2•4%) of 5797 deployed in a non-combat role; adjusted hazard ratio 1•53, 95% CI 1•15-2•03; p=0•003). Increased exposure to traumatic events during deployment also increased risk of violent offending (violent offending in 104 [4•1%] of 2753 men with exposure to two to four traumatic events vs 56 [1•6%] of 2944 with zero to one traumatic event, 1•77, 1•21-2•58, p=0•003; and violent offending in 122 [5•1%] of 2582 men with exposure to five to 16 traumatic events, 1•65, 1•12-2•40, p=0•01; test for trend, p=0•032). Violent offending was strongly associated with post-deployment alcohol misuse (violent offending in 120 [9•0%] of 1363 men with alcohol misuse vs 155 [2•3%] of 6768 with no alcohol misuse; 2•16, 1•62-2•90; p<0•0001), post-traumatic stress disorder (violent offending in 25 [8•6%] of 344 men with post-traumatic stress disorder vs 221 [3•0%] of 7256 with no symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder; 2•20, 1•36-3•55; p=0•001), and high levels of self-reported aggressive behaviour (violent offending in 56 [6•7%] of 856 men with an aggression score of six to 16 vs 22 [1•2%] of 1685 with an aggression score of zero; 2•47, 1•37-4•46; p=0•003). Of the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, the hyperarousal cluster was most strongly associated with violent offending (2•01, 1•50-2•70; p<0•0001). Interpretation Alcohol misuse and aggressive behaviour might be appropriate targets for interventions, but any action must be evidence based. Post-traumatic stress disorder, though less prevalent, is also a risk factor for violence, especially hyperarousal symptoms, so if diagnosed it should be appropriately treated and associated risk monitored. Funding Medical Research Council and the UK Ministry of Defence.",,"MacManus, D., Dean, K., Jones, M., Rona, R. J., Greenberg, N., Hull, L., Fahy, T., Wessely, S., Fear, N. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3355,Exploring epigenetic regulation of fear memory and biomarkers associated with post-traumatic stress disorder,"This review examines recent work on epigenetic mechanisms underlying animal models of fear learning as well as its translational implications in disorders of fear regulation, such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Specifically, we will examine work outlining roles of differential histone acetylation and DNA-methylation associated with consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction in Pavlovian fear paradigms. We then focus on the numerous studies examining the epigenetic modifications of the Brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) pathway and the extension of these findings from animal models to recent work in human clinical populations. We will also review recently published data on FKBP5 regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function, and how this is modulated in animal models of PTSD and in human clinical populations via epigenetic mechanisms. As glucocorticoid regulation of memory consolidation is well established in fear models, we examine how these recent data contribute to our broader understanding of fear memory formation. The combined recent progress in epigenetic modulation of memory with the advances in fear neurobiology suggest that this area may be critical to progress in our understanding of fear-related disorders with implications for new approaches to treatment and prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Biological Markers, *Emotional Regulation, *Fear, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Models, DNA, Glucocorticoids, Epigenetics","Maddox, Stephanie A., Schafe, Glenn E., Ressler, Kerry J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3356,Bilingual code-switching (CS) as a mediator in the processing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) traumatic memories (TM): A manual for therapists,"This dissertation explores the notion that a bilingual's ability to code-switch (CS), a bilingual's tendency when speaking with other bilinguals to switch from one language to another during a conversation, can be a mediating tool in processing bilinguals posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) traumatic memories (TM). One of the phases of PTSD treatment involves extensive work on TM. A literature review including relevant concepts, theories, and ideas on posttraumatic stress disorder-traumatic memories, psycholinguistic aspects of bilinguals and bilingualism is presented in the introductory section. The later sections focus on a discussion and conceptualization of material into an explanation of the hypothesis that bilinguals can and often use their two languages in a way that serves as defense mechanisms that allow them to cope with anxiety or overwhelming affect. Similarly, bilinguals may use their more affect-laden language to increase the degree of affective closeness with what they are saying. This dissertation elaborates and substantiates the idea that manipulating and directing a patient's CS is likely to lead to increased emotional distance, thus controlling the patient's affect with the purpose of maintaining feelings of safety, or to increased access and processing of the traumatic memory, both of which are necessary aspects of trauma work. A therapist's manual is included which consists of an assessment component and instructions for the appropriate usage of CS to process TM. It also includes a review of five phases of TM treatment as well as the role of CS in each of them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Bilingualism, *Code Switching, *Emotional Trauma, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Madrid, Paula Andrea",2001.0,,,0,0,
3357,Postdeployment suicidal ideations and trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder in Danish soldiers: A 3-year follow-up of the USPER Study,"Objective: Suicidal ideation in veterans is of great concern. The objective of this study is to examine how heterogeneous posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trajectories are associated with postdeployment suicidal ideation in veterans 2.5 years postdeployment to a combat zone in Afghanistan. If PTSD trajectories are associated with postdeployment suicidal ideations, then the accumulative knowledge on what characterizes veterans falling into different PTSD trajectories may provide better opportunities for early identification of suicidal high-risk veterans. Method: In this prospective study of 743 Danish soldiers deployed to Afghanistan from February to August in 2009, we collected data at 6 time points from 6 weeks before deployment to 2.5 years after homecoming (total for this study: 456). At all assessments, the soldiers responded to a comprehensive questionnaire including measures of PTSD (measured by the PTSD Checklist, Civilian Version) and other mental and physical health variables, demographics, and social and combat-related factors. Suicidal ideation was measured by an item from the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule II. In a previous study based on soldiers from this cohort, we identified 6 PTSD trajectories using latent growth mixture modeling, which we have extracted and applied as independent variables in this study. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to examine whether deployed soldiers with certain PTSD symptom trajectories were more likely to report suicidal ideation 2.5 years after homecoming. Results:Two PTSD trajectories with high PTSD symptom level 2.5 years after return were significantly associated with suicidal Ideation 2.5 years after homecoming. Thus, a relieved-worsening class, described by initial decreasing PTSD symptom levels followed by a steep increase in symptoms had higher risk of suicidal ideation (OR= 7.84; 95% CI, 1.68-36.6), which was also the case for a late-onset class (OR 5.2; 95% CI, 2.21-12.24) when compared to a low-stable class. Conclusions: Heterogeneous PTSD trajectories are associated with suicidal ideation in veterans 2.5 years after homecoming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Military Deployment, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicidal Ideation, At Risk Populations","Madsen, Trine, Karstoft, Karen-Inge, Bertelsen, Mette, Andersen, Soren Bo",2014.0,,,0,1,
3358,Postdeployment suicidal ideations and trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder in Danish soldiers: a 3-year follow-up of the USPER study,"OBJECTIVE: Suicidal ideation in veterans is of great concern. The objective of this study is to examine how heterogeneous posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trajectories are associated with postdeployment suicidal ideation in veterans 2.5 years postdeployment to a combat zone in Afghanistan. If PTSD trajectories are associated with postdeployment suicidal ideations, then the accumulative knowledge on what characterizes veterans falling into different PTSD trajectories may provide better opportunities for early identification of suicidal high-risk veterans. METHOD: In this prospective study of 743 Danish soldiers deployed to Afghanistan from February to August in 2009, we collected data at 6 time points from 6 weeks before deployment to 2.5 years after homecoming (total for this study: 456). At all assessments, the soldiers responded to a comprehensive questionnaire including measures of PTSD (measured by the PTSD Checklist, Civilian Version) and other mental and physical health variables, demographics, and social and combat-related factors. Suicidal ideation was measured by an item from the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule II. In a previous study based on soldiers from this cohort, we identified 6 PTSD trajectories using latent growth mixture modeling, which we have extracted and applied as independent variables in this study. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to examine whether deployed soldiers with certain PTSD symptom trajectories were more likely to report suicidal ideation 2.5 years after homecoming. RESULTS: Two PTSD trajectories with high PTSD symptom level 2.5 years after return were significantly associated with suicidal ideation 2.5 years after homecoming. Thus, a relieved-worsening class, described by initial decreasing PTSD symptom levels followed by a steep increase in symptoms had higher risk of suicidal ideation (OR = 7.84; 95% CI, 1.68-36.6), which was also the case for a late-onset class (OR 5.2; 95% CI, 2.21-12.24) when compared to a low-stable class. CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneous PTSD trajectories are associated with suicidal ideation in veterans 2.5 years after homecoming.","Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Denmark/epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Military Personnel/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, *Suicidal Ideation, Time Factors, Veterans/*psychology/statistics & numerical data","Madsen, T., Karstoft, K. I., Bertelsen, M., Andersen, S. B.",2014.0,Sep,10.4088/JCP.13m08910,0,1,3357
3359,Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11,"The diagnostic concepts of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other disorders specifically associated with stress have been intensively discussed among neuro- and social scientists, clinicians, epidemiologists, public health planners and humanitarian aid workers around the world. PTSD and adjustment disorder are among the most widely used diagnoses in mental health care worldwide. This paper describes proposals that aim to maximize clinical utility for the classification and grouping of disorders specifically associated with stress in the forthcoming 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Proposals include a narrower concept for PTSD that does not allow the diagnosis to be made based entirely on non-specific symptoms; a new complex PTSD category that comprises three clusters of intra- and interpersonal symptoms in addition to core PTSD symptoms; a new diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder, used to describe patients that undergo an intensely painful, disabling, and abnormally persistent response to bereavement; a major revision of ""adjustment disorder"" involving increased specification of symptoms; and a conceptualization of ""acute stress reaction"" as a normal phenomenon that still may require clinical intervention. These proposals were developed with specific considerations given to clinical utility and global applicability in both low- and high-income countries. Copyright © 2013 World Psychiatric Association.","Classification, complex PTSD, cultural appropriateness, DSM, ICD, mental disorders, nosology, prolonged grief disorder, PTSD","Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., Somasundaram, D. J., Souza, R., Suzuki, Y., Weissbecker, I., Wessely, S. C., First, M. B., Reed, G. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3360,Adjustment disorders: prevalence in a representative nationwide survey in Germany,"This is the first study to estimate the prevalence of adjustment disorder (AjD) in the general population. A new conceptualisation of AjD as a stress response syndrome was applied, which allowed AjD to be assessed directly from its symptom profile, including intrusive, avoidance and failure-to-adapt symptoms (Maercker et al., Psychopathology 40:135-146, 2007). Prevalence rates of distressing life events and AjD were estimated from a representative sample of the German general population (n = 2,512) with a broad age range (14-93 years). A questionnaire including a life events checklist and self-rating questions that assessed AjD symptoms and symptom duration were personally handed out by an interviewer. The prevalence of AjD fulfilling the criterion of clinically significant impairment was 0.9%; a further 1.4% of the sample was diagnosed with AjD without fulfilling the impairment criterion. In ~72.5% of AjD cases, symptoms had developed 6-24 months prior to assessment. AjD was most often associated with acute events such as moving or chronic stressors such as serious illness, conflicts at the respondent's job or with friends or neighbours (with ~5% conditional probability each). The results correspond with the few other studies that have examined the prevalence of AjD, even though a new conceptualisation of the disorder was used. Explorative results regarding the duration of AjD syndromes and symptoms call for further redefinition and empirical investigation of this under-researched mental condition.","adjustment disorder, adolescent, adult, age distribution, aged, article, female, Germany, health survey, human, interview, life event, male, mental disease, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological aspect, questionnaire, sex ratio, socioeconomics","Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Pielmaier, L., Spangenberg, L., Brahler, E., Glaesmer, H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3361,Original paper adjustment disorders: Prevalence in a representative nationwide survey in germanyoriginal paper,"Objectives This is the first study to estimate the prevalence of adjustment disorder (AjD) in the general population. A new conceptualisation of AjD as a stress response syndrome was applied, which allowed AjD to be assessed directly from its symptom profile, including intrusive, avoidance and failure-to-adapt symptoms (Maercker et al., Psychopathology 40:135-146, 2007). Methods Prevalence rates of distressing life events and AjD were estimated from a representative sample of the German general population (n = 2,512) with a broad age range (14-93 years). A questionnaire including a life events checklist and self-rating questions that assessed AjD symptoms and symptom duration were personally handed out by an interviewer. Results The prevalence of AjD fulfilling the criterion of clinically significant impairment was 0.9%; a further 1.4% of the sample was diagnosed with AjD without fulfilling the impairment criterion. In *72.5% of AjD cases, symptoms had developed 6-24 months prior to assessment. AjD was most often associated with acute events such as moving or chronic stressors such as serious illness, conflicts at the respondent's job or with friends or neighbours (with *5% conditional probability each). Conclusions The results correspond with the few other studies that have examined the prevalence of AjD, even though a new conceptualisation of the disorder was used. Explorative results regarding the duration of AjD syndromes and symptoms call for further redefinition and empirical investigation of this under-researched mental condition. © Springer-Verlag 2012.","Adjustment disorders, Nationwide study, Stress-response syndromes, Survey","Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Pielmaier, L., Spangenberg, L., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3362,Long-term trajectories of PTSD or resilience in former East German political prisoners,"Studies on the long-term consequences of traumatization found different diagnostic trajectories: chronic, recovered, delayed and resilient. This distinction, however, was never studied in victims of torture or severe political persecution. We aimed to verify the trajectory classes of PTSD empirically and to analyze potential predictors of such trajectories. Former political prisoners from East Germany, first interviewed in 1995, were re-assessed fourteen years later. In 1995, retrospective symptom reports dating back to shortly after the prisoners' release dates were assessed. Predictors of the four different trajectories were divided into pre-trauma, peri-trauma, and post-trauma factors. As a result, the four long-term trajectories were validated in the current sample with the following percentages: chronic (36%), resilient (27%), recovered (26%) and delayed (11%) trajectories. Trajectories were mainly distinguished by pre- and post-traumatic factors, e.g. pre-trauma education or post-trauma disclosure opportunities. We conclude that the four long-term trajectories of trauma sequelae deserve more attention to adequately deal with survivors of severe persecution. Furthermore, the specific predictors of long-term trajectory deserve more attention for re-integration or in rehabilitation.","adult, aged, article, coping behavior, disease course, female, follow up, German Democratic Republic, human, longitudinal study, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, psychological aspect, risk factor, statistics, torture","Maercker, A., Gabler, I., ""ONeil, J."", Schutzwohl, M., Muller, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
3363,Long-term trajectories of PTSD or resilience in former East German political prisoners,"Studies on the long-term consequences of traumatization found different diagnostic trajectories: chronic, recovered, delayed and resilient. This distinction, however, was never studied in victims of torture or severe political persecution. We aimed to verify the trajectory classes of PTSD empirically and to analyze potential predictors of such trajectories. Former political prisoners from East Germany, first interviewed in 1995, were re-assessed fourteen years later. In 1995, retrospective symptom reports dating back to shortly after the prisoners' release dates were assessed. Predictors of the four different trajectories were divided into pre-trauma, peri-trauma, and post-trauma factors. As a result, the four long-term trajectories were validated in the current sample with the following percentages: chronic (36%), resilient (27%), recovered (26%) and delayed (11%) trajectories. Trajectories were mainly distinguished by pre- and post-traumatic factors, e.g. pre-trauma education or post-trauma disclosure opportunities. We conclude that the four long-term trajectories of trauma sequelae deserve more attention to adequately deal with survivors of severe persecution. Furthermore, the specific predictors of long-term trajectory deserve more attention for re-integration or in rehabilitation.",,"Maercker, A., Gäbler, I., ""ONeil, J."", Schützwohl, M., Müller, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,3362
3364,Course of trauma sequelae in ex-political prisoners in the GDR: A 15-year follow-up study,"Background: In a sample of ex-political prisoners in the GDR examined in the middle of the 1990s, a follow-up examination carried out 15 years later investigated alterations in the diagnosis and symptom prevalence of post-traumatic stress syndrome PTSS) as well as other psychiatric disorders. The diagnosis course given by the clinicians was compared with the retrospective subjective estimations by participants. Methods: A total of 93 ex-political prisoners participated in the follow-up study (85 %) with an average age of 64 years. Diagnoses and symptoms were collated using structured clinical interviews and questionnaires. The retrospective subjective estimation of progression of the participants was calculated using a PTSS symptom index based on four symptom groups (intrusions, avoidance, numbing and hyperarousal). Results: At the time of follow-up PTSS was present in 33 % of participants (in 1997 it was 29 %). In 1994 this was present in only approximately 50 % of cases and in the other 50 % it concerned newly incident or remission cases. The next most common diagnoses were major depression episodes (26 %), panic (with or without agoraphobia 24 %) and somatoform disorders (19 %). In the PTSS symptom profile intrusions, flashbacks and alienation feelings decreased with time but in contrast irritability and shock reactions increased. The subjective self-estimation of the course of PTSS symptoms by the participants often gave a resilient (never PTSS) or delayed and rarely a remission course pattern in comparison to the diagnosing clinicians. Conclusions: The results indicate a trauma-related long-term morbidity which is, however less stable than previously assumed. (copyright) 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","adult, agoraphobia, article, avoidance behavior, diagnostic procedure, follow up, human, interview, major clinical study, major depression, mental disease, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, questionnaire, remission, retrospective study, somatoform disorder","Maercker, A., Gabler, I., Schutzwohl, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
3365,Course of trauma sequelae in ex-political prisoners in the GDR: A 15-year follow-up study,"Background: In a sample of ex-political prisoners in the GDR examined in the middle of the 1990s, a follow-up examination carried out 15 years later investigated alterations in the diagnosis and symptom prevalence of post-traumatic stress syndrome PTSS) as well as other psychiatric disorders. The diagnosis course given by the clinicians was compared with the retrospective subjective estimations by participants. Methods: A total of 93 ex-political prisoners participated in the follow-up study (85 %) with an average age of 64 years. Diagnoses and symptoms were collated using structured clinical interviews and questionnaires. The retrospective subjective estimation of progression of the participants was calculated using a PTSS symptom index based on four symptom groups (intrusions, avoidance, numbing and hyperarousal). Results: At the time of follow-up PTSS was present in 33 % of participants (in 1997 it was 29 %). In 1994 this was present in only approximately 50 % of cases and in the other 50 % it concerned newly incident or remission cases. The next most common diagnoses were major depression episodes (26 %), panic (with or without agoraphobia 24 %) and somatoform disorders (19 %). In the PTSS symptom profile intrusions, flashbacks and alienation feelings decreased with time but in contrast irritability and shock reactions increased. The subjective self-estimation of the course of PTSS symptoms by the participants often gave a resilient (never PTSS) or delayed and rarely a remission course pattern in comparison to the diagnosing clinicians. Conclusions: The results indicate a trauma-related long-term morbidity which is, however less stable than previously assumed. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Diagnosis course, GDR, Political prisoner, Post-traumatic stress syndrome, Trauma sequelae","Maercker, A., Gäbler, I., Schützwohl, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,3364
3366,A socio-interpersonal perspective on ptsd: The case for environments and interpersonal processes,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common reaction to traumatic experiences. We propose a socio-interpersonal model of PTSD that complements existing models of post-traumatic memory processes or neurobiological changes. The model adds an interpersonal perspective to explain responses to traumatic stress. The framework draws from lifespan psychology, cultural psychology and research into close relationships and groups. Additionally, clinical knowledge about PTSD is incorporated. This involves knowledge about shame, guilt, estrangement feelings and protective factors, such as social support and forgiveness. Three levels are proposed at which relevant interpersonal processes can be situated and should be adequately researched. First, the individual level comprises social affective states, such as shame, guilt, anger and feelings of revenge. Second, at the close relationship level, social support, negative exchange (ostracism and blaming the victim), disclosure and empathy are proposed as dyadic processes relevant to PTSD research and treatment. Third, the distant social level represents culture and society, in which the collectivistic nature of trauma, perceived injustice, and social acknowledgement are concepts that predict the response trajectories to traumatic stress. Research by the current authors and others is cited in an effort to promote future investigation based on the current model. Methodological implications, such as multi-level data analyses, and clinical implications, such as the need for couple, community or larger-level societal interventions, are both outlined. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Disclosure, Interpersonal Processes, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Context, Social Sharing","Maercker, A., Horn, A. B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3367,Social acknowledgment as a victim or survivor: A scale to measure a recovery factor of PTSD,,,"Maercker, A., Mueller, J.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,
3368,The younger sibling of PTSD: Similarities and differences between complicated grief and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Just as traumatic experiences may lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in some individuals, grief may also be a serious health concern for individuals who have experienced bereavement. At present, neither the DSM-IV nor the ICD-10 recognizes any form of grief as a mental disorder. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances in definition, assessment, prevention, and treatment of complicated grief disorder (CGD) and to compare CGD with PTSD. Four areas are identified to be of importance to clinicians and researchers: (a) the recently proposed consensus criteria of CGD for DSM-V and ICD-11, (b) available assessment instruments, (c) recent prevention and treatment techniques and related effectiveness studies, and (d) emerging disorder models and research on risks and protective factors. This review focuses on the similarities and differences between CGD and PTSD and highlights how a PTSD-related understanding aids the investigation and clinical management of CGD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Grief, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Complications (Disorders), Disease Management, Siblings","Maercker, Andreas, Znoj, Hansjorg",2010.0,,,0,0,
3369,Risk and preventive factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Alcohol consumption and intoxication prior to a traumatic event diminishes the relative risk to develop PTSD in response to that trauma,"Examined the effects of selected pre-, peri- and post exposure risk factors and preventive factors, such as alcohol consumption, on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An epidemiological cohort study was carried out on 127 victims trapped in a ballroom fire. Data were collected, 7-9 months after the traumatic event, by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and structured interviews, aimed to assess the above pre-, peri- and post-exposure factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association of PTSD with the etiologic factors and to delineate those risk factors which contribute most to the development of PTSD. Female gender, the number of previous trauma, a past history of simple phobia, threatened death, trauma exposure, hospitalization for trauma-induced injuries and the presence of burns increased the odds of PTSD, whereas a sense of control during the trauma, and alcohol consumption and intoxication decreased the odds of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Primary Mental Health Prevention, *Risk Factors","Maes, Michael, Delmeire, Laure, Mylle, Jacques, Altamura, Carlo",2001.0,,,0,0,
3370,The two-factorial symptom structure of post-traumatic stress disorder: Depression-avoidance and arousal-anxiety,"The first part of this study showed that the DSM-III-R symptom structure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), i.e. criteria B (reexperience), C (avoidance-numbing), and D (arousal), and, consequently the diagnosis of PTSD, could not be validated in fire and car-accident victims. The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the factors as well as their structure in the symptoms of PTSD; and (ii) develop a new classification or typology of PTSD. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and cluster analyses were employed to: (i) examine the factors in PTSD symptomatology; and (ii) find and validate adequate diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), PTSD Module, was used between 7 and 9 months after the traumatic event in a study group of 185 victims of two different traumatic events, i.e. 130 fire and 55 car-accident victims. Our findings support the existence of two factors, i.e. a first labeled 'depression-avoidance (DAV) dimension', as it contains items reminiscent of depression and avoidance, and a second labeled 'the anxiety-arousal (AA) dimension', as it contains symptoms reminiscent of anxiety and increased arousal. Cluster analysis yielded two clusters, i.e. a cluster of subjects with PTSD cases and another with non-cases. Our PTSD algorithm was significantly less restrictive than the DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD. There are only quantitative, but no qualitative, differences between the duster analytically derived classes. In conclusion: PTSD is not a well-delineated clinical entity, as there is a clinical continuum from PTSD non-cases to cases with less and more severe DAV and AA symptoms. It is more appropriate to express PTSD in terms of general severity of PTSD and severity of the DAV and AA dimensions.","anxiety, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, cluster analysis, controlled study, depression, disease classification, factorial analysis, female, fire, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, symptomatology, traffic accident","Maes, M., Delmeire, L., Schotte, C., Janca, A., Creten, T., Mylle, J., Struyf, A., Pison, G., Rousseeuw, P. J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3371,Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity following accidental man-made traumatic events: Incidence and risk factors,,,"Maes, M., Mylle, J., Delmeire, L., Altamura, C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3372,Pre- and post-disaster negative life events in relation to the incidence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Examined the effects of pre- and post-disaster stressful life events (SLEs) on the incidence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following 2 man-made traumatic events. Ss were 127 victims of a flash fire in a ballroom and 55 motor vehicle accident victims. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the pre- and post-disaster SLEs with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Disaster Supplement. Regression analyses showed no significant relationships between SLEs the year prior to the traumatic event and the incidence or severity of PTSD. There were highly significant relationships between the cumulative number and event severity of post-disaster negative life events and the incidence rate and severity of PTSD. The post-disaster life events were significantly more related to the avoidance-depression dimension than to the anxiety-arousal dimension of PTSD. The most significant life events were: loss of job or income, broken relationships, serious illnesses or injuries in the victims and death or illness in close acquaintances. Results show that the number and severity of additional stressful life event signal a higher risk to develop PTSD and a higher severity of the avoidance-depression dimension of PTSD symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Disasters, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Epidemiology, Motor Traffic Accidents, Severity (Disorders)","Maes, Michael, Mylle, Jacques, Delmeire, Laure, Janca, Alexander",2001.0,,,0,0,
3373,Factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans presenting to a polytrauma clinic,"Objective: A significant number of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans are returning from deployment and presenting to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) polytrauma clinics with elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Inherent to the accurate assessment and treatment of this diagnostically complex group of veterans is the assumption that the construct of PTSD is the same in this population as in other trauma groups. To our knowledge, no previous study has examined the structure of PTSD in this relevant and fast-growing population of treatment-seeking OEF/OIF veterans. Evidence suggests that the latent structure of PTSD symptoms is best represented by a four-factor model, rather than the three-factor model found in the current DSM-IV-TR. Thus, we examined the three and four-factor models using the PTSD Check List-Civilian (PCL-C) in a sample of treatment-seeking OEF/OIF veterans seen through a VHA polytrauma clinic. Method: A chart review was conducted for OEF/OIF veterans (N = 361) seen through a VHA outpatient polytrauma clinic from September 2007 through August 2008. Participants completed the PCL-C as part of a comprehensive polytrauma evaluation. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the DSM-IV-TR three-factor model did not fit the data well. A direct comparison showed that the four-factor model provided a superior fit relative to the three-factor model. Conclusion: Results extend the generalizability of the four-factor model to OEF/OIF veterans presenting to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) polytrauma clinics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Health Care Seeking Behavior, War, Best Practices","Maestas, Kacey Little, Benge, Jared F., Pastorek, Nicholas J., LeMaire, Ashley, Darrow, Rachel",2011.0,,,0,0,
3374,"Impact of flood disaster on the mental health of residents in the eastern region of Jeddah Governorate, 2010: A study in medical geography","The impact of natural disasters over the last decade has resulted in many lives lost and livelihoods destroyed. Recent disasters, such as the earthquakes, the drought in the Horn of Africa, and landslides in Yemen have tested the capacities of Member States as well as national and international humanitarian agencies to provide quick and effective assistance. Flood disaster constitutes the most costly natural as well as technology-induced disaster, in terms of both human suffering and financial loss. Natural disaster risk assessment is a complex task, involving a wide variety of processes which require large amounts of spatial and temporal thematic data and information coming from disparate sources. In conjunction with the natural disaster risk assessment, medical geography aims at explaining the distribution of health status and disease. It identifies efficient ways to intervene and distribute trained personal and technology and has a crucial role in assessing and managing the consequences of disasters.Aim of the study: Exploring the impact of the floods on the mental health of the residents in the Eastern region of Jeddah Governorate, Locate neighbourhoods affected by the flood disaster in the city of Jeddah; Identify the natural factors causing the disaster; Human impact and negative role in the disaster; Measuring the psychological impact on the population in the affected place; Estimate the prevalence of PTSD among residents in the eastern region of Jeddah, as well as the residents who were shifted to the lodging houses; Describe the potential and exacerbating factors associated with occurrence of PTSD among residents exposed to the flood disaster and finally develop plans and recommendations that would reduce the recurrence of the disaster in the future. Methods and subjects: The study depends on the objective approach, using many methods in analyzing the information such as the descriptive, analytical and interpretative in addition to field studies. Through a cross sectional community based on a design sample of 450 individuals, who were selected randomly from an estimated 336000 residents who were living along the stream courses of the flood. Cluster sampling using ArcGis 9.1 was made to assign 40 random clusters distributed proportionally according to the expected severity of exposure and from each cluster 10 households were selected by systematic random sampling plus 50 individuals who were selected randomly from those who were evacuated to lodging houses. PTSS-10 questionnaire was used to discover PTSD among people exposed to disasters. The results obtained from this study are explained and illustrated in tables and figures, in addition the study covering the following topics:Re-experiencing symptoms (Flashbacks- reliving the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating, bad dreams and frightening thoughts); Avoidance symptoms(e.g. Staying away from places, events, or objects that remind of the experience, feeling emotionally numb, feeling strong guilt, depression, worry, losing interest in activities that were enjoyable in the past and having trouble remembering the dangerous event) and Hyper-arousal symptoms (Being easily startled, feeling tense or ""on edge"", having difficulty sleeping, and/or having angry outbursts). Conclusion and Recommendations: While it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to predict the occurrence of most natural hazards; it is possible to take action before emergency events happen to plan for their occurrence when possible and to mitigate their potential effects putting into consideration the expected scenario of the event. Our study revealed two important issues that would help in the preparedness plan for flood disaster in Jeddah Governorate, first, the anatomy of the expected flood that could be modified through establishment of properly designed underground drainage tunnels leading to the red sea on the western border of the city. Secondly, in addition to the direct effect of the disaster represented by loss of properties and morbidi ies that could be ameliorated by compensations and concurrent health services, an overlooked post disaster impact shown as Post Traumatic Stress Disorders should be put in consideration in planning for the comprehensive health services provided to the victims of the flood. Thirdly, the authorities must prevent the establishment of any buildings, roads or infra-structure along the courses of dry valleys.","Flood Disaster, Geography, Governorate, Jeddah, Mental Health","Maghrabi, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3375,Long-Term Trajectories of PTSD in Vietnam-Era Veterans: The Course and Consequences of PTSD in Twins,"We estimated the temporal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam-era veterans using a national sample of male twins with a 20-year follow-up. The complete sample included those twins with a PTSD diagnostic assessment in 1992 and who completed a DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic assessment and a self-report PTSD checklist in 2012 (n = 4,138). Using PTSD diagnostic data, we classified veterans into 5 mutually exclusive groups, including those who never had PTSD, and 4 PTSD trajectory groups: (a) early recovery, (b) late recovery, (c) late onset, and (d) chronic. The majority of veterans remained unaffected by PTSD throughout their lives (79.05% of those with theater service, 90.85% of those with nontheater service); however, an important minority (10.50% of theater veterans, 4.45% of nontheater veterans) in 2012 had current PTSD that was either late onset (6.55% theater, 3.29% nontheater) or chronic (3.95% theater, 1.16% nontheater). The distribution of trajectories was significantly different by theater service (p < .001). PTSD remains a prominent issue for many Vietnam-era veterans, especially for those who served in Vietnam.",,"Magruder, K. M., Goldberg, J., Forsberg, C. W., Friedman, M. J., Litz, B. T., Vaccarino, V., Heagerty, P. J., Gleason, T. C., Huang, G. D., Smith, N. L.",2016.0,Jan 13,10.1002/jts.22075,0,1,
3376,The prevalence of PTSD across war eras and the effect of deployment on PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis,,,"Magruder, K. M., Yeager, D. E.",2009.0,,10.3928/00485713-20090728-04,0,0,
3377,Killing and latent classes of PTSD symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans,"Background: Our goal was to better understand distinct PTSD symptom presentations in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans (N=227) and to determine whether those who killed in war were at risk for being in the most symptomatic class. Methods: We used latent class analysis of responses to the PTSD checklist and logistic regression of most symptomatic class. Results: We found that a four-class solution best fit the data, with the following profiles emerging: High Symptom (34% of participants), Intermediate Symptom (41%), Intermediate Symptom with Low Emotional Numbing (10%), and Low Symptom (15%). The largest group of individuals who reported killing (45%) was in the High Symptom class, and those who killed had twice the odds of being in the most symptomatic PTSD class, compared to those who did not kill. Those who endorsed killing a non-combatant (OR=4.56, 95% CI [1.77, 11.7], p<0.01) or killing in the context of anger or revenge (OR=4.63, 95% CI=[1.89, 11.4], p<0.001) were more likely to belong to the most symptomatic PTSD class, compared to those who did not kill. Limitations: The study was retrospective and cross-sectional. The results may not generalize to veterans of other wars. Conclusions: Killing in war may be an important indicator of risk for developing frequent and severe PTSD symptoms. This has implications for the mental healthcare of veterans, providing evidence that a comprehensive evaluation of returning veterans should include an assessment of killing experiences and reactions to killing. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Killing, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma, Veterans","Maguen, S., Madden, E., Bosch, J., Galatzer-Levy, I., Knight, S. J., Litz, B. T., Marmar, C. R., McCaslin, S. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3378,The relationship between body mass index and mental health among iraq and afghanistan veterans,"Background: Obesity is a growing public health concern and is becoming an epidemic among veterans in the post-deployment period. Objective: To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a large cohort of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, and to evaluate trajectories of change in BMI over 3 years. Design: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort analysis of veterans' health records Participants: A total of 496,722 veterans (59,790 female and 436,932 male veterans) whose height and weight were recorded at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system at least once after the end of their last deployment and whose first post-deployment outpatient encounter at the VA was at least 1 year prior to the end of the study period (December 31, 2011). Main Measures: BMI, mental health diagnoses. Key Results: Seventy-five percent of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans were either overweight or obese at baseline. Four trajectories were observed: ""stable overweight"" represented the largest class; followed by ""stable obese;"" ""overweight/obese gaining;"" and ""obese losing."" During the 3-year ascertainment period, those with PTSD and depression in particular were at the greatest risk of being either obese without weight loss or overweight or obese and continuing to gain weight. Adjustment for demographics and antipsychotic medication attenuated the relationship between BMI and certain mental health diagnoses. Although BMI trajectories were similar in men and women, some gender differences were observed. For example, the risk of being in the persistently obese class in men was highest for those with PTSD, whereas for women, the risk was highest among those with depression. Conclusions: The growing number of overweight or obese returning veterans is a concerning problem for clinicians who work with these patients. Successful intervention to reduce the prevalence of obesity will require integrated efforts from primary care and mental health to treat underlying mental health causes and assist with engagement in weight loss programs. © Society of General Internal Medicine 2012.","Mental health, Obesity, Veteran, ""Womens health""","Maguen, S., Madden, E., Cohen, B., Bertenthal, D., Neylan, T., Talbot, L., Grunfeld, C., Seal, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3379,Timing of mental health treatment and PTSD symptom improvement among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans,"Objective: This study examined demographic, military, temporal, and logistic variables associated with improvement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who received mental health outpatient treatment from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. The authors sought to determine whether time between last deployment and initiating mental health treatment was associated with a lack of improvement in PTSD symptoms. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of existing medical records of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who enrolled in VA health care, received a postdeployment PTSD diagnosis, and initiated treatment for one or more mental health problems between October 1, 2007, and December 31, 2011, and whose records contained results of PTSD screening at the start of treatment and approximately one year later (N=39,690). Results: At the start of treatment, 75% of veterans diagnosed as having PTSD had a positive PTSD screen. At follow-up, 27% of those with a positive screen at baseline had improved, and 43% of those with a negative screen at baseline remained negative. A negative PTSD screen at follow-up was associated with female gender, older age, white race, having never married, officer rank, non-Army service, closer proximity to the nearest VA facility, and earlier initiation of treatment after the end of the last deployment. Conclusions: Interventions to reduce delays in initiating mental health treatment may improve veterans' treatment response. Further studies are needed to test interventions for particular veteran subgroups who were less likely than others to improve with treatment. © 2014, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved.",,"Maguen, S., Madden, E., Neylan, T. C., Cohen, B. E., Daniel, B., Seal, K. H.",2014.0,,10.1176/appi.ps.201300453,0,0,
3380,Routine work environment stress and PTSD symptoms in police officers,,,"Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Henn-Haase, C., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R.",2009.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b975f8,0,0,
3381,Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care,"Objectives. We examined gender differences in sociodemographic, military service, and mental health characteristics among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. We evaluated associations between these sociodemographic and service characteristics and depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses. Methods. In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, we used univariate descriptive statistics and log binominal regression analyses of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data on 329049 OEF and OIF veterans seeking VA health care from April 1, 2002, through March 31, 2008. Results. Female veterans were younger and more likely to be Black and to receive depression diagnoses than were male veterans, who were more frequently diagnosed with PTSD and alcohol use disorders. Older age was associated with a higher prevalence of PTSD and depression diagnoses among women but not among men. Conclusions. Consideration of gender differences among OEF and OIF veterans seeking health care at the VA will facilitate more targeted prevention and treatment services for these newly returning veterans.",,"Maguen, S., Ren, L., Bosch, J. O., Marmar, C. R., Seal, K. H.",2010.0,,10.2105/AJPH.2009.166165,0,0,
3382,PTSD subclusters and functional impairment in Kosovo peacekeepers,"Peacekeepers deployed to Kosovo (N = 203) were evaluated prospectively, before the mission (August 2000) and at postdeployment, on a number of mental health and functional impairment variables. We examined the association between PTSD symptom subclusters and three indicators of functional impairment using hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for PTSD symptoms before the mission, and history of prior trauma. In the first model, avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms uniquely predicted a conglomerate of functional impact outcomes (e.g., employment, family relationships, social functioning). In the second model, emotional numbing was the only significant predictor of violent behaviors. In the third model, re-experiencing symptoms were the only significant predictor of alcohol abuse problems. Overall, the four PTSD subclusters are differentially associated with varying functional impairment outcomes, which is important to note for evaluation and treatment purposes for veterans returning from overseas deployments.","adaptive behavior, adult, alcoholism, article, cluster analysis, female, human, injury, male, mental health, mental stress, military medicine, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, regression analysis, soldier, statistics, time, United States, war, Yugoslavia","Maguen, S., Stalnaker, M., McCaslin, S., Litz, B. T.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3383,Causes and effects of acute mental illnesses in the burn patient: A population-based outcome study of 979 burn patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database over a ten year period (2001-2010),"Introduction: While burn patients with preexisting mood disorders have been shown to have poorer outcomes in recovery, acute mental illnesses (AMI) are often unrecognized despite a link with post traumatic stress disorder and social maladjustment later on. This study assessed the clinical profile of a large cohort of burn patients who developed AMI compared to those with chronic mental illness (CMI) and those without mental health problems. Methods: Admission data on 96,451 patients with burn injuries was abstracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database from 2001-2010. AMI was defined as adjustment disorder and acute stress disorder, while CMI was defined as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Results: 979 (1 %) of burn patients were diagnosed with AMI, compared to 5,971(6.2%) with CMI and 89,501 (92.8%) without any mood disorders at the time of burn. Patients with AMI were significantly younger (age 34.7), predominantly male (63.1%) and Caucasian (65.7%), p<0.001. More patients with AMI had multiple third-degree burn sites (29.9% had face and head burns, 35% had trunk burns, 41.2% upper and 37.5% lower extremity burns), p<0.005. AMI patients had a longer length of hospitalization (13.5 days) and shorter actuarial survival (5.4 months), p<0.001. More AMI patients had lack of social or family support (0.7%), alcoholism (11.3%), illicit drug abuse (13.7%), history of psychological trauma (0.6%) and self-inflicted injuries (0.1%) compared to the other groups, p<0.05. Post-burn, 4.9% of AMI patients had burn wound infections, 5.0% had nutritional deficiencies, 1.7% had skin graft failure, 0.7% had acute psychosis, and 3.7% had suicidal ideation, p<0.05. Multivariate analysis identified age 10 to 39 (OR 4.6), alcoholism (OR 1.4), drug abuse (OR 1.9), psychoses (OR 1.4), and TBSA 10 to 39% third degree burns(OR 1.8) as independently associated with developing AMI, p<0.005. Conclusions: The development of AMI in burn patients results in poorer overall outcomes including longer hospitalization, worse survival, and increased complications. Prior premorbid psychopathology, substance abuse and age contributed more to developing post-burn AMI than severity of the burn itself. (Table presented).","illicit drug, human, burn patient, population, data base, hospital patient, mental disease, patient, burn, hospitalization, survival, alcoholism, drug abuse, mood disorder, male, mental health, multivariate analysis, Caucasian, maladjustment, leg, graft failure, bipolar disorder, skin graft, burn infection, major depression, automutilation, psychotrauma, acute stress disorder, nutritional deficiency, adjustment disorder, acute psychosis, suicidal ideation, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, substance abuse","Mahendraraj, K., Chamberlain, R. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3384,"Sleep disturbances in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology, impact and approaches to management","Subjective reports of sleep disturbance indicate that 70-91% of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have difficulty falling or staying asleep. Nightmares are reported by 19-71% of patients, depending on the severity of their PTSD and their exposure to physical aggression. Objective measures of sleep disturbance are inconsistent, with some studies that used these measures indicating poor sleep and others finding no differences compared with non-PTSD controls. Future research in this area may benefit from examining measures of instability in the microstructure of sleep. Additionally, recent findings suggest that sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep movement disorders are more common in patients with PTSD than in the general population and that these disorders may contribute to the brief awakenings, insomnia and daytime fatigue in patients with PTSD. Overall, sleep problems have an impact on the development and symptom severity of PTSD and on the quality of life and functioning of patients. In terms of treatments, SSRIs are commonly used to treat PTSD, and evidence suggests that they have a small but significant positive effect on sleep disruption. Studies of serotonin-potentiating non-SSRIs suggest that nefazodone and trazodone lead to significant reductions in insomnia and nightmares, whereas cyproheptadine may exacerbate sleep problems in patients with PTSD. Prazosin, a centrally acting α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, has led to large reductions in nightmares and insomnia in small studies of patients with PTSD. Augmentation of SSRIs with olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, may be effective for treatment-resistant nightmares and insomnia, although adverse effects can be significant. Additional medications, including zolpidem, buspirone, gabapentin and mirtazapine, have been found to improve sleep in patients with PTSD. Large randomised, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm the above findings. In contrast, evidence suggests that benzodiazepines, TCAs and MAOIs are not useful for the treatment of PTSD-related sleep disorders, and their adverse effect profiles make further studies unlikely. Cognitive behavioural interventions for sleep disruption in patients with PTSD include strategies targeting insomnia and imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) for nightmares. One large randomised controlled trial of group IRT demonstrated significant reductions in nightmares and insomnia. Similarly, uncontrolled studies combining IRT and insomnia strategies have demonstrated good outcomes. Uncontrolled studies of continuous positive airway pressure for SDB in patients with PTSD show that this treatment led to significant decreases in nightmares, insomnia and PTSD symptoms. Controlled studies are needed to confirm these promising findings. © 2006 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.",,"Maher, M. J., Rego, S. A., Asnis, G. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3385,Investigation of the Relation Between PTSD Symptoms and Self-Compassion: Comparison Across DSM IV and DSM 5 PTSD Symptom Clusters,Self-compassion is posited to protect against posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after exposure to traumatic events. Prior work has suggested self-compassion may only be related to avoidance symptoms using DSM IV criteria. Changes to the diagnosis in DSM 5 may have changed these relations. The current study examined the relation between self-compassion and PTSD symptoms using DSM IV and DSM 5 criteria. PTSD symptoms and self-compassion were evaluated in two trauma-exposed samples using measures that corresponded to DSM IV and DSM 5 criteria. Self-compassion was negatively correlated with aggregated PTSD symptoms for DSM IV and DSM 5. Self-compassion was correlated with avoidance symptoms for DSM IV but was correlated with all symptom clusters for the DSM 5. These results suggest that self-compassion may protect against PTSD symptoms using the most recent diagnostic criteria. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.,"Diagnostic criteria, PTSD, Self-compassion, Trauma","Maheux, A., Price, M.",2015.0,,10.1080/15298868.2015.1037791,0,0,
3386,Abnormal serum lipid profile in Brazilian police officers with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: To measure the serum lipid composition of a sample of Brazilian police officers with and without PTSD regularly exposed to potentially traumatic situations. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 118 active duty male police officers. Serum concentrations for total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides were enzymatically determined. Body mass index (BMI) was obtained for each participant. Results: Officers with PTSD exhibited significantly higher serum total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides levels than those without PTSD. Total cholesterol and triglycerides, but not LDL-C, remained associated with PTSD diagnosis after controlling for confounding influences (i.e. socio-demographics, BMI, and tobacco, alcohol and medication use). Limitations: The sample size was small. A nutritional interview was employed instead of established scales to assess alimentary habits, tobacco or alcohol consumption. A self-report screening tool was used to assess the prevalence of PTSD. Conclusions: The association between PTSD and abnormal serum lipid profile and a tendency to exhibit higher BMI suggests that individuals with PTSD may be at increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome, a condition that by itself could account for many of the most serious PTSD-related physical health problems. (copyright) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","alcohol, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, adult, alcohol consumption, article, body mass, Brazil, clinical article, demography, drug use, health survey, human, human tissue, lipid analysis, lipid blood level, male, metabolic syndrome X, nutritional status, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, self report, socioeconomics, statistical significance, tobacco dependence","Maia, D. B., Marmar, C. R., Mendlowicz, M. V., Metzler, T., Nobrega, A., Peres, M. C., Coutinho, E. S., Volchan, E., Figueira, I.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3387,Abnormal serum lipid profile in Brazilian police officers with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: To measure the serum lipid composition of a sample of Brazilian police officers with and without PTSD regularly exposed to potentially traumatic situations. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 118 active duty male police officers. Serum concentrations for total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides were enzymatically determined. Body mass index (BMI) was obtained for each participant. Results: Officers with PTSD exhibited significantly higher serum total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides levels than those without PTSD. Total cholesterol and triglycerides, but not LDL-C, remained associated with PTSD diagnosis after controlling for confounding influences (i.e. socio-demographics, BMI, and tobacco, alcohol and medication use). Limitations: The sample size was small. A nutritional interview was employed instead of established scales to assess alimentary habits, tobacco or alcohol consumption. A self-report screening tool was used to assess the prevalence of PTSD. Conclusions: The association between PTSD and abnormal serum lipid profile and a tendency to exhibit higher BMI suggests that individuals with PTSD may be at increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome, a condition that by itself could account for many of the most serious PTSD-related physical health problems. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Triglycerides","Maia, D. B., Marmar, C. R., Mendlowicz, M. V., Metzler, T., Nóbrega, A., Peres, M. C., Coutinho, E. S., Volchan, E., Figueira, I.",2008.0,,,0,0,3386
3388,Posttraumatic stress symptoms and trajectories in child sexual abuse victims: An analysis of sex differences using the national survey of child and adolescent well-being,"Very few studies have prospectively examined sex differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptom trajectories in youth victimized by childhood sexual abuse. This study addresses that question in a relatively large sample of children, drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, who were between the ages of 8-16 years and who were reported to Child Protective Services for alleged sexual abuse. Sex differences were examined using t tests, logistic regression, and latent trajectory modeling. Results revealed that there were not sex differences in victims' posttraumatic stress symptoms or trajectories. Whereas caseworkers substantiated girls' abuse at higher rates than boys' abuse and rated girls significantly higher than boys on level of harm, there were not sex differences in three more objective measures of abuse severity characteristics. Overall, higher caseworker ratings of harm predicted higher initial posttraumatic stress symptom levels, and substantiation status predicted shallower decreases in trauma symptoms over time. Implications for theory and intervention are discussed. (copyright) 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","adolescent, article, child, child care, child sexual abuse, controlled study, female, human, injury severity, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, school child, sex difference, social worker, wellbeing","Maikovich, A. K., Koenen, K. C., Jaffee, S. R.",2009.0,,,0,1,
3389,Neurocognitive profiles of people with borderline personality disorder,"Purpose of Review: This review summarizes recent neurocognitive research to better delineate the nosology, prognostication and cause underlying borderline personality disorder (BPD). Recent Findings: BPD had marked clinical heterogeneity with high comorbidity. Executive dysfunction in this disorder was linked to suicidality and treatment adherence, and may serve as an endophenotype. BPD was also characterized by cognitive distortions such as risky decision-making, deficient feedback processing, dichotomous thinking, jumping to conclusion, monocausal attribution and paranoid cognitive style. Social cognition deficits recently described in BPD include altered social inference and emotional empathy, hypermentalization, poorer facial emotional recognition and facial expressions. In electrophysiological studies, BPD was found to have predominantly right hemispheric deficit in high-order cortical inhibition. Reduced left orbitofrontal activity by visual evoked potential and magnetoencephalography correlated with depressive symptoms and functional deterioration. Brain structures implicated in BPD include the hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Abnormal anatomy and functioning of frontolimbic circuitry appear to correlate with cognitive deficits. Summary: Frontolimbic structural and functional abnormalities underlie the broad array of cognitive abnormalities in BPD. Further research should espouse broader considerations of effects of comorbidity and clinical heterogeneity, and include community samples and, possibly, longitudinal designs. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Borderline personality disorder, Emotions, Frontal lobe, Limbic system, Neuropsychological tests","Mak, A. D. P., Lam, L. C. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3390,Risk factors for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in SARS survivors,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent long-term psychiatric diagnoses among survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the predictors of chronic PTSD in SARS survivors. Design: PTSD at 30 months after the SARS outbreak was assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. Survivors' demographic data, medical information and psychosocial variables were collected for risk factor analysis. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female gender as well as the presence of chronic medical illnesses diagnosed before the onset of SARS and avascular necrosis were independent predictors of PTSD at 30 months post-SARS. Associated factors included higher-chance external locus of control, higher functional disability and higher average pain intensity. Conclusion: The study of PTSD at 30 months post-SARS showed that the predictive value of acute medical variables may fade out. Our findings do not support some prior hypotheses that the use of high dose corticosteroids is protective against the development of PTSD. On the contrary, the adversity both before and after the SARS outbreak may be more important in hindering recovery from PTSD. The risk factor analysis can not only improve the detection of hidden psychiatric complications but also provide insight for the possible model of care delivery for the SARS survivors. With the complex interaction of the biopsychosocial challenges of SARS, an integrated multidisciplinary clinic setting may be a superior approach in the long-term management of complicated PTSD cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Respiratory Tract Disorders, *Risk Factors, *Survivors","Mak, Ivan Wing Chit, Chu, Chung Ming, Pan, Pey Chyou, Yiu, Michael Gar Chung, Ho, Suzanne C., Chan, Veronica Lee",2010.0,,,0,0,
3391,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity predicts aggression after treatment,"This study examined the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity and aggression (verbal, psychological, and physical aggression) in a longitudinal dataset. Participants were 175 males in PTSD residential treatment who were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 4-month follow-up. Post-treatment PTSD severity predicted aggression at post-treatment and 4-month follow-up, adjusting for age, pre-treatment PTSD severity, and pre-treatment aggression. When examining the relation between aggression and specific PTSD symptom clusters, post-treatment Reexperiencing, Avoidance/Numbing and Hyperarousal symptoms predicted aggression at posttreatment and 4-month follow-up. These results support the hypothesis that post-treatment PTSD severity may be an important marker of post-treatment aggression risk and may offer unique information important to clinicians and patients focused on the development and maintenance of adaptive, non-aggressive relationships after intensive PTSD treatment. © 2011.","Aggression, Conflict, PTSD, Residential treatment, Trauma","Makin-Byrd, K., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Drescher, K., Timko, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3392,Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: A randomized controlled trial,,,"Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Yelland, L., Quinlivan, J., Ryan, P., Doyle, L. W., Anderson, P., Else, P. L., Meyer, B. J., Colditz, P., Pritchard, M., Zhou, S., Collins, C. T., Gulpers, Z., McCusker, S., Naccarella, N., Best, K., Loudis, H., Anderson, A., Griffith, E.",2010.0,,10.1001/jama.2010.1507,0,0,
3393,Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder: Insights from the methylome,"Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous disease-associated variants; however, these variants have a minor effect on disease and explain only a small amount of the heritability of complex disorders. The search for the missing heritability has shifted attention to rare variants, copy number variants, copy neutral variants and epigenetic modifications. The central role of epigenetics, and specifically DNA methylation, in disease susceptibility and progression has become more apparent in recent years. Epigenetic mechanisms facilitate the response to environmental changes and challenges by regulating gene expression. This makes the study of DNA methylation in psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) highly salient, as the environment plays such a vital role in disease aetiology. The epigenome is dynamic and can be modulated by numerous factors, including learning and memory, which are important in the context of PTSD. Numerous studies have shown the effects of early life events, such as maternal separation and traumas during adulthood, on DNA methylation patterns and subsequent gene expression profiles. Aberrations in adaptive DNA methylation contribute to disease susceptibility when an organism is unable to effectively respond to environmental demands. Epigenetic mechanisms are also involved in higher order brain functions. Dysregulation of methylation is associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative cognitive disorders, affective disorders, addictive behaviours and altered stress responses. A thorough understanding of how the environment, methylome and transcriptome interact and influence each other in the context of fear and anxiety is integral to our understanding and treatment of stress-related disorders such as PTSD. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.","Anxiety, CNS methylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, DNA methylation, Epigenetics, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD animal models, Trauma-associated methylation changes","Malan-Müller, S., Seedat, S., Hemmings, S. M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3394,Modification of CAPS-1 for diagnosis of PTSD in Afghan refugees,"A DSM-III-R based instrument for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1), was modified to accommodate cultural differences and translated into the Afghan languages Pushto and Farsi (Dari) and administered to 30 Afghan refugees living in the United States. The modified CAPS-1 was found to be practical and reliable. Inter-item correlations were calculated on the frequency and intensity scores for the 17 cardinal symptoms and the eight associated features items of the modified CAPS-1. The four reexperiencing items demonstrated significant independence from the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters. However, the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters were not found to be independent cardinal components of PTSD in our participants. The CAPS-1 criteria for diagnosis of PTSD were met by 50% of the subjects evaluated.","Afghan, CAPS-1, PTSD assessment, refugees","Malekzai, A. S. B., Niazi, J. M., Paige, S. R., Hendricks, S. E., Fitzpatrick, D., Leuschen, M. P., Millimet, C. R.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3395,Symptoms of trauma and traumatic memory retrieval in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse,"We examined posttraumatic stress symptoms and the memory retrieval process in 2 groups of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse: 29 participants who reported having memories of their abuse prior to entering therapy (PM) and 13 who reported no memories of abuse prior to therapy (NPM). Participants were asked to indicate on checklists symptoms of constriction, hyperarousal, and intrusion experienced (a) prior to entering therapy and (b) during the surfacing of a memory while in therapy. Overall, the findings indicate that for both groups the same cluster of posttraumatic stress symptoms occurred prior to therapy and during therapy and that there was a continuity of symptoms over time. Participants were also asked to fully describe details of their traumatic memories as these details emerged prior to and/or during therapy. We determined that (a) there were striking similarities in the detailed recall of trauma memories for both groups; (b) memories of abuse emerged in substantial perceptual, somatic, and emotional detail over time before developing into a narrative; (c) the amount of detail remembered increased in the PM group during therapy; (d) members of the NPM group were more kinesthetic than visual in their orientation to the world and may not have had access to the visual information that would associate their symptoms to their abuse; and (e) triggers of traumatic memories were largely the result of internal rather than external stimuli, and these triggers happened primarily outside of therapy sessions. (copyright) Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",,"Malmo, C., Laidlaw, T. S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3396,C-L psychiatric aspects of physical injury,"Severity of the physical injury measured by the Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale or Trauma Injury Severity Score is only modestly related to behavioral responses during a hospital stay, but may provide important information for psychological assessment and differential diagnosis. The personal meaning of the injury and pre-accident factors are the most important determinators for the acute behavioral responses in injured hospitalized patients. ICD-10 (acute stress reaction) or DSM-IV (acute stress disorder)-based diagnoses are insufficient for identifying behavioral responses during the hospital stay. However, injuries may be overlooked by surgeons which may lead to false assumptions about psychological etiology of complaints and behavior with subsequent referral to C-L psychiatry. Pathophysiological aspects of the injury may shape behavioral responses as well. Thus C-L psychiatrists must always make their own independent judgement of the etiology of complaints or deviant behavior and sometimes even recommend additional biological assessments. Routine psychological interventions (e.g., debriefing, crisis intervention) in subjects displaying normal behavioral responses do not benefit patients in the long-run and may sometimes actually increase the likelihood of long-term problems. Thus, psychiatric interventions should be based on indication only. Brief, but structured psychotherapies should be the first step in uncomplicated behavioral responses to trauma. Pharmacological treatment must consider its impact on the neurobiology of psychological trauma, but also the interaction with non-psychiatric drugs and the pathophysiology of the injury. Good knowledge of the pharmacodynamic profiles of different drugs and their pharmacokinetic interaction potential is a requirement for state-of-the-art psychopharmacological treatment in C-L psychiatry. © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH. 2008.","Accidents, Consultation/liaison psychiatry, Injury, Stress response, Treatment","Malt, U. F., Fitz, M. W., Kapfhammer, H. P.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3397,Allostasis: The Emperor of All (Trauma-Related) Maladies,"The construct of allostasis is defined as change in the functioning of biological systems as a result of prolonged exposure to stress. In this article, the construct of bio-behavioral allostasis is proposed to describe peri-traumatic, shorter-term, and chronic changes in neurobiological systems and behaviors that account for the development and long-term maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and associated clinical features. The conceptual framework of bio-behavioral allostasis is applied to generate hypotheses about how premorbid vulnerabilities in different neurobiological systems interact with allostasis to predict heterogeneity in PTSD clinical profiles and patterns of comorbidity likely to develop after trauma exposure. The model offers a means by which to integrate independent theories of PTSD etiology to more fully account for unique features of PTSD, thereby improving its diagnostic discriminant validity. It also enables the identification of symptoms common across disorders that develop during exposure to adverse environments. Conceptualizing PTSD as a process of dynamic allostasis can advance our understanding of trauma-related diagnostic syndromes and inform the development of comprehensive treatments. © 2012 American Psychological Association. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the American Psychological Association.","Allostasis, Complex posttraumatic stress disorder, Hyperarousal, Numbing, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Malta, L. S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3398,Psychiatric and behavioral problems in aggressive drivers,"Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a leading cause of accidental death and injury, and aggressive driving has been identified as a risk factor for MVAs. Assessing psychiatric and behavioral disturbances in aggressive drivers is germane to the development of prevention and intervention programs for this population. The present study compared the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and behavioral problems in young adult drivers with self-reported high driving aggression to that of drivers with low driving aggression. Aggressive drivers evidenced a significantly higher current and lifetime prevalence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders, and Cluster B Personality Disorders, and a significantly greater lifetime prevalence of Conduct Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Aggressive drivers also had a significantly greater prevalence of self-reported problems with anger, as well as a greater family history of anger problems and conflict. The findings suggest that prevention and intervention programs designed to reduce aggressive driving may need to address the presence of psychiatric and behavioral problems that could potentially complicate treatment or impede responses to treatment. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, aggression, alcohol abuse, anger, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, behavior disorder, conduct disorder, conflict, controlled study, driver, family history, female, human, intermittent explosive disorder, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mood disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, personality disorder, prevalence, self report, substance abuse","Malta, L. S., Blanchard, E. B., Freidenberg, B. M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3399,Numbing symptoms as predictors of unremitting posttraumatic stress disorder,"This prospective longitudinal study examined the ability of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms to predict persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in disaster workers followed for 2 years. Cluster analyses suggested that overall severity was the best predictor of PTSD at follow up, but for groups with PTSD of moderate severity, numbing symptoms were also associated with PTSD at the 2-year follow up. Regression analyses with all four symptom groups as independent variables found that only numbing and re-experiencing symptoms predicted PTSD at the 1 year follow up, and only numbing symptoms predicted PTSD at the 2-year follow up. Findings suggest that numbing symptom severity could be used as a risk index of very chronic PTSD, especially when the overall PTSD severity falls in the moderate range. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","posttraumatic stress disorder, terrorism, cluster analysis, follow up, independent variable, longitudinal study, regression analysis, risk, worker","Malta, L. S., Wyka, K. E., Giosan, C., Jayasinghe, N., Difede, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3400,Tobacco use trajectories among a large cohort of treated smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder,"INTRODUCTION: This study identified distinct tobacco use trajectories across 18months in 943 veteran smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to describe quit and relapse patterns, examine associations between trajectory groups on baseline characteristics and cessation service utilization, and explore group differences in mental health outcomes. METHODS: Veterans who participated in a multisite, randomized trial of integrated smoking cessation care were grouped using k-means clustering based on reported daily tobacco use between baseline and 18months. Four trajectory clusters were identified: no reduction (62%), temporary reduction (11%), late sustained reduction (9%) and early sustained reduction (18%). RESULTS: Median quit times in the early, late, temporary, and no reduction groups were 451, 141.5, 97, and 2days, respectively. Compared to the early reduction group, the temporary reduction group exhibited higher baseline depression (p<0.01) and anxiety (p<0.01), but did not differ in treatment received, with both groups attending significantly more cessation visits (p<0.001) and more likely to receive recommended pharmacotherapy (p<0.001) than the no reduction group between baseline and 6months. The early reduction group exhibited lower depression relative to the no reduction (p<0.01) and temporary reduction (p<0.01) groups across all assessments between baseline and 18months. Differences were not observed between groups in depressive or PTSD symptom change over time between baseline and 18months. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco use trajectories among treated smokers with PTSD vary distinctly. Characteristics of identified subgroups may lead to targeted interventions among smokers with PTSD and potentially other psychiatric disorders.","Major depressive disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Relapse, Smoking cessation, Veterans","Malte, C. A., Dennis, P. A., Saxon, A. J., McFall, M., Carmody, T. P., Unger, W., Beckham, J. C.",2014.0,Nov 4,10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.034,0,0,
3401,Tobacco use trajectories among a large cohort of treated smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Introduction: This study identified distinct tobacco use trajectories across 18. months in 943 veteran smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to describe quit and relapse patterns, examine associations between trajectory groups on baseline characteristics and cessation service utilization, and explore group differences in mental health outcomes. Methods: Veterans who participated in a multisite, randomized trial of integrated smoking cessation care were grouped using k-means clustering based on reported daily tobacco use between baseline and 18. months. Four trajectory clusters were identified: no reduction (62%), temporary reduction (11%), late sustained reduction (9%) and early sustained reduction (18%). Results: Median quit times in the early, late, temporary, and no reduction groups were 451, 141.5, 97, and 2. days, respectively. Compared to the early reduction group, the temporary reduction group exhibited higher baseline depression (p < 0.01) and anxiety (p < 0.01), but did not differ in treatment received, with both groups attending significantly more cessation visits (p < 0.001) and more likely to receive recommended pharmacotherapy (p < 0.001) than the no reduction group between baseline and 6. months. The early reduction group exhibited lower depression relative to the no reduction (p < 0.01) and temporary reduction (p < 0.01) groups across all assessments between baseline and 18. months. Differences were not observed between groups in depressive or PTSD symptom change over time between baseline and 18. months. Conclusions: Tobacco use trajectories among treated smokers with PTSD vary distinctly. Characteristics of identified subgroups may lead to targeted interventions among smokers with PTSD and potentially other psychiatric disorders.","Major depressive disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Relapse, Smoking cessation, Veterans","Malte, C. A., Dennis, P. A., Saxon, A. J., McFall, M., Carmody, T. P., Unger, W., Beckham, J. C.",2015.0,,,0,0,3400
3402,Evaluation of the psychological status in chronic low back pain: Comparison with general population,"Multiple studies have documented a strong association between chronic low back pain and psychopathology including personality disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety, and somatoform disorders along with non-specific issues such as emotion, anger and drug dependency. However, depression, anxiety and somatization appear to be crucial. There are no controlled trials in interventional pain management settings. This study was designed to evaluate 40 individuals without pain or psychotherapeutic drug therapy, Group I, control group; and Group II, chronic low back pain group with 40 chronic low back pain patients. All the participants were tested utilizing Pain Patient Profile (P3). Significant differences were found among various clinical syndromes with generalized anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, and depression, with 0% vs 20%, 0% vs 20%, and 5% vs 30% in Group I and Group II consecutively. This evaluation showed that clinical syndromes were seen in a greater proportion of patients with chronic low back pain emphasizing the importance of evaluation of the patients for generalized anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, and for depression.","adult, alcoholism, anger, anxiety neurosis, article, chronic pain, clinical article, controlled study, depression, disease association, drug dependence, emotion, human, low back pain, bipolar disorder, medical documentation, mental disease, neurosis, personality disorder, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychological aspect, psychotherapy, somatization","Manchikanti, L., Pampati, V., Beyer, C., Damron, K., Barnhill, R. C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3403,Resilience and other reactions to military deployment: The complex task of identifying distinct adjustment trajectories,,"acute stress, adjustment, bereavement, coping behavior, depression, disease exacerbation, emotional stability, human, life stress, military deployment, note, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal, psychological balance","Mancini, A. D.",2014.0,,,0,1,
3404,Resilience in the face of potential trauma: Clinical practices and illustrations,,,"Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A.",2006.0,,10.1002/jclp.20283,0,0,
3405,Resilience to potential trauma: Toward a lifespan approach,,,"Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3406,Stepping Off the Hedonic Treadmill: Individual Differences in Response to Major Life Events,,,"Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., Clark, A. E.",2011.0,,10.1027/1614-0001/a000047,0,0,
3407,A Brief Retrospective Method for Identifying Longitudinal Trajectories of Adjustment Following Acute Stress,"Research increasingly indicates that prototypical trajectories of resilience, recovery, delayed, and chronic distress characterize reactions to acute adversity. However, trajectory research has been limited by the practical and methodological difficulties of obtaining pre-event and longitudinal data. In two studies, we employed a novel method in which trained interviewers provided a graphical depiction of prototypical stress trajectories to participants and asked them to select the one that best described their experience. In Study 1, self-identified trajectories from 21 high-exposure survivors of the September 11th World Trade Center attacks distinguished variation in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms at 7 and 18 months, and were consistent with trajectories based on longitudinal outcomes and friend/relative ratings. In Study 2, we examined self-identified trajectories from 115 bereaved spouses at 1.5 to 3 years. Persons who identified a resilient trajectory, compared with recovery and chronic distress trajectories, had fewer interviewer-rated symptoms of grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder were rated as functioning more effectively by friends, reported higher life satisfaction, and had fewer somatic complaints. The present results provide initial evidence for the construct validity of a cross-sectional and less demanding method for identifying acute stress trajectories.","Ptsd, assessment, bereavement, grief, longitudinal, posttraumatic stress disorder, trajectory","Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., Sinan, B.",2014.0,Oct 6,10.1177/1073191114550816,0,1,
3408,"Predictors of Prolonged Grief, Resilience, and Recovery Among Bereaved Spouses","Objective: Most reactions to loss can be characterized by three prototypical trajectories of resilience, gradual recovery, and chronic distress (Bonanno, 2004). However, research on the factors that uniquely predict these trajectories of response has been limited. We examined theoretically relevant predictors of each of the trajectory patterns. Method: We assessed 115 bereaved spouses at 1.5 to 3 years postloss and 74 married controls. To identify grief trajectory, we provided bereaved participants with a graphical depiction of the trajectories and asked them to select the one that best described their experience. Results: Group comparisons revealed substantial differences between resilient and prolonged grievers, and almost no differences between resilient and married controls. Multivariate analyses indicated that prolonged grief, when compared to resilience, was uniquely associated with maladaptive dependency traits, difficulty accessing positive memories of the deceased, and higher recalled marital adjustment. Conclusion: The present results extend our understanding of factors associated with distinct trajectories of adjustment after loss. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley Company.","Bereavement, Dependency, Positive memories, Predictors, Prolonged grief, Resilience, Trajectory","Mancini, A. D., Sinan, B., Bonanno, G. A.",2015.0,,10.1002/jclp.22224,0,0,
3409,Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment,"The phenomenon of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become more widely recognised in recent years following changes in 1994 to the DSM criteria regarding how a traumatic event was defined. Emerging literature has predominately focused on prevalence rates and risk factors associated with this condition and on the use of debriefing techniques as an attempt to reduce or prevent the development of postnatal PTSD. However, little is known about the efficacy of psychological interventions that have been used to treat PTSD among postnatal women. This review summarises the limited evidence supporting the use of such treatments and discusses the significant challenges in developing and implementing psychological interventions for childbirth- related PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Treatment, Psychological Assessment, Stress","Mangaoang, Maeve",2009.0,,,0,0,
3410,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Post-Traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that develops in response to a traumatic event or stressor and is characterized by symptoms of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. PTSD is rather unique in that it is one of two psychiatric disorders in the fourth edition text revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) that is tied directly to a specified life event. This feature of PTSD has significant implications for the diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of the disorder, as well as psychosocial factors, including its development in a medicolegal context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Psychosocial Factors, *Treatment, Legal Processes","Manguno-Mire, Gina, Franklin, C. Laurel",2010.0,,,0,0,42
3411,Molecular drug targets for bipolar disorders,"Mood disorders are common, chronic, recurrent illness that affect the lives and functioning of millions of individuals worldwide. A growing number of recent studies indicate that for many of these individuals, outcome is quite poor. High rates of relapse, chronicity, lingering residual symptoms, subsyndromes, cognitive and functional impairment, psychosocial disability, and diminished well-being are unfortunately common. Furthermore, mood disorders are frequently associated with a wide range of physiological perturbations and medical problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and thyroid disease. Neurobiological studies of mood disorders over the last 40 years have primarily focused on abnormalities of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, on characterizing alterations of individual neurotransmitters in disease states, and on assessing response to mood stabilizers and antidepressant medications. The monoaminergic systems are extensively distributed throughout the network of limbic, striatal, and prefrontal cortical neuronal circuits thought to support the behavioral and visceral manifestations of mood disorders. Unfortunately, these studies have not yet greatly advanced our understanding of the underlying biology of recurrent mood disorders, which must include an explanation for the predilection to episodic and often profound mood disturbance that can become progressive over time. Research on the biological underpinnings of mood disorders has therefore moved away from focusing on absolute changes in neurochemicals such as monoamines and neuropeptides, and instead has begun highlighting the role of neural circuits and synapses, and the plastic processes controlling their function. Thus, these illnesses can best be conceptualized as genetically influenced disorders of synapses and circuits rather than simply as deficits or excesses in individual neurotransmitters. The integration of knowledge derived from different physiological and phenomenological levels continues to help move us towards a more conceptual understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of mood disorders. A growing body of data supports the contention that mood disorders arise from abnormalities in cellular plasticity cascades, leading to aberrant information processing in synapses and circuits mediating affective, cognitive, motoric, and neurovegetative function. Since the vast majority of psychotropic medications (with the exception of acutely acting sedatives and anxiolytics) only exert their primary therapeutic actions following at least week(s) of treatment, the long-term action of psychotropic medications is believed to involve a cascade of changes both initiated and maintained by critical intracellular signaling pathways. An important consideration is -how do changes in intracellular molecules bring about complex behavioral changes? These signaling cascades undoubtedly converge to regulate synaptic plasticity, and, thus, information processing in critical circuits mediating the affective, cognitive, motoric, and somatic manifestations of mood disorders. In this context, it is now clear that modification of the levels of synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors, in particular by receptor subunit trafficking, insertion, and internalization, is a critically important mechanism for regulating various forms of synaptic plasticity. Thus, through phosphorylation of specific sites on AMPA receptor subunit GluR1, GluR1 trafficking is regulated by protein kinase A (PKA), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Protein Kinase C (PKC). Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation ofthe receptor subunits regulates both the intrinsic channel properties of the receptor and the interaction of the receptor with associated proteins that modulate the membrane trafficking and synaptic targeting of the receptor. NMDA receptor subunits are regulated by similar mechanisms. A growing body of data shows that many of the effects of mood stabilizers/antidepressants on signaling cascades ultimately converge to regulate AMPA and NMDA sy aptic transmission. The regulation of transmission at the synapse may be mediated by changes in neurotransmitter levels, receptor subunit phosphorylation, surface/cellular levels or receptors, and conductance changes, among others. Building upon these preclinical data, recent clinical trials have investigated the clinical effects of direct NMDA modulators in subjects with mood disorders. Indeed, NMDA antagonists have demonstrated remarkably rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-refractory depressed patients. These findings are leading to a reconceptualization of the necessity to accept a prolonged lag period in onset of action for the effective treatment of depression. This several week long delay in onset of action has been one of the major limitations of existing therapeutics, but emerging data is suggesting therapeutic strategies to markedly impact of the temporal course of antidepressant action. Because of the delayed onset of clinical efficacy (days to weeks) of mood stabilizers, it has been proposed that adaptive changes in gene expression, rather than their initial pharmacological actions, may be directly responsible. In order to investigate this possibility further, studies have used mRNA differential display and cDNA microarrays to profile gene expression changes in response to treatment with lithium and valproate. Of particular interest is a subset of genes regulated in like fashion by both drugs. Manual and automated investigation of categorical trends suggest the involvement of hitherto unexpected classes of gene targets, including those related to cell survival, mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal dynamics, and metabolism. Chronic administration of both agents at therapeutic doses increased the expression of BAG-1 (Bcl-2 associated athanogene) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, these findings were validated at the protein level; Bag-1 is an important chaperone of Bcl-2, and enhances Bcl-2's anti-apoptotic functions; furthermore, through interaction with raf, Bag-1 is able to activate ERK MAP kinases. Consistent with this, it was found that lithium and valproate activate ERK MAP kinases and exert anti-apoptotic effects. Bag-1 also inhibits GR activation, which may counteract the deleterious effects of hypercortisolemia seen in BD. Small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) studies have shown that BAG-1 siRNA attenuates the effects of mood stabilizers on GR-mediated nuclear translocation and gene expression. The important role of stressors, and glucocorticoids in mood disorders has been studied for many years. Interestingly, glucocorticoids are one of the few agents that can promote either depressive or manic episodes in patients with BPD. In animal models, overexpression of GR in mouse forebrain leads to increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, increased sensitivity to antidepressants, and enhanced cocaine sensitization. GRs are modulated by a variety of mechanisms, and one important regulator is the chaperone protein 51 kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP5), which is upregulated by GR signaling and acts as a negative regulator through its association with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and P23. FKBP5 polymorphisms have been associated with increased number ofdepressive episodes in patients with various mood disorders, as well as enhanced response to antidepressant treatment. In addition, genetic variation within FKBP5 has been also associated with BPD, and the likelihood of developing PTSD following childhood abuse. Together, these data raise the possibility that FKBP5 and related chaperone proteins may represent molecules that can be targeted to regulate affective resilience. In this context, BAG-1 is a Hsp70/Hcs70-regulating co-chaperone protein that can interact with GRs and attenuate their nuclear trafficking and function. BAG-1 overexpressing mice showed faster recovery from the amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion test, as well as resistance to cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization; these two animal models are used to screen potential anti-manic agents. Lithium-treated animals also show similar behavior l responses as BAG-1 overexpressing mice. Reduction of BAG-1 in heterozygous knockout mice has the opposite effect, leading to enhanced response to cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. In terms of anxiety and depression, BAG-1 overexpressing mice demonstrate a less anxious behavioral phenotype in the elevated plus maze test and have facilitated spontaneous recovery rates from helplessness behavior compared with wild type littermates. An interacting partner of BAG-1 is Bcl-2. The B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins include both anti-apoptotic (such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-Xl) and pro-apoptotic (such as Bax and Bak) members. These proteins are primarily present in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They regulate the release and up-take of calcium in these cellular organelles through varied mechanisms, control the leakage of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins into cytoplasm, and modulate ER stress responses. Bcl-2 family proteins play key roles in apoptosis, proliferation and growth of cells and neurons, receptor trafficking, and synaptic function. Treatment with mood stabilizers or antidepressants up-regulate regional brain Bcl-2 levels. At the conceptual level, Bcl-2 up-regulation is consistent with the findings of volumetric reductions in brain regions of individuals with mood disorders, as well as with the volumetric improvement in these brain regions seen after treatment with mood stabilizers and antidepressants. Furthermore, recent data show that Bcl-2 family members regulate behaviors related to mood disorders. Clinical findings suggest a dysfunctional ER stress response as well as mitochondrial disturbances in mood disorders, although these findings need to be replicated.","antidepressant agent, receptor subunit, n methyl dextro aspartic acid, mood stabilizer, receptor, protein, chaperone, neurotransmitter, lithium, cocaine, alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid, mitogen activated protein kinase, glucocorticoid, small interfering RNA, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor, valproic acid, AMPA receptor, cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase, calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II, protein kinase C, sedative agent, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor blocking agent, messenger RNA, complementary DNA, fk 506 binding protein, heat shock protein 90, RNA, amphetamine, calcium, outer membrane protein, neuropeptide, plastic, monoamine, anxiolytic agent, Europe, scientist, bipolar disorder, psychopharmacology, workshop, mood disorder, mouse, synapse, sensitization, gene expression, patient, drug therapy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, stress, animal model, brain region, anxiety, phosphorylation, information processing, therapy, nerve cell plasticity, gene, general aspects of disease, internalization, membrane, synaptic transmission, conductance, clinical trial, drug mechanism, differential display, book, cell survival, dynamics, metabolism, chronic drug administration, hippocampus, hypercortisolism, mania, forebrain, genetic variability, abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood, mood, behavior, mouse mutant, knockout mouse, phenotype, maze test, helplessness, wild type, B cell lymphoma, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, cell organelle, cytoplasm, apoptosis, nerve cell, brain, upregulation, relapse, functional disease, disability, chronicity, wellbeing, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyroid disease, monoaminergic system, etiology, pathophysiology, plasticity, intracellular signaling, behavior change","Manji, H.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3412,Severe paroxysmal hypertension (pseudopheochromocytoma),"Paroxysmal hypertension always engenders a search for a catecholamine-secreting pheochromocytoma. Yet 98% of people with paroxysmal hypertension do not have this tumor. The cause and management of paroxysmal hypertension remain a mystery, and the subject of remarkably few papers. This review presents an approach to understanding and successfully treating this disorder. Patients experience symptomatic blood pressure surges likely linked to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. A specific personality profile associated with this disorder suggests a psychological basis, attributable to repressed emotion related to prior emotional trauma or a repressive (nonemotional) coping style. Based on this understanding, three forms of intervention, alone or in combination, appear successful: antihypertensive therapy with agents directed at the sympathetically mediated blood pressure elevation (eg, combined (alpha)- and (beta)-blockade or central (alpha)-agonists such as clonidine); psychopharmacologic interventions including anxiolytic and/or antidepressant agents; and psychological intervention, particularly reassurance and increased psychological awareness. An appropriately selected intervention can reduce or eliminate attacks in most patients. Copyright (copyright) 2008 by Current Medicine Group LLC.","adrenergic receptor blocking agent, alpha adrenergic receptor blocking agent, alprazolam, antidepressant agent, antihypertensive agent, anxiolytic agent, benzodiazepine, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, carvedilol, catecholamine, clonidine, desipramine, dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor, diuretic agent, illicit drug, labetalol, metadrenalin, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nitroprusside sodium, normetadrenalin, psychotropic agent, tricyclic antidepressant agent, tyramine, blood pressure monitoring, cardiovascular disease, combination chemotherapy, defense mechanism, diaphoresis, differential diagnosis, dizziness, drug bioavailability, drug substitution, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, dyspnea, emotional stress, follow up, headache, heart palpitation, human, hypertension, labile hypertension, maintenance therapy, mental disease, monotherapy, nausea, panic, paroxysmal hypertension, posttraumatic stress disorder, pressoreceptor, pseudopheochromocytoma, pseudotumor, psychological aspect, psychotherapy, quality of life, radiodiagnosis, review, sensitivity and specificity, symptomatology, thorax pain, unspecified side effect, weakness","Mann, S. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3413,Control theory and psychopathology: An integrative approach,"Perceptual control theory (PCT; Powers, 1973) is presented and adapted as a framework to understand the causes, maintenance, and treatment of psychological disorders. PCT provides dynamic, working models based on the principle that goal-directed activity arises from a hierarchy of negative feedback loops that control perception through control of the environment. The theory proposes that psychological distress arises from the unresolved conflict between goals. The present paper integrates PCT, control theory, and self-regulatory approaches to psychopathology and psychotherapy and recent empirical findings, particularly in the field of cognitive therapy. The approach aims to offer fresh insights into the role of goal conflict, automatic processes, imagery, perceptual distortion, and loss of control in psychological disorders. Implications for psychological therapy are discussed, including an integration of the existing work on the assessment of control profiles and the use of assertive versus yielding modes of control. © 2005 The British Psychological Society.",,"Mansell, W.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3414,Measurement invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among U.S. military personnel,"Studies have not examined the factor structure or measurement invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology using population-based data. Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was conducted in a representative sample of U.S. active duty military personnel (N = 15,593). Consistent with prior research, a 4-factor model consisting of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and arousal factors was superior to four alternative models. Measurement invariance was found for factor loadings, but not observed item intercepts when comparing personnel with and without a recent deployment (<or=12 months). Findings indicate differences in the level of observed responses across deployment subgroups that exceed what would be expected for individuals with similar PCL latent factors scores. Implications of results are discussed.","adult, analysis of variance, article, factorial analysis, female, human, male, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, soldier, United States","Mansfield, A. J., Williams, J., Hourani, L. L., Babeu, L. A.",2010.0,,,0,1,
3415,Posttraumatic stress disorder,"Although, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is still a relatively young diagnosis, it has quickly achieved a privileged position within the research literature, which becomes apparent by the enormous number of publications. This article begins with an introduction of the phenomenology of PTSD relating to both classification systems (DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10) and the differences between them. This will be followed by a depiction of epidemiological findings, which show PTSD to be a prevalent disorder with high comorbidity and a chronic course. Subsequently, psychological concepts of aetiology-two of which (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Foa & Kozak, 1986) will be presented-focus on risk factors, protective factors, and event factors as well as resources and posttraumatic processes, which are increasingly complemented by neurobiological findings. The article concludes with a description of psychotherapeutic interventions, which encompass psychological First Aid and acute interventions as well as those for enduring and chronic conditions. The focus will be on cognitive behavioural methods, which not only show the best efficacy but are also the best evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Phenomenology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, Epidemiology, Taxonomies","Maragkos, Markos",2010.0,,,0,0,42
3416,The role of temperament in the development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder amongst journalists,"The literature indicates that journalists, who have been exposed to traumatic situations, risk developing Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Certain temperament traits, such as neuroticism and compulsiveness, have been found to increase vulnerability to the development of PTSD amongst police officers. Few research studies have investigated temperament and a sense of coherence as factors mediating occupational stress in journalists exposed to trauma. The aim of this study was to address this dearth by investigating whether differences in the experience of trauma, temperament traits and a sense of coherence amongst journalists will influence the degree of PTSD experienced. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to divide journalists into three groups, namely, those with minor reactions (n=10), moderate reactions (n=24) and severe reactions of clinical importance (n=16). Analyses of variance followed by Scheffé post hoc multiple comparisons technique indicated statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding experience of trauma as measured by the Trauma Questionnaire, temperament traits as measured by the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire and sense of coherence as measured by the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire. The results show that various factors could have an impact on how journalists deal with the traumatic stories they cover, as well as their personal outcomes after covering these stories. Journalists who develop severe PTSD differ in terms of their perceptions of the trauma, temperament profiles and sense of coherence, which impacts on their way of coping with the traumatic situations they face daily. © Psychological Society of South Africa. All rights reserved.",,"Marais, A., Stuart, A. D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3417,Police and mental health professionals: Collaborative responses to the impact of violence on children and families,"Coordinating responses through the Child Development-Community Policing Program has led to multiple changes in the delivery of clinical and police services. Mental health clinicians and police officers have developed a common language for assessing and responding to the needs of children and families who have been exposed to or involved in violence. Learning from each other, these unlikely partners have established close working relationships that improve and expand the range of interventions they are able to provide while preserving the areas of expertise and responsibilities of each professional group. The immediate access to witnesses, victims, and perpetrators of violent crimes through the consultation service provides a unique opportunity to expand the understanding of clinical phenomena from the acute traumatic moment to longer-term adaptation, symptom formation, and recovery. In turn, the initiative introduces the systematic study of basic psychological and neurobiologic functions involved in traumatization as well as the investigation of psychotherapeutic and pharmacologic therapies. Similarly, program involvement with juvenile offenders has led to a coordinated response from the police, mental health, and juvenile justice systems. This project provides an opportunity to develop detailed psychological profiles and typologies of children engaged in different levels of antisocial behavior as well as to determine the characteristics that might predict with whom community-based interventions might be most successful. A recent survey of New Haven public school students has yielded promising evidence that community policing and the program are having a positive impact on the quality of life. In a survey of sixth-, eighth-, and tenth-grade students there were substantial improvements in students' sense of safety and experience of violence between 1992 and 1996. When asked if they felt safe in their neighborhood, there was an increase in the percentage of positive responses from 57% to 62% for sixth-grade students, 48% to 66% for eighth- grade students, and 53% to 73% for tenth-grade students, and when asked if they had seen someone shot or stabbed there was a decrease in positive responses from 43% to 28% for sixth-grade students, 46% to 31% for eighth- grade students, and 34% to 28% for tenth-grade students? Today, we are all too familiar with the developmental trajectory that leads children into violent crime. Newspaper articles and clinical case reports have taken on a dreary repetitiveness. These young criminals are often poor, minority, inner- city children who are known to many agencies to be at risk because of family disorganization, neglect, and abuse. They are failing in school or are already on the streets. One day they are victims and the very next they are assailants. We are all familiar with the inadequacies in the social response to these children, from their preschool years through the point at which they become assailants themselves. What is shocking is that the age at which children make the transition from being abused to being abusive seems to be getting earlier, and the number appears to be increasing. On the positive side, there is an increased awareness of the need and the ability of the various sectors of society to respond in concert. The institutions that function in the inner city-schools, police, mental health and child welfare agencies, churches-are all concerned about the same children and families. By working together, with a shared orientation to the best interests of the children, they can intervene earlier and more effectively: first, to disrupt the trajectory leading to violence; and, second, to help those children who are already caught in the web of exposure to violent crime and inner-city trauma. The experience with community-based policing and mental health in New Haven, now being replicated throughout the United States, can thus stand as a model of an active social response to an overwhelming national concern.","adolescent, anxiety neurosis, behavior disorder, child, child health care, child psychiatry, crime, depression, health care policy, high risk population, human, maladjustment, mental health care, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, violence","Marans, S., Berkowitz, S. J., Cohen, D. J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3418,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric characteristics of the Portuguese version of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C),"Introduction: In order to explore the psychometric characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) a study was conducted with professional help and safety. Material and methods: This study had the participation of 1215 firefighters and police who responded the PCL-C on paper. Results: The results show the same factor structure as well as good psychometric characteristics in terms of diagnosis clusters and severity indicator. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of PCL-C reveals good psychometric qualities that seem to be appropriate for use in future research. (copyright) 2011 Escola Nacional de Saude Publica. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.","article, checklist, cluster analysis, disease severity, fire fighter, human, major clinical study, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version, psychometry","Marcelino, D., Goncalves, S. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3419,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric characteristics of the Portuguese version of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C),"Introduction: In order to explore the psychometric characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) a study was conducted with professional help and safety. Material and methods: This study had the participation of 1215 firefighters and police who responded the PCL-C on paper. Results: The results show the same factor structure as well as good psychometric characteristics in terms of diagnosis clusters and severity indicator. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of PCL-C reveals good psychometric qualities that seem to be appropriate for use in future research. © 2011 Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.","Firefighters, PCL-C, Policies, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)","Marcelino, D., Gonçalves, S. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,3418
3420,Feasibility of a Screening Program for At-Risk Children Following Accidental Injury,"Screening is recommended as a simple method for identifying those who should be monitored for risk following trauma. Effective methods for implementing large-scale screening programs are yet to be established. This study tested the feasibility and utility of a screening program with hospitalized youth exposed to injury in 3 Australian hospitals. Eligible families (N = 1,134) were contacted and 546 children (48.0%) screened for risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 1-2 weeks postinjury. There were 95 (17.4%) children whose screen result was at risk. A rescreening phase was introduced during the study, with 68 children completing the rescreen at 4-6 weeks postinjury, and 26 (38.2% of those rescreened) still at risk. Of those initially screened, 29 (5.3%) completed diagnostic assessments, 21 (3.8%) were diagnosed with partial or full PTSD, and 17 (3.1%) commenced treatment. Screening was successful at identifying and reaching children with PTSD, but the response rate was lower than expected, which limited the utility of the program. The addition of a rescreening phase demonstrated that not all at-risk children required intervention. These findings replicate previous studies that have shown natural remission in PTSD symptoms and highlight the potential for rescreening as part of a watchful waiting approach. © 2015 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"March, S., Kenardy, J. A., Cobham, V. E., Nixon, R. D. V., McDermott, B., De Young, A.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.21981,0,0,
3421,Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among police officers: A prospective study,"This prospective study examined risk and protective factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 83 police officers. Structured interviews were conducted in order to assess the most recent work-related traumatic event and establish diagnoses of acute stress disorder (ASD) and full or partial PTSD. Police officers were assessed between 5 and 15 days, and at 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months after the event. They also completed self-administered questionnaires assessing several potential predictors. Predictive analyses about the onset of PTSD were based on a 4-step nested random-effect linear regression. Overall, results showed that the modulation of PTSD symptomatology was associated with some pretraumatic (i.e., emotional coping strategies and number of children), peritraumatic (i.e., physical and emotional reactions and dissociation), and posttraumatic factors (i.e., ASD, depression symptoms, and seeking psychological help at the employee assistance program and at the police union between the event and Time 1). Clinical implications of these findings are discussed and key directions for future studies are proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Protective Factors, *Risk Factors","Marchand, Andre, Nadeau, Celine, Beaulieu-Prevost, Dominic, Boyer, Richard, Martin, Melissa",2015.0,,,0,0,
3422,Cognitive debt and Alzheimer's disease: A theoretical journey from thoughts to symptoms,"Background: Clinical disorders, personality, and life events have been independently associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus far they have been reported as isolated associations, however in this presentation we explore whether a universal principle links them together. Methods: In an extension of Yaakov Stern's concept of Cognitive Reserve, we propose a theory of Cognitive Debt that encapsulates behaviors that increase vulnerability to symptomatic AD. Taking a life-course approach, we describe how depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbance, neuroticism, and life stress increase Cognitive Debt. We further isolate a behaviorally measurable process common to these factors through which Cogntive Debt is manifested. Results: Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) transcends disorder-specific definition, encompasses rumination and worry, and is defined by perseverative, negative thought tendencies. Biological evidence of dysregulated stress responses supports both the theory of Cogntive Debt, of RNT as its driving mechanism, and of their interaction with the APOE genotype to increase risk of symptomatic AD. Conclusions: We hope that understanding the psychological mechanisms that might increase vulnerability to symptomatic AD will allow researchers to develop a more specific risk profile. Interventions could be targeted earlier and more precisely at individuals at greatest risk for AD (ie APOE e4 carriers and/or those with Cognitive Debt). Behavioural therapies to reduce RNT could also be explored as an option to prevent or delay onset of symptomatic AD. (Figure Presented).","vascular guide wire, Alzheimer disease, risk, human, diseases, cognitive reserve, anxiety, life event, polymer constrained wrist prosthesis, stress, scientist, posttraumatic stress disorder, life stress, neurosis, rumination, sleep disorder, patient worry, personality, genotype, hope, therapy","Marchant, N.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3423,Cognitive Debt and Alzheimer's Disease,"We propose the concept of Cognitive Debt to characterize thoughts and behaviors that increase vulnerability to symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence indicates that depression, anxiety, sleep disorder, neuroticism, life stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder increase risk for AD, and we suggest they do so by increasing Cognitive Debt. Repetitive negative thinking (RNT), a behaviorally measurable process common to these factors, may drive Cognitive Debt acquisition. RNT transcends disorder-specific definition, encompasses rumination and worry, and is defined by perseverative, negative thought tendencies. Evidence of dysregulated stress responses supports the concept of Cognitive Debt, of RNT as its causal mechanism, and of an interaction with the APOE-epsilon4 genotype to increase vulnerability to clinical AD, independent from traditional AD pathology. Defining a more specific behavioral profile of risk would enable interventions to be targeted earlier and more precisely at individuals most vulnerable to developing AD. Additionally, modulating RNT could potentially reduce risk of clinical AD. Interventions to reduce RNT are discussed, as are suggestions for future research. For these reasons we submit that the Cognitive Debt model may aid understanding of the psychological mechanisms that potentially increase predisposition to AD.","Apoe, ""Alzheimers disease"", Ptsd, anxiety, cognitive reserve, depression, mindfulness, neuroticism, sleep, stress","Marchant, N. L., Howard, R. J.",2014.0,Oct 31,10.3233/jad-141515,0,0,
3424,Is a diagnosis of occupational post-traumatic schizophrenia possible?,"We present the case of a man who became ill with schizophrenia at the age of 44 after he had been subjected to a series of investigations at his place of work. This case illustrates the issue of the development of schizophrenia as a result of trauma or stress. In our presentation we go into a detailed history of the case and the relevant legal and medical aspects, referring to the legal theory of microtrauma and the theory behind stress-vulnerability, in an attempt to contribute to the understanding of schizophrenia. We consider the legal definitions of 'occupational damage' and the 'common illness'. As to qualifying medical terms, medical science looks upon illnesses as resulting from the reciprocity between the organism and the environment. While the organism forever tends to maintain its equilibrium, environmental factors threaten to upset it. Considering mental illnesses in general and schizophrenia in particular, we discuss the theory of 'stress-vulnerability hypothesis'. We convey our opinion on how it is possible to bridge the gap between the law and medical science. Bringing together the two disciplines and their terms is not simple. The most significant question is whether vulnerability, or to be more precise, vulnerability or a genetic tendency, constitutes a natural morbidity process which is aggravated by the traumatic factor, or whether an individual who bears a 'vulnerability' is healthy until he comes into contact with the environmental factor. It is our opinion that one must not attach too much importance to this theory and must not consider it as fact, but rather confine one's judgment to cases where a latent 'vulnerability' has a clear-cut clinical expression. If we rely on a prevalent medical theory as if it were an evident reality we may miss the truth and may attach too much importance to a matter which is as yet solely theoretical. Our aim is to do justice to human beings. It is better to rely on facts than to trust the existence of latent factors which are within the bounds of theory. We also present a review of the literature about the connection between schizophrenia and trauma or unusual events of life.","adult, anamnesis, article, female, human, Israel, legal aspect, male, occupational disease, occupational health, paranoid schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder","Marchevsky, S., Baram, E.",1992.0,,,0,0,
3425,Treatment of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Male Veterans: An Example of a Comprehensive Approach,"Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant and enduring public health problem, affecting as many as 5 million women annually in the United States. As a microcosm of society, military families experience such violence at rates equal to or higher than civilian counterparts. IPV is a complex problem often fueled by an equally complex mixture of risk factors, including substance abuse, childhood abuse and trauma, PTSD, depression, personality disorders, and various other stressors. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs provides healthcare to nearly nine million Veterans annually, including for IPV and the related risk factors. This article describes the risk factors for IPV, as well as the challenges associated with effectively treating it. Given the complexity of the problem, the need for an interdisciplinary, comprehensive approach to treatment is emphasized. An example of such a program is described. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Intimate partner violence, Military, Treatment, Veterans","Marchiondo, C.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10591-015-9353-7,0,0,
3426,Opioid-receptor antagonists in psychiatry,"Naltrexone has proved useful in a variety of psychopathological states, Mainly it has been used in long term therapy of heroin addicts. More recently it has been addressed to the treatment of alcoholics, Anecdoctical observations and research data suggest its use also in the field of Mental Illnesses (Eating disorders, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Schizophrenia, Self Injuring Behaviours, Autism, Tricotillomania, Post-traumatic stress disorder). In this paper we will briefly discuss the use of opioid antagonists in drug addicts and then we will review the evidence for future development for other psychiatric illnesses. Examined data suggest that opioid antagonists be effective on symptomathologic clusters common to different clinical entities.","Drug Addiction, Naltrexone, Opioid antagonists, Psychiatric Illness","Maremmani, I., Pacini, M., Canoniero, S., Lubrano, S., Deltit, J. A., Palumbo, J. M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3427,"Posttraumatic stress: Concepts, models and neurochemical alterations","(from the chapter) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 7.8%. It is defined in DSM-IV as an anxiety disorder in which a person has been exposed to a traumatic event, involving either witnessing or experiencing threatened death or injury or witnessing or experiencing threat to physical integrity. The response to the traumatic event must involve fear or horror. In PTSD, the patient develops symptoms in three domains: reexperiencing the trauma, avoiding stimuli associated with the trauma and experiencing symptoms of increased autonomic arousal. Exposure to stress can have numerous pathophysiological effects. In order to understand the neurobiology of PTSD, it is important to establish animal models of PTSD, in which different aspects of this disorder may be studied. Some of these models include inescapable footshocks in a shuttle-box, exposure to a predator, underwater trauma, and early stress models. Exposure of animals to these situations may lead to behavioral changes such as maladaptive responses to stress, avoidance, and increase in responsiveness to external stimuli in a stressful context. The authors broach endocrine changes in the HPA axis, biochemical alterations in neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and neurotransmission at serotonergic, noradrenergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. The use of biochemical peripheral markers is discussed, as well as limitations and contributions of the current investigation into this psychiatric disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Animal Models, *Neurobiology, *Neurochemistry, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Biological Markers, Concepts, Symptoms","Margis, Regina, Dalmaz, Carla, Goncalves, Carlos-Alberto",2006.0,,,0,0,
3428,Cognitive and emotional processing through writing among adolescents who experienced the death of a classmate,"This study investigated how written emotional disclosure reflects the processes by which adolescents cope with a traumatic event they experienced collectively - the sudden death of a classmate. Twenty high school students wrote about their emotional reactions to the death on 3 consecutive days. The writings were coded using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) and analyzed using a mixed-methods software (T-LAB). A measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms (Impact of Events Scale-Revised) obtained at baseline (14 days after the death) and 1 week and 4 months' postwriting was used to classify the students into four adjustment trajectories: Delayed Distress, Recovery, Stable-Negative, and Stable-Positive. Textual analysis revealed a progressive elaboration of the traumatic event across the 3 writing days, moving from a factual perspective to the processing of emotions to an integrated emotional and cognitive restructuring of the event. The nature of the writing differed across adjustment trajectories. Specifically, students in the Stable-Positive and Recovery trajectories made greater mention of the deceased classmate and reflected greater cognitive processing of the trauma. Students in the Stable-Negative and Delayed Distress trajectories used more self-references and negative emotion words and showed a greater degree of inhibition. The results provide preliminary clues to adjustment processes in adolescent bereavement. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","adjustment trajectories, adolescents, death and dying, emotional disclosure, expressive writing (EW), posttraumatic stress","Margola, D., Facchin, F., Molgora, S., Revenson, T. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3429,The effects of family and community violence on children,"This review examines theoretical and empirical literature on children's reactions to three types of violence--child maltreatment, community violence, and interparental violence. In addition to describing internalizing and externalizing problems associated with exposure to violence, this review identifies ways that violence can disrupt typical developmental trajectories through psychobiological effects, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), cognitive consequences, and peer problems. Methodological challenges in this literature include high rates of co-occurrence among types of violence exposure, co-occurrence of violence with other serious life adversities, heterogeneity in the frequency, severity, age of onset, and chronicity of exposure, and difficulties in making causal inferences. A developmental psychopathology perspective focuses attention on how violence may have different effects at different ages and may compromise children's abilities to face normal developmental challenges. Emphasis is placed on the variability of children's reactions to violence, on outcomes that go beyond diagnosable disorders, and on variables that mediate and moderate children's reactions to violence.","behavior disorder, child, child abuse, child development, human, mental disease, partner violence, psychological aspect, review, violence","Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3430,Treatment seeking posttraumatic stress disorder patient population- experience from Kashmir,"It has been argued that PTSD patients who seek treatment are rather atypical of the usual PTSD population. To study the profile of such patients in an Asian setup, from where hardly any such study has been reported, we surveyed 469 consequetive PTSD patients seeking treatment at psychiatric diseases hospital, Srinagar, who were diagnosed using DSM-IV guideines. Married subjects (50.71%) predominated, while most (62.68%) belonged to joint families. Majority (61.19%) belonged to the middle class. Most of the subjects had a low educational achievement (76.11% were below matric). Importantly, males (46.26%) and females (53.13%) had a comparable representation. Most patients (85.07%) had a chronic PTSD.67%of patients had comorbid depression.","CAPS, PTSD, Risk factors, Treatment seeking","Margoob, M. A., Firdosi, M. M., Ali, Z., Hussain, A., Mushtaq, H., Khan, A. Y., Malik, Y. A., Rather, Y. H., Ahmad, S. A., Banal, R., Muzamil, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3431,Analysis of a case series of workers with mobbing syndrome,"Mobbing represents nowadays a major challenge for Occupational Medicine. We examined, during the last seven years, 253 patients who asked medical assistance for psychopathological problems by them ascribed to mobbing in the working environment. All patients underwent occupational health visit, psychological counselling (including personality tests administration), and psychiatric evaluation. A clinical picture probably due to mobbing was diagnosed in 37 workers: 2 cases of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 33 of Adjustment Disorder (AD), and 2 of anxiety disorder. Regarding mobbing typology, we found 19 cases of vertical mobbing (by an employer/manager to employees), 14 cases of strategic mobbing, 3 cases of horizontal mobbing (among colleagues), and one non intentional mobbing. In conclusion, a pure mobbing syndrome was diagnosed in a lower proportion than that reported by other investigators. The described interdisciplinary approach appears useful for the diagnostic assessment of suspect mobbing cases, that in turn is crucial for prognosis and treatment, as well as in relation to medico-legal issues and work-related compensation claims.","Adjustment disorder, Harassment, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Marinoni, B., Minelli, C. M., Franzina, B., Martellosio, V., Scafa, F., Giorgi, I., Mazzacane, F., Stancanelli, M., Mennoia, N. V., Candura, S. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3432,"Clinical expression profiles of complex regional pain syndrome, fibromyalgia and a-specific repetitive strain injury: More common denominators than pain?","Purpose. To systematically evaluate and compare the clinical manifestations, disease course, risk factors and demographic characteristics of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1 (CRPS), fibromyalgia (FM) and a-specific Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). Method. A literature search was performed using terms related to the aforementioned topics and diseases. Only original clinical studies that included at least 20 subjects were eligible. Results. Fifty-nine studies on CRPS, 73 on FM and 7 on a-specific RSI were identified. The diseases show similarities in age distribution, male-female ratio, pain characteristics and sensory signs and symptoms. Motor, autonomic and trophic changes are frequently reported in CRPS, but only occasionally in FM and RSI. Systemic symptoms are found in patients with CRPS and FM, and in a subgroup of patients with RSI. In all three disorders, symptoms usually start locally, but may spread to other body regions later, which, in the case of FM, is a prerequisite for diagnosis. Disease onset is always, usually, or occasionally of traumatic origin in RSI, CRPS and FM, respectively. Anxiety and depression are more frequent in patients compared to controls, but probably not very different from patients with other pain conditions or chronic diseases. Conclusions. Apart from some obvious differences between CRPS, FM and RSI, the similarities are conspicuous. The common features of CRPS, FM and a-specific RSI may suggest that a common pathway is involved, but until patients with these type of symptoms are assessed with a uniform assessment procedure, a thorough comparison cannot be made. A systematic evaluation of patients with a suspected diagnosis of CRPS, FM or RSI, may lead to a better appreciation of the differences and similarities in these diseases and help to unravel the underlying mechanisms. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.","A-specific repetitive strain injury, Complex regional pain syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Review, TREND","Marinus, J., van Hilten, J. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3433,The Detection of Feigned Psychiatric Disorders Using the MMPI-2-RF Overreporting Validity Scales: An Analog Investigation,"Individuals who are motivated to feign psychological problems to achieve a desired outcome (e.g., insanity defense) may overreport symptoms of psychopathology, with type of pathology being dependent on the setting. In the current investigation, we examined the utility of the overreporting validity scales (infrequent responses [F-r], infrequent psychopathology responses [F P-r], infrequent somatic responses [Fs], and symptom validity [FBS-r]) on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (Ben-Porath and Tellegen 2008) to detect research participants instructed to simulate one of three mental disorders: major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCH), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The restructured clinical (RC) and overreporting validity scale scores of bona fide psychiatric patients with a primary diagnosis of either MDD, SCH, or PTSD were compared to two groups of simulators-naïve (i.e., undergraduate students with no training in mental disorders) and sophisticated (i.e., individuals with advanced training in psychopathology or personal experience with the disorder asked to overreport symptoms). Examination of the RC Scale profiles revealed that the sophisticated simulators produced symptom profiles more similar to the profiles of the psychiatric patients than did the naïve simulators. For the overreporting validity scales, the sophisticated simulators were less likely to be detected as feigning compared to the naïve simulators; overall, the validity scales were able to distinguish patients from simulators and accurately classify most of the simulators regardless of their level of ""symptom"" sophistication. Examination and comparison of the validity scales revealed that across disorders and level of research participant symptom sophistication, the F P-r scale best differentiated simulators from patients. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Depression, Malingering, MMPI-2-RF, Overreporting, PTSD, Schizophrenia, Validity scales","Marion, B. E., Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3434,Predicting post-traumatic stress disorder following first onset acute coronary syndrome: Testing a theoretical model,"Objectives: This research identified which theoretically predicted factors (Joseph, Williams, & Yule, 1997) were associated with the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms 1 and 6 months following onset of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Predictor variables included event factors, peri-traumatic distress; and maintaining factors including coping strategies, social support, re-appraisal of event threat, and beliefs about the nature of ACS. Associations with alexithymia were also explored. Method: One hundred and fifty participants completed questionnaires in hospital and at 1- and 6-month follow-up. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression including both baseline and contemporaneous variables explained 52 and 42% of the variance in PTSD symptoms at each follow-up. At 1-month follow-up, predictors of PTSD symptoms were as follows: peri-traumatic distress, concern over symptoms, illness comprehension, and lack of social support. At 6-month follow-up, predictors were: peri-traumatic distress, lack of social support, use of problem-focused coping, and continued symptoms. Conclusions: The Joseph et al. model was generally supported. The data allow some degree of prediction of high risk individuals and suggest some possible interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cardiovascular Disorders, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alexithymia, Risk Factors","Marke, Victoria, Bennett, Paul",2013.0,,,0,1,
3435,Interpersonal factors in understanding and treating posttraumatic stress disorder,"Exposure to reminders of trauma underlies the theory and practice of most treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet exposure may not be the sole important treatment mechanism. Interpersonal features of PTSD influence its onset, chronicity, and possibly its treatment. The authors review interpersonal factors in PTSD, including the critical but under recognized role of social support as both protective posttrauma and as a mechanism of recovery. They discuss interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) as an alternative treatment for PTSD and present encouraging findings from two initial studies. Highlighting the potential importance of attachment and interpersonal relationships, the authors propose a mechanism to explain why improving relationships may ameliorate PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Interpersonal Influences, *Interpersonal Psychotherapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Recovery (Disorders), Social Support","Markowitz, John C., Milrod, Barbara, Bleiberg, Kathryn, Marshall, Randall D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3436,Paroxetine: Safety and tolerability issues,"Paroxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) available in immediate release and controlled release (CR) formulations. Paroxetine is the most potent inhibitor of serotonin re-uptake among the now available SSRIs. Paroxetine has been approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder (PD), generalised anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD) in adults, whereas paroxetine CR is approved for the treatment of MDD, SAD, PD and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adults. The overall efficacy of paroxetine seems to be comparable to other SSRIs in the treatment of approved indications, although paroxetine treatment induces more sedation, constipation, sexual dysfunction, discontinuation syndrome and weight gain than other SSRIs. Recent data suggest that paroxetine treatment leads to increased rates of congenital malformations, although this evidence is not conclusive. Paroxetine and paroxetine CR are not indicated for use in the paediatric population and are categorised as Pregnancy Class D. In conclusion, whether the tolerability profile of paroxetine differs substantially from other new antidepressants (including other SSRIs) needs to be determined in adequately powered well-designed randomised controlled comparative clinical trials. (copyright) 2008 Informa UK Ltd.","acetylsalicylic acid, amitriptyline, atomoxetine, cimetidine, clomipramine, cytochrome P450 2D6, desipramine, doxepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, nortriptyline, paroxetine, pimozide, placebo, risperidone, serotonin, serotonin transporter, sertraline, thioridazine, abdominal pain, agitation, anorgasmia, area under the curve, article, asthenia, binding affinity, bleeding, cardiovascular malformation, child health care, clinical trial, congenital malformation, constipation, controlled clinical trial, controlled release formulation, decreased appetite, diarrhea, dizziness, drug absorption, drug approval, drug blood level, drug contraindication, drug distribution, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug indication, drug safety, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, ejaculation disorder, enzyme inhibition, generalized anxiety disorder, gynecologic disease, headache, human, hyperkinesia, infection, inhibition kinetics, injury, insomnia, libido disorder, major depression, male genital system disease, maximum plasma concentration, methodology, nausea, nervousness, neurosis, nonhuman, obsessive compulsive disorder, orthostatic hypotension, patient compliance, postmarketing surveillance, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, QT prolongation, randomized controlled trial, respiratory tract disease, rhinitis, risk benefit analysis, sedation, serotonin syndrome, serotonin uptake, sexual dysfunction, side effect, social phobia, somnolence, suicidal behavior, sweating, tachycardia, teratogenicity, time to maximum plasma concentration, tremor, visual disorder, vomiting, weight gain, withdrawal syndrome, xerostomia, yawning","Marks, D. M., Park, M. H., Ham, B. J., Han, C., Patkar, A. A., Masand, P. S., Pae, C. U.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3437,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: A Controlled Study,,,"Marks, I., Lovell, K., Noshirvani, H., Livanou, M., Thrasher, S.",1998.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.55.4.317,0,0,
3438,Prospective study of risk and resilience factors for posttraumatic stress in police officers,"Objective: Results will be presented on a prospective longitudinal study of risk and resilience for PTSD symptoms in 400 police academy recruits, assessed during academy training and followed during the first 7 years of police service. Methods: Utilizing Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) we have established three symptom trajectories, highly resilient, initially distressed with gradual improvement and increasing distress. Results: We will present findings on the relations of the following predictors ascertained during academy training to the three PTSD symptom trajectories: I.Q., family histories of anxiety, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, neuroticism, personal histories of childhood or adolescent traumatic exposure, levels of awakening cortisol, fearpotentiated acoustic startle, MHPG and cortisol responses to a critical incident video challenge, sleep quality as measured by actigraphy, and candidate polymorphisms including serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), adrenergic pathway genes, (ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C), brain derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF), genes for several critical components of the HPA axis such as the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1), and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Mulivariate models of risk and resilience will be presented utilizing a multinomial logistic regression nested in the unconditional LGMM.","hydrocortisone, catechol methyltransferase, glucocorticoid receptor, brain derived neurotrophic factor, alcohol, serotonin transporter, receptor, fk 506 binding protein, human, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacology, risk, prospective study, gene, model, videorecording, anxiety, family history, exposure, intelligence quotient, longitudinal study, childhood, adolescent, logistic regression analysis, arousal, neurosis, drug abuse, sleep quality, actimetry","Marmar, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3439,The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire,,,"Marmar, C. R., Metzler, T. J., Otte, C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3440,The peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire,,,"Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J.",1997.0,,,0,0,3439
3441,Dynamic psychotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) [discusses] dynamic approaches to the treatment of . . . posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) / [describes] 4 broad factors with relevance to psychodynamic treatments / 1) the circumstances of the trauma; 2) reactivation of latent trauma from earlier developmental periods; 3) the phase of development at which trauma occurs; and 4) the social context during and after the trauma (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychoanalysis, *Psychosocial Factors, Developmental Stages, Emotional Trauma","Marmar, Charles R., Weiss, Daniel S., Pynoos, Robert S.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3442,Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans,,,"Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Kulka, R. A., Hough, R. L.",1994.0,,,0,0,
3443,Reactive aggression and posttraumatic stress in adolescents affected by Hurricane Katrina,,,"Marsee, M. A.",2008.0,,10.1080/15374410802148152,0,0,
3444,A psycho-physiological comparison of post-traumatic and prolonged duress stress disorders,"It has been proposed that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and so-called ""prolonged duress stress disorder"" (PDSD) have similar symptom profiles and differ only with regard to the presence or absence of a ""traumatic event"". This single case experiment investigated whether PTSD can be distinguished from PDSD at the level of pathophysiology. The results indicate that both PTSD and PDSD imagery elicit physiological responses, but these are more readily and more strongly evoked by the former than the latter. These findings suggest that physiological response differences between PTSD and PDSD may be only a matter of degree. Implications are drawn for the psycho-physiological assessment of PDSD and recommendations for further research are made.","Diagnosis, Psycho-physiological assessment, PTSD, Stress disorders","Marsh, C.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3445,Trajectories of posttraumatic growth and depreciation after two major earthquakes,"This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic growth or depreciation (i.e., positive or negative life change) in personal strength and relationships after 2 major earthquakes in Canterbury, New Zealand using group-based trajectory modeling. Participants completed questionnaires regarding posttraumatic growth or depreciation in personal strength and relationship domains 1 month after the first earthquake in September 2010 (N =185) and 3 months (n =156) and 12 months (n =144) after the more severe February 2011 earthquake. Three classes of growth or depreciation patterns were found for both domains. For personal strength, most of the participants were grouped into a ""no growth or depreciation"" class and smaller proportions were grouped into either a ""posttraumatic depreciation"" or ""posttraumatic growth"" class. The 3 classes for relationships all reported posttraumatic growth, differing only in degree. None of the slopes were significant for any of the classes, indicating that levels of growth or depreciation reported after the first earthquake remained stable when assessed at 2 time points after the second earthquake. Multinomial logistic regression analyses examining pre- and postearthquake predictors of trajectory class membership revealed that those in the ""posttraumatic growth"" personal strength class were significantly younger and had significantly higher pre-earthquake mental health than those in the ""posttraumatic depreciation"" class. Sex was the only predictor of the relationship classes: No men were assigned to the ""high posttraumatic growth"" class. Implications and future directions are discussed. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","group-based trajectory modeling, natural disaster, posttraumatic depreciation, posttraumatic growth, prospective","Marshall, E. M., Frazier, P., Frankfurt, S., Kuijer, R. G.",2015.0,,10.1037/tra0000005,0,1,
3446,The role of hyperarousal in the manifestation of posttraumatic psychological distress following injury,"The authors examined the temporal relation among posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, using data derived from a longitudinal study of survivors of orofacial injury (N = 264). They conducted cross-lagged panel analyses, with self-reported symptom data collected at 1, 6, and 12 months postinjury. Results demonstrate that hyperarousal was a potent predictor of subsequent symptoms of reexperiencing and avoidance as well as hyperarousal. By contrast, neither reexperiencing nor avoidance was significantly related to other symptom clusters other than themselves over time. These findings underscore the distinctive nature of hyperarousal in the manifestation of posttraumatic psychological distress over time. Implications for theory, clinical intervention, and future research are discussed. © 2006 APA, all rights reserved.","Hyperarousal, Physical injury, Posttraumatic stress, Structural equation modeling","Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., Glynn, S. M., Shetty, V.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3447,All PTSD symptoms are highly associated with general distress: ramifications for the dysphoria symptom cluster,"This study used longitudinal data collected from two trauma-exposed samples, survivors of community violence (N = 294) and wildfire evacuees (N = 234), to examine a key claim underlying a proposed reformulation of the symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This theory, which we term the PTSD-dysphoria model, posits that 8 of 17 symptoms of PTSD reflect dysphoria or general psychological distress and might be deemphasized to improve the utility of the PTSD construct (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002). For each sample, we analyzed PTSD symptoms and measures of general distress administered at 2 time points. A consistent pattern of findings was observed across assessments for each sample: All 17 PTSD symptoms were highly associated with measures of general distress. Moreover, we found no evidence that dysphoria symptoms were more highly correlated than PTSD-specific symptoms with general distress. Results call into question both the conceptual basis and the clinical utility of differentiating between symptoms that appear to be relatively specific to PTSD and those that seem more broadly characteristic of general psychological distress.","Adult, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology","Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., Miles, J. N.",2010.0,Feb,10.1037/a0018477,0,0,
3448,All PTSD Symptoms Are Highly Associated With General Distress: Ramifications for the Dysphoria Symptom Cluster,"This study used longitudinal data collected from two trauma-exposed samples, survivors of community violence (N = 294) and wildfire evacuees (N = 234), to examine a key claim underlying a proposed reformulation of the symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This theory, which we term the PTSD-dysphoria model, posits that 8 of 17 symptoms of PTSD reflect dysphoria or general psychological distress and might be deemphasized to improve the utility of the PTSD construct (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002). For each sample, we analyzed PTSD symptoms and measures of general distress administered at 2 time points. A consistent pattern of findings was observed across assessments for each sample: All 17 PTSD symptoms were highly associated with measures of general distress. Moreover, we found no evidence that dysphoria symptoms were more highly correlated than PTSD-specific symptoms with general distress. Results call into question both the conceptual basis and the clinical utility of differentiating between symptoms that appear to be relatively specific to PTSD and those that seem more broadly characteristic of general psychological distress. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adult, article, controlled study, disease association, distress syndrome, dysphoria, female, fire, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, survivor, symptomatology, violence","Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., Miles, J. N. V.",2010.0,,,0,0,3447
3449,"Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: A fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study","Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of paroxetine for the treatment of patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Outpatients with chronic PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria and a score of 50 or more on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, part 2, were randomly assigned to take placebo (N=186), 20 mg/day of paroxetine (N=183), or 40 mg/day of paroxetine (N=182) for 12 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by examining the change in total score from baseline to endpoint on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, part 2, and rates of response (""very much improved"" or ""much improved"") for global improvement on the Clinical Global Impression scale. Results: Paroxetine-treated patients in both dose groups demonstrated significantly greater improvement on primary outcome measures compared to placebotreated patients in the intent-to-treat analysis. Moreover, paroxetine treatment resulted in statistically significant improvement compared to placebo on all three PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal), social and occupational impairment, and comorbid depression. Paroxetine was effective for both men and women. Treatment response did not vary by trauma type, time since trauma, or severity of baseline PTSD or depressive symptoms. Both doses were well tolerated. Conclusions: Doses of 20 and 40 mg/day of paroxetine are effective and well tolerated in the treatment of adults with chronic PTSD.",,"Marshall, R. D., Beebe, K. L., Oldham, M., Zaninelli, R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3450,Psychobiology of the acute stress response and its relationship to the psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Reviews literature on the psychobiology of the acute stress response and its relationship to the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are no longitudinal studies that examine biological preexisting traits/vulnerabilities in relation to the subsequent development of PTSD. This would require assessment of relevant variables prior to the experience of trauma. In the interim, a few studies of the acute response to trauma provide the best data about biological predictors of chronic illness. Relatively lower baseline cortisol after acute trauma is associated with the development of PTSD. The determinants of this finding are entirely unclear, but may be associated with traumatic experiences during critical periods of development, genetic factors, pre-existing conditions, and cortical/subcortical networks that reflect life experience and its influence on meaningful appraisal of the trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychobiology, *Stress Reactions","Marshall, Randall D., Garakani, Amir",2002.0,,,0,0,
3451,An open trial of paroxetine in patients with noncombat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"The symptom overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other pharmacotherapy-responsive disorders suggests that pharmacotherapy might be effective. Nevertheless, of the eight published placebo-controlled trials investigating the pharmacotherapy of PTSD, only four found statistically significant efficacy for the treatment being studied. This literature possesses a number of methodologic limitations, including the fact that most studies have been conducted with war veterans, who may constitute a more treatment-refractory population. Several open trials and one controlled trial with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have reported improvement in some or all core PTSD symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal). The authors hypothesized that paroxetine might be effective in PTSD, based on findings of its particular efficacy for anxiety and agitation in studies of depressed patients. The study presented here summarizes a 12-week, open-label trial of paroxetine among patients with noncombat-related, chronic PTSD. Outcome was assessed by an independent evaluator, the treating physician, and the patient, with the use of established rating scales for depression, anxiety, general symptoms, and PTSD core symptoms. A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed highly significant improvement in all three symptom clusters, as well as in associated anxiety, depressive, and dissociative symptoms, with 11 of 17 (65%) patients rated as much or very much improved. The mean reduction in PTSD symptom scores was 48%. Exploratory analyses revealed that cumulative childhood trauma was negatively correlated with pharmacotherapy response (r = -0.52, p = 0.03). There was also significant variation in the time course of response across symptom clusters, which is suggestive of multiple mechanisms of response. Because paroxetine seems a highly promising treatment for all three symptom clusters of PTSD, a placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted.",,"Marshall, R. D., Schneier, F. R., Fallon, B. A., Knight, C. B. G., Abbate, L. A., Goetz, D., Campeas, R., Liebowitz, M. R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3452,Symptom patterns associated with chronic PTSD in male veterans: New findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study,"A subsample of 255 male Vietnam veterans from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study received in-depth psychiatric diagnostic interviews. This paper focuses on the 88 veterans with a war-related onset of PTSD. Among these veterans, the avoidance cluster, especially its symptoms of numbing, was most strongly associated with chronic PTSD; less strongly but also significantly associated was the hyperarousal cluster. Further analyses show that these associations are not artifacts of the relationship of symptom patterns to prewar demographic factors (race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age at entry into Vietnam), comorbidity, treatment and compensation seeking, or probable severity of war-related trauma. We conclude that certain symptom profiles may predict enduring pathological responses to trauma and therefore provide targets for intervention efforts. Copyright (copyright) 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","arousal, article, avoidance behavior, chronic disease, comorbidity, disease severity, ethnology, human, injury, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, socioeconomics, symptomatology, veteran, war","Marshall, R. D., Turner, J. B., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Koenan, K., Neria, Y., Dohrenwend, B. P.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3453,Main and interactive effects of a nonclinical panic attack history and distress tolerance in relation to PTSD symptom severity,"The current study investigated the main and interactive effects of a nonclinical panic attack history and distress tolerance in relation to PTSD symptoms. The sample consisted of 91 adults (62.6% women; Mage=23.45, SD=9.56) who met DSM-IV criteria for trauma exposure, 53.8% of whom met criteria for a recent (past 2 years) history of nonclinical panic attacks. Results indicated that distress tolerance, as measured by the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons &amp; Gaher, 2005), was significantly related to all PTSD symptom clusters, and a nonclinical panic attack history was significantly related to PTSD re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptoms. The interaction of a nonclinical panic attack history and distress tolerance significantly predicted unique variance in only PTSD hyperarousal symptoms. Implications and future directions are discussed for the role of nonclinical panic attacks and distress tolerance in PTSD symptom expression. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Anxiety, Distress tolerance, Panic attacks, PTSD","Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Zvolensky, M. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3454,The effects of level of knowledge on the ability to successfully malinger post traumatic stress disorder,"Malingering, or faking, is an important factor that is often overlooked in psychological evaluations. Given the strong financial incentives involved in personal injury litigation, clinicians must rule out malingering as an alternative explanation for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Detecting malingered PTSD is important because this disorder establishes a causal link between the traumatic event and the subsequent emotional distress. Thus, there is an urgent need for objective, empirical methods for identifying faked PTSD. The present study examined the effects of the level of knowledge of PTSD symptoms on a person's ability to fake this disorder on the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Participants who were given specific information about the symptoms of PTSD and asked to fake this disorder were able to escape detection at a significantly higher rate (84% vs 18%) than participants who were not given additional symptom information. Two of the three TSI validity indicators-Inconsistency (INC) and Atypical Responses (ATR)-showed statistically significant differences between the knowledgeable malingerers (KM) and the naive malingerers (NM). However, only the ATR scale was able to detect clinically-significant malingering (T-score > 90), and this effect was related to the knowledge level of the malingerer. Both types of malingerers were able to produce significantly elevated scores on at least 7 of the 10 clinical scales. However, the majority of NMs who met criteria for PTSD (82%) were detected by the TSI validity scales. In contrast, only 16% of the KMs were detected by the validity scales. These results show that having additional knowledge of PTSD symptoms can substantially improve the ability to escape detection when malingering PTSD on the TSI and the PDS. This finding suggests that clinicians should be alert to the possibility of malingering in personal injury litigation and should use multiple measures and methods to assess a claimant's symptoms to increase the chance of detecting fictitious claims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Knowledge Level, *Malingering, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Marshman, Kimberly C.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3455,Three paradigms in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"There are three different approaches in the pharmacological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the published data. The most frequently implemented approach is to treat patients suffering from the diagnosis of PTSD. Both short-term acute and long-term relapse prevention treatments represent a curative paradigm: with an intention to diminish the symptoms associated with the disorder. Data about efficacy of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of PTSD are heterogeneous. Data are relatively consistent with regards of efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of civilian, predominantly female population, regardless of the type of trauma: interpersonal or non-interpersonal trauma. Placebo controlled trial data in the treatment of combat-related PTSD are inconclusive or negative. Three recently published studies provide new approaches to the treatment of male patients, suffering from combat-related PTSD. A relatively young, recently traumatized male, combat-related population showed significant improvement for fluoxetine compared to placebo. An adjuvant 5HT2 antagonist profile may improve the SSRI effect in the treatment of PTSD: nefazodone was significantly superior compared to placebo in the treatment of combat-related PTSD, and risperidone treatment add-on to antidepressants showed significant benefits compared to antidepressant monotherapy in the treatment of combat-related PTSD. The goal of sedative paradigm is to minimize the immediate consequences of the traumatic stress, decrease the fear, anxiety and sleeplessness. Data published about benzodiazepines failed to show effectiveness in the acute management of post-traumatic mental consequences. The intention of the third treatment paradigm is characterized by the secondary prevention of PTSD. Benzodiazepines administered shortly after the traumatic event, failed to prevent the mental consequences of traumatic stress. Two small trials with propranolol administration after the trauma have been shown some benefits compared to placebo or no treatment. PTSD represents a complex disregulation of numerous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, therefore the complex pharmacological treatment has to consider approaches beyond the current treatment regimens characterized by modulation of monoamine neurotransmission.","antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, benzodiazepine derivative, fluoxetine, hypnotic sedative agent, nefazodone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, triazole derivative, acute stress disorder, controlled clinical trial, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, review","Martenyi, F.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3456,Three paradigms in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"There are three different approaches in the pharmacological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the published data. The most frequently implemented approach is to treat patients suffering from the diagnosis of PTSD. Both short-term acute and long-term relapse prevention treatments represent a curative paradigm: with an intention to diminish the symptoms associated with the disorder. Data about efficacy of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of PTSD are heterogeneous. Data are relatively consistent with regards of efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of civilian, predominantly female population, regardless of the type of trauma: interpersonal or non-interpersonal trauma. Placebo controlled trial data in the treatment of combat-related PTSD are inconclusive or negative. Three recently published studies provide new approaches to the treatment of male patients, suffering from combat-related PTSD. A relatively young, recently traumatized male, combat-related population showed significant improvement for fluoxetine compared to placebo. An adjuvant 5HT2 antagonist profile may improve the SSRI effect in the treatment of PTSD: nefazodone was significantly superior compared to placebo in the treatment of combat-related PTSD, and risperidone treatment add-on to antidepressants showed significant benefits compared to antidepressant monotherapy in the treatment of combat-related PTSD. The goal of sedative paradigm is to minimize the immediate consequences of the traumatic stress, decrease the fear, anxiety and sleeplessness. Data published about benzodiazepines failed to show effectiveness in the acute management of post-traumatic mental consequences. The intention of the third treatment paradigm is characterized by the secondary prevention of PTSD. Benzodiazepines administered shortly after the traumatic event, failed to prevent the mental consequences of traumatic stress. Two small trials with propranolol administration after the trauma have been shown some benefits compared to placebo or no treatment. PTSD represents a complex disregulation of numerous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, therefore the complex pharmacological treatment has to consider approaches beyond the current treatment regimens characterized by modulation of monoamine neurotransmission.",,"Martényi, F.",2005.0,,,0,0,3455
3457,"Fluoxetine in the acute treatment and relapse prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: Analysis of the veteran group of a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","The efficacy and safety of fluoxetine (20-80 mg) was compared with placebo in 144 veterans [36.2 years], diagnosed with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) selected from a 12-week acute and 24-week relapse prevention PTSD trial. In the acute phase, improvements were greater with fluoxetine than placebo in the disease-specific outcome measures: Treatment Outcome PTSD (TOP-8) total scores (SE):-9.05 (0.90) and -5.20 (1.23), p = 0.001; Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) total scores:-31.12 (2.72) and -16.07 (4.24), p < 0.001; all CAPS subscores; Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) total scores; and other general outcome measures. In the maintenance phase, fluoxetine was superior to placebo in sustaining improvement in TOP-8 [-1.01 (0.91) and 1.56 (0.95)] and CAPS [-4.93 (3.54) and 5.48 (3.66)]. The risk of relapse in the placebo arm was significantly greater than in the fluoxetine arm (log-rank test 2 = 4.090, df = 1, p = 0.048). Fluoxetine was well tolerated at a mean daily dose of 65 mg. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Fluoxetine, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Relapse Prevention, Drug Therapy","Martenyi, Ferenc, Soldatenkova, Victoria",2006.0,,,0,0,
3458,"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, co-morbidities, treatment patterns, and quality of life in a pediatric population in central and eastern Europe and Asia","Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often poorly understood, and treatment practices are variable. This 12-month, prospective, observational study provides information about the diagnosis, co-morbidities, treatment patterns, and quality of life (QOL) of patients aged 6-17 years with ADHD symptoms from eastern Asia and central and eastern Europe. Here, we present baseline data for the 1068 enrolled and eligible patients in the study (median age 8 years, 82.2% male). Patients were grouped into two cohorts based on whether they were prescribed psycho- and/or pharmacotherapy (n = 794) or not (n = 274) at study entry. On average, patients receiving treatment were significantly older (9.1 vs. 8.4 years, p < 0.001), more severely ill (Clinical Global Impressions [CGI]-ADHD-S, 4.6 vs. 4.2, p < 0.001; Child Symptom Inventory-4 Parent Checklist (CSI-4) ADHD:C, 35.2 vs. 31.9, p < 0.001), and had significantly higher CSI-4 symptom severity scores relating to various co-morbidities than patients not receiving treatment. At study initiation, patient's health-related QOL was significantly impaired as measured on the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE) rating scale, with significantly more impairment in the treated group of patients for the Comfort, Risks Avoidance, and Achievement domains. These results provide a description of ADHD and treatment practices in these regions and establish a baseline for gauging changes over time in the study sample. (copyright) Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","atomoxetine, methylphenidate, mood stabilizer, risperidone, adolescent, aged, article, Asia, Asperger syndrome, attention deficit disorder, autism, bipolar disorder, child, child health care, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, conduct disorder, control group, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diet supplementation, diet therapy, disease severity, dysthymia, Eastern Europe, family therapy, female, generalized anxiety disorder, homeopathy, human, hypnosis, major clinical study, major depression, male, observational study, obsessive compulsive disorder, occupational therapy, oppositional defiant disorder, pediatrics, phase 4 clinical trial, phobia, physiotherapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, prospective study, psychoeducation, psychomotor performance, psychophysiology, psychotherapy, quality of life, rating scale, relaxation training, schizophrenia, school child, separation anxiety, social interaction, social phobia, speech therapy, substance abuse","Martenyi, F., Treuer, T., Gau, S. S. F., Hong, S. D., Palaczky, M., Suba, J., Tiberiu, M., Uhlikova, P., Xu, T., Zoroglu, S., Gadow, K. D., Walton, R., Harrison, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3459,"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, co-morbidities, treatment patterns, and quality of life in a pediatric population in central and eastern Europe and Asia","Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often poorly understood, and treatment practices are variable. This 12-month, prospective, observational study provides information about the diagnosis, co-morbidities, treatment patterns, and quality of life (QOL) of patients aged 6-17 years with ADHD symptoms from eastern Asia and central and eastern Europe. Here, we present baseline data for the 1068 enrolled and eligible patients in the study (median age 8 years, 82.2% male). Patients were grouped into two cohorts based on whether they were prescribed psycho- and/or pharmacotherapy (n = 794) or not (n = 274) at study entry. On average, patients receiving treatment were significantly older (9.1 vs. 8.4 years, p < 0.001), more severely ill (Clinical Global Impressions [CGI]-ADHD-S, 4.6 vs. 4.2, p < 0.001; Child Symptom Inventory-4 Parent Checklist (CSI-4) ADHD:C, 35.2 vs. 31.9, p < 0.001), and had significantly higher CSI-4 symptom severity scores relating to various co-morbidities than patients not receiving treatment. At study initiation, patient's health-related QOL was significantly impaired as measured on the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE) rating scale, with significantly more impairment in the treated group of patients for the Comfort, Risks Avoidance, and Achievement domains. These results provide a description of ADHD and treatment practices in these regions and establish a baseline for gauging changes over time in the study sample. © Copyright 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Martényi, F., Treuer, T., Gau, S. S. F., Hong, S. D., Palaczky, M., Šuba, J., Tiberiu, M., Uhlíková, P., Xu, T., Zoroǧlu, S., Gadow, K. D., Walton, R., Harrison, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,3458
3460,Pathways to youth homelessness,"Research documents high levels of psychopathology among homeless youth. Most research, however, has not distinguished between disorders that are present prior to homelessness and those that develop following homelessness. Hence whether psychological disorders are the cause or consequence of homelessness has not been established. The aim of this study is to investigate causal pathways to homelessness amongst currently homeless youth in Australia. The study uses a quasi-qualitative methodology to generate hypotheses for larger-scale research. High rates of psychological disorders were confirmed in the sample 35 homeless youth aged 14-25. The rates of psychological disorders at the point of homelessness were greater than in normative samples, but the rates of clinical disorder increased further once homeless. Further in-depth analyses were conducted to identify the temporal sequence for each individual with a view to establishing a set of causal pathways to homelessness and trajectories following homelessness that characterised the people in the sample. Five pathways to homelessness and five trajectories following homelessness were identified that accounted for the entire sample. Each pathway constituted a series of interactions between different factors similar to that described by Craig and Hodson (1998. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1379-1388) as ""complex subsidiary pathways"". The major findings were that (1) trauma is a common experience amongst homeless youth prior to homelessness and figured in the causal pathways to homelessness for over half of the sample; (2) once homeless, for the majority of youth there is an increase in the number of psychological diagnoses including drug and alcohol diagnoses; and (3) crime did not precede homelessness for all but one youth; however, following homelessness, involvement in criminal activity was common and became a distinguishing factor amongst youth. The implications of these findings for future research and service development are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Australia, Homeless, Pathways, Psychological disorders, Trauma, Youth","Martijn, C., Sharpe, L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3461,"Marital Status, Life Stressor Precipitants, and Communications of Distress and Suicide Intent in a Sample of United States Air Force Suicide Decedents",,,"Martin, J. S., Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M., Englert, D. R., Bakalar, J. L., Olsen, C., Nademin, E. M., Jobes, D. A., Branlund, S.",2013.0,,10.1080/13811118.2013.776456,0,0,
3462,Predictors of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder among police officers,"This retrospective study examined risk and protective factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of 132 Canadian police officers. Structured interviews were conducted in order to assess the most distressing work-related traumatic events and determine diagnoses of full or partial PTSD. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing several potential predictors. The results suggested that 7.6% of the participants developed full PTSD, whereas 6.8% had partial PTSD following an incident at work. A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the most potent risk factor for the development of full or partial PTSD was peritraumatic dissociation. Social support from colleagues during the event emerged as a significant protective factor. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Risk Assessment","Martin, Melissa, Marchand, Andre, Boyer, Richard, Martin, Normand",2009.0,,,0,0,
3463,Psychopathology in a sample of candidate patients for bariatric surgery,"Background. The prevalence of morbid obesity and the popularity of bariatric surgery have grown in recent years. Many surgical protocols require that the candidates undergo a pre-operative psychological evaluation. We describe the psychopathological characteristics of both clinical syndromes (Axis I of the DSM-IV), as well as personality disorders (Axis II of the DSM-IV), in a sample of morbidly obese patients accepted as bariatric surgery candidates and who participate in a specific surgery preparatory programme, and we analyze its relationship with personality clusters. Methods. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) scores from 50 patients attending for bariatric surgery were cluster analyzed in hopes of identifying clinical subgroups corresponding to typical personality profiles. Results. With regard to personality disorders, the highest prevalence was found in the histrionic disorder, followed by obsessive- compulsive disorder. Cluster analysis revealed three personality profiles, which were validated by examining demographics, morphological variables, scores on anxiety and depression psychometric scales, and MCMI-III clinical scales scores. Groups were different in virtually all the MCMI-III clinical scores, as well as in depression and trait anxiety, with Cluster 3 presenting the worst scores. Conclusions. These findings suggest that morbidly obese patients are heterogeneous in their psychological profiles, highlighting Cluster C disorders. (copyright) 2013 Informa Healthcare.","adult, alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety disorder, article, avoidant personality disorder, bariatric surgery, body mass, borderline state, clinical article, cluster analysis, comorbidity, delusional disorder, dependent personality disorder, depression, drug dependence, dysthymia, female, histrionic personality disorder, human, major depression, male, mental disease, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, morbid obesity, narcissism, obsessive compulsive disorder, paranoia, personality, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, preoperative evaluation, prevalence, priority journal, psychologic assessment, psychometry, sadistic personality disorder, schizoidism, sleeve gastrectomy, somatoform disorder, stomach bypass, substance abuse, surgical patient, thought disorder","Martinez, E. P., Gonzalez, S. T., Vicente, M. M., Roman, C. J. V. D. H., Rodriguez-Marin, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3464,Psychopathology in a sample of candidate patients for bariatric surgery,"Background. The prevalence of morbid obesity and the popularity of bariatric surgery have grown in recent years. Many surgical protocols require that the candidates undergo a pre-operative psychological evaluation. We describe the psychopathological characteristics of both clinical syndromes (Axis I of the DSM-IV), as well as personality disorders (Axis II of the DSM-IV), in a sample of morbidly obese patients accepted as bariatric surgery candidates and who participate in a specific surgery preparatory programme, and we analyze its relationship with personality clusters. Methods. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) scores from 50 patients attending for bariatric surgery were cluster analyzed in hopes of identifying clinical subgroups corresponding to typical personality profiles. Results. With regard to personality disorders, the highest prevalence was found in the histrionic disorder, followed by obsessive- compulsive disorder. Cluster analysis revealed three personality profiles, which were validated by examining demographics, morphological variables, scores on anxiety and depression psychometric scales, and MCMI-III clinical scales scores. Groups were different in virtually all the MCMI-III clinical scores, as well as in depression and trait anxiety, with Cluster 3 presenting the worst scores. Conclusions. These findings suggest that morbidly obese patients are heterogeneous in their psychological profiles, highlighting Cluster C disorders. © 2013 Informa Healthcare.","Bariatric surgery, Morbid obesity, Personality disorders, Psychiatric disorders","Martínez, E. P., González, S. T., Vicente, M. M., Román, C. J. V. D. H., Rodríguez-Marín, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,3463
3465,Anatomy of a misunderstanding: Wrong diagnosis of paranoid pathology in victims of mobbing,"Background: Several studies point out the high risk of misdiagnosing delusional disorder and paranoid personality disorder in victims of mobbing or workplace harassment (WPH). Objective: To analyze the extent to which the symptoms attributable to mobbing are misidentified with criteria for two paranoid spectrum nosologies (delusional disorder and paranoid personality disorder). Methods: Literature review of PubMed and SciELO from 1990 to June 2009. Results: The identification of paranoid spectrum symptoms in victims of mobbing is not consistent with the literature, which, by contrast, shows a notable presence of symptoms in the post-traumatic stress spectrum (as much as 92%), although they do not meet the A1 criterion for this nosology. Some of the causes of wrong diagnosis are noted, such as a tendency to confuse hypervigilance (D4 criterion for post-traumatic stress disorder in DSM-IV-TR) with paranoid ideation, the existence of a defensive profile in victims of WPH, and lack of recognition on the part of clinicians of the stressful and traumatizing impact of mobbing. Discussion: Longitudinal and mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative) studies are necessary in order to establish robust differential diagnosis criteria that clearly distinguish the clinical manifestations attributable to workplace harassment from paranoid spectrum symptoms.","alertness, article, delusional disorder, diagnostic error, disease classification, human, hypervigilance, irritability, mental disease, paranoid personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, symptom, violence","Martinez-Hernaez, A., Medeiros-Ferreira, L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3466,Anatomy of a misunderstanding: Wrong diagnosis of paranoid pathology in victims of mobbing,"Background: Several studies point out the high risk of misdiagnosing delusional disorder and paranoid personality disorder in victims of mobbing or workplace harassment (WPH). Objective: To analyze the extent to which the symptoms attributable to mobbing are misidentified with criteria for two paranoid spectrum nosologies (delusional disorder and paranoid personality disorder). Methods: Literature review of PubMed and SciELO from 1990 to June 2009. Results: The identification of paranoid spectrum symptoms in victims of mobbing is not consistent with the literature, which, by contrast, shows a notable presence of symptoms in the post-traumatic stress spectrum (as much as 92%), although they do not meet the A1 criterion for this nosology. Some of the causes of wrong diagnosis are noted, such as a tendency to confuse hypervigilance (D4 criterion for post-traumatic stress disorder in DSM-IV-TR) with paranoid ideation, the existence of a defensive profile in victims of WPH, and lack of recognition on the part of clinicians of the stressful and traumatizing impact of mobbing. Discussion: Longitudinal and mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative) studies are necessary in order to establish robust differential diagnosis criteria that clearly distinguish the clinical manifestations attributable to workplace harassment from paranoid spectrum symptoms.","Delusional disorder, Mobbing, Paranoid personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Workplace harassment","Martínez-Hernáez, Á, Medeiros-Ferreira, L.",2010.0,,,0,0,3465
3467,The role of hypnosis in the detection of psychogenic seizures,"In this preliminary clinical investigation, hypnosis was used in the differential diagnosis of epileptic versus psychogenic seizures (PS). Eight patients with a clinical profile suggesting the presence of PS were given a hypnotic suggestion in which they had to go back in time to the exact moment of their last seizure. They were then asked to concentrate their attention on any unusual feeling or bodily sensation. All 8 patients presented a PS during the age regression protocol. In 6 cases, independent testimony from family members corroborated the morphological similarity of the induced attack and the ones presented in their natural environment. Also, the seizures ended abruptly after a command was given to stop them. A control group of 5 epileptic subjects did not present any signs of discomfort or seizure behavior during the hypnotic protocol. It is argued that a simple procedure as the one described in this investigation can be useful as a diagnostic tool in the differentiation of epileptic from PS attacks.","Dissociative disorder, Epilepsy, Psychogenic seizures, Trauma","Martínez-Taboas, A.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3468,Profiles of Adaptation Among Child Victims of Suspected Maltreatment,"This research seeks to identify profiles of adaptation among child victims of suspected maltreatment using a social-ecological framework. Data were drawn from the LONGSCAN multisite longitudinal study. Participants were 597 12-year-old children of diverse backgrounds (57% girls) with at least one Child Protective Services report of suspected maltreatment (M = 3.4 reports). Self-, caregiver-, and teacher-reports were collected to assess child competence, psychological and behavioral problems, and family and neighborhood characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis was used to classify individuals into empirically derived groups. The best-fitting model yielded five distinct profiles: consistent resilience; consistent maladaptation; posttraumatic stress problems; school maladaptation, family protection; and low socialization skills. Findings underscore the heterogeneity of child adaptation and reveal unique profiles of adaptation and contextual protection. Within-person variation in functioning suggests the need for comprehensive assessment across domains and contexts to address the clinical needs of maltreated youth.",,"Martinez-Torteya, C., Miller-Graff, L. E., Howell, K. H., Figge, C.",2015.0,Nov 13,10.1080/15374416.2015.1072822,0,1,
3469,Mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and DHEAS levels in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and combat complications,"Introduction: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an highly invalidating anxiety disorder, which onset is related to the exposure to a traumatic event. First explored in military contexts, this disorder has recently shown increasing prevalence in the general population. In the last years, neurosteroids showed to be implicated in many psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders. The Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor (PBR) is a mitochondrial protein that takes part in the constitution of a pore in the membrane, which opening has a crucial role in the regulation of neurosteroids synthesis. In stressful conditions, alterations in the levels of PBR expression and of some steroids were highlighted, particularly in patients with chronic PTSD combat related. Methods: Aim of the present study was to assess mitochondrial PBR density and serum neurosteroid DHEAS levels, in a sample of patients with PTSD or Traumatic Grief (LT) vs. healthy controls. All subjects were enrolled at the Clinica Psichiatrica 2(degrees) of the University of Pisa and assessed by SCID, Inventory of Complicated Grief and Impact of Event Scale. Results: Results of the present study show a significant reduction in lymphocyte PBR density in patients with PTSD vs. controls (p < 0.01). Reduced DHEAS levels, with respect to controls, were found in PTSD and TG subjects (in these latest p < 0.05). Conclusions: These data suggest PBR involvement in chronic PTSD related to non combat trauma. Moreover, patients with LT show a different PBR density profile with respect to that of patients with PTSD, suggesting a nosographic autonomy of these two clinical entities. The statistically significant alterations in serum DHEAS levels found in LT patients, vs. both PTSD patients and controls, further support this hypothesis.","mitochondrial protein, neurosteroid, peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, prasterone sulfate, unclassified drug, blood level, clinical assessment, conference paper, density, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, human, Impact of Events Scale, neurosteroid blood level, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence","Martini, C., Carmassi, C., Ciapparelli, A., Paggini, R., Tonini, S., Mundo, F., Da Pozzo, E., Chelli, B., Maccheroni, M., Lucacchini, A., ""DellOsso, L.""",2007.0,,,0,0,
3470,Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element binding protein in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Objectives. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element binding (CREB) protein is a transcription factor involved in different neural processes, such as learning, neuroplasticity and the modulation of stress response. Alterations in the CREB pathway have been observed in the brains and lymphocytes of patients affected by depression and alcohol abuse. Given the lack of information, our study aimed at investigating the levels of total and activated CREB protein in lympho-monocytes of 20 drug-free patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), as compared with 20 healthy control subjects. Methods. Blood samples were collected from patients and healthy control subjects on the same time and lympho-monocytes were isolated according to standardized methods. CREB protein levels and activation were measured by means of immunoenzymatic techniques. Results. The results showed that PTSD patients had statistically lower levels of total CREB protein in lympho-monocytes than healthy control subjects. On the contrary, no difference in the activated CREB protein was detected. Conclusions. These findings, albeit preliminary, would suggest that the CREB pathway might be involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. Future studies should clarify if specific PTSD symptom clusters might be related to the CREB pathway. © 2013 Informa Healthcare.","CAMP-responsive element binding protein, Humans, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Stress, Transcription factors","Martini, C., Da Pozzo, E., Carmassi, C., Cuboni, S., Trincavelli, M. L., Massimetti, G., Marazziti, D., ""Dellosso, L.""",2013.0,,,0,0,
3471,Obesogenic family types identified through latent profile analysis,"Background: Obesity may cluster in families due to shared physical and social environments. Purpose: This study aims to identify family typologies of obesity risk based on family environments. Methods: Using 2007-2008 data from 706 parent/youth dyads in Minnesota, we applied latent profile analysis and general linear models to evaluate associations between family typologies and body mass index (BMI) of youth and parents. Results: Three typologies described most families with 18.8% ""Unenriched/Obesogenic,"" 16.9% ""Risky Consumer,"" and 64.3%""Healthy Consumer/Salutogenic."" After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors, parent BMI and youth BMI Z-scores were higher in unenriched/obesogenic families (BMI difference = 2.7, p < 0.01 and BMI Z-score difference = 0.51, p < 0.01, respectively) relative to the healthy consumer/salutogenic typology. In contrast, parent BMI and youth BMI Z-scores were similar in the risky consumer families relative to those in healthy consumer/salutogenic type. Conclusions: We can identify family types differing in obesity risks with implications for public health interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Family, *Obesity, *Public Health, *Social Environments, Taxonomies","Martinson, Brian C., VazquezBenitez, Gabriela, Patnode, Carrie D., Hearst, Mary O., Sherwood, Nancy E., Parker, Emily D., Sirard, John, Pasch, Keryn E., Lytle, Leslie",2011.0,,,0,0,
3472,Heat waves: Health impacts,"During the summer of 2003, record high temperatures were reported across Europe, causing thousands of casualties. Heat waves are sporadic recurrent events, characterised by intense and prolonged heat, associated with excess mortality and morbidity. The most frequent cause of death directly attributable to heat is heat stroke but heat waves are known to cause increases in all-cause mortality, specially circulatory and respiratory mortality. Epidemiological studies demonstrate excess casualties cluster in specific risk groups. The elderly, those with chronic medical conditions and the socially isolated are particularly vulnerable. Air conditioning is the strongest protective factor against heat-related disorders. Heat waves cause disease indirectly, by aggravating chronic disorders, and directly, by causing heat-related illnesses (HRI). Classic HRI include skin eruptions, heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat stroke is a medical emergency characterised by hyperthermia and central nervous system dysfunction. Treatment includes immediate cooling and support of organ-system function. Despite aggressive treatment, heat stroke is often fatal and permanent neurological damage is frequent in those who survive. Heat related illness and death are preventable through behavioural adaptations, such as use of air conditioning and increased fluid intake. Other adaptation measures include heat emergency warning systems and intervention plans and environmental heat stress reduction. Heat related mortality is expected to rise as a consequence of the increasing proportion of elderly persons, the growing urban population, and the anticipated increase in number and intensity of heat waves associated with global warming. Improvements in surveillance and response capability may limit the adverse health conditions of future heat waves. It is crucial that health professionals are prepared to recognise, prevent and treat HRI and learn to cooperate with local health agencies.","Environment and public health, Greenhouse effect, Heat stress disorders, Heat stroke, Heat/adverse effects","Marto, N.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3473,Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"Introduction: Military action in Ukraine has led to more than a million displaced persons, many of them children and adolescents. In these children and adolescents there is an increased diagnosis of PTSD. In addition to PTSD, these children and adolescents often fulfill the diagnostic criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Depressive and Anxiety disorders, and Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders. Open-label studies have demonstrated the efficacy of SSRIs for the treatment of PTSD, primarily paroxetine. The feasibility of using these drugs in children and adolescents is controversial [1-2]. Objective: To evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy and tolerability of fluoxetine in the treatment of PTSD in children. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled 12-week study with a fixed dose of fluoxetine (20-40 mg) was conducted. The trial design consisted of a 1-week, single-blind, placebo run-in period, followed by a 12-week treatment period and a 2-week taper phase.We randomized 110 children aged from 12 to 18 years (median 14.2 years), who were evacuated from the combat zone in eastern Ukraine and who met the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD. Drug efficacy was assessed weekly using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale Part 2 (CAPS-2) in clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance/ numbing and hyperarousal), and the Clinical Global Impression Improvement/Severity (CGI-I/CGI-S) scales. Presence of baseline depression was determined using the M.I.N.I. Safety measures: Adverse event (AE) recording, clinical laboratory measures, vital signs parameters, electrocardiograms (ECGs), suicidality assessment, and physical examination. Result: The reduction in CAPS-2 score was significantly different between children randomized to fluoxetine treatment and children receiving placebo in a week-12 endpoint (treatment difference -11.10; 95% CI -13.4, -7.38; p<0.001). A significantly greater proportion of fluoxetine-treated patients (52%) than placebo-treated patients (43%) were treatment responders according to the CGI scale (adjusted odds ratio = 2.28; 95% CI 1.75, 2.93; p<0.001). The most common adverse effects in the fluoxetine group were somnolence, headache and irritability, each occurring in <20% of patients. The effect of fluoxetine in the treatment of PTSD is not solely due to its effect on comorbid depressive symptoms. Fluoxetine is statistically significantly effective in treating PTSD in children and adolescents with and without comorbid depression or depressive symptoms (p <0.001). Fluoxetine is effective in treating all three symptom clusters of PTSD, including the re-experiencing cluster which can be considered to be the most specific for PTSD. Fluoxetine is also effective in patients with PTSD alone and in patients with PTSD and a comorbid condition. There were no significant differences in therapeutic response in these patients. Conclusion: Fluoxetine at a dose of 20-40 mg/day is more effective than placebo, well-tolerated and can be recommended in pediatric practice. More research is needed on the efficacy of combination therapies of fluoxetine and psychological methods of treatment, primarily Trauma Focused CBT and EMDR - desensitization and processing of eye movement and psychoeducational work with primary support group of child.","fluoxetine, placebo, paroxetine, human, college, posttraumatic stress disorder, child, European, adolescent, psychopharmacology, safety, patient, Ukraine, depression, diagnosis, conduct disorder, vital sign, anxiety disorder, recording, Clinical Global Impression scale, attention deficit disorder, drug efficacy, desensitization, eye movement, support group, clinical laboratory, parameters, electrocardiogram, treatment response, study design, irritability, headache, somnolence, adverse drug reaction, risk, pediatrics, therapy, injury, physical examination, processing, open study, DSM-5, army","Martsenkovskyi, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3474,Do post-traumatic stress symptoms predict reactions of adaptation to disability after a sudden-onset spinal cord injury?,"Based on the perspective that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reflects a reaction of adaptation to trauma, the goal of this research was to examine the ability of PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) to predict eight reactions of adaptation to disability (shock, anxiety, denial, depression, internalized anger, externalized hostility, acknowledgment, and adjustment) among individuals with non-congenital spinal cord injuries. Individuals (all of whom attended either a specialized civilian or a veteran spinal cord injury clinic in Texas) completed two self-report questionnaires - the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory (RIDI) and the Purdue Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale Revised (PPTSD-R). According to the statistical fit indices, five of the fit indices suggested that the revised model was a good fit to the data, whereas one fit index and the χ2/df ratio indicated that the revised model fit the data poorly. The model provided information on the ability of PTSD clusters to predict reactions of adaptation, which suggested a specific pattern of vacillation of post-traumatic responses during the process of adaptation. These findings need replication before proposing interventions for post-traumatic stress responses after the onset of a spinal cord injury.","Adaptation, Disability, Psychosocial reactions, PTSD, SCI, Trauma","Martz, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3475,Death anxiety as a predictor of posttraumatic stress levels among individuals with spinal cord injuries,"Because the onset of a spinal cord injury may involve a brush with death and because serious injury and disability can act as a reminder of death, death anxiety was examined as a predictor of posttraumatic stress levels among individuals with disabilities. This cross-sectional study used multiple regression and multivariate multiple regression to examine whether death denial and death awareness predicted posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans and civilians with spinal cord injuries (N = 313). The results indicated that death anxiety (after controlling for demographic and disability-related variables) predicted a significant amount of the total levels of posttraumatic stress reactions among individuals with spinal cord injuries. Further, death awareness, pain level, and spiritual/religious coping significantly predicted the posttraumatic stress clusters of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Death denial significantly predicted only hyperarousal. Because death anxiety predicts various aspects of PTSD reactions, one possible therapeutic implication is that addressing death-related topics may help to reduce PTSD reactions. Further research is needed to better ascertain the possible causality among these variables.",,"Martz, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3476,Physical impairments as risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder,"The case-control method, a retrospective design useful in studying the etiology of rare diseases, was utilized to examine the relative risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals with six types of traumatic physical impairments: spinal disorders, extensive burns, amputation, heart failure, major chest trauma, and cardiac arrest. Odds ratios and associated confidence intervals were calculated for each impairment in a group of 45,320 veterans receiving medical services. Four of the six impairments were found to be risk factors for PTSD: extensive burns, spinal disorders, amputations, and heart failure. Implications for rehabilitation counseling and research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Injuries, *Physical Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Military Veterans","Martz, Erin, Cook, Daniel W.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3477,Psychosocial Adaptation to Disability Within the Context of Positive Psychology: Findings from the Literature,"Purpose This purpose of this article is to review of the trends of research that examined positive psychology constructs in the context of adapting to chronic illness and disability (CID). This article examines the empirical findings on the relationships between six selected positive psychology-associated constructs (optimism, hope, resilience, benefit-finding, meaning-making, and post-traumatic growth) and adaptation to disability. Methods Six positive psychology constructs were selected to represent the trends found in recent literature published on CID. The process of choosing these six variables included reviewing chapters on positive psychology and CID, reviewing the top rehabilitation journals that typically publish articles on psychosocial adaptation to CID, using search engines to find relevant journal articles published since the year 2000, and selecting the most important constructs based on the authors’ professional judgment. Conclusion The available evidence supports the unique benefits of these six positive psychology constructs in predicting successful adaptation to a range of disabling conditions. Based on the available findings, the authors offer four suggestions for occupational rehabilitation researchers. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA).","Adaptation to disability, Coping, Positive psychology, Posttraumatic growth","Martz, E., Livneh, H.",2016.0,,10.1007/s10926-015-9598-x,0,0,
3478,Predictors of psychosocial adaptation among people with spinal cord injury or disorder,"Objective: To examine the influence of disability-related medical and psychologic variables on psychosocial adaptation to spinal cord injury or disorder (SCI/D). Design: A structural equation modeling design linking 3 sets of predictive variables to an outcome measure of adaptation. Setting: Two outpatient SCI clinics (1 veteran, 1 civilian) in Texas. Participants: Veterans (n=181) and civilians (n=132) with SCI/D. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: The adaptation outcome was measured by 2 subscales (acknowledgment, adjustment) of the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory (RIDI) and by the Quality of Life Scale. The predictive variables were measured by a demographic questionnaire, 3 subscales (intrusion, reexperiencing, hyperarousal) of the Purdue Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Revised scale, the McMordie-Templer Death Anxiety Scale, and 3 subscales (anxiety, depression, denial) of the RIDI. Results: Goodness-of-fit indices suggested that a revised model of adaptation was a moderately good fit to the data. The revised model of adaptation indicated that there were medium total effects (direct plus indirect) on psychosocial adaptation by 2 latent variables (disability severity and impact, negative affectivity) and small total effects on psychosocial adaptation by disengagement coping. The latent factor of disengagement coping had the strongest direct effect on adaptation (although not statistically significant). Disability severity and impact had medium indirect effects and negative affectivity had small indirect effects on psychosocial adaptation. All of the aforementioned effects had a negative coefficient. Conclusions: Negative emotional responses (eg, depression, anxiety) to SCI/D, disengagement-type coping (eg, disability denial, avoidance), and the severity and impact of disability were related to lower levels of adaptation to SCI/D. © 2005 by American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.","Coping behavior, Rehabilitation, Spinal cord injuries, Stress disorders post-traumatic","Martz, E., Livneh, H., Priebe, M., Wuermser, L. A., Ottomanelli, L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3479,The influence of pre-deployment neurocognitive functioning on post-deployment PTSD symptom outcomes among Iraq-deployed Army soldiers,"This study evaluated associations between pre-deployment neurocognitive performance and post-deployment posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of deployed active duty Army soldiers. As part of a larger longitudinal study, each participant completed baseline measures of memory, executive attention, and response inhibition, and baseline and post-deployment self-report measures of PTSD symptom severity. Data were subjected to multiple regression analyses that examined associations between baseline neurocognitive performances and longitudinal PTSD symptom outcome. Results revealed that pre-trauma immediate recall of visual information was associated with post-deployment PTSD symptom severity, even after controlling for pre-deployment PTSD symptom levels, combat intensity, age, gender, and test-retest interval. There was also an interaction between pre-deployment PTSD symptom severity and pre-deployment immediate visual recall and verbal learning, indicating that neurocognitive performances were more strongly (and negatively) associated with residualized post-deployment PTSD symptoms at higher levels of pre-deployment PTSD symptoms. These findings highlight the potential role of pre-trauma neurocognitive functioning in moderating the effects of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms. © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2009.","Attention, Combat, Neurocognitive functioning, PTSD, Verbal memory, Visual memory","Marx, B. P., Doron-Lamarca, S., Proctor, S. P., Vasterling, J. J.",2009.0,,10.1017/S1355617709990488,0,0,
3480,Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology,"This study examined whether peritraumatic dissociation serves as a proxy risk factor for experiential avoidance in its relationship with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. One hundred eighty-five trauma survivors completed measures that assessed for peritraumatic dissociation, experiential avoidance, and PTSD symptom severity. The results indicated that peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance were significantly related to PTSD symptomatology at baseline. However, after initial levels of PTSD symptomatology were taken into account, only experiential avoidance was related to PTSD symptoms both 4- and 8-weeks later. These results indicate that peritraumatic dissociation is not a proxy risk factor for experiential avoidance and contributes to the growing body of literature indicating that experiential avoidance is an important factor related to the psychological symptoms experienced by trauma survivors. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Avoidance, Dissociation, Posttraumatic stress, Trauma","Marx, B. P., Sloan, D. M.",2005.0,,10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.004,0,0,
3481,Proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial with pregnenolone in mild traumatic brain injury,"Background: Effective pharmacological interventions for mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and co-occurring cognitive and anxiety symptoms are limited. Designated the nullsignature injurynull of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, new treatments for TBI and related sequelae are urgently needed. Targeting neurosteroids represents a logical therapeutic strategy. Neurosteroids demonstrate neuroprotective actions in rodent models of TBI, enhance learning and memory, and exhibit anxiolytic effects. We therefore investigated pregnenolone for cognitive and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in veterans with mild TBI. Methods: Following a two-week placebo lead-in, veterans with mild TBI were randomized to pregnenolone (fixed, escalating dosing), or placebo, for eight weeks. The Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC), Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and other assessments were administered at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Results: Of 30 patients randomized, 22 (73%) completed at least four weeks of treatment (11/group). Mean changes in composite BACS and total CAPS scores were not significantly different between groups. However, increases in pregnenolone (Spearman r=-0.85;p=0.0037), pregnanolone (r=-0.63;p=0.067), and allopregnanolone (r=-0.85;p=0.0037) were significantly correlated with reductions in total CAPS scores in the group randomized to pregnenolone. CAPS Cluster D symptom reductions also demonstrated significant correlations with neurosteroid increases post-treatment. Pregnanolone increases predicted improvements in resilience (CD-RISC; r=0.795, p=0.010). Cholesterol levels were significantly decreased post-treatment in the pregnenolone group compared to the placebo group (p=0.035). Conclusions: Initial findings from this proof-of-concept investigation are encouraging and merit further study in larger cohorts. Neurosteroids may have utility both as interventions and candidate biomarkers for therapeutic response in mild TBI with co-occuring PTSD symptoms.","pregnenolone, placebo, eltanolone, anxiolytic agent, 3alpha hydroxy 5alpha pregnan 20 one, neurosteroid, cholesterol, traumatic brain injury, society, randomized controlled trial, psychiatry, posttraumatic stress disorder, veteran, Afghanistan, war, rodent, model, learning, patient, treatment response, memory, anxiety, injury, Iraq, cognition","Marx, C. E.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3482,The safety of the electroconvulsive therapy-aripiprazole combination: Four case reports,"In clinical practice, a proportion of patients with psychotic or mood disorders are treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) while receiving concomitantly antipsychotic and/or other psychotropic agents. Aripiprazole is a second-generation antipsychotic that seems to have a favorable side-effect profile. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are, as yet, no available reports on the safety of ECT-aripiprazole combination. We report the cases of 4 female inpatients-3 suffering from major depression and 1 from schizophrenia-who underwent ECT-1 of them twice-while receiving aripiprazole (10-15 mg/d), as part of their regimen. In all cases, the combination was well tolerated and only minimal side effects were reported. (copyright) 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","aripiprazole, clozapine, levomepromazine, lithium sulfate, paracetamol, quetiapine, venlafaxine, adjuvant therapy, adult, article, bipolar disorder, case report, disease exacerbation, dizziness, drug withdrawal, electroconvulsive therapy, female, headache, human, major depression, memory disorder, myalgia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, relapse, risk assessment, schizophrenia, therapy resistance, treatment response","Masdrakis, V. G., Oulis, P., Zervas, I. M., Karakatsanis, N. A., Kouzoupis, A. V., Karapoulios, E., Soldatos, C. R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3483,Psychological trajectories after intraoperative awareness with explicit recall,,,"Mashour, G. A., Avidan, M. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3484,"Trajectories of Scores on a Screening Instrument for PTSD Among World Trade Center Rescue, Recovery, and Clean-Up Workers","The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over 8-9 years was examined among 16,488 rescue and recovery workers who responded to the events of September 11, 2001 (9/11) at the World Trade Center (WTC; New York, NY), and were enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Latent class growth analysis identified 5 groups of rescue and recovery workers with similar score trajectories at 3 administrations of the PTSD Checklist (PCL): low-stable (53.3%), moderate- stable (28.7%), moderate-increasing (6.4%), high-decreasing (7.7%), and high-stable (4.0%). Relative to the low-stable group, membership in higher risk groups was associated with 9/11-related exposures including duration of WTC work, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.3 to 2.0, witnessing of horrific events (range = 1.3 to 2.1), being injured (range = 1.4 to 2.3), perceiving threat to life or safety (range = 2.2 to 5.2), bereavement (range = 1.6 to 4.8), and job loss due to 9/11 (range = 2.4 to 15.8). Within groups, higher PCL scores were associated with adverse social circumstances including lower social support, with B coefficients ranging from 0.2 to 0.6, divorce, separation, or widowhood (range = 0.4-0.7), and unemployment (range = 0.4-0.5). Given baseline, exposure-related, and contextual influences that affect divergent PTSD trajectories, screening for both PTSD and adverse circumstances should occur immediately, and at regular intervals postdisaster.",,"Maslow, C. B., Caramanica, K., Welch, A. E., Stellman, S. D., Brackbill, R. M., Farfel, M. R.",2015.0,Jun,10.1002/jts.22011,1,1,
3485,Serum triiodothyronine elevation with posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross-cultural study,"This study examines the thyroid hormonal profile in Israeli combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and compares it with the previously reported profile in American Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. Eleven male combat veterans with PTSD were compared with 11 normal subjects. Thyroid junction was evaluated by the measurement of serum total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The mean total T3 level in the Israeli PTSD patients (160.5 ng/dL) was significantly elevated (t = 2.53, p < .02) above that of the comparison group (135.5 ng/dL). Total T3 mean levels were not significantly different between the Israeli PTSD group and two American PTSD groups, but all three PTSD groups had significantly higher total T3 levels than both Israeli and American comparison groups. This preliminary study indicates that T3 elevation in combat-related PTSD may extend across cultures and suggests that further comparison of Israeli and American PTSD and normal groups may be useful in evaluating the significance and implications of the unusual alterations in the thyroid system in PTSD.","Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Humans, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, Radioimmunoassay, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Triiodothyronine/*blood, Veterans/*psychology, *War","Mason, J., Weizman, R., Laor, N., Wang, S., Schujovitsky, A., Abramovitz-Schneider, P., Feiler, D., Charney, D.",1996.0,May 15,,0,0,
3486,Elevation of urinary norepinephrine/cortisol ratio in posttraumatic stress disorder,"We have previously reported an unusual combination of low urinary free cortisol levels with high urinary norepinephrine excretion in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients in comparison with four other patients groups: major depressive disorder, endogenous type; bipolar I, manic; paranoid schizophrenia; undifferentiated schizophrenia. Cortisol levels alone did not distinguish PTSD from paranoid schizophrenia patients and norepinephrine levels alone did not distinguish PTSD from bipolar I, manic, patients. In further consideration of these findings, we have found that combining the values for the two systems in a norepinephrine/cortisol (N/C) ratio provides a measure that significantly distinguishes PTSD from all the other patient groups throughout the hospitalization period. The N/C ratio was more than twice as high in the PTSD group than in all the other patient groups in the first sample following hospital admission, in the mean sample during hospitalization, and in the last sample before discharge. The mean N/C ratio for the PTSD group was 2.54, compared with a mean of .99 for the other four groups, which ranged from .81 to 1.18. The diagnostic sensitivity was 78% and the specificity was 94% for correct classification of PTSD in our sample. These preliminary findings yield further encouragement for exploring multivariate strategies, using hormonal ratios or profiles, in an effort to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of neuroendocrine criteria in the assessment of psychiatric patients.",,"Mason, J. W., Giller, E. L., Kosten, T. R., Harkness, L.",1988.0,,,0,0,
3487,Psychogenic lowering of urinary cortisol levels linked to increased emotional numbing and a shame-depressive syndrome in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: The purpose of the study was to search for the intrapsychic correlates of individual differences in cortisol levels in male Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Methods: The study involved measurement of urinary cortisol levels and clinical assessment with a broad profile of psychometric tests during a single 48-hour period in 30 inpatients. Results: The main finding by both correlation and t test analyses was a significant inverse relationship between urinary cortisol levels and a symptom complex composed of two closely interrelated clinical subgroupings, ""disengagement"" (principally involving emotional numbing) and ""shame-laden depression."" Conclusions: The findings support the concept that cortisol levels reflect the ongoing balance between the undifferentiated emotional arousal state of engagement (associated with higher cortisol levels) and opposing antiarousal disengagement defense mechanisms (associated with lower cortisol levels). It appears that the low cortisol levels often seen in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder are psychogenic and reflect a dominating effect of disengagement coping strategies, which represent secondary compensatory adaptations during the chronic course of this disorder to counteract primary arousal symptoms, especially those related to an intractable shameladen depressive syndrome. The psychoendocrine findings suggest that the relatively inconspicuous clinical feature of shame resulting from both the primary and secondary traumatizations is a particularly powerful, preoccupying, and overwhelming source of emotional engagement. Shame may represent a ""sleeper"" that is worthy of greater attention in both research and clinical efforts to understand the pathogenesis and psychopathology of this devastating stress-related disorder.","hydrocortisone, adult, arousal, article, attention, clinical article, clinical feature, controlled study, coping behavior, defense mechanism, depression, disease association, emotion, human, hydrocortisone urine level, male, mental disease, pathogenesis, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychometry, shame, soldier","Mason, J. W., Wang, S., Yehuda, R., Riney, S., Charney, D. S., Southwick, S. M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3488,Serum triiodothyronine elevation in Israeli combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-cultural study,"This study examines the thyroid hormonal profile in Israeli combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and compares it with the previously reported profile in American Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. Eleven male combat veterans with PTSD were compared with 11 normal subjects. Thyroid function was evaluated by the measurement of serum total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triidothyronine (FT3) total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The mean total T3 level in the Israeli PTSD patients (160.5 ng/dL) was significantly elevated (t = 2.53, p < .02) above that of the comparison group (135.5 ng/dL). Total T3 mean levels were not significantly different between the Israeli PTSD group and two American PTSD groups, but all three PTSD groups had significantly higher total T3 levels than both Israeli and American comparison groups. This preliminary study indicates that T3 elevation in combat-related PTSD may extend across cultures and suggests that further comparison of Israeli and American PTSD and normal groups may be useful in evaluating the significance and implications of the unusual alterations in the thyroid system in PTSD.","liothyronine, adult, army, article, clinical article, controlled study, human, Israel, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal","Mason, J. W., Weizman, R., Laor, N., Wang, S., Schujovitsky, A., Abramovitz-Schneider, P., Feiler, D., Charney, D.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3489,"Accuracy of MMPI-2-RF validity scales for identifying feigned PTSD Symptoms, random responding, and genuine PTSD","The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-RF (MMPI-2-RF) validity scales were evaluated to determine accuracy when differentiating honest responding, random responding, genuine posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and feigned PTSD. Undergraduate students (n = 109), screened for PTSD, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 instructional groups: honest, feign PTSD, half random, and full random. Archival data provided clinical MMPI-2-RF profiles consisting of 31 veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Veterans were diagnosed with PTSD using a structured interview and had passed a structured interview for malingering. Validity scales working as a group had correct classification rates of honest (96.6%), full random (88.9%), genuine PTSD (80.7%), fake PTSD (73.1%), and half random (44.4%). Results were fairly supportive of the scales ability to discriminate feigning and full random responding from honest responding of normal students as well as veterans with PTSD. However, the RF validity scales do not appear to be as effective in detecting partially random responding. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Mason, L. H., Shandera-Ochsner, A. L., Williamson, K. D., Harp, J. P., Edmundson, M., Berry, D. T. R., High, W. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3490,Growth curve trajectories of distress in burn patients,"Psychological adjustment after a major burn injury is a significant concern to providers and patients alike. Although efforts have been made to identify associated risk factors, little is known about heterogeneity in the levels or trajectories of adjustment in this population. This study used a novel application of Growth Mixture Modeling to identify subgroups of patients based on their longitudinal self-reported distress using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Data were drawn from the database of the Burn Model Systems project, a prospective, multisite, cohort study of major burn injury survivors. The BSI was used to assess symptoms in-hospital and at 6, 12, and 24 months postburn. Participants' T scores on the BSIs Global Severity Index provided a continuous measure of psychological distress. Analyses were conducted using participants' Global Severity Index T scores to discern distinct classes of respondents with similar trajectories across the 2-year follow-up. Results from the Growth Mixture Modeling analysis produced an ordered four-class model of psychological recovery from a major burn. Groups represented the equivalent of high, subthreshold, mild, and minimal symptom severity. Covariates significantly affected the intercept and slope of each class, as well as prediction of group assignment. These analyses demonstrate differences between individual recoveries after a major burn. Psychological distress symptoms remain largely stable over time and highlight the psychological vulnerability of this patient population. © 2010 by the American Burn Association.",,"Mason, S. T., Corry, N., Gould, N. F., Amoyal, N., Gabriel, V., Wiechman-Askay, S., Holavanahalli, R., Banks, S., Arceneaux, L., Fauerbach, J. A.",2010.0,,10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181cb8ee6,1,1,
3491,The treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder using redecision therapy,"Describes the use of redecision therapy, a form of transactional analysis, in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In traumatic situations, people make decisions that appear to increase their possibility of surviving. These decisions may block survivors' enjoyment of life after the traumatic situation has passed. Redecision therapy offers a framework to assist survivors in reorienting to life. Clinical examples illustrate various techniques used within the redecision model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Transactional Analysis","Masse, Vern",1995.0,,,0,0,
3492,A meta-analysis on the impact of psychiatric disorders and maltreatment on cognition,"Objective: Few studies have attempted to describe the range of cognitive impairments in individuals with psychiatric disorders who experienced maltreatment as children. The aims of this meta-analysis were to establish the impact of maltreatment and psychiatric disorders on cognition, and to examine the change in impact from childhood to adulthood. Method: Twelve publications from 1970 to 2013 were included, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) individuals with a psychiatric disorder who experienced maltreatment, (b) use of at least 1 standardized neuropsychological measure, and (c) use of a control group without any psychiatric disorder or mistreatment. The majority of studies (10/12) were about posttraumatic stress disorder. Several effect sizes were calculated (Hedge's g) according to the cognitive domains. Results: The results of the meta-analysis demonstrate that the combination of psychiatric disorders and childhood maltreatment has a negative impact on global cognitive performance, with a moderate effect size (g = -0.59). The most affected cognitive domains for individuals aged 7- to 18-years-old were visual episodic memory (g = -0.97), executive functioning (g = -0.90), and intelligence (g = -0.68). For individuals over the age of 18-years-old, the most affected cognitive domains were verbal episodic memory (g = -0.77), visuospatial/problem solving (g = -0.73), and attention (g = -0.72). The impact of maltreatment and psychiatric disorders was greater in children than in adults (slope = 0.008, p <.002). Conclusion: The results suggest that exposure to maltreatment and the presence of psychiatric disorders have a broad impact on cognition, with specific neuropsychological profile.","adulthood, child, childhood, cognition, cognitive defect, human, mental disease, meta analysis","Masson, M., East-Richard, C., Cellard, C.",2016.0,,,0,0,
3493,Global Perspectives on Resilience in Children and Youth,"Global concerns about the consequences of disasters, political violence, disease, malnutrition, maltreatment, and other threats to human development and well-being have sparked a surge of international interest in resilience science. This article highlights progress and issues in research that aims to understand variations in human adaptation to adverse experiences. Two key questions are considered: Why is a new wave of global research on resilience important for developmental science? and Why is developmental science important for global resilience? The conclusion calls for developmental scientists to engage in international efforts to promote resilience. © 2013 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.",,"Masten, A. S.",2014.0,,10.1111/cdev.12205,0,0,
3494,Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity,,,"Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., Garmezy, N.",1990.0,,,0,0,
3495,"Child and Family Resilience: A Call for Integrated Science, Practice, and Professional Training","Science and practice focused on child resilience and family resilience have deep and intertwined roots, yet there have been surprisingly few efforts to systematically integrate the theory, findings, and implications of these two traditions of work. In this article, the authors discuss parallels in concepts and processes that link the sciences of child and family resilience and the potential of relational developmental systems theory to provide an integrative framework for understanding and promoting resilience in children and families. The authors describe components of an integrated approach to child and family resilience, highlighting examples from recent research, and discuss implications for research, practice, and professional training. © 2015 National Council on Family Relations.","Family resilience, Protective factors, Risk and resilience, Stress and coping, Systems theory","Masten, A. S., Monn, A. R.",,,10.1111/fare.12103,0,0,
3496,Resilience in developmental psychopathology: Contributions of the Project Competence Longitudinal Study,"Contributions of the Project Competence Longitudinal Study (PCLS) to resilience science and developmental psychopathology are highlighted in this article. Initiated by Norman Garmezy, the PCLS contributed models, measures, and methods, as well as working definitions of concepts like competence, developmental tasks, protective factors, and resilience. Findings from the study corroborated the feasibility of studying adaptation in a normative group of school children, identifying patterns of resilience, competence without major adversity, and maladaptive paths through life. Competence was multidimensional, showing continuity and change over time. Cascading effects across domains indicated that competence and problems spread over time. Thus, adult achievements in developmental tasks were rooted in childhood and adolescence. Young people who showed resilience had much in common with similarly successful peers who experienced less adversity over time, including high-quality relationships with parents and other adults, and good cognitive, as well as social-emotional, skills. Maladaptive youth in the study often faced high adversity with little adaptive capacity (internal or external) and tended to generate stressful experiences. Resilience often emerged in childhood and endured, but there also were late bloomers whose lives turned around in the transition to adulthood. The role of collaboration and mentorship in the PCLS is also discussed. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.",,"Masten, A. S., Tellegen, A.",2012.0,,10.1017/S095457941200003X,0,0,
3497,Impact of baseline mental health on adherence to interferon-free HCV therapy,"Background: Mental health disorders (MHD) have long presented a barrier to treatment for individuals with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infections. The complexity and side effect profile of interferon based therapies make many patients with MHD ineligible or unwilling to be treated. Directly acting antiviral therapy is replacing interferon based HCV therapy. This study aims to determine the impact of baseline MHD on adherence and effectiveness of the IFN and RBV free regimen ledipsavir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) in HIV negative and positive hepatitis C patients. Methods: Two NIAID clinical trials, SYNERGY A (HCV mono-infected, n=20) and ERADICATE (HIV/HCV co-infected; ARV naïve n=13, on cART n=37), treated HCV genotype-1, treatment naïve study subjects with a fixed dose combination of ledipsavir (90mg) and sofosbuvir (400mg) daily for 12 weeks. We identified all participants with a baseline MHD defined as a major DSM-IV diagnosis such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression with anxiety or those requiring anti-depressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers or psychotropics. Adherence was measured using medication event monitoring systems (MEMS) caps. Serial measurements of plasma HCV RNA levels were performed using the Roche RealTime HCV RNA assay. Results: Of 20 participants in SYNERGY A, 7 (40%) met the criteria for significant baseline MHD. The prevalence of disorders was as follows: depression (15%), depression with anxiety (15%), bipolar disorder (5%), PTSD (5%), and schizophrenia (5%). Of 50 participants in ERADICATE, 15 (30%) met the criteria for significant baseline MHD. The prevalence of disorders was as follows: depression (16%), bipolar disorder (10%), PTSD (6%), and anxiety (2%). There was no significant difference in adherence to MEMS between MHD patients and non-MHD patients in either study (96% vs. 97% for SYNERGY and 97% vs. 97% for ERADICATE, p.0.05 for both) (Figure 1a, p>0.05). There was no significant difference between MHD patients and non-MHD patients who achieved SVR12 for SYNERGY and SVR4 for ERADICATE (100% vs. 100% for SYNERGY and 100% vs. 97% for ERADICATE, p>0.05 for both) (Figure 1b). Conclusions: Since 31% of our study subjects had serious, controlled MHD when starting therapy, it appears that controlled major psychiatric disorders may be no barrier to the successful completion of anti-HCV therapy using a newer DAA combination. (Figure Presented).","interferon, sofosbuvir, nitrogen 13, RNA, neuroleptic agent, mood stabilizer, psychotropic agent, mental health, therapy, Retroviridae, opportunistic infection, human, patient, anxiety, diseases, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, chronic hepatitis C, antiviral therapy, side effect, bipolar depression, infection, hepatitis C, genotype, diagnosis, major depression, mental disease, drug therapy, assay, plasma, monitoring, clinical trial (topic), microelectromechanical system, Human immunodeficiency virus","Masur, J., Tang, L., Nelson, A., Osinusi, A., Kohli, A., Silk, R., Gross, C., Kattakuzhy, S., Polis, M., Kottilil, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3498,Translationally relevant modeling of PTSD in rodents,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is clinically defined in DSM-4 by exposure to a significantly threatening and/or horrifying event and the presence of a certain number of symptoms from each of three symptom clusters at least one month after the event. Since humans clearly do not respond homogeneously to a potentially traumatic experience, the heterogeneity in animal responses might be regarded as confirming the validity of animal studies, rather than as representing a problem. A model of diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders could therefore be applied to animal responses to augment the validity of study data, providing that the criteria for classification are clearly defined, reliably reproducible and yield results that conform to findings in human subjects. The method described herein was developed in an attempt to model diagnostic criteria in terms of individual patterns of response by using behavioral measures and determining cut-off scores to distinguish between extremes of response or non-response, leaving a sizeable proportion of subjects in a middle group, outside each set of cut-off criteria. The cumulative results of our studies indicate that the contribution of animal models can be further enhanced by classifying individual animal study subjects according to their response patterns. The animal model also enables the researcher to go one step further and correlate specific anatomic, bio-molecular and physiological parameters with the degree and pattern of the individual behavioral response and introduces prevalence rates as a parameter. The translational value of the classification method and future directions are discussed. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Animal model, Anxiety, Behavioral criteria, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Translation research","Matar, M. A., Zohar, J., Cohen, H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3499,Mindfulness-based stress reduction among breast cancer survivors: A literature review and discussion,"Breast cancer is the second-most common cancer among women in the United States, with an estimated 207,180 new cases of invasive breast cancer diagnosed in 2010 (American Cancer Society, 2010). As advances in medical treatment have led to increases in the number of breast cancer survivors, many are now facing the challenge of long-term coping. A cancer diagnosis is a stressful phenomenon and a life-threatening experience that creates immediate psychosocial distress for the patient and his or her family (Sellick & Edwardson, 2007). Distress is experienced by patients with cancer across diagnoses and across the disease trajectory (Carlson, Angen, et al., 2004). Half of all patients suffer from psychological distress related to the disease itself, side effects, the financial cost of cancer treatment, and the general uncertainty in their lives. Based on gender, women met the criteria of acute stress disorder (ASD) following diagnosis of cancer in greater numbers than men (McGarvey et al., 1998). Predictors for ASD in women with cancer include being of a younger age, having no prior life-threatening illness, perceiving less social support from friends and family members, and reporting less satisfaction with how they were informed about the diagnosis (McGarvey et al., 1998). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), a meditation program widely used in research and clinical settings, has been shown to be beneficial for nonclinical and clinical populations, including patients with cancer (Dobkin, 2008). Application involves coping with stress, distress, pain, and illness, as well as increasing degrees of equanimity, wisdom, and compassion (Reibel, Greeson, Brainard, & Rosenzweig, 2001). This review will focus on the effect of MBSR on breast cancer survivors because breast cancer is a specific clinical condition and the response of survivors to MBSR on some variables may be different from other oncology diagnoses.",,"Matchim, Y., Armer, J. M., Stewart, B. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3500,Post-traumatic stress disorder in children following road traffic accidents: A comparison of those with and without mild traumatic brain injury,"It is now recognized that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur following road traffic accidents, but controversy exists about the possibility of PTSD in people sustaining traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present investigation examined the frequency, course and comorbidity of PTSD in children with and without mild TBI after traffic accidents. Interviews were conducted with 43 children and their parents 6 weeks after a traffic accident, assessing PTSD and associated symptomatology. Fourteen children sustained mild TBI and 29 had no TBI. A sub-set (n = 32) was re-interviewed 7 weeks later. Children both with and without TBI reported PTSD symptomatology, but no significant group differences were found. At initial assessment, 74% of children were classified as having clinically significant PTSD symptomatology (86% and 69% in groups with and without TBI, respectively), which was strongly associated with report of general anxiety. At follow-up, PTSD symptomatology decreased, but 44% remained symptomatic (38% and 46% for those with and without TBI, respectively). Child and parental report of PTSD symptomatology were not significantly correlated. Presence of mild TBI did not influence the likelihood of experiencing PTSD symptomatology following a traffic accident. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Anxiety, Intervention, Stress","Mather, Fiona J., Tate, Robyn L., Hannan, Timothy J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3501,"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, underlying affective vulnerabilities, and smoking for affect regulation","Background and Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is overrepresented among cigarette smokers. It has been hypothesized that those with PTSD smoke to alleviate negative affect and counteract deficient positive affect commonly associated with the disorder; however, limited research has examined associations between PTSD symptoms, smoking motives, and affective vulnerability factors. In the current study, we examined (1) whether PTSD symptoms were associated with positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement smoking motives; and (2) whether two affective vulnerability factors implicated in PTSD-anxiety sensitivity and anhedonia-mediated relationships between PTSD symptoms and smoking motives. Methods: Data were drawn from a community sample of non-treatment-seeking smokers recruited without regard for trauma history (N = 342; 10+ cig/day). We used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) to assess overall PTSD symptom severity as well as individual PTSD subfactors. Results: Overall, PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with negative reinforcement, but not positive reinforcement, smoking motives. Variation in anxiety sensitivity significantly mediated the relation between PTSD symptom severity and negative reinforcement smoking motives, whereas anhedonia did not. Regarding PTSD subfactors, emotional numbing was the only PTSD subfactor associated with smoking rate, while re-experiencing symptoms were uniquely associated with both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement smoking motives. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity may be an important feature associated with PTSD that enhances motivation to smoke for negative reinforcement purposes. Smoking cessation interventions that alleviate anxiety sensitivity and enhance coping with negative affect may be useful for smokers with elevated PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Negative Reinforcement, *Positive Reinforcement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Tobacco Smoking, *Anxiety Sensitivity, Anhedonia, Susceptibility (Disorders), Symptoms","Mathew, Amanda R., Cook, Jessica W., Japuntich, Sandra J., Leventhal, Adam M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3502,"A selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial","The substance P-neurokinin-1 receptor (SP-NK1R) system has been extensively studied in experimental models of stress, fear, and reward. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SP levels were reported previously in combat-related PTSD. No medication specifically targeting this system has been tested in PTSD. This proof-of-concept randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the selective NK1R antagonist GR205171 in predominately civilian PTSD. Following a 2-week placebo lead-in, 39 outpatients with chronic PTSD and a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score ≥50 were randomized to a fixed dose of GR205171 (N=20) or placebo (N=19) for 8weeks. The primary endpoint was mean change from baseline to endpoint in the total CAPS score. Response rate (≥50% reduction in baseline CAPS) and safety/tolerability were secondary endpoints. CSF SP concentrations were measured in a subgroup of patients prior to randomization. There was significant improvement in the mean CAPS total score across all patients over time, but no significant difference was found between GR205171 and placebo. Likewise, there was no significant effect of drug on the proportion of responders [40% GR205171 versus 21% placebo (p=0.30)]. An exploratory analysis showed that GR205171 treatment was associated with significant improvement compared to placebo on the CAPS hyperarousal symptom cluster. GR205171 was well-tolerated, with no discontinuations due to adverse events. CSF SP concentrations were positively correlated with baseline CAPS severity. The selective NK1R antagonist GR205171 had fewer adverse effects but was not significantly superior to placebo in the short-term treatment of chronic PTSD. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT 00211861, NCT 00383786). © 2010.","Clinical trial, NK1, PTSD, Randomized, Substance P","Mathew, S. J., Vythilingam, M., Murrough, J. W., Zarate, C. A., Feder, A., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Kinkead, B., Parides, M. K., Trist, D. G., Bani, M. S., Bettica, P. U., Ratti, E. M., Charney, D. S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3503,Cancer-related intrusive thoughts as an indicator of poor psychological adjustment at 3 or more years after breast surgery: A preliminary study,"Intrusive thoughts are one of the re-experiencing symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder, and have been suggested as a predictor for the continuous presence of psychological distress in cancer survivors. The aim of this preliminary study was to examine the possibility of using cancer-related intrusive thoughts (CITs) as an indicator of psychological distress and adjustment after breast surgery. A consecutive series of ambulatory breast cancer survivors at 3 or more years after surgery were given the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and self-report questionnaires, including Profile Of Mood States (POMS), Impact of Event Scale (IES) and Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) scale, to measure psychological distress and/or adjustment. The SCID identified a history of CITs in 34 (46%) of the 74 participants. No significant differences were found in the POMS and IES psychological distress scores between subjects with and without a history of CITs. Subjects with a history of CITs showed significantly higher levels of anxious preoccupation, one of the MAC subscale scores. The association continued to be significant after controlling for potential confounders such as social support, depression, avoidance, arousal, and neuroticism. The results indicated that CITs might be useful for indicating poor psychological adjustment, but not distress, in patients at 3 or more years after breast surgery.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, breast cancer, coping behavior, depression, distress syndrome, female, human, interview, major clinical study, neurosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, social support","Matsuoka, Y., Nakano, T., Inagaki, M., Sugawara, Y., Akechi, T., Imoto, S., Murakami, K., Yamawaki, S., Uchitomi, Y.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3504,"The Tachikawa cohort of motor vehicle accident study investigating psychological distress: Design, methods and cohort profiles","Background: The Tachikawa cohort of motor vehicle accident (TCOM) Study has been carried out in Tokyo since 2004. This study examined the association of medical and psychosocial variables evaluated shortly after admission to the acute critical care center with long-term psychiatric morbidity risk in patients with accidental injuries. Methods: Between May 2004 and January 2008, patients with accidental injury consecutively admitted were recruited to the TCOM Study. Psychiatric morbidity as a primary endpoint was measured using a structured clinical interview at 1, 6, 18 and 36 months after involvement in a motor vehicle accident (MVA). The baseline investigation consisted of self-administered questionnaires concerning acute psychological responses and personality. Medical information was obtained from patients' medical charts. Various socio-demographic data, health-related habits and psychosocial factors were assessed by interview. To examine potential biomarkers of psychological distress, blood samples were collected. Results: Out of 344 patients who were asked to participate in this study, 300 (87%) patients with MVA-related injury were enrolled. Corresponding rates for the questionnaires on psychological responses and blood sampling were 98-99 and 79%, respectively. The cohort sample was composed of 78% men; the median age was 34 years; and 45% of the participants were motorcycle drivers. Conclusions: The TCOM Study should prove useful for researchers examining the association between bio-psychosocial variables and psychological distress and may contribute to the formation of a framework for providing care for patients with MVA-related injury. © Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt 2008.","Cohort study, Motor vehicle accident, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychiatric morbidity, Severe injury","Matsuoka, Y., Nishi, D., Nakajima, S., Yonemoto, N., Hashimoto, K., Noguchi, H., Homma, M., Otomo, Y., Kim, Y.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3505,Concern over radiation exposure and psychological distress among rescue workers following the Great East Japan Earthquake,"Background: On March 11, 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami that followed caused severe damage along Japans northeastern coastline and to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. To date, there are few reports specifically examining psychological distress in rescue workers in Japan. Moreover, it is unclear to what extent concern over radiation exposure has caused psychological distress to such workers deployed in the disaster area. Methods: One month after the disaster, 424 of 1816 (24%) disaster medical assistance team workers deployed to the disaster area were assessed. Concern over radiation exposure was evaluated by a single self-reported question. General psychological distress was assessed with the Kessler 6 scale (K6), depressive symptoms with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), fear and sense of helplessness with the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI), and posttraumatic stress symptoms with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Results: Radiation exposure was a concern for 39 (9.2%) respondents. Concern over radiation exposure was significantly associated with higher scores on the K6, CES-D, PDI, and IES-R. After controlling for age, occupation, disaster operation experience, duration of time spent watching earthquake news, and past history of psychiatric illness, these associations remained significant in men, but did not remain significant in women for the CES-D and PDI scores. Conclusion: The findings suggest that concern over radiation exposure was strongly associated with psychological distress. Reliable, accurate information on radiation exposure might reduce deployment-related distress in disaster rescue workers. © 2012 Matsuoka et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Matsuoka, Y., Nishi, D., Nakaya, N., Sone, T., Noguchi, H., Hamazaki, K., Hamazaki, T., Koido, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3506,The economic consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder in clients of veterans affairs Canada,"Historically, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was questioned in regard to the ""reality"" of the clinical disorder. Largely during the post-Vietnam era, medical legitimacy pushed an agenda to study the condition, and contemporary interests shifted to cost-effective and effacious treatment identification. Although a priority for mental health, clinical approaches to care are not the only need for individuals who face diagnosis. I explore financial consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder in clients of Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) to more specifically identify the economic vulnerabilities of veterans in an attempt to inform policy development. As a chronic condition, PTSD requires management over broad periods of time, often outside of the medical complex. Furthermore, a growing number of veterans are young and in search of gainful civilian employment, yet at risk of disrupted work lives as a result of their mental health status. This certainly carries implications for economic well-being. To better understand the relationship between PTSD and economic standing, I build upon current literature to develop two statistical analyses. The first project focuses on describing the relationship between PTSD and income and perceptions of financial security. This sample is marked with health disadvantage at the outset, through connection with VAC services. However, findings illustrate that PTSD holds significant association with economic well-being when other risk factors (including comorbidities) are controlled. This analysis informs caregivers (both medical and non-medical) about the importance of PTSD as a unique health problem with socioeconomic risk among veterans. The second analytic design assesses the specific symptom clusters of post-traumatic stress disorder as they relate to financial outcomes. Specifically, veterans experience symptoms of PTSD without meeting the clinical requirements for diagnosis, thus being left untreated. However, the findings illustrate that symptom clusters of PTSD maintain significant (and distinctive) relationships with various economic outcomes. This supports contemporary psychometric assessments that suggest the diagnostic criteria for PTSD require conceptual revisions. A reconfiguration of diagnostic criteria is supported in confirmatory factor analysis of my sample. I link these findings to targeted policy suggestions for VAC in regard to outreach for veterans with subclinical, yet meaningful, symptoms of post-traumatic stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Clients, *Economics, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Matteo, Rebecca A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3507,Combat-exposed war veterans at risk for suicide show hyperactivation of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate during error processing,"Objective: Suicide is a significant public health problem. Suicidal ideation (SI) increases the risk for completed suicide. However, the brain basis of SI is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the neural correlates of self-monitoring in individuals at risk for suicide. We hypothesized that combat veterans with a history of SI relative to those without such a history would show altered activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and related circuitry during self-monitoring. Methods: Two groups of combat-exposed war veterans (13 men with and 13 men without history of SI) were studied. Both the SI and non-SI participants had two or more of the following: a) current major depressive disorder, b) current posttraumatic stress disorder, and c) history of mild traumatic brain injury, and each subject performed a validated stop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Error-related activation was compared between the SI and non-SI groups. Results: The SI group demonstrated more error-related activation of the anterior cingulate (8256 mm 3, t = 2.51) and prefrontal cortex (i.e., clusters &gt;2048 mm 3, voxelwise p &lt; .05). The SI and non-SI participants showed similar behavioral task performance (i.e., mean error rate, F values &lt; 0.63, p values &gt; .43; and mean reaction times, F = 0.27, p = .61). Conclusions: These findings suggest neural correlates of altered self-monitoring in individuals with a history of SI and may further suggest that functional magnetic resonance imaging could be used to identify individuals at risk for suicide before they engage in suicidal behavior. Abbreviations: SI = suicidal ideationACC = anterior cingulate cortexOEF = Operation Enduring FreedomOIF = Operation Iraqi FreedomfMRI = functional magnetic resonance imagingTBI = traumatic brain injuryMDD = major depressive disorderPTSD = posttraumatic stress disorderAFNI = Analysis of Functional NeuroimagesPFC = prefrontal cortex © 2012 by the American Psychosomatic Society.","anterior cingulate, error processing, functional magnetic resonance imaging, OEF-OIF veterans, self-monitoring, suicide","Matthews, S., Spadoni, A., Knox, K., Strigo, I., Simmons, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3508,Pharmacological treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder,"The post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and highly incapacitating disorder, few studied in our country. We did a search in the Medline/Pubmed from 1966 to 2000 looking up randomized clinical trials in the pharmacological treatment of the PTSD. We found 12 randomized clinical trials: tricyclics antidepressants (n = 3), classical MAOIs (n = 2), reversible MAOIs (n = 2), SSRIs (n = 3), benzodiazepines (n = 1), anticonvulsants (n = 1) and second messenger (n = 1). The SSRIs can be considered the first choice medication based on their favorable side effects profile, easy management and because they are the only medications in which all the randomized trials were positive. However, this choice cannot be considered definitive: 1) the number of randomized clinical trials undertaken in this area is few; 2) severe methodological problems in the initial clinical trials favored the SSRIs; 3) absence of clinical trials comparing the relative merits of the different psychopharmacological agents.","alprazolam, amitriptyline, anticonvulsive agent, benzodiazepine derivative, brofaromine, desipramine, fluoxetine, imipramine, inositol, lamotrigine, phenelzine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressant agent, drug efficacy, drug tolerability, human, medical information, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacology, review, side effect","Maurat, A. M., Figueira, I.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3509,Posttraumatic stress disorder: Advantages and disadvantages of pharmacological treatment,"Introduction: The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, chronic disorder, associated with high comorbidity (abuse of drugs, depressive disorder, etc.) and many professional and social impairments. In spite of its clinical importance, PTSD is rarely diagnosed (and consequently rarely treated), and few review articles on this topic have been published in the brazilian literature. Objective: To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different drugs in the treatment of PTSD based on both published clinical trials and our clinical experience. Methods: A search in the Pubmed/ Medline database from 1966 until December of 2000 found 13 randomized clinical trials, as well as many open trials and case reports. Results: Three groups of drugs showed efficacy in randomized clinical trials: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), classic monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and tricyclic antidepressants. Conclusions: SSRIs appear to be the medication of first choice, principally because they have the best side effect profile. However, any conclusion about the medication of first choice in the PTSD should be considered provisory, since there are so few controlled trials, and the long-term side effects of SSRIs are unknow. Future trials should compare the relative merit of different medications in the treatment of PTSD (e.g., SSRIs versus tricyclic antidepressants; MAOIs versus anticonvulsivants). (copyright) Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora. Todos os direitos reservados.","alpha 2 adrenergic receptor blocking agent, alprazolam, amitriptyline, anticonvulsive agent, benzodiazepine derivative, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, brofaromine, carbamazepine, clonazepam, clonidine, desipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, inositol, lamotrigine, lithium carbonate, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, neuroleptic agent, paroxetine, phenelzine, placebo, propranolol, serotonin antagonist, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, chronic disease, comorbidity, drug efficacy, experience, human, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, review, sexual dysfunction, side effect, social interaction, suicide attempt","Maurat, A. M., Figueira, I.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3510,Post traumatic brain injury major depression and primary major depression: Psychopathological and neuropsychological profiles,"Objectives: Several evidences suggests that Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) results in an increased relative risk of developing psychiatric disorders including mood and anxiety disorders, and in a minority of cases psychotic syndromes. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is the most frequent psychiatric complication after TBI, with best estimates suggesting that 14-77% of individuals with TBI develop a depressive episode within 6-12 months of their injury. Nevertheless clinical and neuropsychological differences between primary MDD and Post-TBI MDD are still unclear. This study aims to analyse the psychiatric sequelae of TBI and to identify the neuropsychological and psychopathological correlates of Post-TBI MDD, highlighting the differences between Post-TBI MDD and Primary MDD. Methods: The study was performed by according to a longitudinal, prospectic, case-control design. Sixteen patients (10 M, 6 F; age 18-65, mean 40.44) with closed head injury with a lesion visible by TC, admitted to the Neurosurgery Institute of Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico were recruited in the study. Six patients with MDD (without TBI) were included as control group. All patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) at 1 (T1), 3 (T2), and 6 (T3) months after discharge from the Neurosurgery Department. Psychiatric symptomatology was evaluated using Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Instrumental Activity Daily Leaving (IADL). Neuropsychological test consisted in Coloured Matrices of Raven (PM48), Visual Search Test, Trail Making Test (A and B), Test of Prose Memory, Digit Span, Corsi's Span, Verbal Fluency Test (Phonemic and Semantic), Token Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of London Test. Computerised Tomography was obtained for all the patients with TBI immediately after trauma. Severity of the TBI was assessed by using the 24-hour Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Results: MDD was observed in ten (62.5%) patients at T1, resulting the most frequent diagnosis. Furthermore 12.5% of patients showed Mood Disorders with maniacal pictures and 6.5% showed a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. At T3 and T6 MDD was present in 8 (50%) and 6 (37.5%) cases respectively. 50% of subjects had a pattern of focal lesions, and 50% had diffused lesions. A left frontal lesion was observed in two of ten subjects with MDD, two patients presented a right frontal lesion and one had a bilateral lesion. Compared to Primary MDD patients, Post-TBI MDD patients showed less severe depressive symptomatology at HRSD and BDI, increasing social isolation and hostility was also observed Conclusions: This study suggests a high prevalence of MDD after a TBI and underlines that Post-TBI MDD presents a peculiar neuropsychological pattern, significantly associated with deficits in cognitive functions. Furthermore Post-TBI MDD is characterized by a more severe neurocognitive deficit and different psychopathological profile compared to Primary MDD.","major depression, traumatic brain injury, patient, human, neurosurgery, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, Hamilton scale, injury, symptomatology, rating scale, psychiatry, depression, diseases, posttraumatic stress disorder, mood disorder, diagnosis, social isolation, hostility, prevalence, psychosis, anxiety disorder, control group, United Kingdom, mood, head injury, memory, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, psychologic test, tomography, Glasgow coma scale, neuropsychological test, anxiety, Beck Depression Inventory, mental disease, cognition, risk factor","Mauri, M. C., Colasanti, A., Paletta, S., De Gaspari, I. F., Moliterno, D., Panza, G., Miserocchi, G., Altamura, A. C.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3511,"Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of major depression following post-traumatic brain injury, a prospective study","Objectives: Major depression disorder (MDD) is the most frequent psychiatric complication after traumatic brain injury (TBI), with a prevalence of 14-77%. The aim of this study was to analyse the psychiatric sequelae of TBI, and to identify the neuropsychological and psychopathological correlates of post-TBI MDD in order to highlight their differences from those of primary MDD. Methods: This was a longitudinal, prospective, case-control study. Sixteen patients with closed brain injury, and a lesion revealed by computed tomography (CT), were recruited and were evaluated one (T1), three (T3) and six (T6) months after discharge from Neurosurgery Department; the controls were six patients with MDD. The psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), Hamilton depression rating scale (HRSD), Beck depression inventory scale (BDI), Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HRSA), global assessment of functioning (GAF) and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL). Neuropsychological profiles were assessed by using neuropsychological tests, focused on memory and frontal-executive functioning. Results: At T1, MDD was observed in 10 cases (62.5%), a manic episode in 12.5%, and post-traumatic stress disorder in 6.5%. At T3 and T6, MDD was diagnosed in, respectively, eight (50%) and six cases (37.5%). Post TBI MDD had less severe depressive symptoms, showed greater social isolation and hostility and more cognitive deficits in comparison with the control group. Conclusions: MDD is a frequent TBI complication. Patients with post-TBI MDD have a specific psychopathological profile characterised by a less severe depressive symptomatology and a neuropsychological pattern that is significantly associated with greater deficits in cognitive functions than those with primary MDD. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Major depression disorder, Neuropsychological profile, Psychopathological pattern, Traumatic brain injury","Mauri, M. C., Paletta, S., Colasanti, A., Miserocchi, G., Altamura, A. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3512,Traumatic brain injury in a child psychiatry outpatient clinic: A controlled study,"Objective: To demonstrate the similarity of children with a history of traumatic brain injury (TB1), particularly mild TB1, to matched children without such a history, within a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. Method: This is a chart review of patients presenting to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic over a 3-year period, Children with TB1 were matched by age, sex, race, and social class to children with no history of TBI. Axis I and II diagnoses, use of special education services, and IQ scores were compared. Results: Seventy-four (5.6%) of 1,333 consecutive clinic cases had a definite TB1. Of these, 64 were mild. Only 3 of 59 comparisons that were made between TBI and control subjects were significant. A developmental communication disorder cluster was significantly more frequent in the TBI group. Autism and a pervasive developmental disorder cluster were significantly more frequent in the control group. Conclusion: In a child psychiatry clinic, patients with a history of TBI are virtually indistinguishable from matched children without TBI. Caution should be exercised before attributing the child's problems, especially long-term problems, to the TBI unless the injury was severe or the child is exhibiting related phobic or posttraumatic stress symptomatology.","article, autism, behavior disorder, brain injury, child, child psychiatry, communication disorder, controlled study, developmental disorder, human, learning disorder, major clinical study, mental disease, priority journal","Max, J. E., Dunisch, D. L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3513,Traumatic brain injury in a child psychiatry inpatient population: A controlled study,"Objective: To extend our findings from child psychiatry outpatients to child psychiatry inpatients regarding the similarity of children with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly mild TBI, to matched children without such a history. Method: This is a chart review of patients consecutively admitted to a child psychiatry inpatient unit over a 5-year period. Children with TBI were matched by age, sex, race, and social class to children with no history of TBI. Axis I and II diagnoses and diagnostic clusters and use of special education services and IQ scores were compared. Results: Fifty-six (8.1%) of 694 consecutive patients admitted had a definite TBI. Not one of more than 50 variables compared between TBI and control subjects was significantly different. Conclusion: In a child psychiatry inpatient unit, patients with a history of TBI were virtually indistinguishable from matched children without TBI. Caution should be exercised before attributing the child's problems, especially long-term problems, to the TBI unless the injury was severe or the child is exhibiting related phobic or posttraumatic stress symptomatology.","Children and adolescents, Psychiatric inpatients, Traumatic brain injury","Max, J. E., Sharma, A., Qurashi, M. I.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3514,Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Since Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was introduced 12 years ago (F. Shapiro, 1989), it has become the most research treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its efficacy has been widely recognized. EMDR is a comprehensive treatment protocol in which the client attends to emotionally disturbing material in short sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. This chapter provides an overview of the development of EMDR and Shapiro's (2001) Adaptive Information Processing Model, which hypothesizes that EMDR works by forging new links between elements of traumatic memories and adaptive information contained in other memory networks. The empirical evidence is examined, with summaries of 12 controlled studies: Civilian participants demonstrated a 70-90% decrease in PTSD diagnosis after 3-4 EMDR sessions. A concise explanation of the 8 phases of EMDR treatment process is augmented with multiple client vignettes. Finally, a case illustration provides a detailed description of the application of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Human Information Storage, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, Information Processing Model, Models","Maxfield, Louise",2002.0,,,0,0,
3515,A study in contrasts: Inscriptions of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in two works of fiction,"Objective: This study investigates the depiction of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in two works of fiction, The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, and Ordinary People, by Judith Guest. Participants: In each text, the character struggling to mount a defense against the symptoms of PTSD is a child who must confront not only a single, precipitous event but also deleterious, ancillary conditions that threaten to impede the recovery process. Methods: This is a study in contrast that utilizes a comparative case analysis of two fictional characters. Results: One child reconstructs an integrated self while the other deteriorates mentally and emotionally. Conclusions: These results suggest factors such as social supports, economic status, race and aesthetic self-image may play critical roles in a child's resiliency to the symptoms of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Literature, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Self Concept","Maxwell, Marilyn",2011.0,,,0,0,
3516,Psychiatry of whiplash neck injury,,,"Mayou, R., Bryant, B.",2002.0,,10.1192/bjp.180.5.441,0,0,
3517,Long-term outcome of motor vehicle accident injury,,,"Mayou, R., Tyndel, S., Bryant, B.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3518,Posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: 3-year follow-up of a prospective longitudinal study,,,"Mayou, R. A., Ehlers, A., Bryant, B.",2002.0,,10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00069-9,0,0,
3519,"Posttraumatic stress symptoms, aggression, and substance use coping among young adults","This study examined how the symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were related to substance use and self-reported aggression in a college sample. There were 358 participants (ages 18-24) who completed surveys to assess PTSD symptoms, substance use as coping, and aggression. Hierarchical regressions tested for the effects of PTSD symptoms (total symptoms as well as cluster symptoms) on self-reported aggression, along with the main and interaction effects of substance use coping on these relationships. The hyperarousal cluster of PTSD was the only group of symptoms significantly related to aggression. There was an interaction between avoidance symptoms and substance use coping on aggression such that under conditions of high substance use coping, aggression increased regardless of avoidance symptoms; however, the relationship between avoidance and aggression was stronger under conditions of low substance use coping, with greater aggression as avoidance symptoms and low substance use coping increased.","aggression, PTSD symptoms, substance use coping, young adults","Mazer, D., Haden, S. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3520,"Post-traumatic stress symptom, metacognition, emotional schema and emotion regulation: A structural equation model","Objective: The present study aimed to assess the direct and indirect impacts of the metacognition, emotional schema and emotion regulation in prediction of post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptom. Method: Participants consisted of 678 high school students from earthquake-stricken areas of eastern Azerbaijan selected from Varzaghan, Ahar and Heris by multistage cluster sampling. PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR), Metacognition Questionnaire-Adolescent Version (MCQ-A), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were utilized for data collection. SPSS software and LISREL software were used for data analysis. Results: The results of SEM and path analysis indicated the direct and indirect (through emotion regulation) impacts of metacognition and also indirect (through emotion regulation) impact of emotional schema on PTS symptom. Model examination presented the good fitness of the proposed theoretical model. Conclusions: Consistent with metacognitive model and also emotional schema model, results of this study indicated the impact of metacognition and emotional schema on post-traumatic stress symptom through emotion regulation. This finding emphasizes that both metacognitive and emotional factors are important in explanation of PTS symptom. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Emotion regulation, Emotional schema, Metacognition, Post-traumatic stress symptom","Mazloom, M., Yaghubi, H., Mohammadkhani, S.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.053,0,0,
3521,"Anti- diabetic effects of crataegus's SPP branchlet on blood lipids, glucose and anti-oxidant factors in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats","Background and purpose: The epidemic of diabetes mellitus is one of the main concerns of the global health arena. This study investigated the effect of oral shoot ""Crateagus's SPP"" Branchlet on blood glucose, lipid profile, the level of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, we compared four groups of 15 teeth matched male rats: control, control treated with ""Crataegus's SPP"" Branchlet powder shoot, diabetic and diabetic treated with powder shoot. High blood glucose of 300 mg/dl and more was considered as an indicator of diabetes. Indicators of oxidative stress, including catalase, malonaldehyde, Superoxide Dismutase, glutathione peroxides and lipid parameters including triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL and also blood sugar and weight of rats were measured and reported using the mean and SD. Results: The statistical analysis of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that serum glucose, lipid profile (P<0.001) and the indicators of oxidative stress (P<inf>GPX, SOD, CAT, MDA</inf>< 0.001) were significantly affected with hawthorn. At significant level of 0.05, there is no difference between the treatment groups with control and diabetic groups for catalase. In diabetic rates, significant weight loss was achieved over time and compared with the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on our study, oral administration of ""Crataegus's SPP"" Branchlet in experimental diabetic male rats can improve blood sugar, lipids profile and oxidative stress disorders.","Crataegus, Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycemia, Induced-diabetes, Oxidative stress","Mazlum, Z., Mazidi, M., Karimi, E., Emami, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3522,A cluster analysis of symptom patterns and adjustment in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"Investigated whether a subgroup of veterans with malignant posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), as described by R. Rosenheck (1985) and M. R. Lambert et al (1996), could be identified via cluster analysis within two samples of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD. In the initial subsample (n=157), 4 clusters were identified, including a subgroup that scored consistently higher on measures of interpersonal violence and current physical problems. Similar results were found in the cross-validation subsample (n=156). Results provide support for the theoretical concept of malignant PTSD and suggest that veterans with chronic PTSD are not homogenous. Whereas some manifest extreme levels of both functional impairment and PTSD symptomatology, others exhibit markedly less functional impairment despite manifesting clinically significant levels of PTSD. Clinicians can consider this heterogeneity in their treatment decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cluster Analysis, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), *Symptoms, Stress, Syndromes","Mazzeo, Suzanne, Beckham, Jean C., Witvliet, Charlotte vanOyen, Feldman, Michelle E., Shivy, Victoria A.",2002.0,,,0,1,
3523,A cluster analysis of symptom patterns and adjustment in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study investigated whether a subgroup of veterans with malignant posttraumatic stress syndrome, as described by Rosenheck (1985) and Lambert et al. (1996), could be identified via cluster analysis within two samples of Vietnam veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the initial subsample (n = 157), four clusters were identified, including a subgroup that scored consistently higher on measures of interpersonal violence and current physical problems. Similar results were found in the cross-validation subsample (n = 156). These results provide support for the theoretical concept of malignant PTSD and suggest that veterans with chronic PTSD are not homogenous. Whereas some manifest extreme levels of both functional impairment and PTSD symptomatology, others exhibit markedly less functional impairment despite manifesting clinically significant levels of PTSD. Clinicians can consider this heterogeneity in their treatment decisions. (copyright) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","adjustment, adult, alcoholism, article, cluster analysis, dissociative disorder, functional disease, hostility, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological theory, rating scale, self report, soldier, symptomatology, validation process, violence","Mazzeo, S. E., Beckham, J. C., VanOyen Witvliet, C., Feldman, M. E., Shivy, V. A.",2002.0,,,0,1,3522
3524,A cluster analysis of symptom patterns and adjustment in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study investigated whether a subgroup of veterans with malignant posttraumatic stress syndrome, as described by Rosenheck (1985) and Lambert et al. (1996), could be identified via cluster analysis within two samples of Vietnam veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the initial subsample (n = 157), four clusters were identified, including a subgroup that scored consistently higher on measures of interpersonal violence and current physical problems. Similar results were found in the cross-validation subsample (n = 156). These results provide support for the theoretical concept of malignant PTSD and suggest that veterans with chronic PTSD are not homogenous. Whereas some manifest extreme levels of both functional impairment and PTSD symptomatology, others exhibit markedly less functional impairment despite manifesting clinically significant levels of PTSD. Clinicians can consider this heterogeneity in their treatment decisions.","Adjustment Disorders/*psychology, Chronic Disease, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/classification/*psychology, Veterans/*psychology, Vietnam","Mazzeo, S. E., Beckham, J. C., Witvliet Cv, Cv, Feldman, M. E., Shivy, V. A.",2002.0,Dec,10.1002/jclp.10074,0,1,3522
3525,"Child physical abuse and neglect in Kenya, Zambia and the Netherlands: A cross-cultural comparison of prevalence, psychopathological sequelae and mediation by PTSS","This study compared the prevalence of self-reported childhood physical abuse and neglect and the associated psychopathological sequelae among Kenyan, Zambian, and Dutch university students. In addition, we sought to find out the differentiated role of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in mediating the associations between childhood maltreatment experiences and psychopathology symptoms. The sample consisted of 862 university students from Kenya (n = 375), Zambia (n = 182), and The Netherlands (n = 305) who completed the Personal and Relationships Profile (PRP). Results showed that physical abuse was highly prevalent in Kenya (59%) and Zambia (40%), and that neglect was even more prevalent than physical abuse in Zambia and The Netherlands at 59%, 54%, and 42% for the Kenyan, Zambian, and Dutch samples respectively. Neglect was associated with psychopathological symptoms in all three samples, whereas physical abuse was associated with psychopathological sequelae in the Kenyan and Zambian samples only. PTSS mediated the association between neglect and psychopathology symptoms in the Dutch sample and between physical abuse and psychopathology symptoms in the Dutch and Kenyan samples. We conclude that physical abuse and neglect are associated with psychopathology symptoms independently of country and cultural context. However, the pathways through which physical abuse and neglect may lead to psychopathological sequelae may be dependent on perceptions of specific parental behavior in different sociocultural contexts. © 2013 Copyright International Union of Psychological Science.","Child physical abuse, Neglect, Psychopathology, PTSS","Mbagaya, C., Oburu, P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3526,Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury: Evaluation and management,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide public health problem. Over the last several decades, improvements in acute care have resulted in higher survival rates. Unfortunately, the majority of survivors of moderate and severe TBI have chronic neurobehavioral sequelae, including cognitive deficits, changes in personality and increased rates of psychiatric illness. These neurobehavioral problems are understandable in the context of the typical profile of regional brain damage associated with trauma. This paper presents an overview of the neurobehavioral sequelae of TBI and outlines issues to consider in the evaluation and management of these challenges.","antidepressant agent, mood stabilizer, neuroleptic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, Alzheimer disease, anxiety disorder, brain damage, catecholaminergic system, cognitive defect, depression, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic value, disease predisposition, functional assessment, human, impulsiveness, irritability, mental disease, mental instability, mood disorder, neuropsychiatry, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosis, review, risk factor, substance abuse, traumatic brain injury, treatment planning","McAllister, T. W.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3527,Neurobiological consequences of traumatic brain injury,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide public health problem typically caused by contact and inertial forces acting on the brain. Recent attention has also focused on the mechanisms of injury associated with exposure to blast events or explosions. Advances in the understanding of the neuropathophysiology of TBI suggest that these forces initiate an elaborate and complex array of cellular and subcellular events related to alterations in Ca ++ homeostasis and signaling. Furthermore, there is a fairly predictable profile of brain regions that are impacted by neurotrauma and the related events. This profile of brain damage accurately predicts the acute and chronic sequelae that TBI survivors suffer from, although there is enough variation to suggest that individual differences such as genetic polymorphisms and factors governing resiliency play a role in modulating outcome. This paper reviews our current understanding of the neuropathophysiology of TBI and how this relates to the common clinical presentation of neurobehavioral difficulties seen after an injury.","Neurobehavior, Neuropsychiatry of TBI, Neurotrauma, Traumatic brain injury","McAllister, T. W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3528,Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers,"OBJECTIVE: To assess the immediate and sustained psychological health of health care workers who were at high risk of exposure during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. METHODS: At the peak of the 2003 SARS outbreak, we assessed health care workers in 2 acute care Hong Kong general hospitals with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). One year later, we reassessed these health care workers with the PSS-10, the 21-Item Depression and Anxiety Scale (DASS-21), and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R). We recruited high-risk health care workers who practised respiratory medicine and compared them with nonrespiratory medicine workers, who formed the low-risk health care worker control group. RESULTS: In 2003, high-risk health care workers had elevated stress levels (PSS-10 score = 17.0) that were not significantly different from levels in low-risk health care worker control subjects (PSS-10 score = 15.9). More high-risk health care workers reported fatigue, poor sleep, worry about health, and fear of social contact, despite their confidence in infection-control measures. By 2004, however, stress levels in the high-risk group were not only higher (PSS-10 score = 18.6) but also significantly higher than scores among low-risk health care worker control subjects (PSS-10 score = 14.8, P < 0.05). In 2004, the perceived stress levels in the high-risk group were associated with higher depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress scores (P < 0.001). Posttraumatic stress scores were a partial mediator of the relation between the high risk of exposure to SARS and higher perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: Health care workers who were at high risk of contracting SARS appear not only to have chronic stress but also higher levels of depression and anxiety. Front-line staff could benefit from stress management as part of preparation for future outbreaks.","Adult, *Disease Outbreaks, Fear, Female, Health Personnel/*psychology, Hong Kong/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/*psychology, Severity of Illness Index, *Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*etiology, Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology/psychology, Time Factors","McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., Chua, S. E., Wong, J. G.",2007.0,Apr,,0,0,
3529,Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers,"Objective: To assess the immediate and sustained psychological health of health care workers who were at high risk of exposure during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Methods: At the peak of the 2003 SARS outbreak, we assessed health care workers in 2 acute care Hong Kong general hospitals with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). One year later, we reassessed these health care workers with the PSS-10, the 21-Item Depression and Anxiety Scale (DASS-21), and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R). We recruited high-risk health care workers who practised respiratory medicine and compared them with nonrespiratory medicine workers, who formed the low-risk health care worker control group. Results: In 2003, high-risk health care workers had elevated stress levels (PSS-10 score = 17.0) that were not significantly different from levels in low-risk health care worker control subjects (PSS-10 score = 15.9). More high-risk health care workers reported fatigue, poor sleep, worry about health, and fear of social contact, despite their confidence in infection-control measures. By 2004, however, stress levels in the high-risk group were not only higher (PSS-10 score = 18.6) but also significantly higher than scores among low-risk health care worker control subjects (PSS-10 score = 14.8, P < 0.05). In 2004, the perceived stress levels in the high-risk group were associated with higher depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress scores (P < 0.001). Posttraumatic stress scores were a partial mediator of the relation between the high risk of exposure to SARS and higher perceived stress. Conclusions: Health care workers who were at high risk of contracting SARS appear not only to have chronic stress but also higher levels of depression and anxiety. Front-line staff could benefit from stress management as part of preparation for future outbreaks.","Health care workers, Hong Kong, Outbreak, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Stress","McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W. T., Sham, P. C., Chua, S. E., Wong, J. G. W. S.",2007.0,,,0,0,3528
3530,Latent growth curves within developmental structural equation models,,,"McArdle, J. J., Epstein, D.",1987.0,,,0,0,
3531,Growth curve analysis in contemporary psychological research,,,"McArdle, J. J., Nesselroade, J. R.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3532,Expanding Test-Retest Designs to Include Developmental Time-Lag Components,,,"McArdle, J. J., Woodcock, R. W.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3533,Gender differences in childhood onset conduct disorder,"The present study tested several predictions related to the theory that girls with conduct disorder (CD) follow a single delayed onset pathway. The following hypotheses were tested among a high-risk, stratified random sample of youth who used public services during a 6-month period: boys will be more likely to have childhood onset CD (COCD) than girls; girls with COCD will be less common than girls with adolescent onset CD (AOCD); COCD girls. AOCD girls, and COCD boys will be similar in terms of risk profiles and AOCD boys will have a less severe risk profile than COCD girls; and risk factors that differentiate between COCD and AOCD among males will not differentiate between COCD and AOCD among females. Among those youth who met the criteria for CD, males were significantly more likely to have COCD than females. However, close to half of females with CD met the criteria for the COCD subtype. Of the seven risk factors that were examined, girls with COCD scored higher than COCD boys on three factors and higher than AOCD girls on four factors; however, only one significant difference was found between AOCD girls and COCD boys. Finally, risk factors appeared to differentiate between COCD and AOCD groups in a similar way among males and females. These findings suggest that COCD is not rare among females in public service sectors, COCD girls can be distinguished from AOCD girls in terms of risk factors, and risk factors for COCD among males are also relevant to females.","adolescent, article, child, conduct disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, human, male, onset age, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, sex difference","McCabe, K. M., Rodgers, C., Yeh, M., Hough, R.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3534,Psychometric detection of fabricated symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic replication,"11 Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 24 other Vietnam veterans (who were instructed to fabricate symptoms of PTSD) completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). A discriminant function analysis that used Scale F and the PTSD subscale correctly classified 91% of the Ss. This systematic replication of findings by J. A. Fairbank et al (see record 1985-19055-001) supports the utility of the MMPI as a component in evaluating the validity of self-reported symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Faking, *Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Test Validity, Experimental Replication, Military Veterans","McCaffrey, Robert J., Bellamy-Campbell, Roxanne",1989.0,,,0,0,
3535,Positive psychological factors are associated with lower PTSD symptoms among police officers: Post Hurricane Katrina,"Following Hurricane Katrina, police officers in the New Orleans geographic area faced a number of challenges. This cross-sectional study examined the association between resilience, satisfaction with life, gratitude, posttraumatic growth, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in 84 male and 30 female police officers from Louisiana. Protective factors were measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Growth inventory. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were measured using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C). Potential associations were measured using linear regression and analysis of variance. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and alcohol. Mean PCL-C symptoms were 29.5 +/- 14.5 for females and 27.8 +/- 12.1 for males. Adjusted mean levels of PCL-C symptoms significantly decreased as quartiles of resilience (p < .001), satisfaction with life (p < .001), and gratitude (p < .001) increased. In contrast, PCL-C symptoms were not associated with posttraumatic growth in this sample. These results indicate that positive factors such as resilience, satisfaction with life, and gratitude may help mitigate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. To further explore these relationships, longitudinal follow-up in a larger population would be of interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Life Satisfaction, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Posttraumatic Growth, Gratitude, Natural Disasters, Symptoms, Trauma","McCanlies, Erin C., Mnatsakanova, Anna, Andrew, Michael E., Burchfiel, Cecil M., Violanti, John M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3536,"""Positive psychological factors are associated with lower PTSD symptoms among police officers: Post Hurricane Katrina"": Erratum","Reports an error in ""Positive psychological factors are associated with lower PTSD symptoms among police officers: Post Hurricane Katrina"" by Erin C. McCanlies, Anna Mnatsakanova, Michael E. Andrew, Cecil M. Burchfiel and John M. Violanti (Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 2014[Dec], Vol 30[5], 405-415). In the original article, there are errors in Table 1 and the corresponding text describing the Table (p. 409). The corrected Table and text appears in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2014-54647-008). Following Hurricane Katrina, police officers in the New Orleans geographic area faced a number of challenges. This cross-sectional study examined the association between resilience, satisfaction with life, gratitude, posttraumatic growth, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in 84 male and 30 female police officers from Louisiana. Protective factors were measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Growth inventory. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were measured using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C). Potential associations were measured using linear regression and analysis of variance. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and alcohol. Mean PCL-C symptoms were 29.5 +/- 14.5 for females and 27.8 +/- 12.1 for males. Adjusted mean levels of PCL-C symptoms significantly decreased as quartiles of resilience (p < .001), satisfaction with life (p < .001), and gratitude (p < .001) increased. In contrast, PCL-C symptoms were not associated with posttraumatic growth in this sample. These results indicate that positive factors such as resilience, satisfaction with life, and gratitude may help mitigate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. To further explore these relationships, longitudinal follow-up in a larger population would be of interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Life Satisfaction, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Posttraumatic Growth, Gratitude, Natural Disasters, Symptoms, Trauma","McCanlies, Erin C., Mnatsakanova, Anna, Andrew, Michael E., Burchfiel, Cecil M., Violanti, John M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3537,A twin study of the association of post-traumatic stress disorder and combat exposure with long-term socioeconomic status in Vietnam veterans,"Examines the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and combat exposure with the SES of 2,210 male monozygotic veteran twin pairs in 1987. In the unadjusted analysis on individuals, modest correlations indicated that those with PTSD were more likely to have been divorced, and less likely to be currently employed or to achieve high status in income, education, or occupation. In the crude analysis of veterans not suffering from PTSD, there were small positive correlations between combat level experienced and the likelihood of ever being married, ever being divorced, and the number of years employed at the current job. However, when identical twins discordant for PTSD were examined and adjusted for pre-military and military service factors, only unemployment remained significant. Likewise, in combat-discordant twins, no significant effects on the socioeconomic indicators were seen. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Monozygotic Twins, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Socioeconomic Status","McCarren, Madeline, Janes, Gail R., Goldberg, Jack, Eisen, Seth A., True, William R., Henderson, William G.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3538,Traumatic stress of a wartime mortuary: Anticipation of exposure to mass death,"Exposure to traumatic death is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. For some groups, anticipation of such exposure may contribute to traumatic stress. We studied the anticipated stress of working in the Operation Desert Storm mortuary in two groups prior to the arrival of the dead. We examined those who would handle remains (mortuary workers, N = 386, 330 men and 56 women) and those who would not (support workers, N = 87, 67 men and 20 women). These two groups were a mixture of volunteers and nonvolunteers as well as persons with and without experience in handling the dead. The mortuary workers had higher levels of preexposure distress than support workers; nonvolunteer mortuary workers had higher levels of distress than volunteers. Female mortuary workers had higher levels of distress than males, although this effect was modest. Experienced mortuary workers reported fewer intrusive and avoidant symptoms than did inexperienced workers. Those persons at highest risk for generalized distress as well as intrusive and avoidant symptoms were inexperienced nonvolunteer mortuary workers.","adult, aged, anxiety, article, controlled study, death, depression, emotional stress, female, hostility, human, major clinical study, male, military medicine, occupational exposure, posthumous care, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, scoring system, somatization, war","McCarroll, J. E., Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Lundy, A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3539,Longitudinal Examination of PTSD Symptoms and Problematic Alcohol Use as Risk Factors for Adolescent Victimization,"The current study examined associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and future interpersonal victimization among adolescents, after accounting for the impact of early victimization exposure, gender, ethnicity, and household income. In addition, problematic alcohol use was tested as a mediator of the relation between PTSD symptoms and subsequent victimization. Participants included a national longitudinal sample of adolescents (N = 3,604) who were ages 12 to 17 at the initial assessment: 50% were male, and 67% were White, 16% African American, and 12% Hispanic. Cohort-sequential latent growth curve modeling was used to examine associations among the study variables. Baseline PTSD symptoms significantly predicted age-related increases in interpersonal victimization, even after accounting for the effects of earlier victimization experiences. In addition, alcohol problems emerged as a partial mediator of this relation, such that one fourth to one third of the effect of PTSD symptoms on future victimization was attributable to the impact of PTSD symptoms on alcohol problems (which, in turn, predicted additional victimization risk). Collectively, the full model accounted for more than half of the variance in age-related increases in interpersonal victimization among youth. Results indicate that PTSD symptoms serve as a risk factor for subsequent victimization among adolescents, over and above the risk conferred by prior victimization. This increased risk occurred both independently and through the impact of PTSD symptoms on problematic alcohol use. Based on these findings, it is hypothesized that the likelihood of repeated victimization among youth might be reduced through early detection and treatment of these clinical problems. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"McCart, M. R., Zajac, K., Kofler, M. J., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2012.0,,,0,1,
3540,Flying therapy for flying phobia,"Introduction: Optimum treatment for aircrew who have developed anxiety associated with flight includes a flying phase for desensitization. However, standardized flight profiles are not found in the literature. In this study, a method of desensitization flying, which may increase the probability of a return to productive flying, was devised and assessed. Method: Seven aircrew were referred for flying desensitization. Behavioral therapy (relaxation training, imaginary flying, and thought switching) was usually continued by the Medical Officer (Pilot) (MOP). These aircrewmen flew 2-16 sorties in the RAF IAM Hawk or Hunter aircraft with the MOP. Each flight was structured with three purposes: to approach by increments the flight conditions in each victim's anxiety hierarchy, to regulate the amount of low workload, anxiety- vulnerable time during each sortie, and to practice relaxation techniques in the air. Results: In all referred aircrewmen, anxiety was controllable in flight at IAM. Somatic signs diminished and no sortie was terminated early. All returned to operational flying. Anxiety recurred in one fast jet pilot while flying solo, and in one navigator, both of whom requested a change to transports. A transport pilot had recurrent uncontrollable anxiety at high altitude and is grounded. At 9-24 months follow-up, 5/7 were flying comfortably with rare, controllable anxiety. We conclude that actual exposure to flying is usually necessary for aircrew to recover from anxiety associated with flight.",,"McCarthy, G. W., Craig, K. D.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3541,Post-traumatic stress diagnostic scale (PDS),,,"McCarthy, S.",2008.0,,10.1093/occmed/kqn062,0,0,
3542,"Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder: Common phenomenology, common cause, common interventions?","Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH: 'hearing voices') are found in both schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we first demonstrate that AVH in these two diagnoses share a qualitatively similar phenomenology. We then show that the presence of AVH in schizophrenia is often associated with earlier exposure to traumatic/emotionally overwhelming events, as it is by definition in PTSD. We next argue that the content of AVH relates to earlier traumatic events in a similar way in both PTSD and schizophrenia, most commonly having direct or indirect thematic links to emotionally overwhelming events, rather than being direct re-experiencing. We then propose, following cognitive models of PTSD, that the reconstructive nature of memory may be able to account for the nature of these associations between trauma and AVH content, as may threat-hypervigilance and the individual's personal goals. We conclude that a notable subset of people diagnosed with schizophrenia with AVH are having phenomenologically and aetiologically identical experiences to PTSD patients who hear voices. As such we propose that the iron curtain between AVH in PTSD (often termed 'dissociative AVH') and AVH in schizophrenia (so-called 'psychotic AVH') needs to be torn down, as these are often the same experience. One implication of this is that these trauma-related AVH require a common trans-diagnostic treatment strategy. Whilst antipsychotics are already increasingly being used to treat AVH in PTSD, we argue for the centrality of trauma-based interventions for trauma-based AVH in both PTSD and in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Auditory Hallucinations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Schizophrenia, Epidemiology, Intervention, Phenomenology, Trauma","McCarthy-Jones, Simon, Longden, Eleanor",2015.0,,,0,0,
3543,Trait dissociation predicts posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a prospective study of urban police officers,,,"McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., Maguen, S., Neylan, T. C., Choucroun, G., Marmar, C. R.",2008.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818ec95d,0,0,
3544,Alexithymia and PTSD symptoms in Urban Police Officers: Cross-sectional and prospective findings,,,"McCaslin, S. E., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Liberman, A., Weiss, D. S., Fagan, J., Marmar, C. R.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20133,0,0,
3545,Service use patterns and mental health symptoms among adolescents exposed to multiple types of trauma,"Few studies have explored how different trauma experiences influence service use. This study explores patterns of service use amongst 6483 adolescents aged between 13 and 18, and examines if such patterns are associated with trauma profiles, demographic variables, and mental health disorders. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) were used. A latent class analysis identified four adolescent trauma sub-groups: 'high risk', 'sexual risk' 'non-sexual risk', and 'low risk'. Regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between service use, trauma classes, and mental health outcomes. Significant relationships were found between service use, trauma sub-groups, demographics and mental health outcomes. Despite the effectiveness of mental health services, only a minority of adolescents exposed to different traumas use such resources. However, this study may go some way towards providing an understanding of the trauma backgrounds, demographic predictors and mental health disorders associated with service use.","adolescent, adult, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorder, article, demography, drug abuse, dysthymia, experience, female, health care utilization, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental health, mental health service, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, sexual assault","McChesney, G. C., Adamson, G., Shevlin, M.",2015.0,,,0,1,
3546,MMPI configural interpretation as applied to posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans,"This study investigated the systems of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) configural interpretation of Skinner and Jackson (1978) and Kunce (1979) with Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MMPI profiles of four groups differing in combat exposure were compared on four MMPI configural variables from Kunce (1979) and Skinner and Jackson (1978). The four groups were (a) PTSD sufferers, (b) Vietnam combat veterans without PTSD, (c) Vietnam noncombat veterans, and (d) Vietnam era veterans. All groups were further divided into hospitalized versus nonhospitalized subgroups. Dependent variables were Skinner and Jackson's (a) sociopathic modal profile, (b) neurotic profile, (c) psychotic profile, and (d) Kunce's emotional expression (enthusiastic-reserved) dimension. Results indicated that hospitalized PTSD subjects had significantly higher scores on Skinner and Jackson's neurotic profile; both hospitalized and nonhospitalized PTSD subjects had higher scores on the psychotic profile and were more ""reserved"" on Kunce's emotional expression dimension. Results were interpreted in terms of configural MMPI interpretation systems and the adjustment of Vietnam veterans with PTSD. PTSD was viewed as exhibiting cognitive, somatic, and affective features.","Adult, Combat Disorders/*diagnosis/psychology, Humans, *Mmpi, Male, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis, Veterans/*psychology","McCormack, J. K., Patterson, T. W., Ohlde, C. D., Garfield, N. J., Schauer, A. H.",1990.0,Summer,10.1080/00223891.1990.9674025,0,0,
3547,Profile of children investigated for sexual abuse: Association with psychopathology symptoms and services,"Sexually abused children may have poor mental health because of their victimization as well as preexisting or co-occurring family problems. However, few studies consider psychopathology in relation to both abuse and other family experiences. This study uses data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) to create latent subgroups of 553 children investigated for sexual abuse. The study investigates children's psychological symptoms and child welfare service (CWS) patterns to understand how children's needs relate to mental health services. Analyses were conducted by child age: 3-7, 8-11, and 12-14. Factor mixture modeling and regression analyses were used. Results show meaningful subgroups of children that relate to different symptom patterns. Among 3- to 7-year-olds, behavioral symptoms are associated with caregiver domestic violence and mental illness. Among 8- to 11-year-olds, depressive symptoms are associated with severe abuse and multiple family problems, whereas posttraumatic stress is associated with chronic, unresolved abuse. Although many children received mental health services, services are not well matched to children's needs - the substantiation status of the abuse explains services. Implications for CWS and mental health services are discussed. (copyright) 2007 APA, all rights reserved.","adolescent, article, behavior, caregiver, child, child abuse, child welfare, depression, domestic violence, female, health service, health survey, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health service, posttraumatic stress disorder, regression analysis, sexual abuse, symptom, wellbeing","McCrae, J. S., Chapman, M. V., Christ, S. L.",2006.0,,,0,1,
3548,Clustering of trauma and associations with single and co-occurring depression and panic attack over twenty years,"Individuals who experience one type of trauma often experience other types, yet few studies have examined the clustering of trauma. This study examines the clustering of traumatic events and associations of trauma with risk for single and co-occurring major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic attack for 20 years after first trauma. Lifetime histories of MDD, panic attack, and traumatic events were obtained from participants in an Australian twin sample. Latent class analysis was used to derive trauma classes based on each respondent's trauma history. Associations of the resulting classes and of parental alcohol problems and familial effects with risk for a first onset of single and co-occurring MDD and panic attack were examined from the year of first trauma to 20 years later. Traumatic events clustered into three distinct classes characterized by endorsement of little or no trauma, primarily nonassaultive, and primarily assaultive events. Individuals in the assaultive class were characterized by a younger age at first trauma, a greater number of traumatic events, and high rates of parental alcohol problems. Members of the assaultive trauma class had the strongest and most enduring risk for single and co-occurring lifetime MDD and panic attack. Assaultive trauma outweighed associations of familial effects and nonassaultive trauma with risk for 10 years following first trauma.","Depression, Latent class analysis, Panic, Trauma","McCutcheon, V. V., Heath, A. C., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Martin, N. G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3549,Correlates of persisting posttraumatic symptoms in children and adolescents 18 months after a cyclone disaster,"Objective: To describe PTSD symptom persistence and resolution, including the potential phenomenon of late-onset PTSD, in children and adolescents 18 months after a cyclone disaster; and to investigate factors that predict longer-term symptom outcome. Method: 71 children and 191 adolescents who were screened three months after a Category 5 Cyclone were rescreened 18 months post-disaster. Child-report measures included the PTSD Reaction Index, measures of event exposure and social connectedness. Results: Approximately 1-in-5 children and 1-in-12 adolescents endorsed cyclone-related PTSD symptoms at the moderate to severe level 18 months post-disaster. Of these approximately one-half (44.8%) of children were in the 'high-persister' group at 18-month follow-up. Persistence of low symptoms was very common (97.6%) and late-onset PTSD was a rare phenomenon. This pattern was similar in adolescents: 25.0% were in the 'high-persister' group and few students experienced late-onset PTSD. In multivariate analysis, only initial severe to very severe PTSD category made a significant independent contribution to explaining persisting moderate to severe PTSD symptoms in primary school students (ORadj=8.33, 95% CI=1.45-47.84). There was a trend for a similar result in secondary students. Conclusion: A child or adolescent with few PTSD symptoms three months post-disaster is likely to remain so unless a further traumatic event occurs. However, if symptomatic at three months, there is approximately a 30-45% chance that the child or adolescent will still be symptomatic 18 months after the disaster. Given the high rate of students in the 'resolver' group, initial posttraumatic symptoms are a necessary but not sufficient condition for predicting chronic symptomatology. Other targets for predictive modelling include initial threat perception and high and low social connectedness. © 2013 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","adolescents, children, longitudinal, Posttraumatic stress disorder","McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Berry, H., Kim, B.",2014.0,,10.1177/0004867413500349,0,0,
3550,Vulnerability factors for disaster-induced child post-traumatic stress disorder: The case for low family resilience and previous mental illness,"Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether parent report of family resilience predicted children's disaster-induced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general emotional symptoms, independent of a broad range of variables including event-related factors, previous child mental illness and social connectedness. Methods: A total of 568 children (mean age = 10.2 years, SD = 1.3) who attended public primary schools, were screened 3 months after Cyclone Larry devastated the Innisfail region of North Queensland. Measures included parent report on the Family Resilience Measure and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)-emotional subscale and child report on the PTSD Reaction Index, measures of event exposure and social connectedness. Results: Sixty-four students (11.3%) were in the severe-very severe PTSD category and 53 families (28.6%) scored in the poor family resilience range. A lower family resilience score was associated with child emotional problems on the SDQ and longer duration of previous child mental health difficulties, but not disaster-induced child PTSD or child threat perception on either bivariate analysis, or as a main or moderator variable on multivariate analysis (main effect: adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13-2.44). Similarly, previous mental illness was not a significant predictor of child PTSD in the multivariate model (ORadj = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.16-3.61). Conclusion: In this post-disaster sample children with existing mental health problems and those of low-resilience families were not at elevated risk of PTSD. The possibility that the aetiological model of disaster-induced child PTSD may differ from usual child and adolescent conceptualizations is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disasters, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders), Affective Disorders, Social Skills","McDermott, Brett M., Cobham, Vanessa E., Berry, Helen, Stallman, Helen M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3551,Masculine gender role stress and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity among inpatient male crack/cocaine users,"This study examined the association between masculine gender role stress (MGRS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, above and beyond other factors previously found to be associated with PTSD symptoms (e.g., anxiety sensitivity and thought suppression) among 33 crack/cocaine-dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Participants completed a series of questionnaires and were interviewed to determine current PTSD symptom severity. MGRS accounted for a significant amount of additional variance in PTSD symptom severity above and beyond other identified risk factors for PTSD. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing PTSD risk among men following exposure to a potentially traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Crack Cocaine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Role Conflicts, *Sex Roles, *Stress, Cocaine, Symptoms, Thought Suppression","McDermott, Michael J., Tull, Matthew T., Soenke, Melissa, Jakupcak, Matthew, Gratz, Kim L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3552,"The utility of the PAI and the MMPI-2 for discriminating posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and social phobia in trauma-exposed college students","This study compared the MMPI-2 and the PAI on their ability to discriminate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from depression and social phobia in a sample of college students with mixed civilian trauma exposure. Participants were 140 undergraduates (24 male, 116 female) who reported at least one event that satisfied the DSM-IV definition of a trauma. Based on structured diagnostic interviews, participants were assigned to one of five groups: PTSD, depressive disorders, social phobia, subclinical, and well-adjusted. For both the PAI and the MMPI-2, profile analysis revealed that the groups differed in the elevation and shape of their profiles. Subsequent analyses involved contrasting the PTSD group with each of the other four groups, using correlation effect sizes, discriminant function analysis, and signal detection methods. For three of the four pairwise comparisons (all except for PTSD vs. subclinical), the PAI scales produced a greater proportion of moderate to large effect sizes. The PAI also demonstrated consistently higher correct classification rates in discriminant function analysis and greater diagnostic utility in signal detection analysis. As expected, across analyses, for both the PAI and MMPI-2, the best discrimination was between PTSD and the well-adjusted group, and the worst discrimination was between PTSD and depression. The MMPI-2 and PAI performed similarly when differentiating PTSD from well-adjusted participants, but the PAI performed better when differentiating PTSD from depression and social phobia. Finally, an examination of codetypes on both the PAI and MMPI-2 revealed considerable heterogeneity within each of the five groups, which illustrates the limitation of using group mean profiles to classify individual respondents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*College Students, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Social Phobia, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Stress","McDevitt-Murphy, Meghan Eileen",2004.0,,,0,0,
3553,"Alcohol misuse, PTSD, and drinking motives: Exploring the self-medication hypothesis","The self-medication hypothesis has been offered as an explanation of the high rates of co-occurring alcohol misuse among persons diagnosed with PTSD. The model makes intuitive sense, suggesting that alcohol use is adopted as a coping strategy for reducing distress associated with PTSD symptoms. Studies have begun to take a fine-grained approach to understanding the relationship between PTSD and alcohol misuse, but no studies have examined how drinking motives might differ between persons with and without PTSD. We examined the relationships among PTSD symptoms, drinking motives, and severity of alcohol misuse in a sample of veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom who screened positive for hazardous drinking. Participants were recruited from a U.S. Veterans' Affairs Medical Center clinic dedicated to veterans of the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Patients completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; Babor et al., 2001) as a screener and were invited to participate in the full study if they scored 8 or greater, indicating increased risk for alcohol-related problems. Other measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995) and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire, Revised (DMQ; Grant et al., 2007). Currently the sample includes 55 veterans (60% Caucasian, 86% Male), 34 of whom (61.8%) met criteria for PTSD. The PTSD group scored significantly higher than the non-PTSD group on the DMQ scales assessing drinking to cope with anxiety and depression. The PTSD and non PTSD groups scored similarly on the scales assessing social, enhancement, and conformity motives for drinking. Correlation analyses suggested that the drinking to cope with anxiety and depression motives, but not the other motives, were highly correlated with total PTSD severity and with each of the PTSD symptom clusters. We also examined the number of participants demonstrating a 'self-medication profile' on the DMQ, characterized by higher standardized scores on coping motives, relative to other motives. 19 participants (34.5%) demonstrated a self-medication profile, and the majority of them (78.9%) were PTSD-positive. The self-medication profile was associated with more past-month drinking days, but not more binge drinking. The presentation will include analyses exploring the relations among PTSD symptoms, self medication motives, and alcohol problem severity.","alcohol, posttraumatic stress disorder, drinking, self medication, society, hypothesis, alcoholism, medical research, veteran, anxiety, coping behavior, alcohol consumption, Caucasian, male, correlation analysis, model, United States, hospital, war, Iraq, Afghanistan, patient, medical audit, risk, questionnaire","McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Murphy, J. G., Fields, J. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3554,"Unique patterns of substance misuse associated with PSTD, depression, and social phobia","This study investigated the relations between post-trauma psychopathology and substance abuse in a sample of trauma-exposed college students (N = 136) assigned to four groups based on primary diagnosis: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, social phobia, or well-adjusted (participants who had low levels of distress). Groups were compared on a series of dimensions of substance use/abuse. Participants in the PTSD group evidenced greater substance use and abuse than those in the social phobia and well-adjusted groups on several dimensions and greater alcohol consumption than the depressed group. Correlation analyses suggested that most dimensions of substance abuse were related more strongly to avoidance and numbing (cluster C) symptoms than to re-experiencing and hyperarousal. The present findings suggest that trauma-related psychopathology may be associated with a more hazardous pattern of substance use than depression and social phobia. Copyright (copyright) Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","alcohol consumption, article, avoidance behavior, smoking, college student, controlled study, depression, female, high risk behavior, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, substance abuse, tobacco dependence","McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Murphy, J. G., Monahan, C. J., Flood, A. M., Weathers, F. W.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3555,"Unique Patterns of Substance Misuse associated with PTSD, Depression, and Social Phobia","OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relations between post-trauma psychopathology and substance abuse in a sample of trauma-exposed college students (n = 136) assigned to four groups based on primary diagnosis: posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, social phobia, or well-adjusted (participants who had low levels of distress). Groups were compared on a series of dimensions of substance use/abuse. RESULTS: Participants in the PTSD group evidenced greater substance use and abuse than those in the social phobia and well-adjusted groups on several dimensions and greater alcohol consumption than the depressed group. Correlation analyses suggested that most dimensions of substance abuse were related more strongly to avoidance and numbing (cluster C) symptoms than to reexperiencing and hyperarousal. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that trauma-related psychopathology may be associated with a more hazardous pattern of substance use than depression and social phobia.",,"McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Murphy, J. G., Monahan, C. M., Flood, A. M., Weathers, F. W.",2010.0,Apr 1,10.1080/15504261003701445,0,0,
3556,Trajectories of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders in a Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders,"This study investigated the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) in a sample (N = 668) recruited for personality disorders and followed longitudinally as part of the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. The study both examined rates of co-occurring disorders at baseline and temporal relationships between PTSD and substance use disorders over 4 years. Subjects with a lifetime history of PTSD at baseline had significantly higher rates of SUDs (both alcohol and drug) than subjects without PTSD. Latent class growth analysis, a relatively novel approach used to analyze trajectories and identify homogeneous subgroups of participant on the basis of probabilities of PTSD and SUD over time, identified 6 classes, which were compared with respect to a set of functioning and personality variables. The most consistent differences were observed between the group that displayed low probabilities of both SUD and PTSD and the group that displayed high probabilities of both.","Ptsd, comorbidity, longitudinal, substance abuse","McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Parra, G. R., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Sanislow, C. A., Gunderson, J. G., Markowitz, J. C.",2009.0,Dec,10.1037/a0017831,0,1,
3557,Trajectories of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders in a Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders,"This study investigated the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) in a sample (N = 668) recruited for personality disorders and followed longitudinally as part of the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. The study both examined rates of co-occurring disorders at baseline and temporal relationships between PTSD and substance use disorders over 4 years. Subjects with a lifetime history of PTSD at baseline had significantly higher rates of SUDs (both alcohol and drug) than subjects without PTSD. Latent class growth analysis, a relatively novel approach used to analyze trajectories and identify homogeneous subgroups of participant on the basis of probabilities of PTSD and SUD over time, identified 6 classes, which were compared with respect to a set of functioning and personality variables. The most consistent differences were observed between the group that displayed low probabilities of both SUD and PTSD and the group that displayed high probabilities of both. © 2009 American Psychological Association.","comorbidity, longitudinal, PTSD, substance abuse","McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Parra, G. R., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Sanislow, C. A., Gunderson, J. G., Skodol, A. E., Markowitz, J. C.",2009.0,,,0,1,3556
3558,Trajectories of PTSD and substance use disorders in a longitudinal study of personality disorders,"This study investigated the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) in a sample (N = 668) recruited for personality disorders and followed longitudinally as part of the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. The study both examined rates of co-occurring disorders at baseline and temporal relationships between PTSD and substance use disorders over 4 years. Subjects with a lifetime history of PTSD at baseline had significantly higher rates of SUDs (both alcohol and drug) than subjects without PTSD. Latent class growth analysis, a relatively novel approach used to analyze trajectories and identify homogeneous subgroups of participant on the basis of probabilities of PTSD and SUD over time, identified 6 classes, which were compared with respect to a set of functioning and personality variables. The most consistent differences were observed between the group that displayed low probabilities of both SUD and PTSD and the group that displayed high probabilities of both. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Personality Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Longitudinal Studies","McDevitt-Murphy, Meghan E., Parra, Gilbert R., Shea, M. Tracie, Yen, Shirley, Grilo, Carlos M., Sanislow, Charles A., McGlashan, Thomas H., Gunderson, John G., Skodol, Andrew E., Markowitz, John C.",2009.0,,,0,1,3556
3559,Prospective investigation of a PTSD personality typology among individuals with personality disorders,"This study investigated the replicability of a previously proposed personality typology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, and explored stability of cluster membership over a 6-month period. Participants with current PTSD (n = 156) were drawn from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). The CLPS project tracked a large sample of individuals who met criteria for 1 of 4 target diagnoses (borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive) and a contrast group of individuals who met criteria for depression but no personality disorder. A cluster analysis using scales from the Schedule of Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality yielded 3 clusters: internalizing, externalizing, and low pathology. Using K-means cluster analysis, the results did not replicate previous work. Using Ward's method, the hypothesized 3-cluster structure was confirmed at baseline but did not demonstrate temporal stability at 6 months. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.",,"McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., Markowitz, J. C., Skodol, A. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3560,Use of the personality assessment inventory in assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in women,"This study investigated the utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were 55 community-residing adult women who were administered a comprehensive battery that included the PAI and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Participants were classified as either PTSD or non-PTSD based on the CAPS, and PAI profiles were compared between the two groups. Significant group differences were found for seven PAI clinical scales (Anxiety, Depression, Anxiety-Related Disorders, Somatic Complaints, Paranoia, Borderline Features, and Schizophrenia), one validity scale (Negative Impression), and two treatment scales (Nonsupport and Treatment Rejection). When all PAI scales and component subscales are considered, the largest group differences were found for the physiological subscale of the Depression scale (DEP-P) and the Traumatic Stress subscale of the Anxiety-Related Disorders scale (ARD-T). ARD-T and DEP-P also demonstrated excellent diagnostic utility. Finally, correlations between PAI scales and four CAPS symptom clusters provided additional validity evidence, in particular supporting a distinction between effortful avoidance and numbing. Taken together, these results support the use of the PAI in the assessment of PTSD. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological assessment","McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Weathers, F. W., Adkins, J. W., Daniels, J. B.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3561,"The utility of the PAI and the MMPI-2 for discriminating PTSD, depression, and social phobia in trauma-exposed college students","This study investigated the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryRevised (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, Kaemmer, 1989) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) with regard to each instrument's utility for discriminating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from depression and social phobia in a sample of college students with mixed civilian trauma exposure. Participants were 90 trauma-exposed undergraduates (16 male, 74 female) classified into one of four groups: PTSD, depressive disorders, social phobia, and well-adjusted. For both the PAI and the MMPI-2, profile analysis revealed that the groups differed in the elevation and shape of their profiles. The PAI Traumatic Stress subscale demonstrated good discriminant validity. (copyright) 2007 Sage Publications.","adolescent, adult, article, depression, disaster, female, human, life event, male, mental stress, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality test, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, rape, statistics, student, sudden death, traffic accident, validation study, violence","McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Weathers, F. W., Flood, A. M., Eakin, D. E., Benson, T. A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3562,Diagnostic accuracy of three scoring methods for the Davidson Trauma Scale among U.S. military Veterans,"Self-report questionnaires are frequently used to identify PTSD among U.S. military personnel and Veterans. Two common scoring methods used to classify PTSD include: (1) a cut score threshold and (2) endorsement of PTSD symptoms meeting DSM-IV-TR symptom cluster criteria (SCM). A third method requiring a cut score in addition to SCM has been proposed, but has received little study. The current study examined the diagnostic accuracy of three scoring methods for the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) among 804 Afghanistan and Iraq war-era military Service Members and Veterans. Data were weighted to approximate the prevalence of PTSD and other Axis I disorders in VA primary care. As expected, adding a cut score criterion to SCM improved specificity and positive predictive power. However, a cut score of 68-72 provided optimal diagnostic accuracy. The utility of the DTS, the role of baseline prevalence, and recommendations for future research are discussed. © 2013.","Diagnostic efficiency, Differential diagnosis, Military Veterans, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Sensitivity and specificity, Test validity","McDonald, S. D., Thompson, N. L., Stratton, K. J., Calhoun, P. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3563,Mild Transient Hypercapnia as a Novel Fear Conditioning Stimulus Allowing Re-Exposure during Sleep,"Introduction:Studies suggest that sleep plays a role in traumatic memories and that treatment of sleep disorders may help alleviate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Fear-conditioning paradigms in rodents are used to investigate causal mechanisms of fear acquisition and the relationship between sleep and posttraumatic behaviors. We developed a novel conditioning stimulus (CS) that evoked fear and was subsequently used to study re-exposure to the CS during sleep.Methods:Experiment 1 assessed physiological responses to a conditioned stimulus (mild transient hypercapnia, mtHC; 3.0% CO2; n = 17)+footshock for the purpose of establishing a novel CS in male FVB/J mice. Responses to the novel CS were compared to tone+footshock (n = 18) and control groups of tone alone (n = 17) and mild transient hypercapnia alone (n = 10). A second proof of principle experiment re-exposed animals during sleep to mild transient hypercapnia or air (control) to study sleep processes related to the CS.Results:Footshock elicited a response of acute tachycardia (30-40 bpm) and increased plasma epinephrine. When tone predicted footshock it elicited mild hypertension (1-2 mmHg) and a three-fold increase in plasma epinephrine. When mtHC predicted footshock it also induced mild hypertension, but additionally elicited a conditioned bradycardia and a smaller increase in plasma epinephrine. The overall mean 24 hour sleep-wake profile was unaffected immediately after fear conditioning.Discussion:Our study demonstrates the efficacy of mtHC as a conditioning stimulus that is perceptible but innocuous (relative to tone) and applicable during sleep. This novel model will allow future studies to explore sleep-dependent mechanisms underlying maladaptive fear responses, as well as elucidate the moderators of the relationship between fear responses and sleep. © 2013 McDowell et al.",,"McDowell, A. L., Filippone, A. B., Balbir, A., Germain, A., ""ODonnell, C. P.""",2013.0,,,0,0,
3564,"The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: Evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct","Background: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) increases vulnerability to multiple anxiety and depressive disorders and, as a common risk factor, elevated RNT may account for the high levels of comorbidity observed between emotional disorders. The aims of this study were to (a) compare two common forms of RNT (worry and rumination) across individuals with non-comorbid anxiety or depressive disorders, and (b) to examine the relationship between RNT and comorbidity. Methods: A structured diagnostic interview and measures of rumination, worry, anxiety, and depression were completed by a large clinical sample with an anxiety disorder or depression (N=513) presenting at a community mental health clinic. Results: Patients without (n=212) and with (n=301) comorbid diagnoses did not generally differ across the principal diagnosis groups (depression, generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder) on worry or rumination. As predicted, comorbidity was associated with a higher level of RNT. Limitations: Cross-sectional design precluded causal conclusions and findings may not generalize to excluded anxiety disorders. Conclusions: Consistent with the transdiagnostic hypothesis, RNT was associated with a range of anxiety disorders and depression and with comorbidity for those with a principal depressive disorder, supporting recent evidence that RNT is a transdiagnostic process. The presence of RNT, specifically worry and rumination, should be assessed and treated regardless of diagnostic profile. Future research may show that both pure and comorbid depressed or anxious patients receive incremental benefit from transdiagnostic protocols developed to treat core pathological processes of RNT traditionally associated with separate disorders. © 2013 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Comorbidity, Repetitive thinking, Rumination, Transdiagnostic, Worry","McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., Nathan, P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3565,The neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of stress: Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder from a basic science perspective,"Discusses the neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of stress, relating it to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from a basic science perspective. Stress is a condition of the mind and a factor in the expression of disease that differs among individuals. In PTSD, traumatic events can create a long-lasting state of physiologic reactivity that amplifies and exacerbates the effects of daily life events. The elevated activities of physiologic systems lead to wear and tear, called ""allostatic load."" It reflects not only the impact of life experiences but also of genes, individual life-style habits (eg, diet, exercise, and substance abuse), and developmental experiences that set life-long patterns of behavior and physiologic reactivity. Hormones associated with stress and allostatic load protect the body in the short run and promote adaptation, but in the long run allostatic load causes changes in the body that lead to disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Neurobiology, *Neuroendocrinology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","McEwen, Bruce S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3566,"Lifetime experiences, the brain and personalized medicine: An integrative perspective","The aim of personalized medicine is to base medical prevention and therapy on the unique health and disease susceptibility profile of each individual. Starting from this idea, we briefly discuss the meaning of the word 'personalized' before analyzing the practical content of personalized healthcare. From a medical perspective, knowledge of a person encompasses both biological and biographical perspectives. The latter includes significant events and experiences throughout the person's lifespan, from conception to the present, in which epigenetic influences play an important role. In practice, we believe personalized medicine should emphasize the development and maintenance of a healthy nervous system. The neurobiological processes involved here depend heavily on the psychosocial environment, in particular the presence of responsible, caring adults and integration in a reasonably fair society. A healthy brain subsequently promotes good health throughout life, both through direct, favorable influences on the body's intrinsic biological pathways, and indirectly by enabling the person to engage in supportive relationships, make wise decisions and take good care of him/herself. From a public health perspective, we conclude that hi-tech personalized medicine based on detailed bio-molecular mapping, monitoring and tailored drug interventions holds promise only as part of a wider, socio-culturally informed approach to the person. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Allostasis, Allostatic load, Behavioral self-regulation, Brain development, Epigenetics, Integrative medicine, Prevention","McEwen, B. S., Getz, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3567,Event-based prospective memory among veterans: The role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in executing intentions,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with neuropsychological deficits in several areas, including attention, learning and memory, and cognitive inhibition. Although memory dysfunction is among the most commonly documented deficits associated with PTSD, our existing knowledge pertains only to retrospective memory. The current study investigated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and event-based prospective memory (PM). Method: Forty veterans completed a computerized event-based PM task, a self-report measure of PTSD, and measures of retrospective memory. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis results revealed that PTSD symptom severity accounted for 16% of the variance in PM performance, F(3, 36) = 3.47, p <.05, after controlling for age and retrospective memory. Additionally, each of the three PTSD symptom clusters was related, to varying degrees, with PM performance. Conclusions: Results suggest that elevated PTSD symptoms may be associated with more difficulties completing tasks requiring PM. Further examination of PM in PTSD is warranted, especially in regard to its impact on everyday functioning. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","Anxiety, Event-based, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Prospective memory","McFarland, C. P., Clark, J. B., Lee, L. O., Grande, L. J., Marx, B. P., Vasterling, J. J.",2016.0,,10.1080/13803395.2015.1102203,0,1,
3568,Family functioning and overprotec- tion following a natural disaster: The longitudinal effects of post-traumatic morbidity,,,"McFarlane, A. C.",1987.0,1987,,0,0,
3569,The severity of the trauma: Issues about its role in posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) examines 3 issues [pertaining to the severity of the trauma and its role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] / first, it is suggested that the contradictions and issues arising out of the relationship between the stressor and PTSD are often ignored for a variety of political, social, and cultural reasons / second, there are a series of problems of definition and measurement of traumatic events which need to be refined in future research / finally, the current statistical models of the effects of trauma and the methods of statistical analysis contain a series of built-in assumptions which are seldom questioned (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sociocultural Factors, Life Experiences, Measurement, Political Issues, Severity (Disorders), Statistical Analysis","McFarlane, Alexander C.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3570,Posttraumatic stress disorder: A model of the longitudinal course and the role of the risk factors,"Reviews what is known about the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following exposure to a traumatic event using data from clinical studies. PTSD differs from other anxiety disorders in that experience of a traumatic event is necessary for the onset of the disorder. The condition runs a longitudinal course, involving a series of transitional states, with progressive modification occurring with time. Notably, only a small percentage of people that experience trauma will develop PTSD. Risk factors, such as prior trauma, prior psychiatric history, family psychiatric history, peritraumatic dissociation, acute stress symptoms, the nature of the biological response, and autonomic hyperarousal, need to be considered when setting up models to predict the course of the condition. These risk factors influence vulnerability to the onset of PTSD and its spontaneous remission. In the majority of cases, PTSD is accompanied by another condition, such as major depression, an anxiety disorder, or substance abuse. This comorbidity can also complicate the course of the disorder and raises questions about the role of PTSD in other psychiatric conditions. A roundtable discussion follows. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Disease Course, *Etiology, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Assessment, Comorbidity, Emotional Trauma","McFarlane, Alexander C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3571,Managing the psychiatric morbidity of disasters,,,"McFarlane, A. C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3572,The duration of deployment and sensitization to stress,,,"McFarlane, A. C.",2009.0,,10.3928/00485713-20090201-05,0,0,
3573,The long-term costs of traumatic stress: Intertwined physical and psychological consequences,"The gradual emergence of symptoms following exposure to traumatic events has presented a major conceptual challenge to psychiatry. The mechanism that causes the progressive escalation of symptoms with the passage of time leading to delayed onset post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves the process of sensitization and kindling. The development of traumatic memories at the time of stress exposure represents a major vulnerability through repeated environmental triggering of the increasing dysregulation of an individual's neurobiology. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates how the increased allostatic load associated with PTSD is associated with a significant body of physical morbidity in the form of chronic musculoskeletal pain, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and cardiovascular disease. This increasing body of literature suggests that the effects of traumatic stress need to be considered as a major environmental challenge that places individual's physical and psychological health equally at risk. This broader perspective has important implications for developing treatments that address the underlying dysregulation of cortical arousal and neurohormonal abnormalities following exposure to traumatic stress.","Allostasis, Heart disease, Hypertension, Kindling, Post-traumatic stress disorder","McFarlane, A. C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3574,Psychiatric morbidity following a natural disaster: An Australian bushfire,,,"McFarlane, A. C., Clayer, J. R., Bookless, C. L.",1997.0,,10.1007/BF00789038,0,0,
3575,Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters,"Disasters test civil administrations' and health services' capacity to act in a flexible but well-coordinated manner because each disaster is unique and poses unusual challenges. The health services required differ markedly according to the nature of the disaster and the geographical spread of those affected. Epidemiology has shown that services need to be equipped to deal with major depressive disorder and grief, not just posttraumatic stress disorder, and not only for victims of the disaster itself but also the emergency service workers. The challenge is for specialist advisers to respect and understand the existing health care and support networks of those affected while also recognizing their limitations. In the initial aftermath of these events, a great deal of effort goes into the development of early support systems but the longer term needs of these populations are often underestimated. These services need to be structured, taking into account the pre-existing psychiatric morbidity within the community. Disasters are an opportunity for improving services for patients with posttraumatic psychopathology in general but can later be utilized for improving services for victims of more common traumas in modern society, such as accidents and interpersonal violence. © 2012 A. C. McFarlane and Richard Williams.",,"McFarlane, A. C., Williams, R.",2012.0,,10.1155/2012/970194,0,0,
3576,"Resilience, vulnerability, and the course of posttraumatic reactions",,,"McFarlane, A. C., Yehuda, R.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3577,Basolateral amygdala connectivity in male and female veterans with psychiatric disorders,"Background: As of 2013, approximately 9% of the 22.2 million veterans in the US were female and estimates suggest that by 2043, females will make up almost 17% of the Veterans in the US (United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2014). A significant number of veterans experience a host of physical and psychiatric complications, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression (MDD). Furthermore there is a large body of evidence suggesting that compared to men, women show higher prevalence of depression, PTSD and anxiety disorders than men (Maguen, 2010). Thus far, there is limited data on the underlying neuropathology that may be associated with sexdifferences in psychiatric disorders. This study examined basolateral amygdala connectivity in a sample of female and male in veterans matched for psychiatric disorders to test the hypothesis that connectivity from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) will be different in female compared to male veterans. Methods: Participants in the study consisted of 19 female and 19 male veterans aged 18-55, who met diagnostic criteria for MDD and/or PTSD. BOLD echo planar images were obtained during the 8-minute resting-state using a 3T Siemens Trio scanner (TR=2s, TE=28ms, 40 slices, 3mm slice thickness). fMRI images were analyzed using SPM8 and Matlab. The images were corrected for motion, normalized and spatially smoothed using a Gaussian kernel with 4 mm full width at half maximum. Regions of interest for BLA seeds were created using SPM's Anatomy Toolbox (Eickhoff, 2005) using methods adapted from Roy and colleagues (Roy, 2009). Functional connectivity maps were computed by using a standard seed-based whole brain correlation method. For each seed region, the time series of the voxels within the seed region were averaged to generate the reference time series. For each subject and each seed region, the correlation coefficient was computed between the reference time series and the time course of each voxel of the brain. Correlation coefficients were converted to z-values using Fisher's r-to-z transform. One-sample t-tests were done to determine brain regions showing significant functional connectivity to the left and right amygdala within each group (p <.05, FDR corrected; cluster size k 4 20 voxels). Two sample t-tests were performed for the two groups controlling for both age and gender for the left and right amygdala separately. Results: There was no significant difference in age between the groups. Additionally, males and females did not differ on race, children, or rank in the Armed Forces. For both left and right BLA, females demonstrated stronger connectivity to the calcarine, cuneus, fusiform, cerebellum, lingual and occipital gyrus (Left BLA: T=4.60, 1400 voxels; Right BLA: T=5.22, 2638 voxels) as compared with males. The increased connectivity in males as compared with females was shown in the temporal, frontal and supramarginal areas (Left BLA: T=3.56, 378 voxels; Right BLA: T=4.59, 900 voxels). Conclusions: Results from the current study suggest that BLA functional connectivity differs between male and female veterans matched for PTSD/MDD diagnoses. Connectivity to limbic and paralimbic regions consistent with the amygdala's role in processing emotions was seen for both male and female veterans. However, relative to females, male veterans showed increased connectivity to the rolandic operculum and cortical motor areas, which may be associated with premotor representations coupled with affective processing (Koelsch, 2006). In contrast, relative to males, females showed increased connectivity to parieto-occipital regions known to process visual information including faces. Additional studies are needed to determine if the observed differences in BLA projections play a role in the increased prevalence of behavioral disorders found in some veteran populations.","gender, basolateral amygdala, male, female, veteran, human, mental disease, American, college, psychopharmacology, amygdaloid nucleus, plant seed, operculum (brain), time series analysis, prevalence, Student t test, processing, posttraumatic stress disorder, diagnosis, brain, correlation coefficient, population, kernel method, visual information, emotion, functional magnetic resonance imaging, tongue, cerebellum, cuneus, occipital gyrus, army, child, brain region, thickness, behavior disorder, hypothesis, neuropathology, anxiety disorder, government","McGlade, E., Rogowska, J., Yurgelun-Todd, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3578,Sex differences in orbitofrontal connectivity in male and female veterans with TBI,"More female soldiers are now serving in combat theaters than at any other time. However, little is known about possible sex differences underlying the neuropathology and manifestation of one of modern war’s signature injuries, traumatic brain injury (TBI). The paucity of information regarding sex differences in TBI is particularly evident when examining changes in executive function and emotion regulation associated with post concussive events. The current study objective was to observe whether patterns of orbitofrontal (OFC) functional connectivity would differ between female veterans with TBI and their male counterparts. The study further sought to determine whether OFC connectivity might be differentially associated with clinical measures of aggression and hostility. Seventeen female veterans and 24 male veterans, age 18 to 25, who met criteria for TBI completed resting state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessment measures. Imaging data were analyzed using left and right seed regions of the OFC, and regression analyses were conducted to observe the relationship between resting state connectivity and self-reported aggression. Females and males in this study differed in OFC connectivity, with females demonstrating greater connectivity between left and right OFC and parietal and occipital regions and males demonstrating greater connectivity between left and right OFC and frontal and temporal regions. Significant associations between resting state connectivity and clinical measures were found only in male veterans. These findings suggest that TBI may interact with sex-specific patterns of brain connectivity in male and female veterans and exert divergent effects on clinical profiles of aggression post-injury.","adult, angular gyrus, anxiety disorder, article, brain region, cerebellum cortex, clinical article, clinical assessment, comparative study, connectome, controlled study, depression, disease severity, educational status, female, frontal cortex, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional neuroimaging, hostility, human, incidence, major depression, male, marriage, medical history, occipital cortex, orbital cortex, parietal cortex, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, Profile of Mood States, radiological parameters, resting state network, self report, sex difference, temporal cortex, traumatic brain injury, veteran","McGlade, E., Rogowska, J., Yurgelun-Todd, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3579,Mild traumatic brain injury in veterans modifies risk for associated co-morbidities: Defining the deployment trauma cluster,"Objectives: Veterans and Service Members (SMs) of OEF/OIF/OND have high rates of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other co-occurring medical and psychiatric problems. The primary objective of this study was to characterize behavioural and psychiatric co-morbidities in a large cohort of veterans and SMs and to develop predictive models of how these disorders affect functional status collectively. Methods: Participants were 255 OEF/OIF/OND veterans and SMs consecutively enrolled in the VA TBI Center of Excellence, Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS). All underwent a comprehensive assessment of lifetime TBI (Boston Assessment of TBI-Lifetime), PTSD (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale), Axis I disorders (Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-IV), and deployment intensity (Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory). The battery also assessed sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), pain (Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire), and functional status (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0). A clinical psychologist accomplished testing and a consensus panel of psychologists/psychiatrists made all diagnoses. Results: Approximately 91% of the sample was diagnosed with a current psychiatric condition and/or a current issue with pain and/or sleep. Unadjusted odds ratios comparing those with and without history of military mTBI showed that mTBI increases the likelihood of being diagnosed with PTSD by more than 300% (OR=4.06; p<0.0001) and being diagnosed with a mood disorder (OR=2.63; p=0.0005), pain (OR=2.54; p=0.0034) or impaired sleep (OR=2.40; p=0.0105) by at least 140%. Cluster analysis revealed four clusters of diagnosed conditions (1) 'Deployment Trauma Cluster' (DTC; composed of mTBI, PTSD, MDD; containing 16% of the overall sample); (2) 'Pain & Sleep Cluster' (50% of the sample) (3) 'Substance Abuse Cluster' (alcohol and other substance abuse/dependence; 15% of the sample); and (4) 'Anxiety Cluster' (anxiety disorders not associated with PTSD; 19% of the sample). Regression analysis revealed that the DTC (p<0.0001) and the Pain and Sleep Cluster (p<0.0001) were highly predictive of WHODASS-2.0 score and accounted for 55% of total variance. The DTC contained 40% of individuals determined to be severely disabled (WHODAS-2.0 (greater-than or equal to) 45) and 72% of those in the entire sample determined to be severely disabled (n=22) were in the DTC. The constituents of the DTC were not individually predictive of severe disability. Conclusions: mTBI alone is not predictive of functional disability. mTBI does increase the odds of being diagnosed with PTSD, mood disorder, pain and sleep disturbance. The DTC may represent a syndromic-like condition in OEF/OIF/OND veterans that uniquely and severely impacts overall functional status.","alcohol, brain injury, veteran, traumatic brain injury, morbidity, injury, risk, human, pain, sleep, posttraumatic stress disorder, diseases, disability, functional status, lifespan, mood disorder, disabled person, McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, world health organization, model, sleep disorder, regression analysis, anxiety disorder, anxiety, interview, substance abuse, cluster analysis, United States, army, diagnosis, consensus, clinical psychology, translational research","McGlinchey, R., Lippa, S., Fonda, J., Fortier, C., Amick, M., Kenna, A., Milberg, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3580,Procedural care for adult bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: Qualitative research findings from Australia,"BACKGROUND:: This article presents a subset of findings on the experience of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB) from an Australian hematology survivorship study. OBJECTIVE:: The aim of the larger research was to document and explore issues associated with the experience of survivorship for hematology patients supported by Leukaemia Foundation of Queensland. The experience with BMABs was one of the issues explored. METHODS:: The qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with 50 individuals with a diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy from a range of locations throughout Queensland, Australia. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and then analyzed thematically. RESULTS:: The findings demonstrate that, for many of the hematology patients in the study, BMABs were a painful experience. The findings indicate that a major contributing factor to the pain and discomfort is the lack of effective procedural care. CONCLUSIONS:: The findings emphasized the importance of the provision of choice with regard to anesthesia or sedation as part of the procedural care for BMABs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:: The insights provide urgency to the call for further research to improve clinical practice and procedural care in relation to BMABs. The strong recommendation from the study is that procedural pain in relation to BMABs for hematology patients be managed from the initial procedure as the consequences of a traumatic experience can be far reaching, particularly in light of the need for repeated BMABs over the treatment trajectory. As specialist nurses are now increasingly taking responsibility for carrying out such procedures, the findings have implications for the nursing profession. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB), Hematology, Qualitative research, Survivorship","McGrath, P., Rawson-Huff, N., Holewa, H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3581,Differential accounts of refugee and resettlement experiences in youth with high and low levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology: A mixed-methods investigation,"In recent years there has been increased debate and critique of the focus on psychopathology in general, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in particular, as a predominant consequence of the refugee experience. This study was conducted to broaden the conceptualization and examination of the outcomes of the refugee experience by jointly examining how adaptive processes, psychosocial factors, and psychopathology are implicated. A mixed-methods approach was used to specifically examine whether adolescents' (N = 10) accounts of their refugee and resettlement experiences differed according to their level, ""high"" or ""low,"" of PTSD symptomatology. The superordinate themes of cultural belongingness and identification, psychological functioning, family unit functioning and relationships, and friendships and interpersonal processes, were identified as having particular relevance for the study's participants and in distinguishing between participants with high and low levels of PTSD symptomatology. Findings were characterized by marked differences between adolescents' accounts according to their symptomatology levels, and may thereby inform important avenues for future research as well as clinical prevention and intervention programs with refugee youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Psychosocial Factors, *Refugees, Family Relations, Friendship, Peer Relations, Stress, Symptoms, Interpersonal Relationships","McGregor, Lucy S., Melvin, Glenn A., Newman, Louise K.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3582,Potential of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continues to attract both empirical and clinical interest due to its complex symptom profile and the underlying processes involved. Recently, research attention has been focused on the types of memory processes involved in PTSD and hypothesized neurobiological processes. Complicating this exploration, and the treatment of PTSD, are underlying comorbid disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Treatment of PTSD has undergone further reviews with the introduction of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR has been empirically demonstrated to be as efficacious as other specific PTSD treatments, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. There is emerging evidence that there are different processes underlying these two types of trauma treatment and some evidence that EMDR might have an efficiency advantage. Current research and understanding regarding the processes of EMDR and the future direction of EMDR is presented.","Comorbid, Eye movement desensitization, Neurobiological, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Symptoms, Treatment","McGuire, T. M., Lee, C. W., Drummond, P. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3583,Theoretical models of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been accompanied by a variety of theoretical models to explain its origins and maintenance in the traumatised individual / [present] models [that] have their roots in apparently contrasting biological, physiological, cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic frameworks / however, one of the fascinating features of work in the field of trauma reactions is the way that insights gained within one theoretical approach can help identify important features to be studied within a different model A. physiological and biological mechanisms [altered autonomic function, neuroendocrine abnormalities in PTSD, endogenous opiods and PTSD, sleep disturbance] / B. psychoanalytic models / C. cognitive-behavioural models of PTSD [behavioural models of PTSD, cognitive models of PTSD, information-processing models of PTSD, cognitive processing theory] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Processes, *Physiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychoanalytic Theory, *Psychobiology, Stress Reactions, Theories","McIvor, Ronan J., Van Velsen, Cleo, Lee, Deborah, Turner, Stuart W.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3584,"A diathesis-stress model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Ecological, biological, and residual stress pathways","The symptoms captured within the contemporary diagnostic definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been studied for more than 100 years. Yet, even with increasingly advanced discoveries regarding the etiology of PTSD, a comprehensive and up-to-date etiological model that incorporates both medical and psychological research has not been described and systematically studied. The diathesis-stress model proposed here consolidates existing medical and psychological research data on etiological factors associated with PTSD into 3 causal pathways: residual stress, ecological, and biological. In combination, these pathways illuminate how PTSD might develop and who might be at higher risk for developing the disorder. Research and treatment implications related to the diathesis-stress model are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, At Risk Populations, Diathesis Stress Model, Environmental Stress, Psychophysiology, Stress Reactions","McKeever, Victoria M., Huff, Maureen E.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3585,Family and past history of mental illness as predisposing factors in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Family studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have given inconsistent results to date. Identifying predisposing factors in PTSD compared to anxiety disorders may help to clarify the classification of PTSD as a diagnostic entity. The present study used a retrospective case note study of 87 PTSD patients (mean age 37 yrs) who participated in exposure or cognitive restructuring therapy, and 51 PTSD patients (mean age 38 yrs) and 87 patients with agoraphobia (mean age 39 yrs) treated routinely as outpatients. Compared to those with agoraphobia, PTSD patients had significantly less family history of anxiety disorder but not mental illness in general. They also had significantly less personal history of mental illness prior to the index episode. Trauma precipitated PTSD in Ss who had significantly fewer premorbid predisposing factors than did Ss with agoraphobia. Such factors may predispose agoraphobia Ss to become psychiatrically ill after more minor trauma. Research is needed to systematically compare the events which precipitate PTSD as opposed to agoraphobia and other anxiety disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Agoraphobia, *Anxiety Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, Cognitive Restructuring, Comorbidity, Exposure Therapy, Family Background, Outpatient Treatment, Predisposition","McKenzie, Nigel, Marks, Isaac, Liness, Sheena",2001.0,,,0,0,
3586,Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth: An update of current issues and recommendations for future research,"Objective: This paper aimed to report the current status of research in the field of post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth (PTSD FC), and to update the findings of an earlier 2008 paper. Background: A group of international researchers, clinicians and service users met in 2006 to establish the state of clinical and academic knowledge relating to PTSD FC. A paper identified four key areas of research knowledge at that time. Methods: Fourteen clinicians and researchers met in Oxford, UK to update the previously published paper relating to PTSD FC. The first part of the meeting focused on updating the four key areas identified previously, and the second part on discussing new and emerging areas of research within the field. Results: A number of advances have been made in research within the area of PTSD FC. Prevalence is well established within mothers, several intervention studies have been published, and there is growing interest in new areas: staff and pathways; prevention and early intervention; impact on families and children; special populations; and post-traumatic growth. Conclusion: Despite progress, significant gaps remain within the PTSD FC knowledge base. Further research continues to be needed across all areas identified in 2006, and five areas were identified which can be seen as 'new and emerging'. All of these new areas require further extensive research. Relatively little is still known about PTSD FC. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Theories","McKenzie-McHarg, Kirstie, Ayers, Susan, Ford, Elizabeth, Horsch, Antje, Jomeen, Julie, Sawyer, Alexandra, Stramrood, Claire, Thomson, Gill, Slade, Pauline",2015.0,,,0,0,
3587,Finite Mixture Models,,,"McLachlan, G. J., Peel, D.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3588,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and self-conscious affect among battered women,"The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, shame-proneness, and guilt-proneness in battered women. Other more specific objectives were to examine prevalence of PTSD in a sample of battered women and examine the influence of multiple types of traumatic events, severity of battering, shame-proneness, and guilt-proneness on overall severity of PTSD symptoms and PTSD diagnosis. Lewis' (1971) theories on shame and guilt and Joseph, Williams, and Yule's (1997) integrative model of psychosocial factors relating to adaptation to traumatic stress provided the theoretical framework for this study. A descriptive correlational study was conducted. A convenience sample of 100 battered women was recruited from shelter and non-residential agencies for battered women. Participants completed self-report instruments including the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA), the Partner Abuse Scale Physical (PASPH), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and a demographic questionnaire. Seventy-six percent of the women fully met criteria for PTSD diagnosis. Ninety-two percent of the women reported two or more types of multiple traumatic events in addition to intimate partner battering. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to analyze the relationship between overall severity of PTSD symptoms and other variables, including types of multiple traumatic events, severity of battering, shame-proneness, and guilt-proneness. Significant positive correlations were found among multiple types of traumatic events, severity of battering, and severity of PTSD symptoms. However, the expected associations between shame-proneness and guilt-proneness with the severity of PTSD symptoms were not supported by the findings of this study. Multiple types of traumatic events and severity of battering were important contributing factors to the development of PTSD diagnosis and severity of PTSD of symptoms. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that multiple types of traumatic events and severity of battering predicted 31% of the variance in overall severity of PTSD symptoms. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis indicated that severity of battering over and above multiple types of traumatic events contributed to the outcome variable PTSD diagnosis. The model was more successful in predicting the PTSD diagnostic status group (90.8%) than the non diagnostic PTSD group (33.3%); the overall prediction was 77% correct. Implications for nursing practice and future search are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Battered Females, *Guilt, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Shame","McLaughlin, Dorcas Elisabeth",2002.0,,,0,0,
3589,Recovery from PTSD following hurricane Katrina,,,"McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., Kessler, R. C., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M.",2011.0,,10.1002/da.20790,0,0,
3590,"Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: A test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults",,,"McLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., Koenen, K. C., Gilman, S. E.",2010.0,,10.1017/S0033291709992121,0,0,
3591,Subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys,"Background: Although only a few people exposed to a traumatic event (TE) develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), symptoms that do not meet full PTSD criteria are common and often clinically significant. Individuals with these symptoms sometimes have been characterized as having subthreshold PTSD, but no consensus exists on the optimal definition of this term. Data from a large cross-national epidemiologic survey are used in this study to provide a principled basis for such a definition. Methods: The World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys administered fully structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews to community samples in 13 countries containing assessments of PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs. Focusing on the 23,936 respondents reporting lifetime TE exposure, associations of approximated DSM-5 PTSD symptom profiles with six outcomes (distress-impairment, suicidality, comorbid fear-distress disorders, PTSD symptom duration) were examined to investigate implications of different subthreshold definitions. Results: Although consistently highest outcomes for distress-impairment, suicidality, comorbidity, and PTSD symptom duration were observed among the 3.0% of respondents with DSM-5 PTSD rather than other symptom profiles, the additional 3.6% of respondents meeting two or three of DSM-5 criteria B-E also had significantly elevated scores for most outcomes. The proportion of cases with threshold versus subthreshold PTSD varied depending on TE type, with threshold PTSD more common following interpersonal violence and subthreshold PTSD more common following events happening to loved ones. Conclusions: Subthreshold DSM-5 PTSD is most usefully defined as meeting two or three of DSM-5 criteria B-E. Use of a consistent definition is critical to advance understanding of the prevalence, predictors, and clinical significance of subthreshold PTSD. © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","Epidemiology, nosology, partial PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, subthreshold PTSD","McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Karam, E. G., Shahly, V., Stein, D. J., Hill, E. D., Petukhova, M., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S. E., Mladenova, M., Posada-Villa, J., Scott, K. M., Takeshima, T., Kessler, R. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3592,Changes in PTSD and Depression During Prolonged Exposure and Client-Centered Therapy for PTSD in Adolescents,"Depressive symptoms are common among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) for PTSD has been found to alleviate both PTSD and depressive symptoms, but relatively little is known about the pattern of PTSD and depressive symptom change during treatment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in PTSD and depression during PE for adolescent (PE-A) and client-centered therapy (CCT). The moderating role of PE-A versus CCT and the possible differences across symptom clusters of PTSD were also examined. Participants were 61 female adolescents with sexual-assault-related PTSD randomized to PE-A (n = 31) or CCT (n = 30). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the Child PTSD Symptom Scale at pre-, mid-, and posttreatment and before each treatment session. Multilevel mediation analysis indicated a reciprocal but asymmetrical relationship between changes in PTSD and depression during treatment in the overall sample. Moderated mediation analysis showed that the reciprocal relation was observed only during PE-A. Reductions in PTSD led to reductions in depression to a greater extent (48.7%), 95% confidence interval [30.2, 67.2], than vice versa (22.0%), [10.6, 33.4]. For participants receiving CCT, reduction in PTSD led to reductions in depression (31.6%), [11.8, 51.4], but not vice versa (7.4%), [−7.1, 21.9]. The reciprocal relationship between PTSD and depression was also observed across different symptoms clusters of PTSD. Our findings suggest that changes in PTSD led to changes in depressive symptoms to a greater extent than vice versa across PE-A and CCT. 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC",,"McLean, C. P., Su, Y. J., Carpenter, J. K., Foa, E. B.",2015.0,,10.1080/15374416.2015.1012722,0,0,
3593,"Genetic and environmental influences on exposure to combat, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use","Advanced statistical techniques such as multivariate path analysis, in the field of behavioral genetics, allow researchers not only to look at the genetic and non-genetic (environmental) influences on single behaviors or symptoms, but they also allow for analysis of common causes of behavior. These techniques seek answers to questions such as, ""Are the genes that predispose a person to alcoholism the same genes that predispose one to getting oneself into combat?"" In this study, data from 3468 male-male twin pairs who served in the United States military during the Vietnam era (1965-1975) were used to examine genetic and environmental influences on self-reported combat exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and alcohol use. Subjects completed a written questionnaire in 1987. Factor analysis of PTSD symptoms identified two distinct groups of symptoms: ""Reexperiencing"" and ""Avoidance/Arousal."" Exposure to combat correlated both with avoidance/arousal symptoms (r =.10, p <) and reexperiencing symptoms (r =.46, p <). Each set of symptoms had a clear genetic influence, based on the differences in the correlation of these symptoms between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. The reason that exposure to combat and avoidance/arousal symptoms correlated was primarily due to genetic influences. In contrast, genes appeared far less important in correlation between exposure to combat and reexperiencing symptoms. Therefore, whereas exposure to combat led to reexperiencing symptoms up to twenty years after the war, it did not lead to avoidance/arousal symptoms. Alcohol consumption also correlated with both reexperiencing symptoms (r =.06, p <) and avoidance/arousal symptoms (r =.08, p <). Additive genetic influences were evident and accounted for 100 percent of the relationships between alcohol consumption and reexperiencing symptoms, and between alcohol consumption and avoidance/arousal symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between alcoho (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Combat Experience, *Environmental Effects, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Behavioral Genetics, Human Males, Military Veterans, Nature Nurture, Twins","McLeod, Donald Scott",1995.0,,,0,0,
3594,"Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use","The role of genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and alcohol use were examined in 4072 male-male twin pairs who served in the United States military during the Vietnam era (1965-1975). Results indicate that the relationship between combat and alcohol use and between PTSD symptom factors and alcohol use were both substantially influenced by genetic factors. Findings are most consistent with a shared vulnerability model for the etiology of the association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use. Specific unique environmental factors were more important than genetic factors for PTSD symptoms, and both factors were equally important for alcohol use. Further support is also found for the role of the unique environment in PTSD symptoms.","Alcoholism/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology, Cluster Analysis, Combat Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology, Diseases in Twins/epidemiology/*etiology, *Environment, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Male, Models, Genetic, Models, Statistical, Phenotype, Questionnaires, Registries, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology, United States/epidemiology, Vietnam, War","McLeod, D. S., Koenen, K. C., Meyer, J. M., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S., True, W., Goldberg, J.",2001.0,Apr,10.1023/a:1011157800050,0,0,
3595,Early childhood abuse in chronic spinal disorder patients: A major barrier to treatment success,"Study Design. Prevalence rates of childhood abuse, socioeconomic outcome data and levels of psychopathology were evaluated for graduates of a functional restoration program for chronically disabled spinal disorder patients in a workers' compensation environment. Objectives. To describe psychological profiles and evaluate treatment outcomes for chronic-spinal disorder patients with a history of childhood abuse. Summary of Background Data. There is increasing evidence to indicate that traumatic childhood events may leave adult survivors psychologically distressed, it is possible that because of this level of psychological distress chronic spinal disorder patients may be unable to return to a productive life-style after completing a rehabilitation program. Methods. Two hundred-ninety-nine male and 174 female patients from a cohort (N = 473) of consecutive graduates of a functional restoration program were assessed for the presence of childhood abuse by structured interview. Prevalence rates were compared with a comparison group of subjects without a history of chronic spinal disorder disability. In addition, the 79 chronic spinal disorder patients with a history of childhood abuse were compared on several socioeconomic outcomes with a matched group of workers with chronic spinal disorders without a history of childhood abuse. Psychopathology in the two groups of chronic spinal disorder patients was evaluated using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria, the Minnesota Multiphasic, Personality, Inventory and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised. Results. A history of childhood abuse was found to be related to a higher level of psychological distress in chronic spinal disorder patients. In addition, poorer socioeconomic outcomes, such as lower work retention rates and higher postrehabilitation operations to the same area of injury, were found in the chronic spinal disorder patients with a history of childhood abuse compared with workers without a history of childhood abuse in whom chronic spinal disorders developed. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that although a history of childhood abuse is associated with greater psychosocial disturbances in chronically disabled spinal disorder patients, such disturbances do not interfere with an initial positive response to an effective tertiary rehabilitation program such as functional restoration. However, a history of childhood abuse may be related to poorer socioeconomic outcomes after discharge from rehabilitation programs. Additional treatment options may be needed for these patient.","Childhood abuse, Chronic spinal disorders, Disability, Functional restoration, Treatment barriers, Treatment outcomes","McMahon, M. J., Gatchel, R. J., Polatin, P. B., Mayer, T. G.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3596,Social Anxiety Disorder Is Associated With PTSD Symptom Presentation: An Exploratory Study Within A Nationally Representative Sample,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) demonstrate a high degree of comorbidity (ranging from 14.8% to 46.0%); however, little is known about the nature of this association. Contemporary research has largely focused on treatment-seeking or veteran samples, and may not generalize to the population as a whole. Large-scale epidemiological studies are needed to fill existing gaps in the literature and to clarify this association for the general population. The current study examined whether the presence of comorbid SAD influenced PTSD symptom presentation. The rate of individual PTSD symptoms was investigated among individuals with PTSD and SAD in comparison to those with PTSD alone. Data were obtained from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large, nationally representative survey of American adults (n = 34,653). Analyses revealed elevated rates of PTSD symptoms among those with comorbid PTSD and SAD across all symptom clusters, with significant odds ratios ranging from 1.5 to 4.87. Adjusting for depression and other Axis I disorders did not substantially alter study findings. Results suggest that the presence of SAD is associated with differences in the expression of PTSD symptoms.",,"McMillan, K. A., Sareen, J., Asmundson, G. J. G.",,,,0,0,
3597,"Post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: A review of causal mechanisms, assessment, and treatment","In this paper we explore the evidence for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We examine its possible mediating mechanisms after brain injury, the evidence for its occurrence, risk, and protective factors, and the implications for intervention and service demands. In the first section we review the current literature relevant to cause, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD in general, before addressing issues associated with the assessment and management of PTSD after TBI. It is argued that PTSD may occur after a brain injury, and can be, relatively, a common disorder. However, explanatory mechanisms for its occurrence may be speculative. In this context, we argue, assessment and treatment need to be carefully considered, and comprehensive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Treatment","McMillan, Tom M., Williams, W. Huw, Bryant, Richard",2003.0,,,0,0,
3598,Posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Presents an overview of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Topics discussed include (1) what counts as a traumatic stressor, (2) prevalence of PTSD, (3) risk factors for PTSD, (4) longitudinal course of PTSD, (5) comorbidity, (6) cognitive aspects of PTSD, (7) biological aspects of PTSD, and (8) theoretical models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Biology, Cognitive Processes, Comorbidity, Epidemiology, Risk Assessment","McNally, Richard J.",1999.0,,,0,0,42
3599,Are we winning the war against posttraumatic stress disorder?,"The most methodologically rigorous epidemiological study on American military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan found that 4.3% of troops developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among deployed combatants, 7.6% developed PTSD, whereas 1.4% of deployed noncombatants did so. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has launched a program ensuring that all veterans with PTSD will receive evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy, and the Army has developed Battlemind postdeployment early interventions that reduce risk for the disorder.",,"McNally, R. J.",2012.0,,10.1126/science.1222069,0,0,
3600,"Personality profiles, dissociation, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse","Women reporting either repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse or no abuse history completed questionnaires tapping personality traits, absorption (fantasy proneness), dissociation, depression, and posttraumatic stress. Planned contrasts indicated that recovered memory participants scored higher on absorption and dissociation than did those reporting either continuous memories or no abuse history; repressed memory participants scored nonsignificantly higher than did recovered memory participants. On measures of distress, continuous memory participants were indistinguishable from nonabused participants, repressed memory participants scored highest, and recovered memory participants scored midway between continuous and repressed memory participants.",,"McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., Pitman, R. K.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3601,Risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder: Are they especially predictive following exposure to less severe stressors?,"Background: The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires exposure to a traumatic stressor, as defined by Criterion A in the DSM criteria for PTSD. Yet, over the course of successive revisions of the diagnostic manual, the range of qualifying stressors has expanded considerably (e.g., watching terrorist attacks on television). Moreover, stressors that fall short of qualifying for even an expanded Criterion A can produce apparent PTSD. Taken together, these findings imply that people who do satisfy symptomatic criteria for PTSD following exposure to less severe stressors carry a heavy burden of risk factors. Method: To test this hypothesis, we examined whether the association between the risk factor of lower intelligence and more severe PTSD and depression symptoms would be greater among women reporting less severe CSA (n = 15) relative to women who reported moderate (n = 54) or high (n = 31) severity CSA. Results: The evidence was consistent with this hypothesis for subjects in the low and moderate severity groups, but less so for those in the high severity group. Conclusions: Lower intelligence was a more potent risk factor for posttraumatic distress among people exposed to less severe relative to moderately severe stressors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Intelligence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Risk Factors, *Stress","McNally, Richard J., Robinaugh, Donald J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3602,An event-related brain potential investigation of PTSD and PTSD symptoms in abused children,"We tested 186 children ranging in age from 6 years, 10 months to 13 years, 7 months; 174 suffered either physical and/or sexual abuse, and 12 were nonabused children. Abused subjects were grouped in four different ways. The primary grouping was based on whether subjects satisfied the DSM III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Secondary groupings were based upon the three symptom clusters used to make the PTSD diagnosis (arousal, avoidance, and reexperiencing). In each of these groupings three separate subgroups were formed with approximately 25 percent in the high and low symptom count subgroups and the remaining 50 percent in the middle symptom count subgroup. Subjects listened to four different intensity levels (65, 80, 95, and 102 dB) of a 1 KHz tone, pseudo-randomly ordered, while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Two separate blocks were used, one with short intervals (4 +/- 1 sec) between tones and the other with longer intervals (17 +/- 2 sec). PTSD subjects presented a greater P2-N2 ERP intensity gradient (i.e., a larger increase in the P2-N2 ERP component as tone intensity increased) than did abused subjects without PTSD. Abused subjects with the highest number of reexperiencing symptoms showed a similar P2-N2 augmenting effect when compared to those with the lowest number of reexperiencing symptoms. Subjects with the highest number of arousal symptoms showed a shallower intensity gradient for the N1-P2 ERP component than did those with fewer arousal symptoms. The results are discussed in relation to previous results reported on adults with PTSD and in terms of CNS processing of stimulus intensity information.",,"McPherson, W. B., Newton, J. E., Ackerman, P., Oglesby, D. M., Dykman, R. A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3603,Review of sertraline and its clinical applications in psychiatric disorders,"Sertraline (Zoloft(registered trademark), Pfizer) has been shown in numerous controlled studies to have similar efficacy to other selective serotonin (5-HT) re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Further research is indicating that the efficacy of sertraline extends even beyond the treatment of depression and anxiety to include utility in eating disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and possibly substance abuse treatment. Along with other SSRIs, sertraline offers several advantages over older antidepressants, including improved patient tolerability, low risk of lethality in overdose and no dependence potential. In head-to-head comparisons, sertraline appears to be at least as well-tolerated as other SSRIs and may even have a more favourable side effect profile. Low potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions is another advantage of sertraline. Unlike fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine, sertraline is not a potent inhibitor of any of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme systems. As a result of its proven efficacy, good tolerability and lack of pharmacokinetic interactions, sertraline should be considered first-line in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders.","benzodiazepine derivative, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, cytochrome P450 1A2, cytochrome P450 2C19, cytochrome P450 2D6, cytochrome P450 3A, cytochrome P450 3A4, cytochrome P450 isoenzyme, desipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, fluvoxamine maleate, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, paroxetine, sertraline, anxiety neurosis, article, clinical trial, compulsive personality disorder, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, drug bioavailability, drug blood level, drug dependence, drug efficacy, drug metabolism, drug overdose, drug structure, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, eating disorder, gastrointestinal symptom, human, lethality, motor dysfunction, panic, pharmacodynamics, posttraumatic stress disorder, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder, social phobia, substance abuse, celexa, luvox, paxil, zoloft","McRae, A. L., Brady, K. T.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3604,Comparison of nefazodone and sertraline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent condition that has been shown to be responsive to pharmacotherapy. Few head-to-head comparisons of medications used in the treatment of PTSD have been published. This 12-week, randomized, double-blind study compares the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of nefazodone and sertraline for the treatment of PTSD. Thirty-seven male and female outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomly assigned to receive nefazodone (maximum dose 600 mg/day; average dose 463 mg/day) or sertraline (maximum dose 200/day; average dose 153 mg/day). The primary outcome measures were the 17-item total severity score of the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Part 2 (CAPS-2) and the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale (CGI-I). Other assessments included the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), the Top-8 PTSD Rating Scale, Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Twenty-six subjects had at least one post-randomization CAPS-2 assessment and were therefore included in the data analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups on any of the outcome measures. There was a significant effect for time in both groups, indicating an improvement in PTSD symptoms, depression, sleep, and quality of life over time. CAPS-2 scores for all of the PTSD symptom clusters decreased significantly over time. This study did not find significant differences in the effectiveness of nefazodone and sertraline for the treatment of PTSD. Larger trials are warranted. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Adult, Antidepressive agents, Double-blind method, Drug therapy, Stress disorders, Traumatic, Treatment outcome","McRae, A. L., Brady, K. T., Mellman, T. A., Sonne, S. C., Killeen, T. K., Timmerman, M. A., Bayles-Dazet, W.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3605,"Exploratory factor analysis of diagnostic and statistical manual, 5th edition, criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder","One change to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) nomenclature highlighted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) is the conceptualization of PTSD as a diagnostic category with four distinct symptom clusters. This article presents exploratory factor analysis to test the structural validity of the DSM-5 conceptualization of PTSD via an online survey that included the PTSD Checklist-5. The study utilized a sample of 113 college students from a large Midwestern university and 177 Amazon Mechanical Turk users. Participants were primarily female, Caucasian, single, and heterosexual with an average age of 32 years. Approximately 30% to 35% of participants met diagnostic criteria for PTSD based on two different scoring criteria. Results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed five distinct symptom clusters. The implications for the classification of PTSD are discussed. © Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","Adults, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5, Exploratory factor analysis, Factor structure, Posttraumatic stress disorder","McSweeney, L. B., Koch, E. I., Saules, K. K., Jefferson, S.",2016.0,,10.1097/NMD.0000000000000390,0,0,
3606,The anxiety spectrum and the reflex physiology of defense: From circumscribed fear to broad distress,"Guided by the diagnostic nosology, anxiety patients are expected to show defensive hyperarousal during affective challenge, irrespective of the principal phenotype. In the current study, patients representing the whole spectrum of anxiety disorders (i.e., specific phobia, social phobia, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)), and healthy community control participants, completed an imagery-based fear elicitation paradigm paralleling conventional intervention techniques. Participants imagined threatening and neutral narratives as physiological responses were recorded. Clear evidence emerged for exaggerated reactivity to clinically relevant imagery-most pronounced in startle reflex responding. However, defensive propensity varied across principal anxiety disorders. Disorders characterized by focal fear and impairment (e.g., specific phobia) showed robust fear potentiation. Conversely, for disorders of long-enduring, pervasive apprehension and avoidance with broad anxiety and depression comorbidity (e.g., PTSDsecondary to cumulative trauma, GAD), startle responses were paradoxically diminished to all aversive contents. Patients whose expressed symptom profiles were intermediate between focal fearfulness and broad anxious-misery in both severity and chronicity exhibited a still heightened but more generalized physiological propensity to respond defensively. Importantly, this defensive physiological gradient-the inverse of self-reported distress-was evident not only between but also within disorders. These results highlight that fear circuitry could be dysregulated in chronic, pervasive anxiety, and preliminary functional neuroimaging findings suggest that deficient amygdala recruitment could underlie attenuated reflex responding. In summary, adaptive defensive engagement during imagery may be compromised by long-term dysphoria and stress-a phenomenon with implications for prognosis and treatment planning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","agoraphobia, GAD, anxiety disorders, specific phobia, blunting, diagnostic subtypes, chronicity, comorbidity, depression, emotional reactivity, fMRI, imagery, neuroimaging, panic, psychophysiology, PTSD, social phobia, startle, trauma","McTeague, L. M., Lang, P. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3607,"Prewar, war-zone, and postwar predictors of posttraumatic stress in female vietnam veteran health care providers",,,"McTeague, L. M., McNally, R. J., Litz, B. T.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3608,Symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample,"Diagnostic criteria (e.g., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) posit three symptom clusters including reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal. Factor analytic studies have suggested several alternative models of PTSD symptomatology. It is uncertain whether these new models are widely generalizable as most studies have relied on relatively select treatment seeking samples (e.g., combat veterans). To address this limitation, confirmatory factor analysis was applied to symptom data from National Comorbidity Survey respondents with a lifetime history of PTSD (n = 429). Several models were tested. The model comprised of four intercorrelated factors (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) received the strongest support, but did not meet all the goodness-of-fit criteria. A follow-up principal-components analysis yielded a four-factor solution, with factors representing dysphoria, cued reexperiencing and avoidance, uncued reexperiencing and hyperarousal, and trauma-related rumination. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Confirmatory factor analysis, Factor structure, Posttraumatic stress disorder","McWilliams, L. A., Cox, B. J., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3609,The presence of resilience is associated with a healthier psychological profile in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses: Results of a national survey,"Objective: ICU nurses are repeatedly exposed to work related stresses resulting in the development of psychological disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome. Resilience is a learnable multidimensional characteristic enabling one to thrive in the face of adversity. In a national survey, we sought to determine whether resilience was associated with healthier psychological profiles in intensive care unit nurses. Design: Surveys were mailed to 3500 randomly selected ICU nurses across the United States and included: demographic questions, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Measurements and main results: Overall, 1239 of the mailed surveys were returned for a response rate of 35%, and complete data was available on a total of 744 nurses. Twenty-two percent of the intensive care unit nurses were categorized as being highly resilient. The presence of high resilience in these nurses was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, symptoms of anxiety or depression, and burnout syndrome (<0.001 for all comparisons). In independent multivariable analyses adjusting for five potential confounding variables, the presence of resilience was independently associated with a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (p<0.001), and a lower prevalence of burnout syndrome (p<0.001). Conclusions: The presence of psychological resilience was independently associated with a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in intensive care unit nurses. Future research is needed to better understand coping mechanisms employed by highly resilient nurses and how they maintain a healthier psychological profile. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Burnout syndrome, ICU nurses, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Resilience","Mealer, M., Jones, J., Newman, J., McFann, K. K., Rothbaum, B., Moss, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3610,Individual and group factors that affect resilience and mediate the relationship between resilience and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in icu nurses,"The purpose of this research was to determine the significant individual and group characteristics that affected resilience in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses and whether those significant characteristics had a direct or indirect effect on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) mediated through resilience. An adaptation of the Nurse as Wounded Healer (N-WH) theory was also tested, which added resilience as a concept to facilitate self-healing, transformation and transcendence of trauma experienced in the ICU. This was a secondary database analysis that included 744 ICU nurses from around the United States. Participants were mailed a self-report survey that included demographic, anxiety, depression, PTSD and resilience measures. The factors that significantly affected resilience included: whether the ICU nurse had children, the number of years practicing, type of nursing degree, generational cohort affiliation, and type of unit the nurse was working in. Structural equation modeling (SEM) in MplusTM was used to model the direct and indirect effects of the significant variables on the development of PTSD mediated through resilience. Children and years practicing as an ICU nurse had direct effects on the development of PTSD. When compared with the medical ICU (MICU), the cardiac ICU, cardiothoracic surgery ICU and other ICUs had significant indirect effects on the development of PTSD mediated through the Personal Competence sub-scale of resilience. ICU nurses with a graduate degree had a significant indirect effect on the development of PTSD mediated through the Leadership sub-scale of resilience, when compared to ICU nurses with a bachelor degree of science in nursing (BSN). The results supported the adapted version of the NWH theory. Based on the findings of this research, having children, years practicing, type of nursing degree and ICU unit type had significant direct or indirect effects on the development of PTSD mediated through the Personal Competence and Leadership subscales of resilience. Future research is needed to describe the potentially unique characteristics of each unit type and to identify modifiable individual and organizational factors to help inform tailored resilience interventions in the ICU. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Childhood Development, *Intensive Care, Group Characteristics, Nurses, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Mealer, Meredith L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3611,"Posttraumatic stress disorder: Prevalences, comorbidities and quality of life in a community sample of young adults","objectives: To verify the prevalence of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young adults, the occurrence of comorbidities and its association with quality of life. Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based study. The targeted population consisted on indivi duals aged 18 to 24 years old, who lived in the urban area of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. Cluster sampling was applied. PTSD and its comorbidities were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 5.0), whereas quality of life was evaluated with the eight domains of the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-form General Health Survey (SF-36). results: A total of 1,762 young adults were selected. The prevalence of PTSD was 2.1% and current episode of depression was the most prevalent comorbidity (71.9%). The individuals with PTSD had lower scores in all domains of quality of life. conclusion: These findings indicate that PTSD is associated with other psychopathologies, especially depression, and it has a substantial impact over quality of life in a sample of young adults.","illicit drug, adult, anxiety disorder, article, comorbidity, cross-sectional study, dependent personality disorder, depression, disease association, female, gender, human, major clinical study, male, marriage, mini international neuropsychiatric interview, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, quality of life, questionnaire, Short Form 36, socioeconomics, substance abuse, suicide, tobacco, young adult","Medeiros, L. G., da Silva, R. A., Souza, L. D. M., da Silva, G. G., Pinheiro, R. T., Jansen, K.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3612,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Initial assessment,,,"Medicine, I.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3613,Psychosocial long term effects. A qualitative study,"Purpose: In the last two decades, there has been great interest in understanding the psychosocial sequelae and identifying areas of intervention with childhood cancer survivors. Several studies found that parents and children face different kinds of effects that co-exist: post-traumatic stress, psychosocial sequelae, deficits and maladjustment on one hand and post-traumatic growth, resilience on the other. The objective of the study was to explore parents and children personal meanings about the experience, to analyze the relationship between age at diagnosis, communication style and coping style in the family with type of trace in the adolescent as well as presence or absence of memories. Method: Cross-sectional and descriptive study, based on qualitative interviews made during regular visits at the follow-up clinic. Inclusion criteria: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia patients; treated by the same team, at least 5 years since diagnosis and 2 years or more since end of treatment. Exclusion criteria: concurrent or previous disease. Results: Thirty-five survivors and their parents were interviewed in a six month period. Sample was divided in four groups regarding age at diagnosis. Inductive thematic analysis was made and interviews were coded considering some categories: trauma/elaboration/memories, before/after, talk/no talk about illness, post-traumatic growth, coping strategies, references to threat or death. Six typologies were constructed. Post traumatic growth appears in cases of older children, with own memories and perception of threat. Traumatic symptoms appear in survivors that were younger at diagnosis or whose parents neither elaborated the experience nor found new meanings in their life. Conclusion: Parents' role is crucial influencing meaning making as well as the way children elaborate the experience. Age at diagnosis seems to be a very important variable regarding effects and post traumatic growth. The cut off for having own memories and meanings seems to be puberty and adolescence. Further research of these typologies is needed.","qualitative research, childhood cancer, society, diagnosis, parent, child, memory, coping behavior, survivor, interview, maladjustment, cancer survivor, follow up, interpersonal communication, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hospital, thematic analysis, general aspects of disease, death, puberty, adolescence, patient, posttraumatic stress disorder, adolescent","Medin, G., Pattin, D., Felice, M., Scopinaro, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3614,Menstrual cycle and sex affect hemodynamic responses to combined orthostatic and heat stress,"Women have decreased orthostatic tolerance compared with men, and anecdotal evidence suggests women are more susceptible to orthostatic intolerance in warm environments. Because estrogen and progesterone affect numerous physiological variables that may alter orthostatic tolerance, the purpose of our study was to compare orthostatic tolerance across the menstrual cycle phases in women during combined orthostatic and heat stress and to compare these data with those of men. Eight normally menstruating women and eight males (22 ± 4.0 and 23 ± 3.5 yr, respectively) completed the protocol. Women were studied during their early follicular (EF), ovulatory (OV), and midluteal (ML) phases. Men were studied twice within 2-4 wk. Heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, core temperature (Tc), and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) were measured during three head-up tilt tests, consisting of two tilts in the thermoneutral condition and one tilt after a 0.5°C rise in Tc. There was no difference in orthostatic tolerance across the menstrual cycle phases, despite higher CVC in the ML phase after heating (EF, 42.3 ± 4.8; OV, 40.1 ± 3.7; ML, 57.5 ± 4.5; P &lt; 0.05). Orthostatic tolerance in the heat was greater in men than women (P &lt; 0.05). These data suggest that although many physiological variables associated with blood pressure regulation fluctuate during the menstrual cycle, orthostatic tolerance in the heat remains unchanged. Additionally, our data support a clear sex difference in orthostatic tolerance and extend upon previous data to show that the sex difference in the heat is not attributable to fluctuating hormone profiles during the menstrual cycle. Copyright © 2005 the American Physiological Society.","Blood pressure, Estrogen, Progesterone","Meendering, J. R., Torgrimson, B. N., Houghton, B. L., Halliwill, J. R., Minson, C. T.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3615,Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has inconsistently been associated with lower levels of cortisol. Aims: To compare basal cortisol levels in adults with current PTSD and in people without psychiatric disorder. Method: Systematic review and meta-review and meta-analysis. Standardised mean differences analysis (SMD) in basal cortisol levels were calculated and random-effects models using inverse variance weighting were applied. Results: Across 37 studies, 828 people with PTSD and 800 controls did not differ in cortisol levels (pooled SMD = -0.12, 0.12, 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.080). Subgroup analyses revealed that studies assessing plasma or serum showed significantly lower levels in people with PTSD than in controls not exposed to trauma. Lower levels were also found in people with PTSD when females were included, in studies on physical or sexual abuse, and in afternoon samples. Conclusions: Low cortisol levels in PTSD are only found under certain conditions. Future research should elucidate whether low cortisol is related to gender or abuse and depends on the measurement methods used. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Meewisse, Marie-Louise, Reitsma, Johannes B., De Vries, Giel-Jan, Gersons, Berthold P. R., Olff, Mirenda",2007.0,,,0,0,
3616,The course of mental health disorders after a disaster: Predictors and comorbidity,,,"Meewisse, M. L., Olff, M., Kleber, R., Kitchiner, N. J., Gersons, B. P. R.",2011.0,,10.1002/jts.20663,0,0,
3617,'Comparisons of traumatic and positive memories in people with and without PTSD profile',"According to most post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) theories, memory mechanisms are involved in its development and maintenance. However, the specific memory characteristics responsible for this disorder are still not well known. In the present study, 210 participants having reported at least one traumatic experience were assigned to a PTSD or to a non-PTSD symptom profile group. Both groups rated their memories for their most traumatic and intense positive life events. We observed that the traumatic memories of PTSD profile participants were more clear, detailed and judged as significant compared with those of the non-PTSD profile group. However, participants in the first group acknowledged having more difficulties putting their traumatic memories into words and controlling these remembrances. These differences were absent in their positive memories. Additionally, clear relationships emerged between memory ratings and PTSD symptoms measures. Results are discussed according to fragmentation and superiority views of traumatic memories in PTSD. Copyright (copyright) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","adult, article, controlled study, experience, female, human, life event, major clinical study, male, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, recall, symptom","Megias, J. L., Ryan, E., Vaquero, J. M. M., Frese, B.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3618,'Comparisons of traumatic and positive memories in people with and without PTSD profile',"According to most post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) theories, memory mechanisms are involved in its development and maintenance. However, the specific memory characteristics responsible for this disorder are still not well known. In the present study, 210 participants having reported at least one traumatic experience were assigned to a PTSD or to a non-PTSD symptom profile group. Both groups rated their memories for their most traumatic and intense positive life events. We observed that the traumatic memories of PTSD profile participants were more clear, detailed and judged as significant compared with those of the non-PTSD profile group. However, participants in the first group acknowledged having more difficulties putting their traumatic memories into words and controlling these remembrances. These differences were absent in their positive memories. Additionally, clear relationships emerged between memory ratings and PTSD symptoms measures. Results are discussed according to fragmentation and superiority views of traumatic memories in PTSD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Megías, J. L., Ryan, E., Vaquero, J. M. M., Frese, B.",2007.0,,,0,0,3617
3619,"Principles and neurobiological correlates of concentrative, diffuse, and insight meditation",,"Buddhism, Central executive network, Default mode network, Diffuse attention, Focused attention, Insight, Intrinsic connectivity network, Meditation, Mindfulness, Salience network","Mehrmann, C., Karmacharya, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3620,Using polymorphisms in FKBP5 to define biologically distinct subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from endocrine and gene expression studies,"Context: Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulating co-chaperone FKBP5 have been shown to alter GR sensitivity and are associated with an increased risk to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: To investigate interactions of the FKBP5 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs9296158 and PTSD symptoms on baseline cortisol level, low-dose dexamethasone suppression, and whole-blood gene expression. Design: Association of FKBP5 genotypes and PTSD symptoms with endocrine measures and genome-wide expression profiles. Setting: Waiting rooms of general medical and gynecological clinics of an urban hospital at Emory University. Participants: The 211 participants were primarily African American (90.05%) and of low socioeconomic status and had high rates of trauma and PTSD. Main Outcome Measures: Baseline and post-dexamethasone suppression cortisol measures and gene expression levels. Results: In our endocrine study, we found that only risk allele A carriers of rs9296158 showed GR supersensitivity with PTSD; in contrast, baseline cortisol levels were decreased in PTSD only in patients with the GG genotype. Expression of 183 transcripts was significantly correlated with PTSD symptoms after multiple testing corrections. When adding FKBP5 genotype and its interaction with PTSD symptoms, expression levels of an additional 32 genes were significantly regulated by the interaction term. Within these 32 genes, previously reported PTSD candidates were identified, including FKBP5 and the IL18 and STAT pathways. Significant overrepresentation of steroid hormone transcription factor binding sites within these 32 transcripts was observed, highlighting the fact that the earlier-described genotype and PTSDdependent differences in GR sensitivity could drive the observed gene expression pattern. Results were validated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and replicated in an independent sample (N=98). Conclusions: These data suggest that the inheritance of GR sensitivity-moderating FKBP5 polymorphisms can determine specific types of hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis dysfunction within PTSD, which are also reflected in gene-expression changes of a subset of GRresponsive genes. Thus, these findings indicate that functional variants in FKBP5 are associated with biologically distinct subtypes of PTSD. ©2011 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Mehta, D., Gonik, M., Klengel, T., Rex-Haffner, M., Menke, A., Rubel, J., Mercer, K. B., Pütz, B., Bradley, B., Holsboer, F., Ressler, K. J., Müller-Myhsok, B., Binder, E. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3621,Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Childhood maltreatment is likely to influence fundamental biological processes and engrave long-lasting epigenetic marks, leading to adverse health outcomes in adulthood. We aimed to elucidate the impact of different early environment on disease-related genomewide gene expression and DNA methylation in peripheral blood cells in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Compared with the same trauma-exposed controls (n = 108), geneexpression profiles of PTSD patients with similar clinical symptoms and matched adult trauma exposure but different childhood adverse events (n = 32 and 29) were almost completely nonoverlapping (98%). These differences on the level of individual transcripts were paralleled by the enrichment of several distinct biological networks between the groups. Moreover, these gene-expression changes were accompanied and likely mediated by changes in DNA methylation in the same loci to a much larger proportion in the childhood abuse (69%) vs. the non-child abuse-only group (34%). This study is unique in providing genome-wide evidence of distinct biological modifications in PTSD in the presence or absence of exposure to childhood abuse. The findings that nonoverlapping biological pathways seem to be affected in the two PTSD groups and that changes inDNA methylation appear to have a much greater impact in the childhood-abuse group might reflect differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD, in dependence of exposure to childhood maltreatment. These results contribute to a better understanding of the extent of influence of differences in trauma exposure on pathophysiological processes in stress-related psychiatric disorders and may have implications for personalized medicine.","Biomarkers, Development, Epigenome, Psychiatry","Mehta, D., Klengel, T., Conneely, K. N., Smith, A. K., Altmann, A., Pace, T. W., Rex-Haffner, M., Loeschner, A., Gonik, M., Mercer, K. B., Bradley, B., Müller-Myhsok, B., Ressler, K. J., Binder, E. B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3622,A clinical handbook/practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"(from the preface) This ""Therapist Handbook/Manual"" arose out of a 7 yr intensive period during which [the author had] been deeply involved in work with clients (adults, adolescents, and children) who have been traumatized by natural and technological disasters and due to traumatic events of intentional human design. [The author's assessment and treatment of clients who experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and in training both inpatient and outpatient mental health staff constitutes] the basis of the present manual on work with adults. . . . Each Section has a statement of objectives, section summaries, ""how to"" guidelines, critical evaluations of the field as well as a test of [one's] level of ""expertise."" (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Treatment","Meichenbaum, Donald",1994.0,,,0,0,
3623,Risperidone treatment of preschool children with thermal burns and acute stress disorder,"Pharmacologic treatment of acute stress disorder (ASD) is a novel area of investigation across all age groups. Very few clinical drug trials have been reported in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD. Most of the available, potentially relevant, data are from studies of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The atypical antipsychotic agents have been reported to be effective as an adjunctive treatment for adults with PTSD. There have been a limited number of studies published regarding atypical antipsychotic treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents, and there is no current literature available on the use of these agents for children with ASD. This report describes the successful treatment of three preschool-aged children with serious thermal burns as a result of physical abuse or neglect. Each of these children was hospitalized in a tertiary-care children's hospital and was diagnosed with ASD. In all cases, risperidone provided rapid and sustained improvement across all symptom clusters of ASD at moderate dosages. Minimal to no adverse effects were reported. These cases present preliminary evidence for the potential use of risperidone in the treatment of ASD in childhood. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Meighen, K. G., Hines, L. A., Lagges, A. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3624,"The structure of PTSD among two cohorts of returning soldiers: Before, during, and following deployment to Iraq","Evidence suggests either a four-factor emotional numbing or dysphoria model likely reflects the underlying structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Questions remain as to which of these structures best represents PTSD, how the structure changes with time, the applicability of models to returning veterans, and the validity of the symptom clusters. The present study addresses these questions among two longitudinal samples of National Guard soldiers assessed prior to, during, and following a combat deployment to Iraq. Findings support a four-factor intercorrelated dysphoria model of PTSD that remains stable across samples and time points. Differential associations were observed among PTSD symptom clusters over time and between symptom clusters and both depression and combat exposure, supporting important distinctions between symptom clusters. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Latent factor structure, Longitudinal, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Returning veterans","Meis, L. A., Erbes, C. R., Kaler, M. E., Arbisi, P. A., Polusny, M. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3625,"Latent change in discrete data: Unidimensional, multidimensional, and mixture distribution Rasch models for the analysis of repeated observations","A survey of unidimensional, multidimensional, and mixture distribution Rasch models is presented with a particular focus on model applications for the analysis of change in repeated measures designs. A mover-stayer mixed Rasch model is specified for modeling global change in one of two latent subpopulations and for modeling stability in the other latent subpopulation. The application of unidimensional, multidimensional, and mixture distribution Rasch models for the analysis of change is illustrated using data on the development of understanding and solving arithmetic word problems in 1,030 2nd-3rd grade school children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Mathematics (Concepts), *Models, *Repeated Measures, *Statistical Analysis, Elementary School Students","Meiser, Thorsten, Stern, Elsbeth, Langeheine, Rolf",1998.0,,,0,0,
3626,Maladaptive Cognitive Appraisals Mediate the Evolution of Posttraumatic Stress Reactions: A 6-Month Follow-Up of Child and Adolescent Assault and Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors,"A prospective longitudinal follow-up study (n = 59) of child and adolescent survivors of physical assaults and motor vehicle accidents assessed whether cognitive processes predicted posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) at 6 months posttrauma in this age group. In particular, the study assessed whether maladaptive posttraumatic appraisals mediated the relationship between initial and later posttraumatic stress. Self-report measures of PTSS, maladaptive appraisals, and other cognitive processes, as well as structured interviews assessing for acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were completed at 2-4 weeks and 6 months posttrauma. PTSS and PTSD at 6 months were associated with maladaptive appraisals and other cognitive processes but not demographic or objective trauma severity variables. Only maladaptive appraisals were found to associate with PTSS/PTSD after partialing out initial symptoms/diagnosis and to mediate between initial and later PTSS. It was argued that, on this basis, maladaptive appraisals are involved in the development and maintenance of PTSS over time, whereas other cognitive processes (e.g., subjective threat, memory processes) may have an effect only in the acute phase. The implications of this study for the treatment of PTSS in youths are discussed. © 2009 American Psychological Association.","appraisals, children, cognitive processes, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder","Meiser-Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., Smith, P.",2009.0,,10.1037/a0016945,0,0,
3627,"Diagnostic, demographic, memory quality, and cognitive variables associated with acute stress disorder in children and adolescents",,,"Meiser-Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Smith, P., Yule, W., Glucksman, E.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
3628,Development and validation of the child post-traumatic cognitions inventory (CPTCI),"Background: Negative trauma-related cognitions have been found to be a significant factor in the maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Initial studies of such appraisals in trauma-exposed children and adolescents suggest that this is an important line of research in youth, yet empirically validated measures for use with younger populations are lacking. A measure of negative trauma-related cognitions for use with children and adolescents, the Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI), is presented. The measure was devised as an age-appropriate version of the adult Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (Foa et al., 1999). Methods: The CPTCI was developed and validated within a large (n = 570) sample, comprising community and trauma-exposed samples of children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Results: Principal components analysis suggested a two-component structure. These components were labelled 'permanent and disturbing change' and 'fragile person in a scary world', and were each found to possess good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminative validity. The reliability and validity of these sub-scales was present regardless of whether the measure was completed in the acute phase or several months after a trauma. Scores on these sub-scales did not vary with age. Conclusions: The CPTCI is a reliable and valid measure that is not specific to the type of trauma exposure, and shows considerable promise as a research and clinical tool. The structure of this measure suggests that appraisals concerning the more abstract consequences of a trauma, as well as physical threat and vulnerability, are pertinent factors in trauma-exposed children and adolescents, even prepubescent children. © 2009 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","Adolescents, Appraisals, Children, Cognition, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Bryant, R., Salmon, K., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T., Nixon, R. D. V.",2009.0,,10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01995.x,0,0,
3629,"Parent and child agreement for acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychopathology in a prospective study of children and adolescents exposed to single-event trauma","Examining parent-child agreement for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents is essential for informing the assessment of trauma-exposed children, yet no studies have examined this relationship using appropriate statistical techniques. Parent-child agreement for these disorders was examined by structured interview in a prospective study of assault and motor vehicle accident (MVA) child survivors, assessed at 2-4 weeks and 6 months post-trauma. Children were significantly more likely to meet criteria for ASD, as well as other ASD and PTSD symptom clusters, based on their own report than on their parent's report. Parent-child agreement for ASD was poor (Cohen's κ = -.04), but fair for PTSD (Cohen's κ = .21). Agreement ranged widely for other emotional disorders (Cohen's κ = -.07-.64), with generalised anxiety disorder found to have superior parent-child agreement (when assessed by phi coefficients) relative to ASD and PTSD. The findings support the need to directly interview children and adolescents, particularly for the early screening of posttraumatic stress, and suggest that other anxiety disorders may have a clearer presentation post-trauma. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Acute stress disorder, Child, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3630,The posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in preschool- and elementary school-age children exposed to motor vehicle accidents,,,"Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., Dalgleish, T.",2008.0,2008,,0,0,
3631,Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents involved in assaults or motor vehicle accidents,,,"Meiser-Stedman, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Dalgleish, T.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
3632,Borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder at psychiatric discharge predict general hospital admission for self-harm,"We investigated whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was predictor of suicidal behavior even when adjusting for comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) and other salient risk factors. To study this, we randomly selected 308 patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital because of suicide risk. Baseline interviews were performed within the first days of the stay. Information concerning the number of self-harm admissions to general hospitals over the subsequent 6 months was retrieved through linkage with the regional hospital registers. A censored regression analysis of hospital admissions for self-harm indicated significant associations with both PTSD (beta = .21, p < .001) and BPD (beta = .27, p < .001). A structural model comprising two latent BPD factors, dysregulation and relationship problems, as well as PTSD and several other variables, demonstrated that PTSD was an important correlate of the number of self-harm admissions to general hospitals (B = 1.52, p < .01). Dysregulation was associated directly with self-harm (B = 0.28, p < .05), and also through PTSD. These results suggested that PTSD and related dysregulation problems could be important treatment targets for a reduction in the risk of severe self-harm in high-risk psychiatric patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Mellesdal, Liv, Gjestad, Rolf, Johnsen, Erik, Jorgensen, Hugo A., Oedegaard, Ketil J., Kroken, Rune A., Mehlum, Lars",2015.0,,,0,0,
3633,Sleep and post-traumatic stress disorder: A roadmap for clinicians and researchers,"The three reviews in this issue of Sleep Medicine Reviews present formulations based on emerging findings that relate to sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). This set of papers is a timely selection for Sleep Medicine Reviews. PTSD is now recognized to be a prevalent disorder that confers considerable distress and morbidity. Appreciation of the significance of the disorder is increasing in relation to recent and ongoing wars, acts of terrorism, and natural disasters. People who experience traumatic stress often have a strong and intuitive appreciation of the importance of sleep to their emotional adaptation and as a contributor to their distress. This awareness is conveyed to clinicians who treat PTSD who in turn recognize the importance of targeting disturbed sleep with their treatments. The past 20 years has seen burgeoning research in the neurobiology of PTSD with much of the emphasis being neuroendocrinology and brain imaging. Achieving a coherent characterization of sleep dysregulation in PTSD and its integration with models of PTSD pathogenesis has challenged the field. Progress toward these goals and the promise of achieving them are highlighted by these manuscripts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sleep Disorders","Mellman, Thomas A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3634,Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder following severe injury,"The chronicity and morbidity of established post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has stimulated interest in recognizing and understanding the early development of the disorder. Acute stress disorder, a new diagnosis intended to facilitate early case detection, rests on the occurrence of dissociative reactions. It remains uncertain whether dissociation is a universal or unique early predictor of subsequent PTSD. Traumatic injury is an important and relatively understudied antecedent of PTSD. The objective of this study was to preliminarily identify which previously implicated early reactions and risk factors would apply to the prediction of PTSD following severe traumatic injury. Patients admitted to a regional Level I trauma center following life threatening events who had recall of the incident and did not have signs of traumatic brain injury or recent psychopathology were enrolled. Comprehensive assessments were conducted during hospitalization and after discharge approximately 2 months after the traumatic event. At follow-up, 24% of the available 50 subjects met full criteria for PTSD and an additional 22% met criteria for two of three symptom clusters. Early symptoms of heightened arousal and coping with disengagement were independent predictors of PTSD severity at follow-up. Relationships to initial dissociative reactions and a diagnosis of ASD were not significant. These early predictors found in a setting of severe injury only partially overlap findings from previous PTSD studies. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Arousal, Coping, Dissociation, Injury, Risk factors, Stress disorder, post-traumatic","Mellman, T. A., David, D., Bustamante, V., Fins, A. I., Esposito, K.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3635,Sleep events among veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Sleep disturbances are important features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the published data characterizing PTSD sleep phenomena are limited. The authors report on the phenomenology and physiological correlates of symptomatic sleep events in PTSD. Method: The study data included survey results that addressed sleep symptoms during the past month in combat veterans with and without PTSD (N=58), sleep diary records of awakenings from combat veterans with PTSD hospitalized on an inpatient rehabilitation unit (N=52), and overnight polysomnography recordings obtained from 21 medication-free combat veterans with PTSD and eight healthy comparison subjects not exposed to combat. Results: Recurrent awakenings, threatening dreams, thrashing movements during sleep, and awakenings with startle or panic features represented the most prevalently reported sleep-related symptoms. Laboratory findings of longer time awake, micro-awakenings, and a trend for patients to exhibit body and limb movements during sleep are consistent with the subjectively reported symptom profile. Prospectively assessed symptomatic awakenings featured startle or panic symptoms or anxiety related to threatening dreams. Laboratory findings revealed a trend for the symptomatic awakenings (with and without dream recall) to be disproportionately preceded by REM sleep, and the two recorded awakenings with objective physiological arousal were preceded by REM. Conclusions: PTSD features intrusions into sleep of more highly aroused behaviors and states, which appear partially conditioned to REM sleep.","psychotropic agent, adult, arousal, article, body movement, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, dream, electroencephalogram, human, limb movement, major clinical study, male, multicenter study, nightmare, panic, polysomnography, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, REM sleep, sleep disorder, soldier","Mellman, T. A., Kulick-Bell, R., Ashlock, L. E., Nolan, B.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3636,Aripiprazole in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. An open-label trial,"Objective: Post traumatic stress disorder is frequent in the general population (7.8%-lifetime-USA). The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice of treatment but result in low remission rates. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aripiprazole monotherapy for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. Method: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder were included in a 16-week open label trial of aripiprazole. They were evaluated at baseline, week 8, and 16 with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36, and Social Adjustment Scale. Statistical analysis were performed with an intention-to-treat approach and last observation carried forward. A general linear model for repeated measures comparing the factor with 3 continuous measures from baseline, 8 and 16 weeks was used. A between-subject factor was included Results: Nine patients discontinued the treatment. The mean aripiprazole dose was 9.6 (+/- 4.3) mg/day. The mean scores at baseline and endpoint for all measures were: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale - 82.7 (+/- 23.1) and 51.4 (+/- 31.4) (F = 11.247, p = 0.001); Beck Anxiety Inventory - 31.7 (+/- 13.4) and 25.4 (+/- 18.2) (F = 8.931, p = 0.011); Social Adjustment Scale - 2.4 (+/- 0.45) and 2.27 (+/- 0.57) (F = 8.633, p = 0.012); Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 - 76.6 (+/- 14.11) and 94.01 (+/- 25.06) (F = 10.127 p = 0.007); and Beck Depression Inventory - 26.06 (+/- 11.6) and 21.35 (+/- 12.6) (F = 1.580, p = 0.042). In all measurements, the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: Patients achieved a good response to treatment with aripiprazole, but placebo-controlled studies are needed for more accurate results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Remission (Disorders), *Aripiprazole","Mello, Marcelo Feijo, Pupo Costa, Mariana Cadrobbi, Schoedl, Aline Ferri, Fiks, Jose Paulo",2008.0,,,0,0,
3637,Screening for traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents in the war-affected eastern Democratic Republic of Congo,"Objective: To explore adolescent mental health in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, scene of a complex emergency since 1996. Design: Community cross-sectional data obtained using a cluster sample approach. Setting: From November 5, 2007, through February 5, 2008, we assessed 13 secondary schools in 4 selected health zones in the Ituri district. Participants: One thousand forty-six adolescents and young adults aged 13 to 21 years completed a self-report questionnaire. Main Exposures: War-related traumatic events, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and sociodemographic variables. Main Outcomes Measures: The Adolescent Complex Emergency Exposure Scale, specifically designed for this region, screened for exposure to potentially traumatic events, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised measured symptoms of posttraumatic stress consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) criteria. Results: Among the 477 girls (45.6%) and 569 boys (54.4%) in the study, 95.0% reported at least 1 traumatic event. On average, adolescents were exposed to 4.71 traumatic events, with higher exposure rates reported in boys, older groups, rural and urban areas, and respondents whose mother or father was dead. Of 990 respondents, 52.2% met symptom criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Symptom scores were strongly related to cumulative trauma exposure; however, the strength of this relationship differed slightly across living area groups for girls. Conclusion: Adolescents in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo are highly exposed to political violence, putting them at a considerable risk - mediated by living area and sex - to develop posttraumatic stress symptoms. (copyright)2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","adolescent, article, Congo, death, female, human, Impact of Events Scale, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, rape, rural area, scoring system, screening, self report, sexual abuse, symptom, urban area, violence, war, witness","Mels, C., Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., Rosseel, Y.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3638,Discrepancy in diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Treatment for the wrong reason,"In primary care (PC), patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often undiagnosed. To determine variables associated with treatment, this cross-sectional study assessed 592 adult patients for PTSD. Electronic medical record (EMR) review of the prior 12 months assessed mental health (MH) diagnoses and MH treatments [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and/or >1 visit with MH professional]. Of 133 adults with PTSD, half (49%; 66/133) received an SSRI (18%), a visit with MH professional (14%), or both (17%). Of those treated, 88% (58/66) had an EMR MH diagnosis, the majority (71%; 47/66) depression and (18%; 12/66) PTSD. The odds of receiving MH treatment were increased 8.2 times (95% CI 3.1-21.5) for patients with an EMR MH diagnosis. Nearly 50% of patients with PTSD received MH treatment, yet few had this diagnosis documented. Treatment was likely due to overlap in the management of PTSD and other mental illnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Medical Records, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Drug Therapy","Meltzer, Ellen C., Averbuch, Tali, Samet, Jeffrey H., Saitz, Richard, Jabbar, Khelda, Lloyd-Travaglini, Christine, Liebschutz, Jane M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3639,Symptom-specific effects of fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder,"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become a first line treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a recent double-blind study in civilians, fluoxetine produced clinically and statistically significant effects on all general measures of PTSD. We examined the specific effects of fluoxetine versus placebo in the above mentioned study of PTSD clusters and individual symptoms. Individuals were included if they met criteria for PTSD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). Symptoms were assessed at sequential time points by the Structured Interview for PTSD (STP), a clinician interview based assessment, and a self-report scale, the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS). A total of 53 patients were included in the analysis. On the SIP and DTS, fluoxetine was found to produce statistically significant changes on all clusters. Significant effects for fluoxetine were noted on 10 items of the DTS, and 8 items of the SIP. The SIP and DTS had 6 items in common that were significant. Fluoxetine exerts a broad spectrum effect in reducing all the symptom clusters of PTSD in this sample. The symptoms of being physically upset at reminders of the trauma, avoiding thoughts of the trauma, having difficulty enjoying things, feeling distant/estranged, having a sense of foreshortened future, and impaired concentration, were the symptoms most responsive to the effects of treatment with fluoxetine on both scales. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.","Fluoxetine, Post traumatic stress disorder, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","Meltzer-Brody, S., Connor, K. M., Churchill, E., Davidson, J. R. T.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3640,Couple functioning and posttraumatic stress in operation Iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom veterans and spouses,"Background: Combat-related posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), with or without a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can negatively impact soldiers and their families. PTSS has been linked to increased domestic violence, divorce and soldier suicides, yet few studies have examined the marital relationships of military couples with PTSS. Objectives: To (a) understand and explain how PTSS affects couple functioning in Army soldiers returning from combat, and their spouses/partners, (b) test the moderating effects of age, gender, rank, resilience, coercion in the relationship and previous history of trauma on the relationship between PTSS and couple functioning, (c) examine the prevalence of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in civlian spouses, (d) analyze whether the relationships between PTSS and couple functioning differ for male versus female soldiers and their spouses/partners, and (e) explore experiences of couples with high levels of couple functioning in spite of clinically significant levels of PTSS in one or both partners. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive sequential mixed-methods design was employed for this dyadic research study. Mailed surveys on PTSS and couple functioning were sent separately to interested couples, along with optional written consent forms for further contact for the purpose of in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using a generalized linear model controlling for interdependence of couple dyads. Qualitative data were analyzed using a multiple case study approach. Sample: Data were collected among male (n = 43), and dual (both spouses served in the armed forces) (n = 30) Army couples. From this total sample (N = 73 couples), using a maximum variation purposive sampling design, 14 consenting couples were then selected for in-depth semi-structured interviews. The interview couples were further stratified based on their couple functioning scores, and the five highest functioning couples with clinically significant levels of PTSS were selected for a multiple case study analysis. Findings: In twenty-four percent of the couples (n = 17), both members had PTSS above the clinical cut-off for suspected Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In an additional 48% of the couples (n = 35), one member of the couple had a high level of PTSS. Major findings were (a) higher post-traumatic stress was associated with more marital difficulties and lower resilience and (b) despite high levels of post-traumatic stress, some couples employ a variety of creative strategies for maintain good marital quality. Although female gender, low resilience and high coercion were significant predictors of lower couple functioning, none of the hypothesized moderators of the relationship between PTSS and couple functioning (age, gender, rank, resilience, coercion and trauma history) were statistically significant. No differences in couple functioning, resilience, PTSS or abuse were found between male and dual military couples. Case study participant couples (n = 5 couples) provided a rich description of the best practices of strong, resilient Army couples during reintegration. Conclusion: The inclusion of both spouses in this dissertation study allows for a richer, fuller understanding of the couple in the context of PTSS. These findings could be instrumental in the development of interventions designed to mitigate, or even prevent, negative outcomes such as divorce, violence and suicide for military couples facing combat deployment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Freedom, *Military Deployment, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spouses, Couples","Melvin, Kristal Celeste",2012.0,,,0,0,
3641,"Epidemiology of multiple childhood traumatic events: Child abuse, parental psychopathology, and other family-level stressors","Background: Multiple family-level childhood stressors are common and are correlated. It is unknown if clusters of commonly co-occurring stressors are identifiable. The study was designed to explore family-level stressor clustering in the general population, to estimate the prevalence of exposure classes, and to examine the correlation of sociodemographic characteristics with class prevalence. Method: Data were collected from an epidemiological sample and analyzed using latent class regression. Results: A six-class solution was identified. Classes were characterized by low risk (prevalence = 23%), universal high risk (7 %), family conflict (11 %), household substance problems (22 %), non-nuclear family structure (24 %), parent's mental illness (13 %). Conclusions: Class prevalence varied with race and welfare status, not gender. Interventions for childhood stressors are person-focused; the analytic approach may uniquely inform resource allocation. © Steinkopff Verlag 2004.","Child abuse, Epidemiology, Latent class analysis, Multiple stressors","Menard, C., Bandeen-Roche, K. J., Chilcoat, H. D.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3642,"Psychological consequences of trauma in MVA perpetrators-Relationship between post-traumatic growth, PTSD symptoms and individual characteristics","The study explores two problems rarely discussed in literature. Firstly, it presents the psychological consequences of traumatic stress in perpetrators of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). The attention of both clinicians and researchers is very seldom focused on this group of MVA participants, as in the natural way, people have a tendency to empathise with victims and distancing from those who make harm to others. MVA perpetrators usually feel no right to complain about experienced symptoms of poor well-being, and guilt prevent them against searching for any help. Such a situation may lead to further problems related to traffic safety, as persistent and untreated symptoms of PTSD or other anxiety disorders may negatively affect driving behaviour. Secondly, apart from post-traumatic psychopathology, the symptoms of post-traumatic growth (PTG) in MVA perpetrators together with factors related to them are analysed in the study. The examination results from the comprehensive sample of MVA perpetrators (n =236) referred to Occupational Medicine Centres in the catchment area of Mazowieckie Voivodship, Poland, indicate that both PTSD and PTG symptoms are experienced by MVA perpetrators. The key predictors of PTG are neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and intensity of PTSD symptoms. Moreover, sex and perpetrators' injuries during the accident seem to play a vital role in the process of post-traumatic growth. Those of subjects who were women or were injured generally declared more positive changes in their life as a consequences of the accident they caused. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Perpetrators, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Symptoms","Merecz, Dorota, Waszkowska, Malgorzata, Wezyk, Agata",2012.0,,,0,0,
3643,Childhood abuse and sexual revictimization in a female navy recruit sample,,,"Merrill, L. L., Newell, C. E., Thomsen, C. J., Gold, S. R., Milner, J. S., Koss, M. P., Rosswork, S. G.",1999.0,,10.1023/A:1024789723779,0,0,
3644,C-39Resilience and Symptom Reporting following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury,"OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). METHOD: Participants included 196 U.S. military service members (mean age = 29.2 years, SD = 8.4) who sustained a mTBI (78.8% 12 months post-injury). Three groups were derived based on self-reported resilience on the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale: low (n = 51), moderate (n = 71), and high (n = 74). Outcome measures included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C). RESULTS: There were significant main effects for all NSI and PCL-C total scores and symptom clusters (all p < .05). Pairwise comparisons revealed that the low resilience group reported greater symptomatology compared to the moderate and high resilience groups on the NSI and PCL-C total scores, NSI affective cluster, and PCL-C avoidance and hyperarousal clusters (all p < .005; d = .44-.83). Additionally, the low resilience group reported greater symptomatology compared to the high resilience group on the NSI somatic/sensory and cognitive clusters, and the PCL-C re-experiencing symptom cluster (all p < .05; d = .53-.75). Using logistic regression analyses, both the NSI and PCL-C total scores were significant predictors of high versus low resilience groups (both p < .01). However, the NSI and PCL-C total scores more reliably predicted the high resilience group (85.1% and 83.8% correctly classified, respectively) compared to the low resilience group (41.2% and 43.1% correctly classified). CONCLUSION(S): These results suggest that service members who have low resilience endorse greater symptomatology following mTBI compared to those who have high resilience.",,"Merritt, V., Lange, R., Bowles, S., French, L.",2014.0,Sep,10.1093/arclin/acu038.220,0,0,
3645,Resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury in military service members,"PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between resilience and symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). It was hypothesized that, as resilience increases, self-reported symptoms would decrease. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional design. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants were 142 US military service members who sustained a mTBI, divided into three resilience groups based on participants' responses on the Response to Stressful Experiences Scale: Moderate (n = 42); High (n = 51); and Very High (n = 49). Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) within 12 months following injury. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: There were significant main effects for the NSI total score, cognitive cluster and affective cluster, as well as for the PCL-C total score, avoidance cluster and hyperarousal cluster. Pairwise comparisons revealed that there was a negative relationship between resilience and self-reported symptoms overall. Specifically, participants with higher resilience reported fewer post-concussion and PTSD-related symptoms than participants with lower levels of resilience. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the important role that resilience plays in symptom expression in military service members with mTBI and suggest that research on targeted interventions to increase resilience in the acute phase following injury is indicated.","Mild traumatic brain injury, military service members, post-concussion symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, resilience","Merritt, V. C., Lange, R. T., French, L. M.",2015.0,,10.3109/02699052.2015.1043948,0,0,
3646,Insufficient cooperativeness in forensic neuropsychiatric assessment: prevalence estimates of negative response bias,"In the context of independent medical examinations, negative response bias in patients is a problem of primary importance, especially in cases where self-reported symptoms cannot be directly verified by the examiner. Estimates of the prevalence of uncooperativeness in neuropsychological evaluations demonstrated that invalid test profiles are to be expected in a sizable minority of examinees. However, no estimates have ever been published in German-speaking countries. Symptom validity was checked in 235 patients who reported cognitive symptoms after suffering an accident and who underwent forensic neuropsychiatric assessment. Patient classification was based on the results obtained with the Word Memory Test (WMT) or the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT). When applying the recommended cutoffs for these tests, 44.3 percent of the sample was found to be classified as suspect for insufficient effort. In a subsample of 47 patients with claims of posttraumatic stress disorder 51.1 percent were found to score below the cutoffs. These findings underline the importance of modern methods for assessment of symptom validity in forensic contexts. Cooperativeness of compensation claimants cannot be assumed solely on the basis of clinical impression.",,"Merten, T., Friedel, E., Stevens, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3647,Neural correlates of psychotherapy in anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis,"Several studies have used neuroimaging methods to identify neural change in brain networks associated to emotion regulation after psychotherapy of depression and anxiety. In the present work we adopted a meta-analytic technique specific to neuroimaging data to evaluate the consistence of empirical findings and assess models of therapy that have been proposed in the literature. Meta-analyses were conducted with the Activation Likelihood Estimation technique, which evaluates the overlap between foci of activation across studies. The analysis included 16 studies found in Pubmed (200 foci of activation and 193 patients). Separate meta-analyses were conducted on studies of 1) depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder investigated with rest state metabolism (6 studies, 70 patients); 2) depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder investigated with task-related activation studies (5 studies, 65 patients); 3) the previous studies considered jointly; and 4) phobias investigated with studies on exposure-related activation (5 studies, 57 patients). Studies on anxiety and depression gave partially consistent results for changes in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and in the posterior cingulated gyrus/precuneus. Several areas of change in the temporal lobes were also observed. Studies on the therapy of phobia were consistent with a reduction of activity in medial temporal areas. The cluster of change in the prefrontal cortex may refer to increased recruitment of control processes, as hypothesized by influential models of emotion regulation changes due to psychotherapy. However, not all areas associated with controlled emotion regulation were detected in the meta-analysis, while involvement of midline structures suggested changes in self-related information processing. Changes in phobia were consistent with reduced reactivity to phobic stimuli.",,"Messina, I., Sambin, M., Palmieri, A., Viviani, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3648,"Behavioral, biochemical, and physiological components of stress-enhanced fear learning in an animal model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","Major anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), have a devastating social impact. PTSD can lead to high rates of substance use disorders, such as alcoholism. Previous investigations show strong interplay between stress and alcohol use, but have yet to characterize precise brain mechanisms involved. Evidence points to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as playing a central role in the acquisition and storage of emotional memory. Recently, an animal model of stress enhanced fear learning (SEFL) that mimics specific characteristics of PTSD has been developed to study behavioral and physiological components of PTSD-like stress in rodents. In PTSD, enhanced fear after a traumatic experience is manifested as an inappropriately exaggerated response to stimuli that are reminders of the trauma, as well as an increased propensity to acquire new fears. In SEFL, enhanced fear after an initial stressor is manifest as a sensitized fear response and enhanced fear learning after exposure to subsequent mild stressors. This work shows that the SEFL model leads to increased voluntary alcohol consumption in stressed rats compared to unstressed rats. Interestingly, however, SEFL does not alter previously acquired alcohol drinking behavior. Biochemical analysis of BLA tissue and electrophysiological recordings in pyramidal neurons from the lateral nucleus of the BLA were done to identify the cellular mechanisms by which SEFL induces enhanced freezing and increased alcohol intake. This work shows that SEFL increased BLA expression of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit, GluA1, and the gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR) subunits alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3. SEFL also produced long-term increases in AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents and changes in voltage-sensitive inward rectifying depolarizing currents that regulate the excitability of pyramidal neurons. Together these data demonstrate long-lasting biochemical and functional changes in the intrinsic and synaptic excitability of the BLA pyramidal neurons. Since the BLA is necessary for the induction and expression of SEFL, it is likely that these biochemical and functional changes represent the brain mechanisms responsible for the behavioral manifestations of SEFL. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Animal Learning, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Amygdala, Animal Models, Rats, Pyramidal Neurons","Meyer, Edward",2015.0,,,0,0,
3649,Yoga as an ancillary treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders:A review,"Yoga is gaining acceptance as an ancillary medical treatment, but there have been few studies evaluating its therapeutic benefits in neurological and major psychiatric conditions. The authors reviewed the literature in English on the efficacy of yoga for these disorders. Only randomized, controlled trials were included, with the exception of the only study of yoga for bipolar disorder, which was observational. Trials were excluded if yoga was not the central component of the intervention. Of seven randomized, controlled trials of yoga in patients with neurological disorders, six found significant, positive effects. Of 13 randomized, controlled trials of yoga in patients with psychiatric disorders, 10 found significant, positive effects. These results, although encouraging, indicate that additional randomized, controlled studies are needed to critically define the benefits of yoga for both neurological and psychiatric disorders. © 2012 American Psychiatric Association.",,"Meyer, H. B., Katsman, A., Sones, A. C., Auerbach, D. E., Ames, D., Rubin, R. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3650,The role of frontal EEG asymmetry in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Frontal alpha asymmetry, a biomarker derived from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, has often been associated with psychological adjustment, with more left-sided frontal activity predicting approach motivation and lower levels of depression and anxiety. This suggests high relevance to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder comprising anxiety and dysphoria symptoms. We review this relationship and show that frontal asymmetry can be plausibly linked to neuropsychological abnormalities seen in PTSD. However, surprisingly few studies (k= 8) have directly addressed frontal asymmetry in PTSD, mostly reporting that trait frontal asymmetry has little (if any) predictive value. Meanwhile, preliminary evidence suggest that state-dependent asymmetry during trauma-relevant stimulation distinguishes PTSD patients from resilient individuals. Thus, exploring links between provocation-induced EEG asymmetry and PTSD appears particularly promising. Additionally, we recommend more fine-grained analyses into PTSD symptom clusters in relation to frontal asymmetry. Finally, we highlight hypotheses that may guide future research and help to fully apprehend the practical and theoretical relevance of this biological marker. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Anxiety, Cerebral lateralization, Depression, Frontal EEG asymmetry, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Meyer, T., Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., Quaedflieg, C. W. E. M., Smulders, F. T. Y., Meijer, E. H., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.018,0,0,
3651,Using pattern analysis matching to differentiate TBI and PTSD in a military sample,"Distinguishing between traumatic brain injury (TBI) residuals and the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during neuropsychological evaluation can be difficult because of significant overlap of symptom presentation. Using a standardized battery of tests, an artificial neural network was used to create an algorithm to perform pattern analysis matching (PAM) functions that can be used to assist with diagnosis. PAM analyzes a patient's neuropsychological data and provides a best fit classification, according to one of four groups: TBI, PTSD, malingering/invalid data, or ""other"" (depressed/anxious/postconcussion syndrome/normal). The original PAM was modeled on civilian data; the current study was undertaken using a database of 100 active-duty army service personnel who were referred for neuropsychological assessment in a military TBI clinic. The PAM classifications showed 90% overall accuracy when compared with clinicians' diagnoses. The PAM function is able to classify detailed neuropsychological profiles from a military population with a high degree of accuracy and is able to distinguish between TBI, PTSD, malingering/invalid data, or ""other."" PAM is a useful tool to help with clinical decision-making. © 2014 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","artificial neural network, pattern analysis, PTSD, TBI","Meyers, J. E., Miller, R. M., Tuita, A. R. R.",2014.0,,10.1080/09084282.2012.737881,0,0,
3652,Parental alcohol history differentially predicts offspring disorders in distinct subgroups in Israel,"OBJECTIVE: The association between alcoholism in parents and related disorders in their offspring is well established in cultures with intermediate/high alcohol consumption, but not in those with low consumption, such as Israel. This study investigated differences in parental transmission of alcohol problems and related psychopathology between immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) to Israel and other Israelis-two Israeli subgroups with differing alcohol consumption behaviors and social norms. METHOD: A total of 1,347 adults from a household sample were interviewed. Regression analyses were used to examine associations between parental alcohol problems and participant disorders: alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use disorders (AUD, NUD, CUD); antisocial personality disorder (ASPD); major depressive disorder (MDD); and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also examined the associations of parental alcohol problems with participant disorders characterized with two latent factors: externalizing (EXT: AUD, NUD, CUD, ASPD) and internalizing (INT: MDD, PTSD). Differential parental transmission of alcohol problems in FSU (n = 315) and non-FSU (n = 1,032) Israelis was examined with statistical interaction. RESULTS: Among emigrants from the FSU, parental alcohol problems predicted AUD, NUD, CUD, ASPD, PTSD, EXT, and INT (mean ratios = 1.38-4.83). In non-FSU Israelis, parental alcohol problems predicted only ASPD and PTSD (mean ratios = 1.08-4.09). Significant interactions were observed for AUD, CUD, PTSD, and EXT; each relationship was stronger in FSU Israelis and null (AUD, CUD, EXT) or less robust (PTSD) in other Israelis. CONCLUSIONS: Parental alcohol problems were related to substance use and psychiatric disorders differently in FSU and other Israelis, two groups with different alcohol consumption levels and drinking norms. We propose that, in social contexts that vary in the degree to which they constrain alcohol behavior, underlying genetic predispositions may manifest as different disorders.",,"Meyers, J. L., Shmulewitz, D., Elliott, J. C., Thompson, R. G., Aharonovich, E., Spivak, B., Weizman, A., Frisch, A., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S.",2014.0,Sep,,0,0,
3653,Evaluation of Cortical Thickness after Traumatic Brain Injury in Military Veterans,"Military service members frequently sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBI) while on active duty, a majority of which are related to explosive blasts and are mild in severity. Studies evaluating the cortical gray matter in persons with injuries of this nature remain scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess cortical thickness in a sample of military veterans with chronic blast-related TBI. Thirty-eight veterans with mild TBI and 17 veterans with moderate TBI were compared with 58 demographically matched healthy civilians. All veterans with TBI sustained injuries related to a blast and were between 5 and 120 months post-injury (M = 62.08). Measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression were administered, along with a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess cognition. The Freesurfer software package was used to calculate cortical thickness of the participants. Results demonstrated significant clusters of cortical thinning in the right hemispheric insula and inferior portions of the temporal and frontal lobe in both mild and moderate TBI participants. The TBI sample from this study demonstrated a high incidence of comorbid PTSD and depression symptoms, which is consistent with the previous literature. Cortical thickness values correlated with measures of PTSD, depression, and post-concussive symptoms. This study provides evidence of cortical thinning in the context of chronic blast-related mild and moderate TBI in military veterans who have comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Our findings provide important insight into the natural progression of long-term cortical change in this population and may have implications for future clinical evaluation and treatment. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2015.","cortical thickness, magnetic resonance imaging, military veterans, traumatic brain injury","Michael, A. P., Stout, J., Roskos, P. T., Bolzenius, J., Gfeller, J., Mogul, D., Bucholz, R.",2015.0,,10.1089/neu.2015.3918,0,0,
3654,MMPI-2 profiles of Gulf and Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"The current study examined service era differences in a sample of 172 Gulf and Vietnam outpatient veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants completed the MMPI-2 and several additional self-report measures of symptom severity (PTSD, depression, anxiety, hostility, and health complaints). Results indicated that MMPI-2 profiles differed significantly according to service era with Vietnam veterans scoring higher on scales 2, 8, and 0 and lower on scale 9 than did Gulf veterans. Examination of group means derived from parametric analysis of MMPI-2 data suggested a mean two-point code type of 2-8/8-2 for Vietnam veterans and 1-8/8-1 for Gulf veterans. In contrast, when the data were examined using descriptive techniques based on frequency counts of individual MMPI-2 profiles, the most frequently occurring two-point codetype was 7-8/8-7 for Vietnam veterans, and 6-8/8-6 for Gulf veterans. In addition, Gulf veterans reported a greater number of total health complaints than Vietnam veterans, whereas Vietnam veterans reported a greater number of physician-diagnosed physical conditions. Potential advantages of incorporating descriptive approaches versus parametric methods when examining profile data are also presented. (copyright) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","adult, anxiety neurosis, article, depression, hostility, human, major clinical study, male, parametric test, Persian Gulf syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, self report, soldier, Viet Nam","Michael Glenn, D., Beckham, J. C., Sampson, W. S., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Moore, S. D.",2002.0,,,0,0,2056
3655,Psychosocial factors limit outcomes after trauma,"BACKGROUND: Psychological morbidity compromises return to work after trauma. We demonstrate this relationship and present methods to identify risks for significant psychological morbidity. METHODS: Thirty-five adults were evaluated prospectively for return to functional employment after injury using demographic data, validated psychological and health measures, and the Michigan Critical Events Perception Scale. Evaluation was conducted at admission and at 1 and 5 months after injury. RESULTS: Poor return to work at 5 months was attributable to physical disability (p < 0.05) and psychological disturbance (p < 0.05) in a regression model that controlled for preinjury employment and psychopathologic factors as well as injury severity. A high score on the Impact of Events Scale administered during acute admission predicted development of acute stress disorder at 1 month (p < 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 9.4) and posttraumatic stress disorder at 5 months (p < 0.05, OR = 6.7). Peritraumatic dissociation on the Michigan Critical Events Perception Scale was predictive for development of acute stress disorder (p < 0.05, OR = 5.8) at 1 month and posttraumatic stress disorder (p < 0.05, OR = 7.5) at 5 months. CONCLUSION: Psychological morbidity after injury compromises return to work independent of preinjury employment and psychopathologic condition, Injury Severity Score, or ambulation. A high Impact of Events Scale score or peritraumatic dissociation at admission predicts this morbidity.","*Activities of Daily Living, Acute Disease, Adult, Employment/*psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Trauma/*psychology, Odds Ratio, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology, Stress, Psychological/*psychology","Michaels, A. J., Michaels, C. E., Moon, C. H., Zimmerman, M. A., Peterson, C., Rodriguez, J. L.",1998.0,Apr,,0,0,
3656,"Outcome from injury: General health, work status, and satisfaction 12 months after trauma","Objective: We evaluated outcomes 12 months after trauma in terms of general health, satisfaction, and work status. Methods: Two hundred forty- seven patients without severe neurotrauma were evaluated by interview during admission and by mailed self-report 6 and 12 months after trauma. Data were obtained from the Trauma Registry, interviews, and survey instruments. Baseline assessment was obtained with the Short Form 36 (SF36) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) work scale. Outcome measures were the SF36, SIP work scale, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) depression scale, the Civilian Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and a satisfaction questionnaire. Three regressions were determined for outcome. The dependent variables were general health and work status (linear) and satisfaction (logistic). Each regression controlled for baseline status and mental health, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and 12-month SF36 physical function before evaluating the effect of outcome mental health. Results: Follow-up data were available for 75% of the patients at 6 months and 51% at 12 months. The mean age of patients was 37.2 (plus or minus) 0.9 years ((plus or minus)SEM), and 73% were male. Their average ISS was 13.9 (plus or minus) 0.6. Seventy percent of injuries were blunt force, 13.5% were penetrating, and 16.5% were burn injuries (mean total body surface area, 13.3 (plus or minus) 1.5%). Sixty-four percent of the patients had returned to work at 12 months. Follow-up SF36 mental health was associated with the dependent outcome in each regression. After controlling for baseline status and mental health, ISS, and outcome SF36 physical function, outcome mental health was associated with outcome SF36 general health (p < 0.001), SIP work status (p = 0.017), and satisfaction with recovery (p = 0.005). Outcome SF36 mental health was related to baseline mental health, 12-month PTSD and BSI depression scores, and increased drug and alcohol use. Conclusions: Twelve months after trauma, patients' work status, general health, and overall satisfaction with recovery are dependent on outcome mental health. This dependency persists despite measured baseline status, ISS, or physical recovery. The mental disease after trauma is attributable to poor mental health, the development of symptoms of PTSD and depression, and increased substance abuse. Trauma centers that fall to recognize, assess, and treat these injury-related mental health outcomes are not fully assisting their patients to return to optimal function.","adult, conference paper, controlled study, depression, employability, female, human, injury, job performance, major clinical study, male, mental health, patient satisfaction, priority journal, treatment outcome","Michaels, A. J., Michaels, C. E., Smith, J. S., Moon, C. H., Peterson, C., Long, W. B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3657,Posttraumatic stress disorder in injured adults: Etiology by path analysis,,,"Michaels, A. J., Michaels, C. E., Zimmerman, M. A., Smith, J. S., Moon, C. H., Peterson, C.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3658,Exploring the fit of Western PTSD models across three non-Western low- and middle-income countries,"The purpose of this study was to examine the fit of existing Western posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) models across 3 non-Western low and middle income countries (LMIC). Secondary data analysis was conducted from studies among torture survivors in Northern Iraq, sexual violence survivors in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Burmese refugees in Thailand. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) data to compare established Western PTSD models using (a) the 3-factor Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) 4th edition model, (b) the 4-factor ""numbing"" model, (c) the 4-factor ""dysphoria"" model, and (d) the 4- factor DSM-5 model. For both the DRC and Burma all models had adequate fit. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) determined that the 4-factor ""numbing"" model was the best fit for the DRC and the 4-factor ""dysphoria"" model was the best fit for Burma. For Iraq, none of the models had adequate fit. Results support previous research which indicates inconsistency among Western models of PTSD among populations from LMIC. Further research should explore whether this is indicative of the context or potentially other factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cross Cultural Differences, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Countries, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Income Level, Rape, Refugees, Survivors, Torture","Michalopoulos, Lynn Murphy, Unick, George J., Haroz, Emily E., Bass, Judith, Murray, Laura K., Bolton, Paul A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3659,Psychophysiology and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profile in pregnant African-American women with trauma exposure,"While female sex is a robust risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pregnant women are an understudied population in regards to PTSD symptom expression profiles. Because circulating hormones during pregnancy affect emotionality, we assessed whether pregnant women would have increased expression of the intermediate phenotypes of hyperarousal and fear-potentiated startle (FPS) compared to non-pregnant women. We examined PTSD symptom profiles in pregnant (n = 207) and non-pregnant women (n = 370). In a second study, FPS responses were assessed in 15 pregnant and 24 non-pregnant women. All participants were recruited from the obstetrics and gynecology clinic at a public hospital serving a primarily African-American, low socioeconomic status, inner-city population. Our results indicate that overall PTSD symptoms were not different between the groups of women. However, pregnant women reported being more hypervigilant (p = 0.036) than non-pregnant women. In addition, pregnant women showed increased FPS to a safety signal compared to non-pregnant women (p = 0.024). FPS to a safety signal in pregnant women was significantly correlated with PTSD hyperarousal symptoms (r = 0.731, p < 0.001). Furthermore, discrimination between danger and safety signals was present in non-pregnant women (p = 0.008), but not in pregnant women (p = 0.895). Together, these data suggest that pregnant women show clinical and psychophysiological hyperarousal compared to non-pregnant women, and support screening for PTSD and assessment of PTSD risk in pregnant women.","Hyperarousal, Pregnancy, Psychophysiology, PTSD, Startle, Women","Michopoulos, V., Rothbaum, A. O., Corwin, E., Bradley, B., Ressler, K. J., Jovanovic, T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3660,Responses to civilian war experiences: Predictors of psychological functioning and coping,"This study investigated civilian war trauma in Central American refugees, focusing on the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as related to war experience and demographic characteristics. Sixty eight percent of the refugees met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Diagnosis was best predicted by number of war experiences, severity of war trauma and level of anxiety/depression. Higher numbers of war experiences predicted PTSD severity, as did involvement in the legalization process, parenthood, and being a citizen of El Salvador. In examining the PTSD symptom cluster scores, it was found that number of war experiences was a significant predictor in all clusters. These results are helpful in increasing our knowledge about the role of war experiences in civilian PTSD and the unique situation of the Central American refugees.","adolescent, adult, aged, anxiety, article, Central America, clinical article, controlled study, coping behavior, demography, depression, experience, female, human, injury scale, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, refugee, war","Michultka, D., Blanchard, E. B., Kalous, T.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3661,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment experience in Bedford East-Audit and reaudit,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop following exposure to a stressful event of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature. Symptoms experienced by PTSD suffers can include re-experiencing the trauma through intrusive 'flashbacks' and recurrent dreams or nightmares, avoidance of stimuli associated with the stressor, hyperarousal, emotional blunting and an inability to remember aspects of the period of exposure to the stressor. We performed an audit of the treatment of PTSD in patients under the care of the Bedford East Mental Health Team to examine the psychological and pharmacological treatments currently being used and compared these with data collected in 2008. In summary, in the last 2 years there has been an increase in the identification of PTSD patients in Bedford East. These patients are a group with high levels of comorbidities and risk factors, and are challenging to treat. As a result of this, a wide range of agents including antidepressants with augementation, mood stabilizers and antipsychotic agents are used in their treatment, many of which are outside of NICE guidelines. There appears to be less availability of psychological therapy in these patients than we would expect. We discuss reasons for this and suggest possible solutions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Duration, *Mood Stabilizers, Risk Factors","Middleton, Emily, Agius, Mark, Zaman, Rashid",2011.0,,,0,0,
3662,Natural disasters and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom complex: Evidence from the Oklahoma tornado outbreak,"Previous studies suggest that predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) fall into 2 major categories--individual and situational factors--and that PTSD may be moderated by individual resources, such as social and instrumental support. Ss were 109 individuals who had houses damaged by a tornado outbreak in Oklahoma City. Individual variables were age (mean age 54 yrs), gender, income and education; situational variables were intensity of the traumatic event, proximity to the storm, physical damage to the S's home, and loss of personal possessions; and the 2 moderating variables were perceived instrumental and social support. PTSD was assessed with symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and arousal. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate that significant predictors of subsyndromal PTSD included marital status, household size, personal injury, and loss of personal possessions. Situational factors explained the largest amount of variance in avoidance and arousal, and individual factors explained significant variance in the presentation of subsyndromal forms of PTSD including intrusion, avoidance, and arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Demographic Characteristics, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Support, *Stress","Middleton, Karen L., Willner, Jonathan, Simmons, Kevin M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3663,Vulnerability factors in the explanation of workplace aggression: The construction of a theoretical framework,"Although workplace aggression is a well-known problem, research on workplace aggression merely focuses on perpetrators' typologies, and workplace-related victim research remains under-represented. In this article, we theoretically explore possible associations between victims' coping strategies, type-D personality, negative childhood experiences, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder and work-related victimization. Through an intensive literature study and the incorporation of existing theories, under which is the precipitation theory, we develop a theoretical framework of vulnerability factors for experiencing workplace violence. Future directions of this theoretical framework and practical implications of the results after empirically exploring the theoretical pathways are suggested. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","ADHD, Childhood experiences, Coping strategies, PTSD, Theoretical framework, Type-D, Workplace aggression","Mierlo, F. K. V., Bogaerts, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3664,PTSD and depression after the Madrid March 11 train bombings,"The March 11, 2004, train bombings in Madrid, Spain, caused the largest loss of life from a single terrorist attack in modern European history. We used a cross-sectional random digit dial survey of Madrid residents to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression in the general population of Madrid 1 to 3 months after the March 11 train bombings. Of respondents 2.3% reported symptoms consistent with PTSD related to the March 11 bombings and 8.0% of respondents reported symptoms consistent with major depression. The prevalence of PTSD was substantially lower, but the prevalence of depression was comparable to estimates reported after the September 11 attacks in Manhattan. The findings suggest that across cities, the magnitude of a terrorist attack may be the primary determinant of the prevalence of PTSD in the general population, but other factors may be responsible for determining the population prevalence of depression. © 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Miguel-Tobal, J. J., Cano-Vindel, A., Gonzalez-Ordi, H., Iruarrizaga, I., Rudenstine, S., Vlahov, D., Galea, S.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20091,0,0,
3665,Is implementation of the 2013 Australian treatment guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder cost-effective compared to current practice? A cost-utility analysis using QALYs and DALYs,"Objective: To assess, from a health sector perspective, the incremental cost-effectiveness of three treatment recommendations in the most recent Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The interventions assessed are trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for the treatment of PTSD in adults and TF-CBT in children, compared to current practice in Australia. Method: Economic modelling, using existing databases and published information, was used to assess cost-effectiveness. A cost-utility framework using both quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted was used. Costs were tracked for the duration of the respective interventions and applied to the estimated 12 months prevalent cases of PTSD in the Australian population of 2012. Simulation modelling was used to provide 95% uncertainty around the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Consideration was also given to factors not considered in the quantitative analysis but could determine the likely uptake of the proposed intervention guidelines. Results: TF-CBT is highly cost-effective compared to current practice at $19,000/QALY, $16,000/DALY in adults and $8900/QALY, $8000/DALY in children. In adults, 100% of uncertainty iterations fell beneath the $50,000/QALY or DALY value-for-money threshold. Using SSRIs in people already on medications is cost-effective at $200/QALY, but has considerable uncertainty around the costs and benefits. While there is a 13% chance of health loss there is a 27% chance of the intervention dominating current practice by both saving dollars and improving health in adults. Conclusion: The three Guideline recommended interventions evaluated in this study are likely to have a positive impact on the economic efficiency of the treatment of PTSD if adopted in full. While there are gaps in the evidence base, policy-makers can have considerable confidence that the recommendations assessed in the current study are likely to improve the efficiency of the mental health care sector. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Guidelines, *Reuptake, Costs and Cost Analysis, Intervention, Pregabalin","Mihalopoulos, Cathrine, Magnus, Anne, Lal, Anita, Dell, Lisa, Forbes, David, Phelps, Andrea",2015.0,,,0,0,
3666,Rats exposed to traumatic stress bury unfamiliar objects--A novel measure of hyper-vigilance in PTSD models?,"Electric shocks lead to lasting behavioral deficits in rodents, and as such are often used to model post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the laboratory. Here we show that a single exposure of rats to 3 mA-strong shocks results in a marked social avoidance that lasts at least 28 days; moreover, the response intensifies over time. In an attempt to study the impact of cue reminders on the behavior of shocked rats, we administered shocks in the presence of a highly conspicuous, 10 cm-large object. This object was introduced into the home cage of rats 28 days after shock exposure. Shocked rats manipulated the object considerably less than controls. More importantly, however, the object was buried by shocked rats. This behavior was virtually absent in controls. The response strongly depended on the intensity of shocks, and was robust. Rats shocked with 3 mA currents spent 40% of time burying the object, which was often hardly visible at the end of the 5 min test. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the response was not cue-specific as unfamiliar objects were also buried. Rats are well known to bury dangerous objects; the shock-prod burying test of anxiety is based on this response. Behavioral similarities with this test and the differences from the marble-burying behavior of mice suggest that traumatized rats bury unfamiliar objects in defense, and the response can be interpreted as a sign of hyper-vigilance. We further suggest that object burying can be used as a sign of hyper-vigilance in models of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Social Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rats, *Stress, *Vigilance, Anxiety, Cues","Mikics, Eva, Baranyi, Johanna, Haller, Jozsef",2008.0,,,0,0,
3667,Trajectories of attachment insecurities over a 17-year period: A latent growth curve analysis of the impact of war captivity and posttraumatic stress disorder,"In this study, we assessed the 17-year trajectories of attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance) and examined their relations to having been a prisoner of war and suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The sample included two groups of Israeli veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur war: ex-prisoners of war and comparable control individuals who had not been held captive. They completed self-report measures of anxious and avoidant attachment and PTSD at three time points: 18, 30, and 35 years after the war. Ex-POWs were less secure with respect to attachment than the controls at the initial assessment, and although the controls experienced a decline in attachment insecurity over the 17-year period, the anxiety and avoidance scores of the ex-POWs increased over time. We also found that PTSD was associated with higher attachment insecurity scores at each time point, beyond the effect of war captivity. Implications of the findings for both attachment theory and the psychological effects of trauma are discussed. © 2011 Guilford Publications, Inc.",,"Mikulincer, M., Ein-Dor, T., Solomon, Z., Shaver, P. R.",2011.0,,,0,1,
3668,The association between adult attachment style and mental health in extreme life-endangering conditions,"This study examines the association between adult attachment style and psychopathology in extreme life-endangering conditions. A group of 40 Israeli Jewish settlers who lived within the Palestinian Authority territory (high-threat group) were asked to fill out an attachment style scale and psychiatric symptomatology measures. They were compared to a control group of Israeli Jewish persons who lived within the State of Israel. Findings showed higher symptomatology in the high-threat than control group. Secure attachment style was inversely related to symptomatology measures. In contrast, anxious-ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles were positively related to symptomatology measures. However, whereas the anxious-ambivalent attachment style was related to psychopathology in the two threat conditions, the avoidant style was related to psychopathology only in the high-threat group. Results were discussed in terms of attachment theory. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.",,"Mikulincer, M., Horesh, N., Eilati, I., Kotler, M.",1999.0,,10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00032-X,0,0,
3669,Attachment bases of emotion regulation and posttraumatic adjustment,,,"Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Horesh, N.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3670,Attachment-related consequences of war captivity and trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 17-year longitudinal study,"Attachment security contributes to resilience in times of stress, but it can be disrupted by traumatic events that shatter positive views of self and others. We followed Israeli ex-POWs of the Yom Kippur War over 17 years and examined associations between trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disruptions in the regulatory functions of the attachment system. Fifty-nine ex-POWs and 39 control veterans from the same war who had reported on PTSD 18, 30, and 35 years after the war performed laboratory cognitive tasks assessing activation of mental representations of security in response to threat and the ability of these representations to color neutral stimuli with positive affect and reduce access to trauma-related thoughts. As compared to controls, ex-POWs with persistent PTSD over the 17-year period exhibited dramatic disruptions in the soothing and healing functions of attachment security representations. These disruptions were not evident among ex-POWs with a worsening PTSD trajectory or a stable resilience trajectory. The implications of attachment-system functioning for understanding posttraumatic processes are discussed. © 2014 Guilford Publications, Inc.",,"Mikulincer, M., Solomon, Z., Shaver, P. R., Ein-Dor, T.",2014.0,,,0,1,
3671,Prospective risk factors for adolescent PTSD: Sources of differential exposure and differential vulnerability,"There are two types of risk factors for developing PTSD: factors that increase the likelihood of experiencing a potentially traumatizing event and factors that increase the likelihood of developing symptoms following such events. Using prospective data over a two-year period from a large, diverse sample of urban adolescents (n = 1242, Mean age = 13.5), the current study differentiates these two sources of risk for developing PTSD in response to violence exposure. Five domains of potential risk and protective factors were examined: community context (e.g.; neighborhood poverty), family risk (e.g.; family conflict), behavioral maladjustment (e.g.; internalizing symptoms), cognitive vulnerabilities (e.g.; low IQ), and interpersonal problems (e.g.; low social support). Time 1 interpersonal violence history, externalizing behaviors, and association with deviant peers were the best predictors of subsequent violence, but did not further increase the likelihood of PTSD in response to violence. Race/ethnicity, thought disorder symptoms, and social problems were distinctly predictive of the development of PTSD following violence exposure. Among youth exposed to violence, Time 1 risk factors did not predict specific event features associated with elevated PTSD rates (e.g.; parent as perpetrator), nor did interactions between Time 1 factors and event features add significantly to the prediction of PTSD diagnosis. Findings highlight areas for refinement in adolescent PTSD symptom measures and conceptualization, and provide direction for more targeted prevention and intervention efforts. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Adolescents, PHDCN, Post traumatic stress disorder, Violence exposure","Milan, S., Zona, K., Acker, J., Turcios-Cotto, V.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3672,Involvement in high-profile child sexual abuse controversies: Costs and benefits,"The costs and benefits associated with participation in conflicts around child sexual abuse are explored. Using qualitative data from interviews with 40 high-profile participants, findings suggest that professionals experience both positive and negative consequences as a result of their involvement. Costs identified include attacks and misrepresentations, harm to health or emotional well-being, and career losses or changes. Benefits included personal growth, a sense of personal satisfaction, and career enhancement. Women were found to have experienced more impacts overall than men. Psychological theories about stress and coping and sociological theories about social movement participation are used to explore why people remain committed despite the risks associated with participation. Material rewards, commitment to change, the development of a highly salient identity, and the support of social networks may be contributing factors. © 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Controversies, Coping, Sexual abuse, Social movements, Stress","Mildred, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3673,Does sexual reassignment surgery rewire the brain: A comparison of pre=post QEEG results,"As identified by the quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG), statistically important brain wave patterns related to gender identity might be observed when a transgendered person has undergone sexual reassignment surgery (SRS). The observed differences in brain wave patterns may prove useful in treatment, and or assessment for readiness for postsurgery success for a transsexual person. Reassessment of brain wave patterns immediately after diagnosis, treatment, and surgery will perhaps reveal that the previous pattern was not altered and no longer statistically important. This pilot study might support the concept that brain wave patterns related to gender identity do have a correlated and measurable energetic effect. In addition, this study may objectively identify an immediate energetic change after HRT= surgeries in the direction of normalcy and health. Results of the study, including serendipitous findings, will be available for discussion regarding these questions and many others. Rationale for Pilot Study The qEEG is very useful in revealing the underlying abnormal brainwave patterns associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and many other disorders. The system can discriminate with more than 90% accuracy ADHD from learning difficulties and from normal. Many psychiatrists, pediatricians, and psychologists involved in the diagnosis of learning disorders and ADHD are unaware of a significant body of research that supports the use of topometric (visual) qEEG analysis as a diagnostic tool for differentiating between organic and functional brain disorders including learning difficulties, ADHD, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and cerebral atrophy associated with alcohol abuse, depression, and anxiety. Psychophysiologists have established normative qEEG databases. The differences in brain wave patterns revealed in these comparisons point to subtypes of ADHD that are not documented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Studies of qEEG patterns of ADHD children and adults are consistent with findings revealed by Positron Emission Topography, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and other neuroimaging studies. More recently, research from SPECT brain studies by Daniel Amen and his colleagues have identified six subtypes of ADHD that correlate to qEEG patterns found in individuals with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Although various psychometric measurements are available to clinicians, presently there are no data available that document the qEEG for use in assessments. Thus, topometric (or Visual) QEEG analysis is a powerful adjunct to psychometric assessment in this area (Duff, 2002). qEEG A qEEG is a topographic=visual enhancement of a traditional EEG. During the procedure, electrical activity of the brain, at rest and during stimulation, is recorded for analysis. Each area of the brain normally spends a characteristic amount of time in alpha, beta, theta, and delta activity. By comparing a patient's brain mapping to a control population, it may be possible to localize areas of focal slowing and enhanced areas of electrical activity. qEEG is not an invasive procedure; it can be used on all age groups but requires the interpretation of a specialist trained in quantitative encephalographic analysis. Interpretation of the qEEG involves an assessment of the statistical degree of congruence or lack of congruence between a patient and the normal population, or the degree of similarity between a given patient and a qEEG profile that may be characteristic of some defined clinical group. The quantitative approach can display not only variations in the qEEG profiles but also progressive changes in neurophysiological function over time. qEEGs are presently utilized in the evaluation of (a) attention deficit disorder, (b) anxiety, (c) depression, (d) substance abuse disorders, (e) psychiatric disorders, and (f) closed head injuries (Donaldson, 2009). The most common and well-documented use of neurofeedback is in the treatmen of ADHD with multiple studies showing neurofeedback to be useful in the treatment of ADD. Other areas where neurofeedback has been researched include treatment of substance abuse, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, obsessive compulsive disorder, learning disabilities, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, anger and rage, cognitive impairment, migraines, headaches, chronic pain, autism spectrum disorders, sleep, posttraumatic stress disorder, and mild traumatic brain injury (Donaldson, 2009). Hence, the effort to discover the usefulness of the qEEG as a tool for providing empirical data for assessment, treatment, and prediction of success for postsexual reassignment surgery in transsexuals would seem appropriate. Does sexual reassignment surgery create or cause new neural networks that literally change the brain and allow it to operate with greater efficiency, productivity, and functionality in the postsurgery transsexual compared to genetic men and women?.","surgery, neurofeedback, brain, society, attention deficit disorder, human, electroencephalogram, learning disorder, patient, diagnosis, anxiety, transsexualism, gender identity, epilepsy, electric activity, population, single photon emission computer tomography, pilot study, substance abuse, productivity, male, female, health, pediatrician, psychologist, brain disease, schizophrenia, brain atrophy, alcohol abuse, data base, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, child, adult, positron, topography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, neuroimaging, stimulation, brain mapping, invasive procedure, groups by age, medical specialist, mental disease, head injury, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, rage, cognitive defect, migraine, headache, chronic pain, autism, sleep, posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, prediction, psychiatrist","Miles, J. J., Donaldson, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3674,Lifetime trauma and associated mental health symptoms in homeless women: Impulsivity as a feature of posttraumatic stress disorder and addiction,"This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the lifetime traumatic experiences of homeless women, and to explore the linkage between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use problems. One hundred adult homeless women were assessed. Descriptive data on trauma histories show that three-quarters of the sample experienced some form of childhood trauma, and 58% experienced childhood sexual trauma. Trauma in childhood was predictive of trauma in adulthood. As hypothesized, indirect evidence of the self-medication hypothesis was provided by a path analysis showing a linear relationship between trauma and substance use consequences that was mediated by PTSD symptoms. Measures of future time perspective, and self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity did not converge to indicate a single shared common factor, though the self-report measure of trait impulsivity was predictive of both PTSD and substance use consequences. This study suggests that homeless women have extensive trauma histories that often begin in childhood, they likely use substances to cope, and that trait impulsivity may itself represent a common factor of both PTSD and SUD. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Homeless, *Mental Health, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Addiction, Drug Abuse, Human Females, Impulsiveness, Life Experiences, Measurement","Milford, Jaime L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3675,"If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans","The notion that chronic stress fosters disease by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is featured prominently in many theories. The research linking chronic stress and HPA function is contradictory, however, with some studies reporting increased activation, and others reporting the opposite. This meta-analysis showed that much of the variability is attributable to stressor and person features. Timing is an especially critical element, as hormonal activity is elevated at stressor onset but reduces as time passes. Stressors that threaten physical integrity, involve trauma, and are uncontrollable elicit a high, flat diurnal profile of cortisol secretion. Finally, HPA activity is shaped by a person's response to the situation; it increases with subjective distress but is lower in persons with posttraumatic stress disorder. Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association.","hydrocortisone, chronic disease, clinical trial, human, hypophysis adrenal system, hypothalamus hypophysis system, mental stress, meta analysis, metabolism, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, review","Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Zhou, E. S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3676,What's in a name? The MMPI-2 PTSD scales,"The MMPI-2 post-traumatic stress disorder scales (PK and PS) were examined with a sample of 96 outpatient anxiety disorder and 97 outpatient traffic accident subjects. PK and PS correlated .96 and showed highly similar correlations with MMPI-2 validity, clinical, content and supplementary scales for both groups, which indicated that these scales are indices of MMPI first- factor variance. This was supported by separate principal components analyses for each group, in which PK and PS contributed the most variance to the first component. Although the groups showed different MMPI-2 mean profiles, neither PK nor PS contributed to discriminant function classification of group members. It is suggested that PK and PS are indices of general emotional distress and maladjustment; implications for their use in diagnosing post- traumatic stress disorder were discussed.","adult, anxiety neurosis, article, correlation function, demography, discriminant analysis, distress syndrome, female, human, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, outpatient, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, traffic accident, variance","Miller, H. R., Goldberg, J. O., Streiner, D. L.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3677,"War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks",,,"Miller, K. E., Rasmussen, A.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029,0,0,
3678,Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire profiles of veterans with traumatic combat exposure: Externalizing and internalizing subtypes,"This study used the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; A. Tellegen, in press) to identify personality-based subtypes of posttraumatic response. Cluster analyses of MPQs completed by combat veterans revealed subgroups that differed on measures relating to the externalization versus internalization of distress. The MPQ profile of the externalizing cluster was defined by low Constraint and Harmavoidance coupled with high Alienation and Aggression. Individuals in this cluster also had histories of delinquency and high rates of substance-related disorder. In comparison, the MPQ profile of the internalizing cluster was characterized by lower Positive Emotionality, Alienation, and Aggression and higher Constraint, and individuals in this cluster showed high rates of depressive disorder. These findings suggest that dispositions toward externalizing versus internalizing psychopathology may account for heterogeneity in the expression of posttraumatic responses; including patterns of comorbidity.","adult, aged, aggression, alienation, article, attitude, cluster analysis, comorbidity, delinquency, depression, emotion, human, internalization, major clinical study, male, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, pathogenesis, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, self report, soldier, validation process","Miller, M. W., Greif, J. L., Smith, A. A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3679,Externalizing and internalizing subtypes of combat-related PTSD: A replication and extension using the PSY-5 scales,"This study replicated and extended prior findings of internalizing and externalizing subtypes of posttraumatic response (M. W. Miller, J. L. Greif, & A. A. Smith, 2003). Cluster analyses of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2 Personality Psychopathology - Five (MMPI-2 PSY-5; A. R. Harkness, J. L. McNulty, Y. S. Ben-Porath, 1995) profiles obtained from 736 veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) partitioned the sample into a low pathology cluster defined by personality scores in the normal range, an externalizing cluster characterized by low constraint and high negative emotionality, and an internalizing cluster with high negative emotionality and low positive emotionality. Externalizers showed the highest rates of alcohol-related and antisocial personality disorders; internalizers, the highest rates of panic and major depressive disorder. These findings support the development of a personality-based typology of posttraumatic response designed to account for heterogeneity in the expression of PTSD and associated psychopathology.","adult, aged, article, cluster analysis, controlled study, depression, disease association, drinking behavior, emotion, human, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychopathy","Miller, M. W., Kaloupek, D. G., Dillon, A. L., Keane, T. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3680,Internalizing and Externalizing Subtypes in Female Sexual Assault Survivors: Implications for the Understanding of Complex PTSD,"This study replicated and extended findings of internalizing and externalizing subtypes of posttraumatic psychopathology (Miller, M. W., Greif, J. L., & Smith, A. A. (2003). Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire profiles of veterans with traumatic combat exposure: Internalizing and externalizing subtypes. Psychological Assessment, 15, 205-215; Miller, M. W., Kaloupek, D. G., Dillon, A. L., & Keane, T.M. (2004). Externalizing and internalizing subtypes of combat-related PTSD: A replication and extension using the PSY-5 Scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 636-645) to a female sample of rape survivors with chronic PTSD. Cluster analyses of Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (Clark, L. A. (1996). SNAP-Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality: Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.) temperament scale profiles from 143 women with PTSD partitioned the sample into a simple PTSD cluster, defined by normal range personality scores and moderate symptomatology, and 2 more ""complex"" clusters distinguished by more severe tendencies towards externalizing or internalizing psychopathology. Externalizers were characterized by disinhibition, substance dependence, and Cluster B personality disorder features; internalizers by low positive temperament, high rates of major depressive disorder, and elevations on measures of schizoid and avoidant personality disorder. (copyright) 2006.","adolescent, adult, article, avoidant personality disorder, cluster analysis, disease classification, female, human, major clinical study, major depression, mental disease, personality disorder, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder externalizing subtype, posttraumatic stress disorder internalizing subtype, questionnaire, rape, rating scale, schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality, schizoidism, sexual crime, substance abuse, symptomatology, temperament","Miller, M. W., Resick, P. A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3681,"Traumatic stress, oxidative stress and post-traumatic stress disorder: Neurodegeneration and the accelerated-aging hypothesis","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with elevated risk for a variety of age-related diseases and neurodegeneration. In this paper, we review evidence relevant to the hypothesis that chronic PTSD constitutes a form of persistent life stress that potentiates oxidative stress (OXS) and accelerates cellular aging. We provide an overview of empirical studies that have examined the effects of psychological stress on OXS, discuss the stress-perpetuating characteristics of PTSD, and then identify mechanisms by which PTSD might promote OXS and accelerated aging. We review studies on OXS-related genes and the role that they may have in moderating the effects of PTSD on neural integrity and conclude with a discussion of directions for future research on antioxidant treatments and biomarkers of accelerated aging in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Neurodegeneration, *Oxidative Stress, Aging, Stress, Antioxidants","Miller, M. W., Sadeh, N.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3682,An evaluation of competing models for the structure of PTSD symptoms using external measures of comorbidity,"Research on the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has yielded support for two 4-factor models: the King (King, Leskin, King, & Weathers, 1998) and Simms/Watson models (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002). This study evaluated them using data drawn from 1,128 Vietnam veterans by comparing associations with a latent internalizing comorbidity variable and five scales from the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (Tellegen et al., 2003). The Simms/Watson dysphoria factor failed to show evidence of superior convergent or discriminant validity in association with external measures relative to the numbing or hyperarousal factors of the King model. Findings raise questions about proposals to abandon the distinction between numbing and hyperarousal symptoms in favor of a dysphoria-based model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, Comorbidity, Measurement","Miller, Mark W., Wolf, Erika J., Harrington, Kelly M., Brown, Timothy A., Kaloupek, Danny G., Keane, Terence M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3683,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM-5: New Criteria and Controversies,"The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) featured extensive changes to the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. PTSD was moved out of the anxiety disorders into a new class of ""trauma- and stressor-related disorders,"" and the definition of what constitutes a traumatic experience was revised. Three new symptoms were added, existing ones were modified, and a new four-cluster organization and diagnostic algorithm were introduced. Finally, a new dissociative subtype was added to the diagnosis. We review these changes, discuss some of the controversies surrounding them, and then introduce a new debate involving a radically different conceptualization of PTSD proposed for International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition.","DSM-5, ICD-11, Dissociative subtype, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Keane, T. M.",,,,0,0,
3684,The prevalence and latent structure of proposed DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in U.S. national and veteran samples,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) is currently undergoing revisions in advance of the next edition, DSM-5. The DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder workgroup has proposed numerous changes to the PTSD diagnosis. These include the addition of new symptoms, revision of existing ones, and a new four-cluster organization (Friedman, Resick, Bryant, & Brewin, 2011). We conducted two Internet-based surveys to provide preliminary information about how proposed changes might impact PTSD prevalence and clarify the latent structure of the new symptom set. We used a newly developed instrument to assess event exposure and lifetime and current DSM-5 PTSD symptoms among a nationally representative sample of American adults (N = 2,953) and a clinical convenience sample of U.S. military veterans (N = 345). Results from both samples indicated that the originally proposed DSM-5 symptom criteria (i.e., requiring 1 B, 1 C, 3 D, and 3 E symptoms) yielded considerably lower PTSD prevalence estimates compared with DSM-IV estimates. These estimates were more comparable when the DSM-V D and E criteria were relaxed to 2 symptoms each (i.e., the revised proposal). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) indicated that the factor structure implied by the four-symptom criteria provided adequate fit to the data in both samples, and a DSM-5 version of a dysphoria model (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002) yielded modest improvement in fit. Item-response theory and CFA analyses indicated that the psychogenic amnesia and new reckless/self-destructive behavior symptom deviated from the others in their respective symptom clusters. Implications for final formulations of DSM-5 PTSD criteria are discussed.","Diagnosis, DSM-5, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H., Marx, B. P., Holowka, D. W., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., Friedman, M. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3685,A novel locus in the oxidative stress-related gene ALOX12 moderates the association between PTSD and thickness of the prefrontal cortex,"Oxidative stress has been implicated in many common age-related diseases and is hypothesized to play a role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related neurodegeneration ( Miller and Sadeh, 2014). This study examined the influence of the oxidative stress-related genes ALOX 12 and ALOX 15 on the association between PTSD and cortical thickness. Factor analyses were used to identify and compare alternative models of the structure of cortical thickness in a sample of 218 veterans. The best-fitting model was then used for a genetic association analysis in White non-Hispanic participants ( n= 146) that examined relationships between 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the two genes, 8 cortical thickness factors, and each SNP. ×. PTSD interaction. Results identified a novel ALOX12 locus (indicated by two SNPs in perfect linkage disequilibrium: rs1042357 and rs10852889) that moderated the association between PTSD and reduced thickness of the right prefrontal cortex. A whole-cortex vertex-wise analysis showed this effect to be localized to clusters spanning the rostral middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and medial orbitofrontal cortex. These findings illustrate a novel factor-analytic approach to neuroimaging-genetic analyses and provide new evidence for the possible involvement of oxidative stress in PTSD-related neurodegeneration. © 2015 .","ALOX12, Cortical thickness, Factor analysis, Genetic association analysis, Oxidative stress, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Sadeh, N., Logue, M., Spielberg, J. M., Hayes, J. P., Sperbeck, E., Schichman, S. A., Stone, A., Carter, W. C., Humphries, D. E., Milberg, W., McGlinchey, R.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.003,0,0,
3686,Medical symptoms in patients with dissociative disorders,"BACKGROUND: Although the negative impact of Posttraumatic StressDisorder (PTSD) on general health is increasingly recognized, the clinicalcorrelates of other trauma-related psychiatric disorders remainsunderstudied. DissociativeDisorders also may occur after trauma, most often severe and prolongedchildhood trauma. Our objectivewas to evaluate associations between Dissociative Disorders and self-reportedmedical symptoms in a sample of primarily poor minority psychiatric outpatientsin Bronx, NY. We hypothesized thatDissociative Disorders would be associated with an increased likelihood ofcommon medical symptoms independent of medical comorbidity as well as the psychiatricconditions major depression and PTSD. METHODS: We analyzed preliminary data for 222 out of a targeted 320 patients in a cross-sectional study of English-speaking adults aged 18-60 years initiating care at an outpatient psychiatric clinic in Bronx, NY. We assessed demographic data, medical and psychiatric profile, and substance use history through patient interview and chart review. Dissociative Disorders were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D). Lifetime Major Depression and PTSD were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders. Medical symptoms were assessed with a self-report measure featuring alist of 21 common medical complaints administered to all patients at their first visit. A Charlson Comorbidity Score was calculated based on medical chart review. We used backward stepwise logistic regression to evaluate associations between medical symptoms and Dissociative Disorders. Variables entered into the model were age, sex, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol and illicit substance abuse or dependence, lifetime Major Depression and PTSD, Charlson Comorbidity Index score and psychiatric medication use. RESULTS: Among 222 patients analyzed, the mean age was 37 years (plus or minus) 13, 70% were female and 62% were Hispanic. Most had a high school diploma or less (68%), were unemployed (67%) and on Medicaid or uninsured (88%). Childhood abuse was reported by 71%, most often emotional abuse (58%) followed by physical (50%) and sexual abuse (47%). Just over 30% had a lifetime Dissociative Disorder, 78% had Major Depression and 51% had PTSD. Most patients had a Charlson Comorbidity Index Score of 0 (69%). The mean ((plus or minus) SD) number of medical symptoms reported was 5.4 (plus or minus) 3.8 with 58% reporting 5 or more symptoms. The most commonly reported symptoms were energy problems (69%), weight problems (60%), shortness of breath (53%), appetite problems (53%) and unspecified pain (44%). On backward stepwise logistic regression, Dissociative Disorders were independently associated with fever (AOR 5.98 CI 1.06 - 33.63, p=0.04), unspecified pain (AOR 2.19 CI 1.16 -4.11, p=0.02), blurred vision (AOR 2.19 CI 1.18 - 4.09, p=0.01), nausea/vomiting (AOR 2.78 CI 1.37 - 5.63, p=0.004), dysuria (AOR 3.43 CI 1.04-11.32, p=0.04) and bruising/bleeding tendency (AOR 2.55 CI 1.23 - 5.26), p=0.01). CONCLUSION: In this sample of primarily poor, minority psychiatric outpatients, the presence of Dissociative Disorders was associated with a higher frequency of health complaints commonly seen in primary care independent of medical comorbidity score, psychiatric medication use, Major Depression and PTSD. Future studies should investigate associations between Dissociative Disorders, medical diagnoses and patientoutcomes.","alcohol, dissociative disorder, human, patient, internal medicine, society, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbidity, injury, lifespan, pain, logistic regression analysis, outpatient, drug therapy, abuse, medical record review, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, diseases, health, mental disease, adult, mental hospital, interview, self report, model, smoking, substance abuse, Hispanic, high school, medicaid, childhood, sexual abuse, weight, dyspnea, marriage, appetite, fever, blurred vision, dysuria, primary medical care, diagnosis, female, cross-sectional study, speech, education","Miller, S. A., Foote, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3687,An update on posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) examines prominent theories and controversies related to stressful life events and their impact on health and adjustment / [discuss] the issues and implications arising from trends in diagnosis and treatment of stress-related disorders [and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] factors affecting response to traumatic stress / case studies / analysis / treatment issues and implications (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, Life Experiences, Psychodiagnosis, Treatment","Miller, Thomas W.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3688,Traumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnostic and clinical issues in former prisoners of war,Examined are a variety of clinical issues in the diagnosis and treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) of former prisoners of war (POWs). Difficulties and complexities in understanding and diagnosing PTSD in former POWs presenting symptomatic complaints associated with this disorder are explored. Data collected on former POWs complaining of PTSD and diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria revealed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) clinical profiles appropriate for clinical application. Comparative data between German-held and Japanese-held POWs experiencing PTSD and adjustment-related stressors are discussed. Import on clinical strategies with diagnosed patients suggests both behavioral approaches to treatment and future directions in research. © 1989.,,"Miller, T. W., Martin, W., Spiro, K.",1989.0,,,0,0,
3689,Family violence: Clinical indicators among military and post-military personnel,"Child and spouse abuse continues to be a critically important problem for the medical and mental health professions. Examined are recent clinical data and research addressing this most serious concern among military and post- military personnel. Criteria useful in the identification of risk persons and diagnosis and treatment of family violence are discussed. Specific attention is given to the diagnostic indicators, the abusing family profile, the traumatic process of abuse, and strategies relevant to psychiatric intervention. Guidelines for military mental health and medical professionals are explored.","aggression, avoidance behavior, child abuse, cognitive defect, confusion, coping behavior, denial, emotion, family violence, health care personnel, high risk population, human, legal aspect, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, soldier","Miller, T. W., Veltkamp, L. J.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3690,Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children exposed to violence,"Little research has examined the developmental course of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in children. The current study aimed to identify developmental trajectories of PTSS in childhood and to examine predictors of symptom presentation in 1,178 children from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) studies, a consortium of studies focusing on the causes and effects of child maltreatment. Most children had a history of documented reports with Child Protective Services (CPS) and all were identified as living in high-risk environments. Using group-based trajectory modeling, 3 unique developmental trajectories were identified: Resilient, Clinical-Improving (PTSS in the clinical range at baseline then declining over time), and Borderline-Stable (chronically subclinical PTSS). Children in the Clinical-Improving group were more likely than children in the Resilient group to have reports of physical abuse (RRR = 1.76), emotional abuse (RRR = 2.55), neglect (RRR = 1.57), and exposure to violence at home and in the community (RRR = 1.04). Children in the Borderline-Stable group were more likely than children in the Resilient group to have a CPS history of neglect (RRR = 2.44) and exposure to violence at home and in the community (RRR = 1.04). Many children living in high-risk environments exhibit resilience to PTSS, but exposure to witnessed violence and neglect appear to put children at chronic risk for poor adjustment. These children may require more intensive, integrated clinical services that attend to multiple adverse experiences.","Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child Abuse/psychology, Child Protective Services, Exposure to Violence/psychology, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Psychological, Physical Abuse/psychology, Prognosis, Resilience, Psychological, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*classification/etiology/*psychology, Violence/*psychology","Miller-Graff, L. E., Howell, K. H.",2015.0,Feb,10.1002/jts.21989,0,0,
3691,Typologies of Childhood Exposure to Violence: Associations With College Student Mental Health,"OBJECTIVE: This study examined typologies of childhood violence exposure (CVE) and the associations of profiles with current demographic characteristics and mental health in emerging adulthood. PARTICIPANTS: The study evaluated a sample of college students from 2 US geographic regions (Midwest, n = 195; Southeast, n = 200). METHODS: An online questionnaire (collected 2013-2014) assessed CVE and current mental health. Latent class analysis was used to identify typologies of CVE. Follow-up analyses were conducted to distinguish differences between typologies in demographic characteristics and mental health. RESULTS: Four distinct profiles emerged: High-Exposed, Domestic-Exposed, Community-Exposed, and Low-Exposed. High- and Domestic-Exposed groups were more likely to be first-generation college students and to experience symptoms of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers a unique presentation of CVE profiles and a nuanced interpretation of their differential relationship to current demographic characteristics and mental health. It may befit university mental health initiatives to engage first-generation students and utilize comprehensive assessments of previous victimization.","childhood exposure to violence, college students, posttraumatic stress, psychopathology, violence typology","Miller-Graff, L. E., Howell, K. H., Martinez-Torteya, C., Hunter, E. C.",2015.0,Nov-Dec,10.1080/07448481.2015.1057145,0,1,
3692,Student-teacher relationship trajectories and mental health problems in young children,"BACKGROUND: This longitudinal study classified groups of children experiencing different trajectories of student-teacher relationship quality over the transition from preschool into school, and determined the strength of the association between different student-teacher relationship trajectories and childhood mental health problems in the second year of primary school. METHODS: A community sample of 460 Australian children were assessed in preschool (age 4), the first school year (age 5), and second school year (age 6). Teachers at all three assessments reported on student-teacher relationship quality with the Student Teacher Relationship Scale. When the children were at preschool and in their second school year, parents and teachers rated children's mental health problems using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS: Latent-class growth modelling identified two trajectories of student-teacher relationship quality: (1) a stable-high student-teacher relationship quality and (2) a moderate/declining student-teacher relationship quality trajectory. Generalised linear models found that after adjusting for family demographic characteristics, having a stable high quality student-teacher relationship trajectory was associated with fewer parent-rated and teacher-rated total mental health problems, and fewer conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems, and greater prosocial behaviour at age 6. A stable high quality trajectory was also associated with fewer teacher-rated, but not parent-rated emotional symptoms. These effects remained after adjustment for levels of mental health problems at age 4. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that early intervention and prevention strategies that focus on building stable high quality student-teacher relationships during preschool and children's transition into formal schooling, may help reduce rates of childhood mental health problems during the early school years.","Early childhood, Mental health problems, Student-teacher relationship trajectories","Miller-Lewis, L. R., Sawyer, A. C., Searle, A. K., Mittinty, M. N., Sawyer, M. G., Lynch, J. W.",2014.0,,10.1186/s40359-014-0027-2,0,1,
3693,Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning fromthe Iraq war,,,"Milliken, C. S., Auchterlonie, J. L., Hoge, C. W.",2007.0,,10.1001/jama.298.18.2141,0,0,
3694,"Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being","Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders and to examine the correlates of substance use disorder plus PTSD comorbidity in the Australian general population. Method: Data were collected from a stratified sample of 10,641 participants as part of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. A modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to determine the presence of DSM-IV anxiety, affective, and substance use disorders and ICD-10 personality disorders. Results: Substance use disorder plus PTSD was experienced by a significant minority of the Australian general population (0.5%). Among those with PTSD, the most common substance use disorder was an alcohol use disorder (24.1%), whereas among those with a substance use disorder, PTSD was most common among individuals with an opioid use disorder (33.2%). Consistent with U.S. clinical literature, individuals with substance use disorder plus PTSD experience significantly poorer physical and mental health and greater disability than those with substance use disorder alone. In contrast, individuals with PTSD alone and those with substance use disorder plus PTSD shared a remarkably similar clinical profile. Conclusions: It is important that individuals entering treatment for substance use disorder or PTSD be assessed for this comorbidity. The addition of either disorder may present complications that need to be considered for the provision of appropriate treatment. Further research is necessary to ascertain which treatments are most effective in treating comorbid substance use disorder plus PTSD.","adult, alcohol consumption, anxiety disorder, article, Australia, clinical assessment, comorbidity, composite international diagnostic interview, correlation analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnostic test, disability, female, health survey, high risk patient, human, interview, major clinical study, male, medical literature, mental health, mood disorder, opiate addiction, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotrauma, risk factor, substance abuse, wellbeing","Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J., Peters, L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3695,Post-traumatic stress disorder in an emergency department population one year after hurricane Katrina,,,"Mills, L. D., Mills, T. J., MacHt, M., Levitan, R., De Wulf, A., Afonso, N. S.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.06.124,0,0,
3696,Distinguishing between treatment efficacy and effectiveness in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Implications for contentious therapies,"Research psychologists often complain that practitioners disregard research evidence whilst practitioners sometimes accuse researchers of failing to produce evidence with sufficient ecological validity. We discuss the tension that thus arises using the specific illustrative examples of two treatment methods for post-traumatic stress disorder: eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing and exposure-based interventions. We discuss the contextual reasons for the success or failure of particular treatment models that are often only tangentially related to the theoretical underpinnings of the models. We discuss what might be learnt from these debates and develop recommendations for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Efficacy, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Mills, Sarah, Hulbert-Williams, Lee",2012.0,,,0,0,
3697,Risk factor assessment for posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans in former Yugoslavia,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is in focus of research for a long period of time and many different approaches to studying it have been applied. Assessment of risk factors for development and outcome of this disorder surfaced as the key research topic since it assures the possibilities for getting to know development of the disorder and it's course, and also it is important both for preventive measures after exposition to trauma and for therapy. Risk factors include the following: biological vulnerability, psychological experiences and social influences; pretraumatic vulnerability (family history of mental disorders, gender, genetic and neuroendocrinological factors, personality traits, traumatic experiences during early childhood, inadequate paternal care and low educational level); intensity of stressors; being prepared for trauma; immediate reactions after trauma exposure (dissociation and copying strategies) and posttraumatic factors (dominant symptoms, social support and other life stress events). The objective of this research was to determine and examine the factors that lead to development of PTSD. The sample consisted of 207 participants: participants in combat in either the 1991-1995 war in ex-Yugoslavia or the 1999 war in Kosovo and Metohia; torture victims, as well as refuges and internally displaced people from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Kosovo and Metohia. Persons that experienced bombing of Serbia in 1999, mostly from Belgrade were also included. Diagnosis of PTSD was determined according to the structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV disorders, SCID I). We also applied the Semi-structured Interview for Survivors of War (SISOW). Depending on the presence or absence of the PTSD diagnosis, participants were split into two groups. The following risk factors were assessed: gender, marital status, education, economic status, personal and family history of psychiatric disorders, psychoactive substance abuse, the sense of control during the traumatic event, and social support (the support of the family, friends, relatives, and international organizations). Our findings have shown that female gender, lower levels of education, lower economic status, the feeling of absence of control over the traumatic event, and a lack of social support during the event, represent the factors that occurred significantly more frequently in the group that developed PTSD compared to the group that was exposed to the traumatic events, but did not develop the disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, *War, Combat Experience, Refugees, Stress, Family History","Milosavljevic, Maja, Drakulic, Bogdan, Crnobaric, Cvetana, Perunicic, Ivana, Tosevski, Dusica Lecic",2011.0,,,0,0,
3698,Treatment of nightmares with doxazosine-a pilot study,"Introduction: studies have shown links between disturbing dreams (nightmares) and various psychiatric disorders, most notably post-traumatic stress disorder. Nightmares appear also as a primary disorder, either as an isolated symptom or as a sleep disorder (parasomnia). Treatment of nightmares is typically focused on an underlying disorder. Recently, prazosin (alpha 1 adrenergic receptor antagonist) has been studied as an off-label treatment for trauma-associated nightmares. We propose that use of doxazosine, an alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists, could be equally effective in treating nightmares as other medication types, including prazosine. Given the specificity of its pharmacodynamics, it could be given in smaller doses than prazosine for the same clinical effect. It also has favourable safety profile and longer half-life, thus covering a typical duration of one's sleep. Secondary hypothesis is that use of doxazosine also alleviates other symptoms of the primary psychiatric disorder. Methods: the observational study included 16 subjects (male = 10) reporting frequent nightmares (as defined by ICSD 2), with or without psychopathological correlates, over a period of 3-12 months. Results: there was one drop-out due to not compliance (1 male). Dosing range of doxazosine were between 0.5 mg and 1 mg before sleep. A total of 10 patients achieved marked or moderate improvement (Clinical Global Impression Efficacy Index), while 5 subjects achieved transient or minimal improvement. In none of the patients adverse effects have had outweighed the clinical improvement. Secondary benefits were observed but not assessed (improvement of the primary disorder, lower blood pressure, etc.). Conclusions: the results of this pilot study suggest that doxazosine presents a valuable therapeutic alternative in treating nightmares in a variety of medical/psychiatric conditions, warranting further and more structures investigation.","prazosin, alpha 1 adrenergic receptor blocking agent, psychosomatics, nightmare, pilot study, human, diseases, patient, sleep, male, mental disease, Clinical Global Impression scale, observational study, hypothesis, sleep disorder, half life time, safety, pharmacodynamics, drug therapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, ICSD-2, injury, blood pressure, adverse drug reaction, dream, parasomnia","Milovanovic, S., Trajanovic, N., Stefanovic, D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3699,The moderation of resilience on the negative effect of pain on depression and post-traumatic growth in individuals with spinal cord injury,"Purpose: To determine the moderating effect of resilience on the negative effects of chronic pain on depression and post-traumatic growth. Method: Community-dwelling individuals with SCI (n = 37) were recruited at short-term admission for yearly regular health examination. Participants completed self-rating standardized questionnaires measuring pain, resilience, depression and post-traumatic growth. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed to identify the moderating effect of resilience on the relationships of pain with depression and post-traumatic growth after controlling for relevant covariates. Results: In the regression model of depression, the effect of pain severity on depression was decreased (β was changed from 0.47 to 0.33) after entering resilience into the model. In the final model, both pain and resilience were significant independent predictors for depression (β = 0.33, p = 0.038 and β = -0.47, p = 0.012, respectively). In the regression model of post-traumatic growth, the effect of pain severity became insignificant after entering resilience into the model. In the final model, resilience was a significant predictor (β = 0.51, p = 0.016). Conclusions: Resilience potentially mitigated the negative effects of pain. Moreover, it independently contributed to reduced depression and greater post-traumatic growth. Our findings suggest that resilience might provide a potential target for intervention in SCI individuals. © 2014 Informa UK Ltd.","Depression, Pain, Post-traumatic growth, Resilience, Spinal cord injuries","Min, J. A., Lee, C. U., Hwang, S. I., Shin, J. I., Lee, B. S., Han, S. H., Ju, H. I., Lee, C. Y., Lee, C., Chae, J. H.",2014.0,,10.3109/09638288.2013.834985,0,0,
3700,Conditioning and ethological models of anxiety disorders: Stress-in-Dynamic-Context Anxiety models,"(from the chapter) argue that the central shortcoming of traditional behavioral models has been their failure to consider the dynamic context in which stressors occur in a person's life / by ignoring the powerful effect of dynamic contextual factors on the impact of those stressors, behavioral models have appeared to be much more simplistic than they need to be and to have far less explanatory power than we know they can have / refer to the more traditional models as Stress-in-Total-Isolation Anxiety models (SITIA models) / present an alternative model in which we show that stress must always be considered in a dynamic context rather than in isolation in determining the outcome of exposure to stress the relevant dynamic contextual factors that we will consider include constitutional factors such as temperament, past experiential history (including general factors such as a history of exposure to uncontrollable life events as well as specific factors such as prior traumatic conditioning events), current contextual factors at the time of a stressor (such as whether there are already reliable predictors of the stressor, or the nature of the conditioned stimulus relative to the nature of the unconditioned stimulus, or whether the stressor can be controlled), and future modification of the impact of the stressor (through processes such as forgetting and other memory modifications, as well as through later experiences with other stressors) / refer to these models as the Stress-in-Dynamic-Context Anxiety models (SIDCA models) specific phobias [vicarious conditioning of fears and phobias, sources of individual differences in the acquisition of fears and phobias, selective associations in the conditioning of fears and phobias, persistence of fears and phobias] / social phobia [preparedness and conditioning models of social phobia; direct traumatic conditioning, observational conditioning, and social phobia; temperamental variables and social phobia; uncontrollability and social phobia] / panic disorder and agoraphobia / generalized anxiety disorder / posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) / obsessive-compulsive disorder [animal models of compulsive behaviors, anxiety reduction theory, preparedness and the nonrandom distribution of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Conditioning, *Models, *Stress, Animal Models, Fear, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Social Phobia","Mineka, Susan, Zinbarg, Richard",1996.0,,,0,0,
3701,Chronic stress increases the plasmalemmal distribution of the norepinephrine transporter and the coexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase in norepinephrine axons in the prefrontal cortex,"Norepinephrine (NE) potently modulates the cognitive and affective functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Deficits in NE transmission are implicated in psychiatric disorders, and antidepressant drugs that block the NE transporter (NET) effectively treat these conditions. Our initial ultrastructural studies of the rat PFC revealed that most NE axons (85-90%) express NET primarily within the cytoplasm and lack detectable levels of the synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In contrast, the remaining 10-15% of PFC NE axons exhibit predominantly plasmalemmal NET and evident TH immunoreactivity. These unusual characteristics suggest that most PFC NE axons have an unrecognized, latent capacity to enhance the synthesis and recovery of transmitter. In the present study, we used dual-labeling immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy to examine whether chronic cold stress, a paradigm that persistently increases NE activity, would trigger cellular changes consistent with this hypothesis. After chronic stress, neither the number of profiles exhibiting NET labeling nor their size was changed. However, the proportion of plasmalemmal NET nearly doubled from 29% in control animals to 51% in stressed rats. Moreover, the expression of detectable TH in NET-labeled axons increased from only 13% of profiles in control rats to 32% of profiles in stressed animals. Despite the consistency of these findings, the magnitude of the changes varied across individual rats. These data represent the first demonstration of activity-dependent trafficking of NET and expression of TH under physiological conditions and have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of stress-related affective disorders. Copyright © 2006 Society for Neuroscience.","Antidepressants, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Catecholamine, Depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Trafficking","Miner, L. H., Jedema, H. P., Moore, F. W., Blakely, R. D., Grace, A. A., Sesack, S. R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3702,Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: An examination of symptom clusters on the mmpi-2,"The possibility that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a topic of recent debate. The immediate consequences of TBI can include mental confusion, loss of consciousness and/or posttraumatic amnesia. Frequently, TBI victims do not recall the event associated with the injury due to these factors. Some have argued that lack of memory of the event in which the TBI was sustained precludes the onset of traumatic re-experiencing symptoms, a necessary element of the PTSD experience according to current DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Others have posited that PTSD can coexist with TBI, and several mechanisms have been proposed by which comorbidity is possible. This dissertation provides a review of this controversy in the literature, and further explores this topic by examining the responses of a group of TBI patients on two subscales of the MMPI-2 which are thought to assess PTSD symptoms, the PK and PS scales. Scores of TBI patients will be compared to a sample of neurologically impaired patients. In addition, the items comprising the two subscales will be examined to determine the extent to which the patients are reporting the intrusive, reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD as defined by the DSM-IV, and comparisons between the two groups will be made on this dimension. Accurate assessment and diagnosis of psychopathology following TBI can contribute to successful treatment planning, rehabilitation and community re-entry, and this investigation attempts to elucidate an aspect of the potential emotional sequelae in TBI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Amnesia, *Mental Confusion, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Minniti, Nancy L.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3703,Implicit and explicit memory in survivors of chronic interpersonal violence,"We investigated the relationship of implicit and explicit memory to a range of symptoms in a sample of 27 women with exposure to chronic interpersonal violence (IPV). Participants viewed the first 3 letters (""stems"") of trauma-related, general threat, and neutral words; valenced words were matched with neutral words with the same stem. Free recall and a word-stem completion task were used to test explicit and implicit memory, respectively. Participants exhibited increased implicit memory for trauma-related words as compared with both general threat words and neutral ""match"" words. They also showed increased explicit memory for both general threat and trauma-related words. Finally, although neither implicit nor explicit memory was correlated with PTSD symptoms, implicit memory for trauma-related words was significantly correlated with symptoms associated with ongoing IPV. Interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, and alexithymia were significantly correlated with implicit, but not explicit, memory for trauma words. Somatization, dissociation, and alexithymia were negatively correlated with explicit, but not implicit, memory for general-threat words. These findings suggest that memory processes in survivors of IPV are closely related to the symptom profile associated with complex trauma. Exploring memory processes in survivors of IPV may lend unique insight into the development and maintenance of the symptom profile associated with IPV.","*Domestic Violence, Female, Humans, *Memory, Psychological Tests, Self Report, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology/therapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Survivors/*psychology","Minshew, R., ""DAndrea, W.""",2015.0,Jan,10.1037/a0036787,0,0,
3704,Traumatic stress symptoms in adolescent organ transplant recipients,"Objective. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after life-threatening medical illness have been found to predict poor outcome in preliminary studies of adults and children. However, these symptoms are rarely recognized in general medical or pediatric settings. Here we report on the first large investigation to assess prevalence and correlates of self-reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress in a nonreferred sample of adolescent liver, heart, and kidney transplant recipients. Methods. One hundred four adolescents, ages 12 to 20 years (mean: 15.7; SD: 2.1), completed and returned the University of California, Los Angeles, PTSD Index for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. All participants were at least 1 year post-initial transplant and were fluent speakers of English and/or Spanish. Results. More than 16% of the adolescents met all symptom criteria for PTSD, and an additional 14.4% met 2 of 3 symptom-cluster criteria. Regression analysis indicated no effect of gender, ethnicity, age at interview, organ type, time since transplant, or age at transplant. Conclusions. As has been found with other life-threatening pediatric conditions, solid organ transplantation can precipitate symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Symptoms are not predicted by what would be considered objective factors increasing life threat, suggesting a greater salience of subjective appraisal of threat, as has been seen in studies of childhood cancer survivors. Copyright (copyright) 2005 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.","adolescent, article, controlled study, ethnology, human, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, recipient, regression analysis","Mintzer, L. L., Stuber, M. L., Seacord, D., Castaneda, M., Mesrkhani, V., Glover, D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3705,Differential Predictors of Transient Stress Versus Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evaluating Risk Following Targeted Mass Violence,"Schools have become a common incident site for targeted mass violence, including mass shootings. Although exposure to mass violence can result in significant distress, most individuals are able to fully recover over time, while a minority develop more pervasive pathology, such as PTSD. The present study investigated how several pre- and posttrauma factors predict posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in both the acute and distal aftermath of a campus mass shooting using a sample with known levels of pretrauma functioning (N=. 573). Although the largest proportion of participants evidenced resilience following exposure to the event (46.1%), many reported high rates of PTSS shortly after the shooting (42.1%) and a smaller proportion (11.9%) met criteria for probable PTSD both in the acute and more distal aftermath of the event. While several preshooting factors predicted heightened PTSS after the shooting, prior trauma exposure was the only preshooting variable shown to significantly differentiate between those who experienced transient versus prolonged distress. Among postshooting predictors, individuals reporting greater emotion dysregulation and peritraumatic dissociative experiences were over four times more likely to have elevated PTSS 8. months postshooting compared with those reporting less dysregulation and dissociative experiences. Individuals with less exposure to the shooting, fewer prior traumatic experiences, and greater satisfaction with social support were more likely to recover from acute distress. Overall, results suggest that, while pretrauma factors may differentiate between those who are resilient in the aftermath of a mass shooting and those who experience heightened distress, several event-level and posttrauma coping factors help distinguish between those who eventually recover and those whose PTSD symptoms persist over time. © 2014 Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.","Acute stress, Logistic regression, Posttraumatic stress, School violence, Trauma","Miron, L. R., Orcutt, H. K., Kumpula, M. J.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.beth.2014.07.005,0,1,
3706,Lamotrigine has an anxiolytic-like profile in the rat conditioned emotional response test of anxiety: A potential role for sodium channels?,"Rationale: Many anticonvulsants are used in disorders other than epilepsy. For example, lamotrigine is reported to be effective in post-traumatic stress disorder and mania. Objective: We assessed the effects of the anticonvulsants lamotrigine, valproate and carbamazepine in an animal model of anxiety. We assessed a wide range of pharmacological tools to delineate the mechanism of lamotrigine's anxiolytic effect. Methods: We assessed these compounds in the rat conditioned emotional response (CER) test of anxiety. Results: Lamotrigine (30-80 mg/kg) dose-dependently and reproducibly engendered an anxiolytic response in this test, with similar efficacy to benzodiazepines. Carbamazepine (20-40 mg/kg) and riluzole (10 mg/kg), which block Na+ channels by a similar mechanism as lamotrigine, were also anxiolytic. By contrast, valproate (100-600 mg/kg) was inactive and appears to differ in its interaction with Na+ channels. The SSRI paroxetine, the GABAA receptor positive modulator propofol, the NMDA antagonists memantine and (+)MK-801, and the Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine were all inactive in the CER test, suggesting these mechanisms may not mediate the anxiolytic effect of lamotrigine. More directly, we showed that the anxiolytic effect of lamotrigine could be blocked by co-administering rats with the Na+ channel activator veratrine (0.1 mg/kg). By contrast, neither the Ca2+ channel agonist BAYK8644 (0.5 mg/kg) nor the 5-HT1A or 5-HT 1/2 antagonists WAY100635 (0.3 mg/kg) and metergoline (3 mg/kg), respectively, were able to block the effect. Conclusion: Lamotrigine's anxiolytic effect in the CER test may be mediated via block of Na+ channels, and this may represent a target for the development of novel anxiolytics. (copyright) Springer-Verlag 2005.","4 aminobutyric acid A receptor stimulating agent, anticonvulsive agent, bayk 8644, benzodiazepine derivative, benzodiazepine receptor stimulating agent, calcium channel blocking agent, carbamazepine, cevadine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, dizocilpine, lamotrigine, memantine, metergoline, n 2 4 (2 methoxyphenyl) 1 piperazinylethyl n (2 pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor blocking agent, nifedipine, paroxetine, propofol, riluzole, serotonin 1 antagonist, serotonin 1A antagonist, serotonin 2 antagonist, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sodium channel, unclassified drug, valproic acid, animal experiment, animal model, anxiety, article, controlled study, correlation analysis, dose response, drug effect, drug mechanism, emotion, male, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, tranquilizing activity, mk 801, way 100635","Mirza, N. R., Bright, J. L., Stanhope, K. J., Wyatt, A., Harrington, N. R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3707,Progress in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Research,"(from the chapter) In the past years, advances in neuroimaging have led to a better understanding of neurophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several studies have demonstrated dysfunction and/or volume changes of the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), benzodiazepine receptor densities and regional glucose metabolism in patients suffering from PTSD have been also reported. In a recent study, we found that the rCBF in survivors of torture suffering from PTSD differed significantly from that in healthy controls. New approaches with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy may provide promising information about alterations in N-acetyl asparate and choline-containing compounds in the human brain. These findings support the assumption that severe psychological trauma induced by torture can cause neurobiologic alterations that may contribute, even years after the original trauma, to a number of psychiatric symptoms commonly expressed by patients suffering from PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cerebral Blood Flow, *Emotional Trauma, *Neurophysiology, *Neuropsychology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Benzodiazepines, Glucose Metabolism, Neuroimaging, Stress","Mirzaei, S., Gelpi, E., Rodrigues, M., Knoll, P., Gutierrez-Lobos, K.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3708,PTSD symptoms of mothers following occurrence of a disaster affecting their children,,,"Mirzamani, M., Bolton, D.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3709,Personality Assessment Inventory profiles of veterans: Differential effects of mild traumatic brain injury and psychopathology,"Objective: Neuropsychiatric complaints often accompany mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a common condition in post-deployed Veterans. Self-report, multi-scale personality inventories may elucidate the pattern of psychiatric distress in this cohort. This study investigated valid Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) profiles in post-deployed Veterans. Method: Measures of psychopathology and mTBI were examined in a sample of 144 post-deployed Veterans divided into groups: healthy controls (n = 40), mTBI only (n = 31), any mental health diagnosis only (MH; n = 25), comorbid mTBI and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (mTBI/PTSD; n = 23), and comorbid mTBI, PTSD, and other psychological diagnoses (mTBI/PTSD/MDD+; n = 25). Results: There were no significant differences between the mTBI and the control group on mean PAI subscale elevation, or number of subscale elevations above 60T or 70T. The other three groups had significantly higher overall mean scores, and more elevations above 60 and 70T compared to both controls and mTBI only. The mTBI/PTSD/MDD+ group showed the highest and most elevations. After entering demographics, PTSD, and number of other psychological diagnoses into hierarchical regressions using the entire sample, mTBI history did not predict mean PAI subscale score or number of elevations above 60T or 70T. PTSD was the only significant predictor. There were no interaction effects between mTBI and presence of PTSD, or between mTBI and total number of diagnoses. Conclusions: This study suggests that mTBI alone is not uniquely related to psychiatric distress in Veterans, but that PTSD accounts for self-reported symptom distress. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA).","mTBI, Postconcussive, Posttraumatic, PTSD, Veteran","Miskey, H. M., Shura, R. D., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., Rowland, J. A.",2015.0,,10.1007/s11682-015-9391-7,0,0,
3710,Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder a helpful concept for adults with intellectual disability?,"Background: Research using the concept of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with adults with intellectual disability (ID) assumes they perceive and react to traumatic events in a similar way to nondisabled adults. Reactions to trauma displayed by children may be relevant to adults with ID as well. Methods: Two focus groups were held with professionals and practitioners to explore the relevance of criteria from child as well as adult literature to adults with ID who experience trauma. Descriptive thematic analysis was carried out. Results: Abuse, parental bereavement, and having children removed were considered common sources of trauma. Similarities identified between disabled and non-disabled adults were flashbacks and nightmares; distressed by reminders; avoidance; hypervigilance and increased arousal. Differences were the frequent occurrence of multiple rather than single events, which were considered significant in generating chronic problems similar to those described as PTSD; also the occurrence of physical health problems and behavioural re-enactments. Discussion and Conclusions: Experienced professionals and practitioners considered most of the ideas from PTSD research with non-disabled adults to be relevant to adults with ID who experience trauma, but that some behaviour reported in research with children was also relevant. Topics and questions for use in clinical and research practice with individuals who have experienced trauma were proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Intellectual Development Disorder, Comorbidity","Mitchell, A., Clegg, Jennifer",2005.0,,,0,0,
3711,Overview of post-traumatic stress,"The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the acute stress response with additional information on post-traumatic stress. There is an emphasis on the theoretical foundations and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Risk factors, symptom clusters, and the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder are described as a foundation for clinical implications and a focused nursing assessment.",,"Mitchell, A. M., Sakraida, T. J., Kameg, K.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3712,Treatment Improves Symptoms Shared by PTSD and Disordered Eating,"Eating disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are debilitating conditions that frequently co-occur. Although the two disorders have different clinical presentations, they share associated features, including cognitive disturbances, emotion dysregulation, dissociation, and impulsivity. We hypothesized that reductions in PTSD symptoms following cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and its treatment components (CPT without the written account or the written account only) would be associated with improvements in symptoms common to PTSD and eating disorders. Participants in the current investigation included women with PTSD (N = 65) who reported a history of rape or physical assault, were in a randomized dismantling study of CPT, and completed the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) at pre- and posttreatment. Latent growth modeling results indicated that decreases in PTSD symptom scores were significantly associated with reductions in the Impulse Regulation, Interoceptive Awareness, Interpersonal Distrust, Ineffectiveness, and Maturity Fears subscales of the EDI-2. Thus, PTSD treatment affected symptoms shared by PTSD and eating disorders. Currently, there are no clear guidelines for treatment of comorbid PTSD and eating disorders. Traditional CPT may impact symptoms common to both, but additional therapy may be needed for specific disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Mitchell, K. S., Wells, S. Y., Mendes, A., Resick, P. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3713,Unique Relations Between Counterfactual Thinking and DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Clusters,"Objective: Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) propose that rumination about a trauma may increase particular symptom clusters. One type of rumination, termed counterfactual thinking (CFT), refers to thinking of alternative outcomes for an event. CFT centered on a trauma is thought to increase intrusions, negative alterations in mood and cognitions (NAMC), and marked alterations in arousal and reactivity (AAR). The theorized relations between CFT and specific symptom clusters have not been thoroughly investigated. Also, past work has not evaluated whether the relation is confounded by depressive symptoms, age, gender, or number of traumatic events experienced. Method: The current study examined the unique associations between CFT and PTSD symptom clusters according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013>) in 51 trauma-exposed treatment-seeking individuals. Results: As predicted, CFT was associated with all PTSD symptom clusters. After controlling for common predictors of PTSD symptom severity (i.e., age, depressive symptoms, and number of traumatic life events endorsed), we found CFT to be significantly associated with the intrusion and avoidance symptom clusters but not the AAR or NAMC symptom clusters. Conclusions: Results from the present study provide further support for the role of rumination in specific PTSD symptom clusters above and beyond symptoms of depression, age, and number of traumatic life events endorsed. Future work may consider investigating interventions to reduce rumination in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved).","Counterfactual thinking, PTSD, PTSD symptom clusters, Rumination, Trauma","Mitchell, M. A., Contractor, A. A., Dranger, P., Shea, M. T.",2015.0,,10.1037/tra0000089,0,0,
3714,Creatine kinase isoenzyme profiles in the plasma of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): effects of acute heat stress,"Creatine kinase isoenzyme activities in extracts of plasma, skeletal muscle, heart and brain tissue of domestic fowls were separated by anion exchange chromatography and tissue specific distributions of the isoenzyme designated MM-CK, BB-CK1 and BB-CK2 were demonstrated. The muscle isoenzyme (MM-CK) was the predominant form in plasma (99 per cent) and its activity increased in response to an episode of acute heat stress. © 1995.",,"Mitchell, M. A., Sandercock, D. A.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3715,Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescent offenders with mental health problems in custody,"Many studies have identified high levels of mental health problems among adolescents in custody and there is increasing evidence that mental health problems in this population are associated with further offending and mental health problems into adulthood. Despite recent improvements in mental health provision within custodial settings there is little evidence of structured interventions being offered or of their effectiveness being evaluated. A cognitively based intervention was developed and offered to adolescents with a variety of mental health problems in different secure settings, and the outcomes compared with a control group. Although this small-scale study did not identify significant differences in outcomes for the two groups, both recruitment and retention in therapy were good, and potential candidates were not excluded on the basis of learning difficulties or co-morbidity. The study demonstrated the viability of a delivering cognitively based intervention for common mental health problems within secure settings. © 2010 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.",,"Mitchell, P., Smedley, K., Kenning, C., McKee, A., Woods, D., Rennie, C. E., Bell, R. V., Aryamanesh, M., Dolan, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3716,"Comparative analysis of trends in paediatric trauma outcomes in New South Wales, Australia","Paediatric trauma centres seek to optimise the care of injured children. Trends in state-wide paediatric care and outcomes have not been examined in detail in Australia. This study examines temporal trends in paediatric trauma outcomes and factors influencing survival and length of stay. A retrospective review was conducted using data from the NSW Trauma Registry during 2003-2008 for children aged 15 years and younger who were severely injured (injury severity score > 15). To examine trauma outcomes descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic and linear regression were conducted. There were 1138 children severely injured. Two-thirds were male. Road trauma and falls were the most common injury mechanisms and over one-third of incidents occurred in the home. Forty-eight percent of violence-related injuries were experienced by infants aged less than 1 year. For the majority of children definitive care was provided at a paediatric trauma centre, but less than one-third of children were taken directly to a paediatric trauma centre post-injury. Children who received definitive treatment at a paediatric trauma centre had between 3 and 6 times higher odds of having a survival advantage than if treated at an adult trauma centre. The number of severe injury presentations to the 14 major trauma centres in NSW remains constant. It is possible that injury prevention measures are having a limited effect on severe injury in NSW. This research provides stimulus for change in the provision and co-ordination in the delivery of trauma care for injured children. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Injury, Outcomes, Paediatric, Trauma, Trauma system","Mitchell, R. J., Curtis, K., Chong, S., Holland, A. J. A., Soundappan, S. V. S., Wilson, K. L., Cass, D. T.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2011.11.012,0,0,
3717,Trazodone: Properties and utility in multiple disorders,"Trazodone is an established antidepressant that is prescribed frequently as an off-label hypnotic with wide acceptance among psychiatrists. Owing to its atypical mixed serotonergic and adrenolytic pharmacology, trazodone has been investigated in a number of disorders besides depression and insomnia, including anxiety disorders, chronic pain, frontal cognitive dysfunctions, erectile dysfunction and others. Clinical studies using subjective and objective measures generally tend to support its efficacy as a hypnotic in depressed subjects. Various other attributes of trazodone, including interaction with adrenergic receptors, formation of an active metabolite with potent serotonergic activity, low abuse potential and putative utility in various disorders, warrant further exploration. The adverse effects of trazodone generally mirror its serotonergic activity and include sedation, headache, sweating, weight changes and gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting. Clinicians and patients should be cognizant of the risk for potential, but rare, cardiovascular adverse effects of trazodone. The safety and toxicology of trazodone should be examined under current standards of drug development before exposure to new patient populations. This article provides an overview of trazodone with a focus on its clinical pharmacology and opportunities, gaps and scientific strategies in developing it for new indications such as insomnia, anxiety disorders, chronic pain and frontal cognitive dysfunction. Modified release formulations, alternate forms of drug delivery and combination products are discussed as strategies to optimize the efficacy of trazodone and improve its safety profile. © 2011 Expert Reviews Ltd.","anxiety, chronic pain, cognitive dysfunction, drug delivery, first-pass metabolism, insomnia, m-CPP, optimization, repurpose","Mittur, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3718,Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a psychiatric population not presenting with trauma: A preliminary study,"Objective: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a diagnostic category used to describe symptoms arising from emotionally traumatic experience(s). Research suggests that PTSD may be underdiagnosed when trauma is not the presenting problem or when not the focus of clinical intervention. There is a dearth of South African information on the prevalence of PTSD in a psychiatric population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of PTSD in a psychiatric population, not presenting on the basis of trauma. Method: The study was cross sectional and conducted at a psychiatric outpatient clinic in the Durban Metropolitan area. The sample was obtained from patients seen at follow up over a period of twelve weeks. The researcher randomly selected prospective participants and at the end of their consultation the purpose of the study was explained and they were invited to participate. Demographic characteristics and diagnosis were recorded. Thereafter, the Zulu version of the Modified Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (MPDS) was administered and data collected. Results: The study demonstrated that 22% of subjects reported symptoms of PTSD where the primary presentation was not trauma related. Conclusion: A significant number of psychiatric patients presenting for non-trauma related psychopathology report symptoms of PTSD when specifically questioned. The findings suggest that such questioning may be overlooked when dealing with psychiatric patients who do not specifically present on the basis of trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*African Cultural Groups, *Comorbidity, *Emotional Trauma, *Misdiagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology, Psychiatric Patients","Mkize, D. L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3719,Posttraumatic stress disorder and inflammation,"Background: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may develop following exposure to a traumatic event and is associated with debilitating physical and psychological health declines. Symptoms of PTSD include re-experiencing of the traumatic event through intrusive dreams or thoughts; physiologic arousal to stimuli that represent the trauma; numbing of feelings and avoidance of thoughts, feelings, people, and activities that symbolize the trauma. Several studies have reported immune function alterations in individuals with PTSD suggesting that low-grade inflammatory response is involved in PTSD pathogenesis on a chronic stage of the disease. However, the data are inconclusive, leading to an insufficient understanding of the role of inflammatory reactions in PTSD. Purpose: The aim of this study was to study some indicators of inflammation in PTSD-affected subjects and to perform correlation analyses between these parameters and clinical features of the disease. For this purpose we have examined 17 PTSD patients, combat veterans, diagnosed by application of the Clinical Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Age- and gender-matched 16 healthy subjects without any history of physical or sexual abuse or other major trauma, defined as being free of current or past psychiatric disorders served as a control group. Methods: Among the indicators of the inflammatory response, circulating immune complexes (CICs) and pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1(beta), were determined in the blood serum samples of patients and controls. CICs were measured using a C1q- and C3d-binding ELISA kit. The concentration of CICs was expressed as mg/mL of heat-aggregated IgG-equivalents obtained from the calibration curve. The IL-1(beta) serum levels were analyzed by ELISA and expressed in pg/mL. We used two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation for data analysis. Level of significance was set at p(less-than or equal to)0.05. Results: The mean values of CIC-C1q, CIC-C3d and IL-1(beta) in the blood serum of patients with PTSD were significantly 1.7(p<0.024), 2.1 (p<0.0004) and 1.3 (p<0.002) times higher, respectively, than in the healthy subjects' group. In the group of PTSD patients we observed statistically significant positive correlation between the levels of CIC-C1q and total hyperarousal symptoms (Cluster D) (p = 0.0487, r = 0.48), and between the level of IL-1b and total hyperarousal symptoms (p = 0.0095, r = 0.61). In addition, statistically significant negative correlation was detected between CIC-C3d and total re-experiencing symptoms (Cluster B) (p = 0.0211, r = -0.5537), and between the level of CIC-C3d and the total score of all PTSD symptoms clusters i.e. (Cluster B+C+D) (p = 0.03, r = -0.518). Conclusions: We found higher CICs and IL-1(beta) levels in patients with PTSD than in healthy subjects and provide evidence for a relationships between PTSD symptoms and the levels of the inflammatory mediators. In addition, our study suggests an increased inflammatory response in individuals with chronic PTSD as the reflection of a low-grade chronic inflammatory process. Future studies may want to test for the contribution of PTSD symptoms to the relationship between circulating inflammatory markers.","interleukin 1, marker, cytokine, immunoglobulin G, posttraumatic stress disorder, inflammation, psychopharmacology, college, patient, injury, normal human, concentration (parameters), serum, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, rank sum test, data analysis, exposure, health, dream, arousal, stimulus, clinical feature, veteran, correlation analysis, sexual abuse, mental disease, control group, antigen antibody complex, gender, heat, blood level, pathogenesis","Mkrtchyan, G., Hovhannisyan, L., Boyajyan, A., Tadevosyan, M., Kalashyan, A., Sukiasian, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3720,Involvement of anomalous apoptosis in impairments to synaptic plasticity in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure levels of apoptosis and synaptic plasticity marker proteins, i.e., annexin A5 and complexin 2 respectively, as well as the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ), in serum from patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in comparison with healthy subjects. Correlations between these parameters were studied. The results obtained here showed that annexin A5 and complexin 2 concentrations in PTSD patients were significantly lower than normal, while TNF-alpha levels were higher. PTSD patients showed a positive correlation between annexin A5 and complexin 2 levels on the one hand, and a negative correlation between annexin A5 and TNF-alpha levels on the other. These data lead to the conclusion that the pathogenesis of PTSD is characterized by reduced apoptosis associated with defects in synaptic plasticity. It is suggested that anomalous apoptosis may also be among the factors supporting the development of the chronic inflammation typical of the pathogenesis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Apoptosis, *Cytokines, *Enzymes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Synaptic Plasticity, Military Veterans, Tumor Necrosis Factor","Mkrtchyan, G. M., Boyadzhyan, A. S., Avetyan, D. G., Sukiasyan, S. G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3721,Aetiology of personality disorders,"Personality - and thus, personality disorder - represents a complex entity encompassing the entire spectrum of inner experience and outer behaviour. Therefore, when studying the aetiology of personality disorders, it may be preferable to separate genetically driven temperament, character with a number of non-behavioural components and impairment. Even though genetic effects bring about environmental risks or cause an increased vulnerability to such risks, they cannot explain the recent general increase in behavioural pathology in young people. Apart from macrosocial factors the most important microsocial environmental factors include dysfunctional family, traumatic experiences and other psychosocial stressors. The role of these factors has most often been studied in borderline personality disorder. The majority of borderline personality disorders suffered traumatic events, most of them being repeated sexual and physical abuse in childhood and adolescence; the hypothesis has even been promoted that borderline personality disorder represents a special form of posttraumatic stress disorder. Regarding family factors, parental bonding (mostly assessed with the Parental Bonding Instrument [PBI], reflecting parental attitudes and behaviours) has frequently been studied in borderline and other personality disorders. Our results underline the role of gender: whereas early trauma experiences correlated significantly with the overall (and especially cluster B, including borderline) pathology of personality disorders in women, high correlations were found between the overall pathology of personality disorders and parental bonding dimensions in men, with lack of paternal care and high paternal control accounting for 38% of the entire variance. A paradigm of biological priority and psychological supremacy has been developed and our results showing a much higher link between psychopathology and PBI dimensions in healthy probands than in their mentally ill, same-sex siblings are in agreement with this model. Environmental factors seem to play a less important role in the case of a more pronounced psychopathology.","article, behavior disorder, borderline state, correlation analysis, demography, environmental factor, family functioning, heredity, human, hypothesis, medical assessment, medical device, mental disease, parental attitude, parental behavior, paternal behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factor, sexual abuse, social aspect, social psychology, temperament","Modestin, J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3722,Pain and post traumatic stress disorder-Review of clinical and experimental evidence,"Pain and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid conditions. Patients with chronic pain have higher rates of PTSD. Likewise, patients with PTSD are often diagnosed with numerous chronic pain conditions. Despite the high pain-PTSD comorbidity, the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are incompletely understood and only recently researchers have started investigating it using experimental models. In this article, we systematically review the substantial clinical evidence on the co-occurrence of pain and PTSD, and the limited experimental evidence of pain processing in this disorder. We provide a detailed overview of the psychophysical and brain imaging experiments that compared somatosensory and pain processing in PTSD and non-PTSD populations. Based on the presented evidence, an extensive body of literature substantiates the clinical coexistence of pain and PTSD in patients but the limited experimental data show inconsistent results highlighting the need for well-controlled future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Clinical Practice, *Experimentation, *Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Amygdala, Comorbidity, Thresholds, Insula","Moeller-Bertram, Tobias, Keltner, John, Strigo, Irina A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3723,Quality of life after traumatic injury: A latent trajectory modeling approach,"Background: It is largely unknown how quality of life (QoL) changes following accidental injuries. Equally, the mechanisms underlying such changes have not yet been identified in detail. This study of injured accident survivors aimed to: (1) detect a model of change which best explains the observed course of QoL, and (2) identify potential predictor variables. Methods: 323 injured accident survivors were interviewed within 2 weeks of the trauma, and followed up at 6 and 12 months. Latent trajectory modeling was used to analyze the fit of three potential trajectories regarding the observed course of general QoL as measured by the Questions on Life Satisfaction questionnaire. Results: The trajectory model adopting a negative square-root change fitted the observed data best, meaning that shortly after the accident, general QoL decreased strongly with diminishing negative changes occurring later on. Early and prolonged QoL impairment was largely attributable to the initial level of posttraumatic stress as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. To a lesser extent, depressive symptoms also predicted change in subjective QoL, while injury severity showed no direct effect; rather, its impact on QoL was mediated by initial posttraumatic stress. By contrast, reduced occupational functioning was attributable to injury severity rather than psychopathology. Conclusions: When treating injured accident survivors, clinicians should consider symptoms of posttraumatic stress and comorbid depression in order to prevent or mitigate negative changes in QoL. © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Accidents, Injuries, Latent trajectory modeling, Posttraumatic stress, Quality of life, Trauma","Moergeli, H., Wittmann, L., Schnyder, U.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3724,Elaboration and content analysis of conceptual structure in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Three recent studies attempted to substantiate Sewell and Cromwell's (1990) theory of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) based on personal construct theory (Kelly, 1955). One crucial aspect of the model that was tested in each of the studies is ""elaboration,"" which is the process of bringing more of a person's repertoire of understanding (constructions) to a certain experience to give it meaning. Elaboration is representative of whether or not the individual is using an integrated set of constructs to deal with a traumatic event. A two-part study (1) reanalyzed existing data to assist in understanding discrepancies in past findings, and (2) content analyzed constructs given by subjects in all three studies. Findings concerning elaboration remained somewhat discrepant but suggested possible differences when investigating the emergent versus submerged poles of constructs. Content analysis indicated that individuals who have experienced different types of trauma use variable content when describing their life events. Implications for generalizing PTSD etiology across different types of trauma are discussed as well as future studies which would further determine the need for a revised Sewell and Cromwell (1990) model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Content Analysis, *Models, *Personality Theory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Theory Verification","Moes-Williams, Amy J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3725,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their comorbidity with other disorders in eleven to sixteen years old adolescents in the city of Bam,"Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the comorbidity of depression, anxiety, anger and dissociation with PTSD based on gender difference between two groups of earthquake-stricken boys and girls in the city of Bam and comparing it with normal adolescents in Tehran. Method: One thousand 11-16 year old students (300 boys and 700 girls) in the city of Bam selected using multi-step cluster sampling in two educational levels as the experimental group, and 3042 eleven to sixteen year old students from Tehran as the control group were examined. Data were gathered using Syndrome Checklist for Children (form A) and Interview form of Post Trauma Stress Scale (interview form). Data were then analyzed using correlation, independent t, chi-square (2), and Kruskal Wallis. Results: Adolescents who had experienced the traumatic events showed higher levels of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, anger and dissociation in comparison with normal adolescents (p < 0.01). In the group with PTSD, frequency of all PTSD symptoms except anger symptoms was higher in girls than in boys. However, the frequency of pathological syndromes (T > 65) was more evident in boys than in girls, but was non-significant. The prevalence of PTSD in the experimental group was 20%. Conclusion: There is a high comorbidity between symptoms of PTSD and other symptoms, which leads to a higher report of PTSD prevalence. Even though psychological vulnerability was higher in boys than in girls, it seems that gender role expectance in the expression of emotions and the method of describing the symptoms play a role in this issue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Human Sex Differences, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anger, Anxiety Disorders, Dissociation, Major Depression, Stress","Mohamadi, Leila, Mohamadkhani, Parvane, Dolatshahi, Behroz, Golzari, Mahmud",2010.0,,,0,0,
3726,Prevalence of epilepsy and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in Iran,"Problem: To determine the lifetime prevalence of self- and other relative informants-reported epilepsy in nationwide study among Iranian adults of aged 18 years and over and to study the association of epilepsy with lifetime history of the psychiatric disorders. Method: Twenty-five thousand one hundred and eighty individual were selected through a randomized clustered sampling method from all the Iranian households; interviewed and used epilepsy questionnaire face-to-face at home in year 2001. From 12,398,235 households residing in Iran, 7795 families selected from 1559 clusters, 997 clusters were in urban and 582 were in rural areas, each cluster with 5 households were studied. The response rate was 90%. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy was 1.8%. Epilepsy was more common in females, unemployed and higher educational level. It was not significantly associated with the age group, marital status and residential areas. The most common psychiatric disorders in subjects with epilepsy were major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. The rate of lifetime suicidal attempt was 8.1%. Conclusion: Lifetime prevalence of epilepsy in Iran is not low. As the other communities, it is more common in females and unemployed. However, in contrast with the other studies, it was not more common among some age groups and unmarried and low educated subjects. (copyright) 2006 British Epilepsy Association.","adult, age distribution, aged, article, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cluster analysis, comorbidity, controlled study, disease association, education, epilepsy, female, generalized anxiety disorder, household, human, interview, Iran, major clinical study, major depression, male, marriage, mental disease, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, questionnaire, randomization, rural area, schizophrenia, sex difference, social phobia, somatization, suicide attempt, unemployment, urban area","Mohammadi, M. R., Ghanizadeh, A., Davidian, H., Mohammadi, M., Norouzian, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3727,"Associations between coerced anal sex and psychopathology, marital distress and non-sexual violence","Background. There is a dearth of scientific data on anal intercourse in heterosexual relationships. Likewise, anal sex within marital relationships has yet to be fully explored. Objectives. Among a representative sample of married women in the Iranian capital, Tehran, we aimed to determine the association of self-reported coerced anal sex with: (i) self-reported coerced vaginal sex; (ii) self-reported non-sexual violence; (iii) psychopathology; and (iv) marital attitude. Method. The data presented here were obtained from the Family Violence Survey conducted in Tehran in 2007. A total of 230 married Iranian women were selected via a multi-cluster sampling method from four different randomized regions. The subjects' sociodemographic data, psychological distress (Symptom Check List; SCL-90-R), personality, and relationship characteristics (Personal and Relationships Profile), and marital attitude (Marital Attitude Survey) were gathered. In addition, the participants' self-reported histories of lifetime victimization through all types of violence by the husband, including coerced anal and vaginal sex as well as psychological and physical assault (Conflict Tactic Scales-Revised; CTS-2), were collected. Results. There were associations between self-reported victimization through coerced anal and vaginal sex (P < 0.001), psychological (P < 0.001), and physical aggression (P < 0.001). Those reporting to have been forced into anal intercourse cited higher rates of paranoid and psychotic features, jealousy, attribution of problems to one's own behavior, conflict, and male dominance, as well as lower expectations of improvement in one's marital relationship. Conclusion. In marital relationships, women are at a higher risk of coerced anal sex if subjected to other types of sexual or non-sexual violence. Higher rates of psychopathology and poorer marital relationships are also allied to self-reported anal sexual coercion. (copyright) 2009 International Society for Sexual Medicine.","adult, aggression, anal intercourse, anxiety, article, assault, borderline state, communication disorder, conflict, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, female, human, interpersonal stress, Iran, jealousy, marriage, mental disease, obsessive compulsive disorder, paranoia, partner violence, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychopathy, psychosis, self report, social dominance, socialization, somatization","Mohammadkhani, P., Khooshabi, K. S., Forouzan, A. S., Azadmehr, H., Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3728,Examination of fatigue development in elite soccer in a hot environment: A multi-experimental approach,"The study examines fatigue in elite soccer played in hot conditions. High-profile soccer players (n=20) were studied during match play at ∼31 °C. Repeated sprint and jump performances were assessed in rested state and after a game and activity profile was examined. Additionally, heart rate (HR), blood lactate, muscle temperature and body mass changes were determined. Repeated sprint and jump performances were reduced (P<0.05) by 2.6% and 8.2%, respectively, after the game. The fatigue index in the repeated sprint test was 6.0±0.7% after the game compared with 1.7±1.0% at rest (P<0.05). High-intensity running was 57±4% lower (P<0.05) during the last 15-min interval of the game compared with the first 15-min period. No differences were observed in mean HR or blood lactates between halves. Muscle temperature was 40.5±0.4 °C after the first half, which was 0.8±0.2 °C higher (P<0.05) than after the second half. Net fluid loss during the game was >2% of the body mass. Correlations were observed between net-fluid loss and repeated sprint test fatigue index after the game (r=0.73, P<0.05) and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery, level 1 test performance and high-intensity running during the final 15 min of the game (r=0.51, P<0.05). The study provides direct evidence of compromised repeated sprint and jump performances induced by soccer match play and pronounced reduction in high-intensity running toward the end of an elite game played in a hot environment. This fatigue could be associated training status and hyperthermia/dehydration. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","Football, Intense intermittent exercise, Muscle temperature, Sprinting ability, Work rate","Mohr, M., Mujika, I., Santisteban, J., Randers, M. B., Bischoff, R., Solano, R., Hewitt, A., Zubillaga, A., Peltola, E., Krustrup, P.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3729,An integration of American nontraditional and Mesoamerican traditional approaches as a treatment model for traumatic stress and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),"Traumatic stress and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are rampant in American culture, even within nuclear families. This may cause disorganization of attachment bonds and increase the likelihood of PTSD when exposed to future traumatic events. The objective of this study is to assess the similarities and differences among psychotherapeutic treatment modalities employed in the United States, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT); Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR); Structured Intervention for Trauma for Children, Adolescents and Parents (SITCAP); Hypnosis; and finally Curanderismo, a Mesoamerican traditional treatment modality with similar practices to those found in Transpersonal Psychology for the treatment of PTSD. This heuristic study consists of interviews with co-researchers gathered in urban settings in the United States; urban, rural, and jungle settings in Mexico; and the personal and professional experiences of the researcher with both modalities. This study includes description of the therapeutic use of the temazcal (a Mesoamerican sweat lodge); limpias (a ritualized clearing of the subtle energy field); the medicinal and spiritual applications of herbalism; shamanic ritual; and the platica (a specific and highly interpersonal counseling style employed by curanderos), and the significance of holism and equilibrium in the Mesoamerican healing paradigm. In addition to these, this discussion also presents the role of prayer and interpersonal touch related to healing traumatic stress, and PTSD. An analysis of the results produced the development of an integrated healing model to reflect the positive aspects of all researched modalities toward efficacious treatments for traumatic stress and PTSD. Finally, this research examines and discusses the implications, limitations, and future research of this model for trauma treatment and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Processes, *Trauma, *Treatment","Mohr-Almeida, Kathy",2011.0,,,0,0,
3730,Measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Mexican university students,"Nowadays violence in different aspects and contexts affects Mexico in a worrying manner. Common traumatic experiences in some communities might configure grove mental health problems in the individuals, among them posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Having scales that measure events susceptible to become traumatic as well as posttraumatic symptomatology would allow a fast assessment before formal diagnosis, to be mainly used in epidemiological studies that enable detecting the impact of these occurrences in vulnerable people and communities. The objective of the present study was to build a scale of events and symptoms associated to PTSD in a Mexican university population, in views to obtaining its reliability and validity. A total of 858 students from four public universities of Tejupilco, State of Mexico, Mexico, took part; they were between 18 and 25 years of age, and answered the scale in its entirety. The reliability index was obtained by means of Cronboch's alpha and the validity of the construct with factorial analysis. The most frequent event was the experience of sudden death of some relative and/or a close friend. The scale as o screening instrument obtained internal consistency indexes of a=0.95 and the factorial analysis yielded five factors with a total variance of 45.15%. Its design allows associating the symptoms of the previous year to a specific life event, valued by the some subject as susceptible to become traumatic, which permits its utilization on similar populations. The vulnerability of the young student population to suffer PTSD or any other sort of psychiatric disorder from experienced events was verified. Early detection could suggest general and specialized mental health services, accompanied by actions that recognize the value of university as one of the main social spaces for youths. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, College Students","Mojica, Sheila Adriana Mendoza, Mendoza, Octavio Marquez, Guadarrama, Rosalinda Guadarrama, Lira, Luciana Esther Ramos",2013.0,,,0,0,
3731,Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: Evidence from an open population study,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only psychiatric condition that requires a specific event to have occurred for its diagnosis. Aims: To gather evidence from the adult general population on whether life events (e.g. divorce, unemployment) generate as many symptoms of post-traumatic stress as traumatic events (e.g. accidents, abuse). Method: Data on demographic characteristics and history of stressful events were collected through a written questionnaire sent to a random sample of 2997 adults. Respondents also filled out a PTSD symptom checklist, keeping in mind their worst event. Mean PTSD scores were compared, controlling for differences between the two groups. Differences in item scores and in the distribution of the total PTSD scores were analysed. Results: Of the 1498 respondents, 832 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. For events from the past 30 years the PTSD scores were higher after life events than after traumatic events; for earlier events the scores were the same for both types of events. These findings could not be explained by differences in demographics, history of stressful events, individual item scores, or the distribution of the total PTSD scores. Conclusions: Life events can generate at least as many PTSD symptoms as traumatic events. Our findings call for further studies on the specificity of traumatic events as a cause of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, Demographic Characteristics, Emotional Trauma, Life Experiences, Stress","Mol, Saskia S. L., Arntz, Arnoud, Metsemakers, Job F. M., Dinant, Geert-Jan, Vilters-Van Montfort, Pauline A. P., Knottnerus, J. Andre",2005.0,,,0,0,
3732,"Longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and changes in traumatic memories over time in Bosnian refugees","This longitudinal study examined traumatic memory consistency over a 3-year period among a sample of highly traumatized Bosnian refugees, focusing on demographic factors, types of trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. In 1996 and 1999, 376 Bosnian refugees were interviewed about 54 wartime trauma and torture events, and symptoms of PTSD and depression. Reports were compared for both time periods, and changed responses were analyzed for significance. Overall, there was consistency in reporting over time; when change occurred it was in the direction of decreased reports at follow-up. This downward trend was not associated with any particular diagnosis. However, PTSD alone, without comorbid symptoms of depression, was uniquely associated with the group that exhibited an upward trend. This implies that increased reporting is related specifically to the presence of PTSD symptoms, and that PTSD may be distinctly associated with the failed extinction of traumatic memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Trauma, Demographic Characteristics, War","Mollica, Richard F., Caridad, Kathleen Rey, Massagli, Michael P.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3733,"The harvard trauma questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in indochinese refugees",,,"Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., Lavblle, J.",1992.0,,,0,0,
3734,Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence,"The dose-effect relationships of cumulative trauma to the psychiatric symptoms of major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community study of Cambodian survivors of mass violence were evaluated. In 1990, a survey of 1,000 households was conducted in a Thai refugee camp using a multi-stage random sampling design. Trauma history and psychiatric symptoms were assessed for two time periods. Analysis used linear close-response regression modelling. 993 Cambodian adults reported a mean of 14 Pol Pot era trauma events and 1.3 trauma events during the past year. Symptom categories of depression, PTSD, dissociative and culturally dependent symptoms exhibited strong dose-effect responses with the exception of avoidance. All symptom categories, except avoidant symptoms, were highly correlated. It is concluded that cumulative trauma continued to affect psychiatric symptom levels a decade after the original trauma events. The diagnostic validity of PTSD criteria, with the notable exception of avoidance, was supported. Inclusion of dissociative and culturally dependent symptoms increased the cultural sensitivity of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Survivors, Violence","Mollica, Richard F., McInnes, Keith, Poole, Charles, Tor, Svang",1998.0,,,0,0,
3735,Women in prison: The central issues of gender characteristics and trauma history,"Insufficient attention is being paid to two key issues which are critical to a better understanding of what can be done to improve present services for women in prison. Firstly, the demographics, determinants and profiles of imprisoned women clearly show factors that should be central to any prison policy for women. Secondly, an analysis of the role of trauma history shows its strong influence on offending behaviour. Any modern approach to providing a more acceptable criminal justice policy for women must pay much greater attention to these two important issues. © 2009 The Royal Society for Public Health.","Criminal pathway, Gender characteristics, Prison, Psychological trauma, Women","Moloney, K. P., van den Bergh, B. J., Moller, L. F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3736,Personality affects health status and impact of cancer among melanoma survivors,"PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Type D personality (the conjoint effects of negative affectivity and social inhibition) among melanoma survivors and to obtain insight into its effects on health status, impact of cancer, and health care utilization. METHODS: We selected all patients diagnosed with melanoma between 1998 and 2007 from three large regional hospitals in the Netherlands. In total, 699 survivors, alive in January 2008, received a questionnaire including Type D Personality Scale (DS14), Impact of Cancer questionnaire (IOC), and SF-36 and 80% responded (n5562). RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of survivors (n5125) were classified as Type D. They reported a clinically and statistically significant worse general health (57.8 vs. 75.6), social functioning (73.1 vs. 88.7), mental health (61.7 vs. 80.6), more emotional role limitations (67.8 vs. 89.4), and less vitality (54.5 vs. 72.8) than non-Type D patients. Additionally, they reported a statistically and clinically relevant higher impact of cancer on body changes, negative self-evaluation, negative outlook on life, life interferences, and health worry. Furthermore, they were more worried about the influence of the sun on their skin and acted accordingly. No differences were found in health care utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided insight into the role of Type D personality on health status and impact of cancer among melanoma survivors 1/2-10 years after diagnosis. The Type D scale has proven to be a useful screening tool in melanoma survivors to identify subgroups at risk for impaired health status and impact of cancer. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: Type D is recognized as an important determinant for adverse health outcomes, impaired health status and health related quality of life, several forms of distress (including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress), and a decrease in health care utilization in patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, Type D might not just be a personality profile that decreases health status among cardiovascular patients but is more a vulnerability factor for a lower health status in general. So although not the focus of our paper, it demonstrates that personality could play a major role in the clinical care for cancer patients. More research on Type D personality among cancer survivors is therefore warranted. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Type D personality has a distinct negative impact on health status in melanoma survivors and is an important factor to screen for in clinical practice. Giving special attention to these patients is important while they are more likely to experience a strong impact of cancer which can not be explained by socio-demographical or clinical characteristics.","personality, survivor, health status, neoplasm, melanoma, society, oncology, patient, health, health care utilization, questionnaire, clinical practice, prevalence, hospital, Netherlands, mental health, self evaluation, skin, diagnosis, screening, risk, quality of life, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular disease, cancer patient, cancer survivor, social interaction","Mols, F., Holterhues, C., Nijsten, T., Van De Poll-Franse, L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3737,"Well-being, posttraumatic growth and benefit finding in long-term breast cancer survivors","This study evaluates posttraumatic growth, benefit finding and well-being, and their mutual association in a random sample of disease-free 10-year breast cancer survivors. The population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry (ECR) was used to select all women diagnosed with breast cancer in 1993 in six hospitals. Of the 254 breast cancer survivors, 183 (72%) returned a completed questionnaire. Measures included the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (posttraumatic growth), the Perceived Disease Impact Scale (benefit finding) and the CentERdata Health monitor (life satisfaction, health status and psychological well-being). Self- reported health status and psychological well-being were similar in survivors compared to general population norms, whereas life satisfaction was significantly higher among survivors. In addition, posttraumatic growth was seen in the following domains: Relationships with others, personal strength and appreciation of life. The number of patients reporting benefit finding was high (79%, N = 145). Benefit finding showed a moderately positive correlation with posttraumatic growth. In addition, women who stated that their satisfaction with life was high reported higher levels of posttraumatic growth in comparison to women who did not. Radiotherapy was negatively associated with posttraumatic growth. Women with a higher tumour stage at diagnosis experienced less benefit finding in comparison to women with a lower tumour stage at diagnosis. The above results can help to identify those patients who will probably experience posttraumatic growth and benefit finding after cancer. However, it is important to be aware that the positive effects of cancer on a patient's life do not occur in all cancer patients and all phases of the disease trajectory. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.","Benefit finding, Breast cancer, Long-term survivors, Posttraumatic growth","Mols, F., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., Coebergh, J. W. W., van de Poll-Franse, L. V.",2009.0,,,0,1,
3738,"Dimensions of trauma associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caseness, severity and functional impairment: A study of Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia","Refugee survivors of inter-ethnic warfare vary greatly in the extent and range of their trauma experiences. Discerning which experiences are most salient to generating and perpetuating disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is critical to the mounting rational strategies for targeted psychosocial interventions. In a sample of Bosnian Muslim refugees (n=126) drawn from a community centre and supplemented by a snowball sampling method, PTSD status and associated disability were measured using the clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) for DSM-IV. A principal components analysis (PCA) based on a pool of trauma items yielded four coherent trauma dimensions: Human Rights Violations, Threat to Life, Traumatic Loss and Dispossession and Eviction. A cluster analysis identified three subgroupings according to extent of trauma exposure. There were no differences in PTSD risk for the group most exposed to human rights violations (internment in concentration camps, torture) compared to the general war-exposed group. Logistic regression analysis using the dimensions derived from the PCA indicated that Threat to Life alone of the four trauma factors predicted PTSD status, a finding that supports the DSM-IV definition of a trauma. Both Threat to Life and Traumatic Loss contributed to symptom severity and disability associated with PTSD. It may be that human rights violations pose a more general threat to the survivor's future psychosocial adaptation in areas of functioning that extend beyond the confines of PTSD. (copyright) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, article, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, cluster analysis, community, controlled study, disability, disease severity, female, functional disease, health status, human, human rights, life, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, Muslim, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, principal component analysis, rating scale, refugee, risk assessment, sampling, social adaptation, social psychology, symptom, threat, torture, war","Momartin, S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., Steel, Z.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3739,Thirty years of using a series of personality questionnaires constructed by computer,"Background: The series of personality questionnaires constructed using a computer was created on the basis of cybernetic theories of personality, which presupposes the existence of six conative control systems: a system for the regulation of defense responses, a system for the regulation of attack responses, a system for controlling physiological functions, a system for coordination of regulatory functions, system for integration of regulatory functions and system for regulation of activity. Six personality questionnaires measure the intensity of the following pathological personality tendencies: 1. neurasthenia and anxiety, 2. aggressiveness and impulsiveness, 3. conversive neurotic disorders, 4. psychotic dissociation, 5. psychotic regression and 6. extroversionintroversion. Subjects and methods: The sample consisted of 4368 persons: 3496 subjects without a diagnosis, and 872 patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. Participants had to fill in the six personality questionnaire. Data were collected anonymously, during psychological treatment at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital ""Dr. Ivan Barbot"" in Popovača, at the Department of Occupational Medicine and Transport and the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Prevention at Dr. Andrija Štampar Institute of Public Health and for the purpose of selection of candidates for employment in the period from 1984 until today. Basic metric characteristics were determined for all scales. Factor structure of the scales was determined using principal component analysis; as canonical discriminant analysis, polar taxons analysis and canonical correlation analysis are special cases of factor analysis, results of factor analysis were used for further processing. Results: Results from earlier studies are replicated on much larger sample: metric characteristics of scales are very good, as in previous studies, similar structure of polar taxons was found and discrimination between healthy subjects ad those with psychiatric diagnoses was successful. Canonical correlation analysis showed interconnection of reactions on certain scales and extremely complex relationship between them which indirectly confirms the theoretical model on the basis of which the scales are formed. Conclusions: The usefulness of this scales is confirmed in clinical setting and in selection of candidates for employment.","alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, article, borderline state, computer, drug dependence, employment, epilepsy, health care organization, human, major clinical study, mental hospital, neurosis, personality, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric treatment, psychosis, questionnaire, taxon, theoretical model","Momirović, A., Gjurić, H., Goluban, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3740,Leg extension power is a pre-disaster modifiable risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake: A retrospective cohort study,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychological problem following natural disasters. Although pre-disaster risk factors are important for early detection and proactive support, the examination of such has been limited to sociodemographic factors, which were largely unaffected by the disasters. We examined the association between pre-disaster physical functioning and lifestyle and PTSD symptoms five months after the earthquake in the Great East Japan Earthquake survivors who were participating in a pre-existing cohort study. Methods: We designed a retrospective cohort study of a cooperative association in Sendai from August 2010 to August 2011. In 2010, lifestyle, physical condition, and sociodemographic factors were examined by self-reported questionnaires completed by 522 employees of this organization. We also measured the leg extension power of all the participants. PTSD symptoms were evaluated by the Japanese version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J) following the earthquake of 2011. Results: In multivariate linear regression analysis, leg extension power ( = -0.128, P = 0.025), daily drinking ( = 0.203, P = 0.006), and depressive symptoms ( = 0.139, P = 0.008) were associated with total score of the IES-R-J among men. Moreover, for the IES-R-J subscale, leg extension power was also negatively associated with Intrusion ( = -0.114, P = 0.045) and Hyperarousal ( = -0.163, P = 0.004) after adjusting for all other significant variables. For women, hypertension ( = 0.226, P = 0.032) and depressive symptoms ( = 0.205, P = 0.046) were associated with the total score of the IES-R-J. Conclusions Leg extension power is a potentially modifiable pre-disaster risk factor among men for attenuating the severity of PTSD symptoms associated with great disasters such as the Great East Japan Earthquake among men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Motor Processes, Natural Disasters, Risk Factors, Survivors","Momma, Haruki, Niu, Kaijun, Kobayashi, Yoritoshi, Huang, Cong, Otomo, Atsushi, Chujo, Masahiko, Tadaura, Hiroko, Nagatomi, Ryoichi",2014.0,,,0,0,
3741,Hostility is related to clusters of T-cell cytokines and chemokines in healthy men,"Hostility is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes as diverse as cardiovascular disease and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cytokines have been suggested to mediate this relationship. We investigated whether in healthy men a relation existed between hostility and T-cell mitogen-induced cytokines and chemokines. Male Dutch military personnel (n=304) were included before deployment. Eleven cytokines and chemokines were measured in supernatants of T-cell mitogen-stimulated whole blood cultures by multiplex immunoassay. Factor analysis was used to identify clusters of cytokines and chemokines. In a regression analysis hostility was related to the cytokine/chemokine clusters, and the potential risk factors age, BMI, smoking, drinking, previous deployment, early life trauma and depression. Explorative factor analysis showed four functional clusters; a pro-inflammatory factor (IL-2, TNFalpha, IFNgamma), an anti-inflammatory factor (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10), IL-6/chemokine factor (IL-6, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10), and MIF. Hostility was significantly related to decreased IL-6/chemokine secretion and increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. There was an inverse relation between age and hostility scores. Early life trauma and depression were positively and independently related to hostility as well. This study represents a novel way of investigating the relation between cytokines and psychological characteristics. Cytokines/chemokines clustered into functional factors, which were related to hostility in healthy males. Moreover this relation appeared to be independent of reported depression and early trauma.","Adolescent, Adult, Chemokines/blood/*metabolism, Cluster Analysis, Cytokines/blood/*metabolism, Health, *Hostility, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel/psychology, Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism, Young Adult","Mommersteeg, P. M., Vermetten, E., Kavelaars, A., Geuze, E., Heijnen, C. J.",2008.0,Sep,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.007,0,0,
3742,Hostility is related to clusters of T-cell cytokines and chemokines in healthy men,"Hostility is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes as diverse as cardiovascular disease and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cytokines have been suggested to mediate this relationship. We investigated whether in healthy men a relation existed between hostility and T-cell mitogen-induced cytokines and chemokines. Male Dutch military personnel (n = 304) were included before deployment. Eleven cytokines and chemokines were measured in supernatants of T-cell mitogen-stimulated whole blood cultures by multiplex immunoassay. Factor analysis was used to identify clusters of cytokines and chemokines. In a regression analysis hostility was related to the cytokine/chemokine clusters, and the potential risk factors age, BMI, smoking, drinking, previous deployment, early life trauma and depression. Explorative factor analysis showed four functional clusters; a pro-inflammatory factor (IL-2, TNFα, IFNγ), an anti-inflammatory factor (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10), IL-6/chemokine factor (IL-6, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10), and MIF. Hostility was significantly related to decreased IL-6/chemokine secretion and increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. There was an inverse relation between age and hostility scores. Early life trauma and depression were positively and independently related to hostility as well. This study represents a novel way of investigating the relation between cytokines and psychological characteristics. Cytokines/chemokines clustered into functional factors, which were related to hostility in healthy males. Moreover this relation appeared to be independent of reported depression and early trauma. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Chemokines, Cytokines, Factor analysis, Hostility, Male, Risk factor","Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Vermetten, E., Kavelaars, A., Geuze, E., Heijnen, C. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,3741
3743,Enhancing the health care experiences of adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse,"This article addresses the medical issues presented by women who were sexually abused in childhood and provides a detailed and direct link between the existing literature and its implications for the medical system. A profile of the sexual abuse survivor is given, including child sexual abuse (CSA) characteristics and sequelae that influence the adult female survivor's health. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is outlined as part of a complex interplay of physiological and psychological symptomatology that can compromise the CSA survivor's ability to access health care treatment and forge a positive provider/patient relationship. This article emphasizes that effective treatment with sexual abuse survivors must include interdisciplinary collaboration among health care professionals. Management of the CSA patient, a case vignette illustrating salient themes, and finally, guidelines for the health care practitioner are presented.","adult, article, child abuse, cooperation, disease association, doctor patient relation, female, health care access, health care organization, human, major clinical study, medical assessment, medical literature, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosomatics, sexual abuse, symptom, treatment planning, victim","Monahan, K., Forgash, C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3744,The unfairness of it all: Exploring the role of injustice appraisals in rehabilitation outcomes,"Objective: A fundamental principle of rehabilitation psychology is that individual appraisals of the social and physical environment-including injury itself- have profound consequences for coping and adjustment. When core assumptions of a just and predictable world are violated and accompanied by ostensibly undeserved suffering and loss, perceptions of injustice can arise. Given the role of appraisal processes in adjustment to disability, mounting empirical support, and absence of targeted interventions, the current article considers perceptions of injustice regarding personal injury/disability as a fundamental appraisal affecting rehabilitation outcomes. Research Method: The authors review theory underpinning the relevance of injustice appraisals and critically examine existing literature regarding the impact of perceived injustice and related constructs (i.e., attribution of blame, anger, and belief in a just world) on adjustment following injury. Results: The authors bring attention to perceptions of injustice regarding personal injury/disability as a fundamental appraisal affecting rehabilitation outcomes. Dimensions of the social environment that have not received substantial attention in current research on condition-related injustice appraisals are highlighted. Implications: Perceived injustice is a potentially central appraisal process to physical and psychological outcomes in the context of rehabilitation. Research regarding the role of perceived injustice, related constructs, and potential social/environmental modulators of injustice perception is still in its infancy. Guided buy its foundational principles, the field of rehabilitation psychology can broaden and shape inquiry regarding perceived injustice. This article aims to guide future research, offer concepts for key areas of discourse, and consider potential interventions in the rehabilitation psychology domain. © 2016 American Psychological Association.","Foundational principles, Injustice appraisal, Person-environment interaction, Social psychology","Monden, K. R., Trost, Z., Scott, W., Bogart, K. R., Driver, S.",2016.0,,10.1037/rep0000075,0,0,
3745,Intensification of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of Siberian deportees from the north-east region of Poland,"Aim: Presentation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder based on the approach of various authors concentrating, upon the concept of the American classification: DSM III (1980) and DSM IV (1994). We acknowledged the necessity of displaying empirical results of intensification of PTSD among the Siberian deportees population in the region of North-East part of Poland. Method: In our analysis, we stressed the importance of the distant in time, psychological consequences of dwelling in extremely difficult living conditions that often threatened the life of those who had been deported to Siberia between 1939 and 1956. 40 ""Siberian deportees"" (20 men and 20 women) were examined. The method of PTSD-Interview (PTSD-I) was used here in order to obtain, in each individual case, the indicatory number indispensable for the statistical analysis. Results and conclusion: An average result of PTSD intensification in the case of women reaches a ""very significant"" level and in the case of men it is even higher. The disparity between the average results of women and of men are statistically significant (p<0.05). This research has confirmed the assumptions that suffering from trauma in the early stage of development (within the age range of 8-15) leaves a permanent mark in the human psyche. Statistical analysis revealed a high level of intensification of PTSD among the population of the ""Siberian deportees"" from the North-East region of Poland. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Severity (Disorders), *Stress","Monieta, Adela, Anczurowski, Wojciech",2004.0,,,0,0,
3746,Low-dose risperidone as adjunctive therapy for irritable aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Increased aggressive behavior can occur in association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study tested the hypothesis that low-dose risperidone reduces aggression and other PTSD-related symptoms in combat veterans. Subjects were male combat veterans with PTSD who scored 20 or higher on cluster D (hyperarousal) of the Patient Checklist for PTSD-Military Version (PCL-M). Subjects were randomly assigned to either risperidone or placebo treatment groups. Drugs were administered over a 6-week treatment period in a double-blind manner. Subjects received either risperidone (0.5 mg/day; n = 7) or matched placebo (n = 8) tablets during the first 2 weeks of the treatment period. The dose of risperidone could then be increased up to 2.0 mg/day on the basis of response. Prerandomization psychotropic regimens were continued. Subjects were evaluated with the PCL-M and the Overt Aggression Scale-Modified for Outpatients (OAS-M). In comparison with placebo treatment, reductions in scores between baseline and the last week of treatment were significantly greater for OAS-M irritability and PCL-M cluster B (intrusive thoughts) subscales and on the PCL-M total scale. These results suggest that low-dose risperidone administration reduces irritability and intrusive thoughts in combat-related PTSD.","alprazolam, anxiolytic agent, buspirone, diazepam, fluoxetine, gabapentin, lithium, nefazodone, paroxetine, placebo, risperidone, temazepam, trazodone, adult, aggression, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, article, clinical article, clinical trial, cocaine dependence, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, dose response, double blind procedure, drug effect, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, human, irritability, low drug dose, major depression, male, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, rating scale, side effect, soldier, treatment outcome","Monnelly, E. P., Ciraulo, D. A., Knapp, C., Keane, T.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3747,US female veterans in VA primary care: Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and functional status,"We sought to examine the relationship between post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, demographic variables, and functional status in US female veterans. One hundred ninety-one female veterans were identified from primary care clinics in four VA Medical Centers for participation in this study. The relationship between demographic variables, physical and mental health functional status on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and PTSD severity on the PTSD Checklist (PCL) was examined using ANOVAs and simple and multiple linear regression modeling. After adjusting for other demographic covariates, PTSD severity was related to age (older patients reported less symptoms), and employment status (veterans who were not working due to disability reported significantly more PTSD symptoms than those who were working). Additionally, after adjusting for relevant demographic covariates, greater PTSD symptomatology was related to worse functioning across both physical and mental health domains on the SF-36. PTSD symptom severity was easily assessed in this primary care sample of female veterans using the PCL. Screening female veterans through primary care clinics is likely to identify women with PTSD who are not functioning as well as their peers and who are in need of specialized services. These findings are similar to those using men identified through VA primary care clinics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Primary Health Care, *Symptoms, Human Females","Monnier, Jeannine, Grubaugh, Anouk L., Knapp, Rebecca G., Magruder, Kathryn M., Frueh, B. Christopher",2004.0,,,0,0,
3748,Family models of posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) This chapter reviews the extant literature on the interpersonal aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with a focus on couple and family models of PTSD. Topics include the association of PTSD with a variety of family relationship problems in a range of traumatized populations. The role of relevant interpersonal constructs in the development and maintenance of PTSD (e.g., social support, attachment) and the psychological effects of PTSD symptoms on family members and their relations are discussed. In addition, models that take into account a range of relationship variables and the likely bi-directional association between individual and family functioning in PTSD are presented. Future directions for theory and research, as well as the clinical implications of this work are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","*Family Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Interpersonal Relationships, Couples, Etiology, Stress, Symptoms","Monson, Candice M., Fredman, Steffany J., Dekel, Rachel, Macdonald, Alexandra",2012.0,,,0,0,
3749,Change in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Do Clinicians and Patients Agree?,"This study assessed the longitudinal association between clinician and patient ratings of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over the course of 2 different randomized clinical trials of veterans with chronic PTSD. One trial, the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study 420 (CSP 420; N = 360) compared trauma-focused and present-centered group therapies, and the 2nd trial compared cognitive processing theory and a waitlist control condition (N = 60). Linear mixed effects modeling revealed significant associations between clinician ratings (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CAPS; D. D. Blake et al., 1990) and patient ratings (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist; PCL; F. W. Weathers, B. T. Litz, J. A. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T. M. Keane, 1993) in total and symptom clusters of PTSD. Contrary to hypothesis, the amount of change on the CAPS ranged from .75 to .82 standard deviations for every 1 standard deviation change on the PCL. The CAPS and PCL were more closely associated in the trauma-focused vs. present-centered treatment condition in CSP 420, and especially regarding hyperarousal symptoms. When comparing categorization of clinically significant change on the CAPS and PCL, the authors found no differences in the percentages of agreement between clinicians and patients in improvement and exacerbation. The value of multimodal assessment of PTSD treatment outcomes is discussed. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","assessment, concordance, psychometrics, PTSD, treatment outcomes","Monson, C. M., Gradus, J. L., Young-Xu, Y., Schnurr, P. P., Price, J. L., Schumm, J. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3750,Sexual and nonsexual dating violence perpetration: Testing an integrated perpetrator typology,"The present study tested the validity of an integrated sexual and nonsexual violence perpetrator typology outlined by Monson and Langhinrichsen-Rohling (1998) in a sample of 670 dating individuals. Two-hundred-and-sixty-five of the participants (87 men, 178 women) reported some act of sexual and/or physical dating violence perpetration in their lifetime. The data supported at least three perpetrator types, namely, the Relationship-only, Generally Violent/Antisocial, and Histrionic/Preoccupied types. Overall, these findings indicate that different factors may cause or maintain the intimate violence perpetrated within this heterogeneous population. There were important gender differences in perpetrator type membership, highlighting the differences in men's and women's use of violence. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the development of typologies, their application to men and women perpetrators, as well as their utility for the assessment and treatment of perpetrators.","adult, antisocial behavior, article, female, human, human relation, male, personality disorder, sex difference, sexual abuse, violence","Monson, C. M., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3751,Changes in Social Adjustment With Cognitive Processing Therapy: Effects of Treatment and Association With PTSD Symptom Change,"The current study sought to determine if different spheres of social adjustment, social and leisure, family, and work and income improved immediately following a course of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) when compared with those on a waiting list in a sample of 46 U.S. veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also sought to determine whether changes in different PTSD symptom clusters were associated with changes in these spheres of social adjustment. Overall social adjustment, extended family relationships, and housework completion significantly improved in the CPT versus waiting-list condition, η 2 = 08 to .11. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that improvements in total clinician-rated PTSD symptoms were associated with improvements in overall social and housework adjustment. When changes in reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal were all in the model accounting for changes in total social adjustment, improvements in emotional numbing symptoms were associated with improvements in overall social, extended family, and housework adjustment (β = 38 to .55). In addition, improvements in avoidance symptoms were associated with improvements in housework adjustment (β = 30), but associated with declines in extended family adjustment (β = -34). Results suggest that it is important to consider the extent to which PTSD treatments effectively reduce specific types of symptoms, particularly emotional numbing and avoidance, to generally improve social adjustment. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Monson, C. M., Macdonald, A., Vorstenbosch, V., Shnaider, P., Goldstein, E. S. R., Ferrier-Auerbach, A. G., Mocciola, K. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3752,Heat health warning systems: possibilities of improvement,"In the summer of 2003 the temperatures reached were responsible for a large number of deaths in Europe. A year after this fact, many countries had implemented some sort of plan of prevention against excessive temperatures. Plans that had already shown its ability to prevent a large proportion of avoidable mortality in other latitudes. Since then, a lot of papers have been published providing new data on health effects of a heat wave, which can help increase the efficiency of these prevention plans. Knowing the weather conditions at risk, defining ""heat wave"" or to take into account the time that the plan should be active from the study of the relationship between temperature and their effects on health, to identify weather patterns that modulate the relationship between temperature and mortality, locate the profile of people at risk or to develop protocols for action as accurately as possible and based on scientific knowledge are elements drawn from studies carried on in recent years that should be taken into account.","Extreme Heat, Heat Stress Disorders/prevention & control, Humans, Information Systems","Montero Rubio, J. C., Miron Perez, I. J., Criado-Alvarez, J. J., Linares, C., Diaz Jimenez, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3753,Trauma and resilience in young refugees: A 9-year follow-up study,"The aim of the present study was to assess and understand the long-term trajectory of psychological problems among young Middle Eastern refugees in Denmark. Participants were 131 young refugees from the Middle East (76 girls, 55 boys; mean age = 15.3 years) from 67 families. They were assessed first on arrival in Denmark in 1992-1993 and again 8-9 years later. The high prevalence of psychological problems at arrival was considerably reduced by the time of follow-up, but it was still somewhat higher than what has been found in most community studies using the same assessment tools. Groups of children differed in showing low levels of symptoms at arrival that were stable (spared) or increased (reacting) and high levels at arrival that persisted (traumatized) or decreased (adapted). The number of types of traumatic experiences before arrival distinguished the spared and the traumatized young refugees and the number of types of stressful events after arrival the adapted and the traumatized, also after corrections for age, sex, specific traumatic events, parents' education and health, and the social situation of the young refugees. The study emphasizes the importance of environmental factors for healthy long-term adaptation after traumatic experiences related to war and other organized violence. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010.",,"Montgomery, E.",2010.0,,,0,1,
3754,Validity of PTSD in a sample of refugee children: Can a separate diagnostic entity be justified?,"The objective of this study was to examine the construct validity of PTSD in a sample of refugee children from the Middle East - more specifically, to assess whether associations between traumatic events and specific PTSD symptoms were more outspoken than (1) the associations of PTSD symptoms with non-traumatic exposures, and (2) the associations of violent exposures with symptoms other than PTSD-symptoms. Parents of 311 refugee children from the Middle East were interviewed concerning their children's traumatic experiences and mental health symptoms. The specific PTSD symptoms did not cluster in a factor analysis. The PTSD symptom complex was significantly predicted not only by violent exposures (mother tortured, OR 8.2, p < 0.005; father disappeared OR 3.2, p < 0.05) but also by indicators of family interaction and parents' occupational situation. The two identified violent exposures had significant independent associations with a series of symptoms including symptoms other than those of PTSD (r5 ranging from 0.25 to 0.44, p < 0.001). Thus it does not seem sufficient to focus solely on PTSD symptomatology when assessing the mental health needs of refugee children. Copyright (copyright) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","adolescent, article, child, controlled study, disease association, factorial analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, Middle East, posttraumatic stress disorder, refugee, structured interview, torture, validation process, violence","Montgomery, E., Foldspang, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3755,Clinical meaning of the Keane PTSD Scale,"A correlational study that included 82 male inpatient alcoholics was conducted to determine the clinical meaning of the Keane PTSD Scale of the MMPI. The PTSD Scale was correlated with the variables of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale, the Life Purpose Questionnaire, the Existential Depression Test, and the standard MMPI measures, plus the A, R, Es and MacAndrew Scales. The pattern of correlations suggested that the PTSD scale measures general psychological maladjustment and dysphoric feelings rather than any specifiable syndrome. The strong correlation with the Welch A, which measures a general level of maladjustment, suggests that the PTSD and Welch A scales are measuring the same factor. The PTSD scale, therefore, appears to provide very little information about this population beyond that available from the overall clinical profile and the Welch A scale.","adult, alcoholism, depression, dysphoria, human, major clinical study, maladjustment, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, rating scale","Moody, D. R., Kish, G. B.",1989.0,,,0,0,
3756,"Comparative study of heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or major depressive disorder","Objective: Heart rate variability (HRV) changes as a function of psychiatric illness. This study aimed to evaluate HRV among patients with various psychiatric disorders. Methods: The present study recruited patients with schizophrenia (n = 35), bipolar disorder (n = 41), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 34), or major depressive disorder (n = 34) as well as healthy controls (n = 27). The time-domain analysis (the standard deviation of all RR intervals [SDNN] and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal sinus intervals [RMSSD]), the frequency-domain analysis (very low frequency, low frequency [LF], high frequency [HF], and total power [TP]), and a non-linear complexity measure the approximate entropy were computed. Results: SDNN and HF were significantly reduced in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF, and HF were significantly reduced in bipolar patients compared with healthy controls. HF was significantly reduced in PTSD patients compared with healthy controls. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that HRV is not sufficiently powerful to discriminate among various psychiatric illnesses. However, our results suggest that HRV, particularly HF, could be used as a tool for discriminating between psychiatric patients and healthy controls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bipolar Disorder, *Heart Rate, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Schizophrenia","Moon, Eunok, Lee, Seung-Hwan, Kim, Do-Hyung, Hwang, Boram",2013.0,,,0,0,
3757,Imagery rehearsal therapy: An emerging treatment for posttraumatic nightmares in veterans,"Nightmares are a common complaint among service members exposed to traumatic events, but prevailing paradigms are disposed to a view that nightmares are a secondary phenomenon untreatable with direct therapeutic intervention. Imagery rehearsal therapy is a cognitive-imagery approach with proven efficacy in the treatment of nightmares in civilian trauma victims. Imagery rehearsal therapy not only has potential to reduce nightmare intensity and frequency, but controlled studies show clinically meaningful decreases in all clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms as well as insomnia. Limited data support its use with combat veterans. Directions for future research with combat veterans are recommended. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Imagery Rehearsal Therapy, nightmares, sleep disorders, veterans","Moore, B. A., Krakow, B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3758,Childhood maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder among incarcerated young offenders,"Young offenders have a high prevalence of mental illness and a large proportion report experiencing a number of traumatic events during childhood, but there is little research exploring this association. This study describes the prevalence of, and association between, child maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among young offenders. The study uses data collected as part of the 2009 NSW Young People in Custody Health Survey which was conducted in nine juvenile detention centers. This paper reports on findings from the baseline questionnaires and 18-months of re-offending data. The analysis included 291 participants who were assessed for PTSD and child maltreatment. The sample was 88% male, 48% Aboriginal, with an average age of 17 years (range 13-21 years). One in five (20%) participants were diagnosed with PTSD, with females significantly more likely to have PTSD than males (40% vs. 17%, p < 0.05). Over half (60%) of young offenders reported any child abuse or neglect, with females nearly 10 times more likely to report three or more kinds of severe child maltreatment than males. The main correlate for a diagnosis of PTSD was having three or more kinds of severe child maltreatment (OR = 6.73, 95% CI: 1.06-42.92). This study provides evidence for the need to comprehensively assess child abuse and neglect among young offenders in order to provide appropriate treatment in custody and post-release. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Epidemiology, *Incarceration, *Juvenile Delinquency, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Moore, Elizabeth, Gaskin, Claire, Indig, Devon",2013.0,,,0,0,
3759,Traumatic incident reduction: A cognitive-emotive treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) problem profile / primary and secondary trauma / posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the cognitive therapies / traumatic incident reduction [TIR] [a guided cognitive imagery procedure] / TIR viewing procedures / rules of facilitation / thematic TIR in application: a case illustration [of an adult male] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Guided Imagery, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Moore, Robert H.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3760,Oral administration of Bacillus subtilis strain BSB3 can prevent heat stress-related adverse effects in rats,"Aims: To determine the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis strain in prevention of heat stress-related complications in rats. Methods and Results: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were treated by oral gavage with B. subtilis BSB3 strain or PBS twice a day for 2 days. Half of the rats of each group were exposed to heat stress (45°C, relative humidity 55% for 25 min), while the remaining rats were placed at identical conditions but at 25°C. Bacterial translocation, histological changes in the intestine, cytokines profile, serum lipopolysaccharide level (LPS), as well as vesiculation of erythrocytes were analysed and compared between groups. Adverse effects of heat stress (morphological changes in intestine, bacterial translocation, elevated levels of LPS and IL-10, increased vesiculation of erythrocytes) were observed only in rats not protected with B. subtilis strain and exposed to heat. All registered parameters in rats pretreated with bacilli and exposed to heat were similar to control groups. Conclusions: Bacillus subtilis BS3B strain was effective in the prevention of complications related to heat stress in rats. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work will contribute towards better understanding of probiotics' mechanisms of action and will bring new approaches to characterize and use of beneficial bacteria. © 2014 The Society for Applied Microbiology.","Bacillus subtilis, Erythrocyte vesiculation, Gut microbiota, Heat stress, Probiotics","Moore, T., Globa, L., Pustovyy, O., Vodyanoy, V., Sorokulova, I.",2014.0,,10.1111/jam.12606,0,0,
3761,The significance of experiences of war and migration in older age: Long-term consequences in child survivors from the Dutch East Indies,"ABSTRACT Background: This study examines late consequences of war and migration in both non-clinical and clinical samples of child survivors of World War II. This is one of the very few studies on the mental health of children who were subjected to internment in camps, hiding, and violence under Japanese occupation in the Far East. It provides a unique case to learn about the significance of experiences of war and migration in later life. Methods: Long-term sequelae of the Japanese persecution in the Dutch East Indies (DEI) in child survivors were studied by analyzing sets of standardized questionnaires of 939 persons. Instruments dealt with post-traumatic responses, general health, and dissociation. Participants were recruited through community services and registers of clinical services. Discriminant analyses were conducted to evaluate the significance of early experiences in determining group belonging. Results: Compared with age-matched controls that lived through the German occupation in the Netherlands during World War II, the child survivors from the DEI reported both more trauma-related experiences and mental health disturbances in later life. In particular, the number of violent events during the war, among which especially internment in a camp, contributed to the variation among groups, in support of the significance of these disruptive experiences at older age. Conclusion: The results underline the long-term significance of World War II-related traumatic experiences in the population of elderly child survivors who spent their childhood in the former DEI. © International Psychogeriatric Association 2013.","child survivors, migration, psychotrauma, resilience, risk factors, World War II","Mooren, T. T. M., Kleber, R. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3762,Abnormal recruitment of working memory updating networks during maintenance of trauma-neutral information in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by disturbances in concentration and memory, symptoms which are a source of further distress for patients. Related to this, abnormalities in underlying working memory (WM) systems have been identified [Clark, C.R., McFarlane, A.C., Morris, P., Weber, D.L., Sonkkilla, C., Shaw, M.E., Marcina, J., Tochon-Danguy, H.J., Egan, G.F., 2003. Cerebral function in posttraumatic stress disorder during verbal working memory updating: a positron emission tomography study. Biological Psychiatry 53, 474-481.], indicating dysfunction in left hemisphere brain regions. In this study, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 13 patients with severe PTSD and matched non-traumatized Controls, during performance of visuo-verbal tasks that involved either maintenance or continual updating of word stimuli in WM. The PTSD group failed to show differential activation during WM updating, and instead appeared to show abnormal recruitment of WM updating network regions during WM maintenance. These regions included the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the inferior parietal lobe (IPL). Several other regions were significantly more activated in Controls than in PTSD during WM updating, including the hippocampus, the anterior cingulate (AC), and the brainstem pons, key regions that are consistently implicated in the neurobiology of PTSD. These findings suggest compensatory recruitment of networks in PTSD normally only deployed during updating of WM and may reflect PTSD patients' difficulty engaging with their day-to-day environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Parietal Lobe, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, *Short Term Memory, Human Information Storage, Neurobiology, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Moores, Kathryn A., Clark, C. Richard, McFarlane, Alexander C., Brown, Greg C., Puce, Aina, Taylor, D. James",2008.0,,,0,0,
3763,The performance of post-traumatic stress disorder subjects in verbal and visual false memory tasks,"Introduction: The current study investigated verbal and visual false memories among post-traumatic stress disorder sufferers. Methods: This causal-comparative study recruited 20 patients suffering from PTSD according to the DSMIV-TR criteria, and 20 non-PTSD subjects who involved in the same trauma of PTSD as well as 20 normal subjects who were matched for age, sex, and socio-economic status. The instruments included Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Impact of Event Scale, WIAS (short version), plus the Visual and Verbal False Memory Tasks prepared according to Deese-Roediger-McDermott's (DRM) paradigm. Obtained data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: Our findings indicated that PTSD patients produced more false memories (both verbal and visual) than non-PTSD and healthy control subjects in both tasks. Conclusion: Such findings are interpretable within the framework of the cognitive theories of PTSD and other memory deficits of PTSD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*False Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Moradi, Alireza, Haydari, Ali, Abdolahi, Mohamad Hossain, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Parhoon, Hadi, Naderi, Yazdan",2014.0,,,0,0,
3764,Examining posttraumatic stress disorder's latent structure between treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking Filipinos,"Background: The discourse of latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been extensive in trauma literature. Although findings have been consistent in rejecting DSM-IV-TR's three-factor model, alternative models are still fervently argued. This study contributes to the discussion by examining and comparing PTSD factor structure of the three most validated models-numbing model (King et al., 1998), dysphoria model (Simms et al., 2002), and dysphoric arousal model (Elhai et al., 2011b)-and determining if these are generalizable across treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking Filipinos with exposure to trauma events. Methods: Filipino-Tagalog version of Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992) was administered to a sample of 737 treatment-seeking (n =526) and non-treatment-seeking (n =211) Filipinos who experienced and witnessed varied trauma events. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted involving the three models in order to determine the best-fitting model and generalizability across samples. Results: Results showed that all three models achieved excellent fit, with dysphoric arousal model slightly fitting better than numbing and dysphoria models in both treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking samples. Series of invariance testing, however, indicated that although dysphoric arousal model fits significantly better than dysphoria model, it did not significantly differ from numbing model. Results revealed that aside from the factor loadings, the two groups are noninvariant in all parameters. Treatment-seeking sample had larger intercepts, factor variances and covariances and factor means than non-treatment-seeking group. Discussion: The findings strongly contribute to the literature by showing how the type of groupings (treatment-seeking vs. non-treatment-seeking) moderates PTSD latent structure. It affirms the suggestion of Biehn et al. (2012) to be cautious in concluding the generalizability of PTSD models in the context that type of participants moderates PTSD's factor structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Care Seeking Behavior, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Southeast Asian Cultural Groups, Health Care Services, Trauma","Mordeno, Imelu G., Nalipay, Ma Jenina N., Untalan, John Hermes C., Decatoria, Johnny B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3765,Mental health of children and adolescents with epilepsy: Analysis of clinical and neuropsichological aspects,"Epilepsy compromises the development of cognitive and social skills and represents a risk of psychiatric comorbidity. Objective: To compare psychopathological symptoms in children with epilepsy and in a healthy group, and to correlate the results with neuropsychological and clinical variables. Method: Forty five children with idiopathic epilepsy and sixty five healthy controls underwent neuropsychological evaluation and their caregivers replied to a psychopathology questionnaire (Child Behavior Checklist - CBCL). Results: There were significant differences in CBCL, with poorer results showed mainly by patients with epilepsy. There was no significant association between any psychopathological symptom and disease duration or amount of antiepileptic drugs used. There was positive correlation between intelligence quocient and CBCL on items such as sluggish cognitive tempo, aggressive behavior, attention problems and activities and a negative relation between academic achievement, conduct and rule-breaking behavior. Conclusion: Children with epilepsy had the worse results in the psychopathology evaluation. Certain psychopathological variables are related to the cognitive profile, with no relation to clinical variables.","Adolescent, Children, Epilepsy, Mental health, Neuropsychology, Psychopathology","Moreira, F. S., de Lima, A. B., Fonseca, P. C., Maia-Filho, H. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3766,N-glycosylation profiling of plasma provides evidence for accelerated physiological aging in post-traumatic stress disorder,"The prevalence of age-related diseases is increased in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the underlying biological mechanisms are still unclear. N-glycosylation is an age-dependent process, identified as a biomarker for physiological aging (GlycoAge Test). To investigate whether traumatic stress accelerates the aging process, we analyzed the N-glycosylation profile in n=13 individuals with PTSD, n=9 trauma-exposed individuals and in n=10 low-stress control subjects. Individuals with PTSD and trauma-exposed individuals presented an upward shift in the GlycoAge Test, equivalent to an advancement of the aging process by 15 additional years. Trauma-exposed individuals presented an intermediate N-glycosylation profile positioned between severely traumatized individuals with PTSD and low-stress control subjects. In conclusion, our data suggest that cumulative exposure to traumatic stressors accelerates the process of physiological aging. (copyright) 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.","adult, aging, article, clinical article, controlled study, exposure, female, glycosylation, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, stress","Moreno-Villanueva, M., Morath, J., Vanhooren, V., Elbert, T., Kolassa, S., Libert, C., Burkle, A., Kolassa, I. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3767,N-glycosylation profiling of plasma provides evidence for accelerated physiological aging in post-traumatic stress disorder,"The prevalence of age-related diseases is increased in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the underlying biological mechanisms are still unclear. N-glycosylation is an age-dependent process, identified as a biomarker for physiological aging (GlycoAge Test). To investigate whether traumatic stress accelerates the aging process, we analyzed the N-glycosylation profile in n=13 individuals with PTSD, n=9 trauma-exposed individuals and in n=10 low-stress control subjects. Individuals with PTSD and trauma-exposed individuals presented an upward shift in the GlycoAge Test, equivalent to an advancement of the aging process by 15 additional years. Trauma-exposed individuals presented an intermediate N-glycosylation profile positioned between severely traumatized individuals with PTSD and low-stress control subjects. In conclusion, our data suggest that cumulative exposure to traumatic stressors accelerates the process of physiological aging. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.","Aging, GlycoAge test, N-glycosylation, PTSD, Stress","Moreno-Villanueva, M., Morath, J., Vanhooren, V., Elbert, T., Kolassa, S., Libert, C., Bürkle, A., Kolassa, I. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,3766
3768,Lamotrigine as an effective treatment for behavioral disorders,"Lamotrigine is thought to act at voltage-sensitive sodium channels to stabilize neuronal membranes and inhibit the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamate, aspartate) that are thought to play a role in the generation and spread of epileptic seizures. In placebo-controlled clinical studies, lamotrigine has been shown to be effective in reducing seizure frequency and the number of days with seizures when added to existing antiepileptic drug therapy in adult patients with partial seizures, with or without generalized tonic-clonic seizures, that are not satisfactorily controlled. Lamotrigine has emerged as a first line treatment for bipolar depression, which is an area of weakness for other mood stabilizers, with positive effect for resistant bipolar disorders and rapid cycling bipolar disorders. We review the Literature on the topic with a specific interest on bipolar disorders. (copyright) 2007 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","anticonvulsive agent, barbituric acid derivative, benzodiazepine, carbamazepine, etiracetam, felbamate, gabapentin, inositol, lamotrigine, lithium, mood stabilizer, phenobarbital, phenytoin, placebo, primidone, psychotropic agent, risperidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproate semisodium, valproic acid, vigabatrin, zonisamide, amnesia, backache, behavior disorder, binge eating disorder, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, bipolar II disorder, borderline state, cluster headache, diarrhea, dizziness, drug dose increase, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, apraxia, fatigue, focal epilepsy, tonic clonic seizure, headache, human, hypomania, infection, Lennox Gastaut syndrome, literature, major depression, mania, migraine, mixed mania and depression, monotherapy, morbidity, nausea, neuropathic pain, nonhuman, peripheral neuropathy, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rapid cycling bipolar disorder, rash, review, social phobia, therapy effect, tremor, trigeminus neuralgia, xerostomia","Moretti, R., Torre, P., Vilotti, C., Antonello, R. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3769,Predicting DSM-III-R disorders from the youth self-report: Analysis of data from a field study,"Objective: To predict DSM-III-R diagnoses from Youth Self-Report (YSR) scores. Method: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.1c (DISC-2.1c) and YSR were administered to 289 homeless adolescents. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified YSR scales contributing to predictions of DSM-III-R disorders. Paper-and-pencil prediction rules based on YSR 'borderline' or 'clinical' scores were evaluated. Results: Statistically significant discriminant functions for disruptive disorders, depressive disorders, manic disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder, each based on a unique pair of YSR scales, produced overall hit rates of 0.66 to 0.90. Paper-and-pencil predictions produced comparable results. The weakest overall predictions were for the disruptive behaviors; the best rule ('IF Aggressive OR Delinquent is at least borderline THEN predict oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder') produced a 0.72 hit rate. The strongest overall predictions were for schizophrenia; the best prediction rule ('IF [Thought Problems AND Delinquent are at least borderline] AND [at least one is clinical] THEN predict schizophrenia') produced a 0.87 hit rate. Conclusions: While the success rates reported here are specific to this sample, it appears that the YSR has good ability to predict DSM-III-R diagnoses as determined by the DISC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that categorical diagnoses can be treated as locations or cluster sectors in a multidimensional space.","adolescent, article, attention deficit disorder, depression, diagnostic value, female, human, major clinical study, male, mania, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, schizophrenia, self report, statistical analysis","Morgan, C. J., Cauce, A. M.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3770,"Coping and personality as predictors of post-traumatic intrusions, numbing, avoidance and general distress: A study of victims of the Perth flood","Trauma symptoms, coping and personality were assessed in 44 victims of the Perth flood. The sample was characterized by high levels of intrusions, numbness, arousal and general emotional distress. General levels of symptomatology were predicted by two coping strategies: emotion-focused coping and thought suppression. Overall trauma symptoms and emotion-focused coping were associated with the personality trait of neuroticism. These data are consistent with the Wells and Matthews model of affective disorders and stress. The model proposes that certain types of emotion-focused coping tend to lead to greater access to negative self-beliefs, and that thought suppression tends to prime subsequent intruding thoughts. A second personality trait, private self-consciousness, was associated with relatively greater levels of numbing symptoms, and relatively lower levels of arousal symptoms. This patterning of symptoms may result from use of ruminative coping strategies. Hence, intrusions of trauma-related material are not simply a function of automatic activation of a fear network, but are also influenced by the person's voluntary efforts to deal with the aftermath of the event.",,"Morgan, I. A., Matthews, G., Winton, M.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3771,Hormone profiles in humans experiencing military survival training,"Background: Clinical models of the human response to intense, acute stress have been limited to laboratory settings or cross sectional characterizations. As a result, data about the sensitivity of the human neuroendocrine activation to realistic stressors of varying magnitudes are limited. The U.S. Army survival course offers a unique opportunity to examine, in a controlled manner, the human response to acute, realistic, military stress.Methods: Salivary data were collected in 109 subjects at baseline during four stress exposure time points and at recovery. Serum data was collected at baseline and recovery in 72 subjects and at baseline and during stress exposure in a subgroup of subjects (n = 21).Results: Cortisol significantly increased during the captivity experience and was greatest after subjects' exposure to interrogations. Cortisol remained significantly elevated at recovery. Testosterone was significantly reduced within 12 hours of captivity. Reductions of both total and free T4 and of total and free T3 were observed, as were increases in thyrotropin.Conclusions: The stress of military survival training produced dramatic alterations in cortisol, percent free cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid indices. Different types of stressors had varying effects on the neuroendocrine indices. The degree of neuroendocrine changes observed may have significant implications for subsequent responses to stress. Copyright (C) 2000 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","Cortisol, Military stress, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Testosterone, Thyroid","Morgan Iii, C. A., Wang, S., Mason, J., Southwick, S. M., Fox, P., Hazlett, G., Charney, D. S., Greenfield, G.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3772,The Aberfan disaster: 33-Year follow-up of survivors,"Background: Experiencing life-threatening events often contributes to the onset of such psychiatric conditions as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Children can develop PTSD; however, there is controversy over whether PTSD symptoms decrease or persist over time. Aims: To examine the long-term effects of surviving the 1966 Aberfan disaster in childhood. Method: Survivors (n=41) were compared with controls (n=72) matched for age and background. All were interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, measures of current health and social satisfaction, and the General Health Questionnaire. The survivor group also completed the Impact of Event Scale to assess current levels of PTSD. Results: Nineteen (46%; 95% CI 31-61) survivors had had PTSD at some point since the disaster, compared with 12 (20%; 95% CI 10-30) controls (OR=3.38 (95% CI 1.40-8.47)). Of the survivors, 12 (29%; 95% CI 15-43) met diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. Survivors were not at a significantly increased risk of anxiety, depression or substance misuse. Conclusions: Trauma in childhood can lead to PTSD, and PTSD symptoms can persist for as long as 33 years into adult life. Rates of other psychopathological disorders are not necessarily raised after life-threatening childhood trauma. Declaration of interest: None.",,"Morgan, L., Scourfield, J., Williams, D., Jasper, A., Lewis, G.",2003.0,,10.1192/bjp.182.6.532,0,0,
3773,Latent Class Pattern Mixture Models and the Recovery Management paradigm in rolling group data: Synergistic effects between Seeking Safety and AA/NA,"Latent Class Pattern Mixture Models (LCPMM) are a recently-developed approach for modeling non-ignorable missing data. The LCPMM extends conventional pattern mixture modeling to incorporate uncertainty in missingness class membership, where class membership is accounted for by a) variation in growth over time in outcomes and b) variation in the probabilities of missingness/dropout. Unlike many frameworks under the finite mixture modeling family, where class specific estimates are of primary interest (direct mixture applications), the interest in LCPMMs is typically in averaging estimates of treatment efficacy across missing data classes (indirect mixture applications). Recent work in substance abuse and alcoholism treatment has focused on the adaptation of LCPMMs for modeling the process of continual turnover in group membership in open enrollment group (OEG) treatment trials; many investigators have avoided proposing OEGs in the designs of treatment trials, due in part to difficulties in modeling the turnover process, despite the fact that 79% of all substance abuse/alcoholism (SUA) treatment programs in community settings utilize OEGs. The present study (N = 353) illustrates LCPMM in the evaluation of the Recovery Management paradigm in the context of an OEG trial on Seeking Safety, the most widely used treatment for comorbid SUA and PTSD among women who have experienced trauma; the Recovery Management paradigm suggests that short-term effects of a focal SUA treatment may be superseded by a longer-term impact of post-treatment services that may be unrelated to the focal treatment. Under LCPMM, when treatment effects were marginalized across three missingness/attendance classes, synergistic effects were observed between Seeking Safety and post-treatment AA/NA attendance; greater post-treatment reductions in alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use through 1-year follow-up were observed for Seeking Safety (compared to Health Education control), with Seeking Safety treatment effects being more pronounced for women who had greater post-treatment AA/NA attendance. This work a) highlights the complementarity of direct and indirect applications of mixture models, b) extends work on LCPMMs for in- and post-treatment OEG data, c) finds that the effects of Seeking Safety are more nuanced that previously thought and d) suggests synergistic (as opposed to independent) effects of focal treatments and post-treatment SUA services in the Recovery Management paradigm.","alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, model, safety, alcoholism, society, United States, female, turnover time, follow up, health education, adaptation, group therapy, therapy, substance abuse, community, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder","Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Hien, D. A., Fals-Stewart, W. S., Wu, E., Campbell, A. N.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3774,Synergy between Seeking Safety and Twelve-Step Affiliation on substance use outcomes for women,"Objective: The Recovery Management paradigm provides a conceptual framework for the examination of joint impact of a focal treatment and post-treatment service utilization on substance abuse treatment outcomes. We test this framework by examining the interactive effects of a treatment for comorbid PTSD and substance use, Seeking Safety, and post-treatment Twelve-Step Affiliation (TSA) on alcohol and cocaine use. Method: Data from 353 women in a six-site, randomized controlled effectiveness trial within the NIDA Clinical Trials Network were analyzed under latent class pattern mixture modeling. LCPMM was used to model variation in Seeking Safety by TSA interaction effects on alcohol and cocaine use. Results: Significant reductions in alcohol use among women in Seeking Safety (compared to health education) were observed; women in the Seeking Safety condition who followed up with TSA had the greatest reductions over time in alcohol use. Reductions in cocaine use over time were also observed but did not differ between treatment conditions nor were there interactions with post-treatment TSA. Conclusions: Findings advance understanding of the complexities for treatment and continuing recovery processes for women with PTSD and SUDs, and further support the chronic disease model of addiction. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","AA, Group therapy, NA, Trauma","Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Saavedra, L. M., Hien, D. A., Campbell, A. N., Wu, E., Ruglass, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3775,Estimating statistical power for open-enrollment group treatment trials,"Modeling turnover in group membership has been identified as a key barrier contributing to a disconnect between the manner in which behavioral treatment is conducted (open-enrollment groups) and the designs of substance abuse treatment trials (closed-enrollment groups, individual therapy). Latent class pattern mixture models (LCPMMs) are emerging tools for modeling data from open-enrollment groups with membership turnover in recently proposed treatment trials. The current article illustrates an approach to conducting power analyses for open-enrollment designs based on the Monte Carlo simulation of LCPMM models using parameters derived from published data from a randomized controlled trial comparing Seeking Safety to a Community Care condition for women presenting with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. The example addresses discrepancies between the analysis framework assumed in power analyses of many recently proposed open-enrollment trials and the proposed use of LCPMM for data analysis. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.","Group therapy, Rolling groups, Statistical power","Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Saavedra, L. M., Hien, D. A., Fals-Stewart, W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3776,Psychosocial effects of war experiences among displaced children in Southern Darfur,"This study focused on assessing the psychosocial effects of the long standing, high intensity, and guerrilla-style of warfare among displaced children in Southern Darfur. The goal was to better understand the etiology, prognosis, and treatment implications for traumatic reactions, depression, and grief symptoms in this population. Three hundred thirty-one children aged 6-17 from three IDP Camps were selected using a quota sampling approach and were administered a Demographic Questionnaire, Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index, Child Depression Inventory, and the Expanded Grief Inventory. Forty-three percent were girls and 57% were boys. The mean age of the children was 12 years. Results found that children were exposed to a very large Dumber of war experiences with no significant differences between genders for types of exposure, including rape, but with older children (13-17 years) facing a larger number of exposures than younger children (6-12 years). Out of the 16 possible war experiences, the mean number was 8.94 (SD = 3.27). Seventy-five percent of the children met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, and 38% exhibited clinical symptoms of depression. The percentage of children endorsing significant levels of grief symptoms was 20%. Increased exposure to war experiences led to higher levels of: 1) traumatic reactions; 2) depression; and 3) grief symptoms. Of the 16 war experiences, abduction, hiding to protect oneself, being raped, and being forced to kill or hurt family members were most predictive of traumatic reactions. Being raped, seeing others raped, the death of a parent/s, being forced to fight, and having to hide to protect oneself were the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms. War experiences such as abduction, death of one's parent/s, being forced to fight, and having to hide to protect oneself were the most associated with the child's experience of grief. In addition to Total Grief, Traumatic Grief, Existential Grief, and Continuing Bonds were measured in these children, Although trauma, depression, and grief often exist as co-morbid disorders, the mechanisms and pathways of these is less understood. In this study we used Structural Equation Modeling to better understand the complex interaction and trajectories of these three symptoms evolving from war exposure and loss. This study is the first of its kind to assess the psychosocial effects of war experiences among children currently living in war zone areas within Sudan. It identifies some of the most prevalent war-related atrocities and their varying impact on the children's psychological well-being and overall adjustment. Implications for planning mental health interventions are discussed. (copyright) 2007, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.","adolescent, article, child, child behavior, child welfare, comorbidity, depression, female, grief, human, incidence, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological aspect, questionnaire, refugee, statistics, Sudan, victim, war","Morgos, D., Worden, J. W., Gupta, L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3777,The structure of post-traumatic stress symptoms in young survivors of war,"Research on the dimensionality of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has generally failed to provide support for the three clusters of PTSD suggested in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). However, much research has been restricted to samples in North America and Western European countries. The aim of the current study was to test four alternative factor models among a relatively understudied population-young civilian survivors of war who had experienced war-related events as adolescents-in order to establish whether the factor structure of PTSD is consistent among various traumatized populations and age groups. Using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the results indicated that the four-factor model including intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, and numbing factors provided a better fit than the three-factor model suggested by the DSM-IV. The current study offers additional support from another population for a four-factor model of PTSD that implies a separation of avoidance and numbing items. Case conceptualization and treatment implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Symptoms, *War","Morina, Nexhmedin, Bohme, Hendryk F., Morina, Lendite, Asmundson, Gordon J. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3778,The structure of post-traumatic stress symptoms in young survivors of war,"Research on the dimensionality of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has generally failed to provide support for the three clusters of PTSD suggested in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). However, much research has been restricted to samples in North America and Western European countries. The aim of the current study was to test four alternative factor models among a relatively understudied population-young civilian survivors of war who had experienced war-related events as adolescents-in order to establish whether the factor structure of PTSD is consistent among various traumatized populations and age groups. Using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the results indicated that the four-factor model including intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, and numbing factors provided a better fit than the three-factor model suggested by the DSM-IV. The current study offers additional support from another population for a four-factor model of PTSD that implies a separation of avoidance and numbing items. Case conceptualization and treatment implications are discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Confirmatory factor analysis, DSM, PTSD, Symptom structure, War-related trauma","Morina, N., Böhme, H. F., Morina, L., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,3777
3779,Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a frequent mental disorder associated with significant distress and high costs. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis on spontaneous long-term remission rates, i. e., without specific treatment. Data sources were searches of databases, hand searches, and contact with authors. Remission estimates were obtained from observational prospective studies of PTSD without specific treatment. Remission was defined as the actual percentage of PTSD cases at baseline who are non-cases after a minimum of ten months. Forty-two studies with a total of 81,642 participants were included. The mean observation period was 40 months. Across all studies, an average of 44.0% of individuals with PTSD at baseline were non-cases at follow-up. Remission varied between 8 and 89%. In studies with the baseline within the first five months following trauma the remission rate was 51.7% as compared to 36.9% in studies with the baseline later than five months following trauma. Publications on PTSD related to natural disaster reported the highest mean of remission rate (60.0%), whereas those on PTSD related to physical disease reported the lowest mean of remission rate from PTSD (31.4%). When publications on natural disaster were used as a reference group, the only type of traumatic events to differ from natural disaster was physical disease. No other measured predictors were associated with remission from PTSD. Long-term remission from PTSD without specific treatment varies widely and is higher in studies with the baseline within five months following trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Remission (Disorders), *Treatment Outcomes","Morina, Nexhmedin, Wicherts, Jelte M., Lobbrecht, Jakob, Priebe, Stefan",2014.0,,,0,0,
3780,Searching for epigenetic biomarkers in PTSD,"Objective: The development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), follows exposure to a traumatic/highly stressful event. Since it is well known that stress exposure changes the mRNA levels of genes in the rodent brain, it is conceivable that changes in gene expression mediated by alterations in the DNA methylation in the brain are involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. In this context, it is hypothesized that the DNA methylation status may be a potent diagnostic biomarker in PTSD. Methods: We examined the methylation profile of 35 CpGs located in one CpG island (799 bp), covering the exon 1 of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene using genomic DNA from peripheral blood of 173 patients with PTSD and48 healthy controls. Methylation rate at each CpG unit was measured using a MassARRY1 system (SEQUENOM). Results: Two-dimensional hierarchical cluster analysis (diagnosisr methylation rate) of all CpG units did not yield correct diagnostic classification to healthy controls and patients groups. The methylation rates of 6 CpG units out of 35 CpG units were significantly different in patients having current PTSD diagnosis and the methylation rates of 5 CpG units were significantly different in patients with having lifetime PTSD diagnosis as compared to healthy controls. Among these, two CpGs units were common to the lifetime and the current PTSD diagnosis groups. In addition, we will present the results from the analyses of the methylation status of one CpG island at the promoter of the exon 1 of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene. Conclusion: These findings suggest the possibility that the methylation rate of a certain CpG at the promoter of the 5-HTT gene may be a diagnostic biomarker in PTSD.","biological marker, DNA, genomic DNA, serotonin transporter, brain derived neurotrophic factor, messenger RNA, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, methylation, diagnosis, human, gene, patient, DNA methylation, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, lifespan, CpG island, exon, promoter region, brain, exposure, cluster analysis, pathophysiology, blood, rodent, classification, gene expression","Morinobu, S., Fuchikami, M., Okada, S., Yamawaki, S., Liberzon, I., King, A., Seng, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3781,"The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and women domestic violence survivors","Empirical evidence and diagnostic decision rules for diagnosing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2 were originally developed with a narrow and heterogeneous sample of trauma victims, Vietnam veterans. Relatively little empirical study has been given to the use of the MMPI-2 among domestic violence survivors, especially as it pertains to the issue of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The utility and validity of prior empirical findings, based primarily on Vietnam veterans, cannot be extrapolated to other trauma victims without further empirical evidence supporting such application. In this study the MMPI-2 was administered to 93 women domestic violence survivors from domestic violence (a) shelters, (b) support groups, (c) outreach centers, and (d) other social service agencies. The Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (Foa, 1995) was used to identify which of 93 women survivors met diagnostic criteria for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Multivariate analysis of variance, using nine MMPI-2 scales, found significant differences between women domestic violence survivors with and without PTSD on the F, K, 1(Hs), 2(D), 6(Pa), B(Sc), and PK-PTSD scales. Stepwise discriminant function analysis produced one significant discriminant function, including the K validity and the 1(Hs) scales, a 78% correct classification rate, and a sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 60%, respectively. The PK-PTSD scale correctly classified 68% of all cases, and a sensitivity and specificity of 81% and 45%, respectively, were found. Canonical correlation of MMPI-2 scales with sub-scales from Foa's (1995) Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale revealed significant multiple correlations. Major findings suggest the MMPI-2 is sensitive to PTSD symptomatology and capable of discriminating between domestic violence survivors with and without PTSD. The MMPI-2 is as diagnostically efficient for assessing PTSD in domestic violence survivors as it is been found to be for Vietnam veterans. Implications for theory, research, practice, and limitations of this research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Fantasies (Thought Disturbances), *Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Test Validity, Human Females","Morrell, John Somers",1999.0,,,0,0,
3782,"The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2, posttraumatic stress disorder, and women domestic violence survivors","When a professional psychologist examines a woman domestic violence survivor's Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. M. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) profile, what unique signs will there be that she suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Existing empirical evidence and diagnostic decision rules for determining the presence of PTSD with the MMPI-2 cannot be applied to domestic violence survivors. The MMPI-2 was administered to 93 women domestic violence survivors. Results suggest that the MMPI-2 is sensitive to PTSD symptoms. Women domestic violence survivors with PTSD generate unique average MMPI-2 profiles. The Defensiveness (K) validity and 1 (Hypochondriasis [Hs]) scales may assist in discriminating between survivors with and without PTSD.",,"Morrell, J. S., Rubin, L. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,3781
3783,"Posttraumatic stress, quality of life, depression, and physical health in cancer survivors: The buffering effect of posttraumatic growth","The current study attempted to use an online data collection system to replicate and extend our previous findings on the interaction of posttraumatic growth and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in predicting depressive symptoms and quality of life in cancer survivors (Morrill et al., 2008). Participants were 165 survivors of a diverse range of cancers who completed an Internet-based questionnaire designed to assess perceived stress, PTSD symptoms, and posttraumatic growth, and three health outcomes (distress about physical health symptoms, quality of life, and depressive symptoms). The results of this study suggest that the online questionnaire is a feasible, efficient, reliable, and ""user-friendly"" tool to assess bio-psychosocial health factors in cancer survivors. PTSD symptoms were associated with more distress about physical health symptoms, poorer quality of life, and more depressive symptoms; perceived stress was associated with more depressive symptoms; and posttraumatic growth was associated with better quality of life (p < .01) and fewer depressive symptoms (p < .01). Results failed to support the hypothesized buffering effect of posttraumatic growth. However, the interaction of PTSD symptoms and personal growth initiative accounted for a statistically significant (p < .05) amount of the variance in quality of life indicating a potential buffering effect of personal growth on the deleterious relation between posttraumatic stress and quality of life. Finally, of the 47 participants that reported clinically significant levels of depressive and/or PTSD symptoms only 27 (57%) reported being treated for a psychiatric disorder. Conclusions. The findings of the current study indicate that as many as 10% of those suffering from cancer may have clinically significant PTSD symptoms which are associated with poorer health outcomes. Only 57% of the cancer survivors in the current study who reported clinically significant symptoms of PTSD or depression reported receiving treatment for a psychiatric disorder. These results highlight the importance of screening for PTSD and depression in cancer patients and survivors in both research and clinical settings, followed by referral for diagnostic assessment and subsequent treatment when appropriate. Additionally, Internet-based data collection may have important implications regarding screening, referral, and ongoing assessment of psychological distress in clinical care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Major Depression, *Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, Health, Survivors","Morrill, Edward Forrest",2012.0,,,0,0,
3784,The association between parent PTSD/depression symptoms and child PTSD symptoms: A meta-analysis,"ObjectiveThe present article presents a meta-analysis of studies examining the association between parent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)/depression symptoms and child PTSD symptoms (PTSS) after a child's exposure to a traumatic event while considering multiple moderating factors to explain heterogeneity of effect sizes.Methods35 studies were included: 32 involving the association between parent and child PTSS and 9 involving the association between parent depression and child PTSS.ResultsAcross existing studies, both parent and child PTSS (r = 0.31) and parent depression and child PTSS (r = 0.32) yielded significant effect sizes. Parent gender, assessment type (interview vs. questionnaire), differences in assessment type for parents and children, and study design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal) moderated the relationship between parent and child PTSS.ConclusionsThe current findings confirm the associations between parental posttraumatic responses and child PTSS and highlight important moderating factors to include in future studies of child PTSS. © 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved.","depression, meta-analyses, parents, posttraumatic stress","Morris, A., Gabert-Quillen, C., Delahanty, D.",2012.0,,10.1093/jpepsy/jss091,0,0,
3785,"Rumination, post-traumatic growth, and distress: Structural equation modelling with cancer survivors","Objective: Theoretical models of post-traumatic growth (PTG) have been derived in the general trauma literature to describe the post-trauma experience that facilitates the perception of positive life changes. To develop a statistical model identifying factors that are associated with PTG, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used in the current study to assess the relationships between perception of diagnosis severity, rumination, social support, distress, and PTG. Method: A statistical model of PTG was tested in a sample of participants diagnosed with a variety of cancers (N = 313). Results: An initial principal components analysis of the measure used to assess rumination revealed three components: intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination of benefits, and life purpose rumination. SEM results indicated that the model fit the data well and that 30% of the variance in PTG was explained by the variables. Trauma severity was directly related to distress, but not to PTG. Deliberately ruminating on benefits and social support were directly related to PTG. Life purpose rumination and intrusive rumination were associated with distress. Conclusions: The model showed that in addition to having unique correlating factors, distress was not related to PTG, thereby providing support for the notion that these are discrete constructs in the post-diagnosis experience. The statistical model provides support that postdiagnosis experience is simultaneously shaped by positive and negative life changes and that one or the other outcome may be prevalent or may occur concurrently. As such, an implication for practice is the need for supportive care that is holistic in nature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Neoplasms, *Rumination (Cognitive Process), *Survivors, *Trauma, Development, Structural Equation Modeling","Morris, Bronwyn A., Shakespeare-Finch, Jane",2011.0,,,0,0,
3786,Research on psychedelics moves into the mainstream,,"3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, psychedelic agent, cluster headache, human, note, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, research","Morris, K.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3787,"Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: A systematic review and meta-analysis","Exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) function. Research linking traumatic stress with HPA function in PTSD has been inconsistent, however, in part due to (a) the inclusion of trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD (TE) in control groups and (b) a failure to consider comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and moderating variables. This meta-analysis of 47 studies (123 effect sizes, N = 6008 individuals) revealed that daily cortisol output was lower for PTSD (d = -.36, SE =.15, p =.008) and PTSD+MDD (d =-.65, SE=.25, p =.008) groups relative to no trauma controls (NTC); TE and NTC groups did not differ significantly from each other. Afternoon/evening cortisol was lower in TE (d =-.25, SE =.09, p =.007) and PTSD (d =-.27, SE =.12, p =.021) groups and higher in PTSD+MDD groups (d =.49, SE =.24, p =.041) relative to NTC. Post-DST cortisol levels were lower in PTSD (d =-.40, SE =.12, p <.001), PTSD+MDD (d =-.65, SE=.14, p<.001), and TE groups (d =-.53, SE =.14, p<.001) relative to NTC. HPA effect sizes were moderated by age, sex, time since index event, and developmental timing of trauma exposure. These findings suggest that enhanced HPA feedback function may be a marker of trauma-exposure rather than a specific mechanism of vulnerability for PTSD, whereas lower daily cortisol output may be associated with PTSD in particular. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Hydrocortisone","Morris, Matthew C., Compas, Bruce E., Garber, Judy",2012.0,,,0,0,
3788,"Psychobiology of PTSD in the acute aftermath of trauma: Integrating research on coping, HPA function and sympathetic nervous system activity","Research on the psychobiological sequelae of trauma has typically focused on long-term alterations in individuals with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Far less is known about the nature and course of psychobiological risk factors for PTSD during the acute aftermath of trauma. In this review, we summarize data from prospective studies focusing on the relationships among sympathetic nervous system activity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, coping strategies and PTSD symptoms during the early recovery (or non-recovery) phase. Findings from pertinent studies are integrated to inform psychobiological profiles of PTSD-risk in children and adults in the context of existing models of PTSD-onset and maintenance. Data regarding bidirectional relations between coping strategies and stress hormones is reviewed. Limitations of existing literature and recommendations for future research are discussed. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Coping, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, PTSD, Sympathetic nervous system, Trauma","Morris, M. C., Rao, U.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3789,Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Hyperactivity of the sympathetic and noradrenergic systems is thought to be a feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Assessment of noradrenergic receptor function can be undertaken by measuring the growth hormone (GH) response to the 2-agonist clonidine. The aim of this study was to examine whether subjects with combat-related PTSD (with or without co-morbid depression) have a blunted growth hormone response to clonidine, compared to a combat-exposed control group. Twenty-three Vietnam veterans suffering from PTSD alone, 27 suffering from PTSD and co-morbid depression, and 32 veteran controls with no psychiatric illness were administered 1.5 g/kg clonidine i.v. Plasma growth hormone was measured every 20 min for 120 min. The growth hormone response to clonidine was significantly blunted in the non-depressed PTSD group compared to both the depressed PTSD group and the control group as measured by peak growth hormone, delta growth hormone and AUC growth hormone. Subjects with PTSD and no co-morbid depressive illness show a blunted growth hormone response to clonidine. This suggests that post-synaptic 2-receptors are subsensitive. This finding is consistent with other studies showing increased noradrenergic activity in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Clonidine, *Combat Experience, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Somatotropin, Comorbidity, Major Depression, Neural Receptors, Norepinephrine, Sympathetic Nervous System","Morris, Philip, Hopwood, Malcolm, Maguire, Kay, Norman, Trevor, Schweitzer, Isaac",2004.0,,,0,0,
3790,Variations in therapeutic interventions for Cambodian and Chilean refugee survivors of torture and trauma: A pilot study,"The treatment of refugee survivors of torture and trauma has attracted increasing clinical attention. The present study surveyed therapists concerning the emphasis that was placed on disclosure of previous traumatic experiences in therapy with refugees from Chile and Cambodia. Significant differences were found between the two groups with trauma story discussion being judged by therapists to be more important to treatment outcome in Chilean patients. The problem of potential therapist bias limits definitive conclusions, however we suggest that differences in cultural preparedness for psychotherapy aimed at uncovering previous traumatic experiences may be the main reason for variations in styles of therapy offered to these distinctive ethnic groups. Other possible explanations are differences in diagnostic profiles and types of previous traumatic experiences.",,"Morris, P., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., Bowles, R., Cunningham, M., Tarn, R.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3791,Thiol supplementation in aged animals alters antioxidant enzyme activity after heat stress,"Declines in oxidative and thermal stress tolerance are well documented in aging systems. It is thought that these alterations are due in part to reductions in antioxidant defenses. Although intracellular thiols are major redox buffers, their role in maintaining redox homeostasis is not completely understood, particularly during aging, where the reliance on antioxidant enzymes and proteins may be altered. To determine whether thiol supplementation improved the antioxidant enzyme profile of aged animals after heat stress, young and old Fischer 344 rats were treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 4 mmol/kg ip) 2 h before heat stress. Liver tissue was collected before and 0, 30, and 60 min after heat stress. Aging was associated with a significant decline in tissue cysteine and glutathione (GSH) levels. There was also an age-related decrease in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity. Heat stress did not alter liver GSH, glutathione disulfide, or antioxidant enzyme activity. With NAC treatment, old animals took up more cysteine than young animals as reflected in an increase in liver GSH and a corresponding decrease in glutamate cysteine ligase activity. Catalase activity increased after NAC treatment in both age groups. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity did not change with heat stress or drug treatment, whereas manganese superoxide dismutase activity was increased in old animals only. These data indicate that GSH synthesis is substrate limited in old animals. Furthermore, aged animals were characterized by large fluctuations in antioxidant enzyme balance after NAC treatment, suggesting a lack of fine control over these enzymes that may leave aged animals susceptible to subsequent stress. Copyright © 2005 the American Physiological Society.","Cysteine, Hyperthermia, Reactive oxygen species, Redox modulation, Thiols","Morrison, J. P., Coleman, M. C., Aunan, E. S., Walsh, S. A., Spitz, D. R., Kregel, K. C.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3792,Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood sexual abuse: A synthesis and analysis of theoretical models,"The notion that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be found in children who have experienced sexual abuse has become an important issue in research and clinical practice. To date however, there is a lack of consensus on what theoretical model(s), if any, best account for PTSD within this population. As a way of contributing to the existing body of literature pertaining to PTSD and its relationship to childhood sexual abuse, this paper synthesizes and presents a critical analysis of contemporary learning, behavioral/cognitive, and formative theoretical models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, *Theories","Morrissette, Patrick J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3793,A distinct pattern of personality disturbance following exposure to mixtures of organic solvents,"To assess systematically the pattern of psychologic distress in chemically exposed workers complaining of personality changes, we administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to 22 men with a history of exposure to mixtures of organic solvents. Results indicated clinically significant profile elevations in more than 90% of the exposed workers. Moreover, a consistent response profile was noted, indicating a high rate of somatic disturbances, anxiety, depression, social isolation, and fear of losing control. In addition, those workers with the longest exposure duration had the highest elevations on the scale measuring disturbances of thinking, social alienation, poor concentration, and anxiety. Comparisons between these subjects and a group of former prisoners of war with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed strikingly similar clinical profiles. We present a case history that illustrates the nature of this psychologic disturbance.","organic solvent, adult, anxiety, case report, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, etiology, human, male, occupational exposure, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, social isolation","Morrow, L. A., Ryan, C. M., Goldstein, G., Hodgson, M. J.",1989.0,,,0,0,
3794,Examining the role of grief in the etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in American Indian adolescents,"The prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is reported to be comparatively high in child and adolescent populations (Reinherz, Gaiconia, Leftkowitz, Pakiz, & Frost, 1993). However, recent research has suggested that there may be differing etiological factors, specifically, Child Traumatic Grief (CTG), that contributes to the development of PTSD symptoms in American Indian adolescents (Morsette, at al., 2007). First this study demonstrated that CTG symptoms predicted PTSD symptoms above and beyond that which was predicted by violence exposure. Second, it was found that CTG predicted depression above and that which was predicted by PTSD symptoms. Third, it found that grief was significantly correlated with PTSD symptoms. Similarly, grief was also significantly correlated with the depressive symptoms. Finally, using a two-tailed Pearson's Product moment correlation this study found there was no correlation between PTSD symptoms, grief symptoms, depressive symptoms, and American Indian student's Grade Point Average and absenteeism. However, a post-hoc analysis using a one-tailed Pearson's Product moment correlation indicated a statistical significant correlation between GPA and depression. Additional etiological models are explored. This study is the first to examine etiological factors of PTSD in American Indian adolescents. Additional qualitative research is necessary to better understand the contribution of grief in the development of PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*American Indians, *Etiology, *Grief, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","Morsette, Aaron Charles",2010.0,,,0,0,
3795,"A Model for Recruiting Clinical Research Participants with Anxiety Disorders in the Absence of Service Provision: Visions, Challenges, and Norms Within a Canadian Context","High-quality research in clinical psychology often depends on recruiting adequate samples of clinical participants with formally diagnosed difficulties. This challenge is readily met within the context of a large treatment center, but many clinical researchers work in academic settings that do not feature a medical school, hospital connections, or an in-house clinic. This article describes the model we developed at the University of Waterloo Centre for Mental Health Research for identifying and recruiting large samples of people from local communities with diagnosable mental health problems who are willing to participate in research but for whom treatment services are not offered. We compare the diagnostic composition, symptom profile, and demographic characteristics of our participants with treatment-seeking samples recruited from large Canadian and American treatment centers. We conclude that the Anxiety Studies Division model represents a viable and valuable method for recruiting clinical participants from the community for psychopathology research.","adjustment disorder, adult, aged, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse, anorexia nervosa, anxiety disorder, article, bulimia, Canada, clinical psychology, community care, confidentiality, controlled study, demography, depression, disease model, disease severity, dysthymia, eating disorder, hospital, human, impulse control disorder, major clinical study, major depression, medical ethics, medical school, mental disease, mental health, mental health research, panic, patient participation, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, symptom","Moscovitch, D. A., Shaughnessy, K., Waechter, S., Xu, M., Collaton, J., Nelson, A. L., Barber, K. C., Taylor, J., Chiang, B., Purdon, C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3796,Co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder and opioid dependence syndrome,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among patients with opioid dependence syndrome. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of PTSD in patients with opioid dependence and to examine the relationship of PTSD with the severity of dependence on opioids in patients attending an outpatient clinic for drug treatment services. An interview using the Maudsley Addiction Profile, the Severity of Dependence Scale, the Impact of Events Scale, and ICD-10 clinical criteria was conducted in a large urban center for addiction treatment in the central United Kingdom. Seventy patients with opioid dependence syndrome were interviewed. On interview, 30% of the patients met ICD-10 criteria for PTSD. Clinically significant levels of intrusive (45.7%) and avoidant (65.7%) symptoms were reported. Participants with PTSD reported higher perceived rate of childhood threat to life including sexual abuse, physical abuse, and witnessing physical fights between parents. In adulthood, the main traumatic events were physical injuries and rape. One-third of this sample of opioid-dependent patients receiving methadone treatment met criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD, with clinically significant self-reported symptoms of intrusion and avoidance. As in other samples, the co-morbidity of PTSD and opioid use is much more common and warrants further study in the area of etiology and management. Copyright (copyright) Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","methadone, adult, article, comorbidity, female, human, ICD 10 clinical criteria, Impact of Events Scale, major clinical study, male, Maudsley Addiction Profile, methadone treatment, opiate addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder, rape, rating scale, Severity of Dependence Scale, sexual abuse, United Kingdom","Moselhy, H. F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3797,Psychotherapy and the brain: The dimensional systems model and clinical biopsychology,"The dimensional systems model explains cortical processing on the basis of cortical column interactions, leading to a clinical biopsychological model which involves brain-based psychotherapy integration. The current paper provides a detailed explanation of the interface between these models in relation to psychological treatment. A specific discussion of certain psychotherapy treatment approaches is provided with suggestions on what cortical areas are being impacted. In reference to negative emotional memories there are specific, theoretically based suggestions on how to most effectively neutralize the continuing impact on a client's current psychological functioning. Loss-related depression is explained on the basis of opponent-process theory as related to the brain model. It is hoped that this paper can generate interest among neuroscientists and clinicians to fully evaluate the value of these theoretical models. © 2013 The Institute of Mind and Behavior, Inc.","Cortical column, Emotional restructuring, Memory, Psychotherapy","Moss, R. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3798,Case records of Department of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center. Systemic lupus erythematosus,,"African American, article, behavioral medicine, case report, clinical observation, clinical study, diagnosis, female, hospitalization, human, major depression, middle aged, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, sexual crime, Sickness Impact Profile, systemic lupus erythematosus, time, United States","Moss, S. B., Smith, P. O.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3799,Impact of Event Scale-revised,,"article, hospitalization, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity, Sickness Impact Profile","Motlagh, H.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3800,Internet-based early intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in injury patients: Randomized controlled trial,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in 10-20% of injury patients. We developed a novel, self-guided Internet-based intervention (called Trauma TIPS) based on techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to prevent the onset of PTSD symptoms. Objective: To determine whether Trauma TIPS is effective in preventing the onset of PTSD symptoms in injury patients. Methods: Adult, level 1 trauma center patients were randomly assigned to receive the fully automated Trauma TIPS Internet intervention (n = 151) or to receive no early intervention (n = 149). Trauma TIPS consisted of psychoeducation, in vivo exposure, and stress management techniques. Both groups were free to use care as usual (nonprotocolized talks with hospital staff). PTSD symptom severity was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post injury with a clinical interview (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) by blinded trained interviewers and self-report instrument (Impact of Event Scale-Revised). Secondary outcomes were acute anxiety and arousal (assessed online), self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and mental health care utilization. Intervention usage was documented. Results: The mean number of intervention logins was 1.7, SD 2.5, median 1, interquartile range (IQR) 1-2. Thirty-four patients in the intervention group did not log in (22.5%), 63 (41.7%) logged in once, and 54 (35.8%) logged in multiple times (mean 3.6, SD 3.5, median 3, IQR 2-4). On clinician-assessed and self-reported PTSD symptoms, both the intervention and control group showed a significant decrease over time (P < .001) without significant differences in trend. PTSD at 12 months was diagnosed in 4.7% of controls and 4.4% of intervention group patients. There were no group differences on anxiety or depressive symptoms over time. Post hoc analyses using latent growth mixture modeling showed a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms in a subgroup of patients with severe initial symptoms (n = 20) (P < .001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prevention, Internet, Online Therapy","Mouthaan, Joanne, Sijbrandij, Marit, de Vries, Giel-Jan, Reitsma, Johannes B., van de Schoot, Rens, Goslings, J. Carel, Luitse, Jan S. K., Bakker, Fred C., Gersons, Berthold P. R., Olff, Miranda",2013.0,,,0,0,
3801,Internet-based early intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in injury patients: randomized controlled trial,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in 10-20% of injury patients. We developed a novel, self-guided Internet-based intervention (called Trauma TIPS) based on techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to prevent the onset of PTSD symptoms. To determine whether Trauma TIPS is effective in preventing the onset of PTSD symptoms in injury patients. Adult, level 1 trauma center patients were randomly assigned to receive the fully automated Trauma TIPS Internet intervention (n=151) or to receive no early intervention (n=149). Trauma TIPS consisted of psychoeducation, in vivo exposure, and stress management techniques. Both groups were free to use care as usual (nonprotocolized talks with hospital staff). PTSD symptom severity was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post injury with a clinical interview (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) by blinded trained interviewers and self-report instrument (Impact of Event Scale-Revised). Secondary outcomes were acute anxiety and arousal (assessed online), self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and mental health care utilization. Intervention usage was documented. The mean number of intervention logins was 1.7, SD 2.5, median 1, interquartile range (IQR) 1-2. Thirty-four patients in the intervention group did not log in (22.5%), 63 (41.7%) logged in once, and 54 (35.8%) logged in multiple times (mean 3.6, SD 3.5, median 3, IQR 2-4). On clinician-assessed and self-reported PTSD symptoms, both the intervention and control group showed a significant decrease over time (P<.001) without significant differences in trend. PTSD at 12 months was diagnosed in 4.7% of controls and 4.4% of intervention group patients. There were no group differences on anxiety or depressive symptoms over time. Post hoc analyses using latent growth mixture modeling showed a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms in a subgroup of patients with severe initial symptoms (n=20) (P<.001). Our results do not support the efficacy of the Trauma TIPS Internet-based early intervention in the prevention of PTSD symptoms for an unselected population of injury patients. Moreover, uptake was relatively low since one-fifth of individuals did not log in to the intervention. Future research should therefore focus on innovative strategies to increase intervention usage, for example, adding gameplay, embedding it in a blended care context, and targeting high-risk individuals who are more likely to benefit from the intervention. International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 57754429; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN57754429 (Archived by WebCite at http://webcitation.org/6FeJtJJyD).","ISRCTN57754429, adult, article, cognitive therapy, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, early intervention, female, human, injury, Internet, male, middle aged, Netherlands, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevention, randomized controlled trial","Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., de Vries, G. J., Reitsma, J. B., van de Schoot, R., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Bakker, F. C., Gersons, B. P., Olff, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,3800
3802,Internet-based early intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in injury patients: Randomized controlled trial,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in 10-20% of injury patients. We developed a novel, self-guided Internet-based intervention (called Trauma TIPS) based on techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to prevent the onset of PTSD symptoms. Objective: To determine whether Trauma TIPS is effective in preventing the onset of PTSD symptoms in injury patients. Methods: Adult, level 1 trauma center patients were randomly assigned to receive the fully automated Trauma TIPS Internet intervention (n=151) or to receive no early intervention (n=149). Trauma TIPS consisted of psychoeducation, in vivo exposure, and stress management techniques. Both groups were free to use care as usual (nonprotocolized talks with hospital staff). PTSD symptom severity was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post injury with a clinical interview (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) by blinded trained interviewers and self-report instrument (Impact of Event Scale-Revised). Secondary outcomes were acute anxiety and arousal (assessed online), self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and mental health care utilization. Intervention usage was documented. Results: The mean number of intervention logins was 1.7, SD 2.5, median 1, interquartile range (IQR) 1-2. Thirty-four patients in the intervention group did not log in (22.5%), 63 (41.7%) logged in once, and 54 (35.8%) logged in multiple times (mean 3.6, SD 3.5, median 3, IQR 2-4). On clinician-assessed and self-reported PTSD symptoms, both the intervention and control group showed a significant decrease over time (P<.001) without significant differences in trend. PTSD at 12 months was diagnosed in 4.7% of controls and 4.4% of intervention group patients. There were no group differences on anxiety or depressive symptoms over time. Post hoc analyses using latent growth mixture modeling showed a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms in a subgroup of patients with severe initial symptoms (n=20) (P<.001). Conclusions: Our results do not support the efficacy of the Trauma TIPS Internet-based early intervention in the prevention of PTSD symptoms for an unselected population of injury patients. Moreover, uptake was relatively low since one-fifth of individuals did not log in to the intervention. Future research should therefore focus on innovative strategies to increase intervention usage, for example, adding gameplay, embedding it in a blended care context, and targeting high-risk individuals who are more likely to benefit from the intervention.","Cognitive behavior therapy, Early intervention, Internet, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Prevention","Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., De Vries, G. J., Reitsma, J. B., Van De Schoot, R., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S. K., Bakker, F. C., Gersons, B. P. R., Olff, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,3800
3803,The role of early pharmacotherapy in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after traumatic injury: An observational cohort study in consecutive patients,"Objective: Pharmacological intervention during traumatic memory consolidation has been suggested to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to examine the association between prescription of early pharmacotherapy and the risk of developing PTSD symptoms following traumatic injury. Method: The use of opiate analgesics, beta-adrenergic blockers, corticosteroids and benzodiazepines within 48 h postinjury was documented based on hospital charts for 629 Level 1 trauma center patients. PTSD symptoms were assessed using structured clinical interviews. Primary outcome was 6-week PTSD symptoms. Secondary outcomes were PTSD diagnoses at 6 weeks and during 1 year posttrauma. Results: Linear regression analyses showed that opiate administration within 48 h was negatively associated with PTSD symptoms at 6 weeks (beta = -0.14, P = .009) after controlling for demographic and injury-related characteristics and concurrent pharmacotherapy. Fewer patients with opiates had a PTSD diagnosis at 6 weeks (P = .047) and during 1 year posttrauma (P = .013) than patients with none of the specified pharmacotherapies. Low prescription frequency of beta-blockers (3.8%), corticosteroids (2.2%) and benzodiazepines (7.8%) precluded further examination of their role in the development of PTSD symptoms because of limited statistical power. Conclusions: This study suggests a possible beneficial influence of opiate administration within 48 h posttrauma on the development of PTSD symptoms. Future studies may evaluate the effectiveness of inhospital opiate analgesics compared to placebo in preventing PTSD and may focus on the mechanisms underlying the effect of opiates in preventing PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Pharmacology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Injuries, Symptoms","Mouthaan, Joanne, Sijbrandij, Marit, Reitsma, Johannes B., Luitse, Jan S. K., Goslings, J. Carel, Gersons, Berthold P. R., Olff, Miranda",2015.0,,,0,0,
3804,"Characteristics of successful fakers versus unsuccessful fakers: Is empathy, intelligence, or personality associated with faking PTSD on the MMPI-2?","Moyer, Burkhardt, and Gordon found in 2002 that some individuals could fake PTSD on the MMPI-2. In light of these results, a follow-up study was conducted to assess whether attributes such as empathy, intelligence, subjectivity, or insightfulness influenced ability to fake a PTSD profile on the MMPI-2. 35 subjects from the previous study were divided into two groups, successful fakers and unsuccessful fakers. Analysis indicated no significant differences between groups on the measures of empathy or intelligence. However, a significant difference was found between groups on the Schizophrenia and Cynicism scales and falling just short of significance on the Hypochondriasis scale. These results suggested that individuals able to fake PTSD are more insightful and less subjective, which makes them better at role-playing. (copyright) Psychological Reports 2006.","adolescent, adult, awareness, character, empathy, female, human, intelligence, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, recumbency, reproducibility, review, statistics, student","Mover, D. M., Ward, J. T., Gordon, R. M., Burkhardt, B. B.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3805,Resiliency factors among juvenile offenders,"Enhancing strengths may decrease the effects of weaknesses and risk factors to help juvenile offenders to become less vulnerable to negative outcomes. In addition, assisting juvenile offenders in overcoming the risk factors present in their lives may assist them to integrate successfully into the community following release and ultimately to meaningfully contribute to society. Focusing on enhancing success, by recognizing and utilizing existing strengths, could provide a productive avenue for lowering recidivism rates as well as promoting delinquency prevention. The goal of the present study is to examine juvenile offenders' positive characteristics (e.g., adaptability, optimism, self-efficacy, tolerance of differences). In this study, 214 male and female participants completed surveys. The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (Prince-Embury, 2007) was used to assess the positive characteristics present in the population of juvenile offenders. Participants also completed the Negative Life Events Inventory (NLEI), a Positive Life Events Inventory (PLEI), and two screeners for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to determine the life circumstances, behaviors, cognitions, and emotions present indicating both situational and psychological adversity experienced by juvenile offenders. Other data include: education (e.g., grade point average, grade, special education placement) individual offending statistics (e.g., length of current incarceration, times arrested, age at first arrest), in-facility behavior indicators (e.g., number of major rule violations, number of times to segregation), and demographic data (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender, guardianship). K-means cluster analysis identified a four-cluster resiliency profile existing among the sample of juvenile offenders. The RSCA scales and the external variables associated with the clusters were then analyzed using ANOVA analysis of variance. The four clusters differ notably from each other in age, age at incarceration, number of months incarcerated before completing the surveys, number of major violations while incarcerated, number of times to segregation, number of negative life events, symptoms of psychological adversity, facility risk and need assessment scores, parenting practices, peer relationships, independent living skills, intellectual and educational functioning, and substance abuse. The aim of examining resilience through determining profiles of juvenile offenders is to further tailor evidence based treatment and prevention efforts that utilize and develop areas of strengths to compensate for the numerous risk factors faced by juvenile offenders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Self Efficacy, Juvenile Delinquency, Resilience (Psychological)","Mowder, Melissa Hogue",2009.0,,,0,0,
3806,Altered 5-HT2Creceptor agonist-induced responses and 5-HT2Creceptor RNA editing in the amygdala of serotonin transporter knockout mice,"Background: The serotonin 5-HT2Creceptor (5-HT2CR) is expressed in amygdala, a region involved in anxiety and fear responses and implicated in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders such as acute anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder. In humans and in rodent models, there is evidence of both anxiogenic and anxiolytic actions of 5-HT2Cligands. In this study, we determined the responsiveness of 5-HT2CR in serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout (-/-) mice, a model characterized by increased anxiety-like and stress-responsive behaviors.Results: In the three-chamber social interaction test, the 5-HT2B/2Cagonist mCPP decreased sociability and sniffing in SERT wildtype (+/+) mice, both indicative of the well-documented anxiogenic effect of mCPP. This 5-HT2C-mediated response was absent in SERT -/- mice. Likewise, in the open field test, the selective 5-HT2Cagonist RO 60-0175 induced an anxiogenic response in SERT +/+ mice, but not in SERT -/- mice. Since 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA is adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) edited, we also evaluated the 5-HT2CR RNA editing profiles of SERT +/+ and SERT -/- mice in amygdala. Compared to SERT +/+ mice, SERT-/- mice showed a decrease in less edited, highly functional 5-HT2Cisoforms, and an increase in more edited isoforms with reduced signaling efficiency.Conclusions: These results indicate that the 5-HT2CR in the amygdala of SERT -/- mice has increased RNA editing, which could explain, at least in part, the decreased behavioral responses to 5-HT2Cagonists in SERT -/- mice. These alterations in 5-HT2CR in amygdala may be relevant to humans with SERT polymorphisms that alter SERT expression, function, and emotional behaviors. © 2011 Moya et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","5-HT2CRNA editingSERTanxiety, amygdala","Moya, P. R., Fox, M. A., Jensen, C. L., Laporte, J. L., French, H. T., Wendland, J. R., Murphy, D. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3807,Faking PTSD from a motor vehicle accident on the MMPI-2,"The MMPI-2 is often used to assess posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals who claim psychological injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. There is concern that attorneys can coach plaintiffs to fake PTSD. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prior symptom knowledge increased one's ability to fake PTSD on the MMPI-2. Eighty-four female undergraduate students completed the MMPI-2 under either of two conditions, informed (given DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD prior to testing) or uninformed (no diagnostic criteria provided). It was hypothesized that the informed subjects would more accurately fake PTSD than the uninformed subjects. Results indicated that knowledge about the specific symptoms of PTSD did not create a more accurate profile, but rather was likely to produce more invalid (F>T89) profiles, detecting them as malingerers.","article, diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic value, human, law, malingering, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, motor vehicle, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychological aspect, student, symptom, traffic accident","Moyer, D. M., Burkhardt, B., Gordon, R. M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3808,"Characteristics of successful fakers versus unsuccessful fakers: is empathy, intelligence, or personality associated with faking PTSD on the MMPI-2?","Moyer, Burkhardt, and Gordon found in 2002 that some individuals could fake PTSD on the MMPI-2. In light of these results, a follow-up study was conducted to assess whether attributes such as empathy, intelligence, subjectivity, or insightfulness influenced ability to fake a PTSD profile on the MMPI-2. 35 subjects from the previous study were divided into two groups, successful fakers and unsuccessful fakers. Analysis indicated no significant differences between groups on the measures of empathy or intelligence. However, a significant difference was found between groups on the Schizophrenia and Cynicism scales and falling just short of significance on the Hypochondriasis scale. These results suggested that individuals able to fake PTSD are more insightful and less subjective, which makes them better at role-playing.","Adolescent, Adult, Awareness, *Character, *Deception, *Empathy, Female, Humans, *Intelligence, MMPI/*statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Students/psychology","Moyer, D. M., Gordon, R. M., Ward, J. T., Burkhardt, B. B.",2006.0,Dec,10.2466/pr0.99.3.747-750,0,0,3804
3809,Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) profiles of male veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; L. C. Morey, 1991) is a promising tool for the assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but few studies have examined the PAI profiles of individuals with the diagnosis. In this study, the PAI was administered to 176 combat veterans with PTSD. Results showed significant elevations on scales measuring depression, somatic complaints, anxiety, anxiety-related disorders, schizophrenia, and negative impression management. The Traumatic Stress subscale was the highest point in the mean score profile and was moderately correlated with several established measures of PTSD. Veterans with and without comorbid major depression differed on PAI scales assessing depression, anxiety, and warmth. Analysis of two-point codetypes for the PAI and the MMPI-2 revealed substantial heterogeneity in symptom endorsement on both instruments, suggesting that there may be no clear ""PTSD profile"" on either instrument. Results provide a reference point for future work with the PAI in PTSD samples. (copyright) 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","anxiety, anxiety disorder, combat exposure scale, comorbidity, controlled study, correlation analysis, depression, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, outcomes research, personality assessment inventory, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, rating scale, review, schizophrenia, scoring system, sensitivity analysis, soldier, somatization, statistical significance, symptom, validation process","Mozley, S. L., Miller, M. W., Weathers, F. W., Beckham, J. C., Feldman, M. E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3810,Latent profile analysis and comorbidity in a sample of individuals with compulsive buying disorder,"The aims of this study were to perform a latent profile analysis in a sample of individuals with compulsive buying, to explore the psychiatric comorbidity, and to examine whether or not more severe compulsive buying is associated with greater comorbidity. Compulsive buying measures and SCID data obtained from 171 patients with compulsive buying behavior who had participated in treatment trials at different clinical centers in the U.S. and Germany were analyzed. Latent profile analysis produced two clusters. Overall, cluster 2, included subjects with more severe compulsive buying, and was characterized by higher lifetime as well as current prevalence rates for Axis I and impulse control disorders. Nearly 90% of the total sample reported at least one lifetime Axis I diagnosis, particularly mood (74%) and anxiety (57%) disorders. Twenty-one percent had a comorbid impulse control disorder, most commonly intermittent explosive disorder (11%). Half of the sample presented with at least one current Axis I disorder, most commonly anxiety disorders (44%). Given the substantial psychiatric comorbidity, it is reasonable to question whether or not compulsive buying represents a distinct psychiatric entity vs. an epiphenomenon of other psychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Compulsions, *Consumer Behavior, *Impulse Control Disorders, *Shopping, Affective Disorders, Analysis, Anxiety Disorders, Explosive Disorder, Profiles (Measurement), Severity (Disorders)","Mueller, Astrid, Mitchell, James E., Black, Donald W., Crosby, Ross D., Berg, Kelly, de Zwaan, Martina",2010.0,,,0,0,
3811,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) DSM-IV-TR (APA 2000) defines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a response to a profoundly distressing event, involving re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and symptoms of hyper-arousal. To be deemed traumatic, the event must involve threatened or actual death, or serious injury to the self or others. The response must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror. The most comprehensive cognitive-behavioural model of PTSD to date suggests that PTSD arises if a person processes a traumatic event and/or its consequences so as to generate a sense of current, serious threat. There are two main subgroups of cognitions that can lead to a persistent sense of threat: appraisal of trauma consequences and appraisals of the traumatic event. While the nature and complexity of appraisals vary widely, almost everyone develops safety behaviours, logically related to their particular concerns. Safety behaviours prevent disconfirmation of unhelpful appraisals, and behavioural experiments are an excellent way to examine their utility. Detailed formulation of maintaining factors and their interactions provides a sound basis for deciding what to tackle first in treatment. The behavioral experiments discussed in this chapter reflect cognitive and behavioural maintaining factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitions, *Cognitive Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Techniques, Avoidance","Mueller, Martina, Hackmann, Ann, Croft, Alison",2004.0,,,0,0,42
3812,The Trauma Recovery Group: A cognitive-behavioral program for post-traumatic stress disorder in persons with severe mental illness,"To address the problem of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severe mental illness, the Trauma Recovery Group, a mixed gender cognitive-behavioral program, was developed and piloted at a community mental health center. The 21-week program includes breathing retraining, education about PTSD, cognitive restructuring, coping with symptoms, and making a recovery plan. Eighty clients were assessed at baseline and 41 provided follow-up data. Retention in the group was good: 59%. Treatment completers improved significantly in PTSD symptoms and diagnosis, depression, and post-traumatic cognitions, but dropouts did not. The results support the feasibility of the program and suggest it produces clinical benefits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Recovery (Disorders), *Trauma","Mueser, Kim T., Bolton, Elisa, Carty, Patricia C., Bradley, Michael J., Ahlgren, Kimberly F., DiStaso, Diane R., Gilbride, Andrew, Liddell, Carol",2007.0,,,0,0,
3813,Occupational Preferences of People Who Have Experienced Sexual Assault,"This study explored how individuals who have experienced sexual assault engage in occupations that require touch. Fifty-seven participants who reported a history of sexual assault and 347 participants who did not report such a history responded to a pilot instrument which was created to analyze college students’ engagement in occupations. Results were categorized into indices to isolate different types of touch. Results suggest that there is a statistically significant difference in the way these two groups go about their daily routines of engaging in occupations, particularly those that involve passive, unexpected, social, and light touch. © 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","sensory processing, sensory sensitivity, sexual assault, trauma","Muffly, A., Gerney, A.",2015.0,,10.1080/0164212X.2015.1027842,0,0,
3814,Prevalence and factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder seven years after the conflict in three districts in northern Uganda (The Wayo-Nero Study),"Background: Research on the prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is still limited in low income countries yet PTSD can be a public health problem in post conflict areas. In order to respond to the burden of PSTD in northern Uganda, an area that experienced civil strife for over two decades, we need accurate data on its (PTSD) prevalence and the associated risk factors to facilitate public mental health planning. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional study design and data collection was undertaken in three districts in northern Uganda: Gulu, Amuru and Nwoya. Respondents were aged 18 years and above and were randomly selected at community level. A total of 2400 respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in the three study districts. In this study, multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the associations of socio-demographic factors, trauma related variables and the outcome of PTSD. Results: The prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the study population was 11.8 % (95 % CI: 10.5 %, 13.1 %) with a prevalence of 10.9 % (95 % CI: 9.3 %, 12.5 %) among female respondents and 13.4 % (95 % CI: 11.2 %, 15.7 %) among male respondents. Quite a number of factors were strongly associated with PTSD. Overall, a respondent had experienced 9 negative life events. In a multivariate logistic regression, the factors that were strongly associated with PTSD were: exposure to war trauma events, childhood trauma, negative life events, negative copying style and food insecurity. The findings also indicate no association between sex, age and PTSD. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of PTSD in the study communities is unacceptably high. Quite a number of factors were associated with PTSD. Effective public mental health services are needed that combine treatment (medical) psychological and social welfare programs especially at community level to address the high burden of PTSD. Longitudinal studies are also recommended to continuously assess the trends in PTSD in the study communities and remedial action taken. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*African Cultural Groups, *Conflict, *Developing Countries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Mental Health, Stress","Mugisha, James, Muyinda, Herbert, Wandiembe, Peter, Kinyanda, Eugene",2015.0,,,0,0,
3815,Brain transcriptome profiles in mouse model simulating features of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Social-stress mouse model, based on the resident-intruder paradigm was used to simulate features of human post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The model involved exposure of an intruder (subject) mouse to a resident aggressor mouse followed by exposure to trauma reminders with rest periods. C57BL/6 mice exposed to SJL aggressor mice exhibited behaviors suggested as PTSD-in-mouse phenotypes: intermittent freezing, reduced locomotion, avoidance of the aggressor-associated cue and apparent startled jumping. Brain tissues (amygdala, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, septal region, corpus striatum and ventral striatum) from subject (aggressor exposed: Agg-E) and control C57BL/6 mice were collected at one, 10 and 42 days post aggressor exposure sessions. Transcripts in these brain regions were assayed using Agilent's mouse genome-wide arrays. Results: Pathways and biological processes associated with differentially regulated genes were mainly those thought to be involved in fear-related behavioral responses and neuronal signaling. Expression-based assessments of activation patterns showed increased activations of pathways related to anxiety disorders (hyperactivity and fear responses), impaired cognition, mood disorders, circadian rhythm disruption, and impaired territorial and aggressive behaviors. In amygdala, activations of these pathways were more pronounced at earlier time-points, with some attenuation after longer rest periods. In hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, activation patterns were observed at later time points. Signaling pathways associated with PTSD-comorbid conditions, such as diabetes, metabolic disorder, inflammation and cardiac infarction, were also significantly enriched. In contrast, signaling processes related to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were inhibited. Conclusions: Our data suggests activations of behavioral responses associated with anxiety disorders as well as inhibition of neuronal signaling pathways important for neurogenesis, cognition and extinction of fear memory. These pathways along with comorbid-related signaling pathways indicate the pervasive and multisystem effects of aggressor exposure in mice, potentially mirroring the pathologic conditions of PTSD patients. © 2015 Muhie et al.; licensee BioMed Central.","Aggressor exposure, Fear response, Microarray, Mouse model, PTSD, Social stress","Muhie, S., Gautam, A., Meyerhoff, J., Chakraborty, N., Hammamieh, R., Jett, M.",2015.0,,10.1186/s13041-015-0104-3,0,0,
3816,"Effects of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder on metabolic risk, quality of life, and stress hormones in aging former refugee children","It is still unclear whether the association between traumatic stress and physical disease is mediated by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, we examined the long-term consequences of PTSD on cardiovascular risk, stress hormones, and quality of life in a sample of former refugee children who were severely traumatized more than six decades ago. In 25 subjects with chronic PTSD and 25 trauma-controlled subjects, we measured the variables of metabolic syndrome supplemented by the ankle-brachial index and highly sensitive C-reactive protein. Quality of life was assessed using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey. Cortisol, adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone (ACTH), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured using the low-dose-dexamethasone suppression test. In addition, salivary cortisol was assessed at 8:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 4:00 p.m., and 8:00 p.m. We found a significant group effect between participants with and without PTSD regarding quality of life but not in any metabolic parameter including the ankle-brachial index or cortisol, ACTH, and DHEA in plasma before and after dexamethasone or salivary cortisol. The postulated association between traumatic stress and physical illness does not appear to be mediated by PTSD in this population. Nevertheless, the search for subgroups of PTSD patients with childhood traumatization leading to different metabolic and endocrine long-term consequences in aging PTSD patients is needed. © 2011 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.","ankle-brachial index, cortisol, life quality, metabolic syndrome, Posttraumatic stress disorder, stress, trauma","Muhtz, C., Godemann, K., Von Alm, C., Wittekind, C., Goemann, C., Wiedemann, K., Yassouridis, A., Kellner, M.",2011.0,,10.1097/NMD.0b013e318229cfba,0,0,
3817,"Acute panicogenic, anxiogenic and dissociative effects of carbon dioxide inhalation in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Background: Increased anxiety and panic to inhalation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been described in patients with anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder, compared to healthy subjects. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesised to resemble panic disorder and is currently classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-IV. However, there are only very few data available about the sensitivity of patients with PTSD to CO2. Methods: In 10 patients with PTSD, 10 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects and 8 patients with panic disorder we assessed anxiety, panic, dissociative and PTSD symptoms before and after a single vital capacity inhalation of 35% CO2. Results: Patients with PTSD showed an increased anxiety, panic and dissociative reaction to the inhalation of 35% CO2 compared to healthy participants. PTSD subjects' responses were indistinguishable from those of panic patients. Additionally, PTSD-typical symptoms like post-traumatic flashbacks were provoked in patients with PTSD after the inhalation of CO2. Conclusions: In our sample, PTSD was associated with an increased CO2 reactivity, pointing to an increased susceptibility of PTSD patients to CO2 challenge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Carbon Dioxide, *Dissociation, *Panic Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Patients","Muhtz, Christoph, Yassouridis, Alexander, Daneshi, Jasmine, Braun, Miriam, Kellner, Michael",2011.0,,,0,0,
3818,Impaired extinction of learned fear in rats selectively bred for high anxiety - Evidence of altered neuronal processing in prefrontal-amygdala pathways,"The impaired extinction of acquired fear is a core symptom of anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias or panic disorder, and is known to be particularly resistant to existing pharmacotherapy. We provide here evidence that a similar relationship between trait anxiety and resistance to extinction of fear memory can be mimicked in a psychopathologic animal model. Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour were tested in a classical cued fear conditioning task utilizing freezing responses as a measure of fear. Fear acquisition was similar in both lines. In the extinction trial, however, HAB rats showed a marked deficit in the attenuation of freezing responses to repeated auditory conditioned stimulus presentations as compared with LAB rats, which exhibited rapid extinction. To gain information concerning the putatively altered neuronal processing associated with the differential behavioural response between HAB and LAB rats, c-Fos expression was investigated in the main prefrontal-amygdala pathways important for cued fear extinction. HAB compared to LAB rats showed an attenuated c-Fos response to repeated conditioned stimulus presentations in infralimbic and cingulate cortices, as well as in the lateral amygdala, but facilitated the c-Fos response in the medial part of the central amygdala. In conclusion, the present results support the notion that impaired extinction in high anxiety rats is accompanied by an aberrant activation profile in extinction-relevant prefrontal-amygdala circuits. Thus, HAB rats may represent a clinically relevant model to study the mechanisms and potential targets to accelerate delayed extinction processes in subjects with enhanced trait anxiety. (copyright) The Authors (2008).","putative neurotransmitter, amygdaloid nucleus, animal experiment, anxiety, article, attenuation, auditory stimulation, behavior, conditioning, control group, fear, immunohistochemistry, memory, mental disease, motor activity, nerve cell, nonhuman, oncogene c fos, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, protein expression, rat, Wistar rat","Muigg, P., Hetzenauer, A., Hauer, G., Hauschild, M., Gaburro, S., Frank, E., Landgraf, R., Singewald, N.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3819,Impaired extinction of learned fear in rats selectively bred for high anxiety--evidence of altered neuronal processing in prefrontal-amygdala pathways,"The impaired extinction of acquired fear is a core symptom of anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias or panic disorder, and is known to be particularly resistant to existing pharmacotherapy. We provide here evidence that a similar relationship between trait anxiety and resistance to extinction of fear memory can be mimicked in a psychopathologic animal model. Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour were tested in a classical cued fear conditioning task utilizing freezing responses as a measure of fear. Fear acquisition was similar in both lines. In the extinction trial, however, HAB rats showed a marked deficit in the attenuation of freezing responses to repeated auditory conditioned stimulus presentations as compared with LAB rats, which exhibited rapid extinction. To gain information concerning the putatively altered neuronal processing associated with the differential behavioural response between HAB and LAB rats, c-Fos expression was investigated in the main prefrontal-amygdala pathways important for cued fear extinction. HAB compared to LAB rats showed an attenuated c-Fos response to repeated conditioned stimulus presentations in infralimbic and cingulate cortices, as well as in the lateral amygdala, but facilitated the c-Fos response in the medial part of the central amygdala. In conclusion, the present results support the notion that impaired extinction in high anxiety rats is accompanied by an aberrant activation profile in extinction-relevant prefrontal-amygdala circuits. Thus, HAB rats may represent a clinically relevant model to study the mechanisms and potential targets to accelerate delayed extinction processes in subjects with enhanced trait anxiety.","Amygdala/*physiopathology, Animals, Anxiety Disorders/genetics/*physiopathology, Biological Markers/analysis/metabolism, Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology, Cues, Disease Models, Animal, Extinction, Psychological/*physiology, Fear/*physiology, Gyrus Cinguli/physiopathology, Learning/*physiology, Male, Neural Pathways/physiopathology, Neurons/metabolism, Neuropsychological Tests, Prefrontal Cortex/*physiopathology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/analysis/metabolism, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Rats","Muigg, P., Hetzenauer, A., Hauer, G., Hauschild, M., Gaburro, S., Frank, E., Landgraf, R., Singewald, N.",2008.0,Dec,10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06511.x,0,0,3818
3820,Psychopharmacology of topiramate: From epilepsy to bipolar disorder,"Topiramate (TPM) is one of the novel antiepileptic drugs and exhibits a wide range of mechanisms of action. Efficacy of TPM has been demonstrated in partial-onset seizures and primary generalized seizures in adults and children, as both monotherapy and adjunctive therapy. More recently, TPM has been proposed as an add-on treatment for patients with lithium-resistant bipolar disorder, especially those displaying rapid-cycling and mixed states. This paper reviews the multiple mechanisms of action and the tolerability profile of TPM in the light of its therapeutic potential in affective disorders. Studies of TPM in bipolar disorder are evaluated, and the efficacy and tolerability issues as a mood stabilizing agent are discussed. (copyright) 2007 Dove Medical Press Limited. All rights reserved.","4 aminobutyric acid, acetazolamide, amfebutamone, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, barbituric acid derivative, benzodiazepine derivative, carbamazepine, clozapine, felbamate, flumazenil, gabapentin, lamotrigine, lithium, mood stabilizer, neuroleptic agent, nimodipine, olanzapine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, progabide, risperidone, tiagabine, topiramate, unindexed drug, valproic acid, verapamil, vigabatrin, zuclopenthixol acetate, academic achievement, add on therapy, adjuvant therapy, aggression, agitation, anger, anomia, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, appetite, ataxia, atonic seizure, attention, benign childhood epilepsy, bipolar disorder, bulimia, central nervous system disease, clinical trial, cluster headache, cognitive defect, combination chemotherapy, confusion, defecation, depression, diplopia, dizziness, drowsiness, drug blood level, drug dose increase, drug dose reduction, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug eruption, drug induced headache, drug mechanism, drug megadose, drug potentiation, drug receptor binding, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, epilepsy, essential tremor, fatigue, focal epilepsy, gastrointestinal symptom, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, tonic clonic seizure, hippocampal sclerosis, hostility, human, irritability, language disability, mania, memory disorder, mental concentration, mental deterioration, mental disease, meta analysis, metabolic acidosis, migraine, mixed anxiety and depression, monotherapy, mood disorder, nausea, nephrolithiasis, neuropathic pain, nonhuman, nystagmus, obsessive compulsive disorder, paresthesia, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychomotor retardation, psychopharmacology, psychosis, rapid cycling bipolar disorder, review, schizoaffective psychosis, schizophrenia, sedation, side effect, somnolence, systematic review, thought disorder, violence, vomiting, weight gain, weight reduction","Mula, M., Cavanna, A. E., Monaco, F.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3821,Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma testosterone levels in post-traumatic stress disorder and tobacco dependence,"The goal of this study was to screen for potential abnormalities in CNS testosterone levels in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or tobacco dependence. The authors sampled cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over a six hour period and determined hourly basal CSF concentrations of testosterone in 11 combat veterans with PTSD (aged 23-49 yrs) and 12 normal volunteers (aged 23-50 yrs). Smokers were abstinent for 11-17 hours prior to testing. Testosterone in CSF and matching plasma samples was assayed by radioimmunoassay. A factor analysis for effects of PTSD status, smoking status and sample time revealed significant effects of PTSD or smoking status, but not time, on CSF testosterone. CSF testosterone levels were lower in individuals with PTSD as compared with normal volunteers. When divided by smoking status, abstinent smokers had mean CSF testosterone levels higher than those of non-smokers. A similar analysis of plasma testosterone revealed no significant effects of any factor on plasma testosterone. These results indicate that CSF testosterone is significantly influenced by PTSD and smoking status. The exposure of the brain to altered levels of testosterone in smokers and patients with PTSD may have path ophysiologic significance in these conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Blood Plasma, *Cerebrospinal Fluid, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Testosterone, *Tobacco Smoking, Drug Dependency, Endocrine Gland Secretion","Mulchahey, J. Jeffrey, Ekhator, Nosa N., Zhang, Hong, Kasckow, John W., Baker, Dewleen G., Geracioti, Thomas D., Jr.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3822,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms form a traumatic and nontraumatic stress response dimension,"Objective: This study aims to determine whether symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) form a latent dimension reflecting responsivity to life events and whether PTSD symptoms are specific to traumatic life events. Method: A 30-year longitudinal study of a general population sample of 987 individuals were assessed for PTSD symptoms, exposure to adverse life events, and a variety of psychosocial measures. PTSD symptoms were tested using a confirmatory factor model and a range of fitted models were used to identify significant predictors of latent PTSD symptoms. Results: The rate of DSM IV PTSD was 1.9%. However, subjects reported high rates of at least one significant traumatic or negative life event and PTSD symptoms. The PTSD symptoms conformed well to a single latent factor. There were strong linear associations between severity of PTSD symptoms and exposure to traumatic and non-traumatic life events. Factors contributing to latent PTSD symptoms were gender, childhood anxiety, neuroticism, self-esteem, and quality of parental care. Conclusion: Criteria for PTSD form an underlying dimension reflecting the individual's level of responsivity to traumatic and non-traumatic stressful life events. PTSD symptoms form a continuum of severity with minor stress symptoms at one end and severe PTSD at the other. © 2013 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","Population study, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Stress response","Mulder, R., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3823,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms form a traumatic and non-traumatic stress response dimension,"Objective: This study aims to determine whether symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) form a latent dimension reflecting responsivity to life events and whether PTSD symptoms are specific to traumatic life events. Method: A 30-year longitudinal study of a general population sample of 987 individuals were assessed for PTSD symptoms, exposure to adverse life events, and a variety of psychosocial measures. PTSD symptoms were tested using a confirmatory factor model and a range of fitted models were used to identify significant predictors of latent PTSD symptoms. Results: The rate of DSM IV PTSD was 1.9%. However, subjects reported high rates of at least one significant traumatic or negative life event and PTSD symptoms. The PTSD symptoms conformed well to a single latent factor. There were strong linear associations between severity of PTSD symptoms and exposure to traumatic and non-traumatic life events. Factors contributing to latent PTSD symptoms were gender, childhood anxiety, neuroticism, self-esteem, and quality of parental care. Conclusion: Criteria for PTSD form an underlying dimension reflecting the individual's level of responsivity to traumatic and non-traumatic stressful life events. PTSD symptoms form a continuum of severity with minor stress symptoms at one end and severe PTSD at the other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, *Symptoms, *Trauma","Mulder, Roger, Fergusson, David, Horwood, John",2013.0,,,0,0,3822
3824,Examination of the efficacy of behavioral activation in the treatment of comorbid major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder,"This study investigated the efficacy of 10-weeks of Behavioral Activation (BA) in the treatment of co-morbid Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in six adults using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design. This study is an attempt to expand empirical knowledge regarding BA, co-morbid PTSD and MDD, and the treatment outcome research specifically relevant to these co-morbid diagnoses. All participants met full DSM-IV criteria for both MDD and PTSD at the outset of the study. Duration of baseline for each subject varied and ran for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. Self-report data were gathered at each session and again at mid-point between each session. At the post-treatment assessment sessions, self-report and observer rated data indicate that three participants no longer met criteria for either MDD or PTSD and an additional participant no longer met criteria for MDD. It is argued that BA may be an effective treatment for co-morbid PTSD and MDD and the theoretical rationale is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Comorbidity, Stress, Treatment","Mulick, Patrick Sean",2003.0,,,0,0,
3825,GAD65 haplodeficiency conveys resilience in animal models of stress-induced psychopathology,"GABAergic mechanisms are critically involved in the control of fear and anxiety, but their role in the development of stress-induced psychopathologies, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mood disorders is not sufficiently understood. We studied these functions in two established mouse models of risk factors for stress-induced psychopathologies employing variable juvenile stress and/or social isolation. A battery of emotional tests in adulthood revealed the induction of contextually generalized fear, anxiety, hyperarousal and depression-like symptoms in these paradigms. These reflect the multitude and complexity of stress effects in human PTSD patients. With factor analysis we were able to identify parameters that reflect these different behavioral domains in stressed animals and thus provide a basis for an integrated scoring of affectedness more closely resembling the clinical situation than isolated parameters. To test the applicability of these models to genetic approaches we further tested the role of GABA using heterozygous mice with targeted mutation of the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD65 [GAD65(+/-) mice], which show a delayed postnatal increase in tissue GABA content in limbic and cortical brain areas. Unexpectedly, GAD65(+/-) mice did not show changes in exploratory activity regardless of the stressor type and were after the variable juvenile stress procedure protected from the development of contextual generalization in an auditory fear conditioning experiment. Our data demonstrate the complex nature of behavioral alterations in rodent models of stress-related psychopathologies and suggest that GAD65 haplodeficiency, likely through its effect on the postnatal maturation of GABAergic transmission, conveys resilience to some of these stress-induced effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Gamma Aminobutyric Acid, *Psychopathology, *Resilience (Psychological), *Stress, Enzymes, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Muller, Iris, Obata, Kunihiko, Richter-Levin, Gal, Stork, Oliver",2014.0,,,0,0,
3826,Discrepancies between clinical needs and helpseeking behaviors in co-occurring posttraumatic stress and alcohol use disorders,"Objective The aim of the study was to compare subjects dually diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) to those with only one or none of these conditions regarding helpseeking needs and behaviors. Method Data from a large community sample (N = 3694) were used to assess the associations among lifetime PTSD and AUD, other psychiatric disorders, clinical characteristics and lifetime helpseeking behaviors derived from a semi-structured interview. Results Comorbid individuals had more severe clinical profiles and were more impaired than individuals with either PTSD or AUD alone or those with no/other psychiatric conditions. However, they did not differ in overall helpseeking behavior from any other group. Those with comorbid PTSD/AUD were even less likely than the other groups to seek help for depression and anxiety disorders through specific treatment facilities or the use of prescribed psychotropic drugs. Conclusions Despite a greater need for treatment the comorbid group did not seek more help than the others. Their lower use of prescribed drugs supports the self-medication hypothesis, suggesting that those individuals relieve their symptoms through higher alcohol use instead. Our findings underline the need for health care facilities to encourage helpseeking behavior in the aftermath of stressful life events. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.",,"Müller, M., Rodgers, S., Rössler, W., Castelao, E., Preisig, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Vandeleur, C.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.07.013,0,0,
3827,Factors associated with comorbidity patterns in full and partial PTSD: Findings from the PsyCoLaus study,"Subtypes of comorbid conditions and their associated trauma and clinical characteristics in full and partial PTSD were examined. Data from 289 subjects from the general population that met criteria for full or partial PTSD were analyzed. Latent class analyses (LCA) were performed to derive homogeneous patterns of DSM-IV Axis-I disorders and anti-social personality comorbid to PTSD. Logistic regression models were conducted to characterize these classes by trauma-related and clinical features the LCA revealed three classes: (1) low comorbidity; (2) high comorbidity with primarily substance-related disorders and a higher proportion of males; and (3) more severe PTSD-symptomatology and higher comorbid anxiety disorders and depression, almost entirely represented by females. Exposure to sexual abuse was more likely in the substance-dependent class and contributed strongly to the distinction between classes. Affective disorders tended to precede the onset of PTSD in the substance-dependent class, whereas phobias were more likely to follow PTSD in the depressed-anxious class. Posttrauma onset of alcohol use disorders in the substance dependent class confirmed the self-medication hypothesis the three classes of comorbidity and their sequence of onset with PTSD suggest different mechanisms involved in their development. Our findings suggest that PTSD-related comorbidity subtypes also apply to individuals with partial PTSD. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",,"Müller, M., Vandeleur, C., Rodgers, S., Rössler, W., Castelao, E., Preisig, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3828,Posttraumatic stress avoidance symptoms as mediators in the development of alcohol use disorders after exposure to childhood sexual abuse in a Swiss community sample,"This study examined the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal in the relationship between different types of trauma and alcohol use disorders (AUD). We used data from 731 trauma-exposed individuals who participated in the first wave of the PsyCoLaus-study. Trauma characteristics were assessed relatively to the occurrence of lifetime PTSD symptoms and AUD. The results suggest that lifetime and childhood sexual abuse as well as overall childhood trauma were directly linked to AUD and PTSD symptoms, in particular to avoidance symptoms. From single symptom clusters PTSD avoidance was found to specifically mediate the trauma-AUD pathway. Both childhood and sexual trauma strongly contribute to the comorbidity of PTSD and AUD and avoidance-type symptoms appear to play a central role in maintaining this association. Hence, the alleviation of avoidance symptoms might be an important target for therapeutic intervention among victims of sexual abuse before specific addiction treatment is initiated. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Alcohol use disorders, Childhood sexual abuse, Community sample, Comorbidity, Posttraumatic stress symptoms, Self-medication model","Müller, M., Vandeleur, C., Rodgers, S., Rössler, W., Castelao, E., Preisig, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.006,0,0,
3829,Postdeployment Battlemind training for the U,"Objective: Combat exposure can increase the risk of subsequent psychological ill-health in armed forces (AF) personnel. A U.S. postdeployment psycho-educational intervention, Battlemind, showed a beneficial effect on mental health in U.S. military personnel exposed to high combat levels. We evaluated the effectiveness of an anglicized version of postdeployment Battlemind. Method: Battlemind was adapted for the United Kingdom. The main amendments were to sections about carrying weapons, driving, and alcohol misuse. The anglicized Battlemind was compared with the U.K. standard postdeployment brief in a cluster randomized controlled trial. At baseline, 2,443 U.K. AF personnel returning from Afghanistan via Cyprus completed questionnaires about their combat experiences and mental health. Of these, 1,616 (66%) completed 6-month follow-up questionnaires. We used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C) to measure probable posttraumatic stress disorder and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure common mental disorders. Secondary outcomes included alcohol misuse, assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and binge drinking. Mixed-effects models were used to account for possible cluster effects. Results: We did not find a difference in mental health or overall AUDIT score. Those who received Battlemind versus the standard brief were less likely to report binge drinking, although the effect size was small (adjusted odds ratio = 0.73, 95% CI [0.58, 0.92]). Conclusions: The anglicized Battlemind did not improve mental health but had a modest impact on the reporting of binge drinking. Alcohol misuse is problematic in military populations; therefore, an intervention that reduces binge drinking may be helpful. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","armed forces, combat, mental health, postdeployment, psycho-education","Mulligan, K., Fear, N. T., Jones, N., Alvarez, H., Hull, L., Naumann, U., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3830,Postdeployment Battlemind training for the U.K. armed forces: a cluster randomized controlled trial,"OBJECTIVE: Combat exposure can increase the risk of subsequent psychological ill-health in armed forces (AF) personnel. A U.S. postdeployment psycho-educational intervention, Battlemind, showed a beneficial effect on mental health in U.S. military personnel exposed to high combat levels. We evaluated the effectiveness of an anglicized version of postdeployment Battlemind. METHOD: Battlemind was adapted for the United Kingdom. The main amendments were to sections about carrying weapons, driving, and alcohol misuse. The anglicized Battlemind was compared with the U.K. standard postdeployment brief in a cluster randomized controlled trial. At baseline, 2,443 U.K. AF personnel returning from Afghanistan via Cyprus completed questionnaires about their combat experiences and mental health. Of these, 1,616 (66%) completed 6-month follow-up questionnaires. We used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C) to measure probable posttraumatic stress disorder and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure common mental disorders. Secondary outcomes included alcohol misuse, assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and binge drinking. Mixed-effects models were used to account for possible cluster effects. RESULTS: We did not find a difference in mental health or overall AUDIT score. Those who received Battlemind versus the standard brief were less likely to report binge drinking, although the effect size was small (adjusted odds ratio = 0.73, 95% CI [0.58, 0.92]). CONCLUSIONS: The anglicized Battlemind did not improve mental health but had a modest impact on the reporting of binge drinking. Alcohol misuse is problematic in military populations; therefore, an intervention that reduces binge drinking may be helpful.","Adult, Alcohol-Related Disorders/diagnosis/*prevention & control/psychology, Female, Great Britain, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Military Personnel/*psychology, Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*prevention & control/psychology, Treatment Outcome","Mulligan, K., Fear, N. T., Jones, N., Alvarez, H., Hull, L., Naumann, U., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N.",2012.0,Jun,10.1037/a0027664,0,0,
3831,Psycho-educational interventions designed to prevent deployment-related psychological ill-health in Armed Forces personnel: A review,"Background Employers such as the Armed Forces (AF) and emergency services, who predictably expose their staff to potentially traumatic events (PTEs), often provide psycho-educational briefings in an attempt to mitigate possible adverse psychological sequelae. Within the military, psycho-educational briefings are widely used, particularly following exposure to PTEs on operations. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions and make appropriate recommendations.Method A search of Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE was conducted, bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched and experts in the field were consulted.Results Two surveys and seven intervention studies were identified for inclusion in the review. Only three studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Overall, the review found some evidence of benefit of psycho-educational interventions but it was not consistent across studies or outcomes and effects were small. However, there was also little evidence to suggest that they caused harm. There was some evidence that the beneficial effects may be greater for those who have been exposed to a higher number of PTEs.Conclusions Given the high operational tempo currently faced by coalition forces personnel, there remains a pressing need to identify the most effective way of minimizing the impact of exposure to potentially traumatic deployment incidents. To date, few psycho-educational interventions designed to prevent deployment-related psychological ill-health have been evaluated systematically in methodologically robust studies. The review recommends that future interventions are theoretically based and evaluated in cluster RCTs that examine both process and outcome variables. © 2010 Cambridge University Press.","Deployment, military, occupational stress, psycho-education","Mulligan, K., Fear, N. T., Jones, N., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3832,Post-deployment battlemind training for the UK armed forces: A cluster-randomised controlled trial,"Objectives Combat exposure can increase the risk of subsequent psychological ill-health in Armed Forces (AF) personnel. A US post-deployment psycho-educational intervention Battlemind, has shown a beneficial effect on mental health in US military personnel exposed to high levels of potentially traumatic combat events. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of Battlemind in UK AF personnel. Methods Battlemind was compared with the UK standard post-deployment stress and homecoming brief in a cluster randomised controlled trial. 2443 UK AF personnel returning from Afghanistan via Cyprus completed a questionnaire about combat experiences and current mental health status before receiving their randomly allocated intervention, of these, 1616 (66%) completed follow-up approximately 6 months later. Primary outcomes were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure common mental disorders and the post traumatic stress disorder checklist (PCL-C) to measure probable PTSD. Secondary outcomes included alcohol misuse, assessed with the AUDIT. The two study arms were compared using mixed-effect models to take account of possible cluster effects. Results We did not find a difference in mental health or overall AUDIT score between Battlemind and the standard brief. Those who received Battlemind were less likely to be classifi ed as binge drinkers than those receiving the standard brief (adjusted OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.92)). Conclusions UK post-deployment Battlemind did not improve mental health compared with the standard post-deployment brief. However, it had a modest impact on reported binge drinking. Alcohol misuse is problematic in the UK AF so an intervention that reduces binge drinking may be helpful.","alcohol, United Kingdom, randomized controlled trial, epidemiology, army, occupational health, mental health, human, personnel, posttraumatic stress disorder, drinking, health status, follow up, mental disease, checklist, arm, model, exposure, risk, health, soldier, Afghanistan, Cyprus, questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire","Mulligan, K., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T., Alvarez, H., Jones, N.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3833,F Scale elevation and PTSD MMPI profiles,MMPI profiles for 87 PTSD veteran inpatients were classified and studied according to MMPI F Scale elevation. Mean MMPI profiles and frequency of high two-point code types were studied for different levels of F Scale elevation. Similar mean profile configurations were found for subgroups with F > or = 70 with Scales 2 and 8 appearing as the two highest clinical scales. For F < 70 the configuration was different in that Scale 8 was not one of the two highest scales. The 2-8/8-2 high two-point code was the modal high two-point code for the total sample but the relative frequency of high two-point codes did vary somewhat within and across levels of F Scale elevation.,"adult, article, group therapy, human, male, middle aged, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, reproducibility, statistics, veteran","Munley, P. H., Bains, D. S., Bloem, W. D.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3834,Post-traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI-2,"This study compared the MMPI-2 profiles of 27 veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder with a non-PTSD comparison group of 27 veteran patients receiving inpatient treatment for other mental disorders. Three multivariate analyses of variance were conducted comparing the two groups on the 10 traditional clinical scales, the 12 supplemental scales and the 15 new content scales on the MMPI-2. The PTSD group obtained a mean profile with peak elevations on the F validity scale and on clinical Scales 2 (D) and 8 (Sc). The multivariate analysis of variance comparing the PTSD and non-PTSD groups across the 10 traditional clinical scales was not significant. The multivariate analyses of variance comparing the two groups on the 12 supplemental scales and the 15 content scales were significant. Significant univariate supplemental scale differences were found on the Keane PTSD scale (PK) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PS) scale with the PTSD group scoring higher on PK and PS. Significant univariate content scale differences were found for the Anger (ANG) scale with the PTSD group scoring higher. A cut-off score of 28 on the PK scale correctly classified 76% of the overall sample, 67% of the PTSD group and 85% of the non-PTSD-comparison group.","adult, anger, article, classification, clinical article, controlled study, human, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder","Munley, P. H., Bains, D. S., Bloem, W. D., Busby, R. M.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3835,Posttraumatic stress disorder and the MCMI-II,"This study investigated the MCMI-II profile characteristics of 39 veterans diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Characteristics of the mean group profile were similar to prior findings reported in the literature on the MCMI and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with highest mean elevations found on the Avoidant, Passive-Aggressive, Schizoid, and Antisocial basic personality scales, the Borderline and Schizotypal pathological personality scales, and with elevations on the Anxiety, Dysthymia, Alcohol Dependence, Drug Dependence, and Major Depression clinical syndrome scales. A multivariate analysis of variance comparing the group with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with a non-PTSD comparison group of 39 on the basic personality, pathological personality, and the clinical syndrome scales of the MCMI-II was not statistically significant. Nonetheless, univariate analyses of variance comparing the two groups on the individual modifier scales and the individual personality and clinical syndrome scales of the MCMI-II using a Bonferroni adjusted probability indicated significant differences on the Desirability and Histrionic scales. Response-style bias as a possible factor in MCMI-II profiles for the group with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is also discussed.","adult, article, differential diagnosis, human, male, mental disease, middle aged, personality disorder, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, reproducibility, retrospective study, statistics, veteran","Munley, P. H., Bains, D. S., Bloem, W. D., Busby, R. M., Pendziszewski, S.",1995.0,,,0,0,
3836,"Development and utilization of a psychometric instrument for measuring quality of life in burn patients, 1976 to 1996","Our Burn Specific Health Scale was initially developed in 1978. Using a number of existing health scales, including the sickness impact profile, a depression scale, and the activities of daily living scale, and a large number of burn specific items derived from staff and patients, we eventually developed an 80 item instrument. This instrument was divided into four domains each containing 20 items of equal weight. The instrument was validated sequentially with intrarater, interrater and global validation systems, and subsequently compared with a number of other health and mental scales during which it performed very well. We now have longitudinal data which link this measurement system of quality of life to pre-injury educational level, to post-injury, stress disorder and predictability of return to work. The results indicate that total burn size has little to do with quality of life after recovery, and that a number of other factors play a bigger role, which will be presented.","article, burn, daily life activity, depression, education, health status, human, psychometry, quality of life, rating scale, work resumption","Munster, A. M., Fauerbach, J. A., Lawrence, J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
3837,"The perceptions and experiences of people injured in motor vehicle crashes in a compensation scheme setting: A qualitative study Health behavior, health promotion and society","Background: The evidence that compensation related factors are associated with poor recovery is substantial but these measures are generic and do not consider the complexity of scheme design. The objectives of this study were to understand people's perceptions and experiences of the claims process after sustaining a compensable injury in a motor vehicle crash (including why people seek legal representation); and to explore ways to assist people following a compensable injury and improve their experience with the claims process. Methods: A qualitative study in a Compulsory Third Party (CTP) personal injury scheme covering the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. A series of five focus groups, with a total of 32 participants who had sustained mild to moderate injuries in a motor vehicle crash, were conducted from May to June 2011 with four to eight attendees in each group. These were audio-recorded and transcribed. The methodology was based on a grounded theory approach using thematic analysis and constant comparison to generate coding categories for themes. Data saturation was reached. Analyst triangulation was used to ensure credibility of the results. Results: Five primary themes were identified: complexity of the claims process; requirement of legal representation; injury recovery expectations; importance of timely healthcare decision making; and improvements for injury recovery. Some participants struggled, finding the claims process stressful and subsequently sought legal advice; whilst others reported a straight forward recovery, helpful insurer interactions and no legal representation. Most participants were influenced by injury recovery expectations, and timely healthcare decision making. To assist with injury recovery, access to objective information about the claims process using online technology and social media was considered paramount. Conclusions: Participants had contrasting injury recovery experiences and their perceptions of the claims process differed and were influenced by injury recovery expectations, and timeliness of healthcare decision making. Improvements to the claims process are required, including: simplification or streamlining (possibly using online technology and/or social media to reduce paperwork); and providing access to objective information. There is a need to trial early interventions and new claims management policies that could improve injury recovery and satisfaction with the claims process. © 2015 Murgatroyd et al.; licensee BioMed Central.",,"Murgatroyd, D., Lockwood, K., Garth, B., Cameron, I. D.",2015.0,,10.1186/s12889-015-1739-9,0,0,
3838,The effect of financial compensation on health outcomes following musculoskeletal injury: Systematic review,"The effect of financial compensation on health outcomes following musculoskeletal injury requires further exploration because results to date are varied and controversial. This systematic review identifies compensation related factors associated with poorer health outcomes following musculoskeletal injury. Searches were conducted using electronic medical journal databases (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Informit, Web of Science) for prospective studies published up to October 2012. Selection criteria included: prognostic factors associated with validated health outcomes; six or more months follow up; and multivariate statistical analysis. Studies solely measuring return to work outcomes were excluded. Twenty nine articles were synthesised and then assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology to determine evidence levels. The results were mixed. There was strong evidence of an association between compensation status and poorer psychological function; and legal representation and poorer physical function. There was moderate evidence of an association between compensation status and poorer physical function; and legal representation and poorer psychological function. There was limited evidence of an association between compensation status and increased pain. In seven studies the association depended on the outcome measured. No studies reported an association between compensation related factors and improved health outcomes. Further research is needed to find plausible reasons why compensation related factors are associated with poorer health following musculoskeletal injury. © 2015 Murgatroyd et al.",,"Murgatroyd, D. F., Casey, P. P., Cameron, I. D., Harris, I. A.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0117597,0,0,
3839,Anger Problem Profiles Among Partner Violent Men: Differences in Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcome,"Cluster analysis of 139 partner violent men's self-reports on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory identified profiles reflecting pathological anger (PA), low anger control (LAC), and normal anger (NA). The PA group self-reported higher pretreatment partner abuse, interpersonal dysfunction, distress, and substance abuse and had lower treatment attendance than the NA and LAC groups. Collateral (victim) partners reported higher pretreatment abuse by the PA and LAC groups than the NA group. At posttreatment and 6-month follow-up, the PA group had the highest levels of physical assault and injury. The LAC group exceeded the NA group in physical assault at posttreatment and psychological aggression at posttreatment and follow-up. The recognition of distinct anger problem profiles may lead to new strategies for research and practice. (copyright) 2007 American Psychological Association.","adult, anger, article, controlled study, demography, human, major clinical study, male, partner violence, patient counseling, personality disorder, substance abuse, treatment outcome","Murphy, C. M., Taft, C. T., Eckhardt, C. I.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3840,Mental health and functional impairment outcomes following a 6-week intensive treatment programme for UK military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a naturalistic study to explore dropout and health outcomes at follow-up,"OBJECTIVE: Combat Stress, a UK national charity for veterans with mental health problems, has been funded by the National Health Service (NHS) to provide a national specialist service to deliver treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This paper reports the efficacy of a PTSD treatment programme for UK veterans at 6 months follow-up. DESIGN: A within subject design. SETTING: UK veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD who accessed Combat Stress. PARTICIPANTS: 246 veterans who received treatment between late 2012 and early 2014. INTERVENTION: An intensive 6-week residential treatment programme, consisting of a mixture of individual and group sessions. Participants were offered a minimum of 15 individual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy sessions. In addition, participants were offered 55 group sessions focusing on psychoeducational material and emotional regulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinicians completed measures of PTSD and functional impairment and participants completed measures of PTSD, depression, anger and functional impairment. RESULTS: We observed significant reductions in PTSD scores following treatment on both clinician completed measures (PSS-I: -13.0, 95% CI -14.5 to -11.5) and self-reported measures (Revised Impact of Events Scale (IES-R): -16.5, 95% CI -19.0 to -14.0). Significant improvements in functional impairment were also observed (eg, Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HONOS): -6.85, 95% CI -7.98 to -5.72). There were no differences in baseline outcomes between those who completed and those who did not complete the programme, or post-treatment outcomes between those we were able to follow-up at 6 months and those lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In a naturalistic study we observed a significant reduction in PTSD scores and functional impairment following treatment. These improvements were maintained at 6 month follow-up. Our findings suggest it may be helpful to take a closer look at combining individual trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and group sessions when treating veterans with PTSD. This is the first UK study of its kind, but requires further evaluation.","Adult, Behavior Therapy, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Great Britain, Humans, Male, *Mental Health, Middle Aged, Patient Dropouts/psychology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Trauma/psychology, Psychotherapy, Group, *Residential Treatment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, Veterans/*psychology, War-Related Injuries/psychology, Mental health","Murphy, D., Hodgman, G., Carson, C., Spencer-Harper, L., Hinton, M., Wessely, S., Busuttil, W.",2015.0,,10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007051,0,0,
3841,Measuring and maximizing coverage in the World Trade Center Health Registry,,,"Murphy, J., Brackbill, R. M., Thalji, L., Dolan, M., Pulliam, P., Walker, D. J.",2007.0,,10.1002/sim.2806,0,0,
3842,Modelling the co-occurrence of psychosis-like experiences and childhood sexual abuse,"Purpose: Recurrent research evidence indicates that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with psychosis and psychosis-like experiences (PLEs). Many individuals however who have experienced psychosis have never been sexually abused in childhood and many individuals who have experienced CSA have never experienced psychosis. Method: The current study sought to model the co-occurrence of CSA and PLEs using data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Latent class analysis was employed to identify distinct classes of individuals in the general population who were characterised by the presence, co-occurrence or absence of PLEs and/or CSA. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was utilised to validate membership of classes characterised by both CSA and PLEs using a series of variables that have been proposed to delineate the co-occurrence of these phenomena. Results: Four hypothesised classes were identified, (1) a CSA-PLE co-occurrence class, (2) a PLE-only class, (3) a CSA-only class and (4) a CSA and PLE free baseline class. CSA-PLE co-occurrence was characterised by neurotic disorder, social isolation, adult sexual molestation and a history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PLE occurrence in the absence of CSA was characterised by neurotic disorder, social isolation, a history of PTSD, childhood physical abuse, and uniquely by discrimination and non-sexual trauma post-16 years. Conclusions: The findings indicated that a distinct group of individuals in the population was characterised by the co-occurrence of CSA and PLEs. In the absence of CSA, individuals who experienced PLEs were likely to endure a wide range of other, non-sexual, traumatic and adverse experiences. The CSA-PLE co-occurrence class and its associated psychosocial risk profile was discussed in relation to established trauma-based perspectives of psychosis and PLEs. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Epidemiology, Latent class analysis, Psychosocial risk, Trauma","Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Houston, J. E., Adamson, G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3843,Patterns of mental distress following the violent death of a child and predictors of change over time,"We observed 173 parents bereaved by the violent death of an adolescent or young adult child. Data were collected 4, 12, 24, and 60 months postdeath. Using latent growth modeling, we examined how initial levels of mental distress and the rate of change over time are influenced by nine predictors: parents' gender, self-esteem, three coping strategies, perceived social support, negative life stressors, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and an intervention offered in the early bereavement period. The results support a multiple-risk and -protective factor model of loss accommodation. Parents' gender, self-esteem, and affective and repressive coping were predictive of changes in mental distress over time. Although parents' initial levels of PTSD were the best predictor of baseline mental distress, they did not predict reductions in distress 5 years later. Theoretical, empirical, and clinical implications are discussed. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:425-437, 2002.","accident, adaptive behavior, adolescent, adult, adult child, article, bereavement, child, clinical trial, factorial analysis, female, homicide, human, male, middle aged, multicenter study, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, statistical model, suicide, time, United States","Murphy, S. A., Chung, I. J., Johnson, L. C.",2002.0,,,0,1,
3844,The prevalence of PTSD following the violent death of a child and predictors of change 5 years later,"In this study, we examined the violent death bereavement trajectories of 173 parents by following them prospectively for 5 years after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, homicide, or undetermined causes. Using latent growth curve methodology, we examined how the initial level of PTSD and the rate of change over time were influenced by 9 predictors: the deceased children's causes of death, parents' gender, self-esteem, 3 coping strategies, perceived social support, concurrent levels of mental distress, and an intervention offered in early bereavement. Six of the nine factors predicted initial levels of PTSD; however, only parents' gender and perceived social support predicted change in PTSD over the 5-year time frame. Five years postdeath, 3 times as many study mothers (27.7%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and twice as many study fathers (12.5%) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD compared with the normative samples.","accidental death, adult, bereavement, child, conference paper, disease association, female, follow up, homicide, human, major clinical study, male, parental behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, prevalence, self esteem, suicidal behavior, time series analysis, violence","Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., Chung, I. J., Beaton, R. D.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3845,Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study,,,"Murray, C. J. L., Lopez, A. D.",1997.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2,0,0,
3846,Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors,"Background: Dissociative symptoms during trauma predict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but they are often transient. It is controversial whether they predict chronic PTSD over and above what can be predicted from other post-trauma symptoms. Aims: To investigate prospectively the relationship between dissociative symptoms before, during and after a trauma and other psychlological predictors, and chronic PTSD. Method: Two samples of 27 and 176 road traffic accident survivors were recruited. Patients were assessed shortly after the accident and followed at intervals over the next 6 months. Assessments included measures of disiociation, memory fragmentation, data-driven processing, rumination and PTSD symptoms. Results: All measures of dissociation, particularly persistent dissociation 4 weeks after the accident, predicted chronic PTSD severity at 6 months. Dissociative symptoms predicted subsequent PTSD over and above the other PTSD symptom clusters. Memory fragmentation and data-driven processing also predicted PTSD. Rumination about the accident was among the strongest predictors of subsequent PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Persistent dissociation and rumination 4 weeks after trauma are more useful in identifying those patients who are likely to develop chronic PTSD than initial reactions.",,"Murray, J., Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3847,Validation of the UCLA Child Post Traumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index in Zambia,"Background: Sexual violence against children is a major global health and human rights problem. In order to address this issue there needs to be a better understanding of the issue and the consequences. One major challenge in accomplishing this goal has been a lack of validated child mental health assessments in low-resource countries where the prevalence of sexual violence is high. This paper presents results from a validation study of a trauma-focused mental health assessment tool-the UCLA Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) in Zambia. Methods: The PTSD-RI was adapted through the addition of locally relevant items and validated using local responses to three cross-cultural criterion validity questions. Reliability of the symptoms scale was assessed using Cronbach alpha analyses. Discriminant validity was assessed comparing mean scale scores of cases and non-cases. Concurrent validity was assessed comparing mean scale scores to a traumatic experience index. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were run using receiver operating curves. Results: Analysis of data from 352 youth attending a clinic specializing in sexual abuse showed that this adapted PTSD-RI demonstrated good reliability, with Cronbach alpha scores greater than .90 on all the evaluated scales. The symptom scales were able to statistically significantly discriminate between locally identified cases and non-cases, and higher symptom scale scores were associated with increased numbers of trauma exposures which is an indication of concurrent validity. Sensitivity and specificity analyses resulted in an adequate area under the curve, indicating that this tool was appropriate for case definition. Conclusions: This study has shown that validating mental health assessment tools in a low-resource country is feasible, and that by taking the time to adapt a measure to the local context, a useful and valid Zambian version of the PTSD-RI was developed to detect traumatic stress among youth. This valid tool can now be used to appropriately measure treatment effectiveness, and more effectively and efficiently triage youth to appropriate services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Sexual Abuse, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity","Murray, Laura K., Bass, Judith, Chomba, Elwyn, Imasiku, Mwiya, Thea, Donald, Semrau, Katherine, Cohen, Judith A., Lam, Carrie, Bolton, Paul",2011.0,,,0,0,
3848,Working alliance and session impact in career counseling for Vietnam-era veterans with and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"This study examines the process of career counseling with 40 Vietnam era veterans, 23 of whom have Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and 17 of whom do not. They were recruited from the VA hospital in Topeka, Kansas and from other community agencies, where they had requested career counseling. After a session early in the career counseling process, they were asked to volunteer for this study, which included completing 3 instruments, the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-S), the Session Impacts Scale (SIS), and the Self-Directed Search (SDS), along with a demographic form. Results were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. It was found that the 2 groups did not differ significantly in vocational preference scores (SDS) or in their perceptions of the working alliance (WAI-S); however, those with PTSD endorsed significantly more Relationship Impacts as helpful in counseling, as compared with Non-PTSD veterans. Interestingly, veterans of both groups who scored highest on the Artistic and Social subscales of the SDS were significantly more likely than others to report SIS Task Impacts to be helpful. Additionally, those with high Social scores were significantly more likely than others to report SIS Relationship Impacts to be helpful. Implications are discussed for career treatment of veterans with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Occupational Guidance, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Outcomes, *Therapeutic Alliance","Murray, Susan Elizabeth",1999.0,,,0,0,
3849,In-person and video-based post-traumatic stress disorder treatment for veterans: A location-allocation model,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with poor health but there is a gap between need and receipt of care. It is useful to understand where to optimally locate in-person care and where video-based PTSD care would be most useful to minimize access to care barriers, care outside the Veterans Affairs system, and total costs. We developed a service location systems engineering model based on 20)0 to 2020 projected care needs for veterans across New England to help determine where to best locate and use in-person and video-based care. This analysis determined specific locations and capacities of each type of PTSD care relative to patient home locations to help inform allocation of mental health resources. Not surprisingly Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island are well suited for in-person care, whereas some rural areas of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire where in-patient services are infeasible could be better served by video-based care than external care, if the latter is even available. Results in New England alone suggest a potential $3,655,387 reduction in average annual total costs by shifting 9.73% of care to video-based treatment, with an average 12.6 miles travel distance for the remaining in-person care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Care Costs, *Mental Health Services, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Hospitalization, Resource Allocation","Musdal, Hande, Shiner, Brian, Chen, TeChieh, Ceyhan, Mehmet E., Watts, Bradley V., Benneyan, James",2014.0,,,0,0,
3850,"Differences in M-PTSD, MMPI-2 and COPE between female and male war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder","Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a dynamic syndrome of the body stress response to traumatic experience. There are few studies investigating the possible sex differences in this response. The aim of this study was to identify the possible sex differences in the symptomatology and coping with stress in PTSD patients. The study included a randomly selected sample of 72 patients treated for PTSD at Regional Center for Psychotrauma in Split. The M-PTSD was used to assess the severity of PTSD symptoms, MMPI-2 inventory for psychological characteristics of personality, and COPE for the way of coping with stress. Comparison of demographic data yielded statistically significant sex differences in marital status and employment. Results of PTSD symptom severity produced a higher score in male subjects. Results of MMPI-2 inventory showed depression/psychosis to predominate in male and anxiety/depression in female patients. The way of coping with stress also yielded a statistically significant sex difference, with higher results recorded in female as compared with male patients. Analysis of study results pointed to sex differences in PTSD patients according to symptom severity, psychological characteristics of personality and coping with stress, suggesting the need of different psychotherapeutic approach to different sexes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Human Sex Differences, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Human Females, Human Males","Mustapic, Iva, Britvic, Dolores, Anticevic, Vesna",2010.0,,,0,0,
3851,Latent variable mixture modeling,,,"Muthén, B.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3852,Second-generation structural equation modeling with a combination of categorical and continuous latent variables: New opportunities for latent class/latent growth modeling,,,"Muthén, B.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3853,Statistical and Substantive Checking in Growth Mixture Modeling: Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003),,,"Muthén, B.",2003.0,,10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.369,0,0,
3854,Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data,,,"Muthén, B.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3855,Growth mixture modeling: Analysis with non-Gaussian random effects,,,"Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3856,General growth mixture modeling for randomized preventive interventions,,,"Muthén, B., Brown, C. H., Masyn, K., Jo, B., Khoo, S. T., Yang, C. C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3857,On structural equation modeling with data that are not missing completely at random,,,"Muthén, B., Kaplan, D., Hollis, M.",1987.0,,10.1007/BF02294365,0,0,
3858,Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes,"Many alcohol research questions require methods that take a person-centered approach because the interest is in finding heterogeneous groups of individuals, such as those who are susceptible to alcohol dependence and those who are not. A person-centered focus also is useful with longitudinal data to represent heterogeneity in developmental trajectories. In alcohol, drug, and mental health research the recognition of heterogeneity has led to theories of multiple developmental pathways. This paper gives a brief overview of new methods that integrate variable- and person-centered analyses. Methods discussed include latent class analysis, latent transition analysis, latent class growth analysis, growth mixture modeling, and general growth mixture modeling. These methods are presented in a general latent variable modeling framework that expands traditional latent variable modeling by including not only continuous latent variables but also categorical latent variables. The examples presented can be seen as special cases of this general framework. The general framework makes it possible to combine these models and to study new models serving as a stimulus for asking research questions that have both person- and variable-centered aspects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Experimental Design, *Interdisciplinary Research, *Models, *Statistical Variables, Alcoholism, Experimentation","Muthen, Bengt, Muthen, Linda K.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3859,Finite mixture modeling with mixture outcomes using the EM algorithm,,,"Muthén, B., Shedden, K.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3860,Analysis of longitudinal data using latent variable models with varying parameters,,,"Muthén, B. O.",1991.0,,,0,0,
3861,Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes,,,"Muthén, B. O., Muthén, L. K.",2000.0,,,0,0,3858
3862,Mplus User's Guide,,,"Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3863,MPLUS: Statistical analysis with latent variables; users guide,,,"Muthén, L. K., Muthén, B. O.",2001.0,,,0,0,
3864,Mother-infant bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum: The primacy of psychopathology in women with childhood abuse and neglect histories,"Our goal was to examine the trajectory of bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum in the context of maternal risk, including maternal history of childhood abuse and neglect and postpartum psychopathology, and to test the association between self-reported bonding impairment and observed positive parenting behaviors. In a sample of women with childhood abuse and neglect histories (CA+, n = 97) and a healthy control comparison group (CA-, n = 53), participants completed questionnaires related to bonding with their infants at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 6 months postpartum and psychopathology at 6 months postpartum. In addition, during a 6-month postpartum home visit, mothers and infants participated in a dyadic play interaction subsequently coded for positive parenting behaviors by blinded coders. We found that all women, independent of risk status, increased in bonding with their infant over the first 6 months postpartum; however, women with postpartum psychopathology (depression and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) showed consistently greater bonding impairment scores at all timepoints. Moreover, we found that, at the 6-month assessment, bonding impairment and observed parenting behaviors were significantly associated. These results highlight the adverse effects of maternal postpartum depression and PTSD on mother-infant bonding in early postpartum in women with child abuse and neglect histories. These findings also shed light on the critical need for early detection and effective treatment of postpartum mental illness in order to prevent problematic parenting and the development of disturbed mother-infant relationships. Results support the use of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire as a tool to assess parenting quality by its demonstrated association with observed parenting behaviors. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Wien.","Maternal childhood abuse and neglect history, Mother-infant bonding, Parenting behaviors, Postpartum depression, Postpartum PTSD","Muzik, M., Bocknek, E. L., Broderick, A., Richardson, P., Rosenblum, K. L., Thelen, K., Seng, J. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3865,PTSD SYMPTOMS ACROSS PREGNANCY AND EARLY POSTPARTUM AMONG WOMEN WITH LIFETIME PTSD DIAGNOSIS,"BACKGROUND: Little is known about trajectories of PTSD symptoms across the peripartum period in women with trauma histories, specifically those who met lifetime PTSD diagnoses prior to pregnancy. The present study seeks to identify factors that influence PTSD symptom load across pregnancy and early postpartum, and study its impact on postpartum adaptation. METHOD: The current study is a secondary analysis on pregnant women with a Lifetime PTSD diagnosis (N = 319) derived from a larger community sample who were interviewed twice across pregnancy (28 and 35 weeks) and again at 6 weeks postpartum, assessing socioeconomic risks, mental health, past and ongoing trauma exposure, and adaptation to postpartum. RESULTS: Using trajectory analysis, first we examined the natural course of PTSD symptoms based on patterns across peripartum, and found four distinct trajectory groups. Second, we explored factors (demographic, historical, and gestational) that shape the PTSD symptom trajectories, and examined the impact of trajectory membership on maternal postpartum adaptation. We found that child abuse history, demographic risk, and lifetime PTSD symptom count increased pregnancy-onset PTSD risk, whereas gestational PTSD symptom trajectory was best predicted by interim trauma and labor anxiety. Women with the greatest PTSD symptom rise during pregnancy were most likely to suffer postpartum depression and reported greatest bonding impairment with their infants at 6 weeks postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for modifiable risks (interpersonal trauma exposure and labor anxiety) and /or PTSD symptom load during pregnancy appears critical to promote maternal wellbeing.","Ptsd, depression, maternal child, pregnancy and postpartum, trauma","Muzik, M., McGinnis, E. W., Bocknek, E., Morelen, D., Rosenblum, K. L., Liberzon, I., Seng, J., Abelson, J. L.",2016.0,Jan 6,10.1002/da.22465,0,0,
3866,Behaviorally inhibited temperament is associated with severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and faster eyeblink conditioning in veterans,"Prior studies have sometimes demonstrated facilitated acquisition of classically conditioned responses and/or resistance to extinction in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is unclear whether these behaviors are acquired as a result of PTSD or exposure to trauma, or reflect preexisting risk factors that confer vulnerability for PTSD. Here, we examined classical eyeblink conditioning and extinction in veterans self-assessed for current PTSD symptoms, exposure to combat, and the personality trait of behavioral inhibition (BI), a risk factor for PTSD. A total of 128 veterans were recruited (mean age 51.2 years; 13.3% female); 126 completed self-assessment, with 25.4% reporting a history of exposure to combat and 30.9% reporting current, severe PTSD symptoms (PTSS). The severity of PTSS was correlated with current BI (R2 = 0.497) and PTSS status could be predicted based on current BI and combat history (80.2% correct classification). A subset of the veterans (n = 87) also completed the eyeblink conditioning study. Among veterans without PTSS, childhood BI was associated with faster acquisition; veterans with PTSS showed delayed extinction, under some conditions. These data demonstrate a relationship between current BI and PTSS, and indicate that the facilitated conditioning sometimes observed in patients with PTSD may partially reflect personality traits such as childhood BI that pre-date and contribute to vulnerability for PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Eyeblink Reflex, *Military Veterans, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Eyelid Conditioning, Inhibition (Personality), Severity (Disorders)","Myers, Catherine E., VanMeenen, Kirsten M., McAuley, J. Devin, Beck, Kevin D., Pang, Kevin C. H., Servatius, Richard J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3867,Behavioral inhibition and PTSD symptoms in veterans,"Behavioral inhibition (BI), a temperamental bias to respond to novel stimuli with avoidance behaviors, is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is unclear whether BI accounts for additional variance in PTSD symptom severity beyond that accounted for by general anxiety. Here, 109 veterans (mean age 50.4. years, 9.2% female) provided self-assessment of PTSD symptoms, state and trait anxiety, combat exposure, and current (adult) and retrospective (childhood) BI. Adult BI was correlated with anxiety and PTSD symptom severity, especially cluster C (avoidance) symptoms, but not with combat exposure. A regression model including adult BI, state and trait anxiety, and combat exposure was able to correctly classify over 80% of participants according to presence or absence of severe PTSD symptoms. Because avoidance behaviors are a core component of PTSD, self-assessments of BI may be an important tool in understanding PTSD and potentially assessing vulnerability to the disorder. © 2012 .","Anxiety, Avoidance, Behavioral inhibition, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Veterans","Myers, C. E., VanMeenen, K. M., Servatius, R. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3868,Neuropsychological functioning in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): Those with comorbid PTSD compared to those with no trauma,"Rationale: The aim of this study was to compare neuropsychological functions in patients diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and comorbid PTSD to those diagnosed with PNES and who deny any traumatic history. PTSD has been repeatedly associated with memory impairments. Subtle executive deficits have also been reported although results have been mixed. Our hypothesis was that those with a diagnosis of PNES and PTSD would exhibit a different cognitive profile than that seen in patients with PNES who deny a history of psychological trauma. Methods: We studied 14 patients with PNES and PTSD and 14 with PNES who did not report trauma. The diagnosis of PNES was confirmed through video-EEG monitoring. All patients had a complete neuropsychological evaluation. A diagnosis of PTSD was obtained using the Trauma Scale Inventory-2 A clinical interview was conducted in which general history as well as trauma exposure and details were collected. Results: All subjects were female. Within the PTSD/PNES group mean age at the time of study was 42.50, 2.992 years and mean education was 13.79, .69. Of non-traumatized PNES patients, mean age was 35.43, 3.42 and mean education was 14.07, .62. Significant differences were found between those with PTSD versus non-traumatized individuals. Those with co-morbid PTSD were more likely to have a history of substance abuse (p<.037) and to carry a diagnosis of depression (p<.001). In addition, on the Wechsler Memory Scale subtests of narrative verbal memory, those with PTSD showed a trend towards a diminished score on Logical Memory I (.064) and significantly lower scores on Logical Memory II (p<.003). No other statistically significant differences were found on other cognitive tests. Conclusions: Our findings regarding verbal memory and clinical history are consistent with previous reports in patients with PTSD. We did not find any evidence of significant weaknesses on any executive tasks. This is however not inconsistent with other reports regarding executive (frontal) functions and PTSD. Substance abuse and mood disorders are frequently observed concomitantly with PTSD. These findings contribute to our understanding intragroup differences in what is increasingly being appreciated as a heterogenous condition. Patients with PNES who have comorbid PTSD represent a distinguishable subgroup within the PNES globality.","patient, human, injury, epilepsy, society, psychogenic nonepileptic seizure, posttraumatic stress disorder, diagnosis, manager, memory, verbal memory, substance abuse, education, videorecording, memory disorder, psychotrauma, narrative, female, Wechsler Memory Scale, hypothesis, exposure, monitoring, weakness, mood disorder, injury scale, interview, electroencephalogram, executive function","Myers, L., Lancman, M. E., Szuster, S., Lebeau, K., Trobliger, R., Lancman, M. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3869,Is multi-impulsive bulimia a distinct type of bulimia nervosa: Psychopathology and EMA findings,"Objective: To determine if clinically defined multi-impulsive bulimia (MIB) can be validated using an empirical classification approach. Method: One hundred and twenty-five women who met DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa were interviewed and completed a two-week EMA protocol. Participants who reported at least three highly impulsive behaviors were compared to participants who did not report such impulsive behavior. Also, Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted to determine if the MIB classification could be replicated empirically. Results: LCA produced a two-class solution consistent with the traditional clinical approach to MIB classification. In both approaches, MIB was associated with higher levels of anxiety disorders, child abuse, and daily self-damaging behaviors than the non-MIB class. Conclusion: Clinical classification of MIB was empirically supported through LCA. Although the classes failed to differ in bulimic behavior, MIB appears to represent a group of bulimic individuals with significant trauma histories and associated psychopathology. (copyright) 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, automutilation, bulimia, child abuse, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, disease classification, ecological momentary assessment, female, human, impulsiveness, latent class analysis, major clinical study, mental disease, multiimpulsive bulimia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, statistical analysis, validation process","Myers, T. C., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R., Mitchell, J. E., Steffen, K. J., Smyth, J., Miltenberger, R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3870,Fear of hypoglycemia and self reported posttraumatic stress in adults with type I diabetes treated by intensive regimens,"This study investigated the prevalence of hypoglycemic fear (FH) and hypoglycemia-specific posttraumatic stress (PTS) among individuals with Type I diabetes. Over 25% of participants met diagnostic criteria for current PTSD. High percentages of participants endorsed PTS symptom clusters, suggesting that individuals may be experiencing distress without necessarily meeting diagnostic criteria. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that perceived threat of death from hypoglycemia and FH were significantly related to PTS. Number of recent hypoglycemic episodes did not predict PTS/PTSD. Depression and nonspecific anxiety did not contribute to the statistical prediction of PTSD, suggesting that symptomatology endorsed represents hypoglycemia-specific anxiety rather than global psychological distress. The hypothesis that greater PTS symptomatology would relate to poorer glycemic control was unsubstantiated. Perceived death-threat from hypoglycemia and nonspecific anxiety were the only variables that contributed to prediction of glycemic control, suggesting that PTS did not represent a significant barrier for glycemic control in this sample. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.","Diabetes, Glycemic control, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic fear, Posttraumatic stress","Myers, V. H., Boyer, B. A., Herbert, J. D., Barakat, L. P., Scheiner, G.",2007.0,,,0,0,
3871,Partial posttraumatic stress disorder revisited,"Background: It is thought that the decision rule for a positive diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may be too restrictive, leaving too many victims of a trauma out in the cold for care, compensation, etc. Several authors have proposed the concept of Subthreshold or Partial PTSD (PPTSD). This concept considers that a subject may present a number of symptoms below threshold for criteria C or D (subthreshold syndromes) and may even present without any symptom for one or more of the criteria B, C and D (partial syndromes). Method: Data have been collected by means of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) PTSD-module, in a group exposed to two different traumatic events (130 fire victims and 55 car accident victims). The syndrome patterns has been assessed by means of hierarchical class analyses. Each of the criteria B, C and D has been analyzed separately, showing the symptom patterns as hierarchically order clusters. Results: Depending on the threshold used for criterion C (i.e. 3 or 2 symptoms), 18.4 and 22.7% of the subjects respectively satisfy the criteria for PTSD. 8.7% of the subjects show subthreshold syndromes. 60.7% of the subjects show partial syndromes and 16.7% of the subjects have partial syndromes while fulfilling criterion F, i.e. a clinically significant impairment in functioning. Conclusions: The results show a considerable number of partial and subthreshold syndromes. It is argued that subthreshold syndromes and partial syndromes, which fulfill criterion F, should be regarded as specific nosological categories or as specified PTSD subcategories, i.e. subsyndromal or partial PTSD. (copyright) 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","adult, article, clinical feature, cluster analysis, controlled study, data analysis, experience, female, fire, human, information processing, interview, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, psychotrauma, syndrome delineation, traffic accident","Mylle, J., Maes, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3872,Behavioral and Emotional Profiles of Neglected Children,"This study explored the emotional and behavioral profiles of 41 neglected children, ages 6 to 12 years, who were compared with a control group of 41 children. The Achenbach System was used in order to describe emotional and behavioral profiles based on the Diagnostic Criteria of the DSM-IV [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.]). Neglected children had more symptoms on DSM-IV Scales related to conduct or attention/hyperactivity problems. Based on the perceptions of teachers, children exposed to neglect showed more externalized and internalized problems as well as symptoms on DSM-IV Scales. Results supported the relevance of using the Diagnostic Criteria of the DSM-IV and the importance of getting the different perceptions of respondents to better understand the emotional and behavioral portrait of neglected children. © 2013 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","ADHD, child neglected, externalization problems, internalization problems, oppositional defiant problems, posttraumatic stress problems","Nadeau, M. E., Nolin, P., Chartrand, C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3873,"Exposure to traumatic events, prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse in aboriginal communities","Introduction: Generations of Aboriginal people have been exposed to strings of traumatic events with devastating psychosocial health consequences, including psychiatric morbidities and mortalities, and medical complications. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric morbidity directly linked to traumatic events. Despite research findings indicating traumatic exposure and resultant PTSD in Indigenous communities, little attention has been given to this condition in mental healthcare delivery. Consequently, clinical and psychosocial interventions are misguided and failed to deliver positive outcomes. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between exposure to traumatic events, prevalence of PTSD and alcohol abuse in remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia. Methods: A combination of structured clinical interview and multiple survey questionnaires - Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and Impact of Events Scale (IES), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Indigenous Trauma Profile (ITP) - were administered to 221 Indigenous participants aged 18 to 65 years. Results: The overwhelming majority, 97.3% (n=215) of participants were exposed to traumatic events. Analysis of CIDI results using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria shows a life time prevalence of 55.2% (n=122) for PTSD, 20% (n=44) for major depression (recurrent) and 2.3% (n=5) for a single episode. A total of 96% (n=212) participants reported consuming a drink containing alcohol and 73.8% (n=163) met diagnostic criteria for alcohol use related disorders, abuse and dependence. Of participants who met the PTSD diagnostic criteria, 91% (n=111) met diagnostic criteria for alcohol use related disorders. Other impacts of trauma such as other anxiety disorders, dysthymic disorder and substances abuses were also identified. Conclusion: The rate of exposure to traumatic events and prevalence of PTSD are disproportionately higher in the communities studied than the national average and one of the highest recorded in survivors of specific traumatic events in the world. A very high rate of alcohol abuse and dependence in participants who met diagnostic criteria for PTSD demonstrates correlation between alcohol abuse and PTSD. It also suggests that alcohol is used as self-medication © GT Nadew 2012.","Australia, Historical, Indigenous health, Stolen Generation, Transgenerational trauma","Nadew, G. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3874,"Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: Two case reports","Objective: Two chronic, traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases, where cognition improved following treatment with red and near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs), applied transcranially to forehead and scalp areas, are presented. Background: Significant benefits have been reported following application of transcranial, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to humans with acute stroke and mice with acute TBI. These are the first case reports documenting improved cognitive function in chronic, TBI patients treated with transcranial LED. Methods: Treatments were applied bilaterally and to midline sagittal areas using LED cluster heads [2.1″ diameter, 61 diodes (9 × 633 nm, 52 × 870 nm); 12-15 mW per diode; total power: 500 mW; 22.2 mW/cm 2; 13.3 J/cm 2 at scalp (estimated 0.4 J/cm 2 to cortex)]. Results: Seven years after closed-head TBI from a motor vehicle accident, Patient 1 began transcranial LED treatments. Pre-LED, her ability for sustained attention (computer work) lasted 20 min. After eight weekly LED treatments, her sustained attention time increased to 3 h. The patient performs nightly home treatments (5 years); if she stops treating for more than 2 weeks, she regresses. Patient 2 had a history of closed-head trauma (sports/military, and recent fall), and magnetic resonance imaging showed frontoparietal atrophy. Pre-LED, she was on medical disability for 5 months. After 4 months of nightly LED treatments at home, medical disability discontinued; she returned to working full-time as an executive consultant with an international technology consulting firm. Neuropsychological testing after 9 months of transcranial LED indicated significant improvement (+1, +2SD) in executive function (inhibition, inhibition accuracy) and memory, as well as reduction in post-traumatic stress disorder. If she stops treating for more than 1 week, she regresses. At the time of this report, both patients are continuing treatment. Conclusions: Transcranial LED may improve cognition, reduce costs in TBI treatment, and be applied at home. Controlled studies are warranted. © Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Naeser, M. A., Saltmarche, A., Krengel, M. H., Hamblin, M. R., Knight, J. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3875,"Significant improvements in cognitive performance post-transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain Injury: Open-protocol study","This pilot, open-protocol study examined whether scalp application of red and near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LED) could improve cognition in patients with chronic, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Application of red/NIR light improves mitochondrial function (especially in hypoxic/compromised cells) promoting increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) important for cellular metabolism. Nitric oxide is released locally, increasing regional cerebral blood flow. LED therapy is noninvasive, painless, and non-thermal (cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration [FDA], an insignificant risk device). Eleven chronic, mTBI participants (26-62 years of age, 6 males) with nonpenetrating brain injury and persistent cognitive dysfunction were treated for 18 outpatient sessions (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, for 6 weeks), starting at 10 months to 8 years post-mTBI (motor vehicle accident [MVA] or sports-related; and one participant, improvised explosive device [IED] blast injury). Four had a history of multiple concussions. Each LED cluster head (5.35 cm diameter, 500mW, 22.2mW/cm2) was applied for 10min to each of 11 scalp placements (13J/cm2). LEDs were placed on the midline from front-to-back hairline; and bilaterally on frontal, parietal, and temporal areas. Neuropsychological testing was performed pre-LED, and at 1 week, and 1 and 2 months after the 18th treatment. A significant linear trend was observed for the effect of LED treatment over time for the Stroop test for Executive Function, Trial 3 inhibition (p=0.004); Stroop, Trial 4 inhibition switching (p=0.003); California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)-II, Total Trials 1-5 (p=0.003); and CVLT-II, Long Delay Free Recall (p=0.006). Participants reported improved sleep, and fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, if present. Participants and family reported better ability to perform social, interpersonal, and occupational functions. These open-protocol data suggest that placebo-controlled studies are warranted. © Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014.","executive function, mTBI, photobiomodulation, treatment for mTBI","Naeser, M. A., Zafonte, R., Krengel, M. H., Martin, P. I., Frazier, J., Hamblin, M. R., Knight, J. A., Meehan, W. P., Baker, E. H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3876,Critical body temperature profile as indicator of heat stress vulnerability,"Extreme climatic heat is a major health concern among workers in different occupational pursuits. People in the regions of western India confront frequent heat emergencies, with great risk of mortality and morbidity. Taking account of informal occupational groups (foundry and sheet metal, FSM, N=587; ceramic and pottery, CP, N=426; stone quarry, SQ, N=934) in different seasons, the study examined the body temperature profiling as indicator of vulnerability to environmental warmth. About 3/4th of 1947 workers had habitual exposure at 30.1-35.5 °C WBGT and ~10% of them were exposed to 38.2-41.6 °C WBGT. The responses of FSM, CP and SQ workers indicated prevailing high heat load during summer and post-monsoon months. Local skin temperatures (Tsk) varied significantly in different seasons, with consistently high level in summer, followed by post-monsoon and winter months. The mean difference of Tcr and Tsk was ~5.2 °C up to 26.7 °C WBGT, and ~2.5 °C beyond 30 °C WBGT. Nearly 90% of the workers had Tcr within 38 °C, suggesting their self-adjustment strategy in pacing work and regulating Tcr. In extreme heat, the limit of peripheral adjustability (35-36 °C Tsk) and the narrowing down of the difference between Tcr and Tsk might indicate the limit of one's ability to withstand heat exposure. © 2013 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.","Body temperature profile, Ceramic and pottery, Environmental warmth, Foundry and sheet metal, Stone quarry workers, WBGT","Nag, P. K., Dutta, P., Nag, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3877,"Trajectories of boys' physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency",,,"Nagin, D., Tremblay, R. E.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3878,"Analyzing developmental trajectories: A semiparametric, group-based approach",,,"Nagin, D. S.",1999.0,,10.1037/1082-989X.4.2.139,0,0,
3879,Group-based Modeling of Development,,,"Nagin, D. S.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3880,"Age, Criminal Careers, and Population Heterogeneity: Specification and Estimation of a Nonparametric, Mixed Poisson Model",,,"Nagin, D. S., Land, K. C.",1993.0,,,0,0,
3881,Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (Nearly) Two Decades Later,,,"Nagin, D. S., Odgers, C. L.",2010.0,,10.1007/s10940-010-9113-7,0,0,
3882,Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: A group-based method,"This article presents a group-based method to jointly estimate developmental trajectories of 2 distinct but theoretically related measurement series. The method will aid the analysis of comorbidity and heterotypic continuity. Three key outputs of the model are (a) for both measurement series, the form of the trajectory of distinctive subpopulations; (b) the probability of membership in each such trajectory group; and (c) the joint probability of membership in trajectory groups across behaviors. This final output offers 2 novel features. First, the joint probabilities can characterize the linkage in the developmental course of distinct but related behaviors. Second, the joint probabilities can measure differences within the population in the magnitude of this linkage. Two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the method.",,"Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E.",2001.0,,10.1037//1082-989X.6.1.18,0,0,
3883,Clinical profile differences between PTSD-diagnosed military veterans and crime victims,Few studies have conducted symptom comparisons across different trauma-exposed populations. Evidence linking different types of trauma to variations in clinical presentation would have potential implications for the assessment and treatment of trauma-related psychopathology. The current study evaluated whether military veterans (n = 187) and civilian crime victims (n = 47) diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder differ in their self-reported posttraumatic symptoms as measured by the Trauma Symptom Inventory. A multivariate profile analysis revealed that military-related trauma is associated with more severe posttraumatic symptoms than criminal victimization and suggested that these 2 types of trauma have statistically distinct symptom profiles. Some potential implications of these findings and considerations for future research are discussed. (copyright) 2008 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.,"adult, aged, article, clinical feature, controlled study, crime, disease severity, female, human, major clinical study, male, military service, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, self report, veteran, victim","Naifeh, J., North, T., Davis, J., Reyes, G., Logan, C., Elhai, J. D.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3884,The PTSD Symptom Scale's latent structure: An examination of trauma-exposed medical patients,"Several studies have employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment measures among various trauma-exposed populations. Findings have generally failed to support the current three-factor DSM-IV PTSD conceptualization, demonstrating the need to consider alternative models. The present study used CFA to evaluate seven models, including intercorrelated and hierarchical versions of two models with the most empirical support. Data were utilized from a heterogeneous trauma-exposed sample of general medical patients (n = 252). Based on several indices, the three-factor DSM-IV PTSD model was shown to be inferior to alternative models. The strongest support was found for an intercorrelated four-factor model, separating avoidance and numbing symptoms into distinct factors. Validity for this model was partially supported by divergent relations between factors and external variables. Implications of the results are discussed, and a framework is proposed for resolving discrepant findings in the PTSD CFA literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Avoidance, *Medical Patients, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Trauma","Naifeh, James A., Elhai, Jon D., Kashdan, Todd B., Grubaugh, Anouk L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3885,Clinical profile differences between PTSD-diagnosed military veterans and crime victims,Few studies have conducted symptom comparisons across different trauma-exposed populations. Evidence linking different types of trauma to variations in clinical presentation would have potential implications for the assessment and treatment of trauma-related psychopathology. The current study evaluated whether military veterans (n = 187) and civilian crime victims (n = 47) diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder differ in their self-reported posttraumatic symptoms as measured by the Trauma Symptom Inventory. A multivariate profile analysis revealed that military-related trauma is associated with more severe posttraumatic symptoms than criminal victimization and suggested that these 2 types of trauma have statistically distinct symptom profiles. Some potential implications of these findings and considerations for future research are discussed.,"Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Crime Victims/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Veterans/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Young Adult","Naifeh, J. A., North, T. C., Davis, J. L., Reyes, G., Logan, C. A., Elhai, J. D.",2008.0,,,0,0,3883
3886,Heterogeneity in the Latent Structure of PTSD Symptoms Among Canadian Veterans,"The current study used factor mixture modeling to identify heterogeneity (i.e., latent classes) in 2 well-supported models of posttraumatic stress disorder's (PTSD) factor structure. Data were analyzed from a clinical sample of 405 Canadian veterans evaluated for PTSD. Results were consistent with our hypotheses. Each PTSD factor model was best represented by 2 latent classes of participants, differing with respect to PTSD symptom severity. Furthermore, classes were most strongly distinguished by factor scores related to emotional numbing or dysphoria. For both factor models, class membership was significantly predicted by age and depression diagnosis. Implications of these findings are discussed. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adult, age, aged, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, Canada, controlled study, covariance, data analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease severity, dysphoria, emotional disorder, factorial analysis, female, Hamilton scale, human, hypothesis, latent structure analysis, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, mental patient, military medicine, misconduct, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychologic assessment, psychological model, scoring system, soldier, statistical model, structural equation modeling, symptom, veteran","Naifeh, J. A., Richardson, J. D., Del Ben, K. S., Elhai, J. D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3887,People never see us living well: An appraisal of the personal stories about mental illness in a prospective print media sample,"Objective: Having found no discussions of self-depictions offered by psychiatric patients in the mass media we sought such items in a prospective national sample of print media and analysed how those speakers portrayed themselves. Method: As part of a larger study of media depictions of mental illnesses in print media all items with any mental health or illness aspect that appeared in a New Zealand publication over a four-week period were collected. The resulting collection of 600 items ranged from news briefs to full-page newspaper articles. From that set we selected and analysed items in which a person identified as having been a psychiatric patient or as having a mental disorder was either quoted by the reporter who had interviewed them, or personally described their experiences. Employing both propositional analyses and discourse analysis we explored how the speakers were positioned and identified patterns or themes in their construction of living with a mental illness. Results: Only five articles (0.8%) met our criteria for a person with a mental disorder being reported directly. In those items the journalists had positioned the speakers as credible, expert sources who, in representing their lives and experiences, drew on five clusters of resources, that we titled: Ordinariness/Living Well; Vulnerability; Stigma; Crisis; and Disorder/ Treatment. Ordinariness/Living Well foregrounded the role of personal strengths in living well and in overcoming adversity, particularly that associated with being stigmatized. We identified that theme as central to the ways in which these speakers depicted themselves as recognizably human and understandable. Conclusion: The findings are preliminary but these depictions are different from those reported by most researchers. Unlike those depictions, these speakers provided accessible and recognizably human self-portrayals. That finding intensifies our concern that most researchers appear to be unaware that these consumer voices are largely absent from mass media depictions of mental illnesses.","Discursive resources, Media depictions, Mental illness, Self portraits, Stigma","Nairn, R. G., Coverdale, J. H.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3888,Rates and symptoms of PTSD among cocaine-dependent patients,"Objective: This study evaluated lifetime traumatic events and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a substance abuse sample. Method: Participants in the study consisted of 558 (75.1% male) cocaine-dependent individuals who completed self-report measures of trauma and PTSD symptoms prior to entry into treatment. Results: Results showed a high number of lifetime traumatic events, even among those without PTSD. General disaster was the most prevalent. Current PTSD was found in 10.9% of the participants, with a significantly higher rate among women (21.6%) than among men (7.2%). For those with PTSD, the most prominent PTSD symptom cluster was arousal, and the most common symptoms were restricted affect, detachment and irritability. Participants with PTSD endorsed a large number of symptoms, almost double that needed to meet diagnostic criteria; however, neither number of traumas nor type of trauma was associated with their level of PTSD symptoms. Even among those not meeting PTSD criteria, subthreshold symptoms were found, with avoidance the most prominent cluster. Sociodemographic and recent cocaine use variables did not differentiate the PTSD from non-PTSD groups. Conclusions: PTSD is present in a sizeable percentage of cocaine-dependent treatment-seeking patients, particularly women. Clinicians might address arousal symptoms in particular, which were the most prominent symptom cluster, and which may be exacerbated by cocaine use. Even among those without PTSD, lifetime trauma is substantial and subthreshold PTSD symptoms are common. Vulnerability to PTSD needs further study, as sociodemographic and cocaine use variables did not disfinguish between PTSD and non-PTSD groups.","cocaine, adult, affect, ambulatory care, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, clinical trial, cocaine dependence, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, comparative study, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, counseling, disaster, disease exacerbation, disease severity, female, human, irritability, life event, major clinical study, male, multicenter study, personality test, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychoanalysis, psychometry, psychotherapy, randomized controlled trial, self help, substance abuse, symptomatology, treatment outcome, United States","Najavits, L. M., Runkel, R., Neuner, C., Frank, A. F., Thase, M. E., Crits-Christoph, P., Blaine, J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3889,A clinical profile of women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence,"To assess the clinical characteristics of women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance dependence, 28 women with both disorders were compared with 29 women with PTSD alone on a wide battery of lifetime and current clinical measures. The dual-diagnosis women consistently had a more severe clinical profile, including worse life conditions (e.g., physical appearance, opportunities in life), both as children and as adults; greater criminal behavior; a higher number of lifetime suicide attempts; a greater number having a sibling with a drug problem; and fewer outpatient psychiatric treatments. One discrepant finding, however, was their lower rate of major depression. Interestingly, the 2 groups did not differ in number or type of lifetime traumas, PTSD onset or severity, family history of substance use; coping style, functioning level, psychiatric symptoms, or sociodemographic characteristics. Treatment implications and methodological limitations are discussed.","alcohol, amphetamine, anxiolytic agent, cannabis, cocaine, opiate, psychedelic agent, sedative agent, adult, alcoholism, article, clinical feature, controlled study, criminal behavior, demography, depression, drug dependence, family history, female, human, major clinical study, outpatient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, social aspect, substance abuse, suicide attempt","Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., Shaw, S. R.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3890,Post traumatic stress disorder: Insights from cat hair and catfish,"Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops in some, but not all, individuals following a traumatic experience. Established PTSD is difficult to treat, therefore prevention and early intervention is important to reduce prevalence. Identifying individuals susceptible to developing PTSD before trauma exposure and investigating neurophysiological processes that contribute to the disease will help develop better treatment and preventive methods. Limitations to such investigations in humans make animal models a necessary tool. Like humans, only some rats develop PTSD-like behavior after trauma but pre-trauma identification of these rats was not possible until now. We were able to reliably predict before trauma exposure which rats are susceptible (Susceptible) or resistant (Resistant) to developing two PTSD-like symptoms: impaired fear extinction and lasting elevation in acoustic startle responses. We hypothesized that Susceptible rats will have pre-existing alterations in plasticity-related responses in the hippocampus, a brain region whose altered size and function is associated with PTSD diagnosis. We also hypothesized that Susceptible rats will differ from Resistant rats in the acquisition of a traumatic event and tested this using Arc/H1a catFISH, a cellular imaging technique that detects neurons expressing plasticity-related immediate early genes (IEGs) during behavior. We found that, in Resistant rats a large proportion of the same dorsal CA1 (dCA1) neurons expressed IEGs during two identical explorations of the experimental box. This suggests that dCA1 responds to identical events with high fidelity. In Susceptible rats, however, different neuronal ensembles expressed IEGs during identical explorations suggesting a lack of fidelity in hippocampal response to identical events. In addition fewer ventral CA3 neurons expressed IEGs during the second exploration in Susceptible as compared to Resistant rats. We also examined the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but found no difference in IEG expression. Contrary to hypothesis, differences between Susceptible and Resistant rats during a foot shock paired exploration (traumatic event) were not pronounced. These findings show that rats susceptible to developing PTSD-like symptoms can be behaviorally identified and have altered hippocampal plasticity-related responses prior to the trauma. This study provides a frame-work for the investigation and remediation of susceptibilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Rats","Nalloor, Rebecca Ipe",2013.0,,,0,0,
3891,"Low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, sham-controlled study","Objective: Several studies have suggested that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the right prefrontal cortex may be useful in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of rTMS on the right prefrontal cortex with that of sham stimulation among patients with PTSD. Methods: In total, 18 patients with PTSD were randomly assigned to the 1-Hz low-frequency rTMS group or the sham group for 3 weeks. Primary efficacy measures were the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and its subscales, assessed at baseline and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Results: All CAPS scores improved significantly over the study period. We found significant differences in the re-experiencing scores (F=7.47, p=0.004) and total scores (F=6.45, p=0.008) on the CAPS. The CAPS avoidance scores showed a trend toward significance (F=2.74, p=0.055), but no significant differences in the CAPS hyperarousal scores were observed. Conclusion: The present study showed low-frequency rTMS to be an effective and tolerable option for the treatment of PTSD. Trials using variable indices of rTMS to the right prefrontal cortex and explorations of the differences in the effects on specific symptom clusters may be promising avenues of research regarding the use of rTMS for PTSD. Copyright© 2013, Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology.","Clinician-administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","Nam, D. H., Pae, C. U., Chae, J. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3892,Epidemiologic heterogeneity of common mood and anxiety disorders over the lifecourse in the general population: A systematic review,"Background: Clinical evidence has long suggested there may be heterogeneity in the patterns and predictors of common mood and anxiety disorders; however, epidemiologic studies have generally treated these outcomes as homogenous entities. The objective of this study was to systematically review the epidemiologic evidence for potential patterns of heterogeneity of common mood and anxiety disorders over the lifecourse in the general population. Methods: We reviewed epidemiologic studies examining heterogeneity in either the nature of symptoms experienced (""symptom syndromes"") or in patterns of symptoms over time (""symptom trajectories""). To be included, studies of syndromes were required to identify distinct symptom subtypes, and studies of trajectories were required to identify distinct longitudinal patterns of symptoms in at least three waves of follow-up. Studies based on clinical or patient populations were excluded. Results: While research in this field is in its infancy, we found growing evidence that, not only can mood and anxiety disorders be differentiated by symptom syndromes and trajectories, but that the factors associated with these disorders may vary between these subtypes. Whether this reflects a causal pathway, where genetic or environmental factors influence the nature of the symptom or trajectory subtype experienced by an individual, or whether individuals with different subtypes differed in their susceptibility to different environmental factors, could not be determined. Few studies addressed issues of comorbidity or transitions in symptoms between common disorders. Conclusion: Understanding the diversity of these conditions may help us identify preventable factors that are only associated with some subtypes of these common disorders. (copyright) 2009 Nandi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","age, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder, comorbidity, depression, disease classification, disease course, disease predisposition, environmental factor, family history, follow up, genetic linkage, human, illness trajectory, life event, mood disorder, panic, population dynamics, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, seasonal variation, sex difference, social phobia, social status, stress, symptomatology, systematic review","Nandi, A., Beard, J. R., Galea, S.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3893,"Job loss, unemployment, work stress, job satisfaction, and the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder one year after the September 11 attacks","The influence of unemployment and adverse work conditions on the course of psychopathology after a mass disaster is unclear. We recruited a representative sample of adults living in the New York City metropolitan area six months after the September 11 attacks and completed follow-up interviews on 71% of the baseline sample six months later (N = 1939). At follow-up, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) persisted in 42.7% of the 149 cases with PTSD at baseline. In multivariable models, unemployment at any time since baseline predicted PTSD persistence in the entire cohort (P = 0.02) and among persons employed at follow-up (P = 0.02). High levels of perceived work stress predicted PTSD persistence among persons employed at follow-up (P = 0.02). Persons unemployed in the aftermath of a disaster may be at risk for poor mental health in the long-term.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, *Job Satisfaction, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, New York City/epidemiology, Population Surveillance, Probability, Questionnaires, Sex Distribution, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Stress, Psychological/epidemiology, Terrorism/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Time Factors, Unemployment/*statistics & numerical data, Urban Health","Nandi, A., Galea, S., Tracy, M., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Gershon, R., Vlahov, D.",2004.0,Oct,,0,0,
3894,Patterns and Predictors of Trajectories of Depression after an Urban Disaster,,,"Nandi, A., Tracy, M., Beard, J. R., Vlahov, D., Galea, S.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.005,0,0,
3895,Psychometric Properties of the Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised in English and Lugandan,"Brief and age-appropriate measures of trauma-related symptoms are useful for identifying children in need of clinical services. The current study examines the psychometric properties of the 23-item Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised (CRTES-R). The CRTES-R includes subscales assessing hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusion. To date, no studies have examined the psychometric properties of this revised measure or cross-cultural differences in its factor structure. Two samples of (a) children (ages 6-21) who had experienced a hurricane in the USA or Grenada (N = 135), and (b) Ugandan children (ages 8-17) who had experienced a variety of traumatic events (N = 339) completed the CRTES-R in English or Lugandan. Confirmatory factor analysis supported an empirically adjusted model with three modified latent factors in both the English (χ2/df = 1.34, CFI = .90, RMSEA = .05) and Lugandan samples (χ2/df = 1.45, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .04). Although the analysis supported separate hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusion subscales, the items that loaded on each factor differed from the original CRTES-R subscales. The English version of the CRTES-R showed good concurrent validity with the Kauai Recovery Index measure of trauma symptoms. Those using the CRTES-R to assess children's experiences of the different symptom types should consider using the empirically-derived subscales described in this paper; however, those who wish to capture a broad spectrum of PTSD symptoms should consider using all the original CRTES-R items and calculating a total score. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Children, Cross-cultural, CRTES-R, Psychometrics, Traumatic stress","Napper, L. E., Fisher, D. G., Jaffe, A., Jones, R. T., Lamphear, V. S., Joseph, L., Grimaldi, E. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3896,The correspondence of daily and retrospective PTSD reports among female victims of sexual assault,"Research addressing the association between daily and retrospective symptom reports suggests that retrospective reports are typically inflated. The present study examined the association between daily posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom reports over 1 month and a corresponding retrospective report (PTSD Checklist [PCL]; Weathers et al., 1993) for both total scores and symptom clusters. The authors hypothesized that greater PTSD symptom instability and greater depression would be associated with poorer agreement between daily and retrospective reports. Data were collected from 132 female college students who were sexually assaulted. Multilevel modeling indicated very strong agreement between mean daily and retrospective reports for total scores and symptom clusters, with pseudo R2 ranging from .55 to .77. Depression symptoms did not moderate this association, but daily retrospective agreement was lowest for the avoidance cluster, which was also the most unstable. Finally, retrospective recall for each symptom cluster showed acceptable specificity to the corresponding daily symptom clusters. Overall, these findings suggest that retrospective memories for global PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters, as assessed by the PCL, are consistent with daily reports over a 1 month period. Implications for clinical assessment methodology are discussed. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Assessment, PTSD, PTSD symptom clusters, Retrospective recall, Symptom instability","Naragon-Gainey, K., Simpson, T. L., Moore, S. A., Varra, A. A., Kaysen, D. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3897,"A comparison of gains after treatment at a psychiatric outpatient clinic in patients with cluster A + B, or cluster C personality disorders, and non-psychotic axis I disorders","Few studies exist on the outcome of patients with personality disorders (PDs) treated at ordinary outpatient clinics. This study examines the gains of such patients 2 years after treatment start at an outpatient clinic. Three patient groups were sampled: cluster A + B PDs, cluster C PDs and axis I disorders. Fifty-eight patients (53%) were amenable to follow-up, and they did not show less psychopathology than the non-compliers. All patients had structured interviews and filled in questionnaires. Patients in the PDs cluster A + B group showed considerable gains, while that was not found for the PDs cluster C and Axis I disorder groups. Since almost all patients received long-term psychotherapy sometimes combined with antidepressant drugs, the finding that such a treatment mainly shows gains in more severely disturbed PDs patients should be replicated in larger samples at ordinary psychiatric outpatient clinics. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.","Outpatient clinic, Personality disorders, Prospective study, Treatment","Narud, K., Mykletun, A., Dahl, A. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3898,Cognitive and behavioural post-traumatic impairments: What is the specificity of a brain injury ? A study within the ESPARR cohort,"The variety and extent of impairments occurring after traumatic brain injury vary according to the nature and severity of the lesions. In order to better understand their interactions and long-term outcome, we have studied and compared the cognitive and neurobehavioral profile one year post onset of patients with and without traumatic brain injury in a cohort of motor vehicle accident victims. Method: The study population is composed of 207 seriously injured persons from the ESPARR cohort. This cohort, which has been followed up in time, consists in 1168 motor vehicle accident victims (aged 16 years or more) with injuries with all degrees of severity. Inclusion criteria were: living in Rhone county, victim of a traffic accident having involved at least one wheel-conducted vehicle and having occurred in Rhone county, alive at the time of arrival in hospital and having presented in one of the different ER facilities of the county. The cohort's representativeness regarding social and geographic criteria and the specificities of the accidents were ensured by the specific targeting of recruitment. Deficits and impairments were assessed one year after the accident using the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale - Revised and the Trail-Making Test. Within our seriously injured group, based on the Glasgow Score, the presence of neurological deficits, aggravation of neurological condition in the first 72. hours and/or abnormal cerebral imaging, we identified three categories: (i) moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (n= 48), (ii) mild traumatic brain injury (n= 89), and (iii) severely injured but without traumatic brain injury (n= 70). Results: The most frequently observed symptoms were anxiety, irritability, memory and attention impairments, depressive mood and emotional lability. While depressive mood and irritability were observed with similar frequency in all three groups, memory and attention impairments, anxiety and reduced initiative were more specific to traumatic brain injury whereas executive disorders were associated with moderate/severe traumatic brain injury. Discussion-Conclusion: The presence and the initial severity of a traumatic brain injury condition the nature and frequency of residual effects after one year. Some impairments such as irritability, which is generally associated with traumatic brain injury, do not appear to be specific to this population, nor does depressive mood. Substantial interactions between cognitive, affective and neurobehavioral disorders have been highlighted.","adolescent, adult, agitation, anxiety disorder, article, attention disturbance, behavior disorder, cognitive defect, depression, disease severity assessment, disorientation, dysthymia, excitation, female, Glasgow outcome scale, guilt, hallucination, hostility, human, hyperactivity, irritability, major clinical study, male, memory disorder, mental instability, neurological complication, posttraumatic complication, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, speech sound disorder, traffic accident, traumatic brain injury","Nash, S., Luauté, J., Bar, J. Y., Sancho, P. O., Hours, M., Chossegros, L., Tournier, C., Charnay, P., Mazaux, J. M., Boisson, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3899,Posttraumatic Stress in Deployed Marines: Prospective Trajectories of Early Adaptation,"We examined the course of PTSD symptoms in a cohort of U.S. Marines (N = 867) recruited for the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS) from a single infantry battalion that deployed as a unit for 7 months to Afghanistan during the peak of conflict there. Data were collected via structured interviews and self-report questionnaires 1 month prior to deployment and again at 1, 5, and 8 months postdeployment. Second-order growth mixture modeling was used to disaggregate symptom trajectories; multinomial logistic regression and relative weights analysis were used to assess the role of combat exposure, prior life span trauma, social support, peritraumatic dissociation, and avoidant coping as predictors of trajectory membership. Three trajectories best fit the data: a low-stable symptom course (79%), a new-onset PTSD symptoms course (13%), and a preexisting PTSD symptoms course (8%). Comparison in a separate MRS cohort with lower levels of combat exposure yielded similar results, except for the absence of a new-onset trajectory. In the main cohort, the modal trajectory was a low-stable symptoms course that included a small but clinically meaningful increase in symptoms from predeployment to 1 month postdeployment. We found no trajectory of recovery from more severe symptoms in either cohort, suggesting that the relative change in symptoms from predeployment to 1 month postdeployment might provide the best indicator of first-year course. The best predictors of trajectory membership were peritraumatic dissociation and avoidant coping, suggesting that changes in cognition, perception, and behavior following trauma might be particularly useful indicators of first-year outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).",,"Nash, W. P., Boasso, A. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Larson, J. L., Lubin, R. E., Litz, B. T.",2014.0,Nov 24,10.1037/abn0000020,1,1,
3900,Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale,"Literature describing the phenomenology of the stress of combat suggests that war-zone experiences may lead to adverse psychological outcomes such as post-traumatic stress disorder not only because they expose persons to life threat and loss but also because they may contradict deeply held moral and ethical beliefs and expectations. We sought to develop and validate a measure of potentially morally injurious events as a necessary step toward studying moral injury as a possible adverse consequence of combat. We administered an 11-item, self-report Moral Injury Events Scale to active duty Marines 1 week and 3 months following war-zone deployment. Two items were eliminated because of low item-total correlations. The remaining 9 items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, which revealed two latent factors that we labeled perceived transgressions and perceived betrayals; these were confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample. The overall Moral Injury Events Scale and its two subscales had favorable internal validity, and comparisons between the 1-week and 3-month data suggested good temporal stability. Initial discriminant and concurrent validity were also established. Future research directions were discussed. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.",,"Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Alice Mills, M., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., Litz, B. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3901,Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale,"Literature describing the phenomenology of the stress of combat suggests that war-zone experiences may lead to adverse psychological outcomes such as post-traumatic stress disorder not only because they expose persons to life threat and loss but also because they may contradict deeply held moral and ethical beliefs and expectations. We sought to develop and validate a measure of potentially morally injurious events as a necessary step toward studying moral injury as a possible adverse consequence of combat. We administered an 11-item, self-report Moral Injury Events Scale to active duty Marines 1 week and 3 months following war-zone deployment. Two items were eliminated because of low item-total correlations. The remaining 9 items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, which revealed two latent factors that we labeled perceived transgressions and perceived betrayals; these were confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample. The overall Moral Injury Events Scale and its two subscales had favorable internal validity, and comparisons between the 1-week and 3-month data suggested good temporal stability. Initial discriminant and concurrent validity were also established. Future research directions were discussed. Reprint & Copyright (copyright) 2013 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.","adolescent, adult, article, disability, factorial analysis, human, longitudinal study, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, psychological aspect, psychometry, questionnaire, reproducibility, Sickness Impact Profile, soldier, war, young adult","Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., Litz, B. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,3900
3902,The historic origins of military and veteran mental health stigma and the stress injury model as a means to reduce it,,,"Nash, W. P., Silva, C., Litz, B.",2009.0,,10.3928/00485713-20090728-05,0,0,
3903,Consensus recommendations for common data elements for operational stress research and surveillance: Report of a federal interagency working group,,,"Nash, W. P., Vasterling, J., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Horn, S., Gaskin, T., Golden, J., Riley, W. T., Bowles, S. V., Favret, J., Lester, P., Koffman, R., Farnsworth, L. C., Baker, D. G.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.apmr.2010.06.035,0,0,
3904,Review of VA/DOD clinical practice guideline on management of acute stress and interventions to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Nash, W. P., Watson, P. J.",2012.0,,10.1682/JRRD.2011.10.0194,0,0,
3905,Parsimonious pharmacotherapy,,,"Nasrallah, H. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3906,Concurrent Validity of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale in VA Outpatients,"Objective: The purpose of this report is to investigate the concurrent validity of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) with other validated self-report measures in U.S. veterans. Design: This correlational study was conducted using two samples of outpatients at the Washington, DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center who completed self-report measures relevant to pain conditions, including pain disability, quality of life, and mental health. Study 1 and 2 consisted of n=204 and n=13 participants, respectively. Methods: Bivariate Spearman correlations were calculated to examine the correlation among total scores and subscale scores for each scale of interest. Multiple linear regressions were also computed in Study 1. Results: In Study 1, the DVPRS interference scale (DVPRS-II) was significantly correlated with the Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ) (ρ=0.69, P<0.001) and the Veterans RAND 36-item Health Survey physical and mental component scales (ρ=-0.37, P<0.001; ρ=-0.46, P<0.001, respectively). When controlling for sex, age, and other self-report measures, the relationship between the DVPRS-II and PDQ remained significant. In Study 2, pain interference on the DVPRS and Brief Pain Inventory were highly correlated (ρ=0.90, P<0.001); however, the intensity scale of each measure was also highly associated with the interference summary scores. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary evidence for the concurrent validity of the DVPRS as a brief, multidimensional measure of pain interference that make it a practical tool for use in primary care settings to assess the impact of pain on daily functioning and monitor chronic pain over time.","ADL disability, adult, aged, article, assessment of humans, Beck Depression Inventory, concurrent validity, controlled study, correlational study, Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale, disability, female, human, major clinical study, male, Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile version 2, mental health, mood disorder, outpatient, pain disability, Pain Disability Questionnaire, posttraumatic stress disorder checklist military version, quality of life, questionnaire, self report, sleep disorder, United States, validation process, veteran, Veterans RAND Health Survey mental component scale, Veterans RAND Health Survey physical component scale","Nassif, T. H., Hull, A., Holliday, S. B., Sullivan, P., Sandbrink, F.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3907,Beyond categorical classifications: The importance of identifying posttrauma symptom trajectories and associated negative outcomes,,"clinical evaluation, coping behavior, depression, disease association, disease predisposition, environmental factor, hopelessness, human, injury, lifespan, military deployment, note, optimism, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, risk assessment, risk factor, suicidal ideation, traumatic brain injury","Nazem, S., Spitzer, E. G., Brenner, L. A., Bahraini, N. H.",2014.0,,,0,1,
3908,Racial differences in the physical and psychosocial health among black and white women with chronic pain,"Gender-based differences in pain epidemiology, pain threshold, attitudes toward pain management, coping styles and social roles are well described, yet little is known about the chronic pain experience in women or the role race plays. A retrospective analysis of self-reported data using a secondary clinical database was performed to elucidate the relationship between race and pain severity, depression, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as affective distress in women with chronic pain. White (n=1,088) and black (n=104) adult women were compared based on their responses to the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Pain Disability Index, Posttraumatic Chronic Pain Test and items from the West-Haven Yale Multidisciplinary Pain Inventory. After accounting for sociodemographic, medical, psychological and physical confounders, there was no significant race effect for pain severity or affective distress. However, black women with chronic pain experience more physical impairments than white women with chronic pain (beta = 4.622; p<0.005). Except for the family/home responsibilities, similar differences were found on all PDI subscales. We also found that disability mediates the race-depression relationship such that black women are comparatively more vulnerable to depression as a result of higher disability. Due to the economic, social and emotional impact that disability has on women with chronic pain and their families, these findings have significant implications for chronic pain research as well as its management in black women.","Adult, African Americans/*psychology, Chronic Disease, Demography, Depression/ethnology/etiology, European Continental Ancestry Group/*psychology, Female, Humans, Michigan, Mood Disorders/ethnology/etiology, Pain/*ethnology/*physiopathology/psychology, Pain Measurement, Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, *Sickness Impact Profile, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/ethnology/etiology, ""Womens Health/*ethnology""","Ndao-Brumblay, S. K., Green, C. R.",2005.0,Oct,,0,0,
3909,"Clinical epidemiology in patients admitted at Mathari Psychiatric Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","Background: Knowledge of types and co-morbidities of disorders seen in any facility is useful for clinical practice and planning for services. Aim: To study the pattern of co-morbidities of and correlations betweenpsychiatric disorders in in-patients of Mathari Hospital, the premier psychiatric hospital in Kenya. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: All the patients who were admitted at Mathari Hospital in June 2004 and were well enough to participate in the study were approached for informed consent. Trained psychiatric charge nurses interviewed them using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders Clinical Version (SCID-I). Information on their socio-demographic profiles and hospital diagnoses was extracted from their clinical notes using a structured format. Results: Six hundred and ninety-one patients participated in the study. Sixty-three percent were male. More than three quarters (78%) of the patients were aged between 21 and 45 years. More than half (59.5%) of the males and slightly less than half (49.4%) of the females were single. All the patients were predominantly of the Christian faith. Over 85% were dependants of another family member and the remainder were heads of households who supported their own families. Schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, psychosis, substance use disorder and schizo-affective disorder were the most common hospital and differential diagnoses. Of the anxiety disorders, only three patients were under treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nearly a quarter (24.6%) of the patients were currently admitted for a similar previous diagnosis. Schizophrenia was the most frequent DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' fourth edition) diagnosis (51%), followed by bipolar I disorder (42.3%), substance use disorder (34.4%) and major depressive illness (24.6%). Suicidal features were common in the depressive group, with 14.7% of this group reporting a suicidal attempt. All DSM-IV anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorders, were highly prevalent although, with the exception of three cases of PTSD, none of these anxiety disorders were diagnosed clinically. Traumatic events were reported in 33.3% of the patients. These were multiple and mainly violent events. Despite the multiplicity of these events, only 7.4% of the patients had a PTSD diagnosis in a previous admission while 4% were currently diagnosed with PTSD. The number of DSM-IV diagnoses was more than the total number of patients, suggesting co-morbidity, which was confirmed by significant 2-tailed correlation tests. Conclusion: DSM-IV substance use disorders, major psychiatric disorders and anxiety disorders were prevalent and co-morbid. However, anxiety disorders were hardly diagnosed and therefore not managed. Suicidal symptoms were common. These results call for more inclusive clinical diagnostic practice. Standardized clinical practice using a diagnostic tool on routine basis will go a long way in ensuring that no DSM-IV diagnosis is missed. This will improve clinical management of patients and documentation. © Springer-Verlag 2008.","Clinical epidemiology, Kenya, Mathari psychiatric hospital","Ndetei, D. M., Khasakhala, L., Maru, H., Pizzo, M., Mutiso, V., Ongecha-Owuor, F. A., Kokonya, D. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3910,Profiles of referrals to a psychiatric service: a descriptive study of survivors of the Nairobi US Embassy terrorist bomb blast,"OBJECTIVE: To document the socio-demographic characteristics and psychiatric profiles of the survivors of the Nairobi United States Embassy terrorist bomb blast referred to a psychiatric and psychotherapy (counselling) service. METHOD: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical interviews and structured questionnaires for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stress were administered. Survivors of the bomb blast referred to a psychiatric and psychotherapy service one year or more after the bombing were included in the study. These survivors had been treated using psychopharmacotherapy and individualised (not group) therapy/counselling. RESULTS: Eighty-three consecutive referrals to a psychiatric service participated in this study. There were more males and the sample was generally well educated. The referrals made contact with the referring agency for a number of reasons including seeking psychological, financial and medical assistance. All the patients reported varying degrees of psychiatric symptoms and functional impairment on various aspects of social occupational functioning. High scores for PTSD and other related stress were recorded one or more years after the bombing. CONCLUSION: Although the survivors indicated that initial counselling following the blast had helped them, they still scored high on PTSD suggesting that clinically, the initial counselling had little, if any impact on the development of PTSD. There is need for a holistic approach to the management of psychotrauma in individuals.",,"Ndetei, D. M., Omar, A., Mutiso, V. N., Ongecha, F. A., Kokonya, D. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3911,Psychometric properties of an African symptoms check list scale: The Ndetei - Othieno - Kathuku scale,"Objectives: To profile and quantify the psychometric properties of the NOK (Ndetei-Othieno-Kathuku) scale against internationally used Gold-standards and benchmarks for mild psychiatric disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders and to provide a potential easy to administer culture sensitive instrument for screening and assessing those with possible psychiatric disorders for the Kenyan and similar social-cultural situations. Design: Cross-Sectional quantitative study. Setting: A psychiatric clinical consultation setting and Kyanguli Secondary School psychotrauma counselling clinical set-up. Subjects: Survivors of the Nairobi USA Embassy bombing who were referred for psychiatric treatment and survivors of a fire disaster from a rural Kenyan school (Kyanguli School fire disaster) including students, parents of the diseased children and staff members. Results: Positive correlation was found between the NOK and all the instruments. The highest correlations were between the NOK and the BDI and SCL-90 (r = 0.557 to 0.786). The differences between the NOK scores among the different groups were statistically significant (F ratio = 13.54 to 160.34, p < 0.01). The reliability coefficient (internal consistency) of the scale, alpha = 0.9733. Other item statistics and correlations of the scale are discussed. Conclusion: It is concluded that the NOK has high concurrent and discriminant validity as well as a high internal consistency and that it can be used for the rapid assessment of psychotrauma victims of all age groups; and stress in general in similar age groups in the local setting. It is culture appropriate and sensitive.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, comparative study, cross-sectional study, disaster, female, human, Kenya, male, mental disease, middle aged, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, reproducibility, survivor, validation study","Ndetei, D. M., Othieno, C. J., Mutiso, V., Ongecha, F. A., Kokonya, D. A., Omar, A., Gakinya, B., Mwangi, J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3912,Development and validation of the computerized Clinician Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-1-Revised,"Assessed the validity of the computerized version of the Clinician Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale-1-Revised (CAPS-1) as a dichotomous and continuous measure of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and examined its internal and test-retest reliability. Both the computerized and noncomputerized forms were administered to 40 Ss (aged 17-56 yrs) who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria for exposure to a significantly traumatic stressor. Inter-observer reliability was demonstrated with a kappa statistic of 0.90. The computer version had a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.95. A correlation of 0.95 was found between the 2 versions, and the mean score difference was nonsignificant. The computer form demonstrated adequate internal reliability and test-retest reliability. Overall, results suggest that the computer version is a valid and reliable measure of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Computer Assisted Testing, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rating Scales, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Psychodiagnosis","Neal, L. A., Busuttil, W., Herapath, R., Strike, P. W.",1994.0,,,0,0,
3913,Convergent validity of measures of post-traumatic stress disorder in a mixed military and civilian population,"Evaluated the validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subscale of the MMPI, the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and the SCL-90, as continuous and dichotomous measures of PTSD in a mixed military and civilian group of 70 Ss in the UK who had developed psychological symptoms after exposure to a severe emotionally traumatizing experience. The MMPI-PTSD and the IES are designed specifically as measures of PTSD, and the Global Symptom Index of the SCL-90 is a general measure of neurosis. All measures produced significant positive correlations with scores from the Clinician Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale and with each other. The IES was the most useful dichotomous measure. The optimum cut-off score for the IES producing the highest Positive Predictive Value and the lowest Apparent Total Misclassification Error Rate was determined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Test Validity, Military Personnel","Neal, Leigh Anthony, Busuttil, Walter, Rollins, John, Herepath, Ronald, Turnbull, Gordon, Strike, Paul",1994.0,,,0,0,
3914,Post-traumatic stress and disability,"Background: Post-traumatic stress is thought to account for significant disability. It is also known to be highly comorbid with other psychiatric conditions such as depression and alcohol dependence. Aims: To determine the relationship between post-traumatic stress, depression, alcohol dependence and disability. Method: Seventy armed services personnel were assessed for DSM-IV diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence, and with continuous measures of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression and alcohol dependence following a traumatic event. These variables, as predictors of disability (using the Sheehan Disability Scale), were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and multiple regression backward elimination models. Results: No significant interaction was found for the diagnostic variables even after controlling for the continuous symptom measures. In the regression models, symptoms of depression were a significant predictor of total disability (R2=0.39). Symptoms of alcohol dependence and post-traumatic stress did not significantly predict disability. Conclusions: Since post-traumatic stress was not found to be associated with disability, its clinical importance may be questionable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Comorbidity, *Disabilities, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Personnel, Stress","Neal, Leigh A., Green, Gillian, Turner, Mark A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
3915,Heightened pain perception in illicit substance-using patients in the ED: Implications for management,"Background: Substance users are commonly perceived to overstate their pain. Few data exist comparing pain intensity, perception, and related psychiatric comorbidities in the emergency department (ED) population. Objective: To compare pain severity, duration, interference with function, and psychiatric and mood disturbance in substance-using (SU) and non-substance-using (NSU) patients in the ED. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The setting is in an urban ED. Participants are SU and NSU patients in moderate to severe pain (numerical rating scale, 5-10). Outcome measures are as follows: pain intensity and duration, other painful conditions, pain-related functional interference (0-10), psychiatric disorders, and mood distress (profile of mood scale, 0-44). Results: Of the 148 patients who enrolled, 28 (19%) reported recent illicit substance use (SU) and 120 (81%) did not (NSU). The SU patients' mean pain intensity was 8.96 (confidence interval [CI], 7.47-8.14) vs 7.81 (CI, 8.48-9.45) for NSU (P = .003). The SU patients reported higher levels of pain interference. Fifty-four percent of SU patients vs 31% of NSU patients reported a psychiatric illness (P = .02). Mean Profile of Mood State score was higher in SU (32.3; CI, 27.4-37.1) than in NSU (22.5; CI, 20.2-24.8; P < .001). Chronic pain was reported by 29% of SU patients vs 16% of NSU patients, and 75% of SU patients vs 58% of NSU patients reported another concurrent painful condition (P = .10). Conclusions: The SU patients report more severe pain and functional interference, more psychiatric illness and mood distress, and more chronically painful conditions. Given the complex interplay between pain, substance use, and mood disorders, increased attention should be paid to identifying patients with these associated conditions and to facilitating appropriate referrals. Effective treatment of this challenging patient population requires treating the entirety of their medical, psychiatric, and addictive diseases. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.",,"Neighbor, M. L., Dance, T. R., Hawk, M., Kohn, M. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3916,Frontal brain asymmetry in depression with comorbid anxiety: A neuropsychological investigation,"The approach-withdrawal model posits that depression and anxiety are associated with a relative right asymmetry in frontal brain activity. Most studies have tested this model using measures of cortical brain activity such as electroencephalography. However, neuropsychological tasks that differentially use left versus right frontal cortical regions can also be used to test hypotheses from the model. In two independent samples (Study 1 and 2), the present study investigated the performance of currently depressed individuals with or without a comorbid anxiety disorder and healthy controls on neuropsychological tasks tapping primarily left (verbal fluency) or right (design fluency) frontal brain regions. Across both samples, results indicated that comorbid participants performed more poorly than depressed only and control participants on design fluency, while all groups showed equivalent performance on verbal fluency. Moreover, comorbid participants showed ""asymmetrical"" performance on these two tasks (i.e., poorer design [right frontal] relative to verbal [left frontal] fluency), whereas depressed only and control participants showed approximately symmetrical profiles of performance. Results from these two samples suggest an abnormal frontal asymmetry in neurocognitive performance driven primarily by right frontal dysfunction among anxious-depressed individuals and highlight the importance of considering comorbid anxiety when examining frontal brain functioning in depression. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Anxiety, Asymmetry, Depression, Fluency, Neuropsychology","Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Altman, S. E., Campbell, M. L., Shankman, S. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3917,Screening in special populations: A 'case study' of recent Vietnamese immigrants,"PURPOSE: To determine how the medical and social profile of a particular special population, Vietnamese immigrants, should be used to tailor screening protocols that differ from those designed for the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of Vietnamese immigrants living in the United States for less than 6 months were evaluated by interviewer- administered standardized questionnaire and medical record review. A total of 99 new Vietnamese immigrants (47 women and 52 men) aged 19 to 71 years presenting for primary care to two neighborhood health centers between October 1994 and June 1995 were identified. Data collected included smoking status, alcohol use (CAGE questionnaire), depression (Vietnamese Depression Scale [VDS]), PPD status, stool ova and parasites, hepatitis B and syphilis serologies. RESULTS: Overall, 32% were smokers and significantly more men than women smoked (54% vs. 9%) (P < .00001). Although 24% of patients used alcohol, none responded positively to any of the CAGE questions. Using the VDS, 17% (17 of 99) were depressed; age 40 and older was the only sociodemographic factor associated with depression (P < .00001). Ova or parasites were found in 51% (41 of 80), and 63% of those infected (26 of 41) required treatment for pathogenic infections. Seventy percent (66 of 94) tested positive on the tuberculin skin test (PPD), and antituberculous medication was recommended in 39% (37 of 94). Eighty-three percent (80 of 96) had been exposed to hepatitis B, and 14% (13 of 96) were chronic hepatitis B carriers. CONCLUSIONS: Caring for special populations provides an opportunity to institute appropriate unique screening tests not recommended for the general population. In the case of new Vietnamese immigrants, routine screening protocols should include the following: testing for tuberculosis by PPD, stool ova and parasite examinations, hepatitis B serologies, and assessment for depression and smoking status. The CAGE questionnaire may not be an effective instrument for detecting alcohol abuse in this particular population.",,"Nelson, K. R., Bui, H., Samet, J. H.",1997.0,,,0,0,
3918,Self-report of psychological function among OEF/OIF personnel who also report combat-related concussion,"MMPI-2 RF profiles of 128 U.S. soldiers and veterans with history of concussion were examined. Participants evaluated in forensic (n = 42) and clinical (n = 43) settings showed significantly higher validity and clinical elevations relative to a research group (n = 43). In the full sample, a multivariate GLM identified main effects for disability claim status and Axis I diagnosis across numerous MMPI-2 RF scales. Participants with co-morbid PTSD and concussion showed significant Restructured Clinical and Specific Problem scale elevations relative to those without Axis I diagnosis. Participants with PTSD and active disability claims were especially prone to elevate on FBS/FBS-r and RBS. Implications for neuropsychologists who routinely administer the MMPI-2/RF in the context of combat-related concussion are discussed. © 2011 Psychology Press.","Concussion, Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, Symptom validity","Nelson, N. W., Hoelzle, J. B., McGuire, K. A., Sim, A. H., Goldman, D. J., Ferrier-Auerbach, A. G., Charlesworth, M. J., Arbisi, P. A., Sponheim, S. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3919,Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review,"Background: Disasters are traumatic events that may result in a wide range of mental and physical health consequences. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is probably the most commonly studied post-disaster psychiatric disorder. This review aimed to systematically assess the evidence about PTSD following exposure to disasters. Method: A systematic search was performed. Eligible studies for this review included reports based on the DSM criteria of PTSD symptoms. The time-frame for inclusion of reports in this review is from 1980 (when PTSD was first introduced in DSM-III) and February 2007 when the literature search for this examination was terminated. Results: We identified 284 reports of PTSD following disasters published in peer-reviewed journals since 1980. We categorized them according to the following classification: (1) human-made disasters (n = 90), (2) technological disasters (n = 65), and (3) natural disasters (n = 116). Since some studies reported on findings from mixed samples (e.g. survivors of flooding and chemical contamination) we grouped these studies together (n = 13). Conclusions: The body of research conducted after disasters in the past three decades suggests that the burden of PTSD among persons exposed to disasters is substantial. Post-disaster PTSD is associated with a range of correlates including sociodemographic and background factors, event exposure characteristics, social support factors and personality traits. Relatively few studies have employed longitudinal assessments enabling documentation of the course of PTSD. Methodological limitations and future directions for research in this field are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Neria, Y., Nandi, A., Galea, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3920,"Long term course of posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder after the 9/11 attacks: A longitudinal examination","Background: Most trauma-related mental health research has been limited to cross-sectional assessments of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While the association between psychological trauma and PTSD is empirically well supported, much less is known about relationships between trauma exposure and other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). By using a prospective urban cohort of primary care patients in northern Manhattan (n=469), assessed approximately one and four years after the September 11, 2001 (henceforth 9/11) terrorist attacks, we estimate the prevalence and course of 9/11-related PTSD (henceforth PTSD), MDD, GAD, in the entire sample, and among subjects who reported loss in 9/11 attacks, including persistence, remission, and late-onset. Methods: Baseline assessment was conducted between December 2001 and January 2003 and follow-up assessment was conducted between January 2004 and May 2007. The sample consisted of adult primary care patients attending the faculty and resident group practice in general internal medicine at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City. Eligible patients were between 18 and 70 years of age. Of the 474 subjects who were interviewed at both baseline and follow-up, five were omitted from the analyses because of missing status of PTSD, MDD, or GAD at one or more time point. Assessments included the PTSD Check List-Civilian Version (PCL-C; cutoff score 44) and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) to assess current symptoms of DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Results: At baseline, approximately one year after the 9/11 attacks, prevalence rates were PTSD (10.1%), GAD (13.2%) and MDD (23.2%). At follow-up, approximately 4 years after the attacks, the rates were PTSD (4.6%), GAD (9.4%) and MDD (19.0%). The decline in PTSD was statistically significant (po.001). Within the subsample who reported knowing someone who was killed in the attacks (n=133), prevalence rates at baseline were PTSD (18.7%), GAD (19.7%) and MDD (28.8%) and follow-up rates were PTSD (7.3%), GAD (11.4%) and MDD (22.0%). Again, only PTSD showed a statistically significant decline in prevalence (po.05). Most of the subjects with PTSD (88.6%) and GAD (79.0%), and half of the subjects with MDD (54.0%) had remitted from the disorder at follow-up. Among those with disorders at follow-up, most of the subjects with PTSD (75.0%) and GAD (70.5%), but only a minority with MDD (43.8%) did not have the disorder at the baseline assessment. This pattern was similar within the subsample of subjects who lost someone they knew in the attacks, with PTSD being the least persistent (only 3.3% had PTSD at both time points) and MDD being the most persistent (14.4% had MDD at both time points) of the three disorders. Discussion: This study examined the long-term trajectories of PTSD, GAD and MDD following the 9/11 attacks in a predominantly lowincome, minority, primary care patient cohort. From approximately 1 year after the attacks to approximately 4 years after the attacks, there was a decline in prevalence of all three disorders, although the decline was only significant in PTSD. This pattern is consistent with most previous prospective 9/11 reports showing that the mental health effects of the attacks seem to decline with the passage of time. We also found that, at both time points, MDD was the most prevalent and the most persistent of the three disorders, suggesting that more resources should be devoted to diagnosis and treatment of MDD in the aftermath of disasters. Our data suggest that most patients with baseline PTSD and GAD have remitted before the follow-up assessment and most patients with PTSD and GAD at follow-up had late-onset disorders. Patients with baseline MDD had the lowest rates of remission and the highest rates of persistence compared to PTSD and GAD. These findings suggest that although some mental health problems in the aftermath of disast rs such as 9/11 attacks may remit over the long term, late-onset disorders in individuals who were not initially symptomatic may be more common than previously thought. The high prevalence of MDD and GAD in our sample and the fact that neither disorder showed a significant decline in prevalence over time suggest that there should be more focus on these disorders in trauma research. Longitudinal studies with longer follow-up assessments may provide highly needed knowledge with regard to the range of traumarelated disorders beyond PTSD, and their course patterns over time.","major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, examination, college, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, diseases, follow up, patient, prevalence, primary medical care, injury, mental disease, mental health, remission, Colombia, group practice, psychotrauma, adult, internal medicine, mental health research, university hospital, longitudinal study, diagnosis, questionnaire, health, checklist, United States, terrorism, exposure","Neria, Y., Olfson, M., Gameroff, M., Bravova, M., Wickramaratne, P., Weissman, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3921,Preliminary examination of the impact of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on self-regulated learning and academic achievement among military service members enrolled in postsecondary education,"Objective: Delineate the effects of self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on self-regulated learning and academic achievement for university-enrolled military Service members. Participants: Students (N= 192) from 8 regionally diverse universities, representing an estimated 6% of Service members enrolled across schools. Setting: Public universities that are members of the Servicemember Opportunity College consortium. Design: Cross-sectional study evaluating the relationships between self-reported TBI, PTSD, and self-regulated learning variables and their contribution to academic achievement. Main Measures: Self-report of military service; symptoms of TBI and PTSD; self-regulation strategies including effort, time/environment regulation, and academic self-efficacy; and grade point average (GPA). Results: There was no effect of self-reported TBI or PTSD on GPA, effort regulation, or time/environment regulation strategies; however, participants with TBI or PTSD reported significantly lower academic self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis revealed self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of GPA among all participants, followed by military rank. Conclusion: The sample consisted of high achieving students responsive to a university administrator, which raises the possibility of sampling bias. Because of the low recruitment rate for this study and lack of published research on this subject, replicating the results is necessary before drawing generalizable conclusions about the population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Regulated Learning, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Academic Achievement, Higher Education","Ness, Bryan M., Vroman, Kerryellen",2014.0,,,0,0,
3922,Preventing PTSD: The value of inner resourcefulness and a sense of personal control of a situation. Is it a matter of problem-solving or anxiety management?,"The accounts of five subjects who survived life threatening experiences without the development of PTSD were examined, focusing on the coping strategies and cognitions described in these situations. The study aimed to determine whether there was a common pattern of response amongst subjects in these situations similar to the cognitive patterns described by the senior author of the previous case study (Ness & Macaskill, 2000) who survived a near drowning experience without the development of PTSD. In the search for common coping strategies all five respondents in the study completed the Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966) and the Self-Control Schedule (Fisher & Reason, 1988). All five respondents demonstrated the use of problem solving as their main cognitive strategy, utilizing specific information from their previous experience relevant to their life-threatening situation. Respondents did not appear to rely on coping strategies aimed at the management of acute anxiety symptomatology. There was no common pattern among respondents in profiles on the Self-Control Schedule or the Locus of Control Scale. The possible implications of this case series study are discussed in relation to opportunities for the prevention of PTSD, the use of debriefing and the treatment of post-traumatic stress.","Control, Debriefing, Information, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Problem-solving","Ness, G. J., Macaskill, N.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3923,Symptom profiles in depersonalization and anxiety disorders: An analysis of the Beck Anxiety inventory,"Background: Depersonalization disorder (DPD) entails distressing alterations in self-experiencing. However, it has long been recognized that depersonalisation symptoms occur in other disorders, particularly anxiety and panic. One strand of research proposes that depersonalization phenomenology arises through altered autonomic arousal in response to stress. Sampling and Methods: We sought to examine profiles of anxiety symptoms through a secondary data analysis of individual items and factor subscales on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), comparing two relatively large patient samples with DPD or with a variety of anxiety conditions, respectively. The DPD sample (n = 106) had a lower overall BAI score than the combined anxiety disorders group (n = 525). Results: After controlling for this as well as for potential confounders such as age and gender, the DPD group presented significantly lower scores on the panic subscale, marginally lower scores on the autonomic subscale and significantly higher scores on the neurophysiological subscale of the BAI. Conclusions: These differences imply similarities between the cognitive components of DPD and anxiety disorders while physiological experiences diverge. The findings encourage future research looking at direct physiological measures and longitudinal designs to confirm the mechanisms underlying different clinical manifestations of anxiety. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Autonomic nervous system disorders, Depersonalization disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Nestler, S., Jay, E. L., Sierra, M., David, A. S.",2015.0,,10.1159/000367600,0,0,
3924,Event-list construction and treatment of exposure data in research on political violence,"Event lists are commonly applied for measuring exposure to various kinds of potentially stressful and traumatizing life events. Before making general conclusions about the psychological effects of exposure to such events, problematic issues related to the use of event-list data need to be discussed and resolved. This article focuses on issues related to the construction and application of event lists for measuring exposure to political violence such as issues related to reliability, the applicability of the additive assumption, whether to weight event-list items, and the possible consequences of incomplete event lists. Alternative future approaches to these measurement issues are also discussed. © 2005 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Published online in Wiley InterScience.",,"Netland, M.",2005.0,,10.1002/jts.20059,0,0,
3925,A clinical profile of 103 patients with secondary movement disorders: Correlation of etiology with phenomenology,"Background and purpose: Studying patients with secondary movement disorders (SMD) provides a unique opportunity to determine the correlation between the etiology and phenomenology of movement disorders. Methods: This was a prospective study of 103 patients (43 women, 60 men; age=28.7±17.3years; range=2-70years) with SMD, in a tertiary hospital over 4years. Results: The mean age of onset of SMD was 24.3±19.7years, and duration of symptoms was 4.3±7.1years (42days to 40years). Patients with pure tremor, pure dystonia (DYS), or a combination of tremor with dystonia had longest latency (10.9-18.5months), whereas those with parkinsonism (PAR) and hemiballismus (HMB) had shorter latency (2.7-3.0weeks). Pure dystonia was most prevalent (30.1%) followed by dystonia plus (13.6%), tremor (12.6%), PAR (11.7%), HMB (8.7%), mixed SMD (7.8%), tremor with dystonia (6.8%), myoclonus (5.8%), and chorea (2.9%). In approximately 60% of patients, the underlying etiologies were vascular (VAS), infections, and space-occupying lesions (SOL), and 25% had SMD following trauma or hypoxia (HYP). With reference to specific etiologies, the most frequent SMDs were tremor following SOL (46%), post-traumatic syndromes (25%), dystonia following HYP (56%), VAS lesions (50%), and infections (28%). With reference to specific SMDs, the most common etiologies were VAS for dystonia (39%), SOL for tremor (67%), and PAR (31%), and both SOL and trauma (37.5% each) for tremor with dystonia. Conclusions: Our study highlights the spectrum of SMDs and the lack of correlation between types of SMDs and underlying etiologies. Preventable causes such as infections, HYP, trauma, and kernicterus still play a major role in pathogenesis of SMD. © 2011 The Author(s). European Journal of Neurology © 2011 EFNS.","Choreoathetosis, Dystonia, Kernicterus, Myoclonus, Parkinsonism, Secondary movement disorders, Trauma, Tremor","Netravathi, M., Pal, P. K., Indira Devi, B.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3926,"Repeated amenorrhea in an adolescent girl in the course of flood disaster in Kłodzko Region, July 1997","OBJECTIVES: A natural disaster has been defined as a disruption of human ecology that exceeds the capacity of the community to function normally. DESIGN: After the flood disaster in Kłodzko Region, July 1997, the major problem in female adolescents was observed: secondary amenorrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 17 female adolescents, aged 13-18, which injured from the flood disaster with secondary amenorrhea were investigated. A control random group consists of 17 girls diagnosed before oral contraception. Diagnostic work-up includes history, physical and psychological examinations, hormonal profiles, transvaginal ultrasonography, color Doppler analysis of utero-ovarian arterial blood flow. RESULTS: FSH, LH, E2 plasma levels and LH/FSH ratio were significantly lower in the amenorrheic group compared to normal girls. Prolactin serum levels after metoclopramid administration were significantly higher in the amenorrheic group. Lower impedance to blood flow in the intraovarian arteries have been shown. Psychosomatic disorders related to hypothalamic amenorrhoea were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial stress observed during the flood disaster caused hypogonadotropic hypogonadism amenorrhoea in the female adolescents.",,"Neuberg, M., Pawłosek, W., Jakubowska-Szwed, B., Waciega, A., Turkiewicz, M.",1999.0,,,0,0,
3927,Posttraumatic stress reactions among Rwandan youth in the second year after the genocide: Rising trajectory among girls,"This study examines levels of traumatic stress reactions among youth attending school in the second year after the 1994 Rwandan genocide. From August to December 1995, the survey team visited 22 schools throughout Rwanda. The survey (n = 942; youth aged 8 to 19 years) assessed exposure to wartime violence and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Mean symptom levels and the proportion of respondents meeting DSM-IV PTSD symptom criteria (""probable PTSD"") were examined for evidence of systematic decline over time. Multivariate analyses controlled for major confounders and the complex survey design. Overall, traumatic stress reactions increased among youth interviewed at successively later time points. For example, in the first third of the survey period, the ""probable PTSD"" rate was 48%; in the second, 54%; and in the third, 58%. The rise was confined to females. Among females, the adjusted odds of having ""probable PTSD"" in the last third of the study period was 2.71 (95% CI [1.66, 4.43]) fold higher than in the first. These results suggest that in planning health services in postconflict settings, humanitarian agencies should be alert to the possibility that traumatic stress reactions among youth may not decline with passage of time. Despite limitations in design, to date, this report represents the only formal structured evaluation of the mental health of youth living in the community, in the very early aftermath of catastrophic violence. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","epidemiology, genocide, PTSD, Rwanda, violence","Neugebauer, R., Turner, J. B., Fisher, P. W., Yamabe, S., Zhang, B., Neria, Y., Gameroff, M., Bolton, P., MacK, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3928,Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study,"Endocannabinoids and their attending cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor have been implicated in animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, their specific role has not been studied in people with PTSD. Herein, we present an in vivo imaging study using positron emission tomography (PET) and the CB1-selective radioligand [11C]OMAR in individuals with PTSD, and healthy controls with lifetime histories of trauma (trauma-exposed controls (TC)) and those without such histories (healthy controls (HQ). Untreated individuals with PTSD (N = 25) with non-combat trauma histories, and TC (N = 12) and HC (N = 23) participated in a magnetic resonance imaging scan and a resting PET scan with the CB1 receptor antagonist radiotracer [11C]OMAR, which measures the volume of distribution (VT) linearly related to CB1 receptor availability. Peripheral levels of anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide and Cortisol were also assessed. In the PTSD group, relative to the HC and TC groups, we found elevated brain-wide [11C]OMAR VT values (F(2,53) = 7.96, P = 0.001; 19.5% and 14.5% higher, respectively), which were most pronounced in women (F(1,53) = 5.52, P = 0.023). Anandamide concentrations were reduced in the PTSD relative to the TC (53.1% lower) and HC (58.2% lower) groups. Cortisol levels were lower in the PTSD and TC groups relative to the HC group. Three biomarkers examined collectively-OMAR VT, anandamide and cortisol-correctly classified nearly 85% of PTSD cases. These results suggest that abnormal CB1 receptor-mediated anandamide signaling is implicated in the etiology of PTSD, and provide a promising neurobiological model to develop novel, evidence-based pharmacotherapies for this disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cannabinoids, *Neural Receptors, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Neumeister, A., Normandin, M. D., Pietrzak, R. H., Piomelli, D., Zheng, M. Q., Gujarro-Anton, A., Potenza, M. N., Bailey, C. R., Lin, S. F., Najafzadeh, S., Ropchan, J., Henry, S., Corsi-Travali, S., Carson, R. E., Huang, Y.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3929,Translational evidence for a role of endocannabinoids in the etiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent, chronic, and disabling anxiety disorder that may develop following exposure to a traumatic event. Despite the public health significance of PTSD, relatively little is known about the etiology or pathophysiology of this disorder, and pharmacotherapy development to date has been largely opportunistic instead of mechanism-based. Recently, an accumulating body of evidence has implicated the endocannabinoid system in the etiology of PTSD, and targets within this system are believed to be suitable for treatment development. METHODS: Herein, we describe evidence from translational studies arguing for the relevance of the endocannabinoid system in the etiology of PTSD. We also show mechanisms relevant for treatment development. RESULTS: There is convincing evidence from multiple studies for reduced endocannabinoid availability in PTSD. Brain imaging studies show molecular adaptations with elevated cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor availability in PTSD which is linked to abnormal threat processing and anxious arousal symptoms. CONCLUSION: Of particular relevance is evidence showing reduced levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide and compensatory increase of CB1 receptor availability in PTSD, and an association between increased CB1 receptor availability in the amygdala and abnormal threat processing, as well as increased severity of hyperarousal, but not dysphoric symptomatology, in trauma survivors. Given that hyperarousal symptoms are the key drivers of more disabling aspects of PTSD such as emotional numbing or suicidality, novel, mechanism-based pharmacotherapies that target this particular symptom cluster in patients with PTSD may have utility in mitigating the chronicity and morbidity of the disorder.","5-Factor PTSD model, Anxious arousal, Endocannabinoids, Ptsd, Treatment","Neumeister, A., Seidel, J., Ragen, B. J., Pietrzak, R. H.",2015.0,Jan,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.012,0,0,
3930,Post-tsunami stress: A study of posttraumatic stress disorder in children living in three severely affected regions in Sri Lanka,,,"Neuner, F., Schauer, E., Catani, C., Ruf, M., Elbert, T.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20121,0,0,
3931,Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees,,,"Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Karunakara, U., Klaschik, C., Robert, C., Elbert, T.",2004.0,,10.1186/1471-244X-4-34,0,0,
3932,Physiological reactivity to cognitive stressors: Variations by age and socioeconomic status,"The present study focused on age and SES differences in stress reactivity in response to cognitively challenging tasks. Specifically, we assessed within-person trajectories of cortisol, a steroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stressors, before, during, and after exposure to cognitively challenging tasks. We extend the current literature by simultaneously examining age and SES differences in physiological reactivity. Findings suggest that age and SES both play an important role in reactivity, such that it was the older adults with higher SES who were the most physiologically reactive to cognitive stressors. Implications of these findings for cognitive aging research are discussed. © 2006, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.",,"Neupert, S. D., Soederberg Miller, L. M., Lachman, M. E.",2006.0,,,0,0,
3933,Psychiatric disorders associated with traumatic brain injury: Optimal treatment,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common phenomenon. Patients who have experienced an injury of this type can develop a range of psychiatric conditions [including depression, bipolar disorder, secondary mania, psychotic states (schizophreniform and paranoid), post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive, disorder, phobic disorders, panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder] and neuropsychiatric syndromes (including apathetic states and disorders of impulse control, rangin from irritability to severe aggression). Despite the prevalence of these conditions, there have been no adequately controlled studies of epidemiology or pharmacological interventions. Hence, treatment approaches generally follow those seen in psychiatric conditions that occur in non-TBI populations. However, adjustments in these approaches must be made to account for the adverse effect profiles of the drugs used that may worsen cognitive function. Medications with prominent anticholinergic, anti-histaminergic or antidopaminergic effects should therefore not be used as first- line interventions. In addition, traditional antipsychotics may block synaptic plasticity and so should be used with caution in patients with TBI. The management of apathetic syndromes is based on a paradigm of elevating dopaminergic (with or without noradrenergic) activity. Treatment of impulse control disorders centres on increasing serotonergic activity, along with the use of β-blockers (which may act through serotonin receptors) and anticonvulsants. Stimulant medications can also be useful for apathetic syndromes, and may enhance synaptic plasticity. While this review predominantly discusses pharmacological interventions, they are only part of the essential multi-disciplinary management of patients with TBI. Cognitive, behavioural and family interventions should also be applied. Environmental management is often paramount, as the environment is frequently easier to alter than the disorders in the individual with TBI are to treat.",,"Newburn, G.",1998.0,,,0,0,
3934,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms predict delay to hospital in patients with acute coronary syndrome,"Background: Increased delay to hospital presentation with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with poor outcomes. While demographic factors associated with this delay have been well described, scarce data are available on the role of modifiable factors, such as psychosocial disorders, on pre-hospital delay. Patients with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often avoid stressful situations and may delay presenting for care when they experience cardiac symptoms. It is unknown, however, whether PTSD symptoms negatively impact the time to presentation during an ACS. Methods: We assessed the relationship between PTSD symptoms and pre-hospital delay in 241 adults with an ACS in the ongoing Prescription Use, Lifestyle, Stress Evaluation (PULSE) study. Results: Overall, 66% of patients were male; 40% were Hispanic or Latino. The mean age was 61.9 +/- 11.6 years old. PTSD symptoms were present in 17.8% of patients. Pre-hospital delay was longer for patients with PTSD symptoms compared to those without [geometric mean: 25.8 hours (95% CI 13.8-44.8) vs. 10.7 hours (95% CI 8.3-13.8)]; P = 0.005. After multivariable adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, depression, left ventricular ejection fraction and history of myocardial infarction, the mean pre-hospital delay was 173% (95% CI: 36% -450%) longer for patients with versus without PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: Among patients presenting with an ACS, PTSD symptoms were independently associated with longer prehospital delays. Future studies of pre-hospital delay should examine the mechanisms underlying this association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cardiovascular Disorders, *Hospitals, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","Newman, Jonathan D., Muntner, Paul, Shimbo, Daichi, Davidson, Karina W., Shaffer, Jonathan A., Edmondson, Donald",2011.0,,,0,0,
3935,APA's resilience initiative,,,"Newman, R.",2005.0,,10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.227,0,0,
3936,Predicting time to emergency department return for anxiety disorders and acute stress reactions in children and adolescents: a cohort study,"Purpose: While studies indicate that few children with anxiety disorders receive specialized mental health care, significant knowledge gaps exist for the mental health care trajectory outside of specialized care. We examined whether physician-based care after an emergency department (ED) visit for mental health care predicted time to ED return. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data from Alberta, Canada. Included in the cohort were 8075 children <18 years discharged from an ED (104 EDs in total), April 2002–September 2010, following a visit for an anxiety disorder or acute stress reaction. We used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to estimate time to ED return for mental health care (censored at 90 days). The variables of interest were: number and type of physician visits 30 days after index visit. We adjusted for sociodemographics, clinical acuity, comorbidity, and recent history of ED mental health care in the model. Results: Within 30 days of ED discharge, multiple physician follow-up visits were associated with shorter return time (adjusted HR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.08–1.43). A single physician follow-up visit was associated with longer return time (adjusted HR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.58–0.79). Physician follow-up visits for mental health care were associated with shorter return time (adjusted HR 2.5, 95 % CI 2.21–2.83). Conclusions: Following an index visit, ED return by children with anxiety disorders or acute stress reactions is associated with specific characteristics of subsequent physician visits. Improving physician use of evidence-based treatment and family access to coordinated services may reduce costly hospital-based care. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Acute stress disorders, Anxiety disorders, Emergency department, Physician care","Newton, A. S., Rosychuk, R. J., Niu, X., Radomski, A. D., McGrath, P. J.",2015.0,,10.1007/s00127-015-1073-7,0,0,
3937,Interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor levels in posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations with lifetime diagnostic status and psychological context,"This study correlated lifetime PTSD diagnostic status with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels, and tested whether these correlations are sensitive to psychological context. Midlife women attended two research visits where blood was drawn (beginning of visits) and saliva and oral mucosal transudate were collected (beginning and end of visits) to measure IL-6 and sIL-6R. Women were classified as PTSD-/- (past and current symptoms below subsyndromal levels), PTSD+/- (past symptoms at or above subsyndromal levels), or PTSD+/+ (past and current symptoms at or above subsyndromal levels). PTSD+/+ women, compared to the other women, showed more negative emotion at the beginning of the visits, higher salivary IL-6 levels at the beginning versus end of visits, and positive correlations between negative emotion, salivary IL-6, and plasma sIL-6R. Their plasma sIL-6R levels exceeded those of the PTSD+/- women. Overall, IL-6 sensitivity to anticipation and to negative emotions, and higher sIL-6R levels, differentiated persistent versus remitted PTSD. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Anticipation, IL-6, Inflammation, PTSD, Remitted PTSD, SIL-6R","Newton, T. L., Fernandez-Botran, R., Miller, J. J., Burns, V. E.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.03.009,0,0,
3938,Posttraumatic stress symptom severity and inflammatory processes in midlife women,"This cross-sectional study examined associations between current (last 30 days) and past (worst lifetime episode) posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom severity and two markers of inflammation - circulating C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (IL-6) - along with in vitro IL-6 production by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Healthy, midlife women attended two research visits where a blood draw was followed by either benign questionnaires (visit 1, baseline), or questionnaires and an interview to assess traumatic events and PTS symptoms (visit 2, trauma assessment). All women, but one, were negative for current syndromal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); 13 women (20%) met criteria for past syndromal PTSD. There were no statistically significant associations between current PTS symptoms and biological measures. In contrast, there was a statistically significant past PTS symptom severity × Visit interaction for circulating IL-6 levels. At visit 1 only (baseline), past symptom severity was significantly, negatively associated with IL-6 levels. Further, when past symptom severity reached syndromal levels, IL-6 levels were significantly higher at visit 2 (trauma assessment) than visit 1 (baseline). These results contribute to an emerging literature showing that PTSD and its symptoms are not always associated with a proinflammatory profile. They also raise the possibility that, in the context of severe past PTS symptoms, circulating IL-6 levels may be sensitive to confronting trauma reminders. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Inflammation, Interleukin-6, Intimate partner violence, Posttraumatic stress disorder, ""Womens health""","Newton, T. L., Fernandez-Botran, R., Miller, J. J., Cambon, A. C., Burns, V. E., Allison, K. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3939,Markers of inflammation in midlife women with intimate partner violence histories,"Background: Lifetime occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in women has been associated with increased prevalence of aging-related chronic diseases, including those with a pathophysiology involving inflammation. To begin to identify potential biologic mediators of this relationship, this cross-sectional study examined associations between past IPV and circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-measures linked with emergence of aging-related diseases-along with in vitro IL-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with either phytohemagglutinin A (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Apparently healthy, midlife women with divorce histories were recruited from the community. Histories of intimate partner psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion, and stalking were assessed, along with current depression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and health-related characteristics. At two visits, blood was drawn for assessment of biologic measures; measures were averaged across visits. Results: In this sample (n=68), a history of being stalked was significantly positively correlated with CRP levels; in a multiple regression analysis that included body mass index (BMI) and current symptoms, this association was attenuated by adjusting for BMI. Physical assault history was significantly negatively correlated with PHA-stimulated IL-6 production. This was most apparent for severe assault and was not accounted for by BMI or symptoms. Conclusions: IPV histories remitted for an average of 10 years were associated with biologic mediators of inflammation. The profile was not uniformly proinflammatory, suggesting that in situations of traumatic or chronic stress, different aspects of the inflammatory response are differentially regulated and subjected to diverse compensatory mechanisms. © 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Newton, T. L., Fernandez-Botran, R., Miller, J. J., Lorenz, D. J., Burns, V. E., Fleming, K. N.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3940,Ambulatory cardiovascular functioning in healthy postmenopausal women with victimization histories,"Criminal victimization is a prevalent stressor among women, with potentially long-lasting emotional consequences. The present study examined associations among severity of lifetime victimization, current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (AHR) levels and variability. Thirty-nine healthy post-menopausal women who endorsed a history of criminal victimization completed a measure of PTSD symptom severity and participated in an average of 18 h of ambulatory cardiovascular monitoring. PTSD symptom clusters were associated with AHR. Symptom clusters and lifetime victimization severity jointly predicted ABP, with ABP the highest among severely victimized women with high levels of current intrusions. Given the prevalence of criminal victimization, biopsychosocial research on women's cardiovascular disease risk may benefit from increased attention to this stressor and its psychological sequelae. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Ambulatory blood pressure, Post-menopausal, Posttraumatic stress, Victimization","Newton, T. L., Parker, B. C., Ho, I. K.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3941,Suppressed monocyte gene expression profile in men versus women with PTSD,"There have been several attempts to use gene microarrays from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to identify new biological pathways or targets for therapy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The few studies conducted to date have yielded an unclear pattern of findings, perhaps reflecting the use of heterogeneous samples of circulating immune cells for analysis. We used gene microarrays on a homogeneous sample of circulating monocytes to test the hypothesis that chronic PTSD would be associated with elevated inflammatory activity and to identify new pathways dysregulated in the disorder. Forty-nine men (24 PTSD+ and 25 age-matched trauma-exposed PTSD- controls) and 18 women (10 PTSD+ and 8 age-matched PTSD- controls) were recruited. Gene expression microarray analysis was performed on CD14+ monocytes, immune cells that initiate and respond to inflammatory signaling. Male subjects with PTSD had an overall pattern of under-expression of genes on monocytes (47 under-expressed versus 4 over-expressed genes). A rigorous correction for multiple comparisons and verification with qPCR showed that of only 3 genes that were differentially expressed, all were under-expressed. There was no transcriptional evidence of chronic inflammation in male PTSD+ subjects. In contrast, preliminary data from our pilot female PTSD+ subjects showed a relatively balanced pattern of increased and decreased expression of genes and an increase in activity of pathways related to immune activation. The results indicate differential patterns of monocyte gene expression in PTSD, and the preliminary data from our female pilot subjects are suggestive of gender dimorphism in biologic pathways activated in PTSD. Changes in immune cell gene expression may contribute to medical morbidity in PTSD. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","CDNA microarray, Cytokines, Monocyte, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Neylan, T. C., Sun, B., Rempel, H., Ross, J., Lenoci, M., ""ODonovan, A."", Pulliam, L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3942,Direct and indirect predictors of traumatic stress and distress in orphaned survivors of the 1994 Rwandan Tutsi Genocide,"Millions of children grow into adulthood having experienced severe war and ethnic conflict as children. One such group is orphaned child and adolescent survivors of the 1994 Rwandan Tutsi Genocide, in which one-seventh of the Rwandan population was murdered over the course of 100 days. After the genocide, many of these children took on the responsibility of caring and providing for other child survivors. Research has documented that child survivors of the genocide are at increased risk of mental health concerns (Dyregrov, Gupta, Gjestad, & Mukanoheli, 2000; Schaal & Elbert, 2006). However, differences in PTSD symptoms in Rwandan orphan survivors have not been fully explained by genocide exposure. This dissertation consists of two manuscripts that used path analysis to identify modifiable factors that contribute to mental health outcomes for orphaned heads of household (OHH) in Rwanda, over and above genocide exposure. Participants were 100 OHH who were members of a community organization. Data came from genocide testimonies that were given in 2002 and assessments of post-genocide mental health and risk factors that were collected in a 2008/2009 follow-up of 61 of the 100 original participants. The first manuscript used cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a framework for investigating whether linguistic components of genocide testimonies predict PTSD symptoms. Results were somewhat consistent with cognitive models and indicated that the way survivors described their genocide experiences predicted PTSD symptoms six years later. The second manuscript investigated whether post-genocide social-ecological risk factors predict distress and traumatic stress. Lack of education substantially predicted both distress and traumatic stress, lack of resources significantly predicted lower educational attainment, and social support predicted distress. After accounting for post-genocide risk factors, genocide experiences still directly predicted distress and traumatic stress. Implications for intervention and research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Distress, *Genocide, *Stress, *Survivors, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Risk Factors, War","Ng, Lauren Christina",2013.0,,,0,0,
3943,Laypersons' expectations of recovery and beliefs about whiplash injury: A cross-cultural comparison between Australians and Singaporeans,"Background: Beliefs and expectations are thought to influence outcome following whiplash injury. Studies have proposed a link between rates of chronic whiplash and laypersons' expectations about outcome following a motor vehicle accident. The prevalence of chronic whiplash is relatively high in Australia and apparently low in Singapore. This study's objectives were to compare laypersons' beliefs and expectations of recovery of whiplash injury in Brisbane and Singapore and to assess the effect of demographic factors on whiplash beliefs. Methods: A cross-sectional study using online surveys was conducted on adult Internet users in Brisbane (Australia) and Singapore. The 14-item whiplash beliefs questionnaire (WBQ) was used to evaluate whiplash beliefs. Two additional items assessed expectations of recovery. Individual items of WBQ, WBQ score and expectations of recovery were analysed. Stratified analysis was performed to adjust for sampling bias due to quota sampling. Results: A total of 402 participants from Singapore and 411 participants from Brisbane, Australia, completed the survey. While participants from Singapore demonstrated slightly more negative whiplash beliefs than participants from Brisbane [t(811) = -5.72; p &lt; 0.0001], participants from both samples were similar in their expectations of quick recovery and return to normal activities following whiplash injury. Only gender had a significant effect on whiplash beliefs [estimated marginal means of WBQ score for men = 21.5; standard error (SE) = 0.20; women = 22.5; SE = 0.20; F(1,810) = 11.2; p = 0.001]. Conclusions: Laypersons' expectations of recovery and beliefs about whiplash injury in Brisbane and Singapore were generally similar and mostly positive. Our results demonstrate that cultural differences reflected by laypersons' beliefs may not reflect the differences in prevalence of chronic whiplash between countries. © 2012 European Federation of International Association for the Study of Pain Chapters.",,"Ng, T. S., Bostick, G., Pedler, A., Buchbinder, R., Vicenzino, B., Sterling, M.",2013.0,,10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00265.x,0,0,
3944,"Physiotherapists' Beliefs About Whiplash-associated Disorder: A Comparison Between Singapore and Queensland, Australia","Background and purpose: Healthcare providers' beliefs may play a role in the outcome of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), a condition which is proposed to be culturally dependent. Clinical practice guidelines recommend an active approach for the management of WAD, which is often delivered by physiotherapists. However, there is no data on physiotherapists' whiplash beliefs. Our primary objective was to determine physiotherapists' beliefs from Queensland (Australia) and Singapore, two cultures with differing prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain and chronic WAD. Methods: A pen and paper survey of musculoskeletal physiotherapists practicing in Queensland and Singapore was conducted. Participants completed questionnaires consisting of patient vignettes and statements inquiring knowledge and attitudes towards WAD. Chi-square tests of significance were used to compare the responses of physiotherapists from both samples. Results: Ninety-one (response rate 45%) Queensland-based and 94 (response rate 98%) Singapore-based physiotherapists participated in the study. The beliefs in the management strategies for the patient vignettes were generally consistent with practice guidelines. A higher proportion of Queensland-based physiotherapists expected permanent disabilities for the patient vignette depicting chronic WAD (Queensland: 55% Singapore: 28% Pearson chi-sq 18.76, p<0.005).Up to 99% of the physiotherapists from both samples believed in encouragement of physical activity, the effectiveness of exercise and multimodal physiotherapy for WAD. Significantly higher proportions of Singapore-based physiotherapists believed in ordering radiographs for acute WAD (Pearson chi-sq 41.98, p<0.001) and also believed in a psychogenic origin of chronic WAD (Pearson chi-sq 22.57, p<0.001). Conclusion: The majority of beliefs between physiotherapists in Queensland and Singapore were similar but there were specific differences. Physiotherapists' whiplash beliefs in Queensland and Singapore did not clearly reflect the difference in prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain or chronic WAD in Queensland and Singapore. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Pain, Physiotherapy, Practice/service settings","Ng, T. S., Pedler, A., Vicenzino, B., Sterling, M.",2015.0,,10.1002/pri.1598,0,0,
3945,"Finding one's way to ""a place where I am respected"": The experiences of first-generation Vietnamese Americans with depression and/or post-traumatic stress disorder","Despite the high prevalence of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among first-generation Vietnamese Americans, their underutilization of mental health services continues to persist. The question of how culturally sensitive mental health services can be delivered to engage this population effectively in treatment has been a key issue for disparities research for the past several decades. Ample literature has identified individual, sociocultural and structural factors that influence mental health service use among this population, but very few studies have explored the perceptions of the clients themselves about mental illness or their pathways to care. Twenty-one individual, inductive, and qualitative one-on-one interviews were conducted to address three aims: 1) to explore the conceptualizations of health among first-generation Vietnamese Americans living with depression and/or PTSD, 2) to illustrate the pathways through which this population obtained outpatient mental health services, and 3) to describe their expectations and perceptions of outpatient mental health treatment. Constructivist grounded theory (GT) guided all aspects of this study. The participants were mostly female and ranged in age from 42 to 74 years. Two major themes, ""bounded within these four walls"" and finding one's way to ""a place where I am respected,"" emerged as overarching processes through which the participants described their experiences. Their rich stories portrayed journeys through losing, finding and reclaiming their self worth - journeys marked with losses, sacrifices, disruptions, stigma, resilience, coming to terms with their conditions, and managing their illnesses. These men and women remained optimistic on the road to reclaiming their sense of self worth, despite being crippled by their legacies of war, trauma, and migration to the United States. Their stories offer a culturally nuanced understanding of how participants explained their emotional discomforts, how they found their various ways to agencies that could help ease these discomforts, and the unexpected resources and relationships they gained from outpatient mental health care. This study's findings provide strong implications for social work research, practice, and policy that can help empower these individuals to find purpose and hope in their lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Life Experiences, *Major Depression, *Mental Health Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Vietnamese Cultural Groups","Nguyen, Hannah Thuy Thi",2014.0,,,0,0,
3946,Dysfunction and post-traumatic stress disorder in fracture victims 50 months after the Sichuan earthquake,"Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation intervention on physical dysfunction (PDF) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in fracture victims 50 months after the Sichuan earthquake of 2008 and to identify risk factors for PTSD. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. Four hundred and fifty-nine earthquake-related fracture victims from Mianzhu city, Sichuan Province who did not qualify for disability pension participated. Two hundred and forty-five subjects received regular rehabilitation and 214 did not. Muscle strength, joint range of motion (ROM),sensory function, and sit-to-stand balance capacity were evaluated to assess PDF. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was administered to screen for PTSD. An ordinary least square regression was used to predict PTSD, and a logistic regression was used to predict PDF. In addition a Least Angle Regression (LARS) was carried out for PTSD to study the effects of rehabilitation and PDF at the same time. Results: Unadjusted and adjusted group differences in physical dysfunction (p < 0.01) and PTSD prevalence (p < 0.05) were significant in favor of the rehabilitation group. In addition, being female, average or above family income, having witnessed death and fearfulness were found risk factors for PTSD symptoms 50 months after the earthquake. Both PDF and rehabilitation were selected predictors by LARS demonstrating opposite effects. Conclusion: PDF and PTSD were significantly reduced by the rehabilitation intervention. Future medical intervention strategies should consider rehabilitation in order to assist survivors in dealing with both physical and psychological effects of natural disaster. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Injuries, *Physical Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rehabilitation, Intervention, Natural Disasters, Risk Factors","Ni, Jun, Reinhardt, Jan D., Zhang, Xia, Xiao, Mingyue, Li, Ling, Jin, Hong, Zeng, Xianmin, Li, Jianan",2013.0,,,0,0,
3947,Heterogeneity in the response to rheumatoid arthritis (RA): The challenge of accounting for individual variability in the face of chronic disease,,,"Nicassio, P. M.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.07.003,0,0,
3948,The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care,,,"Nice, Natioal Institute for Health, Care, Excellence",2005.0,,,0,0,
3949,"Absorption, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress: Differential associations among constructs and symptom clusters","Exposure to trauma can result in attentional changes consistent with increasingly intense rumination and re-experiencing. Patient reports of these attentional changes parallel descriptions of the constructs of dissociation and absorption, each of which have been independently associated with aspects of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Additional research is needed to understand the nature of the relationship of each of dissociation and absorption with posttraumatic stress symptoms. The current study assessed the relationships between dissociation and absorption, using a psychometrically-supported measure designed specifically for researching dissociative and absorbed states of attentional allocation (Attentional Resource Allocation Scale; ARAS) and posttraumatic stress symptom clusters. A clinical sample of people with posttraumatic stress disorder (n=30; 67% women) and an analogue community sample of people reporting traumatic exposure (n=222; 86% women) participated in this study. Trait dissociation, state dissociation, and absorption were expected to differentially predict posttraumatic stress symptom clusters. In addition to supporting the factorial validity of the ARAS, results indicated that absorption and state, but not trait, dissociation were the primary predictors of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal. These results suggest that trait absorption in combination with state dissociation during trauma may be involved in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Comprehensive results, implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.","Absorption, Attention, Dissociation, Posttraumatic stress, PTSD","Nicholas Carleton, R., Peluso, D. L., Abrams, M. P., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3950,The psychological treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adult refugees: A review of the current state of psychological therapies,"Background: Large numbers of refugees flee their countries of origin each year. A proportion of these people will have witnessed or experienced traumatic events and may be suffering from psychological distress requiring intervention. Aims: The article aims to review the literature relating to the psychological treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adult refugees. The clinical implications of existing research and specific challenges faced by health services in meeting the mental health needs of non-western individuals are discussed. Method: A literature search of English language journals was conducted using the Web of Science, Medline and Psyclnfo databases. Findings: There is a dearth of research in this area and the majority of studies conducted have significant methodological limitations. Despite this, the psychotherapeutic studies to date indicate some potentially effective treatments with traumatized refugees and have attempted to employ innovative treatment elements taking into account issues of diversity. Conclusions: Research and practice in this area is in its infancy and further research is necessary. Culturally sensitive adaptations of CBT seem promising and further research is needed to clarify the value of such specific elements in therapy. The need for greater therapist awareness of issues of diversity raises issues for training and continual professional development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Care Delivery, *Health Service Needs, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Treatment","Nicholl, Catherine, Thompson, Andrew",2004.0,,,0,0,
3951,Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder in couples: A qualitative study,"Objectives: Previous research has established that women can develop childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the effect of this on a couple's relationship has not been examined. This study aimed to look at the experience and impact of childbirth-related PTSD in women and their partners. Design: This was a qualitative interview study of six couples, where at least one partner had clinically significant symptoms of childbirth-related PTSD. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted separately with each partner and interview transcripts subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Analysis identified four themes with 18 subthemes as follows: (1) birth factors (pain, negative emotions in labour, perceived lack of control, lack of choice or lack of involvement in decision-making, restricted movement or physical restraint, and expectations not being met); (2) quality of care (information provision, staff factors, continuity of care and environment); (3) effects on relationship with partner (impact on physical relationship, communication within the relationship, negative emotions within the relationship, receiving or giving support from partner, coping together as a couple and overall effect on the relationship); and (4) effects on relationship with child (perceptions of the child and parent-baby bond). Conclusions: This study suggests that PTSD may have a negative impact on the couple's relationship and the parent-baby bond. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Couples, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Care, *Interpersonal Relationships","Nicholls, Karen, Ayers, Susan",2007.0,,,0,0,
3952,Trauma and posttraumatic stress in users of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America Web site,"The Web site for the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA) receives more than 5 million visits per month and thus represents a unique medium for the study of anxiety disorders. ADAA Web site users from October 2002 to January 2003 were invited to complete a survey oriented toward trauma history and psychiatric sequelae. A diagnostic approximation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was based on responses to the Trauma Questionnaire, the Davidson Trauma Scale, and questions about impairment. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was also used. Variables were tested for their association with PTSD. Among 1558 participants, 87% had a history of trauma, and 38% had current PTSD. The population was comprised predominantly of white middle-class women, half of whom were married. More than 90% were first-time users of the site. Factors associated with PTSD included death of, or harm to, a loved one; personal history of incest, rape, or physical abuse; lower age; lower income; unemployment; missed work; increased medical care; dissatisfaction with psychotropic medication; depressive symptoms; and lower resilience. In this selective convenience sample, there were high rates of traumatization and PTSD. The demographics of this group are similar to those seen in previously studied populations that had contacted the ADAA. Furthermore, the factors associated with PTSD were like those in many community surveys. The ADAA Web site has the opportunity to benefit large numbers of highly distressed individuals.","Adult, Anxiety Disorders/psychology/rehabilitation, Cluster Analysis, Female, Health Care Surveys, Health Services/*utilization, Humans, *Internet, *Life Change Events, Logistic Models, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology/rehabilitation, United States/epidemiology","Nicholls, P. J., Abraham, K., Connor, K. M., Ross, J., Davidson, J. R.",2006.0,Jan-Feb,10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.04.006,0,0,
3953,Trauma and posttraumatic stress in users of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America Web site,"The Web site for the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA) receives more than 5 million visits per month and thus represents a unique medium for the study of anxiety disorders. ADAA Web site users from October 2002 to January 2003 were invited to complete a survey oriented toward trauma history and psychiatric sequelae. A diagnostic approximation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was based on responses to the Trauma Questionnaire, the Davidson Trauma Scale, and questions about impairment. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was also used. Variables were tested for their association with PTSD. Among 1558 participants, 87% had a history of trauma, and 38% had current PTSD. The population was comprised predominantly of white middle-class women, half of whom were married. More than 90% were first-time users of the site. Factors associated with PTSD included death of, or harm to, a loved one; personal history of incest, rape, or physical abuse; lower age; lower income; unemployment; missed work; increased medical care; dissatisfaction with psychotropic medication; depressive symptoms; and lower resilience. In this selective convenience sample, there were high rates of traumatization and PTSD. The demographics of this group are similar to those seen in previously studied populations that had contacted the ADAA. Furthermore, the factors associated with PTSD were like those in many community surveys. The ADAA Web site has the opportunity to benefit large numbers of highly distressed individuals. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Nicholls, P. J., Abraham, K., Connor, K. M., Ross, J., Davidson, J. R. T.",2006.0,,,0,0,3952
3954,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Hidden syndrome in elders,"Reviews post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including symptoms, course, factors producing susceptibility, and presentation of delayed reactions in older veterans. It is concluded that PTSD is more widespread than previously imagined, and its symptoms are frequently misdiagnosed as something else. Thorough testing involving Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Rorschach, a lengthy observation of behavior, and a sensitivity to affective tone during reminiscence of military life are recommended. Specific tools are suggested, and an illustrative case study of a 63-yr-old man is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Symptoms, *Treatment","Nichols, Beverly L., Czirr, Ruth",1986.0,,,0,0,
3955,The Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Unique Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Basolateral and Centromedial Amygdala Complexes,"Previous studies point towards differential connectivity patterns among basolateral (BLA) and centromedial (CMA) amygdala regions in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as compared with controls. Here we describe the first study to compare directly connectivity patterns of the BLA and CMA complexes between PTSD patients with and without the dissociative subtype (PTSD+DS and PTSD-DS, respectively). Amygdala connectivity to regulatory prefrontal regions and parietal regions involved in consciousness and proprioception were expected to differ between these two groups based on differential limbic regulation and behavioral symptoms. PTSD patients (n=49) with (n=13) and without (n=36) the dissociative subtype and age-matched healthy controls (n=40) underwent resting-state fMRI. Bilateral BLA and CMA connectivity patterns were compared using a seed-based approach via SPM Anatomy Toolbox. Among patients with PTSD, the PTSD+DS group exhibited greater amygdala functional connectivity to prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation (bilateral BLA and left CMA to the middle frontal gyrus and bilateral CMA to the medial frontal gyrus) as compared with the PTSD-DS group. In addition, the PTSD+DS group showed greater amygdala connectivity to regions involved in consciousness, awareness, and proprioception - implicated in depersonalization and derealization (left BLA to superior parietal lobe and cerebellar culmen; left CMA to dorsal posterior cingulate and precuneus). Differences in amygdala complex connectivity to specific brain regions parallel the unique symptom profiles of the PTSD subgroups and point towards unique biological markers of the dissociative subtype of PTSD. © 2015 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved.",,"Nicholson, A. A., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W. J., McKinnon, M. C., Lanius, R. A.",2015.0,,10.1038/npp.2015.79,0,0,
3956,Coming to our senses: Appreciating the sensorial in medical anthropology,"This article supports the call for the sensorially engaged anthropological study of healing modalities, popular health culture, dietary practices, drug foods and pharmaceuticals, and idioms of distress. Six concepts are of central importance to sensorial anthropology: embodiment, the mindful body, mimesis, local biology, somatic idioms of distress, and 'the work of culture'. Fieldwork in South and Southeast Asia and North America illustrates how cultural interpretations associate bodily sensations with passions (strong emotions) and anxiety states, and bodily communication about social relations. Lay interpretations of bodily sensations inform and are informed by local understanding of ethnophysiology, health, illness, and the way medicines act in the body. Bodily states are manipulated by the ingestion of substances ranging from drug foods (e.g., sources of caffeine, nicotine, dietary supplements) to pharmaceuticals that stimulate or suppress sensations concordant with cultural values, work demands, and health concerns. Social relations are articulated at the site of the body through somatic modes of attention that index bodily ways of knowing learned through socialization, bodily memories, and the ability to relate to how another is likely to be feeling in a particular context. Sensorial anthropology can contribute to the study of transformative healing and trajectories of healthcare seeking and patterns of referral in pluralistic healthcare arenas.","Body memory, Healing, Sensorial anthropology, Somatic idioms of distress, Trauma","Nichter, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3957,The Temporal Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Problem Alcohol Use Following Traumatic Injury,"Chronic alcohol abuse is a major public health concern following trauma exposure; however, little is known about the temporal association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and problem alcohol use. The current study examined the temporal relationship between PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing, effortful avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal) and problem alcohol use following trauma exposure. This study was a longitudinal survey of randomly selected traumatic injury patients interviewed at baseline, 3 months, 12 months, and 24 months following injury. Participants were 1,139 injury patients recruited upon admission from 4 Level 1 trauma centers across Australia. Participants were assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Results indicated that high levels of re-experiencing, effortful avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms at 12 months were associated with greater increases (or smaller decreases) in problem alcohol use between 12 and 24 months. Findings also suggested that high levels of problem alcohol use at 12 months were associated with greater increases (or smaller decreases) in emotional numbing symptoms between 12 and 24 months. These findings highlight the critical importance of the chronic period following trauma exposure in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and problem alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record","Alcohol use, Injury, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Nickerson, A., Barnes, J. B., Creamer, M., Forbes, D., McFarlane, A. C., ""ODonnell, M."", Silove, D., Steel, Z., Bryant, R. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3958,Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss,"Background: While a large proportion of conflict-affected populations have been dually exposed to trauma and loss, there is inadequate research identifying differential symptom profiles related to bereavement and trauma exposure in these groups. The objective of this study were to (1) determine whether there are distinct classes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptoms in bereaved trauma survivors exposed to conflict and persecution, and (2) examine whether particular types of refugee experiences and stressors differentially predict symptom profiles. Methods: Participants were 248 Mandaean adult refugees who were assessed at an average of 4.3 years since entering Australia following persecution in Iraq. PTSD, PGD, trauma exposure, adjustment difficulties since relocation, and English proficiency were measured. Latent class analysis was used to elucidate symptom profiles of PTSD and PGD in this sample. Results: Latent class analysis revealed four classes of participants: a combined PTSD/PGD class (16%), a predominantly PTSD class (25%), a predominantly PGD class (16%), and a resilient class (43%). Whereas membership in the PTSD/PGD class was predicted by exposure to traumatic loss, those in the PGD class were more likely to have experienced adaptation difficulties since relocation, and individuals in the PTSD class were more likely to have experienced difficulties related to loss of culture and support. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that specific symptom patterns emerge following exposure to mass trauma and loss. These profiles are associated with distinct types of traumatic experiences and post-migration living difficulties. These results have substantial public health implications for assessment and intervention following mass trauma. © 2014 Nickerson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Bereavement, Grief, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Refugees, Trauma, War","Nickerson, A., Liddell, B. J., Maccallum, F., Steel, Z., Silove, D., Bryant, R. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3959,Prospective investigation of mental health following sexual assault,"Background Comorbidity in psychological disorders is common following exposure to a traumatic event. Relatively little is known about the manner in which changes in the symptoms of a given type of psychological disorder in the acute period following a trauma impact changes in symptoms of another disorder. This study investigated the relationship between changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in the first 12 weeks following sexual assault. Methods Participants were 126 women who had been sexually assaulted in the previous 4 weeks. Results Lower level mediation analyses revealed that changes in PTSD symptoms had a greater impact on changes in depression and anxiety than vice versa. Conclusions The finding highlights the role of PTSD symptoms in influencing subsequent change in other psychological symptoms. These findings are discussed in the context of models detailing the trajectory of psychological disorders following trauma, and clinical implications are considered. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, rape, traumatic stress","Nickerson, A., Steenkamp, M., Aerka, I. M., Salters-Pedneault, K., Carper, T. L., Barnes, J. B., Litz, B. T.",2013.0,,,0,1,
3960,Children in adoptive families: Overview and update,"Objective: To summarize the past 10 years of published research concerning the 2% of American children younger than 18 years old who are adoptees. Method: Review recent literature on developmental influences, placement outcome, psychopathology, and treatment. Results: Adoption carries developmental opportunities and risks. Many adoptees have remarkably good outcomes, but some subgroups have difficulties. Traditional infant, international, and transracial adoptions may complicate adoptees' identity formation. Those placed after infancy may have developmental delays, attachment disturbances, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Useful interventions include preventive counseling to foster attachment, postadoption supports, focused groups for parents and adoptees, and psychotherapy. Conclusions: Variables specific to adoption affect an adopted child's developmental trajectory. Externalizing, internalizing, attachment, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms may arise. Child and adolescent psychiatrists can assist both adoptive parents and children. ©2005 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","Adoption, Attachment, Foster care, Parenting, Placement","Nickman, S. L., Rosenfeld, A. A., Fine, P., MacIntyre, J. C., Pilowsky, D. J., Howe, R. A., Derdeyn, A., Gonzales, M. B., Forsythe, L., Sveda, S. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
3961,A hormone-based characterization and taxonomy of stress: Possible usefulness in management,"""Stress"" is being increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of psychological and somatic disturbances. Because responses to stress can vary widely, the absence of a suitable, pathophysiologically based taxonomy of stress responses has hindered physicians in their efforts to devise treatments tailored to deal with specific stress-related problems. It is proposed herein that classical endocrinologic criteria be employed to characterize stress responses in terms of the associated hormonal secretion ratios and their temporal evolution. Ratios of the responses to stressors of the sympathoadrenal system (SA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can be either unity (ratio = 1) or dissociated in varying degree, with SA or HPA dominance and for more or less prolonged periods. Published reports of studies in both laboratory animals and patients with stress-associated illnesses (eg, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) suggest that such hormone-secretion ratios together with their temporal patterns can be used to characterize the particular stress response under examination, thereby providing strong support for further study of the proposed taxonomy. Such a classification of responses to stress stimuli will make it possible to test the overall concept by establishing a correspondence between the suggested hormonal profile and the associated clinical/psychological picture, as well as enable assessment of the benefit of a therapeutic strategy designed to fit the particular category of stress response exhibited by the patient. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.","hormone, adrenergic system, clinical feature, clinical research, correlation analysis, disease association, disease classification, disease duration, endocrine function test, functional assessment, hormone action, hormone metabolism, hormone release, human, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, medical literature, nonhuman, pathogenesis, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosomatic disorder, review, stimulus response, stress, taxonomy, treatment planning","Nicolaidis, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
3962,A hormone-based characterization and taxonomy of stress: Possible usefulness in management,"""Stress"" is being increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of psychological and somatic disturbances. Because responses to stress can vary widely, the absence of a suitable, pathophysiologically based taxonomy of stress responses has hindered physicians in their efforts to devise treatments tailored to deal with specific stress-related problems. It is proposed herein that classical endocrinologic criteria be employed to characterize stress responses in terms of the associated hormonal secretion ratios and their temporal evolution. Ratios of the responses to stressors of the sympathoadrenal system (SA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can be either unity (ratio = 1) or dissociated in varying degree, with SA or HPA dominance and for more or less prolonged periods. Published reports of studies in both laboratory animals and patients with stress-associated illnesses (eg, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) suggest that such hormone-secretion ratios together with their temporal patterns can be used to characterize the particular stress response under examination, thereby providing strong support for further study of the proposed taxonomy. Such a classification of responses to stress stimuli will make it possible to test the overall concept by establishing a correspondence between the suggested hormonal profile and the associated clinical/psychological picture, as well as enable assessment of the benefit of a therapeutic strategy designed to fit the particular category of stress response exhibited by the patient. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.",,"Nicolaïdis, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,3961
3963,"Gulf war illnesses: Chemical, biological and radiological exposures resulting in chronic fatiguing illnesses can be identified and treated","Gulf War illnesses involve multiple, complex chronic signs and symptoms that loosely fit the clinical criteria for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and/or Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). Most Gulf War illness patients had multiple exposures: (a) complex chemical mixtures, including organophosphate pesticides, anti-nerve agents, carbamates and possibly nerve and blister agents, (b) radiological sources, subjecting patients to both heavy metal and radiation effects, and (c) biological sources, including bacteria and toxins and the effects of multiple vaccines. Chemically exposed patients may benefit by removing offending chemicals and depleting toxic chemicals from the patient's system and other symptomatic treatments. Patients with systemic infections, including mycoplasma and other chronic bacterial infections, can be treated with antibiotics and additional nutritional supplementation. Some patients may have their illness linked to radiological exposures, and a minority to battlefield stress. The vaccines are a prime suspect for immune dysfunction and chronic infections. The multiple, complex exposures resulted in poorly defined chronic illnesses, but subsets of Gulf War illness can be identified and effectively treated using appropriate procedures. © 2003 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Antibiotics, Chemical and biological warfare, Chemical exposures, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Gulf War Syndrome, Infections, Uranium, Vaccines","Nicolson, G. L., Berns, P., Nasralla, M. Y., Haier, J., Nicolson, N. L., Nass, M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
3964,"Comorbid pain, depression, and anxiety: Multifaceted pathology allows for multifaceted treatment","The care of patients who suffer from physical pain and a psychiatric illness is typically challenging because of the complex interplay of affective, behavioral, cognitive, and physical aspects of pain. Psychiatrists are often asked to evaluate patients with pain because of a concern for comorbid depression and anxiety, and fears of suicidality as a result of pain. This article reviews the pathophysiology of comorbid pain, anxiety, and depression, along with the treatment modalities (pharmacologic, psychotherapeutic, and ""alternative"") that may benefit all three conditions. Copyright (copyright) 2009 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.","amfebutamone, amitriptyline, baclofen, carbamazepine, central stimulant agent, clonidine, cyclobenzaprine, desipramine, dexamphetamine, duloxetine, fluoxetine, gabapentin, haloperidol, ibuprofen, lidocaine, lithium, mirtazapine, neuroleptic agent, nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, noradrenalin uptake inhibitor, nortriptyline, paracetamol, placebo, pregabalin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tizanidine, topiramate, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, venlafaxine, acupuncture, allodynia, alternative medicine, anxiety disorder, bleeding, bradycardia, chronic daily headache, chronic tension headache, clinical trial, cluster headache, cognition, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, constipation, depression, diabetic neuropathy, diarrhea, dizziness, drug effect, drug mechanism, dystonia, edema, erythema, exercise, fatigue, fibromyalgia, generalized anxiety disorder, headache, heart arrhythmia, histopathology, human, hypertension, hypnosis, hypotension, insomnia, leukopenia, liver toxicity, major depression, massage, medical decision making, migraine, mood disorder, muscle spasm, music therapy, nausea, nephrotoxicity, nerve stimulation, neuralgia, neuropathic pain, neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, pain, parkinsonism, pathophysiology, patient care, physiotherapy, polydipsia, polyuria, postherpetic neuralgia, postoperative pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prophylaxis, psychophysiology, psychosis, psychotherapy, review, risk factor, sedation, seizure, sensory nerve cell, sexual dysfunction, side effect, skin manifestation, somnolence, spasticity, standing, suicide, tachycardia, tension headache, thyroid disease, treatment outcome, trigeminus neuralgia, weight gain, weight reduction, xerostomia","Nicolson, S. E., Caplan, J. P., Williams, D. E., Stern, T. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
3965,Post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis,"Bullying has been established as a prevalent traumatic stressor both in school and at workplaces. It has been claimed that the mental and physical health problems found among bullied persons resembles the symptomatology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Yet, it is still unclear whether bullying can be considered as a precursor to PTSD. Through a review and meta-analysis of the research literature on workplace- and school bullying, the aims of this study were to determine: 1) the magnitude of the association between bullying and symptoms of PTSD, and 2) whether the clinical diagnosis of PTSD applies to the consequences of bullying. Altogether 29 relevant studies were identified. All had cross-sectional research designs. At an average, 57% of victims reported symptoms of PTSD above thresholds for caseness. A correlation of .42 (95% CI: .36-.48; p < .001) was found between bullying and an overall symptom-score of PTSD. Correlations between bullying and specific PTSD-symptoms were in the same range. Equally strong associations were found among children and adults. Two out of the three identified clinical diagnosis studies suggested that bullying is associated with the PTSD-diagnosis. Due to a lack of longitudinal research and structural clinical interview studies, existing literature provides no absolute evidence for or against bullying as a causal precursor of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *School Violence, *Trauma, *Bullying","Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Tangen, Tone, Idsoe, Thormod, Matthiesen, Stig Berge, Mageroy, Nils",2015.0,,,0,0,
3966,Treatment of psychosis during pregnancy - A case report and a mini-review,"Objective: Describe clinical problems in treating a patient with psychotic symptoms during pregnancy by presenting a case report, and review the current evidence on antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. Methods: The review consists of a non-systematic clinical review of current data on treatment with antipsychotics during pregnancy. The case, a 27 year old female initially diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a rape and emotionally unstable personality disorder, illustrates some of the common challenges a clinician meets. The patient initially discontinues all treatment as she is unsure if the drugs could have a teratogenic effect and is changed to a treatment that is regarded as safe during pregnancy. Results: The current data supports treatment with chlorpromazine although there is a risk of side effects, e.g. extrapyramidal symptoms and hypotension, but also treatment with olanzapine and risperidone. If the patient is currently treated with clozapine, this treatment should be continued, due to clozapines unique efficacy profile. Blood monitoring for six months after birth is recommended when the newborn has been exposed to clozapine treatment. Conclusion: Current evidence on treatment with antipsychotics during pregnancy is sparse, but not treating is associated with increased risks compared to treatment. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","antipsychotics, malformation, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, pregnancy","Nielsen, R. E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3967,Genomic predictors of combat stress vulnerability in U.S. Marines: Genome-wide association studies across multiple ancestries identify novel risk factors for PTSD,"Background: Genetic association studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have just begun to be performed at the genome-wide level. We present a GWAS from the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS), a prospective longitudinal study on PTSD risk/ resilience in combat-exposed Marines. PTSD risk loci from the literature and polygenic risk scores across psychiatric disorders were also evaluated. Methods: Unrelated, trauma-exposed males (N=3,494) were assessed on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS); 940 were diagnosed as PTSD cases. Individual genetic ancestry was determined by supervised cluster analysis for subjects of European, African, Hispanic/Native American, and other descent. DNA was genotyped on the HumanOmniExpressExome array. To test for association of SNPs with PTSD, logistic regressions were performed within each ancestry group and results were combined in meta-analyses. Polygenic risk scores from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium were used for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). Results: The GWAS meta-analysis identified the phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1 gene (PRTFDC1) as a genome-wide significant PTSD locus (rs6482463; OR=1.47, SE = 0.06, p=2.04x10-9). Loci with suggestive evidence of association (n=25 genes, p<5x10-6) further implicated genes related to immune response and the ubiquitin system. A cross-disorder analysis of polygenic risk scores from GWASs found that PTSD diagnosis was associated with risk sores of BPD, but not with MDD or SCZ. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the genetic architecture of PTSD may be determined by many SNPs with small effects, and overlap with other neuropsychiatric disorders, consistent with current findings from large GWAS of other psychiatric disorders.","phosphoribosyltransferase, ubiquitin, DNA, posttraumatic stress disorder, United States, psychiatry, genetic association, risk factor, society, diseases, risk, gene, meta analysis, mental disease, genome, cluster analysis, ancestry group, male, logistic regression analysis, injury, architecture, longitudinal study, American, immune response, major depression, bipolar disorder, African, schizophrenia, European, diagnosis","Nievergelt, C., Maihofer, A., Risbrough, V., Baker, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
3968,Genomic predictors of combat stress vulnerability and resilience in u.S. Marines: A genome-wide association study across multiple ancestries implicates prtfdc1 as a potential ptsd gene,"BACKGROUND: Research on the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has rapidly matured, moving from candidate gene studies to interrogation of the entire human genome in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we present the results of a GWAS performed on samples from combat-exposed U.S. Marines and Sailors from the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS) scheduled for deployment to Iraq and/or Afghanistan. The MRS is a large, prospective study with longitudinal follow-up designed to identify risk and resiliency factors for combat-induced stress-related symptoms. Previously implicated PTSD risk loci from the literature and polygenic risk scores across psychiatric disorders were also evaluated in the MRS cohort. METHODS: Participants (N=3494) were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and diagnosed using the DSM-IV diagnostic criterion. Subjects with partial and/or full PTSD diagnosis were called cases, all other subjects were designated controls, and study-wide maximum CAPS scores were used for longitudinal assessments. Genomic DNA was genotyped on the Illumina HumanOmniExpressExome array. Individual genetic ancestry was determined by supervised cluster analysis for subjects of European, African, Hispanic/Native American, and other descent. To test for association of SNPs with PTSD, logistic regressions were performed within each ancestry group and results were combined in meta-analyses. Measures of childhood and adult trauma were included to test for gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions. Polygenic risk scores from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium were used for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). RESULTS: The array produced >800K directly genotyped and >21M imputed markers in 3494 unrelated, trauma-exposed males, of which 940 were diagnosed with partial or full PTSD. The GWAS meta-analysis identified the phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1 gene (PRTFDC1) as a genome-wide significant PTSD locus (rs6482463; OR=1.47, SE=0.06, p=2.04x10-9), with a similar effect across ancestry groups. Association of PRTFDC1 with PTSD in an independent military cohort showed some evidence for replication. Loci with suggestive evidence of association (n=25 genes, p<5x10-6) further implicated genes related to immune response and the ubiquitin system, but these findings remain to be replicated in larger GWASs. A replication analysis of 25 putative PTSD genes from the literature found nominally significant SNPs for the majority of these genes, but associations did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparison. A cross-disorder analysis of polygenic risk scores from GWASs of BPD, MDD, and SCZ found that PTSD diagnosis was associated with risk sores of BPD, but not with MDD or SCZ. CONCLUSIONS: This first multi-ethnic/racial GWAS of PTSD highlights the potential to increase power through meta-analyses across ancestry groups. We found evidence for PRTFDC1 as a potential novel PTSD gene, a finding that awaits further replication. Our findings indicate that the genetic architecture of PTSD may be determined by many SNPs with small effects, and overlap with other neuropsychiatric disorders, consistent with current findings from large GWAS of other psychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Nievergelt, Caroline M., Maihofer, Adam X., Mustapic, Maja, Yurgil, Kate A., Schork, Nicholas J., Miller, Mark W., Logue, Mark W., Geyer, Mark A., Risbrough, Victoria B., ""OConnor, Daniel T."", Baker, Dewleen G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
3969,Genomic predictors of combat stress vulnerability and resilience in U.S. Marines: A genome-wide association study across multiple ancestries implicates PRTFDC1 as a potential PTSD gene,"BACKGROUND: Research on the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has rapidly matured, moving from candidate gene studies to interrogation of the entire human genome in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here we present the results of a GWAS performed on samples from combat-exposed U.S. Marines and Sailors from the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS) scheduled for deployment to Iraq and/or Afghanistan. The MRS is a large, prospective study with longitudinal follow-up designed to identify risk and resiliency factors for combat-induced stress-related symptoms. Previously implicated PTSD risk loci from the literature and polygenic risk scores across psychiatric disorders were also evaluated in the MRS cohort. METHODS: Participants (N=3494) were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and diagnosed using the DSM-IV diagnostic criterion. Subjects with partial and/or full PTSD diagnosis were called cases, all other subjects were designated controls, and study-wide maximum CAPS scores were used for longitudinal assessments. Genomic DNA was genotyped on the Illumina HumanOmniExpressExome array. Individual genetic ancestry was determined by supervised cluster analysis for subjects of European, African, Hispanic/Native American, and other descent. To test for association of SNPs with PTSD, logistic regressions were performed within each ancestry group and results were combined in meta-analyses. Measures of childhood and adult trauma were included to test for gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions. Polygenic risk scores from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium were used for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). RESULTS: The array produced >800K directly genotyped and >21M imputed markers in 3494 unrelated, trauma-exposed males, of which 940 were diagnosed with partial or full PTSD. The GWAS meta-analysis identified the phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1 gene (PRTFDC1) as a genome-wide significant PTSD locus (rs6482463; OR=1.47, SE=0.06, p=2.04x10(-9)), with a similar effect across ancestry groups. Association of PRTFDC1 with PTSD in an independent military cohort showed some evidence for replication. Loci with suggestive evidence of association (n=25 genes, p<5x10(-6)) further implicated genes related to immune response and the ubiquitin system, but these findings remain to be replicated in larger GWASs. A replication analysis of 25 putative PTSD genes from the literature found nominally significant SNPs for the majority of these genes, but associations did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparison. A cross-disorder analysis of polygenic risk scores from GWASs of BPD, MDD, and SCZ found that PTSD diagnosis was associated with risk sores of BPD, but not with MDD or SCZ. CONCLUSIONS: This first multi-ethnic/racial GWAS of PTSD highlights the potential to increase power through meta-analyses across ancestry groups. We found evidence for PRTFDC1 as a potential novel PTSD gene, a finding that awaits further replication. Our findings indicate that the genetic architecture of PTSD may be determined by many SNPs with small effects, and overlap with other neuropsychiatric disorders, consistent with current findings from large GWAS of other psychiatric disorders.","Ancestry, Bipolar disorder, Gwas, GxE, Meta-analysis, Ptsd, Pleiotropy, Polygenic risk score, Trauma","Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Mustapic, M., Yurgil, K. A., Schork, N. J., Miller, M. W., Logue, M. W., Geyer, M. A., Risbrough, V. B., ""OConnor, D. T."", Baker, D. G.",2015.0,Jan,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.017,0,0,3968
3970,Genetic risk for posttraumatic stress in the marine resiliency study (MRS): Interrogation of the entire genome,"Background: Psychiatric adaptation to emotional trauma is variable and heritable. Most prior genetic research on the etiology of PTSD entails small, retrospective studies, which limits causal inferences. We present findings on primary and intermediate phenotypes from MRS, a prospective, longitudinal study of PTSD risk/resilience. GWAS allows us to interrogate the entire human genome for effects of genetic variation on putative precursor and final disease traits. We hypothesized that genomic variation gives rise to risk/susceptibility traits that, when actuated by traumatic environmental stimuli, result in PTSD and other stress-related pathological phenotypes. Methods: Genomic DNA was genotyped on the HumanOmniExpressExome array. Individual genetic ancestry was determined by supervised cluster analysis. To test for association of SNPs with intermediate phenotypes and PTSD, linear and logistic regressions were performed including ancestry dimensions as covariates, and measures of stress exposures to test gene-by-environment interactions. Results: The array produced >945K genotypes in 2548 individuals, and additional 23M markers were imputed. The MRS showed 3 main biogeographic ancestry clusters of 61% European-Americans, 18% Mexican-Americans, and 6.5% African-Americans. We assessed the functional content interrogated by the exome array and confirmed its applicability to multi-ethnic populations. PTSD risk loci from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, limbic, and locus coeruleus-noradrenergic systems were well represented. The strongest associations with PTSD, its putative precursor traits, and trauma exposure in MRS will be discussed. Conclusions: We report a GWAS for PTSD. While its power to detect susceptibility genes with small effects is limited, it provides an excellent resource for replication studies and investigation of intermediate phenotypes.","genomic DNA, marker, DNA, posttraumatic stress disorder, genetic risk, genome, society, psychiatry, human, phenotype, gene, exposure, precursor, genetics, etiology, cluster analysis, logistic regression analysis, psychotrauma, human genome, genetic variability, African American, stimulus, longitudinal study, adaptation, environment, retrospective study, genotype, European American, Hispanic, exome, ethnic group, risk, hypophysis, adrenal gland, locus ceruleus, noradrenergic system, injury, replication study","Nievergelt, C. M., Risbrough, V. B., Schork, N. J., ""OConnor, D. T."", Baker, D. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3971,Attitudes to emotional expression and personality in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder,"Determined whether negative attitudes toward emotional expression (EE) act as a predisposing or maintaining factor for posttraumatic stress reactions following a traumatic event. Attitudes to EE, the ""Big Five"" personality factors, and initial symptoms and injury severity within 1 wk of a road traffic accident were used to predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 wks post-accident. 60 attenders (aged 16-61 yrs) of an accident and emergency department responded to measures of EE, intrusion and avoidance features of traumatic experiences, and anxiety and depression. 45 of the Ss responded to a follow-up questionnaire that included the original battery as well as a self-report diagnostic measure of PTSD. The percentage of the sample meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD at 6 wks post-trauma was 30.8%. A small but significant relationship was found for negative attitudes to EE at 1 wk to predict intrusive symptoms and diagnosis at 6 wks, over and above the independent relationships of initial symptoms, initial injury severity, personality and coping. The EE measure was largely stable between the 2 points of measurement. More negative attitudes to EE were related to less openness, extraversion and agreeableness personality domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attitudes, *Emotionality (Personality), *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Victimization","Nightingale, J., Williams, Ruth M.",2000.0,,,0,0,
3972,The effects of traumatic stressors and HIV-related trauma symptoms on health and health related quality of life,"The study identified relations among traumatic stressors, HIV-related trauma symptoms, comorbid medical conditions, and health related quality of life (HRQL) in individuals with HIV. Participants (N = 118) completed a structured clinical interview on HIV as a traumatic stressor and other severe traumatic stressors and completed the Impact of Event Scale to assess HIV-related trauma symptoms and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form (SF-36) to assess HRQL. Medical chart reviews determined comorbid conditions. Path analysis findings indicated participants with prior severe traumatic stressors experienced their HIV diagnosis as traumatic and in turn were more likely to have current HIV-related trauma symptoms which were negatively related to HRQL. HIV as a traumatic stressor was related to coronary artery diseases and HRQL. Traumatic stressors and HIV-related trauma symptoms impact health in individuals with HIV and highlight the need for psychological interventions prior to diagnosis and throughout treatment. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.","Health related quality of life, HIV, Medical comorbidity, Path analysis, Traumatic stress","Nightingale, V. R., Sher, T. G., Mattson, M., Thilges, S., Hansen, N. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3973,Response to psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of pretreatment verbal memory performance,"Objective: Neuropsychological studies have consistently demonstrated impaired verbal memory in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-focused treatment for PTSD is thought to rely on memory, but it is largely unknown whether treatment outcome is influenced by memory performance. The aim of the study, therefore, was to examine the relationship between verbal memory performance and treatment response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Method: Participants were referred to our outpatient clinic and recruited between December 2003 and January 2009 upon diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-IV. Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial comparing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (n = 70) and brief eclectic psychotherapy (n = 70), a cognitive-behavioral intervention, are reported. Response to treatment was measured by self-reported PTSD symptom severity (Impact of Event Scale - Revised) over 17 weeks. Pretreatment verbal memory measures (California Verbal Learning Test, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test) were included in the mixed linear model analyses in order to investigate the influence of memory on treatment outcome. Results: Pretreatment encoding, short-term retrieval, long-term retrieval, and recognition performance were significantly associated with treatment response in terms of self-reported PTSD symptom severity for both treatments (P = .013). Receiver operating characteristic curves predicting treatment response with pretreatment memory indices showed that 75.6% of the patients could be correctly classified as responder. Conclusions: Poor verbal memory performance represents a risk factor for worse treatment response to trauma-focused psychotherapy. Memory measures can be helpful in determining which patients are unable to benefit from trauma-focused psychotherapy. Future research should explore how treatment perspectives of patients with poor verbal memory can be improved. © Copyright 2015 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Nijdam, M. J., De Vries, G. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Olff, M.",2015.0,,10.4088/JCP.14m09438,0,1,
3974,The role of major depression in neurocognitive functioning in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occur after traumatic experiences and share neurocognitive disturbances in verbal memory and executive functioning. However, few attempts have been made to systematically assess the role of a comorbid MDD diagnosis in neuropsychological studies in PTSD. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study is to investigate neurocognitive deficits in PTSD patients with and without MDD. We hypothesized that PTSD patients with comorbid MDD (PTSD+MDD) would have significantly lower performance on measures of verbal memory and executive functioning than PTSD patients without MDD (PTSD-MDD). METHOD: Participants included in this study were 140 treatment-seeking outpatients who had a diagnosis of PTSD after various single traumatic events and participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing different treatment types. Baseline neuropsychological data were compared between patients with PTSD+MDD (n=84) and patients with PTSD-MDD (n=56). RESULTS: The PTSD+MDD patients had more severe verbal memory deficits in learning and retrieving words than patients with PTSD alone. There were no differences between the groups in recall of a coherent paragraph, recognition, shifting of attention, and cognitive interference. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that a more impaired neurocognitive profile may be associated with the presence of comorbid MDD, with medium-sized group differences for verbal memory but not for executive functioning. From a clinical standpoint, being aware that certain verbal memory functions are more restricted in patients with comorbid PTSD and MDD may be relevant for treatment outcome of trauma-focused psychotherapy.","Ptsd, cognitive functioning, comorbidity, major depressive disorder, neuropsychology","Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P., Olff, M.",2013.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19979,0,0,
3975,Trauma-related structural dissociation of the personality,"Many traumatized individuals alternate between re-experiencing their trauma and being detached from, or even relatively unaware of the trauma and its effects. At first sight one may be inclined to conceptualize detachment from trauma and re-experiencing of trauma as mental states. However, on closer scrutiny it becomes apparent that in both cases a range or cluster of states rather than a singular state is involved. For example, being detached from trauma does not itself exclude being joyful, ashamed, sexually aroused, or curious at times, and re-experiencing trauma can encompass states such as fleeing, freezing, and being in pain or being analgesic. In this paper we relate detachment from trauma and re-experiencing trauma to emotional operating systems (Panksepp, 1998) and functional systems (Fanselow & Lester, 1988), briefly addressed as action systems. Action systems control a range of functions, but some are more complex than others. Reexperiencing trauma will be associated with the inborn and evolutionary derived defensive system that is evoked by severe threat, in particular threat to the integrity of the body. As a complex system, it encompasses various subsystems, such as flight, freeze, and fight. Detachment from trauma, in our view, is associated with several action systems (Panksepp, 1998), i.e., the ones that control functions in daily life (e.g., exploration of the environment, energy control), and the ones that are dedicated to survival of the species (e.g., reproduction, attachment to and care for offspring). In this context we will maintain that severe threat may provoke a structural dissociation of the premorbid personality (Van der Hart, 2000). In its primary form this dissociation is between the defensive system on one hand, and the systems that involve managing daily life and survival of the species on the other hand. To summarize the essence of the theory of structural dissociation of the personality, we argue (1) that traumatic experiences, especially when they occur early in life and involve severe threat to the integrity of the body, may activate psychobiological action systems that have been developed by evolution, and (2) that due to extreme stress levels and classical as well as evaluative conditioning to traumatic memories these systems may remain unintegrated to varying degrees.","article, avoidance behavior, conditioning, coping behavior, daily life activity, defensive behavior, dissociative disorder, emotion, escape behavior, human, life event, life stress, mental function, neurobiology, nonhuman, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychobiology, psychological theory, psychotrauma, somatoform disorder, threat","Nijenhuis, E., van der Hart, O., Steele, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3976,cis-3-Hexenol and trans-2-hexenal mixture prevents development of PTSD-like phenotype in rats,"Several green leaf volatiles have anxiolytic/antidepressant properties and attenuate adrenocortical stress response in rodents. However, it remains unknown whether a mixture of cis-3-hexenol and trans-2-hexenal so-called 'green odor (GO)' affects fear-associated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behavior. In the present study, fear memory of the initial conditioning stimulus was stably maintained by weekly presentation of conditioned tone. Examination of open field behavior, acoustic startle response, prepulse inhibition, and immobility in the forced swim test for 2 weeks after initial conditioning revealed that conditioned rats sustained anxiety, enhanced startle response, hypervigilance, depression-like behavior, and hypocortisolism, which is consistent with PTSD symptoms. Daily, not acute, GO presentation facilitated fear extinction and reduced PTSD-like behavioral and endocrinal responses. To further investigate the mechanism of effect of GO, we examined the effect of paroxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, an irreversible serotonin synthesis inhibitor), alone or in combination of GO on PTSD-like phenotype. The alleviative effects of GO were masked by simultaneous paroxetine administration. PCPA-induced serotonin depletion abolished the effects of GO. Our results suggest that daily GO presentation facilitates fear extinction and prevents development of PTSD-like symptoms.","Paroxetine, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), cis-3-Hexenol, p-Chlorophenylalanine, trans-2-Hexenal","Nikaido, Y., Yamada, J., Migita, K., Shiba, Y., Furukawa, T., Nakashima, T., Ueno, S.",2016.0,Jan 15,10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.023,0,0,
3977,From efficacy to effectiveness: The trajectory of the treatment literature for children with PTSD,"This review summarizes efficacious treatments for preschoolers, children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder, with a focus on the advances made within the last 5 years. There is considerable support for the use of trauma-specific cognitive-behavioral interventions, in both individual and group formats. The research on psychopharmacological treatments lags behind that of psychotherapy and is currently inconclusive. Limitations of the studies are discussed and treatments that warrant further consideration are reviewed. The authors also review current advances in effectiveness and suggest future directions that are important in generalizing the interventions to underserved and hard to reach populations. The article concludes with the authors' projections for the evolution of the field within the upcoming 5 years. © 2008 Expert Reviews Ltd.","Childhood PTSD, Culture, Effectiveness, Efficacy, Group treatment, Individual treatment, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychopharmacological intervention, PTSD prevalence, Trauma, Trauma-specific cognitive-behavioral treatment","Nikulina, V., Hergenrother, J. M., Brown, E. J., Doyle, M. E., Filton, B. J., Carson, G. S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3978,Deployment stressors and physical health among OEF/OIF veterans: The role of PTSD,"Objective: There is a large body of literature documenting the relationship between traumatic stress and deleterious physical health outcomes. Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been proposed to explain this relationship, previous research has produced inconsistent results when moderating variables such as gender or type of traumatic stressor are considered. Within a large sample of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans, the current study examined if deployment stressors (i.e., combat stress, harassment stress) contributed unique variance to the prediction of physical health symptoms (i.e., pain, nonpain) beyond the effects of PTSD symptoms. Methods: A total of 2,332 OEF/OIF Veterans, with equal representation of women and men, completed a series of self-report measures assessing deployment stressors, PTSD symptoms, and physical health symptoms. Results: Results revealed that harassment, but not combat stress, added unique variance in the prediction of pain and nonpain symptoms after accounting for PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: This study extends the existing literature by demonstrating the unique influence of harassment stress on physical health outcomes. Specifically, the relationship between combat stress and physical health symptoms appears to be explained mainly by an individual's experience of PTSD symptoms, whereas the relationship between harassment stress and physical health symptoms is not fully explained by PTSD symptoms, suggesting that other variables may be involved in the pathway from harassment stress to physical health symptoms.","Harassment, Physical health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma, Veteran","Nillni, Y. I., Gradus, J. L., Gutner, C. A., Luciano, M. T., Shipherd, J. C., Street, A. E.",2014.0,,10.1037/hea0000084,0,0,
3979,Physiological Employment Standards III: Physiological challenges and consequences encountered during international military deployments,"Modern international military deployments in austere environments (i.e., Iraq and Afghanistan) place considerable physiological demands on soldiers. Significant physiological challenges exist: maintenance of physical fitness and body composition, rigors of external load carriage, environmental extremes (heat, cold, and altitude), medical illnesses, musculoskeletal injuries, traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress disorder, and environmental exposure hazards (i.e., burn pits, vehicle exhaust, etc.). To date there is very little published research and no comprehensive reviews on the physiological effects of deployments. The purpose of this paper is to overview what is currently known from the literature related mainly to current military conflicts with regard to the challenges and consequences from deployments. Summary findings include: (1) aerobic capacity declines while muscle strength, power and muscular endurance appear to be maintained, (2) load carriage continues to tax the physical capacities of the Soldier, (3) musculoskeletal injuries comprise the highest proportion of all injury categories, (4) environmental insults occur from both terrestrial extremes and pollutant exposure, and (5) post-deployment concerns linger for traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. A full understanding of these responses will assist in identifying the most effective risk mitigation strategies to ensure deployment readiness and to assist in establishment of military employment standards. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA).","Load carriage, Musculoskeletal injury, Physical performance, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Traumatic brain injury","Nindl, B. C., Castellani, J. W., Warr, B. J., Sharp, M. A., Henning, P. C., Spiering, B. A., Scofield, D. E.",2013.0,,10.1007/s00421-013-2591-1,0,0,
3980,Empirical identification of Axis I and Axis II symptom subtypes of sex addiction using latent profile analysis,"Sexual addiction is a disorder characterized by lack of control over sexual urges, pathological relationships and lack of intimacy, mood-altering experiences, and adverse consequences that tend to be disregarded by the person affected. Although not classified as a mental disorder in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR, APA, 2000) this distressful sexual manifestation is increasingly recognized as a clinical and public health problem. Previous studies suggest commonalities with addictive disorders and maladaptive personality traits. The purpose of the current study was to analyze personality configurations of individuals diagnosed as sex addicts and uncover specific subtypes or profiles associated to sexually addictive behaviors. The study used archival data from 222 individuals, mostly males, treated at a residential program for sex addiction. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was utilized to uncover latent classes by using scale scores from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The statistical analyses identified four latent classes for Axis I and five classes for Axis II corresponding to homogeneous subgroups of participants, and determined class membership. Findings were followed up with multivariate and univariate analyses of variances and discriminant analysis to better understand qualitative and quantitative differences among groups. Results revealed significant relationships between class membership and symptoms of Axis I and Axis II disorders measured by other screening tests: the Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised (SAST- R), the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), Post Traumatic Stress Inventory (PTSI), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), as well as severity of sexually addictive behaviors, and specific types of behavioral manifestations of sexual addiction as measured by the Sexual Dependency Inventory (SDI-R). No relations were found with legal consequences of addictive behavior. Some implications for treatment of sexual addiction were also addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Personality Traits, *Sexual Addiction, *Subtypes (Disorders), *Symptoms","Nino de Guzman, Maria Isabel",2013.0,,,0,0,
3981,"Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience of motor vehicle accident survivors","Background: Although some previous studies have suggested that posttraumatic growth (PTG) is comprised of several factors with different properties, few have examined both the association between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and between PTG and resilience, focusing on each of the factors of PTG. This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that some factors of PTG, such as personal strength, relate to resilience, whereas other factors, such as appreciation of life, relate to PTSD symptoms among Japanese motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed with 118 MVA survivors at 18 months post MVA. Data analyzed included self-reporting questionnaire scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Impact of Event Scale- Revised (IES-R), and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, which is one of the most widely used scales for measuring resilience. Correlations between scores on the PTGI and IES-R, the PTGI and SOC scale, and the IES-R and SOC scale were established by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results: PTGI was positively correlated with both SOC and PTSD symptoms, in spite of an inverse relationship between SOC and PTSD symptoms. Relating to others, new possibilities, and personal strength on the PTGI were correlated positively with SOC, and spiritual change and appreciation of life on the PTGI were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Some factors of PTG were positively correlated with resilience, which can be regarded as an outcome of coping success, whereas other factors of PTG were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, which can be regarded as signifying coping effort in the face of enduring distress. These findings contribute to our understanding of the psychological change experienced by MVA survivors, and to raising clinicians' awareness of the possibility that PTG represents both coping effort coexisting with distress and outcome of coping success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Development, *Resilience (Psychological), *Survivors, Posttraumatic Growth","Nishi, Daisuke, Matsuoka, Yutaka, Kim, Yoshiharu",2010.0,,,0,0,
3982,Peritraumatic Distress Inventory as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder after a severe motor vehicle accident,"Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the utility of the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) as a predictor of subsequent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severe motor vehicle accident survivors. Methods: Patients consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit were assessed immediately and 1 month after accidents in this prospective study. The predictive value for post-traumatic stress symptoms at 1 month of the PDI at initial assessment was examined by using multivariate regression analysis. Moreover, the accuracy of the PDI as a predictor of PTSD was determined using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised questionnaire, and PTSD was assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Results: Seventy-nine patients completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised questionnaire, and 64 patients participated in a structured interview. Of 64 patients, 13 met the diagnostic criteria of full or partial PTSD. The PDI was an independent predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms (P = 0.003). The data indicated that a cut-off score of 23 maximized the balance between sensitivity (77%) and specificity (82%) in this study. Compared with negative predictive value (93%), positive predictive value was not high (53%). Conclusion: The study suggests the predictive usefulness of the PDI for subsequent PTSD in accident survivors. Its adequate usage should be further elaborated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Inventories, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics","Nishi, Daisuke, Matsuoka, Yutaka, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Noguchi, Hiroko, Kim, Yoshiharu, Kanba, Shigenobu",2010.0,,,0,0,
3983,Incidence and prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder at 6 months after motor vehicle accidents in Japan,"Background: Incidence proportion of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after motor vehicle accidents (MVA) vary considerably across countries, and whether heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) immediately after MVA predict subsequent PTSD remains controversial. This study examined the incidence proportion of PTSD at 6 months after MVA in Japan, and the predictors of PTSD in MVA survivors. Method: Patients with MVA-related injuries consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Tokyo were recruited. Six months after MVA, PTSD was diagnosed using the Clinician Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS). Results: Of the 300 participants, 106 completed the assessments at 6 months after MVA and PTSD was diagnosed in 7.5% of the patients. Eight of the 300 participants (2.7%) were regarded as having PTSD after imputing their CAPS score at follow-up assessment for participants who dropped out. In multivariate regression analysis, no variables were shown to be independent predictors for PTSD. HR and RR did not predict PTSD in the analysis. Discussion: The results suggested that the incidence proportion of PTSD following MVA in Japan was lower than that in most developed countries, and HR and RR might not be accurate screening tools despite their importance in a fear-conditioning model of the genesis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Japanese Cultural Groups, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Heart Rate, Respiration","Nishi, Daisuke, Noguchi, Hiroko, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Nakajima, Satomi, Kim, Yoshiharu, Matsuoka, Yutaka",2013.0,,,0,0,
3984,The child PTSD symptom scale: An update and replication of its psychometric properties,"The psychometric properties of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) were examined in 2 samples. Sample 1 (N = 185, ages 6-17 years) consisted of children recruited from hospitals after accidental injury, assault, and road traffic trauma, and assessed 6 months posttrauma. Sample 2 (N = 68, ages 6-17 years) comprised treatment-seeking children who had experienced diverse traumas. In both samples psychometric properties were generally good to very good (internal reliability for total CPSS scores =.83 and.90, respectively). The point-biserial correlation of the CPSS with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis derived from structured clinical interview was.51, and children diagnosed with PTSD reported significantly higher symptoms than non-PTSD children. The CPSS demonstrated applicability to be used as a diagnostic measure, demonstrating sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 72%. The performance of the CPSS Symptom Severity Scale to accurately identify PTSD at varying cutoffs is reported in both samples, with a score of 16 or above suggested as a revised cutoff. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Confirmatory factor analysis, Cpss, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Reliable change index, Test-retest reliability","Nixon, R. D. V., Meiser-Stedman, R., Dalgleish, T., Yule, W., Clark, D. M., Perrin, S., Smith, P.",2013.0,,10.1037/a0033324,0,0,
3985,Group-based trajectory analysis applications for prognostic biomarker model development in severe TBI: A practical example,,,"Niyonkuru, C., Wagner, A. K., Ozawa, H., Amin, K., Goyal, A., Fabio, A.",2013.0,2013,,0,0,
3986,Social determinants of mid- to long-term disaster impacts on health: A systematic review,"Disasters cause a wide range of health impacts. Although there remains a need to understand and improve acute disaster management, a stronger understanding of how health is affected in the medium and longer term is also required to inform the design and delivery of measures to manage post-disaster health risks, and to guide actions taken before and during events which will also lead to reduction in health impact. Social determinants exert a powerful influence on different elements of risk, principally vulnerability, exposure and capacity, and thus, on people's health. As disaster health data and research has tended to focus on the short-term health impacts, no systematic assessment of the social determinants of the mid- to long-term health impacts of disasters has been identified. We assessed the chronic health impacts of disasters and explored the potential socioeconomic determinants of health impact through a systematic review. Our findings, based on 28 studies, highlighted that regardless of health outcomes and event types, the influence of disasters on chronic heath persists beyond the initial disaster period, affecting people's health for months to years. Using the World Health Organization's conceptual framework for the social determinants of health, we identified a total of 35 themes across the three conceptual domains (determinants related to the socioeconomic and political context, structural determinants, and intermediate determinants) as potentially influencing disaster impact. Investment to tackle modifiable underlying determinants could aid disaster risk management, improve medium and long-term health outcomes from disasters, and build community resilience. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.","Disaster impact, Long-term impact, Social determinants of health, Systematic review","Nomura, S., Parsons, A. J. Q., Hirabayashi, M., Kinoshita, R., Liao, Y., Hodgson, S.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.01.013,0,0,
3987,Relationship of Trauma Symptoms to Amygdala-Based Functional Brain Changes in Adolescents,"In this pilot study, amygdala connectivity related to trauma symptoms was explored using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) in 23 healthy adolescents ages 13-17 years with no psychiatric diagnoses. Adolescents completed a self-report trauma symptom checklist and a R-fMRI scan. We examined the relationship of trauma symptoms to resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala. Increasing self-report of trauma symptoms by adolescents was associated with increasing functional connectivity with the right amygdala and a local limbic cluster and decreasing functional connectivity with the amygdala and a long-range frontoparietal cluster to the left amygdala, which can be a hallmark of immaturity. These pilot findings in adolescents provide preliminary evidence that even mild trauma symptoms can be linked to the configuration of brain networks associated with the amygdala. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Nooner, K. B., Mennes, M., Brown, S., Castellanos, F. X., Leventhal, B., Milham, M. P., Colcombe, S. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3988,Acute stress disorder screening in community oncology practice,"Background: Cancer patients experience psychological symptoms attendant to their diagnosis and treatment. Severe associated symptoms may be diagnostic of acute stress disorder (ASD). Interview and self-reporting tools have been validated to screen for ASD in oncology populations. The prevalence of symptoms and patients' willingness to report ASD symptoms is unknown. Methods: Participants were from a general oncology practice with no selection as to malignancy, therapy, or demographics. An ASD self-reporting screening tool modeled after Bryant was used, with additional questions regarding the patient's understanding, self perception of needs, and willingness to share results with their physician. Patients diagnosed, or receiving first chemotherapy, within 30 days were eligible. RN staff reviewed the consent and questionaire. Participating patients completed the questionaire and scoring of symptom severity. Results were compiled for 1) positive screening question for stress, 2) dissociative cluster (SDC) score, and 3) re-experience, avoidance, arousal cluster (REAAC) score. No specific intervention was prescribed. Results were shared with the treating physician if the patient agreed. Results: 100 patients consented. 96 completed the survey. 20.8% had diagnostic criteria for ASD, 29.3% had SDC and REAAC symptom complexes compatible with ASD, and 51% had REAAC scores consistent with ASD. 64% of patients with ASD criteria or symptomatic criteria but negative screening question requested that the results not be shared with their physician. Eleven nurses assisted patients' participation. Five medical oncologists cared for patients on study. All had patients who agreed and declined sharing results. Conclusions: The prevalence of ASD symptoms in this population is consistent with the rates reported in a more homogenous oncology population, and represents a major supportive care issue. Many patients have significant symptoms that do not fulfill diagnostic criteria for ASD. A substantial portion of symptomatic patients surveyed in this study with this questionnaire did not want to share their symptoms with treating physicians. Screening and multiple means of assessment may be warranted for all new oncology patients.","oncology, screening, society, acute stress disorder, community, patient, heart atrium septum defect, physician, diagnosis, population, prevalence, nurse, interview, self concept, therapy, arousal, chemotherapy, questionnaire, cancer patient","Nora, R. E., Burton, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3989,Two Sides of the Same Coin: Cannabis Dependence and Mental Health Problems in Help-Seeking Adolescent and Young Adult Outpatients,"The aim of the current study was to delineate the psychiatric profile of cannabis dependent young people (14-29 years old) with mental health problems (N = 36) seeking treatment via a research study. To do so, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Childhood Diagnoses were used to obtain DSM-IV diagnoses, while a modified Timeline Followback interview and self-reports were used to measure cannabis use, cannabis-related problems, and impairment. Most individuals had at least two Axis I disorders in addition to cannabis dependence. Anxiety disorders were common, with posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, and generalised anxiety disorder accounting for the majority of these diagnoses. On average, young people reported a moderate degree of dependence and functional impairment, and a substantial number of cannabis-related problems. Although both males and females reported using similar quantities of cannabis per month, females reported using cannabis more frequently than males. The current data suggest that young people who present for cannabis use treatment in the context of a mental health issue may have a variety of psychiatric problems that need addressed and that males and females may have slightly different profiles. If cannabis use treatments are to advance for this population, more attention needs to be paid to the complex issues that young people present to treatment with. © 2012 The Author(s).","Anxiety, Cannabis dependence, Cannabis use, Comorbidity, Mood disorders, Young people","Norberg, M. M., Battisti, R. A., Copeland, J., Hermens, D. F., Hickie, I. B.",2012.0,,,0,0,
3990,Buprenorphine in the treatment of non-suicidal self-injury: A case series and discussion of the literature,"A global public health problem, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent in both males and females, and tends to first occur in adolescence. NSSI is correlated with a history of childhood trauma, and with a variety of developmental and psychiatric disorders. NSSI is associated with increased risk of morbidity and premature death from suicide, accidents, and natural causes. Current treatment approaches are inadequate for a substantial number of people. Converging evidence for opioid system dysregulation in individuals with NSSI make this a promising area of investigation for more effective treatments. The pharmacological profile of buprenorphine, a potent μ-opioid partial agonist and ?-opioid antagonist, suggests that it may be beneficial. In this paper, we describe the successful treatment of severe NSSI with buprenorphine in six individuals, followed by discussion and further recommendations.","Buprenorphine, Developmental disorders, Nonsuicidal self-injury, Opioid system, Psychiatric disorders","Norelli, L. J., Smith, H. S., Sher, L., Blackwood, T. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
3991,Profiling posttraumatic functional impairment,"Many individuals who have been exposed to psychological trauma suffer from impaired functioning, regardless of whether they have PTSD. Our purpose was to identify a subset of PTSD symptoms linked to functional impairment to a) improve the likelihood that individuals with posttraumatic impairment receive treatment, and b) offer a method to assess cost-burden of trauma history in epidemiological studies. We examined patterns of trauma-related symptoms in two independent community surveys (N=1002 and 630). Rank ordering of symptoms and their associations with impairment guided construction of an impairment-related profile in the first data set. The profile was then tested in the second data set. The derived symptom profile, consisting of intense recollections and/or emotional symptoms upon exposure to reminders, plus one or more of numbing/detachment, avoidance, sleep problems, concentration problems, or hypervigilance, detected the majority (88% and 74%) of persons with posttraumatic functional impairment. The symptom profile can help identify traumatized individuals who may benefit from treatment but do not necessarily meet criteria for PTSD.","Adaptation, Psychological, Data Collection, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Humans, *Life Change Events, Logistic Models, Memory, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Recurrence, Sleep Disorders/diagnosis/psychology, Social Adjustment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/psychology","Norman, S. B., Stein, M. B., Davidson, J. R.",2007.0,Jan,10.1097/01.nmd.0000252135.25114.02,0,0,
3992,Profiling posttraumatic functional impairment,"Many individuals who have been exposed to psychological trauma suffer from impaired functioning, regardless of whether they have PTSD. Our purpose was to identify a subset of PTSD symptoms linked to functional impairment to a) improve the likelihood that individuals with posttraumatic impairment receive treatment, and b) offer a method to assess cost-burden of trauma history in epidemiological studies. We examined patterns of trauma-related symptoms in two independent community surveys (N = 1002 and 630). Rank ordering of symptoms and their associations with impairment guided construction of an impairment-related profile in the first data set. The profile was then tested in the second data set. The derived symptom profile, consisting of intense recollections and/or emotional symptoms upon exposure to reminders, plus one or more of numbing/detachment, avoidance, sleep problems, concentration problems, or hypervigilance, detected the majority (88% and 74%) of persons with posttraumatic functional impairment. The symptom profile can help identify traumatized individuals who may benefit from treatment but do not necessarily meet criteria for PTSD. (copyright) 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","alertness, article, avoidance behavior, community, controlled study, cost, data analysis, emotional disorder, functional disease, health survey, history, human, identity, major clinical study, mental concentration, methodology, nervous system injury, occupational exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disorder, statistical model","Norman, S. B., Stein, M. B., Davidson, J. R. T.",2007.0,,,0,0,3991
3993,Pain in the aftermath of trauma is a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Identifying risk factors for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is important for understanding and ultimately preventing the disorder. This study assessed pain shortly after traumatic injury (i.e. peritraumatic pain) as a risk factor for PTSD. Method: Participants (n = 115) were patients admitted to a Level 1 Surgical Trauma Center. Admission to this service reflected a severe physical injury requiring specialized, emergent trauma care. Participants completed a pain questionnaire within 48 h of traumatic injury and a PTSD diagnostic module 4 and 8 months later. Results: Peritraumatic pain was associated with an increased risk of PTSD, even after controlling for a number of other significant risk factors other than acute stress disorder symptoms. An increase of 0.5 s.d. from the mean in a 0-10 pain rating scale 24-48 h after injury was associated with an increased odds of PTSD at 4 months by more than fivefold, and at 8 months by almost sevenfold. A single item regarding amount of pain at the time of hospital admission correctly classified 65% of participants. Conclusions: If these findings are replicated in other samples, high levels of peritraumatic pain could be used to identify individuals at elevated risk for PTSD following traumatic injury. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, Injuries","Norman, S. B., Stein, M. B., Dimsdale, J. E., Hoyt, D. B.",2008.0,,,0,0,
3994,Posttraumatic stress disorder's role in integrated substance dependence and depression treatment outcomes,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with depression and substance use disorder (SUD). This study investigates the impact of PTSD diagnosis on treatment outcomes of 178 veterans treated for depression and SUD, with Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) or 12-Step Facilitation Therapy (TSF). Percentage days abstinent (PDA) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale total score (HDRS total) trajectories were created. PDA was similar through initial follow-up; however, by 18 months, ICBT participants without PTSD had better PDA (M = 91%) than those without PTSD in TSF (M = 76%) and those with PTSD in either group (M = 75%-77%). Across time, participants with PTSD had higher depression levels than those without PTSD but benefited similarly from treatment (main effect, p < .004). Both conditions demonstrated reductions in average HDRS at 18 months (M = 17%-29%). Findings highlight the need to assess for PTSD and to investigate how to treat concomitant SUD, depression, and PTSD. (copyright) 2010.","abstinence, adult, alcoholism, article, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, drug dependence, female, follow up, Hamilton scale, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, treatment outcome, treatment response, veteran","Norman, S. B., Tate, S. R., Wilkins, K. C., Cummins, K., Brown, S. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
3995,Role of risk factors proximate to time of trauma in the course of PTSD and MDD symptoms following traumatic injury,"Questions exist regarding whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are unique sequelae of trauma or a manifestation of a single form of psychopathology. Using latent growth modeling, we examined the role of risk factors occurring within 48 hours of the time of trauma on the course of PTSD and MDD symptoms over an 8-month period in 163 participants recruited from a level 1 surgical trauma center. Both PTSD and MDD symptoms showed peak prevalence by 1 month and significantly decreased over 7 months. Greater postinjury pain and PTSD symptoms (measured within 48 hours of trauma) predicted higher rates of both PTSD and MDD symptoms at 1 month. Other predictors were unique to each disorder. Results suggest that PTSD and MDD are related consequences of trauma. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Norman, S. B., Trim, R. S., Goldsmith, A. A., Dimsdale, J. E., Hoyt, D. B., Norman, G. J., Stein, M. B.",2011.0,,,0,1,
3996,Tailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters,"According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by three major symptom clusters following an event that elicited fear, helplessness, or horror. This review will examine each symptom cluster of PTSD separately, giving case study examples of patients who exhibit a preponderance of a given symptom domain. We use a translational approach in describing the underlying neurobiology that is relevant to particular symptoms and treatment options, thus showing how clinical practice can benefit from current research. By focusing on symptom clusters, we provide a more specific view of individual patient's clinical presentations, in order to better address treatment needs. Finally, the review will also address potential genetic approaches to treatment as another form of individualized treatment.","exposure therapy, pharmacogenetics, pharmacotherapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychophysiology, symptom clusters","Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T.",2010.0,,10.2147/ndt.s10951,0,0,
3997,Translational fear inhibition models as indices of trauma-related psychopathology,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition that arises from exposure to a traumatic event such as combat exposure, a vehicular accident, or an act of violence. The symptom clusters of PTSD include hyperarousal and re-experiencing of the traumatic event when exposed to trauma reminders, as well as avoidance of such reminders. The fear-and anxiety-related symptoms of PTSD can be conceptualized, and subsequently modeled, as the result of fear conditioning such that the traumatic event serves as an unconditioned stimulus and the environmental cues present at the time of the trauma serve as conditioned stimuli that can ultimately elicit conditioned fear responses (i.e., clinical symptoms) long after the trauma has occurred. Many of the most successful treatments for anxiety disorders such as PTSD are based on the principles of fear extinction in which the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus, without noxious consequences, reduces the frequency and intensity of a conditioned response. In the current review, we discuss the most widely employed psychophysiological protocols that have been used to study fear processing in human populations, both psychiatrically healthy and with PTSD. Special emphasis is placed on how translational clinical research can inform clinical practices and vice versa. © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers.","Anxiety, Fear, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychophysiology, Translation, Treatment outcome","Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
3998,Conditioned fear extinction and reinstatement in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm,,,"Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Vervliet, B., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., Rothbaum, B. O., Duncan, E. J.",2006.0,,10.1101/lm.393906,0,0,
3999,Assessing reliability and validity of the Arabic language version of the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) symptom items,"Arab immigrant women are vulnerable to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because of gender, higher probability of being exposed to war-related violence, traditional cultural values, and immigration stressors. A valid and reliable screen is needed to assess PTSD incidence in this population. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of an Arabic language version of the symptom items in Foa et al.'s [Foa, E.B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., and Perry, K. 1997. The validation of a self report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment 9(4), 445-451]. Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) in a sample of Arab immigrant women (n = 453). Reliability was supported by Cronbach's alpha values for the Arabic language version (0.93) and its subscales (0.77-0.91). Results of group comparisons supported validity: Women who had lived in a refugee camp or emigrated from Iraq - a country where exposure to war and torture is common - were exhibiting depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) score above 18), or reported moderately to severely impaired functioning had significantly higher mean PDS total and symptom subscale scores than women who had not had these experiences or were not exhibiting depressive symptoms. Scores on the PDS and its subscales were also positively correlated with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) depression and anxiety subscales and negatively correlated with the POMS vigor subscale (r = - .29 to- .39). (copyright) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, anxiety, Arab, article, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, cultural factor, depression, disease severity, environmental exposure, female, gender, human, immigrant, immigration, incidence, language, major clinical study, Post traumatic Diagnostic Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, Profile of Mood States, rating scale, reliability, scoring system, self report, stress, symptomatology, torture, validation process, validity, violence, war","Norris, A. E., Aroian, K. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4000,Community resilience and the principles of mass trauma intervention,,,"Norris, F., Stevens, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4001,Disaster research methods: Past progress and future directions,"Published results for 225 disaster studies were coded on methodological variables, severity of effects, and event year. Methods varied greatly, but cross-sectional, after-only designs, convenience sampling, and small samples were modal. Samples that were assessed before the disaster, selected for reasons of convenience, or were large tended to show less severe effects than other samples. Developing countries were underrepresented overall, but not in recent years. Certain desirable study characteristics (longitudinal designs, representative samples) have been decreasing in prevalence over time, whereas others (early first assessment) have been increasing. Innovations such as latent trajectory modeling or hierarchical linear modeling might advance the field's ability to capture the complexity of disasters, but the field still needs to attend to the fundamentals of sound epidemiologic research. © 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Norris, F. H.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4002,"60,000 Disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research","On the basis of the literature reviewed in Part I of this two-part series (Norris, Friedman, Watson, Byrne, Diaz, and Kaniasty, this volume), the authors recommend early intervention following disasters, especially when the disaster is associated with extreme and widespread damage to property, ongoing financial problems for the stricken community, violence that resulted from human intent, and a high prevalence of trauma in the form of injuries, threat to life, and loss of life. Meeting the mental health needs of children, women, and survivors in developing countries is particularly critical. The family context is central to understanding and meeting those needs. Because of the complexity of disasters and responses to them, interagency cooperation and coordination are extremely important elements of the mental health response. Altogether, the research demands that we think ecologically and design and test societal- and community-level interventions for the population at large and conserve scarce clinical resources for those most in need.",,"Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J.",2002.0,,10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169,0,0,
4003,"60,000 Disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001","Results for 160 samples of disaster victims were coded as to sample type, disaster type, disaster location, outcomes and risk factors observed, and overall severity of impairment. In order of frequency, outcomes included specific psychological problems, nonspecific distress, health problems, chronic problems in living, resource loss, and problems specific to youth. Regression analyses showed that samples were more likely to be impaired if they were composed of youth rather than adults, were from developing rather than developed countries, or experienced mass violence (e.g., terrorism, shooting sprees) rather than natural or technological disasters. Most samples of rescue and recovery workers showed remarkable resilience. Within adult samples, more severe exposure, female gender, middle age, ethnic minority status, secondary stressors, prior psychiatric problems, and weak or deteriorating psychosocial resources most consistently increased the likelihood of adverse outcomes. Among youth, family factors were primary. Implications of the research for clinical practice and community intervention are discussed in a companion article (Norris, Friedman, and Watson, this volume).",,"Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., Kaniasty, K.",2002.0,,10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173,0,0,
4004,Standardized self-report measures of civilian trauma and PTSD,,,"Norris, F. H., Hamblen, J. L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4005,"Severity, timing, and duration of reactions to trauma in the population: an example from Mexico","Normative data describing acute reactions to trauma are few. Of 2509 Mexican adults interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 1241 met trauma exposure criteria for index events occurring more than 1 year previously. The modal response, describing 45%, was a reaction to trauma that was mild (present but below levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom criteria), immediate (within the first month), and transient (over within a year). Nonetheless, 29% experienced immediate and serious reactions. Of these, 44% had chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Those whose reactions were serious and chronic differed in many ways from those whose reactions were serious but transient. They had more traumatic events during their lives, and their index events were more likely to have occurred in childhood and to have involved violence. They had more symptoms and functional impairment after the trauma and higher levels of depressive and somatic symptoms when data were collected. Psychiatrically significant reactions to trauma persist often enough to justify their detection and treatment. Persons in need of acute intervention can be identified on the basis of the nature and severity of the initial response as well as characteristics of the stressor.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Mexico/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Sampling Studies, *Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, Time Factors","Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., Perilla, J. L.",2003.0,May 1,,0,0,
4006,Postdisaster PTSD over four waves of a panel study of Mexico's 1999 flood,,,"Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., Perilla, J. L.",2004.0,,10.1023/B:JOTS.0000038476.87634.9b,0,0,
4007,Epidemiology of Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mexico,"Prevalence rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were estimated from a probability sample of 2,509 adults from 4 cities in Mexico. PTSD was assessed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; WHO, 1997). Lifetime prevalence of exposure and PTSD were 76% and 11.2%, respectively. Risk for PTSD was highest in Oaxaca (the poorest city), persons of lower socioeconomic status, and women. Conditional risk for PTSD was highest following sexual violence, but nonsexual violence and traumatic bereavement had greater overall impact because of their frequency. Of lifetime cases, 62% became chronic; only 42% received medical or professional care. The research demonstrates the importance of expanding the epidemiologic research base on trauma to include developing countries around the world.",,"Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., Perilla, J. L., Gutiérrez Rodriguez, F., Gutiérrez Rodriguez, J. D. J.",2003.0,,10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.646,0,0,
4008,Prior experience as a moderator of disaster impact on anxiety symptoms in older adults,,,"Norris, F. H., Murrell, S. A.",1988.0,,10.1007/BF00930020,0,0,
4009,Prevalence and Consequences of Disaster-Related Illness and Injury From Hurricane Ike,"Objective: To explore the extent to which disasters may be a source of injury and disability in community populations, we examined the prevalence and short-term consequences of disaster-related illness and injury for distress, disability, and perceived needs for care. Design: A random population survey was conducted 2-6 months after Hurricane Ike struck Galveston Bay on September 13, 2008. Participants: The sample was composed of 658 adults representative of Galveston and Chambers Counties, Texas. Results: The prevalences of personal injury (4%) and household illness (16%) indicated that approximately 7,700 adults in the two-county area were injured, and another 31,500 adults experienced household-level illness. Risk for injury/illness increased with area damage and decreased with evacuation. In bivariate tests, injury or illness or both were related to all outcome measures. In multivariate analyses that controlled for co-occurring stressors representing trauma, loss, adversities, and community effects, injury or illness or both were associated with global stress, posttraumatic stress, dysfunction, days of disability, and perceived needs for care, but not with depression or anxiety. Conclusions: The associations of injury with distress and disability suggest that community programs should reach out to injured persons for early mental health and functional assessments and, where indicated, intervene in ways that reduce further disability and need for complex rehabilitative services. The results also point to the potential effectiveness of evacuation incentives with regard to the prevention of disaster-related injury and disability. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Disaster, Hurricane Ike, Injury, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Norris, F. H., Sherrieb, K., Galea, S.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0020195,0,0,
4010,Community resilience and the principles of mass trauma intervention,,,"Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P.",2007.0,,10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.320,0,0,4000
4011,"Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness","Communities have the potential to function effectively and adapt successfully in the aftermath of disasters. Drawing upon literatures in several disciplines, we present a theory of resilience that encompasses contemporary understandings of stress, adaptation, wellness, and resource dynamics. Community resilience is a process linking a network of adaptive capacities (resources with dynamic attributes) to adaptation after a disturbance or adversity. Community adaptation is manifest in population wellness, defined as high and non-disparate levels of mental and behavioral health, functioning, and quality of life. Community resilience emerges from four primary sets of adaptive capacities-Economic Development, Social Capital, Information and Communication, and Community Competence-that together provide a strategy for disaster readiness. To build collective resilience, communities must reduce risk and resource inequities, engage local people in mitigation, create organizational linkages, boost and protect social supports, and plan for not having a plan, which requires flexibility, decision-making skills, and trusted sources of information that function in the face of unknowns. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Community resilience, Disaster, Preparedness, Resilience","Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., Pfefferbaum, R. L.",2008.0,,10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6,0,0,
4012,Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress,"Taking advantage of two large, population-based, and longitudinal datasets collected after the 1999 floods in Mexico (n = 561) and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York (n = 1267), we examined the notion that resilience may be best understood and measured as one member of a set of trajectories that may follow exposure to trauma or severe stress. We hypothesized that resistance, resilience, recovery, relapsing/remitting, delayed dysfunction, and chronic dysfunction trajectories were all possible in the aftermath of major disasters. Semi-parametric group-based modeling yielded the strongest evidence for resistance (no or mild and stable symptoms), resilience (initially moderate or severe symptoms followed by a sharp decrease), recovery (initially moderate or severe symptoms followed by a gradual decrease), and chronic dysfunction (moderate or severe and stable symptoms), as these trajectories were prevalent in both samples. Neither Mexico nor New York showed a relapsing/remitting trajectory, and only New York showed a delayed dysfunction trajectory. Understanding patterns of psychological distress over time may present opportunities for interventions that aim to increase resilience, and decrease more adverse trajectories, after mass traumatic events. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, article, controlled study, disease severity, distress syndrome, female, flooding, health survey, human, life event, life stress, longitudinal study, male, Mexico, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, terrorism, United States","Norris, F. H., Tracy, M., Galea, S.",2009.0,,,1,1,
4013,Chronic stress as a mediator of acute stress: The case of Hurricane Hugo,,,"Norris, F. H., Uhl, G. A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4014,"PTSD in Vietnamese Americans following Hurricane Katrina: Prevalence, patterns, and predictors","One year after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, we assessed 82 adults from a population-based sample of the Vietnamese American community who had participated in a larger study of immigration weeks before the disaster. Although 21% met criteria for partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), only 5% of the sample met all PTSD criteria. Avoidance/numbing symptoms did not form a coherent cluster and were seldom confirmed, but intrusion, arousal, and interference were common. Severity of exposure to the floodwaters, property loss, and subjective trauma were independently related to PTSD symptoms. Symptoms were highest among participants who were low in acculturation or who had high Katrina exposure in combination with prolonged stays in transition camps during emigration. (copyright) 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, article, Asian American, cultural factor, disaster, disease severity, female, flooding, human, hurricane, immigration, major clinical study, male, population risk, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, prevalence, symptom, United States","Norris, F. H., VanLandingham, M. J., Vu, L.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4015,A qualitative analysis of posttraumatic stress among Mexican victims of disaster,"In unstructured interviews, 24 Mexicans described survivors' responses to disasters in Guadalajara, Jalisco (n = 9), Homestead, Florida (n = 6), and Puerto Angel, Oaxaca (n = 9). This analysis assessed the extent to which symptom descriptions corresponded to the 17 criterion symptoms of PTSD. Nineteen participants (79%) mentioned from 1 to 9 criterion symptoms. Event-related distress, hypervigilance, recurrent recollections, and avoiding reminders were described most often. Only 3 criterion symptoms were never described. Twenty participants (83%) provided 109 separate expressions that could not be classified specifically as criterion symptoms. These phrases were sorted by 9 independent Mexican volunteers and cluster analyzed. Clusters composed of ataques de nervios, depression, lasting trauma, and somatic complaints provided the best description of the data.","alertness, article, clinical article, comorbidity, controlled study, cultural factor, depression, disaster, disease association, distress syndrome, female, human, male, Mexico, nervousness, posttraumatic stress disorder, recurrent disease, somatization, survival, victim","Norris, F. H., Weisshaar, D. L., Conrad, M. L., Diaz, E. M., Murphy, A. D., Ibanez, G. E.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4016,A qualitative analysis of posttraumatic stress among Mexican victims of disaster,"In unstructured interviews, 24 Mexicans described survivors' responses to disasters in Guadalajara, Jalisco (n = 9), Homestead, Florida (n = 6), and Puerto Angel, Oaxaca (n = 9). This analysis assessed the extent to which symptom descriptions corresponded to the 17 criterion symptoms of PTSD. Nineteen participants (79%) mentioned from 1 to 9 criterion symptoms. Event-related distress, hypervigilance, recurrent recollections, and avoiding reminders were described most often. Only 3 criterion symptoms were never described. Twenty participants (83%) provided 109 separate expressions that could not be classified specifically as criterion symptoms. These phrases were sorted by 9 independent Mexican volunteers and cluster analyzed. Clusters composed of ataques de nervios, depression, lasting trauma, and somatic complaints provided the best description of the data.","Cross-cultural research, Disaster, PTSD, Qualitative research","Norris, F. H., Weisshaar, D. L., Conrad, M. L., Diaz, E. M., Murphy, A. D., Ibañez, G. E.",2001.0,,,0,0,4015
4017,A qualitative analysis of posttraumatic stress among Mexican victims of disaster,"In unstructured interviews, 24 Mexicans described survivors' responses to disasters in Guadalajara, Jalisco (n = 9), Homestead, Florida (n = 6), and Puerto Angel, Oaxaca (n = 9). This analysis assessed the extent to which symptom descriptions corresponded to the 17 criterion symptoms of PTSD. Nineteen participants (79%) mentioned from 1 to 9 criterion symptoms. Event-related distress, hypervigilance, recurrent recollections, and avoiding reminders were described most often. Only 3 criterion symptoms were never described. Twenty participants (83%) provided 109 separate expressions that could not be classified specifically as criterion symptoms. These phrases were sorted by 9 independent Mexican volunteers and cluster analyzed. Clusters composed of ataques de nervios, depression, lasting trauma, and somatic complaints provided the best description of the data.","Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, *Disasters, Female, Florida/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Mexico/epidemiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*psychology, Survivors/*psychology","Norris, F. H., Weisshaar, D. L., Conrad, M. L., Diaz, E. M., Murphy, A. D., Lbanez, G. E.",2001.0,Oct,10.1023/a:1013042222084,0,0,4015
4018,Physical health symptoms in peacekeepers: Has the role of deployment stress been overrated?,"Using a prospective design, physical health symptoms were examined in a sample of 198 peacekeepers. At pre-deployment, general life stressors and pre-deployment stress symptoms were significant predictors of physical health symptoms. At post-deployment, physical health symptoms were predicted by pre-existing physical health symptoms and stress symptoms reported before and after the mission; mission-related stressors were not associated with physical health symptoms. In addition, stress symptoms mediated the relationship between exposure and physical symptoms. Finally, the hyperarousal symptom cluster was a better predictor of physical health complaints than the other symptom clusters. Implications and limitations are discussed.","Peacekeeping, Physical symptoms, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress","Norris, R. L., Maguen, S., Litz, B. T., Adler, A. B., Britt, T. W.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4019,A focus group study of the impact of trauma exposure in the 9/11 terrorist attacks,"Purpose: Much of the mental health research that has emerged from the September 11 (9/11) attacks has been focused on posttraumatic stress disorder and its symptoms. To better understand the broader experience of individuals following a disaster, focus groups were conducted with individuals from affected companies both at Ground Zero and elsewhere in New York City. Methods: Twenty-one focus groups with a total of 140 participants were conducted in the second post-9/11 year. Areas of identified concern were coded into the following themes: Disaster Experience, Emotional Responses, Workplace Issues, Coping, and Issues of Public Concern. Results: Discussions of focus groups included material represented in all five themes in companies both at Ground Zero and elsewhere. The emphasis and the content within these themes varied between the Ground Zero and other companies. Content suggesting symptoms of PTSD represented only a minority of the material, especially in the company groups not at Ground Zero. Conclusions: This study’s findings revealed an array of psychosocial concerns following the 9/11 attacks among employees of companies in New York City that extended far beyond PTSD. This study’s results provide further evidence that trauma exposure is central to individuals’ post-disaster experience and focus, and to individuals’ adjustment and experience after disaster. © 2014, Springer-Verlag (outside the USA).","Disaster, Focus groups, Mental health, Psychosocial concerns, September 11 terrorist attacks, Trauma exposure","North, C. S., Barney, C. J., Pollio, D. E.",2015.0,,10.1007/s00127-014-0970-5,0,0,
4020,Distinguishing distress and psychopathology among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley firestorm,"Disaster mental health research has historically focused on assessment of psychopathology, using measures of psychiatric symptoms and disorders. The Oakland/Berkeley firestorm provided an opportunity to explore resilience among highly exposed survivors through consideration of psychiatric variables in the context of personality. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement was administered to 62 firestorm survivors at approximately 4, 16, and 39 months and the Temperament and Character Inventory administered at 16 months postdisaster. Few individuals had postdisaster psychopathology (16% with any diagnosis, 5%with PTSD). There was considerable evidence of distress, however, indicated by an abundance of reported posttraumatic symptoms, functional impairments, and endorsement of emotional upset, all of which decreased substantially over time. Group C (avoidance/numbing) posttraumatic symptoms were relatively uncommon and were specifically associated with elevated Self-Transcendence. Groups B (intrusion) and D (hyperarousal) symptoms were prevalent and were associated with high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness. The generally healthy personality profiles of these firestorm survivors reflected their psychological resilience. Examination of symptoms and distress in the context of psychiatric disorders after this disaster demonstrated that symptomatic distress is not inconsistent with psychological resilience. The choice of research focus and methods can provide very different portraits of outcomes post-disaster.",,"North, C. S., Hong, B. A., Suris, A., Spitznagel, E. L.",2008.0,,,0,1,
4021,"The course of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse, and somatization after a natural disaster",,,"North, C. S., Kawasaki, A., Spitznagel, E. L., Hong, B. A.",2004.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000146911.52616.22,0,0,
4022,Examining a comprehensive model of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder in systematically studied survivors of 10 disasters,"Objectives. Using a comprehensive disaster model, we examined predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combined data from 10 different disasters. Methods. The combined sample included data from 811 directly exposed survivors of 10 disasters between 1987 and 1995. We used consistent methods across all 10 disaster samples, including full diagnostic assessment. Results. In multivariate analyses, predictors of PTSD were female gender, younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, less education, ever-married status, predisaster psychopathology, disaster injury, and witnessing injury or death; exposure through death or injury to friends or family members and witnessing the disaster aftermath did not confer additional PTSD risk. Intentionally caused disasters associated with PTSD in bivariate analysis did not independently predict PTSD in multivariate analysis. Avoidance and numbing symptoms represented a PTSD marker. Conclusions. Despite confirming some previous research findings, we found no associations between PTSD and disaster typology. Prospective research is needed to determine whether early avoidance and numbing symptoms identify individuals likely to develop PTSD later. Our findings may help identify at-risk populations for treatment research.",,"North, C. S., Oliver, J., Pandya, A.",2012.0,,,0,1,
4023,Psychosocial adjustment of directly exposed survivors 7 years after the Oklahoma City bombing,,,"North, C. S., Pfefferbaum, B., Kawasaki, A., Lee, S., Spitznagel, E. L.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.003,0,0,
4024,"Original research: Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among employees of New York City companies affected by the september 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center",,,"North, C. S., Pollio, D. E., Smith, R. P., King, R. V., Pandya, A., Suri, A. M., Hong, B. A., Dean, D. J., Wallace, N. E., Herman, D. B., Conover, S., Susser, E., Pfefferbaum, B.",2011.0,,10.1001/dmp.2011.50,0,0,
4025,A prospective study of coping after exposure to a mass murder episode,"In a study of 136 survivors of a mass murder spree, multidimensional scaling identified clusters of responses mapping from 75 coping behaviors described by victims. This powerful method identified three coping dimensions: (a) Active Outreach versus Passive Isolation, (b) Informed Pragmatism versus Abandonment of Control, and (c) Reconciliation/Acceptance versus Evading the Status Quo. These coping dimensions were used to predict change in psychiatric status prospectively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews at index 3-4 months after the event and follow-up assessments 1 and 3 years later. Statistically significant changes in the positive direction on each of the three dimensions in this study were associated with reductions of 47-79% of the odds for acute postdisaster major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and any non-PTSD disorder. These findings suggest mechanisms for development of therapeutic techniques capitalizing on encouraging active outreach, informed focus and pragmatism, and reconciliation and acceptance, and reduction of passive and isolative behaviors, resignation of control, and avoidance of realities of the postdisaster situation.","Coping, Disaster, Multidimensional scaling, Posttraumatic stress, Psychiatric disorder, Traumatic events","North, C. S., Spitznagel, E. L., Smith, E. M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4026,Post-traumatic stress disorder in partners of people with epilepsy,"Aims: The objectives of the present study were to examine whether living with an individual who suffered from epilepsy was a potentially traumatizing event and to identify predictive risk factors in developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Six hundred fourteen respondents completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Crisis Support Scale, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. In addition, demographic variables were included in order to identify factors that might predict PTSD. Results: The percentage of the participants that fulfilled the symptom criteria of PTSD was 7.7%, and an additional 43.9% reported a subclinical level of PTSD. Clinical and subclinical anxiety was unveiled in 9.3% of the respondents. Conclusion: Partners were at risk of PTSD when living with a patient with epilepsy. Identified variables that explained PTSD were frequency and types of seizures medication, side effects, and objective and subjective epilepsy severity, anxiety, and depression. High level of social support decreased the level of traumatic stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epilepsy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Social Support","Norup, Ditte Aagaard, Elklit, Ask",2013.0,,,0,0,
4027,Emotional and coping responses to serial killings: The Gainesville murders,"Forensic experts have focused more on the psychological profile of a serial killer rather than on the pronounced effects on the community at large. Coping with a stressful event is thought to influence emotional states. However, little empirical understanding of this process exists. The present study examined changes in psychological factors 9 days after the occurrence of serial killings in a college community. Multivariate analyses of variance conducted on the variables of stress, anxiety, physical symptoms, and depression revealed a significant difference between the group tested after the murders and a cross-sectional cohort group. Univariate analyses revealed that the study class was significantly more depressed compared with the cohort group. The study class was also significantly more depressed compared with their own responses 1 year before the killings. For both classes, depression was significantly correlated with certain coping styles, including escape-avoidance and accept responsibility. Results have implications for certain coping behaviors (i.e., avoidant behaviors), such as that leaving the community may have been maladaptive and perhaps diverted attention from the more necessary active problem-solving behaviors (e.g., increasing security) in addition to increasing depression.",,"Norvell, N. K., Cornell, C. E., Limacher, M. C.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4028,Recent developments in potential anxiolytic agents targeting GABA A/BzR complex or the translocator protein (18kDa) (TSPO),"Anxiety disorders are frequent and disabling disorders. For short-term treatment, benzodiazepines are useful due to their rapid onset of anxiolytic action. However, these compounds have sedative properties and may induce tolerance, abuse liability and withdrawal symptoms. First-line choices for the long-term treatment are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. The major disadvantage of these compounds is their delayed onset of action. It is obvious that there is a need for novel pharmacological approaches that combine a rapid anxiolytic efficacy with the lack of tolerance induction, abuse liability and withdrawal symptoms. A very important target for the development of such compounds is the γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) A receptor. Subtype specific benzodiazepines are being developed, but also phytotherapeutic agents experience a renaissance as GABA A receptor modulators. On the other hand, GABA related compounds, e.g. tiagabine, did not show pronounced anxiolytic efficacy. Neuroactive steroids such as allopregnanolone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) are potent modulators of GABA A receptors. To date synthetic neuroactive steroids could not be established in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Regarding endogenous neurosteroidogenesis, recently the translocator protein (18kDa) (TSPO) has been identified as a potential novel target. TSPO is supposed to play an important role for the synthesis of neuroactive steroids. TSPO ligands may promote the synthesis of neuroactive steroids via induction of cholesterol translocation to the inner mitochondrial membrane. First clinical studies revealed promising results. In this review, we discuss putative compounds affecting the GABAergic system which may provide the basis for fast acting anxiolytics with a favorable side effect profile. © 2012 Bentham Science Publishers.","Anxiety disorder, Anxiolytic, Benzodiazepines, GABA A, Neuroactive steroids, Receptor, Subtype specific, TSPO","Nothdurfter, C., Rupprecht, R., Rammes, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4029,The efficacy of the MMPI-A in bullying forensic cases: Malingering and psychological injury,"The efficacy of forensic evaluation of the psychological injury based on the MMPI-2 and a clinical interview has been continuously supported by literature. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of the efficacy of the MMPI for adolescents (MMPI-A) for bullying cases. To contrast the efficacy of the MMPI-A in bullying cases, 107 adolescents ranged from 14 to 18 years old (M = 14.85) endorsed the Spanish adaptation of the MMPI-A under standard and malingering instructions. The results showed a high adolescent ability (91.6% for posttraumatic stress disorder, ranging from 60 to 90% for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorders) to malinger both the direct (posttraumatic stress disorder) and indirect (depression, anxiety, psychosomatic problems, problems in interpersonal relationships) psychological injury. Four malingering strategies were identified in malingering protocols: indiscriminate symptom endorsement, symptom severity, obvious symptoms, and infrequent symptoms. The F, F1, F2 and K standard validity scales discriminated significantly and with a large effect size between genuine and malingered responding. Likewise, the F-K index and the L and K < 45 and F < 80 profile discriminated significantly and with a large effect size between genuine and malingered responding. The study of cases revealed excellent classification rates of the standard validity scales (K < 40) and indices for malingered (true positives) and honest (false positives) responding. Implications for forensic practice are discussed. © 2013 Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid. All rights reserved.","Bullying, Forensic setting, Malingering, MMPI-A, Psychological injury","Novo, M., Fariña, F., Seijo, D., Arce, R.",2013.0,,10.5093/in2013a5,0,0,
4030,Re-examining the role of the traumatic stressor and the trajectory of posttraumatic distress in the wake of disaster,,,"Nucifora, F. C., Hall, R. C., Everly, G. S.",2011.0,,,0,1,
4031,"Gene-environment interactions in response to trauma: HTR1a, parent posttraumatic stress symptoms, and trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric injury patients","Longitudinal pediatric response to potentially traumatic experiences has been linked to both peritraumatic biological responses and parental symptomatology, with evidence that maternal symptoms may moderate the effects of initial biological response. Serotonergic system genes are strong candidates for both sensitivity to stressful life experiences and to family environment. We examined whether serotonin 1a receptor (HTR1a) polymorphisms were associated longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in pediatric injury patients and whether parental PTSS moderated the effects of HTR1a genotype. Participants consisted of 103 children (ages 7-18) admitted to the hospital. Assessments were conducted in-hospital and at 3 months, 12 months, and 18 months post-injury. Youth were administered the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Reaction Index (PTSD-RI), a clinical interview of child PTSD. Parents completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL), a self-report questionnaire of PTSD symptoms. Using random coefficients regression and maximum likelihood estimation procedures, a trend for youth PTSS over each timepoint was modeled. Participant intercept (PTSS at 3 months) and slope (PTSS over time) were predicted by the covariate of gender, main effects for gene and parent PTSS, and the interaction of parent PTSS and HTR1a. Findings revealed significant main effect of parent PTSS and child genotype on child PTSS over time as well as a significant interaction of gene and maternal symptoms on both intercept and slope of growth. These findings provide initial support for HTR1a as a predictor of PTSS trajectories in youth exposed to trauma. Although this study is limited by a small sample, this is the first study to longitudinally model the interactions between a candidate gene and maternal symptoms on growth trajectories of PTSS in pediatric injury patients.","nonoxinol 9, serotonin 1A receptor, posttraumatic stress disorder, parent, injury, gene, environment, patient, behavior genetics, child, juvenile, genotype, hospital, maximum likelihood method, gender, model, symptomatology, serotoninergic system, personal experience, interview, checklist, self report, questionnaire","Nugent, N., Amstadter, A., Yang, B. Z., Knopik, V., Saxe, G., Smoller, J., Moorjan, P., Haddad, S., Basu, A., Siburian, R., Fagerness, J., Koenen, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4032,"Heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a highly traumatized low income, urban, African American sample","Trauma is associated with a range of outcomes; identification of homogeneous profiles of posttrauma symptoms may inform theory, diagnostic refinement, and intervention. The present investigation applies a novel analytic technique to the identification of homogeneous subgroups of post-traumatic symptomatology in a large sample of African American adults reporting high levels of trauma. Latent profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity were tested using latent profile analysis. Pseudo-class draws were used to characterize class differences across types of trauma, diagnostic comorbidities, and clinically-relevant features. Participants consisted of 2915 highly traumatized African Americans living in low income, urban setting and recruited from medical clinics in Atlanta, GA. Findings supported the presence of six distinct subgroups of posttraumatic stress symptom profiles described as resilient, moderate with amnesia, moderate with diminished interest, moderate without diminished interest and amnesia severe without amnesia, and severe overall. Observed subgroups differed across numerous historical and concurrent factors including childhood trauma, current and lifetime diagnoses of PTSD and major depression, lifetime substance use diagnosis, dissociation, depressive symptoms, emotional dysregulation, negative and positive affect, and history of hospitalization and suicidality. Posttraumatic stress disorder as currently defined is comprised of homogeneous subgroups with important differences in posttraumatic stress symptom endorsement as well as concomitant differentiation of associated diagnoses and clinically-relevant associated features. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.",Posttraumatic stress disorder,"Nugent, N. R., Koenen, K. C., Bradley, B.",2012.0,,,0,1,
4033,OPRM1 and diagnosis-related posttraumatic stress disorder in binge-drinking patients living with HIV,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to numerous negative outcomes in persons living with HIV (PLH) and there is evidence that PTSD symptoms may play a role in maintaining alcohol use problems. The opioid receptor mu-1 (OPRM1) gene may play a role in both PTSD and alcohol use. We examined the association between PTSD and drinking motives as well as variation in the OPRM1 as a predictor of both PTSD and drinking motives in a sample of 201 PLH reporting recent binge drinking. Self-reported PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with drinking motives for coping, enhancement, and socialization. OPRM1 variation was associated with decreased PTSD symptom severity as well as enhancement motives for drinking. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) 2011.","Binge drinking, Gene, HIV, OPRM1, PTSD","Nugent, N. R., Lally, M. A., Brown, L., Knopik, V. S., McGeary, J. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4034,Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories in children living in families reported for family violence,"The present study examined latent class trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associations between demographics, prior trauma, and reason for referral on class membership. Children ages 7-18 (n=201) were recruited for participation in the Navy Family Study following reports to the U.S. Navy's Family Advocacy Program (FAP). Initial interviews were conducted 2-6 weeks following FAP referral, with follow-ups conducted at 9-12, 18-24, and 36-40 months. Growth mixture modeling revealed two latent class trajectories: a resilient class and a persistent symptom class. Relative to youth in the resilient class, participants in the persistent symptom class were more likely to be older and to report exposure to a greater number of trauma experiences at Time 1.","adolescent, article, child, child abuse, child sexual abuse, chronic disease, clinical trial, comorbidity, coping behavior, female, human, longitudinal study, male, medicine, multicenter study, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, regression analysis, soldier, statistical model, United States","Nugent, N. R., Saunders, B. E., Williams, L. M., Hanson, R., Smith, D. W., Fitzgerald, M. M.",2009.0,,,0,1,
4035,Independent versus substance-induced major depressive disorder in substance-dependent patients: Observational study of course during follow-up,"Objective: Clinicians frequently encounter patients presenting with both depression and substance abuse, and their diagnosis has been a source of controversy. The authors examined whether baseline and past diagnoses of DSM-IV primary (independent) or substance-induced depression or other psychiatric syndromes predict 1-year course of depression in substance-dependent patients. Method: Inpatients with current DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) and DSM-IV alcohol, cocaine, or opiate dependence (N = 110) were evaluated with the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) and followed for 12 months after discharge. Logistic regression for repeated measures modeled the odds of MDD and depressed mood over time as a function of baseline diagnoses and past independent depression, controlling for demographics, substance use, and antidepressant treatment during the follow-up. Subject recruitment was conducted from July 25, 1995 to May 14, 1997. Results: Over the 12 months, 88% of the patients experienced depressed mood for at least 1 week, and 57% experienced MDD. Depression during follow-up was equally likely among patients with current (baseline) DSM-IV independent or substance-induced MDD; in the latter group, past independent MDD increased the likelihood of MDD during the follow-up. Panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder (trend), borderline personality, and antisocial personality also significantly predicted depression during the follow-up. Conclusions: In substance-dependent patients, both DSM-IV primary and substance-induced MDD predict future depression, warranting consideration for specific treatment. The data suggest the importance of a careful psychiatric history that includes attention to past episodes of independent depression as well as anxiety and cluster B personality syndromes.","antidepressant agent, adult, alcoholism, anxiety, article, cocaine dependence, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, disease course, female, follow up, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, observational study, opiate addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, substance abuse","Nunes, E. V., Liu, X., Samet, S., Matseoane, K., Hasin, D.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4036,The role of emotional numbing in sexual functioning among veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) negatively impacts sexuality, yet few studies have evaluated which component of PTSD contributes to this known association. The present study examined which of four PTSD clusters (numbing, avoidance, intrusiveness, and hyperarousal) was most closely linked to sexual problems in a sample of 197 veterans from the Iraq or Afghanistan wars. Newly registered veterans completed a packet of questionnaires including standardized measures of PTSD and questions regarding sexual functioning. A stepwise logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between symptom cluster and sexual functioning. As predicted, only the numbing cluster was retained in the regression model. The numbing cluster appears to be intimately tied to sexual functioning, assessment of which should be part of a comprehensive evaluation during the postdeployment readjustment phase. Those exhibiting numbing symptoms should be thoroughly assessed for sexual functioning problems and referred for treatment as necessary.","adult, article, comparative study, emotion, female, human, male, mental health, pathophysiology, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological aspect, reproduction, retrospective study, sexual behavior, soldier, United States, veteran, war","Nunnink, S. E., Goldwaser, G., Afari, N., Nievergelt, C. M., Baker, D. G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4037,"Intersection of stress, social disadvantage, and life course processes: Reframing trauma and mental health","This paper describes the intersection of converging lines of research on the social structural, psychosocial, and physiological factors involved in the production of stress and implications for the field of mental health. Of particular interest are the stress sensitization consequences stemming from exposure to adversity over the life course. Contemporary stress sensitization theory provides important clinical utility in articulating mechanisms through which these multiple levels exert influence on mental health. Stress sensitization models (a) extend understanding of neurobiological and functional contexts within which extreme stressors operate and (b) make clear how these can influence psychologically traumatic outcomes. The value of interventions that are sensitive to current contexts as well as life course profiles of cumulative stress are illustrated through recent treatment innovations. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","Mental health, Neurobiology, Poverty, PTSD, Stress, Trauma","Nurius, P. S., Uehara, E., Zatzick, D. F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4038,"Mind-altering drugs and research: From presumptive prejudice to a Neuroscientific Enlightenment?: Science & Society series on ""drugs and Science""",The tight control of psychedelic drugs prevents important research into potential treatments for various mental health disorders. The scientific community should speak out against what is effectively censorship of research. © 2014 The Author.,,"Nutt, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4039,Illegal Drugs Laws: Clearing a 50-Year-Old Obstacle to Research,"The United Nations drug control conventions of 1960 and 1971 and later additions have inadvertently resulted in perhaps the greatest restrictions of medical and life sciences research. These conventions now need to be revised to allow neuroscience to progress unimpeded and to assist in the innovation of treatments for brain disorders. In the meantime, local changes, such as the United Kingdom moving cannabis from Schedule 1 to Schedule 2, should be implemented to allow medical research to develop appropriately.","3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ""4 methylmethcathinone"", amphetamine derivative, cannabis, cocaine, diamorphine, dronabinol, illicit drug, ketamine, lysergide, methamphetamine, n,n dimethyltryptamine, narcotic agent, opiate, placebo, psilocybine, psychotropic agent, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, brain injury, clinical trial (topic), cluster headache, cocaine dependence, depression, drug control, drug legislation, drug research, drug safety, financial management, glioblastoma, good manufacturing practice, government, human, hypertension, licence, medical research, meta analysis (topic), narcolepsy, obsessive compulsive disorder, pain, Parkinson disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, recreation, spasticity, tobacco dependence, United Kingdom, United Nations","Nutt, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4040,Effects of Schedule i drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation,"Many psychoactive drugs are used recreationally, particularly by young people. This use and its perceived dangers have led to many different classes of drugs being banned under national laws and international conventions. Indeed, the possession of cannabis, 3,4.methylenedioxy-.N.methylamphetamine (MDMA; also known as ecstasy) and psychedelics is stringently regulated. An important and unfortunate outcome of the controls placed on these and other psychoactive drugs is that they make research into their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses - for example, in depression and post-.traumatic stress disorder - difficult and in many cases almost impossible. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.",,"Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., Nichols, D. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4041,The Trauma Symptom Inventory: factors associated with invalid profiles in a sample of combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"The assessment of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relies upon self-reported symptoms and the need for indicators of valid reporting is critical. The Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) is a testing instrument specific to PTSD which includes validity scales. In a pilot study examining the use of the TSI with combat veterans, 50 male veterans diagnosed with PTSD were administered the TSI. Nineteen percent of the profiles were invalid, all but one based on the Atypical Response Scale. Differences between veterans with valid and invalid TSI profiles are examined in terms of demographic and historical factors, TSI profiles, and individual scale items. The model best able to predict invalid profiles included high scores on subscales measuring dissociative experiences and tension reduction behaviors. Implications for the interpretation of TSI validity scales in assessing combat-related PTSD are discussed.","Adult, Aged, Combat Disorders/diagnosis/*physiopathology/psychology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New Mexico, Pilot Projects, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*physiopathology/psychology, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans/*psychology, *War","Nye, E. C., Qualls, C., Katzman, J.",2006.0,Sep,,0,0,
4042,Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study,,,"Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B. O.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4043,A test of two models: The etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study compared two competing models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a physiological model measured by anxiety and alexithymia scales, and a psychological model measuring attachment. Both models were used in a comparison of New Yorkers exposed to the attacks of September 11th 2001. There were 127 usable respondents gathered from several internet based 9/11 community list serves and word of mouth. A positive relationship was not found between a history of childhood abuse and a posttraumatic response. Linear relationships were found between some study variables (alexithymia, anxiety, and security of attachment) and severity of PTSD. Although both models were significant predictors of PTSD, neither demonstrated superiority. Results were discussed in light of the nature of the September 11th attacks, and the significant role of attachment on development of PTSD. Suggestions for future trauma research included the importance of these psychological factors, e.g. object relations, attachment, and ego defenses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alexithymia, Anxiety, Child Abuse","""OBrien, Kevin""",2006.0,,,0,0,
4044,Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Cluster Severity Among Trauma-Exposed College Students,"The present investigation examined the role of emotion regulation difficulties in predicting severity of the 3 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (i.e., reexperiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance) in a sample of undergraduates who reported exposure to at least 1 DSM-IV-TR Criterion A traumatic event (n = 297; 77.1% female, Mage = 20.46, SD = 4.64, range = 18-50 years). Results indicated that greater difficulties with emotional acceptance significantly predicted greater avoidance and hyperarousal symptom severity above and beyond the effects of number of trauma types endorsed and negative affect. Emotion regulation difficulties were not significantly predictive of reexperiencing symptom severity. Results from an exploratory analysis indicated that greater difficulties with emotional acceptance and greater difficulties accessing effective emotion regulation strategies when upset significantly predicted the DSM-5 negative alterations in cognitions and mood symptom cluster. These findings suggest that difficulties accepting one's emotional responses, in particular, may heighten emotional responding to and avoidance of trauma-related cues. Thus, individuals who experience such difficulties may be more likely to experience negative outcomes after experiencing a traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"""OBryan, Emily M."", McLeish, Alison C., Kraemer, Kristen M., Fleming, John B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4045,Morphine after combat injury and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Comments on an article by T. L. Holbrook et al. (see record 2010-00923-002). As medical providers currently deployed in Iraq, we read the article by Holbrook et al. with great interest. If confirmed, the association of morphine use with reductions in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) would provide another important indication for the administration of morphine to battlefield casualties. We note that the investigators analyzed morphine use in level 1 or 2 facilities and that the morphine was administered intravenously in 98% of recipients. First, clinicians would benefit from knowing whether morphine was associated with adverse outcomes among patients treated at the facilities studied. Second, it is standard training for Navy corpsmen and Army medics to administer morphine and oral transmucosal fentanyl to patients before they reach these facilities. In addition, the ""fragments from blast - NOS [not otherwise specified]"" mechanism of injury was independently and strongly associated with the absence of PTSD in both models 1 and 2. Although we acknowledge that the numbers of injuries incurred through this mechanism were small, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding these injuries might lead to testable hypotheses for research aimed at elucidating factors associated with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Injuries, *Military Personnel, *Morphine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma","""OConnell, Robert J."", Winstead, James P., Matthews, Joseph M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4046,Trajectory-based methods in clinical psychology: A person centred narrative approach,Life trajectories in clinical psychology research are often not treated as interactive trajectories but rather as static transversal variables. But developmental pathways are often cumulative and conditional and currently require sophisticated group-based modeling to tease out individual differences in trajectories. Clinical psychologists often require personal information on transitions and turning points in life which require eliciting information through qualitative life history approaches. A method is proposed for identifying life events within the person's narrative and describing trajectories as event spaces likely to reflect end-point psychopathology. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.,"Clinical psychology, Event spaces, Group based models, Narratives, Person centred constructions, Trajectory-based methods","""OConnor, K."", Robert, M., Pérodeau, G., Séguin, M.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.06.001,0,0,
4047,"Attachment styles, traumatic events, and PTSD: A cross-sectional investigation of adult attachment and trauma","The aim of the present study was to examine the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adult attachment in a young adult population. A sample of 328 Danish students (mean age 29.2 years) from four different schools of intermediate education level were studied by the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), the Crisis Support Scale (CSS), the Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), and the World Assumption Scale (WAS). Attachment styles were associated with number of PTSD symptoms, negative affectivity, somatization, emotional coping, attributions, and social support. The distribution of attachment styles in relation to PTSD symptoms could be conceived as uni-dimensional.","Adult attachment, Posttraumatic stress symptoms, Protective factors, Risk factors, Traumatic events","""OConnor, M."", Elklit, A.",2008.0,,10.1080/14616730701868597,0,0,
4048,A confirmatory factor analysis of combined models of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised: Are we measuring complicated grief or posttraumatic stress?,"The aim of this study was to assess the factorial structure of complicated grief (CG) and investigate the relationship between CG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through the assessment of models combining both constructs. The questionnaire was completed by elderly, married respondents with a history of at least one significant, interpersonal loss (145 males and 147 females, 60-81 years). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a two-factor model of separation and traumatic distress in CG. To investigate the relationship between CG and PTSD three combined models were specified and estimated using CFA. A model where all five factors, the two factors of CG and the three factors of PTSD, as defined by the DSM-IV, were allowed to correlate provided the best fit. The results indicated a considerable overlap between the dimensions of CG and PTSD, and complicated grief is construct that appears to be largely accounted for by especially the intrusive component of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Grief, *Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Factor Analysis, Inventories, Models, Questionnaires","""OConnor, Maja"", Lasgaard, Mathias, Shevlin, Mark, Guldin, Mai-Britt",2010.0,,,0,0,
4049,"Association between posttraumatic stress, depression, and functional impairments in adolescents 24 months after traumatic brain injury","The degree to which postinjury posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or depressive symptoms in adolescents are associated with cognitive and functional impairments at 12 and 24 months after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not yet known. The current study used a prospective cohort design, with baseline assessment and 3-, 12-, and 24-month followup, and recruited a cohort of 228 adolescents ages 14-17 years who sustained either a TBI (n = 189) or an isolated arm injury (n = 39). Linear mixed-effects regression was used to assess differences in depressive and PTSD symptoms between TBI and arm-injured patients and to assess the association between 3-month PTSD and depressive symptoms and cognitive and functional outcomes. Results indicated that patients who sustained a mild TBI without intracranial hemorrhage reported significantly worse PTSD (Hedges g = 0.49, p = .01; Model R2 = .38) symptoms across time as compared to the arm injured control group. Greater levels of PTSD symptoms were associated with poorer school (2 = .07, p = .03; Model R2 = .36) and physical (2 = .11, p = .01; Model R2 = .23) functioning, whereas greater depressive symptoms were associated with poorer school (2 = .06, p = .05; Model R2 = .39) functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Ability Level, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Symptoms","""OConnor, Stephen S."", Zatzick, Douglas F., Wang, Jin, Temkin, Nancy, Koepsell, Thomas D., Jaffe, Kenneth M., Durbin, Dennis, Vavilala, Monica S., Dorsch, Andrea, Rivara, Frederick P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4050,Psychosocial recovery after serious injury,"BACKGROUND: The 2010 iteration of the Global Burden of Disease statistics (Murray et al., 2012) points to the growing impact of injury and highlights the mounting burden of psychiatric disorder. It is essential to examine the intersection between these two contributors to disease burden. METHODS: The Australian Injury Vulnerability Study collected data of over 1,000 injury patients from their initial hospitalization to 6 years post-injury. Structured clinical interviews were used to diagnose psychiatric disorder and self-report measures for disability and symptom severity. RESULTS: A wide range of psychiatric disorders developed following injury, which included posttraumatic stress disorder, agoraphobia, depression, and substance use disorders (Bryant, O'Donnell, Creamer, Silove, & McFarlane, 2010). Although prevalence rates for these disorders were generally consistent over time, examination of trajectory data showed that different people had the disorders at different times. Importantly, the data showed that early anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms played a significant role in the development of long term disability after injury (Carty, O'Donnell, Evans, Kazantzis, & Creamer, 2011; O'Donnell et al., 2013). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the view that transdiagnostic models for early intervention may be required to address the complex psychiatric disorder trajectories that develop after injury.","Ptsd, agoraphobia, anxiety, depression, early intervention, injury, psychosocial recovery, substance use, transdiagnostic","""ODonnell, M.""",2014.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v5.26516,0,1,
4051,Mental health following traumatic injury: Toward a health system model of early psychological intervention,"In 2005, over 2 million people in the United States of America were hospitalised following non-fatal injuries. The frequency with which severe injury occurs renders it a leading cause of posttraumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related psychopathology. In order to develop a health system model of early psychological intervention for this population, we review the literature that pertains to mental health early intervention. The relevant domains include prevalence of psychopathology following traumatic injury, the course of symptoms, screening, and early intervention strategies. On the basis of available evidence, we propose a health system model of early psychological intervention following traumatic injury. The model involves screening for vulnerability within the hospital setting, follow-up screening for persistent symptoms at one month posttrauma, and early psychological intervention for those who are experiencing clinical impairment. Recommendations are made to facilitate tailoring early intervention psychological therapies to the special needs of the injury population. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",,"""ODonnell, M. L."", Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., Carty, J.",2008.0,,10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.008,0,0,
4052,Posttraumatic disorders following injury: An empirical and methodological review,,,"""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Shalev, A.",2003.0,,10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00036-9,0,0,
4053,Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: Understanding comorbidity,,,"""ODonnell, M. L."", Creamer, M., Pattison, P.",2004.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1390,0,0,
4054,PTSD symptom trajectories: From early to chronic response,"This study aimed to identify posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom trajectories across the first 12 months following traumatic injury. Three hundred and seven consecutively admitted injury survivors were assessed for severity of PTSD symptoms just prior to discharge, and at 3 and 12 months postinjury. Growth modeling was used to determine the curve that best fit the trajectory for each symptom cluster over the 12-month period. Individuals with 12-month PTSD showed significantly higher re-experiencing, arousal, and avoidance symptoms at eight days posttrauma relative to those without, and these symptoms escalated over time. Those without PTSD maintained their relatively low symptom levels. These findings highlight that individuals who will go onto develop PTSD have a distinctly different symptom course than those who recover. (copyright) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, arousal, article, female, hospital admission, hospital discharge, human, major clinical study, male, medical practice, posttraumatic stress disorder, treatment duration","""ODonnell, M. L."", Elliott, P., Lau, W., Creamer, M.",2007.0,,,0,1,
4055,Exploration of delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder after severe injury,"Objective: The first aim of this work was to conduct a rigorous longitudinal study to identify rates of delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of patients with severe injury. The second aim was to determine what variables differentiated delayed-onset PTSD from chronic PTSD. Methods: Randomly selected patients with injury who were admitted to four hospitals around Australia were recruited to the study (N = 834) and assessed in the acute care hospital, at 3 months, and at 12 months. A structured clinical interview was used to assess PTSD at each time point. Results: Seventy-three patients (9%; n = 73) had PTSD at 12 months. Of these, 39 (53%) were classified as having delayed-onset PTSD. Furthermore, 22 (56%) patients with delayed-onset PTSD had minimal PTSD symptoms at 3 months (i.e., they did not have partial/subsyndromal PTSD at 3 months). The variables that differentiated delayed-onset PTSD from chronic PTSD were greater injury severity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.26), lower anxiety severity at 3 months (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.61-0.87), and greater pain severity at 3 months (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.06-1.84). Conclusions: Delayed-onset PTSD occurred frequently in this sample. Approximately half of the patients with delayed-onset PTSD had minimal PTSD symptoms at 3 months; therefore, their delayed-onset PTSD could not be accounted for by a small number of fluctuating symptoms. As we move toward DSM-V, it is important that research continues to explore the factors that underpin the development of delayed-onset PTSD. © 2013 by the American Psychosomatic Society.","delayed onset, partial PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, subsyndromal PTSD","""ODonnell, M. L."", Varker, T., Creamer, M., Fletcher, S., McFarlane, A. C., Silove, D., Bryant, R. A., Forbes, D.",2013.0,,10.1097/PSM.0b013e3182761e8b,0,1,
4056,Noradrenergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric illness that may develop in individuals after exposure to a traumatic event. Recent data suggest that trauma and/or long-term stressors can cause alterations in the functioning of neuroanatomical structures and neural networks throughout the central nervous system. Specifically, dysregulation in central and perhaps, peripheral noradrenergic neural networks has been implicated as the cause of specific symptom clusters in the pathophysiology of PTSD. In this review, both clinical and preclinical data are presented to highlight types of noradrenergic dysfunction observed in individuals with PTSD. Additionally, the role of noradrenaline dysregulation in the acquisition/initiation, and maintenance of hyperarousal and reexperiencing symptom clusters in PTSD will be addressed. Copyright © 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Amygdala, Arousal, Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, HPA axis, Intrusive memories, Locus coeruleus, Noradrenaline, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prefrontal cortex, Stress","""ODonnell, T."", Hegadoren, K. M., Coupland, N. C.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4057,Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with endocrine and immune abnormalities that could increase risk for autoimmune disorders. However, little is known about the risk for autoimmune disorders among individuals with PTSD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 666,269 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans under age 55 who were enrolled in the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system between October 7, 2001, and March 31, 2011. Generalized linear models were used to examine if PTSD, other psychiatric disorders, and military sexual trauma exposure increased risk for autoimmune disorders, including thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus erythematosus, adjusting for age, gender, race, and primary care visits. Results: PTSD was diagnosed in 203,766 veterans (30.6%), and psychiatric disorders other than PTSD were diagnosed in an additional 129,704 veterans (19.5%). Veterans diagnosed with PTSD had significantly higher adjusted relative risk (ARR) for diagnosis with any of the autoimmune disorders alone or in combination compared with veterans with no psychiatric diagnoses (ARR = 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.91-2.09) and compared with veterans diagnosed with psychiatric disorders other than PTSD (ARR = 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.43-1.59; p < .001). The magnitude of the PTSD-related increase in risk for autoimmune disorders was similar in women and men, and military sexual trauma exposure was independently associated with increased risk in both women and men. Conclusions: Trauma exposure and PTSD may increase risk for autoimmune disorders. Altered immune function, lifestyle factors, or shared etiology may underlie this association. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Immunologic Disorders, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Glucocorticoids, Inflammation, Trauma","""ODonovan, Aoife"", Cohen, Beth E., Seal, Karen H., Bertenthal, Dan, Margaretten, Mary, Nishimi, Kristen, Neylan, Thomas C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4058,Police suicide - A web surveillance of national data,"Considerable research has been done on suicide in police work. It appears that the volume of literature on this topic has led to considerable controversy concerning the accuracy and validity of police suicide rates. This topic has given rise to a wide variety of speculative, often wildly exaggerated figures being circulated in the law enforcement community and media, much of which is not based on verifiable research or gathered in an organized, useful manner that can be shared and scrutinized. Such figures have been taken at face value, translated into widely varying rates and profiles that, because they lack any substantiation, do little to help and much to impede the meaningful development of programs that can address the problems of police stress, trauma, posttraumatic stress, suicide, and the promotion of improved general health in the law enforcement community. This paper represents an empirical attempt to gather descriptive police suicide data from allfifty states in the U.S. for one year-2008-and record it in a cohesive manner that may be useful to researchers, police agencies, and program developers.","Police, Suicide rates, Surveillance","""OHara, A. F."", Violanti, J. M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4059,Investigation of the prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomology in parents of children with disabilities,"Medical and special education literature has documented the pain and shock experienced by parents upon receiving the diagnosis of their child's disability, and subsequent stress and health problems associated with raising a child with a disability. This study examined whether the newsbreaking event qualifies as a traumatic stress event, resulting in posttraumatic stress symptomology and depression. It also examines the impact of social support, parental age, family income, and a history of positive relationships with persons with disabilities on PTSD and depression symptomology. This sample consisting of 149 usable cases was accessed through the Parent Information Network of Kentucky, Inc. Participants completed survey packets assessing depression, posttraumatic stress symptomology, traumatic impact of the newsbreaking event, parental age, family income, social support, and positive history with disability. A factor analysis supported the use of the Trauma Intensity Questionnaire to represent the main independent variable (trauma) in this study. Simple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine whether trauma intensity level predicted depression and PTSD symptomology, and multiple regression analyses tested whether age, income, social support levels, and positive history with disability predicted depression and posttraumatic stress symptomology. Results demonstrated reports of higher levels of trauma intensity experienced at the time of the newsbreaking event significantly predicted higher levels of both posttraumatic stress and depression symptomology. Furthermore, parental age, family income, and social support were significantly inversely related to posttraumatic symptom levels; and parental income and social support were significantly inversely related to depressive symptom levels. Multiple regressions failed to support significant relationships between positive history with disability and both depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and between parental age and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that the newsbreaking event may constitute a traumatic event for many parents of children with disabilities, resulting in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms; and that factors such as social support, parental age, and family income can cushion against the development of posttraumatic stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Disabilities, *Parent Child Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Emotional Trauma, Income Level, Parents, Social Support, Stress","""ONeill, Mary Maude""",2005.0,,,0,0,
4060,Post-traumatic stress disorder: A review for the general psychiatrist,"This review summarizes knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The following topics are explored: vulnerability, who develops PTSD, features of PTSD, differential diagnosis, and management of PTSD in general. It is noted that etiological factors include genetics, personality, a background of psychiatric problems, the personal meaning of the traumatic event, issues of proximity or intensity, childhood abuse, and the initial emotional response to stress. Many precipitants are known, ranging from combat through rape or torture to difficult parturition. Core symptoms are reflective of the traumatic precipitant. Prolonged symptoms are associated with prior psychiatric or physical problems, poverty, repeated assault, alcohol or drug abuse, and cultural factors. Co-morbidity is high, especially for depression, alcohol and drug misuse. Reduced hippocampal volume, corticosteroid abnormalities, and adrenergic overactivity have been described. The use of official criteria and specific measuring instruments help in differential diagnosis. Management needs to be tailored to the needs of the individual and the stage of the disorder, and includes psychotherapy, antidepressants, and the newer eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)",*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"""OShea, Brian""",2001.0,,,0,0,
4061,Neuropsychological impairments in panic disorder: A systematic review,"Background There is a growing body of literature investigating the neuropsychological profile of panic disorder (PD), some of which suggests potential cognitive dysfunction. This paper systematically reviews the existing literature on neuropsychological performance in PD. Method PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycARTICLES databases were searched to identify articles reporting on neuropsychological function in PD published in English during the time period 1980 to March 2012. 14 studies were identified. Results There was limited support for impairment in short term memory among individuals with PD, although this was not found across all studies. Overall, the reviewed studies did not support the presence of impairment in other areas of cognitive functioning, including executive function, long term memory, visuospatial or perceptual abilities and working memory. Limitations Studies with samples of fewer than 15 participants per group were excluded from this review. A limited amount of research has been published on this topic and small sample sizes (under 25 per group) have been used by many studies. Therefore, the current review is based on a small number of studies with limited power. Conclusions There is limited evidence of specific neuropsychological impairments in participants with PD. Impairments in short term memory warrant further investigation to establish their relevance to clinical practice. Larger sample sizes and appropriate statistical adjustment for multiple comparisons in future studies is highly recommended. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Cognitive impairment, Neuropsychology, Panic disorder, Review","""OSullivan, K."", Newman, E. F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4062,The Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study: III. Psychological health of Australian vietnam veterans and its relationship to combat,"Background. Self-reported psychiatric status of Australian Vietnam war veterans was determined 20-25 years after the war and its relation to combat was investigated. Method. A simple random sample of Australian Army Vietnam veterans was interviewed nationally using standardized interviews and self-completion tests to assess the prevalence of lifetime and current psychiatric illness and its relationship to combat. Army records were used to extract data on the cohort for use in regression-based adjustment for non-response. Results. The conditions mainly affecting the Australian veterans were alcohol abuse or dependence, post-traumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and social and simple phobias. This profile is different from American studies of Vietnam veterans. All lifetime and 6-month recent disorders except depressive illness, melancholia, pathological gambling and somatization disorder were significantly related to combat exposure but not with posting to a combat unit. Less than half of the current one-month diagnoses were related to combat, possibly because of low power conferred by the relative rarity of these conditions. Conclusions. The results confirm a range of psychological problems in former warriors may linger 20 or more years from their war exposure and may be directly affected by exposure to war trauma.","adult, alcohol abuse, army, article, Australia, dependent personality disorder, depression, health status, human, interview, male, melancholia, mental disease, mental health, neurosis, normal human, pathological gambling, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, questionnaire, regression analysis, self report, social problem, soldier, somatization, Viet Nam","""OToole, B. I."", Marshall, R. P., Grayson, D. A., Schureck, R. J., Dobson, M., Ffrench, M., Pulvertaft, B., Meldrum, L., Bolton, J., Vennard, J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4063,"Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity in Australian Vietnam veterans: Risk factors, chronicity and combat","Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnoses to determine commonalities in risk factors, relative onsets and the role of combat exposure. Method: An epidemiological cohort study using standardised psychiatric, social and health interviews was undertaken with a national random sample of male Australian Army Vietnam veterans. Interviews and searches of military records yielded risk factors for PTSD, which were examined for association with each psychiatric diagnosis. Relative onsets of PTSD and each Diagnostic Interview Schedule diagnosis were compared. Comorbidity odds ratios were adjusted for combat exposure effects using logistic regression, and the relation between each diagnosis and combat was assessed after controlling for PTSD. Results: Commonality of risk factor profile was evident for several diagnoses, and for many their onset preceded PTSD onset. Combat was independently related to only a few diagnoses after controlling for PTSD, and PTSD remained strongly associated with several conditions after controlling for combat exposure. Conclusions: The analysis suggests that the disorders that may constitute risk factors or vulnerabilities for PTSD comprise depression and dysthymia, antisocial personality disorder, agoraphobia and simple phobia, while those that may be consequent on PTSD are panic and generalised anxiety disorder, drug use disorders and somatoform pain disorder. Alcohol and drug use disorders and social phobia may have a mixed aetiology, while obsessive-compulsive disorder may be serendipitously related to PTSD through an association with risk of combat. Gambling disorder is unrelated.","agoraphobia, antisocial behavior, anxiety neurosis, article, Australia, cohort analysis, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, drug use, dysthymia, human, interview, male, normal human, obsession, panic, pathological gambling, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, regression analysis, risk factor, social phobia, soldier, Viet Nam","""OToole, B. I."", Marshall, R. P., Schureck, R. J., Dobson, M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4064,Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans,"Sought to determine the risk factors for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to examine the relative contribution of pre-military factors, pre-trauma psychiatric diagnoses, military factors such as combat posting, and combat and casualty stress exposure. An epidemiological cohort study using standardized psychiatric, social and health interviews was undertaken with a national random smaple of 637 male Australian Army Vietnam veterans. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relative contribution of factors derived from interview and from military records in 4 categories: pre-enlistment circumstances including home life, education, major life stress; pre-Vietnam psychiatric diagnoses; military experiences before and during Vietnam; and combat and stress experiences. Results show that of the 128 data items examined, significant associations were found for 39, in addition to combat stress. Pre-enlistment items accounted for about 3% of the deviance towards PTSD diagnosis, pre-enlistment psychiatric diagnosis about 13%, military variables about 7%, and combat stress about 18%; all factors together accounted for 42%. Results confirm that pre- military and military variables make only a small but significant contribution to PTSD either alone or after controlling for combat stress; that psychiatric diagnoses of depression, dysthymia dn agoraphobia make strong contributions to PTSD; but that combat stress makes the largest contribution even after controlling for the effects of other variables. Psychiatric diagnoses and combat stress appear to be independent in their effects on PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Premorbidity, Mental Disorders, Stress, War","""OToole, Brian I."", Marshall, Richard P., Schureck, Ralph J., Dobson, Matthew",1998.0,,,0,0,
4065,"Combat, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans","The specificity of various wartime stressors for different posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms is inconsistently reported in the literature. Combat, wounding, and peritraumatic dissociation have not been assessed together in their effects on each of the various PTSD symptom clusters. This cohort study of a random sample of male Australian Army Vietnam veterans yielded psychiatric assessments of 641 subjects. PTSD measures comprised symptom criteria for reexperiencing, numbing and avoidance, hyperarousal, and PTSD diagnosis both lifetime and current within the past month. Logistic regression is used to examine the effects of combat, wounding, and peritraumatic dissociation together on PTSD. Combat experiences comprised four components derived from a principal components analysis of combat experiences: direct combat exposure, exposure to death and injury, exposure to civilian death and injury, and exposure to mutilation. Each was differentially related to reexperiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and PTSD diagnosis. Being wounded was not related to lifetime or current PTSD and peritraumatic dissociation was related to all diagnostic components of PTSD in the presence of other variables.","Australia/epidemiology, Cluster Analysis, Cohort Studies, Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Veterans/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Vietnam, *War","""OToole, B. I."", Marshall, R. P., Schureck, R. J., Dobson, M.",1999.0,Oct,10.1023/a:1024765001122,0,0,
4066,"Posttraumatic stress disorder following ethnoreligious conflict in Jos, Nigeria","In September 2001, ethnoreligious rioting occurred in Jos, Nigeria. Using a multistage cluster sampling technique, 290 respondents were recruited in Jos 7 to 9 months after the riots. Data were collected regarding demographics, exposure to traumatic events, and psychological symptoms. Resting pulse and blood pressure were recorded. A total of 145 (52.5%) witnessed or were victims of personal attacks, 165 (59.6%) lost their possessions, 56 (20.7%) had their homes burned, 44 (16.2%) witnessed relatives' deaths, and 8 (2.9%) were robbed. A total of 252 (89.7%) of the respondents met reexperiencing criteria, 138 (49.1%) met avoidance criteria, and 236 (84.0%) met arousal criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A total of 116 (41%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 36% to 47%) met all three categories for PTSD. Only personal attacks (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.7 to 4.7) and a heart rate of 90 beats/min or more (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.4 to 5.8) were significantly related to PTSD in a multivariate model. (copyright) 2008 Sage Publications.","adult, aged, article, confidence interval, female, health status, human, life event, male, middle aged, Nigeria, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, psychological aspect, risk, statistics, terrorism, victim","Obilom, R. E., Thacher, T. D.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4067,Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia among Afghanistan and Iraq (OEF/ OIF) veterans with PTSD,"Introduction: High rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are being diagnosed in veterans who served in Afghanistan and/or Iraq in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Sleep disturbances are a core and salient feature of PTSD and can maintain or exacerbate associated symptoms. Recent research demonstrates that sleep-focused behavioral interventions with a component for nightmares improve sleep disturbances as well as PTSD symptoms. Studies to date have focused primarily on civilian PTSD participants, with some recent pilot work on older veterans with PTSD. This study examines the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in significantly improving sleep and reducing PTSD severity in younger OEF/ OIF combat veterans. Methods: Participants included 27 (mean age = 36.8, 85% male) OEF/ OIF combat veterans with clinically significant insomnia and PTSD, recruited from the mental health clinic at the McGuire Hunter Holmes VA Medical Center. Participants were randomized to either a treatment group or a wait-list control group. Those in the treatment condition participated in four CBT-I sessions over a six-week period including sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep education, sleep hygiene and imagery rehearsal therapy to address nightmares. Participants completed measures at baseline and post-treatment. Participants in the treatment condition also provided three-month follow-up data. Outcome measures included: Sleep Diary (sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, sleep latency, total sleep time), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index- Addendum (PSQI-A, a measure assessing PTSD related sleep disturbances), PTSD Symptom Scale, Disbeliefs and Attitudes About Sleep, Profile of Mood States, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Actigraphy was measured for participants in the treatment group at baseline and post treatment. Results: Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant improvement between groups, for the following variables: sleep efficiency, p < .001; sleep latency, p < .05; PSQI, p < .001; PSQI-A, p = .01; ISI, p < .001; PTSDSS, p = .001. Actigraphy data was collected and will be presented at the time of the conference along with remaining outcome measures. Conclusion: CBT-I is an effective treatment for insomnia, nightmares and PTSD symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans with combat related PTSD and should be used as an adjunctive therapy to standard PTSD treatment.","sleep, Afghanistan, insomnia, human, Iraq, cognitive therapy, organization, veteran, posttraumatic stress disorder, nightmare, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, sleep disorder, therapy, actimetry, Insomnia Severity Index, sleep time, follow up, imagery, hygiene, education, stimulus, Patient Health Questionnaire, Profile of Mood States, control group, mental health center, male","Ochsner Margolies, S., Rybarczyk, B., Lynch, J., Vrana, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4068,Sincerity of effort versus feigned movement control of the cervical spine in patients with whiplash-associated disorders and asymptomatic persons: A case-control study,"Study design: Cross-sectional design. Objectives: To investigate whether the Fly Test can be used to differentiate patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) from asymptomatic persons who deliberately feign symptoms and from WAD patients exaggerating symptoms. Background: The lack of valid clinical tests makes it difficult to detect a justifiable cause for compensation claims in traumatic neck-pain disorders. Methods: The Fly Test recorded the accuracy of neck movements in patients with WAD (n = 34) and asymptomatic persons (n = 31). The participants followed a moving ""Fly"" on a computer screen with a cursor from sensors mounted on the head. Two conditions were tested, sincere versus feigned efforts. In the former, the participants moved their neck as accurately as possible. In the latter, a short text was presented describing a fictitious accident (asymptomatic group) or imagining more intense pain/suffering (WAD group), and the test was performed as affected by these more serious conditions. Amplitude accuracy (AA), time on target (ToT) and jerk index (JI) were compared across patterns, conditions and groups. Results: The sincere effort in the WAD group was significant compared to the feigned effort of the asymptomatic group (p < 0.001). For AA, correct categorization of 81.5% of the performances was made, where a mean score above 5.5 mm differentiated feigned versus sincere efforts in asymptomatic and WAD groups (sensitivity 79.4%, specificity 67.7%). For ToT, score above 11% indicated correctly categorized WAD patients (sensitivity 82.4%, specificity 64.5%). Conclusion: The Fly Test can provide clinicians a clue when patients with mild to moderate pain/disability are feigning or exaggerating symptoms. © 2015 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved.","Cervical spine, Classification, Fraud, Movement control, Whiplash claims","Oddsdóttir, G. L., Kristjansson, E., Gislason, M. K.",2015.0,,10.3109/09593985.2015.1024299,0,0,
4069,Use of khat and posttraumatic stress disorder as risk factors for psychotic symptoms: A study of Somali combatants,"The chewing of the khat leaves, which contain the amphetamine-like cathinone, is a traditional habit in Somalia. Our objective was to explore the effects of khat use and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) on paranoid symptoms and to test a potential causal chain. We report on a cross-sectional study in Somalia that was conducted in 2003. Trained local staff interviewed 8723 personnel of armed groups in seven regional convenience samples. Of them, 8124 were included in the analysis. We assessed current khat use, PTSD symptoms, functional drug use and paranoid ideation using items from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Somali version of the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Applying the causal steps approach, in a series of logistic regression models, we used PTSD as independent and paranoia as outcome variable; the quantity of khat use was defined as mediator variable and functional drug use as moderator. The results showed that respondents with PTSD used khat more frequently. Khat chewers with PTSD reported a higher intake compared to khat chewers without PTSD. Among excessive khat chewers with PTSD, paranoia was most frequent. The greatest amount of khat use was among respondents with PTSD who indicated that they found drugs help them to forget war experiences. The proposed mediated moderation model was supported by the data, i.e. besides the direct effects of PTSD and functional drug use on paranoia, the amount of khat use appeared to be a mechanism, by which paranoia is caused. We conclude that in our data we have uncovered a relationship between khat, PTSD and paranoia. Khat is functionally used by respondents with PTSD. Findings support a dose effect: the more khat consumption and when a respondent has PTSD, the higher the odds for paranoid ideation. However, the proposed causal chain needs to be confirmed in longitudinal studies. Demobilization and reintegration programs in Somalia need to be prepared to deal with complex psychological problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amphetamine, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Symptoms, Psychosis","Odenwald, Michael, Hinkel, Harald, Schauer, Elisabeth, Schauer, Maggie, Elbert, Thomas, Neuner, Frank, Rockstroh, Brigitte",2009.0,,,0,0,
4070,Effectiveness of psychoeducation intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder and coping styles of earthquake survivors,"Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a psychoeducation intervention based on Peplau's approach, including problem-solving compared with intervention with medication on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and coping of earthquake survivors. Background: Post-traumatic reactions and recovery are the result of complex interactions among biological, personal, cultural and environmental factors. Both psychosocial and psychopharmacological methods have been advised to treat PTSD. The general goal of treatment is to decrease the anxiety and to support these patients in regaining normal daily functions. Design: The study used a pretest to posttest quasi-experimental design with three comparison groups. Methods: The sample of the study included 51 survivors of the Marmara Earthquake who met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Comparison groups were made up as psychoeducation only, medication only and psychoeducation with medication (PEM). Six semi-structured psychoeducation sessions were conducted individually. Patients in the 'medication only' group did not participate in these sessions. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale and Coping Strategies Scale were used for the measurements. Results: There was a significant difference between the 'PEM' group and the 'medication only' group with the first group showing greater relief of symptoms. Generally, there were no differences between the 'medication only' and 'psychoeducation only' groups. Avoidance as a coping strategy had significant positive correlations with PTSD and depression outcomes. Conclusions: Patients with PTSD seem to take more advantage from the combined treatment model. Nurses can help the patients with PTSD by teaching them to cope with the symptoms. Relevance to clinical practice: The number and variety of catastrophic events in the world are increasing. Psychiatric nurses should therefore take responsibility regarding the effects of trauma and investigate the ways of working with people who experienced trauma in more detail and develop interventions based on scientific evidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychoeducation, *Survivors, Drug Therapy","Oflaz, Fahriye, Hatipoglu, Sevgi, Aydin, Hamdullah",2008.0,,,0,0,
4071,Psychophysiological assessment of stress in chronic pain: Comparisons of stressful stimuli and of response systems,"Due to disparate findings across the published studies, the stress-hyperactivity hypothesis has never been fully accepted as a causal mechanism for chronic muscle pain. Two recent comprehensive reviews of the psychophysiological studies of chronic pain came to opposite conclusions about the viability of the hypothesis, which stemmed from differing importance placed on the experimental methodology: the adequacy of stress manipulation. The present study tested the hypotheses that the adequacy of stress manipulation is influenced by stress stimuli type, degree of personal relevance, and selection of criterion for verification of stress experience, and that these factors have a measurable impact on the related physiological responses in a manner that is consistent with a theory of stress applicable to clinical stress disorders. The three factors investigated were: task (imagery, reaction time), relevance (high, low), and manipulation criterion (autonomic, self-report). The tasks were presented to 16 chronic pain patients while muscle, electrodermal, and self-report responses were recorded. Reaction-time tasks and high-relevance conditions led to high muscle and electrodermal responses. Only the high-relevance imagery, however, produced high self-reported distress. Consistent with other research, the present overall data demonstrated differing physiological profiles for different stimuli types. More importantly, these data suggest that the manipulation type and the manipulation criterion influence outcomes of experimental tests of stress on physiological systems, which may directly lead to contrasting conclusions about causal relations between stress and chronic pain conditions.","Hyperactivity, Imagery, Methodology, Pain, Stress","Ohrbach, R., Blascovich, J., Gale, E. N., McCall W.D, Jr., Dworkin, S. F.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4072,Post-traumatic stress disorder in brain injury patients,"Evaluated the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and explored the clinical picture among 24 traumatic brain injury outpatients (aged 16-67 yrs). Ss completed questionnaires assessing post-traumatic residuals. 33% of these Ss met criteria for PTSD diagnosis. The prevalent PTSD symptoms were difficulty in remembering aspects of the event, difficulty in concentrating, startled responses, and physiological reactivity. This clinical picture of PTSD following traumatic brain injury is somewhat distinguished from those following other traumatic events. Issues concerning the specific nature of the syndrome following traumatic brain injury, and the difficulties in differentiating between PTSD and postconcussive syndrome, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Ohry, A., Rattok, J., Solomon, Z.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4073,"Neurobehavioral, neuropathological and biochemical profiles in a novel mouse model of co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury","Co-morbid mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become the signature disorder for returning combat veterans. The clinical heterogeneity and overlapping symptomatology of mTBI and PTSD underscore the need to develop a preclinical model that will enable the characterization of unique and overlapping features and allow discrimination between both disorders. This study details the development and implementation of a novel experimental paradigm for PTSD and combined PTSD-mTBI. The PTSD paradigm involved exposure to a danger-related predator odor under repeated restraint over a 21 day period and a physical trauma (inescapable footshock). We administered this paradigm alone, or in combination with a previously established mTBI model. We report outcomes of behavioral, pathological and biochemical profiles at an acute timepoint. PTSD animals demonstrated recall of traumatic memories, anxiety and an impaired social behavior. In both mTBI and combination groups there was a pattern of disinhibitory like behavior. mTBI abrogated both contextual fear and impairments in social behavior seen in PTSD animals. No major impairment in spatial memory was observed in any group. Examination of neuroendocrine and neuroimmune responses in plasma revealed a trend toward increase in corticosterone in PTSD and combination groups, and an apparent increase in Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory cytokine(s) in the PTSD only and mTBI only groups respectively. In the brain there were no gross neuropathological changes in any groups. We observed that mTBI on a background of repeated trauma exposure resulted in an augmentation of axonal injury and inflammatory markers, neurofilament L and ICAM-1 respectively. Our observations thus far suggest that this novel stress-traumarelated paradigm may be a useful model for investigating further the overlapping and distinct spatio-temporal and behavioral/biochemical relationship between mTBI and PTSD experienced by combat veterans. © 2014 Ojo, Greenberg, Leary, Mouzon, Bachmeier, Mullan, Diamond and Crawford.","Anxiety and social behavior, Cognitive function, Mild traumatic brain injury, Mouse models, Plasma and brain biomarkers, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Ojo, J. O., Greenberg, M. B., Leary, P., Mouzon, B., Bachmeier, C., Mullan, M., Diamond, D. M., Crawford, F.",2014.0,,10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00213,0,0,
4074,A synopsis of recent influential papers published in psychiatric journals (2010-2011) from the Arab World,"Six recent and influential papers that have appeared in the three leading psychiatry journals from the Arab region are summarized in this review. The first paper examined the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) in rural and urban secondary school girls in Sharkia; more EDs were found among urban than rural population. The second study reported the high prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in primary school children in Iraq in context of the present situation in Iraq dominated by violence creating a traumatizing atmosphere for the population, especially children. The third paper reported that substance dependent patients manifest elevated traits of impulsivity; emotionally driven impulsivity in particular predicted substance related problems. The fourth study reported significant cognitive impairments at illness onset in a large sample of patients with a first psychotic episode. The fifth paper, investigated the cultural imprint on symptom profile of mood disorders. Culture effect on mood disorder was more prominent in depression than in mania. The last article examined the relations between social circumstances, medical morbidity, locus of control and depression in elderly patients suffering from medical conditions. Overall, the papers describe a wide spectrum of research initiatives in the Arab World that are likely to have implications for global mental health. © 2012.","Depression, Eating disorders, Elderly, Impulsivity, Medical inpatients locus of control, PTSD, Substance dependence","Okasha, T., Elkholy, H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4075,Differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences in the development of mental health symptoms in post-war adolescents in northern Uganda,"Background: Previous studies have shown a relationship between stressful war experiences and mental health symptoms in children and adolescents. To date, no comprehensive studies on the role of childhood adversities have been conducted with war-exposed adolescents living in post-war, low-resource settings in Sub-Saharan Africa.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 551 school-going adolescents aged 13-21 years old was undertaken four years post-war in northern Uganda. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires assessing demographics, stressful war experiences, childhood adversities, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms.Results: Our analyses revealed a main effect of gender on all mental health outcomes except avoidance symptoms, with girls reporting higher scores than boys. Stressful war experiences were associated with all mental health symptoms, after adjusting for potential confounders. Childhood adversity was independently associated with depression symptoms but not PTSD, anxiety, and PTSD cluster symptoms. However, in situations of high childhood adversity, our analyses showed that stressful war experiences were less associated with vulnerability to avoidance symptoms than in situations of low childhood adversity.Conclusions: Both stressful war experiences and childhood adversities are risk factors for mental health symptoms among war-affected adolescents. Adolescents with histories of high childhood adversities may be less likely to develop avoidance symptoms in situations of high stressful war experiences. Further exploration of the differential roles of childhood adversities and stressful war experiences is needed.","Adolescents, Anxiety, Childhood adversity, Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stressful war experiences","Okello, J., De Schryver, M., Musisi, S., Broekaert, E., Derluyn, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4076,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt and substance use--a study of hospitalised Nigerian army veterans","OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and survivor guilt in a sample of hospitalized soldiers evacuated from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean wars in which Nigerians were involved as peace keepers. The relationships between PTSD, survivor guilt and substance use were also investigated. DESIGN: A socio-demographic data questionnaire, the PTSD checklist and a validated World Health Organization substance use survey instrument were used to obtain data from the subjects. SETTING: The study took place at the 68 Nigerian Army Reference Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, which was the base hospital for all casualties from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean operations. SUBJECTS: All hospitalised patients from the military operations during a 4-year period (1990-1994) who were physically capable of being assessed were included in the study. RESULTS: The prevalence rate for PTSD was found to be 22% and survivor guilt was found in 38% of the responders. PTSD was significantly associated with long duration of stay in the mission area, current alcohol use, lifetime use of an alcohol/gunpowder mixture, and lifetime cannabis use. Survivor guilt was significantly associated with avoidance of trauma-related stimuli but not duration of combat exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Although the sample studied was specific, PTSD might be quite common and probably undetected among Nigerian military personnel engaged in battle in Liberia and Sierra-Leone. Detection of such persons through deliberate screening in military community studies should help to alleviate the symptoms since good intervention methods are now available. Primary prevention efforts with regard to alcohol and cannabis use should help to reduce the incidence of PTSD.","Adult, Female, *Guilt, Humans, Inpatients/*statistics & numerical data, Male, Nigeria, Retrospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Survivors/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Veterans/*statistics & numerical data, *War","Okulate, G. T., Jones, O. B.",2006.0,Feb,,0,0,
4077,"Post-traumatic stress disorders, survivor guilt and substance use - A study of hospitalised Nigerian army veterans","Objectives. To investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and survivor guilt in a sample of hospitalised soldiers evacuated from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean wars in which Nigerians were involved as peace keepers. The relationships between PTSD, survivor guilt and substance use were also investigated. Design. A socio-demographic data questionnaire, the PTSD checklist and a validated World Health Organization substance use survey instrument were used to obtain data from the subjects. Setting. The study took place at the 68 Nigerian Army Reference Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, which was the base hospital for all casualties from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean operations. Subjects. All hospital ised patients from the military operations during a 4-year period (1990-1994) who were physically capable of being assessed were included in the study. Results. The prevalence rate for PTSD was found to be 22% and survivor guilt was found in 38% of the responders. PTSD was significantly associated with long duration of stay in the mission area, current alcohol use, lifetime use of an alcohol/gunpowder mixture, and lifetime cannabis use. Survivor guilt was significantly associated with avoidance of trauma-related stimuli but not duration of combat exposure. Conclusions. Although the sample studied was specific, PTSD might be quite common and probably undetected among Nigerian military personnel engaged in battle in Liberia and Sierra-Leone. Detection of such persons through deliberate screening in military community studies should help to alleviate the symptoms since good intervention methods are now available. Primary prevention efforts with regard to alcohol and cannabis use should help to reduce the incidence of PTSD.","cannabis, adult, alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, army, article, avoidance behavior, cannabis addiction, controlled study, demography, female, guilt, hospitalization, human, Liberia, major clinical study, male, military medicine, Nigeria, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, primary prevention, questionnaire, screening test, Sierra Leone, substance abuse, survival, symptomatology, validation study, veteran, world health organization","Okulate, G. T., Jones, O. B. E.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4078,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, survivor guilt and substance use - A study of hospitalised Nigerian army veterans","Objectives. To investigate fhe prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and survivor guilt in a sample of hospitalised soldiers evacuated from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean wars in which Nigerians were involved as peace keepers. The relationship between PTSD, survivor guilt and substance use were also investigated. Design. A socio-demographic data questionnaire, the PTSD checklist and a validated World Health Organization substance use survey instrument were used to obtain data from the subjects. Setting. The study took place at the 68 Nigerian Army Reference Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, which was the base hospital for all casualties from the Liberian and Sierra-Leonean operations. Subjects. All hospitalised patients from the military operations during a 4-year period (1990 - 1994) who were physically capable of being assessed were included in the study. Results. The prevalence rate for PTSD was found to be 22% and survivor guilt wis found in 38% of the responders, PTSD was significantly associated with long duration of stay in the mission area, current alcohol use, lifetime use of an alcohol/gunpowder mixture, and lifetime cannabis use. Survivor guilt was significantly associated with avoidance of trauma-related stimuli but not duration of combat exposure. Conclusions. Although the sample studied was specific, PTSD might be quite common and probably undetected among Nigerian military personnel engaged in battle in Liberia and Sierra-Leone. Detection of such persons through deliberate screening in military community studies should help to alleviate the symptoms since good intervention methods are now available. Primary prevention efforts with regard to alcohol and cannabis use should help to reduce the incidence of PTSD.","alcohol, cannabis, adult, alcohol consumption, army, article, cannabis addiction, confidence interval, controlled study, demography, female, geographic distribution, guilt, health survey, human, length of stay, major clinical study, male, mass screening, military medicine, Nigeria, occupational exposure, occupational hazard, occupational health, population distribution, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, questionnaire, risk assessment, risk factor, statistical analysis, statistical significance, substance abuse, validation process, veteran, world health organization","Okulate, G. T., Jones, O. B. E.",2006.0,,,0,0,4076
4079,Anxiety sensitivity and post-traumatic stress reactions: Evidence for intrusions and physiological arousal as mediating and moderating mechanisms,"A growing body of research has implicated anxiety sensitivity (AS) and its dimensions in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanism(s) that may account for the association between AS and PTSD remains unclear. Using the ""trauma film paradigm,"" which provides a prospective experimental tool for investigating analog intrusion development, the present study examines the extent to which intrusions mediate the association between AS and the development of posttraumatic stress reactions. After completing a measure of AS and state mood, unselected participants (n = 45) viewed a 10min film of graphic scenes of fatal traffic accidents and then completed a second assessment of state mood. Participants then kept a daily diary to record intrusions about the film for a one-week period. Post-traumatic stress reactions about the film were then assessed after the one-week period. The results showed that general AS and physical and cognitive concerns AS predicted greater post-traumatic stress reactions about the film a week later. Furthermore, the number of intrusions the day after viewing the traumatic film, but not fear and disgust in response to the trauma film, mediated the association between general AS (and AS specifically for physical and cognitive concerns) and post-traumatic stress reactions a week later. Subsequent analysis also showed that physiological arousal during initial exposure to the traumatic film moderated the association between general AS and the number of intrusions reported the day after viewing the film. The implications of these analog findings for conceptualizing the mechanism(s) that may interact to explain the role of AS in the development of PTSD and its effective treatment are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, Physiological Arousal, Trauma","Olatunji, Bunmi O., Fan, Qianqian",2015.0,,,0,0,
4080,Association between traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder: Results from the ESEMeD-Spain study,"Background: The relative importance of traumatic events (TEs) in accounting for the social burden of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could vary according to cross-cultural factors. In that sense, no such studies have yet been conducted in the Spanish general population. The present study aims to determine the epidemiology of trauma and PTSD in a Spanish community sample using the randomly selected TEs method. Methods: The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)-Spain is a cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of adult population. Lifetime prevalence of self-reported TEs and lifetime and 12-month prevalence of PTSD were evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Reports of PTSD associated with randomly selected TEs were weighted by the individual-level probabilities of TE selection to generate estimates of population-level PTSD risk associated with each TE. Results: Road accident was the most commonly self-reported TE (14.1%). Sexual assault had the highest conditional risk of PTSD (16.5%). The TEs that contributed most to societal PTSD burden were unexpected death of a loved one (36.4% of all cases) and sexual assault (17.2%). Being female and having a low educational level were associated with low risk of overall TE exposure and being previously married was related to higher risk. Being female was related to high risk of PTSD after experiencing a TE. Conclusions: Having an accident is commonly reported among Spanish adults, but two TE are responsible for the highest burden associated with PTSD: the unexpected death of someone close and sexual assault. These results can help designing public health interventions to reduce the societal PTSD burden. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Cross Cultural Differences, Epidemiology","Olaya, B., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Kessler, R. C., Vilagut, G., Haro, J. M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4081,Mental health needs of children exposed to intimate partner violence seeking help from mental health services,"The aim of this study is to examine whether children and adolescents exposed to interparental physical and environmental violence have specific needs when seeking public mental health services compared to non-exposed outpatients. The witnessing of intimate partner violence (IPV), psychopathology, functional impairment, and several individual and family variables were assessed in 520 children aged 8 to 17 years. Results showed that living with violent parents at home increased the child's risk of posttraumatic stress disorder, dysthymia, self-harming behavior, and functional impairment. Exposed children's mothers were more likely to overprotect their sons, punish their daughters and report greater psychopathology, whereas fathers who engaged in marital violence displayed greater emotional distress and were more likely to punish and reject their children. The child's sex moderated the IPV effects on parenting, parental discipline, child's life events and health appraisal. Given the specific clinical profile of exposed children, mental health services should develop schedules to detect, assess, and treat these cases. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Children and adolescents, Functional impairment, Intimate partner violence, Mental health services, ""Mothers and fathers parenting style"", Parent psychopathology, Psychopathology, Sex","Olaya, B., Ezpeleta, L., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., Doménech, J. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4082,Quantifying heterogeneity attributable to polythetic diagnostic criteria: Theoretical framework and empirical application,"Heterogeneity within psychiatric disorders is both theoretically and practically problematic: For many disorders, it is possible for 2 individuals to share very few or even no symptoms in common yet share the same diagnosis. Polythetic diagnostic criteria have long been recognized to contribute to this heterogeneity, yet no unified theoretical understanding of the coherence of symptom criteria sets currently exists. A general framework for analyzing the logical and mathematical structure, coherence, and diversity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnostic categories (DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR) is proposed, drawing from combinatorial mathematics, set theory, and information theory. Theoretical application of this framework to 18 diagnostic categories indicates that in most categories, 2 individuals with the same diagnosis may share no symptoms in common, and that any 2 theoretically possible symptom combinations will share on average less than half their symptoms. Application of this framework to 2 large empirical datasets indicates that patients who meet symptom criteria for major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder tend to share approximately three-fifths of symptoms in common. For both disorders in each of the datasets, pairs of individuals who shared no common symptoms were observed. Any 2 individuals with either diagnosis were unlikely to exhibit identical symptomatology. The theoretical and empirical results stemming from this approach have substantive implications for etiological research into, and measurement of, psychiatric disorders. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","DSM-5, Heterogeneity, Major depressive disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychiatric nosology","Olbert, C. M., Gala, G. J., Tupler, L. A.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0036068,0,0,
4083,Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review,"To assess the empirical basis of prevalence and risk factors of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTSD in mothers, the relevant literature was critically reviewed. A MEDLINE and PSYCHLIT search using the key words ""posttraumatic stress"", ""PTSD"", ""childbirth"" and ""traumatic delivery"" was performed. The generated list of articles was supplemented by a review of their bibliographies. A total of 31 articles was selected. The primary inclusion criterion was report of posttraumatic stress symptoms or PTSD specifically related to childbirth. Case studies and quantitative studies on regular childbirth and childbirth by emergency cesarean section were identified. Consistency among studies was found with regard to development of posttraumatic stress symptoms as a consequence of traumatic delivery. Methodological issues concerning prevalence and risk factors were discussed. Case studies and quantitative studies confirm that childbirth may be experienced as so emotionally intense that it can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms or even a PTSD-profile. Among the identified risk factors were a history of psychological problems, trait anxiety, obstetric procedures, negative aspects in staff-mother contact, feelings of loss of control over the situation, and lack of partner support. The conclusion of the current review is twofold. First, traumatic reactions to childbirth are an important public health issue. Secondly, studying childbirth offers opportunity to prospectively study the development of posttraumatic stress reactions. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","bibliographic database, cesarean section, childbirth, clinical feature, doctor patient relation, emotion, experience, human, medical literature, medical staff, Medline, obstetrics, pain, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological aspect, psychotrauma, public health, rating scale, review, risk factor, self report","Olde, E., Van Der Hart, O., Kleber, R., Van Son, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4084,Consensus document on European brain research,"Brain disease psychiatric and neurologic disease combined represents a considerable social and economic burden in Europe. Data collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest that brain diseases are responsible for 35% of Europe's told disease burden. An analysis of all health economic studies of brain diseases in Europe, published by the European Brain Council (EBC) in June 2005, estimated the total cost of brain disease in Europe in 2004 to be €386 billion. That burden is set to grow, mainly due to the fact that the European population is ageing. Investment in brain sciences does not match that burden now, let alone in the future. Brain research received only 8% of the life science budget in the European Commission's Fifth Framework Programme, which represents less than 0.01% of the annual cost of brain disorders for that period. Over the bst decade, Europe has been losing ground to the USA and Japan in terms or both basic and clinical research. Many of Europe's young researchers are taking up posts in the USA and staying there. Big pharmaceutical companies are fleeing Europe for the USA, taking their drug development programmes with them. Research in the brain sciences now holds the promise of therapies that halt and even reverse neurodegeneration, of better diagnostic tools, neural prostheses for the paralysed and drugs for depression and anxiety that are tailored to the individual, thereby eliminating or reducing side effects. Our growing understanding of the normal brain could lead to better prevention of brain disease and to more effective teaching methods. The need for innovative treatments has never been greater, and Europe boasts clusters of excellent researchers in biotechnology who could collaborate with brain scientists and the pharmaceutical industry to realise this promise. But if Europe is to seize these opportunities and meet the challenge of brain disease, it needs to go forward on the basis of greater collaboration between countries, greater collaboration between industry, academia and patient organisations, and increased investment in the brain sciences. The EBC was formed in 2002 to bring together scientists, clinicians, the pharmaceutical industry, charities and patient organisations from all over Europe to campaign for these goals. It takes a novel, bottom-up approach to research policy, and in developing this consensus document, it aims to promote a greater and more focused effort in this area, to improve public understanding of the brain sciences and above all, to support brain research as a priority under the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7, 2007-2013). The research programme outlined here was first conceived by the EBC board. An outline was sent to all member organisations and a number of individual experts for comments. Following that, a table of contents was developed. The 45 research themes were written by groups of experts from across Europe who represent a wide range of disciplines. Each one contains a proposal for future research on a specific brain-related theme which the EBC believes could form the basis of one or more integrated projects or strategic targeted research projects (STREP) funded under FP7. The EBC has deliberately focused on the major diseases and then described the basic research needed to understand and treat or perhaps even cure those diseases. The programme is therefore constructed ""from man to molecule"" and not the other way round, with equal importance attached to basic and clinical research. The EBC suggests that each of the proposed integrated projects or STREP should be awarded a budget in the order of €10 to 15 million. In addition, brain research should be treated as an important element of many other parts of FP7, such as the European Research Council and research programmes on information technology and the causes of violence. Any research programme that concerns human behaviour should, by definition, take account of brain research. The EBC envisages that the priority for brain research it proposes at the European leve will translate into higher priority for brain research at the national level, and this document may also serve as a starting point for the development of national consensus programmes. It seems likely that consensus conferences on brain research in Europe may further develop the themes and ideas discussed here. An EBC task force may also be established to further the consensus process. In general, increasing funding in the brain sciences would bring enormous economic returns by lightening the burden on healthcare systems and increasing the productivity of affected individuals-and might easily pay for itself. The human and social returns of such an investment are inestimable. And the time to act is now.",,"Olesen, J., Baker, M. G., Freund, T., Di Luca, M., Mendlewicz, J., Ragan, I., Westphal, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4085,Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., Gersons, B. P. R.",2007.0,,10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183,0,0,
4086,Executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the influence of comorbid depression,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with neurocognitive deficits, such as impaired verbal memory and executive functioning. Less is known about executive function and the role of comorbid depression in PTSD. Recently, studies have shown that verbal memory impairments may be associated with comorbid depressive symptoms, but their role in executive function impairments is still unclear. Objective: To examine several domains of executive functioning in PTSD and the potentially mediating role of comorbid depressive symptoms in the relationship between executive function and PTSD. Method: Executive functioning was assessed in 28 PTSD patients and 28 matched trauma-exposed controls. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) with subtests measuring response inhibition (SST), flexibility/set shifting (IED), planning/working memory (OTS) and spatial working memory (SWM) was administered in PTSD patients and trauma-exposed controls. Regression analyses were used to assess the predictive factor of PTSD symptoms (CAPS) and depressive symptoms (HADS-D) in relation to executive function when taking into account the type of trauma. Pearson's correlations were used to examine the association between PTSD symptom clusters (CAPS) and executive function. The mediating effects of depression and PTSD were assessed using regression coefficients and the Sobel's test for mediation. Results: Our findings indicate that PTSD patients performed significantly worse on executive function than trauma-exposed controls in all domains assessed. PTSD symptoms contributed to executive functioning impairments (SST median correct, IED total errors, OTS latency to correct, SWM total errors and SWM strategy). Adding depressive symptoms to the model attenuated these effects. PTSD symptom clusters 'numbing' and to a lesser extent 'avoidance' were more frequently associated with worse executive function (i.e., IED total errors, OTS latency to correct and SWM total errors) than 'reexperiencing' and 'hyperarousal'. Depressive symptoms mediated the relation between PTSD and executive function on some executive function measures (IED total errors and OTS latency to correct), whereas PTSD did not mediate the relation between depression and executive function. Conclusions: PTSD patients perform worse on executive function. The impairments seem to be mostly associated with the less specific PTSD symptom cluster of 'numbing'. Depressive symptoms seem to mediate the relationship between PTSD and executive function. These findings may have clinical implications with regard to treatment indication and prognosis. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.","Comorbid depressive disorder, Executive function, Neurocognitive, Neuropsychology, PTSD, Symptom clusters","Olff, M., Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., Denys, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4087,"The structure of acute posttraumatic stress symptoms: 'reexperiencing', 'active avoidance', 'dysphoria', and 'hyperarousal'","Empirical data have challenged chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consisting of three dimensions. In the present study we aimed to determine the factor structure of acute posttraumatic symptoms in two recently traumatized samples. In sample 1, 203 civilian trauma survivors were administered the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) approximately 1 week posttrauma. In sample 2, 182 civilian treatment seeking trauma survivors completed the DTS at an average of 41.4 days posttrauma. Our confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a 4-factor intercorrelated model provided the best representation of the data in both samples. The four factors are best described as reexperiencing, active avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal. For acute posttraumatic symptoms, the empirical data suggest to split the avoidance cluster into 'Active avoidance' and 'Dysphoria'-confirming findings in studies on chronic PTSD. In future revisions of the DSM, the diagnostic criteria for PTSD may need to be adapted to fit the research findings.","Acute Disease, Adult, *Arousal, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, *Escape Reaction, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Mood Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*psychology","Olff, M., Sijbrandij, M., Opmeer, B. C., Carlier, I. V., Gersons, B. P.",2009.0,Jun,10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.003,0,0,
4088,"The structure of acute posttraumatic stress symptoms: 'Reexperiencing', 'Active avoidance', 'Dysphoria', and 'Hyperarousal'","Empirical data have challenged chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) consisting of three dimensions. In the present study we aimed to determine the factor structure of acute posttraumatic symptoms in two recently traumatized samples. In sample 1, 203 civilian trauma survivors were administered the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) approximately 1 week posttrauma. In sample 2, 182 civilian treatment seeking trauma survivors completed the DTS at an average of 41.4 days posttrauma. Our confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a 4-factor intercorrelated model provided the best representation of the data in both samples. The four factors are best described as reexperiencing, active avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal. For acute posttraumatic symptoms, the empirical data suggest to split the avoidance cluster into 'Active avoidance' and 'Dysphoria'-confirming findings in studies on chronic PTSD. In future revisions of the DSM, the diagnostic criteria for PTSD may need to be adapted to fit the research findings. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, article, avoidance behavior, Davidson Trauma Scale, dysphoria, factorial analysis, female, human, injury, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, scoring system, survivor, symptom","Olff, M., Sijbrandij, M., Opmeer, B. C., Carlier, I. V. E., Gersons, B. P. R.",2009.0,,,0,0,4087
4089,"Configurations of early risk and their association with academic, cognitive, emotional and behavioural outcomes in middle childhood","PURPOSE: Risk factors for children's development are multifarious and co-occur, having cumulative as well as individual impacts. Yet common configurations of early childhood risks remain little understood. The current study aimed to identify patterns of early risk exposure and to examine their relationship with diverse outcomes in middle childhood. METHODS: Using latent class analysis in a large, community-based, UK sample (N = 13,699), we examined 13 putative risk factors to identify patterns of exposure. RESULTS: Four risk configurations were identified: low (65 %), socio-demographic (14 %), family dysfunction (12 %), and multiple (9 %) risk classes. As expected, children in the low risk group fared best on all outcome measures, and those with multiple risk, worst. Importantly, specificity in associations with outcomes emerged, such that cognitive outcomes were predominantly linked with socio-demographic adversities, emotional difficulties with family dysfunction, and conduct problems increased across risk classes. CONCLUSIONS: Better understanding of configurations of childhood risk exposures may help to target resources for children in need.","achievement, adult, child, child abuse, child behavior, behavior disorder, cognition, diagnosis, emotion, epidemiology, family, female, human, male, mental disease, preschool child, prevalence, psychology, questionnaire, risk factor, socioeconomics, posttraumatic stress disorder, United Kingdom, violence","Oliver, B. R., Kretschmer, T., Maughan, B.",2014.0,,,0,1,
4090,Preclinical evidence on the psychotropic profile of fluvoxamine,"Serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluvoxamine are interesting compounds. Initially launched as antidepressants, they have been found to be active in various psychiatric disorders besides depression, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and eating disturbances. Preliminary data suggest their efficacy in alcohol and drug abuse, aggression, and posttraumatic stress disorder as well. Along with those clinical findings, new preclinical data have emerged. For example, fluvoxamine has demonstrated activity in various models of anxiety in rodents. Its anxiolytic activity can be clearly discriminated from that of the benzodiazepines. In the DRL 72-sec paradigm, fluvoxamine exhibits a good antidepressant profile, similar to those of imipramine and flesinoxan. Studies have shown that fluvoxamine does not down-regulate (beta)-adrenoceptors; apparently, that property is not a conditio sine qua non for antidepressant activity. Results of studies of the mechanism of action of fluvoxamine in which drug discrimination tests were performed with rats and pigeons suggest that the fluvoxamine stimulus is not (or is only to a very limited degree) dependent on activation of 5-HT(1A) receptors or 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors, or both. Experimentation is ongoing in those animal models.","alprazolam, amitriptyline, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine, buspirone, citalopram, clomipramine, diazepam, eltoprazine, flesinoxan, fluvoxamine, imipramine, ipsapirone, ketanserin, ondansetron, ritanserin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, zimeldine, aggression, animal experiment, compulsion, conference paper, depression, human, intraperitoneal drug administration, intravenous drug administration, nonhuman, obsession, oral drug administration, panic, pigeon, posttraumatic stress disorder, rat, rodent","Olivier, B., Bosch, L., Van Hest, A., Van der Heyden, J., Mos, J., Van der Poel, G., Schipper, J., Tulp, M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4091,Post-traumatic stress disorder among recently diagnosed patients with HIV/AIDS in South Africa,"This study examined the prevalence of and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in recently diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa. One hundred and forty-nine (44 male, 105 female) recently diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients (mean duration since diagnosis =5.8 months, SD =4.1) were evaluated. Subjects were assessed using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Carver Brief COPE coping scale and the Sheehan Disability Scale. In addition, previous exposures to trauma and past risk behaviours were assessed. Twenty-two patients (14.8%) met criteria for PTSD. Current psychiatric conditions more likely to be associated with PTSD included major depressive disorder (29% in PTSD patients versus 7% in non-PTSD patients, p=0.004), suicidality (54% versus 11%, p =0.001) and social anxiety disorder (40% versus 13%, P=0.04). Further patients with PTSD reported significantly more work impairment and demonstrated a trend towards higher usage of alcohol as a means of coping. Discriminant function analysis indicated that female gender and a history of sexual violation in the past year were significantly associated with a diagnosis of PTSD. Patients whose PTSD was a direct result of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis (8/22) did not differ from other patients with PTSD on demographic or clinical features. In the South African context, PTSD is not an uncommon disorder in patients with HIV/AIDS. In some cases, PTSD is secondary to the diagnosis of HPV/AIDS but in most cases it is seen after other traumas, with sexual violation and intimate partner violence in women being particularly important. (copyright) 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.","acquired immune deficiency syndrome, adult, alcohol abuse, article, clinical feature, coping behavior, demography, discriminant analysis, disease duration, evaluation study, female, gender, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, major clinical study, male, mental disease, partner violence, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, risk factor, sexual abuse, social phobia, South Africa, statistical significance, suicidal behavior","Olley, B. O., Zeier, M. D., Seedat, S., Stein, D. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4092,ApoE isoform-dependent deficits in extinction of contextual fear conditioning,"The three major human apoE isoforms (apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4) are encoded by distinct alleles (2, 3 and 4). Compared with 3, 4 is associated with increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD), and other conditions. In contrast, a recent study indicated an increased susceptibility to the recurring and re-experiencing symptom cluster of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as well as related memory impairments, in patients carrying at least one 2 allele. Contextual fear conditioning and extinction are used in human and animal models to study this symptom cluster. In this study, acquisition (day 1, training), consolidation (day 2, first day of re-exposure) and extinction (days 2-5) of conditioned contextual fear in human apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4 targeted replacement and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice was investigated. Male and female apoE2 showed acquisition and retrieval of conditioned fear, but failed to exhibit extinction. In contrast, WT, apoE3 and apoE4 mice showed extinction. While apoE2 mice exhibited lower freezing in response to the context on day 2 than apoE3 and apoE4 mice, this cannot explain their extinction deficit as WT mice exhibited similar freezing levels as apoE2 mice on day 2 but still exhibited extinction. Elevating freezing through extended training preserved extinction in controls, but failed to ameliorate extinction deficits in apoE2 animals. These data along with clinical data showing an association of apoE2 with susceptibility to specific symptom clusters in PTSD supports an important role for apoE isoform in the extinction of conditioned fear.","Animals, Anxiety/genetics, Apolipoproteins E/*genetics, Conditioning (Psychology), *Extinction, Psychological, *Fear, Female, Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Protein Isoforms/genetics","Olsen, R. H., Agam, M., Davis, M. J., Raber, J.",2012.0,Oct,10.1111/j.1601-183X.2012.00833.x,0,0,
4093,ApoE isoform-dependent deficits in extinction of contextual fear conditioning,"ApoE2 mice show acquisition and retrieval of conditioned fear but in contrast to apoE3 and apE4 mice no extinction. The three major human apoE isoforms (apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4) are encoded by distinct alleles (ε{lunate}2, ε{lunate}3 and ε{lunate}4). Compared with ε{lunate}3, ε{lunate}4 is associated with increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD), and other conditions. In contrast, a recent study indicated an increased susceptibility to the recurring and re-experiencing symptom cluster of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as well as related memory impairments, in patients carrying at least one ε{lunate}2 allele. Contextual fear conditioning and extinction are used in human and animal models to study this symptom cluster. In this study, acquisition (day 1, training), consolidation (day 2, first day of re-exposure) and extinction (days 2-5) of conditioned contextual fear in human apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4 targeted replacement and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice was investigated. Male and female apoE2 showed acquisition and retrieval of conditioned fear, but failed to exhibit extinction. In contrast, WT, apoE3 and apoE4 mice showed extinction. While apoE2 mice exhibited lower freezing in response to the context on day 2 than apoE3 and apoE4 mice, this cannot explain their extinction deficit as WT mice exhibited similar freezing levels as apoE2 mice on day 2 but still exhibited extinction. Elevating freezing through extended training preserved extinction in controls, but failed to ameliorate extinction deficits in apoE2 animals. These data along with clinical data showing an association of apoE2 with susceptibility to specific symptom clusters in PTSD supports an important role for apoE isoform in the extinction of conditioned fear. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.","Acquisition, apoE, Extinction, PTSD","Olsen, R. H. J., Agam, M., Davis, M. J., Raber, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,4092
4094,Increased right inferior temporal lobe gray matter volume is associated with greater alexithymia in PTSD,"Background: Alexithymia, or difficulty identifying and describing one's own emotions, is often seen in individuals with PTSD and may be a risk factor for developing the disorder. The aim of this study was to identify regions where gray matter volume was associated with alexithymia in individuals with PTSD, initially using an exploratory whole-brain voxelwise approach. Methods: 18 right-handed participants with PTSD (13 female, 5 male) completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and underwent MRI scanning at 3T. SPM8 was used to conduct automated voxel-based morphometry, using a wholebrain voxelwise approach, at clusterwise family wise error corrected p < 0.05. Results: Greater alexithymia was associated with increased gray matter volume in a right inferior temporal lobe cluster (936 voxels, cluster-wise p = 0.041, FWEcorrected), controlling for age and sex. This result was driven by the difficulty identifying feelings subscale (p = 0.024, FWE). Gray matter volume from the cluster was extracted (MarsBaR; Rex) and analyzed in SPSS. Difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings were greater in those with larger right inferior temporal volume, while external orientation was not. These relationships remained significant after controlling for current PTSD severity. Conclusions: In individuals with PTSD, increased gray matter volume in a large right inferior temporal lobe cluster was associated with increased alexithymia, particularly difficulty identifying feelings. Results are discussed in relation to previous fMRI literature demonstrating differences in networks supporting affective processing in PTSD.","alexithymia, temporal lobe, posttraumatic stress disorder, gray matter, society, psychiatry, morphometrics, emotion, human, female, functional magnetic resonance imaging, male, Toronto Alexithymia scale, brain, voxel based morphometry, processing, diseases, risk factor, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging","Olson, E. A., Weber, M., Crowley, D., Rosso, I. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4095,Risk of suicide in the Mental Health in the General Population survey: Initial results,"The risk of suicide in the general population was assessed in the second phase of the Mental Health in the General Population survey carried out with the backing of CCOMS. This assessment, done with the MINI, addressed a cross-section of more than 30,000 people over 18 years of age. Questions concerned the presence of a risk of suicide and its level of gravity, the sociodemographic profile and comorbidity. Results confirm a high rate of prevalence in the general population. The young are very affected, and efforts must be concentrated on them, as well as on single and unemployed persons. Comorbidity with psychopathological disorders was studied and concerns mainly depression and dysthymia, but also panic attacks and PTSD. Occurrence rates differ according to the seriousness of the risk of suicide. A more detailed study is under way, the above being preliminary results.","adult, comorbidity, demography, female, health survey, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, panic, population research, prevalence, review, risk assessment, suicide, unemployment","Omnes, C., Vaiva, G., Philippe, A., Rouillon, F., Roelandt, J. L.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4096,"A comparative study of fluoxetine, moclobemide, and tianeptine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following an earthquake","Abstract: Purpose. -Although antidepressant drugs have been proven as an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are few comparative studies of antidepressants that are acting on different neurotransmitters. The main aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of different class of antidepressant drugs on the PTSD. Subjects/materials and methods. - In this open label study, the patients who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomly assigned to flexible doses of fluoxetine, moclobemide, or tianeptine. After the first assessment, consecutive assessments were performed at the end of weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 using clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) and Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). Changes in the total score of CAPS and sub-scale scores of symptom clusters (re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal) were the main output of efficacy. All statistics were based on intention-to-treat and last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) principles. Results. - Thirty-eight patients were assigned to fluoxetine, 35 patients were assigned to moclobemide, and 30 patients were assigned to tianeptine group. Gender distributions and mean ages of the treatment groups were not significantly different. Drop-out rates due to an adverse events or unknown reasons were not significantly different among fluoxetine (18.4%), moclobemide (14.3%), and tianeptine (20.0%) groups. All three treatments has led to a significant improvement in PTSD severity assessed with CAPS total score (ANOVA P < 0.001). Similarly, total scores of re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal clusters that are subscales of CAPS were significantly reduced by all three treatments (with ANOVA all P values < 0.001). There was not significant difference in terms of treatment effect between three groups. Discussion. - Treatment groups showed very similar improvement on all ratings scales. The findings support that fluoxetine, moclobemide, and tianeptine are all effective in the treatment of PTSD. Different mechanisms of action for these antidepressant drugs might result in the same common neurochemical end point. However, further studies using different classes of antidepressant drugs are needed. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.","Fluoxetine, Moclobemide, Natural disasters, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Tianeptine, Treatment","Önder, E., Tural, U., Aker, T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4097,Prevalence of psychiatric disorders three years after the 1999 earthquake in Turkey: Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES),"Background: The objective of the study is to describe the community prevalence of psychiatric disorder, mainly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 3 years after a devastating earthquake. Methods: Three years after the Marmara Earthquake, 683 individuals from the epicentre were randomly selected to form a representative sample and were assessed with Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The 36 months prevalence of PTSD and MDD after the Marmara Earthquake were 19.2% and 18.7% respectively. The current prevalence of PTSD and MDD in the affected community was found to be 11.7% and 10.5%, respectively. PTSD and MDD were the most prevalent disorders after the disaster and showed a decrease over time. However, only 38.9% of the PTSD cases identified at any time over the 3 years were in remission at the 3rd-year. The co-occurrence of MDD with PTSD resulted in a decrease in the rate of recovery from PTSD. MDD was also the most prevalent disorder accompanying PTSD. Of all the subjects 37.5% with PTSD still met the MDD criteria at the 3rd year postearthquake. Conclusions: In comparison with the data from pre-earthquake national mental health profile, the present study showed that the prevalence of MDD, panic disorder, OCD, GAD, social phobia and special phobias were still higher in the affected region 3 years after the earthquake. (copyright) Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt 2006.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, Beck Depression Inventory, comorbidity, composite international diagnostic interview, earthquake, female, General Health Questionnaire, health survey, human, interview, major clinical study, major depression, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychologic test, remission, social phobia, Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist, Turkey (republic)","Onder, E., Tural, U., Aker, T., Kilic, C., Erdogan, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4098,Prevalence of psychiatric disorders three years after the 1999 earthquake in Turkey: Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES),"Background: The objective of the study is to describe the community prevalence of psychiatric disorder, mainly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 3 years after a devastating earthquake. Methods: Three years after the Marmara Earthquake, 683 individuals from the epicentre were randomly selected to form a representative sample and were assessed with Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The 36 months prevalence of PTSD and MDD after the Marmara Earthquake were 19.2% and 18.7% respectively. The current prevalence of PTSD and MDD in the affected community was found to be 11.7% and 10.5%, respectively. PTSD and MDD were the most prevalent disorders after the disaster and showed a decrease over time. However, only 38.9% of the PTSD cases identified at any time over the 3 years were in remission at the 3rd-year. The co-occurrence of MDD with PTSD resulted in a decrease in the rate of recovery from PTSD. MDD was also the most prevalent disorder accompanying PTSD. Of all the subjects 37.5% with PTSD still met the MDD criteria at the 3rd year postearthquake. Conclusions: In comparison with the data from pre-earthquake national mental health profile, the present study showed that the prevalence of MDD, panic disorder, OCD, GAD, social phobia and special phobias were still higher in the affected region 3 years after the earthquake. © Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt 2006.","Earthquake, Major depressive disorder, Prevalence, Psychopathology, PTSD, Recovery","Önder, E., Tural, Ü, Aker, T., Kiliç, C., Erdoǧan, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,4097
4099,Assessment of post-traumatic stress and anxiety disorders after Marmara Earthquake in Sapanca,"Objective: The aim of the study is to determine symptoms of PTSD and anxiety disorders and evaluate related factors after six years from Marmara Earthquake in Sapanca. Method: This descriptive study was conducted in Sapanca at July-August 2005. The data of 62 participants were collected by a questionnaire which included questions about their sociodemografic characteristics and experiences in Marmara eathquake. Also Clinician Administered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale [CAPS] and Beck Anxiety Inventory were questioned. Findings: Only 24.2% of participants had PTSD, 64.5% had minimal-light anxiety and 25.8% had medium-severe anxiety. There was a statistically significant difference between education status and PTSD and anxiety status [p < 0.05]. Both PTSD and anxiety scores were high at low educational status. PTSD and medium to severe anxiety were significantly high at the participants who saw earthquake at their dreams and changed their daily habits [p < 0.05]. Seeing earthquake at dream was found related factor with PTSD and changing daily habits was found related factor with PTSD and anxiety in the multivariable analysis. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study we found that, the effects of the earthquake on mental health were still continuing after 6 years. This results show that mental problems related with eathquake continues long period after great disasters. For this reason, community community-based interventional mental health studies are important for promoting community mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Natural Disasters, Symptoms","Onsuz, M. Fatih, Topuzoglu, Ahmet, Ikilsik, Hatice, Karavus, Melda",2009.0,,,0,0,
4100,Nitric oxide as inflammatory mediator in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Evidence from an animal model,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that may develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Recent clinical evidence has suggested the involvement of neurodegenerative pathology in the illness, particularly with brain imaging studies revealing a marked reduction in hippocampal volume. Of greater significance is that these anatomical changes appear to be positively correlated with the degree of cognitive deficit noted in these patients. Stress-induced increases in plasma cortisol have been implicated in this apparent atrophy. Although not definitive, clinical studies have observed a marked suppression of plasma cortisol in PTSD. The basis for hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive decline therefore remains unclear. Stress and glucocorticoids increase glutamate release, which is recognized as an important mediator of glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity. Recent preclinical studies have also noted that glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) play a causal role in anxiety-related behaviors. Because of the prominent role of NO in neuronal toxicity, cellular memory processes, and as a neuromodulator, nitrergic pathways may have an important role in stress-related hippocampal degenerative pathology and cognitive deficits seen in patients with PTSD. This paper reviews the preclinical evidence for involvement of the NO-pathway in PTSD, and emphasizes studies that have addressed these issues using time-dependent sensitization - a putative animal model of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Drug Therapy, *Hippocampus, *Nitric Oxide, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Trauma","Oosthuizen, Frasia, Wegener, Gregers, Harvey, Brian H.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4101,Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder,"In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III, DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the presence of three symptom clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), in particular sertraline and paroxetine, have emerged as the treatment of choice for trauma victims experiencing these three symptom clusters. While not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, other pharmacological agents are often used, some for symptoms found in victims of early, chronic or extreme stress. Referred to as having type II trauma, complex PTSD, disorders of extreme stress and enduring personality change after catastrophic experience, these patients, with symptoms such as dissociation, somatization and self-injurious behavior, need to be recognized as suffering from a trauma-related disorder qualitative-ly different from that presently captured in the DSM-IV. In this paper we will refer to DSM-IV's construct as simple PTSD (sPTSD); to complex PTSD/disorders of extreme stress as cPTSD/DES; and to both as PTSD. We will review existing evidence for the efficacy of SSRIs in treating sPTSD as well as different pharmacological interventions that are necessary for the treatment of cPTSD/DES. In addition, since both sPTSD and cPTSD/DES frequently coexist with other mental disorders, treatment of comorbid PTSD will be addressed. Finally, given that existing rating scales are not designed to measure symptoms of cPTSD/DES, we will describe the Symptoms of Trauma Scale (SOTS), designed to measure symptoms of both sPTSD and cPTSD. © 2006 Prous Science. All rights reserved.",,"Opler, L. A., Grennan, M. S., Opler, M. G.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4102,Posttraumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depression: Factors mediating the association with suicidal behavior,"Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine if patients with a history of major depressive episode and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a higher risk for suicide attempt and differ in other measures of suicidal behavior, compared to patients with major depressive episode but no PTSD. In addition, to explore how PTSD comorbidity might increase risk for suicidal behavior in major depressive episode, the authors investigated the relationship between PTSD, cluster B personality disorder, childhood sexual or physical abuse, and aggression/impulsivity. Method: The subjects were 230 patients with a lifetime history of major depressive episode; 59 also had lifetime comorbid PTSD. The demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects with and without PTSD were compared. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the relationship between suicidal behavior and lifetime history of PTSD, with adjustment for clinical factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior. Results: Patients with a lifetime history of PTSD were significantly more likely to have made a suicide attempt. The groups did not differ with respect to suicidal ideation or intent, number of attempts made, or maximum lethality of attempts. The PTSD group had higher objective depression, impulsivity, and hostility scores; had a higher rate of comorbid cluster B personality disorder; and were more likely to report a childhood history of abuse. However, cluster B personality disorder was the only independent variable related to lifetime suicide attempts in a multiple regression model. Conclusions: PTSD is frequently comorbid with major depressive episode, and their co-occurrence enhances the risk for suicidal behavior. A higher rate of comorbid cluster B personality disorder appears to be a salient factor contributing to greater risk for suicidal acts in patients with a history of major depressive episode who also have PTSD, compared to those with major depressive episode alone.","adult, aged, anamnesis, article, comorbidity, controlled study, female, hostility, human, impulsiveness, major clinical study, major depression, male, multiple regression, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, risk assessment, risk factor, suicidal behavior","Oquendo, M., Brent, D. A., Birmaher, B., Greenhill, L., Kolko, D., Stanley, B., Zelazny, J., Burke, A. K., Firinciogullari, S., Ellis, S. P., Mann, J. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4103,Association of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression with greater risk for suicidal behavior,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases the risk of suicidal behavior; a major depressive episode also increases the risk for suicidal behavior. The authors' goal was to examine the effect of comorbid PTSD and major depressive episode on suicidal behavior. Method: Inpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive episode (N=156) were assessed for PTSD, suicidal behavior, and clinical risk factors for suicidal acts. Results: Patients with comorbid major depressive episode and PTSD were more likely to have attempted suicide, and women with both disorders were more likely to have attempted suicide than men with both disorders. Cluster B personality disorder and PTSD were independently related to history of suicide attempts. Conclusions: The greater rate of suicide attempts among patients with comorbid PTSD and major depressive episode was not due to differences in substance use, childhood abuse, or cluster B personality disorders.","anamnesis, article, comorbidity, female, high risk patient, hospital patient, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental patient, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, risk factor, sex difference, suicidal behavior, suicide attempt","Oquendo, M. A., Friend, J. M., Halberstam, B., Brodsky, B. S., Burke, A. K., Grunebaum, M. F., Malone, K. M., Mann, J. J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4104,Substance use and interpersonal violence amongcommunity college women,"Substance use and interpersonal violence are significant problems among young women. Although considerable research has examined these public health problems among 4-year college women, relatively little is known about substance use and interpersonal violence among community college (CC) women. This study examined correlates of substance use, sexual victimization and dating violence among women ages 18-24 enrolled at a larger northeastern community college (N = 212). The racially and ethnically diverse sample was: 34%(N = 72) Caucasian, 18.4% (N = 39) African- American, 1.9%(N = 4) Asian/Pacific Islander, 3.3%(N = 7) American Indian/Alaska Native, 7.4% (N = 16) self-identified asmultiracial and 34.9%(N = 74) recorded their race as nullothernull. Further, 35.4%of women (N = 75) identified as Hispanic/Latino. Participants completed the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV), the Childhood Sexual Victimization Questionnaire (CSVQ), the Conflict Tactics Scale - 2 (CTS-2), the Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test (YAAPST), the Drug Use Questionnaire (DUQ), the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C), the Trauma History Screen, the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and measures of the quantity and frequency of alcohol use. Data revealed a high risk profile among CC women: 31% reported sexual assault since the age of 14, 39%reported being victims of sexual coercion and 43% reported either childhood or adolescent sexual victimization. Rates of substance use and psychological distress were also high: 47%reported marijuana use in the past year, 14%consumed 8 ormore drinks per week, 10%screened positive for PTSD, and 35.3%for depression. Chi-square analyses indicated that sexual assault victims were more likely than their nonvictimized peers to report alcohol use, experience alcohol-related consequences, use marijuana, and indicate PTSD (ps < .05). Women who experienced psychological/physical victimization were more likely than their nonvictimized peers to report alcohol use, heavy drinking, experience alcohol-related consequences, and use marijuana (ps <.05). These findings highlight the importance of tailoring existing interventions to address substance use and interpersonal violence among community college women.","alcohol, cannabis, violence, college, female, human, society, alcoholism, community college, alcohol consumption, sexual assault, questionnaire, victim, childhood, posttraumatic stress disorder, African American, checklist, Caucasian, injury, epidemiology, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, drug use, chi square test, screening test, distress syndrome, sexual coercion, dating violence, adolescent, adult, risk, drinking, public health problem","Orchowski, L. M., Zlotnick, C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4105,Prospective trajectories of posttraumatic stress in college women following a campus mass shooting,"In a sample with known levels of preshooting posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, we examined the impact of a campus mass shooting on trajectories of PTS in the 31 months following the shooting using latent growth mixture modeling. Female students completed 7 waves of a longitudinal study (sample sizes ranged from 812 to 559). We identified 4 distinct trajectories (n = 660): (a) minimal impact-resilience (60.9%), (b) high impact-recovery (29.1%), (c) moderate impact-moderate symptoms (8.2%), and (d) chronic dysfunction (1.8%). Individuals in each trajectory class remained at or returned to preshooting levels of PTS approximately 6 months postshooting. The minimal impact-resilience class reported less prior trauma exposure (η2 = .13), less shooting exposure (η2 = .07), and greater emotion regulation skills than all other classes (η2 &gt; .30). The chronic dysfunction class endorsed higher rates of experiential avoidance prior to the shooting than the minimal-impact resilient and high impact-recovery classes (η2 = .15), as well as greater shooting exposure than the high impact-recovery class (η2 = .07). Findings suggest that preshooting functioning and emotion regulation distinguish between those who experience prolonged distress following mass violence and those who gradually recover. © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Orcutt, H. K., Bonanno, G. A., Hannan, S. M., Miron, L. R.",2014.0,,,1,1,
4106,A prospective analysis of trauma exposure: The mediating role of PTSD symptomatology,"Trauma exposure has been associated with increased risk of exposure to additional traumatic events. Reactions to trauma exposure, specifically PTSD symptomatology, may mediate the link between trauma exposure and later traumatic events. Data from a longitudinal sample of Gulf War veterans (N = 2,949) were analyzed using a series of regression models. Higher levels of combat exposure were related to increased reports of PTSD symptomatology immediately upon return as well as increased reports of traumatic events in the 2 years following the Gulf War. PTSD symptomatology partially mediated the link between combat exposure and later trauma. Symptom clusters were also analyzed separately as potential mediators. Implications for the treatment of PTSD and prevention of exposure to multiple traumas are discussed.","Gulf War veterans, PTSD, Retraumatization, Trauma exposure","Orcutt, H. K., Erickson, D. J., Wolfe, J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4107,The course of PTSD symptoms among Gulf War veterans: A growth mixture modeling approach,"Relatively little is known about the course of PTSD symptoms over time following trauma exposure. Accordingly, this study utilized a specialized structural equation modeling approach, growth mixture modeling, to examine the trajectory of PTSD symptoms across three time points in a sample of Gulf War veterans (n at Time 1 2,949, n at Time 2 2,313, and n at Time 3 1,327). Results were most consistent with a two-group model suggesting that the course of PTSD symptoms following the Gulf War was best characterized by two distinct growth curves: (1) low levels of PTSD symptoms with little increase over time and (2) higher levels of initial symptoms with a significant increase over time. Thus, it appears that response to Gulf War experiences is not homogeneous, and that a subset of individuals may experience relatively more PTSD symptoms over time. In addition, men, Whites, those reporting more education, and those reporting less combat exposure had a significantly higher probability of being classified into the less symptomatic group.","acute stress disorder, adult, article, battle injury, classification, disease course, education, experience, female, growth, human, injury, major clinical study, male, Persian Gulf syndrome, symptomatology, time","Orcutt, H. K., Erickson, D. J., Wolfe, J.",2004.0,,,1,1,
4108,Formation of an anxious-depressive state in an experimental model of post-traumatic stress disorder in prenatally stressed female rats,"The characteristics of the formation of a pathological state in an experimental model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adult female rats born to mothers subjected to daily restraint stress during the last third of pregnancy were studied. Both control and prenatally stressed female rats developed a pathological state after severe combined stress and subsequent restress, with long-lasting increases in anxiety and enhanced fast feedback inhibition of stress-related hypophyseal-adrenocortical system (HAS) activity. However, while development of the pathological state in control animals progressed to the anxiety type, prenatally stressed animals developed not only anxiety, but also increased depression-like behavior, i.e., an anxiety-depression disorder developed. These data are interpreted in the light of the interaction between the characteristics of HAS activity in prenatally stressed females and the predisposition of these animals to developing poststress pathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Anxiety, *Corticosterone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Female Animals, Rats","Ordyan, N. E., Pivina, S. G., Fedotova, Yu O., Rakitskaya, V. V.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4109,Forensic psychiatric evaluation of 20 persons involved in a traffic accident with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms using the CAPS-DX and the MMPI-2,"Studied the psychopathological profile of 20 male and female adults who had been involved in a traffic accident involving a bus and who were suing the bus company for physical injuries and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Spain. Data on sociodemographic variables, clinical and psychiatric symptoms, and traffic accident-related factors were obtained by questionnaire applied 22 mo after the accident. The %MMPI-2% and the Spanish version of the Clinician Administered PTSD Scales (D. D. Blake et al, 1990) were used. The results show psychiatric sequelae consistent with PTSD at 22 mo in 75 percent of the patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Injuries, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, Etiology","Orengo Garcia, F., Aburto Baselga, M., Hormaechea Beldarrain, J. A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4110,Psychophysiological markers for PTSD,"Background: Heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), facial electromyogram (EMG), and cortical electroencephalographic event-related potential (ERP) measures have been applied to the study of PTSD for more than 25 years. PTSD diagnosis largely relies on self-report. New research is described here that examined convergent and predictive validity and stability of psychophysiological reactivity during script-driven imagery (SDI) as a diagnostic measure of PTSD. Methods: Thirty-six individuals completed the SDI procedure, the Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and self-report measures of depression, anxiety and mental and physical health initially and 6 months later. Subjects engaged in script-driven imagery of their traumatic event(s) while HR, SC and facial EMG were recorded. A composite measure of psychophysiological reactivity was obtained by applying an a priori discriminant function to each individual's responses, yielding a single score reflecting overall psychophysiological reactivity. Results: Psychophysiological reactivity during SDI showed moderately strong convergent validity with the CAPS, which remained even after adjusting for self-reported depressive symptoms. Psychophysiological reactivity and CAPS demonstrated excellent, and comparable, stability across measurement occasions (r's=.75, p<.001). After adjusting for depressive symptoms, predictive validity for the CAPS with regard to health sequelae was reduced, whereas it remained mostly unchanged for psychophysiological reactivity. Conclusions: Findings support psychophysiological responses during SDI as a reliable and valid measure that captures a pathophysiologic process in PTSD. The fact that psychophysiological measures may be less subject to reporting and diagnostic bias than standard measures lends support for psychophysiological reactivity to SDI as a standardized PTSD assessment strategy.","marker, diagnosis, society, psychiatry, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychophysiology, predictive validity, depression, imagery, self report, health, electromyogram, convergent validity, skin conductance, event related potential, anxiety, procedures, discriminant analysis, heart rate","Orr, S. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4111,"Psychometric profile of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxious, and healthy vietnam veterans: Correlations with psychophysiologic responses","Three groups of Vietnam combat veterans, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 25), anxious (n = 7), and healthy (n = 18), completed a battery of psychometric tests. Measurement of psychophysiologic responses to imagery of individualized combat experiences followed the psychometrics. The PTSD Ss differed significantly from the healthy Ss on almost all measures but showed fewer differences from the anxious Ss. The typical PTSD S was characterized as anxious, depressed, prone to dissociation, and external in locus of control. Correlations with the physiologic responses supported the validity of psychometric scales specifically designed to measure PTSD but cast doubt on the interpretation of traditional measures of overreporting or dissimulation in this disorder.","adult, anxiety, article, clinical article, depression, human, imagery, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, war","Orr, S. P., Claiborn, J. M., Altman, B., Forgue, D. F., De Jong, J. B., Pitman, R. K., Herz, L. R.",1990.0,,,0,0,
4112,Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in World War II and Korean combat veterans,"We assessed the heart rate, skin conductance, and left lateral frontalis electromyographic responses of World War II (WWII)and Korean War male veterans to recollection of their combat experiences by using a script-driven imagery technique previously validated in Vietnam veterans. Medication-free subjects were classified on the basis of criteria from the revised third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders into posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 8) and non-PTSD (n = 12) groups, which did not differ in overall combat exposure or severity of personal combat events. PTSD subjects' physiological responses during personal combat imagery were markedly larger than those of non-PTSD subjects', even though the self-reported emotional responses of the two groups were comparable. A physiological discriminant function derived from Vietnam veterans correctly classified 7 of the 8 PTSD subjects (sensitivity was 88%) and 12 of the 12 non-PTSD subjects (specificity was 100%, p < .001).","adult, aged, article, clinical article, controlled study, discriminant analysis, electromyogram, emotion, experience, heart rate, human, imagery, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychophysiology, self report, skin conductance, soldier, war","Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Lasko, N. B., Herz, L. R.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4113,Diverse presentations of substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder in incest survivors,"(from the chapter) review and combine some concepts and constructs pulled from the areas of substance abuse, incest, trauma, family systems analysis, learning theory, and biological psychiatry to illustrate how these approaches augment each other to improve our understanding and treatment of incest / orient clinicians to some of the complexities involved in assessing the incest survivor for other psychological problems or . . . assessing substance abusers for incest post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] will then be reviewed with special attention to substance abuse and incest / several theoretical models relating substance abuse and PTSD will be outlined, with inferences to the situation of incest as the underlying trauma (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Abuse, *Incest, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Trauma","Orrok, Barbara G.",1992.0,,,0,0,
4114,"Anger, hostility, and posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults: A meta-analysis","This meta-analysis synthesizes the available data on the strength of association between anger and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and between hostility and PTSD, covering 39 studies with trauma-exposed adults. Effect sizes did not differ for anger and hostility, which could therefore be combined; effect sizes for anger expression variables were analyzed separately. The analyses revealed large effects. The weighted mean effect size (r) was .48 for anger-hostility, .29 for anger out, .53 for anger in, and -.44 for anger control. Moderator analyses were conducted for anger-hostility, showing that effect sizes were substantially larger with increasing time since the event and that effect sizes were larger in samples with military war experience than in samples that had experienced other types of traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anger, *Hostility, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, War","Orth, Ulrich, Wieland, Elias",2006.0,,,0,0,
4115,Change in post traumatic stress disorder: An assimilation model account,"(from the chapter) Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the few DSM-IV diagnoses where, in addition to symptoms, an external cause of pathology (having witnessed or experienced a traumatic event) is a diagnostic criterion. Yet many individuals who experience similar events do not develop PTSD. The differences may be due to the different ways in which people cope with traumatic experiences. Like others, we suggest that successfully resolving a trauma requires its integration into the survivor's previous and ongoing experiences. This chapter explains how this integration happens using a theory of psychological change that we call the assimilation model. The model describes a developmental process of coming to terms with problematic experiences, including traumas. Like other metacognitive models, it suggests that people get symptomatic and functional relief from PTSD as they develop more advanced ways to respond to their trauma, cognitively and socio-emotionally and that psychotherapy can facilitate this development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Assimilation (Cognitive Process), *Metacognition, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Emotional Trauma, Clinical Models","Osatuke, Katerine, Stiles, William B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4116,Is DSM-IV criterion A2 associated with PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity?,"The diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have received significant scrutiny. Several studies have investigated the utility of Criterion A2, the subjective emotional response to a traumatic event. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has proposed elimination of A2 from the PTSD diagnostic criteria for DSM-5; however, there is mixed support for this recommendation and few studies have examined A2 in samples at high risk for PTSD such as veterans. In the current study of 908 veterans who screened positive for a traumatic event, A2 was not significantly associated with having been told by a doctor that the veteran had PTSD. Those who endorsed A2, however, reported greater PTSD symptom severity in the 3 DSM-IV symptom clusters of reexperiencing (d = 0.45), avoidance (d = 0.61), and hyperarousal (d = 0.44), and A2 was significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity for all 3 clusters (R 2 =25, .25, and .27, respectively) even with trauma exposure in the model. Thus, although A2 may not be a necessary criterion for PTSD diagnosis, its association with PTSD symptom severity warrants further exploration of its utility. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Osei-Bonsu, P. E., Spiro, A., Schultz, M. R., Ryabchenko, K. A., Smith, E., Herz, L., Eisen, S. V.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4117,Identifying longitudinal trajectories of injured trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The goal of this study was to examine the developmental trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, in a sample of acutely injured hospitalized civilian trauma survivors who participated in a randomized controlled trial. Prior research has shown that there are distinct trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress symptoms over time in trauma survivors and four prototypical outcome trajectories after loss or trauma have been described: resilience, recovery, delayed, and chronic trajectories (Bonanno, 2004). Studies have shown that seriously injured trauma-exposed patients who require extended inpatient hospital care may be at the highest risk for PTSD development. However, limited information has been provided not only regarding the patterns of the trajectories for this population, but for the risk factors that influence the trajectories as well. Semiparametric, group based approach (SGBA) trajectory modeling was used to examine four group trajectories of archival data obtained from a previous study of a stepped care intervention. Data evaluating PTSD from the Posttraumatic Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS) measures were used for the SGBA trajectory modeling. Risk factor assessment was conducted by contrasting the probability of membership in the recovery, delayed, and chronic trajectory groups to the probability of membership in the resilience trajectory group. The risk factors of minority racial status, psychiatric history, additional life stressors, general mental health, alcohol abuse or dependence, and depression were found to significantly affect the probability of trajectory membership for PTSD symptom severity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Survivors, *Trauma, Stress","Osenbach, Janyce Emily",2013.0,,,0,1,
4118,Exploring the longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder in injured trauma survivors,"OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of acutely injured hospitalized civilian trauma survivors who participated in a randomized clinical trial. Prior longitudinal descriptive research has shown that there are distinct trajectories of PTSD symptoms over time in trauma survivors. Limited clinical trial research exists that describes the patterns of the trajectories as well as the risk factors that influence the trajectories for seriously injured trauma-exposed patients. METHOD: Semiparametric, group-based approach trajectory modeling was used to examine four group trajectories of a subset of data obtained from a previous longitudinal clinical trial. Trajectories examined included resilience, recovery, relapsing/remitting, and chronic symptom patterns. One hundred and ninety-four patients who participated in the randomized clinical trial were assessed at baseline in the days and weeks after injury and then randomized. The associations between previously identified PTSD risk factors and the four trajectories were examined. RESULTS: The risk factors of ethnocultural minority status, psychiatric history, additional life stressors, and depressive symptoms, as well as intervention versus control group status, were found to significantly affect the probability of trajectory group membership for PTSD symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that there is a need for early PTSD interventions that anticipate differences in injured patients' PTSD trajectory profiles. Stepped care intervention procedures may optimally address the diverse PTSD trajectory patterns observed in injured trauma survivors through the tailoring of intervention timing and dosing.",,"Osenbach, J. E., Lewis, C., Rosenfeld, B., Russo, J., Ingraham, L. M., Peterson, R., Wang, J., Zatzick, D. F.",2014.0,Winter,10.1521/psyc.2014.77.4.386,0,1,
4119,Genetic components of days open under heat stress,"A reaction norm approach was used to estimate the genetic parameters of days open (DO) with a model that accounted for heat stress. Data included DO records for Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina in the Southeastern United States. A fixed effect model included herd-year, month of calving (MOC), age of cow, and a regression on 305-d milk yield. The reaction norm model additionally included the effect of animal with random regression on a heat stress index (HI), calculated as the standardized solutions to MOC derived from the fixed effect model; the residual variance was assumed to be a function of the HI. The shape of the distribution of the HI was close to a sinusoidal function with the highest value in March/April and the lowest value in September. Genetic and residual variances and heritabilities were highest for spring calvings and lowest for fall calvings. The variance associated with the random regression of the highest level of HI was 33% of the genetic variance of the regular animal genetic effect. Genetic correlation between these effects was 0.67. As a validation, DO data were grouped into 4 seasons of calving and treated as different traits. A 4-trait mixed linear model that included the fixed effects listed above except MOC, was used to analyze the grouped data. In general, the estimates of genetic and residual variances of the multiple trait analyses followed those of the reaction norm model. Genetic correlations of spring with summer, and fall with winter were both 0.90. Genetic correlations between spring/summer and fall/winter were around 0.80. The reaction norm model for DO allows inexpensive genetic evaluation of fertility under heat stress. Results of such an evaluation may strongly depend on editing criteria and model specifications.","Days open, Heat stress index, Random regression model, Reaction norm","Oseni, S., Misztal, I., Tsuruta, S., Rekaya, R.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4120,Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children After Hurricane Katrina: Predicting the Need for Mental Health Services,,,"Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., Kronenberg, M., Brennan, A., Hansel, T. C.",2009.0,,10.1037/a0016179,0,0,
4121,Trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters,"BACKGROUND: Theorists and researchers have demonstrated multiple trajectories of symptoms following disasters (Ecology and Society, 13, 2008, 9), highlighting the importance of obtaining more knowledge about exposed youth who demonstrate resilience as well as those who suffer chronic difficulties. This paper examines trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following exposure to hurricanes and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill to increase understanding of resilience and chronic reactions to both natural and technological disasters. METHODS: A multiwave longitudinal design was used to follow N = 4,619 youth who were evaluated for PTSD symptoms, hurricane exposure, and oil spill exposure/stress at four time points over a period of 4 years. Trajectories were identified with cluster analyses and multilevel modeling. RESULTS: Individual trajectories were statistically identified consistent with theory. The largest group exhibited stable-low symptoms (52%), a second group showed steep declines following initial symptoms (21%), a third group exhibited increasing symptoms (18%), and a fourth group showed stable-high symptoms (9%). Both hurricane exposure and oil spill stress predicted trajectories and overall levels of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Results identified an effect of oil spill stress and hurricane exposure on symptom levels and trajectories of exposed youth. Results provide prospective data to support theories of multiple symptom trajectories following disasters and reinforce the importance of research that utilizes a developmental perspective to consider the long-term effects of disasters in youth. Findings highlight the importance of identifying symptoms and predictors of resilience as well as factors that contribute to resilience.","Resilience, disasters, post-traumatic stress, trauma","Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., King, L. S., Hansel, T. C.",2015.0,Dec,10.1111/jcpp.12420,0,1,
4122,Health-related quality of life 2 years to 7 years after burn injury,"BACKGROUND: Knowledge concerning the trajectory and predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) years after burn injury is fragmentary and these factors were therefore assessed using the EQ-5D questionnaire. METHODS: Consecutive adult burn patients were included during hospitalization and assessed at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. In addition, an interview was performed at 2 years to 7 years postburn. Data concerning injury characteristics, sociodemographic variables, psychiatric disorders, and HRQoL were obtained. RESULTS: The EQ-5D dimension Mobility improved between hospitalization and 3 months, while Anxiety/Depression improved between 12 months and 2 years to 7 years. Other dimensions improved gradually. At 2 years to 7 years, only the dimensions Pain/Discomfort and Usual activities were lower than in the general population. In addition, overall HRQoL was lower than in the general population when measured by EQ VAS but not by EQ-5D index. EQ-5D index at 2 years to 7 years was predicted by EQ-5D index at 12 months and concurrent work status and pain. EQ VAS at 2 years to 7 years was predicted by previous assessments of work status, posttraumatic stress disorder and EQ VAS, and concurrent work status and substance abuse. Total amount of explained variance ranged between 17% and 57%. CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL after burn is conveniently screened by EQ VAS. Impairment after 2 years to 7 years is mainly reflected in the EQ dimensions Pain/Discomfort and Usual activities and can be predicted in part by information available before or at 12 months.","Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Burns/*physiopathology/*psychology, Chi-Square Distribution, Female, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, *Quality of Life, Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Sickness Impact Profile, Sweden","Oster, C., Willebrand, M., Ekselius, L.",2011.0,Nov,10.1097/TA.0b013e318208fc74,0,0,
4123,Health-related quality of life 2 years to 7 years after burn injury,"Background: Knowledge concerning the trajectory and predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) years after burn injury is fragmentary and these factors were therefore assessed using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Methods: Consecutive adult burn patients were included during hospitalization and assessed at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. In addition, an interview was performed at 2 years to 7 years postburn. Data concerning injury characteristics, sociodemographic variables, psychiatric disorders, and HRQoL were obtained. Results: The EQ-5D dimension Mobility improved between hospitalization and 3 months, while Anxiety/Depression improved between 12 months and 2 years to 7 years. Other dimensions improved gradually. At 2 years to 7 years, only the dimensions Pain/Discomfort and Usual activities were lower than in the general population. In addition, overall HRQoL was lower than in the general population when measured by EQ VAS but not by EQ-5D index. EQ-5D index at 2 years to 7 years was predicted by EQ-5D index at 12 months and concurrent work status and pain. EQ VAS at 2 years to 7 years was predicted by previous assessments of work status, posttraumatic stress disorder and EQ VAS, and concurrent work status and substance abuse. Total amount of explained variance ranged between 17% and 57%. CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL after burn is conveniently screened by EQ VAS. Impairment after 2 years to 7 years is mainly reflected in the EQ dimensions Pain/Discomfort and Usual activities and can be predicted in part by information available before or at 12 months. Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Burn injury, EQ-5D., Health-related quality of life, Return to work","Öster, C., Willebrand, M., Ekselius, L.",2011.0,,,0,0,4122
4124,Development of child posttraumatic stress disorder in pediatric trauma victims: The impact of initial child and caregiver PTSD symptoms on the development of subsequent child PTSD,"Following a child's traumatic injury, both the child and his/her parents often report significant levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Although many studies have identified predictors of PTSD at varying times post-trauma, few have longitudinally examined mechanisms through which child PTSD symptoms (PTSS) develop over time. Additionally, there is limited research on the interaction between caregiver and child PTSS. Determination of initial acute responses in both the caregiver and child that predict increased risk for persistent child PTSD will allow for greater specificity in identifying at-risk families and will inform the design of novel family-focused interventions. One hundred and eighteen child traumatic injury victims aged 8-18 years and their primary caregivers were interviewed in-hospital and at 2- and 6-weeks post-trauma to assess the development and maintenance of child PTSS. At each time point, depressive and PTSD symptomatology of both the child and caregiver were measured. Results revealed that child in-hospital levels of hyperarousal predicted child 2-week PTSS; however, child in-hospital levels of avoidance were found to predict child PTSS at 6-weeks post-trauma. Furthermore, post-hoc analyses revealed that high levels of child in-hospital re-experiencing symptoms and high levels of caregiver in-hospital avoidance symptoms significantly interacted to predict child 6-week PTSS, particularly in girls. The results of the current study underscore the importance of examining specific symptoms of PTSD and focus on the impact of familial distress on child post-traumatic adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Caregivers, *Pediatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, *Victimization","Ostrowski, Sarah Anne",2010.0,,,0,0,
4125,The impact of caregiver distress on the longitudinal development of child acute post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in pediatric injury victims,ObjectiveThe present study prospectively examined the development of child PTSD symptoms (PTSS) and the impact of caregiver PTSS on child PTSS following injury.MethodsOne hundred and eighteen ED patients and their caregivers were interviewed in-hospital and 2-and 6-weeks posttrauma. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear regressions examined the development of PTSS.ResultsA model combining child and caregiver 2-week PTSS into one latent family PTSS variable provided the best fit to the data. Child in-hospital avoidance symptoms predicted higher levels of 2-week family PTSS. Two-week family PTSS predicted child 6-week PTSS. Post hoc analyses revealed an interaction between in-hospital caregiver avoidance symptoms and child reexperiencing symptoms in predicting 6-week child PTSS.ConclusionsResults highlight the dynamic development of child PTSS. Different symptom clusters may be related to higher PTSS at differing times posttrauma and may inform the development of time-sensitive methods of assessment and intervention for injury victims. © 2011 The Author.,"children, pediatric injury, PTSD","Ostrowski, S. A., Ciesla, J. A., Lee, T. J., Irish, L., Christopher, N. C., Delahanty, D. L.",2011.0,,,0,1,
4126,Complicating factors associated with mild traumatic brain injury: Impact on pain and posttraumatic stress disorder treatment,"The nature of combat in Iraq and Afghanistan has resulted in high rates of comorbidity among chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF). Although separate evidence-based psychological treatments have been developed for chronic pain and PTSD, far less is known about how to approach treatment when these conditions co-occur, and especially when they co-occur with mTBI. To provide the best care possible for OEF/OIF Veterans, clinicians need to have a clearer understanding of how to identify these conditions, ways in which these conditions may interact with one another, and ways in which existing evidence-based treatments can be modified to meet the needs of individuals with mTBI. The purpose of the present paper is to review the comorbidity of pain, PTSD, and mTBI in OEF/OIF Veterans, and provide recommendations to clinicians who provide care to Veterans with these conditions. First, we will begin with an overview of the presentation, symptomatology, and treatment of chronic pain and PTSD. The challenges associated with mTBI in OEF/OIF Veterans will be reported and data will be presented on the comorbidity among all three of these conditions in OEF/OIF Veterans. Second, we will present recommendations for providing psychological treatment for chronic pain and PTSD when comorbid with mTBI. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the need for a multidisciplinary treatment approach, as well as a call for continued research to further refine existing treatments for these conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Treatment, Clinicians, Military Veterans","Otis, John D., McGlinchey, Regina, Vasterling, Jennifer J., Kerns, Robert D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4127,Comorbid Chronic Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Review of Theoretical Models,"(from the chapter) The primary aim of this chapter is to provide a critical review and synthesis of the existing literature investigating the relationship between chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The chapter begins with a presentation of the diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and theoretical models of chronic pain and PTSD. Research is then presented describing the co-occurrence of the two disorders, and several theoretical models are highlighted that may serve to explain the similar mechanisms by which these two disorders may be maintained. This chapter then addresses how comorbid chronic pain and PTSD may present differently in youth, with consideration of how theoretical models of the comorbidity of pain and PTSD may be modified to incorporate developmental factors. Furthermore, the chapter helps to explicate how the experience of comorbid chronic pain and PTSD can vary from childhood to adulthood. Finally, the chapter closes with a section on implications for treatment as well as a call for continued research to further refine the models reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chronic Pain, *Comorbidity, *Life Span, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Otis, John D., Pincus, Donna B., Keane, Terence M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4128,"Spousal bereavement in older adults: Common, resilient, and chronic grief with defining characteristics","The purpose of this study was to identify empirically patterns of grief among 141 older bereaved spouses. A longitudinal hierarchical cluster procedure with the Ward agglomeration method was used to identify distinct clusters based on grief scores. Three clusters were identified: common (49%), resilient (34%), and chronic (17%) grief. Members of the common grief cluster experienced elevated levels of grief and depressive symptoms that decreased over time. Members of the resilient cluster experienced the lowest levels of grief and depression and the highest quality of life. The chronic grief cluster experienced the highest levels of grief and depression, more sudden deaths, the lowest self-esteem, and the highest marital dependency. The majority in this chronic cluster also met proposed criteria for a diagnosis of complicated grief. Five out of every six bereaved spouses adjusted well over time, and about a third of these showed considerable resilience without negative consequences. One out of six experienced a chronic grief syndrome. Early identification of this syndrome can lead to referral to newly emergent treatments specific for grief. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","Bereavement, Chronic grief, Common grief, Complicated grief, Grief clusters, Resilience in grief","Ott, C. H., Lueger, R. J., Kelber, S. T., Prigerson, H. G.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4129,Mental health diagnoses and counseling among pilots of remotely piloted aircraft in the United States Air Force,"Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), also known as drones, have been used extensively in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Although RPA pilots in the U.S. Air Force (USAF) have reported high levels of stress and fatigue, rates of mental health (MH) diagnoses and counseling in this population are unknown. We calculated incidence rates of 12 specific MH outcomes among all active component USAF RPA pilots between 1 October 2003 and 31 December 2011, and by various demographic and military variables. We compared these rates to those among all active component USAF manned aircraft (MA) pilots deployed to Iraq/Afghanistan during the same period. The unadjusted incidence rates of all MH outcomes among RPA pilots (n=709) and MA pilots (n=5,256) were 25.0 per 1,000 person-years and 15.9 per 1,000 person-years, respectively (adjusted incidence rate ratio=1.1, 95% confidence interval=0.9-1.5; adjusted for age, number of deployments, time in service, and history of any MH outcome). Th ere was no significant difference in the rates of MH diagnoses, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders between RPA and MA pilots. Military policymakers and clinicians should recognize that RPA and MA pilots have similar MH risk profiles.",,"Otto, J. L., Webber, B. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4130,Psychological Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Risk Behavior: Examining the Role of Distinct Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in the Partner Violence-Sexual Risk Link,"Background: Research has examined how physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization increases sexual risk behavior, yet research is lacking on 1) the effect of psychological IPV on sexual risk behavior and 2) factors through which psychological IPV may be linked to sexual risk behavior. Methods: The current study examined the relationship between psychological IPV and sexual risk behavior controlling for other forms of IPV (i.e., physical and sexual) in a sample of 186 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative community women currently experiencing IPV. Further, this study examined the potential mediating effects of four posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity clusters (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) on this relationship. Findings: Results revealed that greater severity of psychological IPV was uniquely and directly related to greater sexual risk behavior. Additionally, of the four PTSD symptom severity clusters, only avoidance symptom severity mediated the relationship between psychological IPV and sexual risk behavior. Conclusion: Implications for addressing psychological IPV and PTSD to improve women's sexual health outcomes are discussed.",,"Overstreet, N. M., Willie, T. C., Hellmuth, J. C., Sullivan, T. P.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4131,Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A critical review of the impacts on fish reproduction,"Research in environmental toxicology involving pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has increased greatly over the last 10-15 years. Much research has been focused on the endocrine-disrupting potential of PPCPs, as they relate to negative population impacts of aquatic organisms. This review assesses the current data on the reported effects of PPCPs on fish reproduction with an emphasis on fecundity, a predictor of population effects. Studies of both individual PPCPs and PPCP mixtures are presented. As the majority of individual PPCP studies reviewed demonstrate negative effects on fish fecundity, we relate these findings to detected surface water concentrations of these compounds. Very few studies involving PPCP mixtures have been conducted; however, the need for these types of studies is warranted as fish are most likely exposed to mixtures of PPCPs in the wild. In addition, laboratory and field assessments of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, a major source of PPCPs, are reviewed. Much of the data provided from these assessments are variable and do not generally demonstrate negative impacts on reproduction, or the studies are unable to directly associate observed effects with WWTP effluents. Finally, future research considerations are outlined to provide an avenue into understanding how wild populations of fish are affected by PPCPs. These considerations are aimed at determining the adaptation potential of fish exposed to mixtures of PPCPs over multiple generations. As global use of PPCPs continually rises, the need to discern the effects of chronic exposure to PPCPs is greatly increased. © 2015 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.","Aquatic environment, Ecotoxicology, Fecundity, Mixtures, Wastewater","Overturf, M. D., Anderson, J. C., Pandelides, Z., Beyger, L., Holdway, D. A.",2015.0,,10.3109/10408444.2015.1038499,0,0,
4132,"Relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, quality of life, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among earthquake survivors","Researches have demonstrated that Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common stress reactions in the face of disasters and significantly associated with a broad range of trauma-induced sequelaes including anxiety, depression, suicidality as well as functional impairments. To date, though many aspects of risk factors with respect to the development and maintenance of PTSD have been addressed, mediating role of dissociation has received relatively less attention. In the present study, we examined relations of PTSD with quality of life, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and mediational effect of pathological dissociation in these connections. 583 subjects most of whom experienced a severe earthquake participated in the study after two years of the disaster. We found that being female, being single, earthquake exposure, and having greater suicidal ideation were significant predictors of PTSD symptom severity. Role-Physical, Bodily-Pain, General Health and Role-Emotional subscales of the SF-36 were inversely associated with PTSD symptom severity. Pathological dissociation significantly mediated the substantial associations between predictors and PTSD symptom clusters. Chronic dissociation appears to put trauma exposed individuals in jeopardy of prolonged posttraumatic reactions by mediating the negative influences of risk factors in the face of experienced earthquake. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Depression, Disability, Dissociative disorders, Posttraumatic syndrome, Suicidality, Well-being","Ozdemir, O., Boysan, M., Guzel Ozdemir, P., Yilmaz, E.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.045,0,0,
4133,Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis,,,"Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., Weiss, D. S.",2003.0,,10.1037//0033-2909.129.1.52,0,0,
4134,Who Develops Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?,"Nearly half of U.S. adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetimes, yet only 10% of women and 5% of men develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Why this is so is among the most central questions in current PTSD research. This article reviews the current status of knowledge about who develops PTSD, discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence. We describe the major models used to understand responses to traumatic events, as well as future research directions. We also propose that an exclusive focus on individual differences and individual intervention overlooks opportunities to reduce the prevalence of PTSD by modifying factors at the neighborhood, community, or national level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Emotional Trauma, *Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Ozer, Emily J., Weiss, Daniel S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4135,Psychological distress related to patterns of family functioning among Japanese childhood cancer survivors and their parents,"OBJECTIVE: Family functioning appears to be a predictor of psychological distress among childhood cancer survivors and their family members; however, relatively little is known about patterns in those families that are psychologically at-risk. The purpose of this study was to identify distinct clusters of families that include childhood cancer survivors, and to evaluate differences between the clusters with respect to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). METHODS: Childhood cancer survivors and their parents (247 individuals: 88 adolescent cancer survivors, 87 mothers, and 72 fathers) completed self-report questionnaires. Perceptions of family functioning were assessed using the Family Relationship Index and its three dimensions (cohesiveness, expressiveness, and conflict), and individuals were classified into groups via a cluster analytic approach. State-trait anxiety, depression, and PTSS were assessed to all of the participants. RESULTS: The individuals were classified into three types: One cluster featured high cohesiveness, high expressiveness, and low conflict ('Supportive-type', n=102); a second cluster featured low cohesiveness, low expressiveness, and high conflict ('Conflictive-type', n=32); and a third cluster had moderate cohesiveness, moderate expressiveness, and moderate conflict ('Intermediate-type', n=113). Among the three types, an analysis of variance revealed that 'Conflictive-type' members had the highest levels of PTSS, depression, and state-trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that perceptions of family functioning are related to psychological distress in family members of childhood cancer survivors. A family-focused intervention might be a useful approach to targeting emotional distress in these families, particularly for families with a 'Conflictive-type' family member.","Adult, Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics & numerical data, Child, Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*etiology, Family/*psychology, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Japan/epidemiology, Male, Neoplasms/*epidemiology/*psychology, *Parent-Child Relations, *Parents, Survivors/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data","Ozono, S., Saeki, T., Mantani, T., Ogata, A., Okamura, H., Nakagawa, S., Ueda, K., Inada, H., Yamawaki, S.",2010.0,May,10.1002/pon.1606,0,0,
4136,Psychological distress related to patterns of family functioning among Japanese childhood cancer survivors and their parents,"Objective: Family functioning appears to be a predictor of psychological distress among childhood cancer survivors and their family members; however, relatively little is known about patterns in those families that are psychologically at-risk. The purpose of this study was to identify distinct clusters of families that include childhood cancer survivors, and to evaluate differences between the clusters with respect to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Methods: Childhood cancer survivors and their parents (247 individuals: 88 adolescent cancer survivors, 87 mothers, and 72 fathers) completed self-report questionnaires. Perceptions of family functioning were assessed using the Family Relationship Index and its three dimensions (cohesiveness, expressiveness, and conflict), and individuals were classified into groups via a cluster analytic approach. State-trait anxiety, depression, and PTSS were assessed to all of the participants. Results: The individuals were classified into three types: One cluster featured high cohesiveness, high expressiveness, and low conflict ('Supportive-type', n=102); a second cluster featured low cohesiveness, low expressiveness, and high conflict ('Conflictive-type', n=32); and a third cluster had moderate cohesiveness, moderate expressiveness, and moderate conflict ('Intermediate-type', n=113). Among the three types, an analysis of variance revealed that 'Conflictive-type' members had the highest levels of PTSS, depression, and state-trait anxiety. Conclusions: These findings suggest that perceptions of family functioning are related to psychological distress in family members of childhood cancer survivors. A family-focused intervention might be a useful approach to targeting emotional distress in these families, particularly for families with a 'Conflictive-type' family member. Copyright (copyright) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","adolescent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, cancer survivor, childhood cancer, depression, distress syndrome, family relation, female, human, Japanese (people), major clinical study, male, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire","Ozono, S., Saeki, T., Mantani, T., Ogata, A., Okamura, H., Nakagawa, S. I., Ueda, K., Inada, H., Yamawaki, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,4135
4137,"Anxiety, cognition, and habit: A multiple memory systems perspective","Consistent with a multiple systems approach to memory organization in the mammalian brain, numerous studies have differentiated the roles of the hippocampus and dorsal striatum in ""cognitive"" and ""habit"" learning and memory, respectively. Additional research indicates that activation of efferent projections of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region implicated in mammalian emotion, modulates memory processes occurring in other brain structures. The present brief review describes research designed to link these general concepts by examining the manner in which emotional state may influence the relative use of multiple memory systems. In a dual-solution plus-maze task that can be acquired using either hippocampus-dependent or dorsal striatal-dependent learning, acute pre-training or pre-retrieval emotional arousal (restraint stress/inescapable foot shock, exposure to the predator odor TMT, or peripheral injection of anixogenic drugs) biases rats towards the use of habit memory. Moreover, intra-BLA injection of anxiogenic drugs is sufficient to bias rats towards the use of dorsal striatal-dependent habit memory. In single-solution plus-maze tasks that require the use of either cognitive or habit learning, intra-BLA infusions of anxiogenic drugs result in a behavioral profile indicating an impairing effect on hippocampus-dependent memory that effectively produces enhanced habit learning by eliminating competitive interference between cognitive and habit memory systems. It is speculated that the predominant use of habit memory that can be produced by anxious and/or stressful emotional states may have implications for understanding the role of learning and memory processes in various human psychopathologies, including for example post-traumatic stress disorder and drug addiction. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","amygdaloid nucleus, anxiety, arousal, behavior, brain region, cognition, emotion, habit, hippocampus, learning, mammal, maze test, memory, mental disease, nonhuman, odor, predator, priority journal, review, task performance, training","Packard, M. G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4138,Psychosocial consequences of bone marrow transplantation in donor and nondonor siblings,"We investigated the psychosocial effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on siblings of transplant recipients. We asked how donor siblings compared with nondonor siblings on quantitative measures of behavior, psychological distress, and sense of self. Participants included 44 siblings (21 donors and 23 nondonors, ages 6-18 yr) of surviving pediatric BMT patients. On self-report measures, donors reported significantly more anxiety and lower self-esteem than nondonors. On teacher-rated scales, donors showed significantly more adaptive skills in school. On these same scales, nondonors showed significantly more school problems than donors. One-third of the siblings in each group reported a moderate level of post-traumatic stress reaction. Exploratory multiple regression analyses point to factors that might influence sibling adjustment and suggest counseling strategies and avenues for future research.","adaptive behavior, adolescent, age, article, bone marrow transplantation, chi square distribution, child, child behavior, cross-sectional study, discriminant analysis, epidemiology, family health, female, human, living donor, male, mental stress, nuclear family, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological model, regression analysis, self concept, sex difference, sibling relation, social adaptation","Packman, W. L., Crittenden, M. R., Schaeffer, E., Bongar, B., Fischer, J. B., Cowan, M. J.",1997.0,,,0,0,
4139,Psychosocial Consequences of Bone Marrow Transplantation in Donor and Nondonor Siblings,"We investigated the psychosocial effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on siblings of transplant recipients We asked how donor siblings compared with nondonor siblings on quantitative measures of behavior, psychological distress, and sense of self. Participants included 44 siblings (21 donors and 23 nondonors, ages 6-18 yr) of surviving pediatric BMT patients. On self-report measures, donors reported significantly more anxiety and lower self-esteem than nondonors. On teacher-rated scales, donors showed significantly more adaptive skills in school. On these same scales, nondonors showed significantly more school problems than donors. One-third of the siblings in each group reported a moderate level of post-traumatic stress reaction. Exploratory multiple regression analyses point to factors that might influence sibling adjustment and suggest counseling strategies and avenues for future research.","Bone marrow transplantation, Post-traumatic stress, Psychosocial adjustment, Siblings","Packman, W. L., Crittenden, M. R., Schaeffer, E., Bongar, B., Rieger Fischer, J. B., Cowan, M. J.",1997.0,,,0,0,4138
4140,In their own words: Trauma and substance abuse in the lives of formerly homeless women with serious mental illness,"In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 formerly homeless mentally ill women to capture their individual life trajectories of mental illness, substance abuse, and trauma in their own words. Cross-case analyses produced 5 themes: (a) betrayals of trust, (b) graphic or gratuitous nature of traumatic events, (c) anxiety about leaving their immediate surroundings (including attending group treatment programs), (d) desire for one's own space, and (e) gender-related status loss and stigmatization. Findings suggest formerly homeless mentally ill women need (and want) autonomy, protection from further victimization, and assistance in restoring status and devalued identity. Avenues for intervention include enhanced provider training, addressing experiences of betrayal and trauma, and more focused attention to current symptoms rather than previous diagnoses. © 2007 APA, all rights reserved.","Gender, Homelessness, Mental illness, Substance abuse, Trauma, Women","Padgett, D. K., Hawkins, R. L., Abrams, C., Davis, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4141,Novelty-evoked activity in open field predicts susceptibility to helpless behavior,"Learned helplessness in animals has been used to model disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but there is a lack of knowledge concerning which individual behavioral characteristics at baseline can predict helpless behavior after exposure to inescapable stress. The first aim of this study was to determine behavioral predictors of helplessness using the novel and familiar open-field tests, sucrose consumption, and passive harm-avoidance tasks before learned helplessness training and testing. Individual differences in physiologic responses to restraint stress were also assessed. A cluster analysis of escape latencies from helplessness testing supported the division of the sample population of Holtzman rats into approximately 50% helpless and 50% non-helpless. Linear regression analyses further revealed that increased reactivity to the novel environment, but not general activity or habituation, predicted susceptibility to learned helplessness. During restraint stress there were no mean differences in heart rate, heart rate variability, and plasma corticosterone between helpless and non-helpless rats; however, a lower heart rate during stress was associated with higher activity levels during exploration. Our most important finding was that by using an innocuous screening tool such as the novel and familiar open-field tests, it was possible to identify subjects that were susceptible to learned helplessness. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Inc.","corticosterone, sucrose, animal experiment, article, behavior, controlled study, corticosterone blood level, environment, escape behavior, habituation, heart rate variability, immobilization stress, learned helplessness, male, nonhuman, open field test, passive avoidance, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal, psychophysiology, rat, screening, Sprague Dawley rat, training","Padilla, E., Shumake, J., Barrett, D. W., Holmes, G., Sheridan, E. C., Gonzalez-Lima, F.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4142,Paroxetine: Current status in psychiatry,"Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. It is commercially available in both an immediate-release (paroxetine) and a controlled-release formulation (paroxetine CR). The latter product was developed to improve gastrointestinal tolerability. Paroxetine is the most potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin among the available SSRIs. It has approved indications for the treatment of major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia in adults. Paroxetine CR is approved for the treatment of major depression, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in adults. While the overall efficacy of paroxetine appears to be comparable with other SSRIs in the treatment of major depression, it is approved for use in a wider variety of anxiety disorders than any other antidepressant. Long-term data suggest that paroxetine is effective in preventing relapse or recurrence of depression for up to 1 year. Limited data show that paroxetine maintains a therapeutic response over 1 year in obsessive-compulsive disorder and up to 6 months in panic disorder. The side-effect profile of paroxetine is largely similar to that of the other SSRIs, although paroxetine tends to be more sedating and constipating in some patients, perhaps due to its anticholinergic activity. The potential for discontinuation syndrome and weight gain appears to be slightly higher with paroxetine than with other SSRIs. This review focuses on the immediate release and controlled-release formulations of paroxetine. It summarizes the efficacy and tolerability data for both formulations, with a particular emphasis on paroxetine CR which was introduced in 2002. It also discusses emerging evidence in other clinical areas and recent data that have led to modifications in the safety profile of paroxetine. (copyright) 2007 Future Drugs Ltd.","acetylsalicylic acid, amfebutamone, amitriptyline, antidepressant agent, atomoxetine, cimetidine, citalopram, cyproheptadine, desipramine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mirtazapine, nefazodone, nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, paroxetine, placebo, risperidone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, sildenafil, tricyclic antidepressant agent, venlafaxine, anorgasmia, bleeding, clinical trial, congenital malformation, constipation, controlled release formulation, disease exacerbation, dose response, drug absorption, drug blood level, drug dosage form comparison, drug dose increase, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug formulation, drug mechanism, drug metabolism, drug release, drug safety, drug tolerability, ejaculation disorder, erectile dysfunction, feeding disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, human, irritability, libido disorder, major depression, nausea, nervousness, nonhuman, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, patient compliance, posttraumatic stress disorder, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory distress, review, sedation, sexual dysfunction, side effect, single drug dose, social phobia, suicidal behavior, teratogenicity, weight gain, withdrawal syndrome, aspirin","Pae, C. U., Patkar, A. A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4143,Regional cerebral blood flow during auditory recall in 47 subjects exposed to assaultive and non-ssaultive trauma and developing or not posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Psychological trauma leads to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in susceptible subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between two groups of subjects exposed to different types of traumatic stressor either developing or not developing PTSD. Method: Twenty subjects developing (S) and 27 not developing (NS) PTSD after being exposed to either earlier person-under-the- train accident (NA) or being assaulted in the underground environment (A) were included in the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed and the uptake in 29 regions of the brain (VOIs), bilaterally, was assessed. rCBF distribution was compared, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), between groups (S/NS) and type (A/NA) during a situation involving an auditory evoked re-experiencing of the traumatic event. Discriminant analysis was applied to test the concordance between clinical diagnosis and SPECT findings. Results: In the general analyses significant differences were found between groups and types and there was a significant hemisphere null type interaction. S showed higher CBF than NS and so did A as compared to NA, particularly in the right hemisphere. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 66% of cases (p < 0001) in testing S/NS and 72% (p < 0001) in testing NA/A. Conclusions: Under recall of their traumatic experience we found higher relative CBF distribution values in S as compared to NS. CBF was higher in the right hemisphere and particularly in assaulted subjects. These findings underscore the role upon trauma recall of both the right hemisphere and the nature of the stressing event.","hexamethylpropylene amine oxime technetium tc 99m, accident, adult, analysis of variance, article, assault, brain blood flow, brain region, classification, clinical article, discriminant analysis, disease course, environment, evoked auditory response, exposure, female, hemisphere, human, male, mental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotrauma, railway, recall, right hemisphere, single photon emission computer tomography","Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D., Tarnell, B., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Jacobsson, H., Hallstrom, T., Larsson, S. A., Sundin, O.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4144,Regional cerebral blood flow during auditory recall in 47 subjects exposed to assaultive and non-assaultive trauma and developing or not posttraumatic stress disorder,"OBJECTIVE: Psychological trauma leads to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in susceptible subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between two groups of subjects exposed to different types of traumatic stressor either developing or not developing PTSD. METHODS: Twenty subjects developing (S) and 27 not developing (NS) PTSD after being exposed to either earlier person-under-the-train accident (NA) or being assaulted in the underground environment (A) were included in the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed and the uptake in 29 regions of the brain (VOIs), bilaterally, was assessed. rCBF distribution was compared, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), between groups (S/NS) and type (A/NA) during a situation involving an auditory evoked re-experiencing of the traumatic event. Discriminant analysis was applied to test the concordance between clinical diagnosis and SPECT findings. RESULTS: In the general analyses significant differences were found between groups and types and there was a significant hemisphere x type interaction. S showed higher CBF than NS and so did A as compared to NA, particularly in the right hemisphere. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 66% of cases (p < 0001) in testing S/NS and 72% (p < 0001) in testing NA/A. CONCLUSIONS: Under recall of their traumatic experience we found higher relative CBF distribution values in S as compared to NS. CBF was higher in the right hemisphere and particularly in assaulted subjects. These findings underscore the role upon trauma recall of both the right hemisphere and the nature of the stressing event.","Acoustic Stimulation/methods, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain/radionuclide imaging, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation/*physiology, Female, Functional Laterality, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods, Male, Mental Recall/*physiology, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*physiopathology/*psychology/radionuclide, imaging, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods","Pagani, M., Hogberg, G., Salmaso, D., Tarnell, B., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Soares, J., Aberg-Wistedt, A., Jacobsson, H., Hallstrom, T., Larsson, S. A., Sundin, O.",2005.0,Oct,10.1007/s00406-005-0559-9,0,0,
4145,"""Regional cerebral blood flow during auditory recall in 47 subjects exposed to assaultive and non-assaultive trauma and developing or not posttraumatic stress disorder"": Erratum","Reports an error in the original article by M. Pagani et al (European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Published online 4th April 2005). A minor typographic error in the article title occurred in the html-text and -title. Furthermore, the name of one of the co-authors was misspelled: the fourth author's name is ""Berit Tarnell"". The online version of the original article can be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0559-9. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2005-14658-010.) Objective: Psychological trauma leads to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in susceptible subjects.The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between two groups of subjects exposed to different types of traumatic stressor either developing or not developing PTSD. Method: Twenty subjects developing (S) and 27 not developing (NS) PTSD after being exposed to either earlier person-under-the-train accident (NA) or being assaulted in the underground environment (A) were included in the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed and the uptake in 29 regions of the brain (VOIs), bilaterally, was assessed. rCBF distribution was compared, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), between groups (S/NS) and type (A/NA) during a situation involving an auditory evoked re-experiencing of the traumatic event. Discriminant analysis was applied to test the concordance between clinical diagnosis and SPECT findings. Results: In the general analyses significant differences were found between groups and types and there was a significant hemisphere x type interaction. S showed higher CBF than NS and so did A as compared to NA, particularly in the right hemisphere. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 66% of cases (p<0001) in testing S/NS and 72% (p<0001) in testing NA/A. Conclusions: Under recall of their traumatic experience we found higher relative CBF distribution values in S as compared to NS. CBF was higher in the right hemisphere and particularly in assaulted subjects. These findings underscore the role upon trauma recall of both the right hemisphere and the nature of the stressing event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cerebral Blood Flow, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Auditory Stimulation, Emotional Trauma","Pagani, Marco, Hogberg, Goran, Salmaso, Dario, Tarnell, Berit, Sanchez-Crespo, Alejandro, Soares, Joaquim, Aberg-Wistedt, Anna, Jacobsson, Hans, Hallstrom, Tore, Larsson, Stig A., Sundin, Orian",2005.0,,,0,0,
4146,Regional cerebral blood flow during auditory recall in 47 subjects exposed to assaultive and non-ssaultive trauma and developing or not posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Psychological trauma leads to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in susceptible subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between two groups of subjects exposed to different types of traumatic stressor either developing or not developing PTSD. Method: Twenty subjects developing (S) and 27 not developing (NS) PTSD after being exposed to either earlier person-under-the- train accident (NA) or being assaulted in the underground environment (A) were included in the study. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was performed and the uptake in 29 regions of the brain (VOIs), bilaterally, was assessed. rCBF distribution was compared, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), between groups (S/NS) and type (A/NA) during a situation involving an auditory evoked re-experiencing of the traumatic event. Discriminant analysis was applied to test the concordance between clinical diagnosis and SPECT findings. Results: In the general analyses significant differences were found between groups and types and there was a significant hemisphere × type interaction. S showed higher CBF than NS and so did A as compared to NA, particularly in the right hemisphere. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 66% of cases (p &lt; 0001) in testing S/NS and 72% (p &lt; 0001) in testing NA/A. Conclusions: Under recall of their traumatic experience we found higher relative CBF distribution values in S as compared to NS. CBF was higher in the right hemisphere and particularly in assaulted subjects. These findings underscore the role upon trauma recall of both the right hemisphere and the nature of the stressing event.","Assaultive trauma, PTSD, rCBF, SPECT","Pagani, M., Högberg, G., Salmaso, D., Tärnell, B., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Soares, J., Åberg-Wistedt, A., Jacobsson, H., Hällström, T., Larsson, S. A., Sundin, Ö",2005.0,,,0,0,4143
4147,A contribution to the Italian adaptation of the Children's Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI),"Introduction: The Children's Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder--Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI) is a measure for the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Previous exploratory studies have suggested a 3-dimensions construct different from the three diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV-TR. Further investigations on the psychometric properties of the CPTSD-RI seem useful to consider it an efficacious support in disease diagnosis. The aim of this study is to investigate CPTSD-RI dimensionality and reliability through a confirmatory procedure. Methods: The study was carried out with 239 children resident in 4 towns exposed to the 2002 earthquake in Molise. The instrument included 20 items measuring: Avoidance, Intrusion and Hyperarousal. Results: The results, via Principal Axis Factoring and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, support a 2-dimensions model: Avoidance and Intrusiveness. Results seem to suggest Hyperarousal dimension inadequacy. Conclusions: Because of the need of a reliable instrument for early diagnosis of PTSD, further acknowledgements on the construct structure are necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Childhood Development, *Diagnosis, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability","Paganucci, Camilla, Primi, Caterina, Gianetti, Eleonora",2007.0,,,0,0,
4148,Structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in pain and pain-free patients scheduled for major surgery,"Factor-analytic studies of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have yielded inconsistent results. One of the reasons for the inconsistency may be that PTSD is highly comorbid with other disorders; the observed factor structure might depend on the particular comorbid disorder. One such disorder is chronic pain. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether PTSD symptom structure differs between pain and pain-free patients scheduled to undergo major surgery. Four hundred and forty-seven patients who were approached 7 to 10 days prior to scheduled surgery completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) Version and the Current Pain and Pain History Questionnaire; the latter was used to divide patients into pain (N = 175) and pain-free (N = 272) groups. Results showed that in pain-free patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as 2 symptom clusters (re-experiencing/avoidance; emotional numbing/hyperarousal) accounting for 52.4% of the variance. In pain patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as a single symptom cluster accounting for 51.1% of the variance. These results suggest different interrelationships among PTSD symptoms in these 2 populations. Results reflect the need for (1) controlling for pain in studies looking at PTSD-symptom expression and (2) further research on PTSD-symptom expression in pain populations. PERSPECTIVE: These results may have important implications for research on the comorbidity between PTSD and chronic pain, as well as for treatment of PTSD symptoms in patients presenting with pain problems.","Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms/epidemiology, Arousal, Attitude to Health, Avoidance Learning, Cluster Analysis, Comorbidity, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, General Surgery/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Oxalates, Pain Measurement/methods, Pain, Intractable/*epidemiology/*psychology, Patients/*psychology, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*psychology, Young Adult","Page, G. M., Kleiman, V., Asmundson, G. J., Katz, J.",2009.0,Sep,10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.011,0,0,
4149,Structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Pain and Pain-Free Patients Scheduled for Major Surgery,"Factor-analytic studies of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have yielded inconsistent results. One of the reasons for the inconsistency may be that PTSD is highly comorbid with other disorders; the observed factor structure might depend on the particular comorbid disorder. One such disorder is chronic pain. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether PTSD symptom structure differs between pain and pain-free patients scheduled to undergo major surgery. Four hundred and forty-seven patients who were approached 7 to 10 days prior to scheduled surgery completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) Version and the Current Pain and Pain History Questionnaire; the latter was used to divide patients into pain (N = 175) and pain-free (N = 272) groups. Results showed that in pain-free patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as 2 symptom clusters (re-experiencing/avoidance; emotional numbing/hyperarousal) accounting for 52.4% of the variance. In pain patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as a single symptom cluster accounting for 51.1% of the variance. These results suggest different interrelationships among PTSD symptoms in these 2 populations. Results reflect the need for (1) controlling for pain in studies looking at PTSD-symptom expression and (2) further research on PTSD-symptom expression in pain populations. Perspective: These results may have important implications for research on the comorbidity between PTSD and chronic pain, as well as for treatment of PTSD symptoms in patients presenting with pain problems. (copyright) 2009 American Pain Society.","adult, article, chronic pain, cognition, comorbidity, controlled study, female, human, major clinical study, male, pain assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, surgery","Page, G. M., Kleiman, V., Asmundson, G. J. G., Katz, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,4148
4150,Structure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Pain and Pain-Free Patients Scheduled for Major Surgery,"Factor-analytic studies of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have yielded inconsistent results. One of the reasons for the inconsistency may be that PTSD is highly comorbid with other disorders; the observed factor structure might depend on the particular comorbid disorder. One such disorder is chronic pain. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether PTSD symptom structure differs between pain and pain-free patients scheduled to undergo major surgery. Four hundred and forty-seven patients who were approached 7 to 10 days prior to scheduled surgery completed the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) Version and the Current Pain and Pain History Questionnaire; the latter was used to divide patients into pain (N = 175) and pain-free (N = 272) groups. Results showed that in pain-free patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as 2 symptom clusters (re-experiencing/avoidance; emotional numbing/hyperarousal) accounting for 52.4% of the variance. In pain patients, PTSD symptoms were best expressed as a single symptom cluster accounting for 51.1% of the variance. These results suggest different interrelationships among PTSD symptoms in these 2 populations. Results reflect the need for (1) controlling for pain in studies looking at PTSD-symptom expression and (2) further research on PTSD-symptom expression in pain populations. Perspective: These results may have important implications for research on the comorbidity between PTSD and chronic pain, as well as for treatment of PTSD symptoms in patients presenting with pain problems. © 2009 American Pain Society.","comorbidity, factor analysis, pain, PTSD, symptom structure","Pagé, G. M., Kleiman, V., Asmundson, G. J. G., Katz, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,4148
4151,Post-traumatic stress disorder: A review (part one),"Since early history, human beings have been closely exposed to several types of traumatic events. Although modern societies have developed a more acceptable kind of convivence, these traumatic events have become increasingly present in the everyday life of any individual in underdeveloped societies. This is due to extended problems, like a lower income per capita, which gives rise to such conducts as violent robbery, kidnapping, or murder. Similarly, family desintegration is a likely factor leading to the development of interfamily violence, and illegal substances traffic and abuse; even weather phenomena (e.g., ""El Nino"") may trigger a higher incidence of PTSD given the suffering brought about by hurricanes or tornados. At the Fourth Consensus Group International Meeting on Depression and Anxiety, held in Montecatini, Italy, in April 1999, PTSD was regarded as the main issue, because of its high prevalence, social impact, and financial burden on society. For these reasons, it represents an enormous public health problem in both underdeveloped and developed countries. During the last three decades, biological guidelines for PTSD have been studied and proposed, together with the development of new effective treatments. Epidemiological studies allow us to calculate the rates of specific disorders and their impact on the community and health system. The prevalence of the exposure to traumatic events themselves is an important part of PTSD study. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that about 40 to 90% individuals from adult community samples have been exposed to a traumatic event. Prevalence life rates of PTSD vary from 5 to 15% in developed countries. Nowadays, 4 to 6% of the population presents PTSD symptoms, considering only the worst traumatic event (8, 9, 13, 20, 29, 32, 39). In the last two decades, PTSD is an anxiety disorder-which has called the attention in research and clinical areas due to several reasons. One of these is that the rates of violence have had a dramatic increase all over the world; another one is the identification of their subdiagnosis in several places. However, not everyone who has been exposed to a traumatic event develops PTSD. Several risk factors increase the possibility of its expression and chronicity -for instance, to experience the event at early life stages, multiple traumatic events, their severity, gender experiencing the event, personal stress and behavior, or psychological problems history, comorbid psychopathology, parents' PTSD history, or subsequent exposure to reactivant environmental events. Likewise, risk factors can be classified according to the person involved and the traumatic event experienced (19, 22). In this sense, different studies have shown women have a higher risk than men to develop PTSD, in spite of men having an increased exposure to traumatic events (13, 20, 37). The psycho-biological development level is important when a traumatic event appears, since it has been demonstrated that age is a significative factor to develop PTSD: traumatic events in childhood have been associated with a higher risk of PTSD and more severe symptoms (10). The clinical course of PTSD is often chronic, with only 50% of the patients recovering within two years after the incident. Most of those unable to recover will still show symptoms 15 years later (32). The situation in underdeveloped countries is particularly interesting, since traumatic events frequently associated with long wars, hunger, politic opression, and sectary violence seem to make PTSD more chronic and the profile of its symptoms more complex and disabling than in developed countries (21, 23, 38, 45, 46). PTSD has a relevant impact on different areas of life, as is revealed for instance in its enormous social costs. Generally, individuals who suffer PTSD earn a lower income, present high scholar failure rates, and more interpersonal problems compared to the overall population. In addition, the age of onset of the mental disorders has a predictive value over educational, birth, marriage, and economic accompli hments (8, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32). A research conducted among the overall American population estimated that 38% of the individuals with PTSD received some form of treatment during a given year. The reason more commonly reported by the remaining 62% to refuse getting medical attention was that they did not think they had any problem at all (31). Often, the traumatic reaction adapts over several years and becomes part of the individual's coping style. People at risk of PTSD commonly ask for medical help early, but do not do so in the psychiatric area. Finally, PTSD brings about less stigmatization compared to another psychiatric disorders, because their symptoms are considered as natural consequences of a severe traumatic event (32). Apparently, the presence of psychiatric disorders other than PTSD is the rule rather than the exception. According to clinical and general populations studies, between 50-90% of PTSD patients show comorbid psychiatric disorders (14-18, 33, 42, 43). PTSD is frequently associated with comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as High Depressive Disorder (HDD), Anguish Disorder (AD), Social Phobia (SP), Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Substance Use Disorder -mostly alcohol- (SUD), Personality Disorders (PD) (e.g., borderline, avoidance, antisocial), and Dissociative Disorders (4, 5, 9, 29, 32, 48). In brief, the relevance of PTSD study becomes clear due to several aspects. Apparently, PTSD is more common than it is thought so. The life prevalence of PTSD among the general population is about 8 to 9%, and women have a higher risk to develop PTSD (22). Also, PTSD is more frequent after certain kinds of traumatic events (e.g., rape), not considering in this case the survivor's gender (29). This discussion is divided in two parts. In this first article we will analyze some general aspects like the introduction of this disorder in the American classification, together with its definition, epidemiology, clinic course, effect on the individual's general functioning, and comorbidity with different psychiatric disorders.","anxiety neurosis, chronicity, comorbidity, depression, disease course, disease severity, education, environmental exposure, epidemiological data, financial management, human, hysteria, incidence, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, review, risk factor, sex difference, socioeconomics, symptomatology, violence","Palacios, L., Heinze, G.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4152,Caught in a web of multiple jeopardy: Post-traumatic stress disorder and hiv-positive asylum seekers in scotland,"Many HIV-positive asylum seekers have experienced multiple traumas and human rights violations-circumstances that engender posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This qualitative study examines the impact of PTSD symptoms among HIV-positive asylum seekers in Scotland. Data were collected from 19 participants, using open-ended interviews, and narrative analysis was used to develop significant themes. All respondents had significant traumatic experiences, such as physical and sexual assault, witnessing the beating and death of a loved one, and being forced to participate in the sex trade. Many experienced multiple symptoms of PTSD, including re-experiencing of intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, avoidance, and arousal. These symptoms met the duration and impairment requirements for DSM-5 diagnosis of PTSD. Their symptoms impacted their ability to tell their stories convincingly when interviewed by immigration officials. Legal processes for asylum seeking require individuals to tell their stories but ignore the impact of trauma on their ability to do so, thus increasing the likelihood of their applications being rejected. The findings indicate the need for asylum seekers to have routine assessment and treatment for PTSD and the provision of appropriate therapeutic and advocacy services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Palattiyil, George, Sidhva, Dina",2015.0,,,0,0,
4153,"Longitudinal examination of mood, coping with cancer and post-traumatic distress on sleep disturbance in breast and prostate cancer survivors","PURPOSE: Previous research has shown that cancer survivors are more likely to experience sleep disturbance than the general population. However, little is known about the natural progression and predictors of sleep disturbance associated with cancer and cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the sleep disturbance reported by Breast Cancer (BC) and Prostate Cancer (PC) survivors. METHODS: Participants completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Mini Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC), the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and the Stanford Sleep Questionnaire between 6 and 24 months post treatment (T1) and again at 24-month follow-up (T2). RESULTS: BC (N= 353; mean age= 50) and PC (N = 315; mean age = 66) survivors recruited for two large, randomized controlled trials provided information on sleep disturbance at T1 and T2. BC survivors reported significantly higher levels of moderate to severe sleep disturbance (31.4%) compared to PC (11.4%) at T1 and the differences remained at T2 (all p<0.0001). There were significant changes in reported symptoms for both groups from T1 to T2 (p= .004); both groups reported improvement in levels of sleep symptoms. There were no significant differences between the two groups in rates of persistence and remission in sleep disturbance. Moderate to severe levels of sleep disturbance persisted in 41.8% of survivors from T1 to T2, with 58.2% going into remission. At T2, 9.9% of those who slept well at T1 developed significant sleep disturbance. Mood disturbance (POMS) and traumatic stress symptoms (IES) at baseline, but not coping with cancer (MAC), emerged as consistent and significant predictors of sleep disturbance at T2; these relationships were stronger in PC compared to BC. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that BC survivors have nearly 3 times more sleep disturbance compared to PC survivors and that these sleep difficulties persist for a significant proportion of BC and PC survivors. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: Further research is needed to understand the relationship between psychological sequelae of cancer-specific diagnoses and the development and progression of sleep disturbances. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians need to be aware that cancer survivors have persistent sleep disturbances after their cancer treatment is over. Mood and stress rather than coping predict sleep disturbance in cancer survivors.","sleep disorder, cancer survivor, neoplasm, oncology, coping behavior, prostate cancer, examination, mood, society, breast, survivor, sleep, cancer therapy, remission, Profile of Mood States, Impact of Events Scale, follow up, randomized controlled trial, questionnaire, posttraumatic stress disorder, diagnosis, population, breast cancer, mood disorder","Palesh, O., Purnell, J., Peppone, L., Mustian, K., Janelsins, M., Mohile, S., Spiegel, D., Morrow, G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4154,Empirical support for a conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of child sexual abuse,"(from the chapter) Previous research has documented many detrimental psychological and behavioral consequences of child sexual abuse. One of the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. It is important to take steps toward development and validation of a conceptual model that identifies key characteristics associated with PTSD among survivors of child sexual abuse. Such a model can be helpful in developing a more coherent understanding of problems closely associated with PTSD in this population for the purpose of improving treatment programs for CSA survivors. The conceptual model that is examined in this study focused on key aspects of the sense of self, which would appear to involve core aspects of traumatic stress associated with CSA. Specifically, this study examined several self-development characteristics that included beliefs about self worth, guilt, shame, and identity impairment in relation to PTSD symptoms in women with a history of child sexual abuse. Research participants were 139 women with a history of child sexual abuse who were considered to be at high risk for HIV infection due to abuse of drugs or alcohol, engaging in risky sex and/or having a history of sexual revictimization. Participants completed self-report measures that assessed abuse specific factors (including the duration of their child sexual abuse and the number of times that they had been sexually abused in childhood), as well as their self-development characteristics (their beliefs about self worth, abuse-related guilt and shame, and identity impairment), and their PTSD symptoms. Multiple linear regression examined whether beliefs about self worth, guilt, shame, and identity impairment accounted for a significant amount of variance in predicting PTSD symptoms. The results showed that this model accounted for 39% of the variance in PTSD symptoms (adj R2=.35), with PTSD symptoms found to be significantly related to longer duration of abuse, greater sense of shame, and greater identity impairment. These findings indicate that the duration of abuse and shame and identity impairment are sources of difficulty for CSA survivors and suggest that these factors may contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms. In addition, the results suggest that treatment providers need to address shame and identity issues in treating PTSD symptoms in CSA survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, *Treatment, Survivors, Symptoms","Palesh, Oxana Gronskaya, Looney, Elizabeth, Batiuchok, Daniel, Koopman, Cheryl, Ginzburg, Karni, Bui, Mydzung, Classen, Catherine C., Arnow, Bruce, Spiegel, David",2008.0,,,0,0,
4155,Oxytocin improves compassion toward women among patients with PTSD,"Although impairments in social skills, including empathic abilities, are common in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the ability to feel compassion-a pro-social behavior that is based on empathy and drives us to help others-has never been assessed among these patients. The first aim of this study was to examine whether patients with PTSD suffer from deficits in compassion and to examine the association between the clusters of PTSD symptoms and these deficits. Furthermore, given that intranasal oxytocin (OT) has been suggested to possibly modulate social behaviors, the second aim of this study was to investigate whether intranasal OT may enhance compassion in these patients. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, we administered 24 IU of OT and placebo at a one-week interval to 32 patients with PTSD and to 30 matched healthy control participants. The results indicate that patients with PTSD exhibit deficits in compassion and that the numbing cluster emerged as the key predictor of those deficits. Moreover, the results indicate that a single intranasal dose of OT enhances compassion toward women (but not towards men), both in patients with PTSD and in controls. These results offer support for recent suggestions that intranasal OT may potentially be an effective pharmacological intervention for patients with PTSD.","Compassion, Empathy, Numbing, Oxytocin, Ptsd, Treatment","Palgi, S., Klein, E., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G.",2016.0,Feb,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.008,0,0,
4156,Comparison of psychiatric disability on the health of nation outcome scales (HoNOS) in resettled traumatized refugee outpatients and Danish inpatients,"BackgroundCurrently, the mental health issues of traumatized refugees are mainly documented in terms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Importantly, there are no reports of the level of psychiatric disability in treatment seeking traumatized refugees resettled in the West. Insufficient acknowledgment of the collective load of bio-psycho-social problems in this patient group hinders effective psychiatric and social service utilization outside the specialized clinics for traumatized refugees.MethodsThe level of psychiatric disability in traumatized refugees from Danish specialized clinics (N = 448) is documented using routine monitoring data from pre- and post-treatment on the Health of Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). Furthermore, the HoNOS ratings are compared with routine monitoring data from Danish inpatients with different diagnoses (N = 10.911).ResultsThe routinely collected data indicated that despite their outpatient status, traumatized refugees had higher levels of psychiatric disability at pre-treatment compared to most inpatients. Moreover, the traumatized refugees had a HoNOS profile characterized by an overall high problem level in various psychiatric and social domains. The rate of pre- to post-treatment improvement on the HoNOS was smaller for the traumatized refugees than it was for the psychiatric inpatients.ConclusionsThe level, and the versatile profile, of psychiatric disability on the HoNOS point to complex bio-psycho-social problems in resettled treatment seeking traumatized refugees. Thus, a broader assessment of symptoms and better cooperation between psychiatric, health care, and social systems is necessary in order to meet the treatment needs of this group.",,"Palic, S., Kappel, M., Nielsen, M., Carlsson, J., Bech, P.",2014.0,Dec 18,10.1186/preaccept-1349040114126330,0,0,
4157,"Explaining ""unexplained illnesses"": Disease paradigm for chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, fibromyalgia, post-traumatic stress disorder, Gulf War syndrome, and others","(from the cover) Explaining ""Unexplained Illnesses' provides long-sought explanations for the properties of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), fibromyalgia (FM), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This groundbreaking book examines common symptoms and signs; short-term stressors such as infection, chemical exposure, physical trauma, and severe psychological stress; why people are often diagnosed as having more than one of these illnesses; and approaches for treating the cause of each disease, rather than the symptoms. The book presents a detailed and well-supported mechanism (the NO/ONOO- cycle) that provides consistent explanations for many of the puzzling elements of these diseases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, *Drug Sensitivity, *Fibromyalgia, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Syndromes, Chemicals, Epidemiology, Stress, Symptoms, War","Pall, Martin L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4158,Confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a veteran sample with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The objective of this study was to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to determine if the factor structure is the same for a veteran sample with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; N = 221) as compared to previous studies that have used more heterogeneous samples of subjects. Analyses were conducted in order to examine the best model fit between three broad dimensional factors, a five-factor structure, or a factor structure consisting of one higher-order ""general"" factor with five ""lower-order"" factors. Results of the CFA revealed adequate fits for the five-factor and five-factor higher-order models. The findings of this study support the use of the PTGI total and factor scores when interpreting results in veteran samples with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Structure, *Inventories, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth","Palmer, Glen A., Graca, Joseph J., Occhietti, Kylene E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4159,Fluvoxamine: An Overview of its Pharmacological Properties and Review of its Therapeutic Potential in Non-Depressive Disorders,"Synopsis Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor which was initially developed as an antidepressant. Additional clinical research has identified several other disorders of the central nervous system in whichfluvoxamine has potential benefits, and which are the focus of this review. At present, the largest volume of data concerns the use of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Oral fluvoxamine at dosages of up to 300 mg/day is effective in alleviating, although not preventing, the symptoms of obsessivecompulsive disorder in 40 to 50% of patients, and limited data indicate that it is as effective as clomipramine. Encouraging initial data are also available regarding the efficacy of fluvoxamine in panic disorder. Further data are required to fully establish the efficacy of fluvoxamine in preventing panic attacks, and to investigate possible beneficial effects in the treatment of anxiety symptoms, bulimia nervosa, alcohol (ethanol )-induced amnesia, schizophrenia and several other psychiatric disorders, and pain states. Comparative and long term data in all disorders in which fluvoxamine shows potential are also required. Fluvoxamine is well tolerated by the majority of patients. Nausea is the most frequent adverse effect and can lead to withdrawal from treatment. However, nausea and most other adverse effects are generally mild to moderate in nature. Fluvoxamine induces less anticholinergic and sedative effects than tricyclic antidepressants, and does not appear to have cardiotoxic effects. In addition, as with many other antidepressants there is no evidence thatfluvoxamine induces suicidal behaviour. Compared with tricyclic antidepressants,fluvoxamine is relatively safe in overdose. Thus, studies available to date have demonstrated the efficacy offluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Efficacy in other central nervous system disorders has been indicated but further confirmatory data are required, as are comparative data in all disorders. The improved tolerability profile of fluvoxamine compared with many other agents used in these conditions will help to establish the agent as a useful alternative in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and in other conditions if preliminary efficacy findings are confirmed. Pharmacological Properties Fluvoxamine is a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake. In addition to its lack of effects on other monoamine reuptake mechanisms, fluvoxamine has little or no effect on the neuronal function of other monoamines and has a low affinity for the receptors of a variety of neurotransmitters. While acute inhibition of serotonin reuptake by fluvoxamine is well documented, clinical response is slower and therefore is not readily explained by this acute effect. Studies in animals and humans have shown that fluvoxamine, unlike the tricyclic antidepressants, has relatively few cardiovascular or anticholinergic effects. In addition, fluvoxamine does not appear to have pro-convulsive or sedative effects, and does not impair cognition. Fluvoxamine has anxiolytic and anti-nociceptive activity in some animal models, and reduces alcohol (ethanol) intake in alcohol-preferring rats. Pain thresholds in healthy volunteers are increased by fluvoxamine. The pharmacokinetic properties of fluvoxamine are well established. The drug is almost completely absorbed following oral administration and the extent of absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract. Maximum plasma concentrations are reached within 2 to 8 hours of administration and steady-state concentrations are achieved after 10 days. There is no drug accumulation after repeated administration. Fluvoxamine is extensively metabolised in the liver, with 11 pharmacologically inactive metabolites identified. Most of a dose offluvoxamineis excreted in the urine, with only about 3% as unchanged parent compound. Mean elimination half-life is 14 to 22 hours. Limited data suggest that the pharmacokinetic parameters of fluvoxamine are not affected by increased age, renal impairment or geneti polymorphism. However, elimination half-life is increased in patients with hepatic disease. Therapeutic Potential Fluvoxamine at oral dosages of 50 to 300 mg/day has been investigated in a number of non-depressive disorders. Positive results in 6 placebo-controlled trials support the efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. At present, comparative data are limited but promising, with 2 trials showing that fluvoxamine is as effective as clomipramine. As with clomipramine, fluvoxamine reduces but does not eliminate obsessions and compulsions, is effective in only 40 to 50% of patients and has a delay in onset of action of approximately 4 weeks. Limited data indicate that fluvoxamine may also be effective in preventing panic attacks, although further placebo-controlled comparisons with standard agents are required. Encouraging preliminary results suggest that fluvoxamine may have potential in the treatment of anxiety symptoms, bulimia nervosa, alcohol- induced amnesia, schizophrenia and several other psychiatric disorders, and pain syndromes. Fluvoxamine does not appear to be effective in patients with dementia, post-traumatic stress disorder or menstrually related disorders, or in reducing body weight in obese patients. Tolerability Fluvoxamine is well tolerated in patients with depression or other central nervous system disorders at oral dosages of up to 300 mg/day for up to 12 weeks. Long term tolerability has not been fully established. A least 43% of patients experience at least 1 adverse effect, with the highest incidence of adverse effects being associated with the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) and central nervous system (somnolence, headache, insomnia). Asthenia is also a common adverse effect. The most common adverse effect is nausea, which can result in discontinuation of therapy. Most adverse effects are transient and of mild to moderate severity. No fluvoxamine-associated clinically significant changes in vital signs or laboratory parameters have been reported. Fluvoxamine produces fewer anticholinergic effects than tricyclic antidepressants, and is thought to have less epileptogenic potential than these agents. In addition, fluvoxamine does not appear to have any cardiotoxic effects. The adverse effects profile of fluvoxamine appears to be similar to that of other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Fluvoxamine treatment has not been associated with an increase in suicidal behaviour, and the agent is considered less harmful than tricyclic antidepressants in overdose. Dosage and Administration For the treatment of non-depressive disorders, fluvoxamine has been administered at oral dosages of 50 to 300 mg/day. Dosages over 100 mg/day were most commonly used. Titration of the dosage in 50mg increments is recommended for the treatment of depression and a similar procedure should probably be used for other disorders. A starting dosage of 50 mg/day may reduce nausea. Dosage should not exceed 100 mg/day in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. While it does not seem necessary to reduce the dosage in elderly patients, slow titration of the dosage should be employed in these patients. Caution is recommended when administering fluvoxamine with agents with which it is known to interact, such as lithium, theophylline, tricyclic antidepressants or warfarin. In addition, cautious use is recommended when fluvoxamine is administered to patients with epilepsy or a medical condition that may be exacerbated by vomiting. Fluvoxamine should not be administered with or within 2 weeks of withdrawing a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor should not be started within 1 week of stopping fluvoxamine. © 1994, Adis International Limited. All rights reserved.",,"Palmer, K. J., Benfield, P.",1994.0,,10.2165/00023210-199401010-00006,0,0,
4160,The psychological impact of the Israel-Hezbollah War on Jews and Arabs in Israel: The impact of risk and resilience factors,,,"Palmieri, P. A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., Hobfoll, S. E.",2008.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.030,0,0,
4161,Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in Cambodian refugees,"This study used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factor structure of the Cambodian version of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire in 488 Cambodian refugees residing in the United States. Five alternative conceptual models were compared. A model with four correlated factors reflecting symptoms of reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal provided the best fit to these data. The avoidance and emotional numbing clusters demonstrated distinct associations with depression symptoms, providing some evidence of the construct validity of the four-factor solution. © 2007 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Palmieri, P. A., Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4162,Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale in disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Center Ground Zero,"Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) factor analytic research has yielded little support for the DSM-IV 3-factor model of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms, no clear consensus regarding alternative models has emerged. One possible explanation is differential instrumentation across studies. In the present study, the authors used confirmatory factor analysis to compare a self-report measure, the PTSD Checklist (PCL), and a structured clinical interview, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), in 2,960 utility workers exposed to the World Trade Center Ground Zero site. Although two 4-factor models fit adequately for each measure, the latent structure of the PCL was slightly better represented by correlated reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal factors, whereas that of the CAPS was slightly better represented by correlated reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal factors. After accounting for method variance, the model specifying dysphoria as a distinct factor achieved slightly better fit. Patterns of correlations with external variables provided additional support for the dysphoria model. Implications regarding the underlying structure of PTSD are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Factor Structure, *Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Palmieri, Patrick A., Weathers, Frank W., Difede, JoAnn, King, Dainel W.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4163,Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review,"There is a large literature investigating the underlying mechanisms, risk factors and demographics of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across a number of psychiatric disorders, such as, major depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. However, less research has focused on the relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and suicide. There were two broad aims of this review. The first was to assess the extent to which PTSD is associated with suicide, and the second was to determine the effects of co-morbid disorders on this relationship. Overall, there was a clear relationship between PTSD and suicidal thoughts and behaviors irrespective of the type of trauma experienced. Very few studies directly examined whether depression was a mediating factor in the relationships reported. However, where this was investigated, the presence of comorbid depression appeared to boost the effect of PTSD on suicidality. It was noteworthy that hardly any studies had investigated concepts thought to be key in other domains of research into suicidality, such as, feelings of entrapment, defeat and hopelessness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicide","Panagioti, Maria, Gooding, Patricia, Tarrier, Nicholas",2009.0,,,0,0,
4164,Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Purpose: There is growing evidence in the literature that a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an important contributory factor to suicidality in adolescents. However, there is no existing review of the literature examining the relationship between PTSD and suicidality in adolescents. This study aims to provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between PTSD and suicidality in adolescents. Methods: Five bibliographic databases (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and PILOT) were screened for suitable articles. Twenty-eight studies (which provided 28 independent samples) were included in the review. The overall meta-analyses of the association between PTSD and suicidality were followed by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Results: A highly significant positive association was found between PTSD and suicidality (d = 0.701, 95 % CI 0.555-0.848). The subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that the association between PTSD and suicidality persisted whilst adjusting for various sources of between-study heterogeneity, such as, different levels of severity of suicidality, target groups, and methodological quality of the studies. Conclusions: Suicidality in adolescents with PTSD is a major problem which requires further research effort. The implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychopathology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicide, Child Psychopathology, Suicidal Ideation","Panagioti, Maria, Gooding, Patricia A., Triantafyllou, Kalliopi, Tarrier, Nicholas",2015.0,,,0,0,
4165,"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline in Iranian veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","Background: Unlike civilian post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the efficacy of sertraline for the treatment of combat-related PTSD has not yet been proven. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of sertraline against combat-related PTSD in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Method: Seventy Iranian veterans of the Iran-Iraq war who met the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of PTSD were randomized to receive either flexibly dosed sertraline (50-200 mg/day) (n = 35, completers = 32) or placebo (n = 35, completers = 30) for 10 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Clinical Global Impression scale-Severity (CGI-S) and Improvement (CGI-I) ratings. Responder criteria were defined as a >30% reduction in the IES-R total score plus a CGI-I rating of 'much' or 'very much' improved. Results: On both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (completer) methods of analysis, the mean reductions in the IES-R total and subscale (re-experiencing/intrusion, avoidance/numbing and hyperarousal) scores (p < 0.001) and also in the CGI-S score (p < 0.01) were significantly greater in the sertraline group than in the placebo group. For the CGI-I, the mean endpoint score was significantly lower in the sertraline group than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). The number of responders in the sertraline group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (44% v. 3%, p < 0.001). Sertraline was well tolerated, with a 6% discontinuation rate as a result of adverse reactions. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that sertraline can be an effective, safe and tolerable treatment for combat-related PTSD in Iranian veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Tolerance, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sertraline, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Panahi, Y., Moghaddam, B. Rezazadeh, Sahebkar, A., Nazari, M. Abbasi, Beiraghdar, F., Karami, G., Saadat, A. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4166,Difficulties in anthropological sex determination on coxal bones,"In this case, at police request, we performed the forensic autopsy and forensic anthropological examination of an unidentified headless body, found on a field. Autopsy showed the presence of male genitalia. Anthropological examination of the coxal bone found 12 features of male gender and only 4 typical for females. The measurements we performed indicated values characteristic for male gender of the acetabular - sciatic index and for the index of the superior portion of the greater sciatic notch. Only the value of the ischio pubic ratio is typical for female gender. Police has identified the family of a missing person and we compared profiles of DNA extracted from the deceased' bones with those of the biologic samples from the family members. DNA profiling on 9 loci has established the filiation probability of 99.999%, the probability of coincidence with a random individual of 1/296 billion. Body' s gender has been also determined as female (XX). The presence on the same coxal bone of traits certainly indicating female gender is predominant. The presence of male gender features can only be explained through the variability induced by incompletely known genetic and endocrine factors during intra-uterine life. The authors consider that a change in our mental attitude is required followed by the modernisation of evaluation procedure of invalidity in percents, even the mental damages, and to recognize this medico-legal entity. We recommend that posttraumatic neurosis should be assessed between 5 and 20 percent, but only after proving that an objective sequel has been determined. © 2005 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine.","Acetabular sciatic index, Anthropological examination, Coxal bones, Gender determination, Greater sciatic notch, Ischio pubic ratio","Panaitescu, V., Roşu, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4167,Dimensional pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders,"Introduction: Treatment of anxiety is currently performed with little regard for rational guidelines. Benzodiazepines continue to be prescribed on a widespread scale. Prescriptions for ""Antidepressant"" drugs, used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, on the other hand, have progressively increased, in parallel with the introduction, in the technical notes, of new indications in this therapeutic area. Nevertheless, the ""selective"" use of anti-anxiety molecules, in the various categorial disorders, will not be available for quite a long time. This is due primarily to the extremely complex situation for therapeutic purposes of the categorial nosographies (DSM, ICD), which were set up mainly for statistical and communication purposes. The progressive introduction, following controlled trials, of indications for certain anxiety disorders, in an increasing number of anti-depressive molecules will not resolve the problem of the aspecific nature of the pathogenetic treatment of anxiety. Methods: A study has been carried out on the temporal trend and the present state of indications, in the technical notes, of anti-depressive drugs, for anxiety disorders, with particular reference to SSRI and SNRI. A critical review has been made of the current nosography of anxiety disorders in the DSM-IV on the basis of the pathophysiology, pharmacological dissection and the principles adopted in the organization of the classification. Results: The current description of anxiety disorders (DSM) does not allow clear categorial objectives to be identified for specific drugs. This is particularly true for the molecules generically classified as antidepressants. Furthermore, in the current classification of anxiety disorders, the specific therapeutic role of benzodiazepine is not clear, despite the constantly high prescription rate. Furthermore, there is no mention, in the literature, of controlled trials on pharmacotherapy, in the treatment of anxiety disorders, other than those based upon categories. An approach to the treatment of anxiety of a dimensional type, at three levels, is, herewith, proposed: I. identification of the specific components (bipolar dysphoria, para-anancastic activity, organic activation; 2. dimensional analysis of fear; 3. temporal analysis of anxiety (primary anxiety vs. secondary anxiety) with particular reference to GAD. For each level of dimensional analysis, specific treatment is proposed. Discussion and Conclusions: The dimensional approach would, today, appear to be the only possible solution for rational pharmacotherapy of anxiety. Albeit, clinical identification is necessary and factorial confirmation of the principal components of the anxiety disorders. As far as concerns therapy, the ideal dimensional approach requires carrying out controlled trials for the association of molecules with a characteristic pharmaco-dynamic profile, with specific psychopathological dimensions of anxiety. However, in practice, these studies are very difficult to perform. A more realistic approach is offered by the possibility of performing dimensional analyses of the data-base used in controlled trials on categorial groups. The only remaining possibility would be naturalistic studies on vast patient populations in which the independent variable would be the psychopathological dimensions and not the categorial groups.","alprazolam, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, citalopram, clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, venlafaxine, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease classification, drug indication, drug selectivity, generalized anxiety disorder, human, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, practice guideline, prescription, randomized controlled trial, social phobia","Pancheri, P.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4168,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Causes and aetiological factors,"(from the chapter) In order to understand posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is important to have an understanding of the different biological and psychological theories which try to explain the mechanism of action, aetiological factors and symptoms of PTSD in adults and to look at the factors which put children at risk. This chapter outlines the psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioural, developmental and biological theoretical frameworks used to to make sense of responses to trauma. The authors also examine various contributory factors (the characteristics of trauma and that of individual and social factors) that influence the development of PTSD in children and adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Theories, *Risk Factors, *Symptoms, Behaviorism, Biological Psychiatry, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Psychoanalytic Theory","Pandit, Smita, Shah, Lalit",2000.0,,,0,0,
4169,Current status of anxiolytic drugs,"Anxiety disorders commonly seen in primary care are characterized by psychological and physical symptoms of disabling anxiety. However, they are often unrecognized and under-diagnosed. Because of the dearth of trained therapists, pharmacotherapy remains the most widespread form of treatment. Newer anti-anxiety drugs have been developed that are more effective with a better side-effect profile. In this article, the various anxiety disorders are described together with their appropriate pharmacotherapy.","alprazolam, amitriptyline, anxiolytic agent, benzodiazepine derivative, beta 3 adrenergic receptor blocking agent, buspirone, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, diazepam, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, lithium, lorazepam, moclobemide, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, neuroleptic agent, oxazepam, paroxetine, phenelzine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, valproic acid, venlafaxine, agoraphobia, akathisia, anxiety neurosis, behavior therapy, clinical trial, drug effect, edema, human, hypotension, insomnia, mood, obsession, panic, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary health care, priority journal, review, serotonin syndrome, side effect, social phobia, weight gain","Pandit, S. A., Argyropoulos, S., Nutt, D. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4170,Different neural mechanisms underlie deficits in mental flexibility in post-traumatic stress disorder compared to mild traumatic brain injury,"Mental flexibility is a core executive function that underlies the ability to adapt to changing situations and respond to new information. Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) complain of a number of executive function difficulties, one of which is mental inflexibility or an inability to switch between concepts. While the behavioral presentation of mental inflexibility is similar in those with PTSD or mTBI, we hypothesized that the differences in their etiology would manifest as differences in their underlying brain processing. The neural substrates of mental flexibility have been examined with a number of neuroimaging modalities. Functional magnetic resonance imaging has elucidated the brain regions involved, whereas electroencephalography has been applied to understand the timing of the brain activations. Magnetoencephalography, with its high temporal and spatial resolution, has more recently been used to delineate the spatiotemporal progression of brain processes involved in mental flexibility and has been applied to the study of clinical populations. In a number of separate studies, our group has compared the source localization and brain connectivity during a mental flexibility set-shifting task in a group of soldiers with PTSD and civilians with an acute mTBI. In this article, we review the results from these studies and integrate the data between groups to compare and contrast differences in behavioral, neural, and connectivity findings. We show that the different etiologies of PTSD and mTBI are expressed as distinct neural profiles for mental flexibility that differentiate the groups despite their similar clinical presentations. © 2015 Pang.","Concussion, Executive function, Functional connectivity, Magnetoencephalography, Mental flexibility, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Set-shifting, Traumatic brain injury","Pang, E. W.",2015.0,,10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00170,0,0,
4171,Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"(from the chapter) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after exposure to terrifying and life-threatening events such as warfare, natural disasters, and physical and sexual assault. For individuals suffering from PTSD, memories of the traumatic event may begin to permeate all aspects of life despite attempts to avoid triggers and reminders of the trauma. Previously nonthreatening stimuli become potential threats, inducing hyperarousal and hypervigilance. Traumatic memories may become inescapable and impair the individual's ability to maintain close relationships, enjoy pleasurable activities, and make plans for the future. With the rise in global terrorism and military actions underway in Iraq and Afghanistan, the societal impact of PTSD has received even greater attention. However, until recently, little attention had been paid to the public health impact of co-occurring PTSD and traumatic brain injury (TBI) despite the frequency with which traumatic events produce both conditions and the overlap in posttraumatic symptoms. Understanding the course of PTSD and the circumstances involved in developing the disorder may provide a solid knowledge base that will help to characterize signs and symptoms that do or do not overlap with TBI. The primary goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of clinical and research PTSD findings, including the epidemiology of the disorder within the U.S. population, risk and protective factors, and signs and symptoms within the framework of neurobiological theories of PTSD development and maintenance. Finally, we offer concluding remarks that summarize the immense progress made over the last few decades in PTSD research and address potential future directions toward understanding PTSD in the upcoming decade, including how PTSD is best contextualized when mild TBI (mTBI) is also a clinical consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Epidemiology, Military Personnel, Neurobiology, Protective Factors, Risk Factors, Theories","Pannu Hayes, Jasmeet, Gilbertson, Mark W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4172,Mental Health Pathways From Interpersonal Violence to Health-Related Outcomes in HIV-Positive Sexual Minority Men,"Objective: We examined mental health pathways between interpersonal violence (IPV) and health-related outcomes in HIV-positive sexual minority men engaged with medical care. Method: HIV-positive gay and bisexual men (N = 178) were recruited for this cross-sectional study from 2 public HIV primary care clinics that treated outpatients in an urban setting. Participants (M age = 44.1 years, 36% non-White) filled out a computer-assisted survey and had health-related data extracted from their electronic medical records. We used structural equation modeling to test associations among the latent factors of adult abuse and partner violence (each comprising indicators of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse) and the measured variables: viral load, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), HIV medication adherence, and emergency room (ER) visits. Mediation was tested for the latent construct mental health problems, comprising depression, anxiety, symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation. Results: The final model demonstrated acceptable fit, (chi)2 (123) = 157.05, p = .02, CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .06, accounting for significant portions of the variance in viral load (13%), HRQOL (41%), adherence (7%), and ER visits (9%), as well as the latent variable mental health problems (24%). Only 1 direct link emerged: a positive association between adult abuse and ER visits. Conclusions: Findings indicate a significant role of IPV and mental health problems in the health of people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV care providers should assess for IPV history and mental health problems in all patients and refer for evidence-based psychosocial treatments that include a focus on health behaviors. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, depression, electronic medical record, health care survey, homosexuality, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, major clinical study, male, outcome assessment, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, sexual minority, suicidal ideation, violence, virus load","Pantalone, D. W., Hessler, D. M., Simoni, J. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4173,"Conflict, violence, and health: Setting a new interdisciplinary agenda",,,"Panter-Brick, C.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.022,0,0,
4174,"Mental health and childhood adversities: A longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan","Objective: To identify prospective predictors of mental health in Kabul, Afghanistan. Method: Using stratified random-sampling in schools, mental health and life events for 11-to 16-year-old students and their caregivers were assessed. In 2007, 1 year after baseline, the retention rate was 64% (n = 115 boys, 119 girls, 234 adults) with no evidence of selection bias. Self- and caregiver-rated child mental health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), depressive (Depression Self-Rating Scale), and posttraumatic stress (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale) symptoms and caregiver mental health (Self-Report Questionnaire) were assessed. Lifetime trauma and past-year traumatic, stressful, and protective experiences were assessed. Results: With the exception of posttraumatic stress, one-year trajectories for all mental health outcomes showed significant improvement (p < .001). Family violence had a striking impact on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire data, raising caregiver-rated scores by 3.14 points (confidence interval [CI] 2.214.08) or half a standard deviation, and self-rated scores by 1.26 points (CI 0.502.03); past-year traumatic beatings independently raised self-rated scores by 1.85 points (CI 0.033.66). A major family conflict raised depression scores by 2.75 points (CI 0.894.61), two thirds of a standard deviation, whereas improved family life had protective effects. Posttraumatic stress symptom scores, however, were solely contingent on lifetime trauma, with more than three events raising scores by 5.38 points (CI 1.769.00). Conclusions: Family violence predicted changes in mental health problems other than posttraumatic stress symptoms in a cohort that showed resilience to substantial socioeconomic and war-related stressors. The importance of prospectively identifying impacts of specific types of childhood adversities on mental health outcomes is highlighted to strengthen evidence on key modifiable factors for intervention in war-affected populations. © 2011 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","conflict, family risk, posttraumatic stress disorder, resilience, violence","Panter-Brick, C., Goodman, A., Tol, W., Eggerman, M.",2011.0,,,0,1,
4175,Caregiver - Child mental health: A prospective study in conflict and refugee settings,"Background In humanitarian settings, family-level drivers of mental health are insufficiently documented; we examined the strength of caregiver - child associations with two-wave, family-level Afghan data. Methods We recruited a gender-balanced sample of 681 caregiver - child dyads (n = 1,362 respondents) using stratified random-sampling in government schools in Kabul (364 dyads) and refugee schools in Peshawar (317 dyads). One year after baseline, we re-interviewed 64% of Kabul and 31% of Peshawar cohorts (n = 331 dyads, 662 respondents), retaining fewer Peshawar families due to refugee repatriation. In multivariable analyses adjusted for baseline, we assessed the extent to which caregiver mental health (Self-Report Questionnaire, SRQ-20) was associated with child symptom scores of post-traumatic stress (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale, CRIES), depression (Depression Self-Rating Scale, DSRS), psychiatric difficulties, impact, and prosocial strength (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ). Results Caregiver mental health was prospectively associated with all eight measures of child mental health at follow-up, adjusted for baseline. For post-traumatic stress, caregiver mental health had a predictive impact comparable to the child experiencing one or two lifetime trauma events. For depression, caregiver mental health approached the predictive impact of female gender. Thus a one SD change in caregiver SRQ-20 was associated with a 1.04 point change on CRIES and a 0.65 point change in DSRS. For multi-informant SDQ data, caregiver - child associations were strongest for caregiver ratings. For child-rated outcomes, associations were moderated by maternal literacy, a marker of family-level dynamics. Both adults and children identified domestic violence and quality of home life as independent risk and protective factors. Conclusions In the context of violence and displacement, efforts to improve child mental health require a thoughtful consideration of the mental health cascade across generations and the cluster of adversities that impact family wellbeing. We identify culturally meaningful leverage points for building family-level resilience, relevant to the prevention and intervention agenda in global mental health. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. © 2013 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","adolescence, parent - child relationships, parenting, prosocial behaviour, Violence","Panter-Brick, C., Grimon, M. P., Eggerman, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4176,"Trauma memories, mental health, and resilience: a prospective study of Afghan youth","BACKGROUND: Studies of war-affected youth have not yet examined how trauma memories relate to prospective changes in mental health and to subjective or social experiences. METHODS: We interviewed a gender-balanced, randomly selected sample of Afghan child-caregiver dyads (n = 331, two waves, 1 year apart). We assessed lifetime trauma with a Traumatic Event Checklist, past-year events with a checklist of risk and protective events, and several child mental health outcomes including posttraumatic distress (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale, CRIES) and depression. We examined the consistency of trauma recall over time, identified mental health trajectories with latent transition modeling, and assessed the predictors of posttraumatic distress and depression trajectories with multinomial logistic regressions. RESULTS: From baseline to follow-up, reports of lifetime trauma significantly changed (p </= 0.01). A third of the cohort reported no trauma exposure; only 10% identified the same event as their most distressing experience. We identified four CRIES trajectories: low or no distress (52%), rising distress (15%), declining distress (21%), and sustained high distress (12%). Youth with chronic posttraumatic distress were more likely to be girls (OR = 5.78, p </= 0.01), report more trauma exposure at baseline (OR = 1.55, p </= 0.05) and follow-up (OR = 5.96, p </= 0.01), and experience ongoing domestic violence (OR = 4.84, p </= 0.01). The risks of rising distress and sustained distress showed a steady increase for youth recalling up to four traumatic experiences. Depression and CRIES trajectories showed weak comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Memories of violent events are malleable, embedded in social experiences, and present heterogeneous associations with posttraumatic distress. Our study provides insights on resilience and vulnerability to multiple adverse childhood experiences, highlighting research and clinical implications for understanding trauma in conflict-affected youth.","Ptsd, Adverse childhood experiences, Afghanistan, Pakistan, depression, trauma, violence","Panter-Brick, C., Grimon, M. P., Kalin, M., Eggerman, M.",2014.0,Nov 11,10.1111/jcpp.12350,0,1,
4177,Innovative training with virtual patients in transcultural psychiatry: The impact on resident psychiatrists' confidence,"Background Virtual patients are now widely accepted as efficient and safe training tools in medical education, but very little is known about their implementation in psychiatry, especially in transcultural clinical care of traumatized refugee patients. Objective This study aimed at assessing the impact of training with a virtual patient on confidence in providing clinical care for traumatized refugee patients. Methods The authors developed an educational tool based on virtual patient methodology portraying the case of ""Mrs. K"", a traumatized refugee woman with symptoms of PTSD and depression. A group (N=32) of resident psychiatrists tested the system and their confidence in different aspects of providing clinical care for this patient group was evaluated pre- and posttest by using a validated confidence questionnaire. Cronbach's α was calculated for all clusters. Changes between pre- and post-test were compared by using the matched-pair t-test, binomial distribution for exact significance test and a calculation of effect sizes (Cohen's d). Results A statistically significant improvement was exhibited in overall confidence (mean Ä: 0.34; p<0.0001; d: 0.89) as well as in four more specific domains of clinical care, with the area of identifying and evaluating trauma-related diagnoses and disability showing the most prominent improvement (mean Ä: 0.47; p<0.0001; d: 1.00). Conclusions This VP-system can lead to physicians' improvement of confidence in providing transcultural clinical care for traumatized refugee patients. Further research is required to investigate improvement in actual performance and cognitive outcomes with several VPs and in a longterm effect perspective. © 2015 Pantziaras et al.",,"Pantziaras, I., Fors, U., Ekblad, S.",2015.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0119754,0,0,
4178,Increased co-morbidity of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and common risk factors in intensive care unit survivors: A two-year follow-up study,"Abstract Objective. To investigate the long-term psychological impact of intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization, as well as to establish risk factors which successfully discriminate patients at higher risk. Methods. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Survey (SF-36), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression (CES-D), and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) questionnaires were obtained from 48 ICU survivors who were also interviewed and self-reported on several acknowledged risk factors. Results. A high co-morbidity between depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases was observed. Both CES-D and DTS scores correlated negatively with the SF-36 mental health subscale scores; although a causative relation cannot be attributed to this finding, it indicates a potential negative impact of depression and PTSD symptoms on the patients' quality of life even at 18- to 24-month post-ICU. The most important risk factor associated with a long-term impact on quality of life, depression and PTSD was lifetime history of any psychiatric disorder. Conclusions. During ICU admissions efforts should be made towards identifying and psychologically supporting those patients with a previous history of a psychiatric disease, as they are at considerably higher risk of suffering from the long-term psychological sequelae of ICU admission. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Hospitalization, *Intensive Care, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Survivors, Symptoms","Paparrigopoulos, Thomas, Melissaki, Antigone, Tzavellas, Elias, Karaiskos, Dimitris, Ilias, Ioannis, Kokras, Nikolaos",2014.0,,,0,0,
4179,REM sleep behaviour disorder: Clinical profiles and pathophysiology,"Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by the intermittent loss of electromyographic atonia normally present during REM sleep and the emergence of purposeful complex motor activity associated with vivid dreams. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder usually affects older males and can be either idiopathic or symptomatic of various underlying disorders, in particular neurodegenerative diseases; in the latter case, RBD may be a prodromal symptom of the neurological disease. Several brainstem regions have been implicated in RBD pathophysiology, although the exact mechanism of the disorder in humans remains to be clarified. On clinical grounds, differentiation of RBD should be made from several non-REM parasomnias and other aberrant behaviours occurring during sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder can be diagnosed on the basis of a systematic medical, neurological and psychiatric evaluation of the patient, assisted by a standard polysomnographic recording that includes continuous overnight videotaping; a brain imaging study is mandatory when an underlying brain disease is being suspected. Clonazepam at bedtime is the treatment of choice for RBD; alternatively, melatonin or pramipexole can be administered when clonazepam is contraindicated. © 2005 Institute of Psychiatry.",,"Paparrigopoulos, T. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4180,Psychogenic status epilepticus in children,"Epilepsy features, psychiatric profile, psychosocial factors, and outcome are described for six children (three males) aged 5-15 years (mean 12.1) with psychogenic status epilepticus (PSE), i.e., prolonged or repetitive psychogenic seizures (PSs), >30 minutes, simulating status epilepticus. They had epilepsy, they were on chronic anticonvulsants (ACVs), and some had other neurological deficits. All received intravenous and/or rectal ACVs prior to suspicion of PSE. PSE was confirmed via video/EEG, demonstrating no epileptogenic activity during alleged seizures. Provocation and placebo therapy techniques were used in two. Psychiatric assessment identified comorbid disorders such as depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosocial stressors were almost ubiquitous. Psychiatric intervention included psychotherapy, family therapy, and medical treatment in one patient. Outcome was monitored for an average of 3.6 years (3-5 years). PSE did not recur. PSs recurred in three. Psychiatric comorbidity improved in four, who accepted psychiatric intervention and whose epilepsy also improved. In conclusion, the occurrence of PSE in children and adolescents with epilepsy is stressed. Prompt diagnosis was often missed in the acute care setting, and this carries important implications for iatrogenic complications. PSE diagnosis resulted in identification and management of comorbid psychiatric disorders. This was probably important in reducing the predominating anxiety and affective disorders in most patients as well as PSE recurrence. Epilepsy severity and associated deficits were most likely important factors in determining outcome. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","anticonvulsive agent, carbamazepine, placebo, valproic acid, adolescent, anxiety disorder, article, child, clinical article, clinical feature, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, diagnostic error, diagnostic procedure, disease association, disease duration, disease severity, drug blood level, early diagnosis, electroencephalogram, epileptic state, epileptogenesis, family therapy, female, human, iatrogenic disease, male, medical care, mental disease, mood disorder, neurologic disease, obsessive compulsive disorder, outcomes research, patient monitoring, posttraumatic stress disorder, provocation test, psychiatry, psychogenic epileptic state, psychologic assessment, psychotherapy, recurrent disease, social psychology, videorecording","Papavasiliou, A., Vassilaki, N., Paraskevoulakos, E., Kotsalis, Ch, Bazigou, H., Bardani, I.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4181,Identifying profiles of recovery from reward devaluation in rats,"In humans and other mammals, the unexpected loss of a resource can lead to emotional conflict. Consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) is a laboratory model of reward devaluation meant to capture that conflict. In this paradigm, animals are exposed to a sharp reduction in the sucrose concentration of a solution after several days of access. This downshift in sucrose content leads to behavioral responses such as the suppression of consumption and physiologic responses including elevation of corticosterone levels. However, response heterogeneity in cSNC has yet to be explored and may be relevant for increasing the validity of this model, as humans demonstrate clinically meaningful heterogeneity in response to resource loss. The current analysis applied latent growth mixture modeling to test for and characterize heterogeneity in recovery from cSNC among rats (N = 262). Although most animals exhibited recovery of consummatory behavior after a sharp drop in consumption in the first postshift trial (Recovery class; 83%), two additional classes were identified including animals that did not change their consumption levels after downshift (No Contrast class; 6%), and animals that exhibited an initial response similar to that of the Recovery class but did not recover to preshift consumption levels (No Recovery class; 11%). These results indicate heterogeneity in recovery from reward loss among rats, which may increase the translatability of this animal model to understand diverse responses to loss among humans. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.","Animal models, Consummatory successive negative contrast, Individual differences, Latent growth mixture modeling, Reward loss","Papini, S., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Papini, M. R.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.006,0,0,
4182,The needs of primary care mental health service users: A Q-sort study,"Background Within scientific and policy literature, the broader needs and preferences of the service user are usually described as being relatively homogenous for any particular condition. Additionally, despite common adultmental health problems being a huge burden to primary care services, there has been little research into the client's perspective of their needs regarding such difficulties. The aim of this research was thus to uncover the issues and preferences for this sample. Method The attitudes of 28 service users were explored through use of a Q-methodology approach. This procedure involves statistical analysis of the order that participants rank pertinent statements associated with the area of study. Results Five independent factors (clusters of preferences) were identified. These differed over issues associated with: relationships with service providers, access/barriers associated with services, information provision, stigma, choices associated with therapy and the care pathway, medication and complementary approaches, as well as social support. Discussion The study suggests that differing individual needs exist within diagnostic categories which, unless considered, may impede service engagement. Issues associated with the implications for service delivery for these differing clusters of perceived needs and viewpoints are outlined. © 2008 Radcliffe Publishing.","Adults, Mental health, Mental illness, Needs, User involvement","Papworth, M., Walker, L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4183,Stalking of psychiatrists by their patients: An unsettling reality,"Introduction: Psychiatrists are particularly exposed to the risk of being victims of stalking (repeated persecution, unwanted communicating & contact causing fear) by patients. Aim and method: To summarize the latest research findings on this topic. We conducted a literature review on Medline sources. Key words: Stalking by patients, psychiatrists, mental health professionals. Results: Up to 20% of psychiatrists have been victims of stalking, at least once. Stalkers are usually male, single & unemployed, and under the care of the clinician; 3/4 of them suffer from a psychotic and/or personality disorder(s), mainly cluster B personality disorder(s). Duration of stalking varies between several weeks and could reach 16 years. Methods of harassment include intrusive approaches, loitering near the victim, telephone calls, following the victim, spreading gossip, violating property, and sending unwanted material (letters, sexual material etc). Victims most commonly express fear, anger, helplessness or even PTSD symptoms. Stalked psychiatrists are usually male consultants but also at risk are inexperienced trainees. Most victims search assistance and counselling from colleagues, family, friends, police or lawyers. Countermeasures include modifying professional style, taking more precautions at work, changing telephone number, increasing home security; in serious cases residence change is needed. Any attempt of the victim to contact the stalker gets things worse. Conclusions: Whether the stalker's behaviour is motivated by anger, envy, delusion, or because of misunderstandings about the nature of the psychotherapeutic relationship (false sense of intimacy), psychiatrists should maintain high levels of attention. The threat of stalking should not be underestimated.","human, stalking, psychiatrist, patient, psychiatry, victim, male, telephone, personality disorder, risk, fear, police, counseling, mental health, consultation, helplessness, Medline, psychosis, health practitioner, student, delusion, friend, intimacy, lawyer, posttraumatic stress disorder","Paraschakis, A., Konstantinidou, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4184,Implementing evidence-based practices in supported employment for people with psychiatric disabilities,"Military service itself has been documented as a positive turning point in enlistees life trajectories. However, for the veteran population with psychiatric disorders, resources other than the Cl Bill, such as supported education psychiatric rehabilitation programs, may be as important or more important to their post-service outcomes. Methods: This paper examines new clinical developments in supported education for veterans with PTSD and related disorders, utilizing systematic literature review methodology. Results: Five reports were retrieved which provide psychiatric rehabilitation practice guidance or examine supported education programs targeted to veterans in the current combat era who are suffering from PTSD or polytrauma. Level of evidence is predominantly descriptive. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: While the extant literature suggests applicability of available supported education models to the prevalent mental disorders in this current veteran population, high quality studies are needed to investigate their effects for this population. Current trends in military mental health programs and the civilian recovery movement suggest that supported education programming for veterans of this current combat era must incorporate resilience theory-based concepts and approaches and avoid diagnostically-driven and restrictive eligibility criteria.",,"Parent-Johnson, W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4185,The association between alexithymia and posttraumatic stress symptoms following multiple exposures to traumatic events in North Korean refugees,"Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the interaction between the number of traumas experienced and alexithymia, on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Methods: The sample comprised 199 North Korean refugees. Participants completed the Trauma Exposure Check List for North Korean Refugees, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: TAS-20 scores were positively correlated with IES-R scores (r = 0.21, p < 0.01), after controlling for gender, age, and CES-D scores. The number of traumas experienced was also positively correlated with IES-R scores (r = 0.32, p < 0.001), but not with TAS-20 scores, after controlling for gender, age, and CES-D scores. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed a significant interaction between the number of traumas experienced and TAS-20 scores, for IES-R scores (t = 2.10, p < 0.05). Moderation analysis further revealed that TAS-20 scores moderate the relationship between the number of traumas experienced and IES-R scores (t = 2.90, p < 0.01). For refugees with higher TAS-20 scores, those who had experienced more traumas had higher IES-R scores. However, within refugees with lower TAS-20 scores, IES-R scores were not significantly different for those who had experienced a higher number of traumas compared with those who had experienced a lower, or average, number of traumas. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that, as individuals experience more traumatic events, clearly identifying and expressing emotions become more crucial for reducing PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alexithymia, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Stress, *Trauma, Symptoms","Park, Juhyun, Jun, Jin Yong, Lee, Yu Jin, Kim, Soohyun, Lee, So-Hee, Yoo, So Young, Kim, Seog Ju",2015.0,,,0,0,
4186,Fluoxetine effect on neuronal differentiation in human embryonic carcinoma cells,"Purpose of the study: Human embryonic carcinoma (EC; NCCIT) cells have a similarity to embryonic stem (ES) cells in their gene expression profile as well as self-renewal capacity and the potential to differentiate into three embryonic germ layers. On the basis of these characteristics, both cell types can be classified as belonging to the same category. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis hypothesis states that the generation of neurons in the postnatal brain is important for understanding and treating anxiety disorders, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Also selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been proven to be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders including PTSD. Although previous studies suggest that treatment with SSRIs influences the expression of various proteins that are involved in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the neuronal cells of the brain, the molecular pathways of their antianxiety action are not still well understood. Proteomic techniques can be used to relatively quantify the abundance of thousands of proteins simultaneously. To identify the effects of fluoxetine on protein expression during neuronal differentiation at the cellular level, we exposed NCCIT cells to retinoic acid in the presence or absence of fluoxetine. We investigated protein expression characteristics in NCCIT cells using proteomics techniques, and validated the results with western blot analysis. Methods used: Embryonic bodies (EBs) from NCCIT cells (CRL-2073) were incubated with 10mM retinoic acid and 10mM fluoxetine for 7 days. In detail, NCCIT cells were incubated in fresh media containing 10 μM fluoxetine for the fluoxetine group, but NCCIT cells of control group were incubated in fresh media containing the same volume of 10% ethanol without 10 μM fluoxetine. Expression level of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in NCCIT cell-derived neurons was measured. Proteins samples were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) using PDQuest software to quantify the spot densities. Ultraflex matrix-assisted laser desorptionionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used for the peptide analysis. To identify the pathway network analysis, the MetaCore pathway software was used. All of the data were expressed as mean±SEM and were analyzed using OriginPro 8 and SPSS 17. Summary of results containing real data and appropriate statistical assessments: Treatment of fluoxetine on NCCIT cellderived neurons induced up-regulation and down-regulation of proteins. Upregulated proteins in fluoxetine-treated NCCIT cellderived neurons included HSP90-alpha isoform 2. The pathway networks including canonical pathway was identified as scored by MetaCore. To confirm the protein related to underlying mechanism of anxiety disorder, we performed the western blot analysis. We chose HSP90 because of its function in glucocorticoid receptor regulation. Long-term treatment of 10mM fluoxetine on NCCIT cell-derived neurons resulted in increasing the expression of HSP90 compared to no treatment as control. Conclusions: In anxiety disorders, fluoxetine might have the action mechanism of antianxiety treatment through increasing HSP90 during adult hippocampal neurogenesis.","fluoxetine, protein, retinoic acid, glucocorticoid receptor, serotonin uptake inhibitor, heat shock protein 90, alcohol, human, nerve cell differentiation, psychopharmacology, embryonal carcinoma stem cell, European, college, nerve cell, anxiety disorder, data analysis software, Western blotting, computer program, adult, brain, protein expression, nervous system development, posttraumatic stress disorder, apoptosis, gene expression, time of flight mass spectrometry, laser, tracheobronchial stent, density, two dimensional gel electrophoresis, embryonal carcinoma, control group, hypothesis, proteomics, cells by body anatomy, germ layer, peptide analysis, upregulation, down regulation, long term care, embryonic stem cell","Park, J. E., Choi, J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4187,The effect of persistent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on executive functions in preadolescent children witnessing a single incident of death,"We compared executive functions (EFs) of traumatized preadolescent children with and without marked posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to the performance of a nontraumatized control group, and examined the relationships between EF deficits and functional status in traumatized preadolescent children. Fifty-one preadolescent children who had witnessed a death at school 30 months prior (26 with marked PTSD symptoms and 25 without) and 30 healthy controls who had not been traumatized participated. EFs were examined using the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT). The functional state of traumatized children was measured by the Parent Report Form-Children's Health and Illness Profile-Children's Edition (PRF-CHIP-CE). The traumatized children, regardless of status of PTSD symptomatology, showed poorer working memory performance than nontraumatized healthy controls. The traumatized children with marked PTSD symptoms performed more poorly on measures of interference control compared to those children without marked PTSD symptoms. Lower levels of EFs were associated with lower risk avoidance and diminished academic achievement in traumatized children. These results indicate that an inhibitory control deficit is specifically associated with the current PTSD symptoms but not with trauma exposure per se. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","cognition, Comprehensive Attention Test, function, preadolescent children, PTSD","Park, S., Kim, B. N., Choi, N. H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Song, S. H., Kim, J. W., Shin, M. S., Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4188,Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor level may contribute to the therapeutic response to eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study,"This study assessed the potential of levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) as biological predictors of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) responses in complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Before and after eight-session EMDR, plasma levels of BDNF and NGF were obtained for eight men with complex PTSD. The results suggest that plasma BDNF levels, which are implicated in vulnerability to depression, may contribute to the therapeutic response to EMDR. The authors concluded that BDNF level might contribute to the therapeutic responsiveness to EMDR in complex PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Nerve Growth Factor, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor","Park, Seon-Cheol, Park, Yong Chon, Lee, Min-Soo, Chang, Hun Soo",2012.0,,,0,0,
4189,Accident litigants with neurotic symptoms,"Experience gained from an examination of 750 consecutive accident litigants leads to the conclusion that the aetiology of neurotic symptoms after accidents is so complex that diagnostic labels implying single causation give a false and oversimplified picture. Terms such as 'compensation neurosis', 'traumatic neurosis', 'Mediterranean back', 'postconcussion syndrome' and many others illustrate preconceived ideas of causation which are in most cases not warranted, and it is recommended that this group of patients be considered under the general label of sufferers from 'accident neurosis'. The many symptoms which occur are discussed, and it is found that they present in such endless variety, and in varying severity from mild to completely disabling; they do not cluster in any consistent way to justify the delineating of discrete syndromes which are artificial and misleading; their existence confuses rather than clarifies our understanding of these unfortunate people.",,"Parker, N.",1977.0,,,0,0,
4190,Neurobehavioral outcome of children's mild traumatic brain injury,"Brain damage is underestimated as a public health and personal problem. The common belief in a good prognosis for childhood brain damage is unsubstantiated. It is based on lack of rigorous study and examiner satisfaction with a low response level. Occult brain trauma plagues victims into maturity. Above a rather low threshold of injury (even without focal neurologic findings), cognitive, personality, and adaptive dysfunctions are common and impairing. Child abuse signals were described. Brain lesions impair both matured functions and those expressed later. Dysfunctions were discussed for these neurobehavioral systems: consciousness, attention and tonic motor level: sensorimotor and body schema; neurophysiologic; cerebral personality; intelligence; memory; language; information processing; posttraumatic stress and mood; identity and insight; adaptivity in the community. Outcome evolves from complex pathologic, neurologic, anatomic, and personality parameters, the postinjury interval and child's age, the maturity and developmental trajectory of the function, social support, and emotional reaction to impairment. Assessment should study the entire range of functions, utilizing records, collaterals, observation, and qualitative and psychometric measurement. Complex, challenging, and ecologically relevant tasks are appropriate. There are several patterns of outcome: immediate permanent deficits; improvement through compensatory mechanisms, but with subclinical deficits; and initial progress with delayed expression (premature plateau of cognitive and personality maturity; physiologic developmental deficits). Confirmation of mild TBI may require several years of observation to determine late dysfunctions and deviation from preinjury or postinjury performance or expected level of development.",,"Parker, R. S.",1994.0,,,0,0,
4191,"The psychotherapeutic potential of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) : An evidence-based review","Aims and rationale: The purpose of this study was to review whether methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has the appropriate pharmacodynamic profile to be a therapeutic agent. Materials and methods: Empirical descriptions of MDMA's subjective effects in humans will be reviewed to evaluate the proposal that MDMA has psychotherapeutic properties. The focus will be published evidence on its functional effects in therapeutic, medical, and other situations. Results: MDMA is a powerful central nervous system (CNS) stimulant which affects several neurotransmitter systems and intensifies a range of psychobiological functions. Its acute mood effects can be very positive and life enhancing, and the affirmative cognitions engendered during MDMA therapy may well endure afterwards. However, MDMA also has a number of potential anti-therapeutic characteristics. Acutely, it can also intensify negative cognitions, and these may similarly endure over time. Psychotherapists have found that setting, intention, and expectancy are crucial for a positive outcome, but these factors cannot be guaranteed. Post-MDMA, there is a period of neurotransmitter recovery when low moods predominate, and these may exacerbate psychiatric distress. The explanations proposed for MDMA-assisted therapy are all psychodynamic, and a neurochemical model needs to be outlined. It has been suggested that enduring therapeutic gains can follow a single session, but again, this lacks a clear psychopharmacological rationale. Finally, diathesis-stress models suggest that psychiatric individuals are more prone to acute and chronic abreactions to CNS stimulants such as MDMA. Conclusions: There are a number of issues which need to be addressed before it can be argued that MDMA might be clinically useful for psychotherapy. (copyright) 2007 Springer-Verlag.","3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, central stimulant agent, citalopram, dopamine, lithium, neurotransmitter, noradrenalin, phenothiazine derivative, placebo, serotonin, sertraline, adjustment disorder, anxiety, cognition, cognitive defect, confusion, depression, disease exacerbation, drug activity, drug effect, drug mechanism, drug potency, dysthymia, evidence based medicine, human, mental disease, neurochemistry, neurotoxicity, neurotransmission, nonhuman, personality disorder, pharmacodynamics, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychobiology, psychodynamics, psychopharmacology, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapist, psychotherapy, review, schizophrenia, side effect, single drug dose, suicide, zoloft","Parrott, A. C.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4192,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Its biopsychobehavioral aspects and management,"(from the chapter) presents a comprehensive understanding of psychological traumatization / begins with an historical background to place contemporary concepts and findings in perspective, and then provides definitions, etiological models, course of the disorder, diagnosis, co-morbidity, and a flexible interconceptual model for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to include cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and pharmacological approaches the tripartite [biopsychobehavioral] model used here intends to increase conceptual acumen, and to guide formulation, assessment, and interventions of greater efficacy with trauma victims who endured human-engineered, natural, and technological catastrophes (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Biopsychosocial Approach, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Disasters, Survivors","Parson, Erwin Randolph",1994.0,,,0,0,
4193,Post-traumatic stress and coping in an inner-city child. Traumatogenic witnessing of interparental violence and murder,"Violence today appears to be ubiquitous: it even enters the clinical session, deeply internalized within child victims who were exposed to often unspeakable horror. Violence and its pernicious, horrific effects are observed in the streets, schools, parks, playgrounds, and homes of some inner-city communities. This article introduces the use of Anna Freud's Diagnostic Profile system with an inner-city child who, at the age of four, witnessed his mother fatally stab his father with a kitchen knife and at age eleven was assessed and treated by the author. Clinicians may wonder whether any kind of therapy could ever undo the serious fixations, regressions, developmental arrests, and integrate trauma-shattered ego functions observed in children exposed to visual horror and affective terror. Application of the Profile may offer some direction with these children: a panoramic view of their painful mood, their hypervigilance and distrust, fears, separation and annihilation anxieties, nightmares (with murder imagery), developmental anomalies and arrests is presented with clarity and force. The therapist uses countertransference responses to monitor the affect tolerance in the child and to determine the appropriate dosages of awareness the child can integrate from one moment to the next. The therapist also serves as the child's external stimulus barrier and explores feelings about media-driven portrayals of violence, stereotypes, and inner-city children and youths. The unsurpassed utility of the Profile as a diagnostic system that documents vital economic, dynamic, structural, genetic and adaptive-coping information about the child is discussed in detail as is the Profile's added benefit of possibly guarding against misdiagnosis and charting a course for psychotherapy in difficult city-violence trauma cases.","adaptive behavior, article, case report, castration anxiety, child behavior, child psychology, conflict, counter transference, domestic violence, ego, female, homicide, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, psychoanalysis, psychological aspect, psychotherapy, separation anxiety, superego","Parson, E. R.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4194,Traumatic stress personality disorder (TrSPD): Intertheoretical therapy for the PTSD/PD dissociogenic organization,"Discusses a new personality disorder entity, traumatic stress personality disorder (TrSPD), conceptualized as a composite organization with transactional properties that mutually structure posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and personality disorders (PDs). An intertheoretical therapy model is presented, and consists of multiple therapies actively integrated to meet the patient's complex post-trauma needs. This article argues for the development of theoretical, investigatory, and therapeutic measures to address PTSD/PD configurations in traumatized victims. The position espoused is that PTSD/PD should be measured as 1 rather than 2 entities, with neither component being considered as a confounding but integral factor in measurement. The 8 components of TrSPD are discussed, along with a case study to demonstrate the model's clinical applications. The integration of cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and existential treatment approaches is geared to assist the victim to developmentally progress to survivor status, and then beyond this level of integration to thriver, a person whose adaptational learning in therapy created a ""vital psychological immune system"" that consistently protects against dissociative regression in response to the daily stresses of life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Multimodal Treatment Approach, *Personality Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Theories, Comorbidity","Parson, Erwin Randolph",1997.0,,,0,0,
4195,"Traumatic stress personality disorder (TrSPD), part II: Trauma assessment using the Rorschach and self-report tests","This article is the second of three parts on traumatic stress personality disorder. Its focus is on: (1) the importance of using a broad- spectrum of assessment instruments to assess the PTSD/PD morbidity (or more accurately, 'intermorbidity') or traumatic stress personality disorder (TrSPD) to measure not only symptoms, but underlying trauma representations; (2) a clinical emphasis on personality in assessment (or the placing of 'personality' back into personality assessment processes); (3) the identification of a TrSPD Trauma Profile test battery that would measure both narrative traumatic memory and dissociated representational memory in trauma victims, and (4) implications for trauma psychotherapy. The instrumentation continuum is a trauma inquiry system that produces a diversity of clinical data through the use of a range of diverse assessment instruments (i.e., clinician-administered structured interviews, clinician-administered unstructured interviews ['projective'], self-reports tests, and projective instruments [like the Rorschach]). Together they measure both traumatic memory and representational memory systems to ensure the most comprehensive assessment of the patient's trauma cognitions, emotions, unacceptable identities, and behavior.","human, memory, mental disease, personality disorder, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychologic test, review, self report, symptomatology","Parson, E. R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4196,Select non-coding RNA in blood components provide novel clinically accessible biological surrogates for improved identification of traumatic brain injury in OEF/OIF Veterans,"This study was designed to identify clinically accessible molecular biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) that could be used to help identify returning Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Veterans who are suffering from the effects of mTBI. While analyzing the expression profile of small non-coding RNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an OEF/OIF veteran study cohort using a high throughput array chip platform, we identified 18 candidate small non-coding RNA biomarkers that are differentially regulated in PBMCs of mTBI compared to non-TBI control cases. Independent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays confirmed that 13 of these candidate small RNA biomarker species are, indeed, significantly down-regulated in PBMCs of mTBI compared to non-TBI control veteran cases. Based on unsupervised clustering analysis, we identified a 3-biomarker panel which was most able to distinguish mTBI from non-TBI control veteran cases with high accuracy, selectivity and specificity. The majority of mTBI cases in our biomarker study were co-morbid with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and thus our non-TBI control cases were selected to match PTSD diagnoses. Therefore, our identified panel of 3 small RNA biomarkers likely represents a biological index selective for mTBI. Out-comes from our studies suggest that additional applications of the clinically accessible small non-coding RNA bio-markers to current diagnostic criteria may lead to improved mTBI detection and more sensitive outcome measures for clinical trials. Future studies exploring the physiological relevance of mTBI biomarkers will also provide a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying mTBI and insights into novel therapeutic targets for mTBI.","biological marker, microRNA, RNA, adult, aged, article, blood component, cell isolation, clinical trial (topic), controlled study, down regulation, gene, human, neuropsychology, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, phenotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, real time polymerase chain reaction, RNA probe, RNA sequence, traumatic brain injury","Pasinetti, G. M., Ho, L., Dooley, C., Abbi, B., Lange, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4197,"Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","Background: Studies investigating inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have yielded mixed results. The aim of our study was to compare concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with PTSD compared with healthy controls. Methods: We did a meta-analysis and meta-regression of studies comparing inflammatory markers between patients with PTSD and healthy controls by searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for articles published between Jan 1, 1960, and April 7, 2015. From eligible studies (ie, cross-sectional studies or baseline data from longitudinal studies of peripheral blood cytokine concentrations that compared adults with PTSD with healthy controls), we extracted outcomes of interest, such as mean and SD of peripheral blood cytokines, the time of day blood was collected, whether the study allowed patients with comorbid major depressive disorder in the PTSD group, whether patients were medication free, and severity of PTSD symptoms. We undertook meta-analyses whenever values of inflammatory markers were available in two or more studies. A random-effects model with restricted maximum-likelihood estimator was used to synthesise the effect size (assessed by standardised mean difference [SMD]) across studies. Findings: 8057 abstracts were identified and 20 studies were included. Interleukin 6 (SMD 0.88; p = 0.0003), interleukin 1beta (SMD 1.42; p = 0.045), and interferon gamma (SMD 0.49; p = 0.002) levels were higher in the PTSD group than in healthy controls. Subgroup meta-analysis of patients who were not given medication showed higher tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha; SMD 0.69, 95% CI 0.35-1.02; p < 0.0001) in the PTSD group than the control group in addition to the aforementioned cytokines. TNFalpha (SMD 1.32, 0.13-2.50; p = 0.003), interleukin 1beta (SMD 2.35, 0.01-4.68; p=0.048), and interleukin 6 (SMD 1.75, 0.97-2.53; p < 0.0001) levels remained increased in the PTSD group in a subgroup meta-analysis of studies that excluded comorbid major depressive disorder. Illness duration was positively associated with interleukin 1beta levels (b = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and severity with interleukin 6 (b = 0.02, p = 0.042). A model composed of several variables-presence of comorbid major depressive disorder, use of psychotropic medications, assay used, and time of day blood was collected-explained the large amount of heterogeneity between interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein studies. Egger's linear regression test revealed a potential publication bias for interleukin 1beta. Additionally, for most inflammatorymarkers, study heterogeneity was reported to be high (I(2) > 75%). Interpretation: PTSD is associated with increased interleukin 6, interleukin 1beta, TNFalpha, and interferon gamma levels. This information might be useful for consideration of chronic low-grade inflammation as a potential target or biomarker in PTSD treatment. Use of psychotropic medication and presence of comorbid major depressive disorder were important moderators that might explain the inconsistency between results of previous studies. Our search strategy used a range of databases and we made exhaustive effort to acquire data by contacting the authors. Notably, high levels of between-study heterogeneity were recorded for most cytokine variables measured in our analysis. However, meta-regression analysis could explain a large amount of this heterogeneity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Inflammation, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Passos, Ives Cavalcante, Vasconcelos-Moreno, Mirela Paiva, Costa, Leonardo Gazzi, Kunz, Mauricio, Brietzke, Elisa, Quevedo, Joao, Salum, Giovanni, Magalhaes, Pedro V., Kapczinski, Flavio, ""Kauer-SantAnna, Marcia""",2015.0,,,0,0,
4198,Predictors of posttraumatic stress in parents of children diagnosed with a disorder of sex development,"The aims of the current study were twofold: (1) to assess the prevalence/severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) as well as cognitive and emotional responses in parents whose children were diagnosed with a disorder of sex development (DSD); and (2) to assess factors which contributed to PTSS. We hypothesized that parents would show elevated levels of PTSS and that negative cognitive and/or emotional responses would be predictive. Participants were parents of children diagnosed with a DSD. Thirty-six mothers and 11 fathers completed a measure of posttraumatic stress and reported difficulties in the domains of cognition (e.g.; confusion) and emotion (e.g.; grief). Using multiple regression, we determined factors contributing to parental PTSS. Reported PTSS was high: 31 % of mothers and 18 % of fathers met the threshold for caseness for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Regression included: child sex, parent sex, child age at diagnosis, years since diagnosis, genital ambiguity, father occupation, cognitive confusion, and emotional distress. Only cognitive confusion contributed significantly to variance in PTSS. Parents of children with DSD may experience the diagnosis as traumatic, evidenced by high rates of PTSS in the current report. Assessment of reactions to their children's diagnoses revealed that cognitive confusion, and not emotional distress, predicted PTSS. In this case, direct cognitive interventions may be applicable. Though psychological support is widely recommended, no detailed intervention has been offered. Our findings suggest that we may directly apply models successful in other areas of pediatrics, such as pediatric oncology. Future studies may assess the usefulness of such an intervention. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Ambiguous genitalia, Disorders of sex development, Intersexuality, Posttraumatic stress","Pasterski, V., Mastroyannopoulou, K., Wright, D., Zucker, K. J., Hughes, I. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4199,Emotion regulation in mothers and young children faced with trauma,"The present study investigated maternal emotion regulation as mediating the association between maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and children's emotional dysregulation in a community sample of 431 Israeli mothers and children exposed to trauma. Little is known about the specific pathways through which maternal posttraumatic symptoms and deficits in emotion regulation contribute to emotional dysregulation. Inspired by the intergenerational process of relational posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in which posttraumatic distress is transmitted from mothers to children, we suggest an analogous concept of relational emotion regulation, by which maternal emotion regulation problems may contribute to child emotion regulation deficits. Child emotion regulation problems were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP; T.M. Achenbach & I. Rescorla, 2000), which is comprised of three subscales of the CBCL: Attention, Aggression, and Anxiety/Depression. Maternal PTSD symptoms were assessed by the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (E.B. Foa, L. Cashman, L. Jaycox, & K. Perry, 1997) and maternal emotion regulation by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (K.L. Gratz & L. Roemer, 2004). Results showed that the child's emotion regulation problems were associated with both maternal posttraumatic symptoms and maternal emotion dysregulation. Further, maternal emotion regulation mediated the association between maternal posttraumatic symptoms and the child's regulation deficits. These findings highlight the central role of mothers' emotion regulation skills in the aftermath of trauma as it relates to children's emotion regulation skills. The degree of mothers' regulatory skills in the context of posttraumatic stress symptoms reflects a key process through which the intergenerational transmission of trauma may occur. Study results have critical implications for planning and developing clinical interventions geared toward the treatment of families in the aftermath of trauma and, in particular, the enhancement of mothers' emotion regulation skills after trauma.","Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, *Emotions, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Israel, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers/*psychology, *Psychology, Child, *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence","Pat-Horenczyk, R., Cohen, S., Ziv, Y., Achituv, M., Asulin-Peretz, L., Blanchard, T. R., Schiff, M., Brom, D.",2015.0,May-Jun,10.1002/imhj.21515,0,0,
4200,Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies,"Over the past two decades a relatively large number of studies have investigated the functional neuroanatomy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, findings are often inconsistent, thus challenging traditional neurocircuitry models of PTSD. As evidence mounts that cognition and behavior is an emergent property of interacting brain networks, the question arises whether PTSD can be understood by examining dysfunction in large-scale, spatially distributed neural networks. We used the activation likelihood estimation quantitative meta-analytic technique to synthesize findings across functional neuroimaging studies of PTSD that either used a non-trauma (N = 20) or trauma-exposed (N = 19) comparison control group. In line with neurocircuitry models, our findings support hyperactive amygdala and hypoactive medial prefrontal regions, but suggest hyperactive hippocampi. Characterization of additional regions under a triple network model showed functional alterations that largely overlapped with the salience network, central executive network, and default network. However, heterogeneity was observed within and across the neurocircuitry and triple network models, and between results based on comparisons to non-trauma and trauma-exposed control groups. Nonetheless, these results warrant further exploration of the neurocircuitry and large-scale network models in PTSD using connectivity analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neuroanatomy, *Neuroimaging, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Biological Neural Networks, Executive Function, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","Patel, Ronak, Spreng, R. Nathan, Shin, Lisa M., Girard, Todd A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4201,Young offenders' experiences of traumatic life events: A qualitative investigation,"This investigation aimed to look at how a group of young offenders attending an inner-city youth offending team experienced adverse and traumatic life events. A qualitative approach was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight young offenders about their perceptions of difficult experiences and the effects of such events. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, Jarman, & Osborn, 1999). Analysis of the accounts yielded a number of themes. Young offenders experienced violence at home, in the community and in custody. Instability and transitions emerged as important themes in relation to school and home. Deprivation was experienced both in terms of poverty and the literal and emotional absence of parents. A variety of cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses to adverse/traumatic experiences were identified, including a blocking out of painful experience and aggression to self and others. There were barriers to seeking or making use of professional support. Custody appeared to offer an opportunity to reflect on and re-evaluate life trajectory. The study concluded that greater consideration of trauma when carrying out assessments would enable 'at risk' young offenders to be identified using clinical interviewing along side standardized measures to aid assessment of the complexity and uniqueness of the response to trauma. Copyright © 2009 SAGE Publications.","Adolescence, Qualitative research, Trauma, Young offenders","Paton, J., Crouch, W., Camic, P.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4202,Default mode network connectivity in pediatric PTSD,"Background: Altered default mode network (DMN) connectivity may contribute to abnormal self-referential processing, such as intrusive memories, in pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder (pPTSD). Studies of adult PTSD suggest poorer integration within the DMN, along with abnormal cross-connectivity between the DMN and salience network. However, this has not been explored in pediatric PTSD, which may differ from adults due to ongoing development particularly in prefrontal areas. Methods: Eighteen youth with PTSD (14.8(plus or minus)4.8 yrs 13F) and 17 healthy youth (13.7(plus or minus)2.7yrs 8F) completed resting state functional MRI. DMN network connectivity was examined using a PCC-based 4mm-radius spherical seed. PCC connectivity was compared at the group level using age and gender as covariates. Results were considered significant at a corrected p<0.05 (voxelwise p=0.005, cluster threshold 152 voxels). Results: PTSD youth exhibited lower connectivity between the PCC and bilateral insula, inferior parietal lobule, and anterior mid-cingulate (BA 32). Additionally, PTSD youth exhibited greater connectivity between the PCC and vmPFC and dorsal PFC (BA 8/9) relative to comparison youth. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest greater within-DMN connectivity, and lower DMN-salience network cross-connectivity, in pediatric PTSD. Greater DMN integration in pediatric PTSD may underlie persistent rumination on intrusive memories, akin to studies DMN connectivity in depression. At the same time, reduced connectivity between the DMN and salience network may be associated with relative inability to switch out of the DMN, further contributing to state persistence. These hypotheses require further study. (Figure Presented).","functional magnetic resonance imaging, default mode network, society, psychiatry, posttraumatic stress disorder, juvenile, memory, adult, radius, plant seed, hypothesis, gender, rumination, inferior parietal lobule, insula, processing, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging","Patriat, R., Herringa, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4203,"Trajectories of recovery among homeless adults with mental illness who participated in a randomised controlled trial of Housing First: A longitudinal, narrative analysis","Objectives: This study used longitudinal, narrative data to identify trajectories of recovery among homeless adults with mental illness alongside the factors that contribute to positive, negative, mixed or neutral trajectories over time. We expected that participants who received Housing First (HF) would describe more positive trajectories of recovery than those who were assigned to Treatment as Usual (TAU; no housing or support provided through the study). Design: Narrative interview data were collected from participants at baseline and 18 months after random assignment to HF or TAU. Setting: Participants were sampled from the community in Vancouver, British Columbia. Participants: Fifty-four participants were randomly and purposively selected from the larger trial; 52 were interviewed at baseline and 43 were reinterviewed 18 months after randomisation. Method: Semistructured interviews were conducted at both time points. For each participant, paired baseline and follow-up narratives were classified as positive, negative, mixed or neutral trajectories of recovery, and thematic analysis was used to identify the factors underlying different trajectories. Results: Participants assigned to HF (n=28) were generally classified as positive or mixed trajectories; those assigned to TAU (n=15) were generally classified as neutral or negative trajectories. Positive trajectories were characterised by a range of benefits associated with good-quality, stable housing (eg, reduced substance use, greater social support), positive expressions of identity and the willingness to self-reflect. Negative, neutral and mixed trajectories were characterised by hopelessness ('things will never get better') related to continued hardship (eg, eviction, substance use problems), perceived failures and loss. Conclusions: HF is associated with positive trajectories of recovery among homeless adults with mental illness. Those who did not receive housing or support continued to struggle across a wide range of life domains. Findings are discussed with implications for addressing services and broader social change in order to benefit this marginalised population.",,"Patterson, M. L., Rezansoff, S., Currie, L., Somers, J. M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4204,Climate change: Challenges and opportunities for global health,"RESULTS: By 2050, many US citiesmay experience more frequent extreme heat days. For example, New York and Milwaukee may have 3 times their current average number of days hotter than 32°C (90°F). High temperatures are also strongly associated with ozone exceedance days, for example, in Chicago, Illinois. The adverse health aspects related to climate change may include heat-related disorders, such as heat stress and economic consequences of reduced work capacity; respiratory disorders, including those exacerbated by air pollution and aeroallergens, such as asthma; infectious diseases, including vectorborne diseases and waterborne diseases, such as childhood gastrointestinal diseases; food insecurity, including reduced crop yields and an increase in plant diseases; and mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, that are associated with natural disasters. Substantial health and economic cobenefits could be associated with reductions in fossil fuel combustion. For example, greenhouse gas emission policiesmay yield net economic benefit, with health benefits from air quality improvements potentially offsetting the cost of US and international carbon policies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Evidence over the past 20 years indicates that climate change can be associated with adverse health outcomes. Health care professionals have an important role in understanding and communicating the related potential health concerns and the cobenefits from policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. IMPORTANCE: Health is inextricably linked to climate change. It is important for clinicians to understand this relationship in order to discuss associated health risks with their patients and to inform public policy. Copyright 2014 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVES: To provide new US-based temperature projections from downscaled climate modeling and to review recent studies on health risks related to climate change and the cobenefits of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION, AND DATA SYNTHESIS We searched PubMed and Google Scholar from 2009 to 2014 for articles related to climate change and health, focused on governmental reports, predictive models, and empirical epidemiological studies. Of the more than 250 abstracts reviewed, 56 articles were selected. In addition, we analyzed climate data averaged over 13 climate models and based future projections on downscaled probability distributions of the daily maximum temperature for 2046-2065.We also compared maximum daily 8-hour average ozone with air temperature data taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center.",,"Patz, J. A., Frumkin, H., Holloway, T., Vimont, D. J., Haines, A.",2014.0,,10.1001/jama.2014.13186,0,0,
4205,Severity factors of posttraumatic stress disorder,"The seriousness of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is equally striking if one looks at the intensity of the repetition syndrome but also at the numerous comorbid troubles associated with it such as the depression syndrome, anxiety troubles, behaviour troubles or the suicide attempt. The Anglo-Saxon statistical approach allows an assessment of aggravating factors to be found in the pre-event time, during the event or in the postevent time and that do explain the seriousness of clinical tables. Among these factors are to be found the psychiatric antecedents, the traumatic past, the degree of involvement in the traumatic event, the peri-traumatic dissociation. A rather more conceptual approach views the seriousness of PTSD through the numerous consequences of the trauma: the language disqualification, collapse of ideals, narcissistic wound, exacerbated feeling of guiltiness. All these elements throw light on the tragic story of these patients that, very often, are moving towards a rupture from their community. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), Anxiety, Major Depression, Stress, Suicide, Syndromes","Paul, Frederic, Lebigot, Francois",2006.0,,,0,0,
4206,"Exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Its relative efficacy, limitations, and optimal application","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a very debilitating psychological disturbance that follows the experience of traumatic events. Exposure therapy has shown good treatment efficacy in earlier treatment outcome studies on PTSD. Only a few other behavioral treatments have shown equal effectiveness, and exposure is usually a necessary treatment component in the others. This paper presents a short review of controlled treatment outcome studies on PTSD. The relative efficacy of exposure therapy compared to other treatments is discussed and factors that can hinder and enhance its effectiveness are reviewed. In the discussion section some methodological pitfalls in the treatment outcome studies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Exposure Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Paunovic, Nenad",1997.0,,,0,0,
4207,Associative Functional Analysis Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"(from the chapter) A revised associative functional analysis (AFA) model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is outlined. In terms of the AFA model currently elicited respondent mechanisms, and dysfunctional cognitive and behavioral responses reciprocally influence each other, and interact with a representational memory network of corresponding factors in determining the development and maintenance of PTSD. The present AFA model combines cognitive, behavioral and network models into a unified framework. In the present AFA model a special emphasis is put on the influence of pleasurable and mastery respondent learning mechanisms incompatible to the respondent trauma-related learning. It is proposed that in order to achieve recovery the former should be elicited in the context of fully elicited trauma-related respondent mechanisms. Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC), a new treatment for PTSD, aims at reinforcing an individuals incompatible respondent learning mechanisms and utilizing them in order to counter the numbing symptoms, increase the trauma exposure tolerance and weaken respondently learned trauma-related emotions. Important theoretical and methodological issues related to the PEC treatment are reviewed. In the discussion section additional issues related to the present AFA model and the PEC treatment for PTSD are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Counterconditioning, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Cognitive Impairment, Exposure Therapy, Learning, Memory, Models","Paunovic, Nenad",2005.0,,,0,0,
4208,Tiagabine in anxiety disorders,"With currently available drugs, patients with anxiety disorders experience only partial response to pharmacotherapy and require augmentation therapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines are commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Unfortunately many patients do not achieve a complete response and experience significant adverse effects. Thus, pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders is an active area of research. Results of these trials suggest potential usefulness of antiepileptic drugs in treatment of anxiety disorders. Tiagabine, a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor, has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety. (gamma)-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most potent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There is evidence that GABA is implicated in both aetiology and treatment of anxiety. Tiagabine acting by GAT-1 transporter presynaptic blockade, facilitates GABA neurotransmission. Recent studies suggest than tiagabine may have anxiolytic properties with a reasonable adverse events profile, including dizziness, headache and nausea. Tiagabine has shown promise in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder, and as monotherapy or augmentation therapy for patients with anxiety disorders who are partial responders.","4 aminobutyric acid, tiagabine, anxiety disorder, article, dizziness, drug mechanism, generalized anxiety disorder, headache, human, monotherapy, nausea, neurotransmission, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, tranquilizing activity","Pawelczyk, M., Kaczorowska, B., Przybyla, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4209,Tiagabine in anxiety disorders,"With currently available drugs, patients with anxiety disorders experience only partial response to pharmacotherapy and require augmentation therapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines are commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Unfortunately many patients do not achieve a complete response and experience significant adverse effects. Thus, pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders is an active area of research. Results of these trials suggest potential usefulness of antiepileptic drugs in treatment of anxiety disorders. Tiagabine, a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor, has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most potent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There is evidence that GABA is implicated in both aetiology and treatment of anxiety. Tiagabine acting by GAT-1 transporter presynaptic blockade, facilitates GABA neurotransmission. Recent studies suggest than tiagabine may have anxiolytic properties with a reasonable adverse events profile, including dizziness, headache and nausea. Tiagabine has shown promise in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder, and as monotherapy or augmentation therapy for patients with anxiety disorders who are partial responders.","Antiepileptic drugs, Anxiety disorders, GABAergic system, Pharmacotherapy, Tiagabine","Pawełczyk, M., Kaczorowska, B., Przybyła, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,4208
4210,Five years later: Recovery from post traumatic stress and psychological distress among low-income mothers affected by Hurricane Katrina,"Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005, exposed area residents to trauma and extensive property loss. However, little is known about the long-run effects of the hurricane on the mental health of those who were exposed. This study documents long-run changes in mental health among a particularly vulnerable group-low income mothers-from before to after the hurricane, and identifies factors that are associated with different recovery trajectories. Longitudinal surveys of 532 low-income mothers from New Orleans were conducted approximately one year before, 7-19 months after, and 43-54 months after Hurricane Katrina. The surveys collected information on mental health, social support, earnings and hurricane experiences. We document changes in post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), as measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and symptoms of psychological distress (PD), as measured by the K6 scale. We find that although PTSS has declined over time after the hurricane, it remained high 43-54 months later. PD also declined, but did not return to pre-hurricane levels. At both time periods, psychological distress before the hurricane, hurricane-related home damage, and exposure to traumatic events were associated with PTSS that co-occurred with PD. Hurricane-related home damage and traumatic events were associated with PTSS without PD. Home damage was an especially important predictor of chronic PTSS, with and without PD. Most hurricane stressors did not have strong associations with PD alone over the short or long run. Over the long run, higher earnings were protective against PD, and greater social support was protective against PTSS. These results indicate that mental health problems, particularly PTSS alone or in co-occurrence with PD, among Hurricane Katrina survivors remain a concern, especially for those who experienced hurricane-related trauma and had poor mental health or low socioeconomic status before the hurricane. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Hurricane Katrina, Mental health, Natural disasters, USA, Women","Paxson, C., Fussell, E., Rhodes, J., Waters, M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
4211,The quality of life of young children and infants with chronic medical problems: Review of the literature,"The question ""what makes a good quality of life?"" is a philosophical one which could be thought immune to scientific investigations. However, over the last few decades there has been great progress in developing tools to quantify quality of life (QoL) to make comparisons between different health states, evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions, and describe the life trajectories of individuals or groups. Using a series of vignettes, we explore and review the biomedical literature to demonstrate how QoL is affected by chronic health conditions in childhood, and how it evolves as individuals pass into adulthood. Individuals experiencing serious chronic illnesses generally have reduced health-related QoL: their health status has significant repercussions of their everyday life, but scores are usually much better than healthy individuals expect, and better than physicians predict. Global QoL is more than a health status concept. QoL is a complex relationship between objectivity and subjectivity; it requires substantial and valid facts, and it defines itself by an interpretation of health within different schemes of values: societal, medical, and those of the subject themselves. QoL is dynamic; purely physical influences diminish as individuals age, and psychosocial factors become much more important. Resilience frequently allows adaptation to adverse health states, leading to acceptable QoL for most children with disabilities. © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Payot, A., Barrington, K. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4212,Investigating differences in truthful and fabricated symptoms of traumatic stress over time,"False allegations of victimization typically are accompanied by malingered emotional symptomology to corroborate claims. This analog study was designed to compare truthful and fabricated symptom profiles on measures of post-traumatic stress (i. e., Revised Impact of Event Scale, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist, Trauma Symptom Inventory) and levels of symptom consistency over time. Participants (undergraduate students) described their mental health symptoms for both traumas at time 1 (N=291), time 2 (N=252, 3 month), and time 3 (N=181, 6 months). Results indicated that fabricated traumas were associated with inflated symptom profiles. Validity scales were not effective at discerning symptom veracity, although reports could be discriminated somewhat by atypical responding and clinical scales. PTSD symptoms in malingerers also were reported more consistently over time. This research offers applicable information for identifying feigned traumatic stress. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","Consistency, False allegations, Malingering, PTSD, Trauma symptoms","Peace, K. A., Porter, S., Cook, B. L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4213,Faking it: Incentives and malingered PTSD,"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address how context for malingering and the provision of incentives influence malingered symptom profiles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design/methodology/approach – A 2 (case context)×3 (incentive) factorial design was utilized. Participants (n=298) were given an incentive (positive, negative, or no incentive), randomly assigned to a criminal or civil context, and asked to provide a fake claim of child abuse with corresponding malingered symptoms of PTSD. Under these conditions, participants completed several questionnaires pertaining to symptoms of trauma and PTSD. Findings – Results indicated that negative incentives were primarily associated with lower symptom scores. Therefore, “having something to lose” may result in more constrained (and realistic) symptom reports relative to exaggeration evidenced with positive incentives. Originality/value – These results have implications for forensic settings where malingered claims of PTSD are common and incentives for such claims (e.g. having something to gain or lose) frequently exist. Previous studies have failed to address incentives (positive and negative) in relation to a crime (i.e. abuse) that can span both criminal and civil contexts. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","Child abuse, Civil/criminal, Incentives, Malingering, PTSD","Peace, K. A., Richards, V. E. S.",2014.0,,10.1108/JCP-09-2013-0023,0,0,
4214,Antidepressant treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Recent large double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have indicated that sertraline is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The avoidance/numbing symptom cluster improved the most significantly with sertraline, but significant improvements were also noted for the intrusive/reexperiencing and arousal symptom clusters. Smaller double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have also indicated that fluoxetine is an effective treatment for PTSD. Multiple small, open studies with other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and newer antidepressants indicate that these medications show some promise. Older studies indicate some efficacy for tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a reasonable choice, particularly for intrusive/reexperiencing symptoms.","antidepressant agent, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressant agent, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug indication, drug research, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review","Pearlstein, T.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4215,Outcomes after ARDS: A distinct group in the spectrum of disability after complex and protracted critical illness,"ARDS represents an important public health problem for patients, family caregivers and society. The last decade has seen a burgeoning literature focussed on the outcomes of this patient group and has informed important new knowledge about the devastating and often irreversible morbidity related to nerve, muscle and brain injury More recent studies have reinforced these robust themes of physical and neuropsychological morbidity in other patient groups and have shown that outcomes after ARDS are one segment of a spectrum of disability and may not be widely generalizable across older patients with multiple comorbidities and protracted length of stay in the critical care unit. Our literature has reached theme saturation in terms of morbidity and needs to identify and begin to address the research agenda for the next decade. Several of these themes will be addressed here and include the following: 1) to generate large diverse datasets to understand different outcome trajectories over time to facilitate risk stratification and inform development of rehabilitation programs; 2) to embrace mixed methodology as a new longitudinal study standard to facilitate detailed qualitative observations to augment insights from quantitative data; 3) to educate patients, families, colleagues and decision-makers about outcomes after critical illness to inform policy and decision-making; 4) to embrace family caregivers and provide intervention when needed and ongoing support across transitions of care; 5) prioritize functional outcome measures over those targeted at health-related quality of life for construction of more focussed rehabilitation interventions; 6) embrace translational research programs to elucidate the relationship between functional outcome and molecular mechanism to gain further insight into the pathophysiology of critical illness, muscle and brain injury and potential insights into novel therapeutic strategies.","Humans, Lung, Mental disorders, complications, Mental disorders, psychology, Muscle weakness, complications, Respiratory distress syndrome, adult, economics, Respiratory distress syndrome, adult, physiopathology","Pearmain, L., Herridge, M. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4216,Children and war,"Children bear disproportionate consequences of armed conflict. The 21st century continues to see patterns of children enmeshed in international violence between opposing combatant forces, as victims of terrorist warfare, and, perhaps most tragically of all, as victims of civil wars. Innocent children so often are the victims of high-energy wounding from military ordinance. They sustain high-energy tissue damage and massive burns - injuries that are not commonly seen in civilian populations. Children have also been deliberately targeted victims in genocidal civil wars in Africa in the past decade, and hundreds of thousands have been killed and maimed in the context of close-quarter, hand-to-hand assaults of great ferocity. Paediatricians serve as uniformed military surgeons and as civilian doctors in both international and civil wars, and have a significant strategic role to play as advocates for the rights and welfare of children in the context of the evolving 'Laws of War'. One chronic legacy of contemporary warfare is blast injury to children from landmines. Such blasts leave children without feet or lower limbs, with genital injuries, blindness and deafness. This pattern of injury has become one of the post-civil war syndromes encountered by all intensivists and surgeons serving in four of the world's continents. The continued advocacy for the international ban on the manufacture, commerce and military use of antipersonnel landmines is a part of all paediatricians' obligation to promote the ethos of the Laws of War. Post-traumatic stress disorder remains an undertreated legacy of children who have been trapped in the shot and shell of battle as well as those displaced as refugees. An urgent, unfocused and unmet challenge has been the increase in, and plight of, child soldiers themselves. A new class of combatant comprises these children, who also become enmeshed in the triad of anarchic civil war, light-weight weaponry and drug or alcohol addiction. The International Criminal Court has outlawed as a War Crime, the conscription of children under 15 years of age. Nevertheless, there remain more than 300 000 child soldiers active and enmeshed in psychopathic violence as part of both civil and international warfare. The typical profile of a child soldier is of a boy between the ages of 8 and 18 years, bonded into a group of armed peers, almost always an orphan, drug or alcohol addicted, amoral, merciless, illiterate and dangerous. Paediatricians have much to do to protect such war-enmeshed children, irrespective of the accident of their place of birth. Only by such vigorous and maintained advocacy can the world's children be better protected from the scourge of future wars.","alcoholism, blast injury, burn, child, child welfare, conference paper, crime, drug dependence, human, human rights, law, military medicine, missile wound, pediatrician, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, protection, psychopathy, victim, violence, war","Pearn, J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4217,Utilization of selected demographic data to predict prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in United States Navy Vietnam veterans,"The purpose of the study was to determine the existence of common characteristics utilizing selected personal variables to predict the prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among U.S. Navy Vietnam veterans. Independent variables were (a) enlisted or officer status, (b) land service in Vietnam, (c) sea service in Vietnam, (d) Navy service not in Vietnam, (e) highest enlisted rank, (f) highest officer rank, (g) diagnosis or treatment for PTSD, (h) exposure to combat in Vietnam, (i) exposure to combat not in Vietnam, (j) exposure to fire and explosion, (k) exposure to typhoon and dangerous sea conditions, (l) exposure to accident in Vietnam, (m) age at time of service in Vietnam, (n) age at entering the military, (o) total length of military service, (p) total time serving in Vietnam, (q) exposure to trauma since leaving the military, and (r) current age. The dependent variable was the score on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (M-PTSD). The M-PTSD is a 35-item, 5-point Likert Scale self-report measure designed so the total score reflects a continuous measure of PTSD symptom severity. Subjects for the study were 300 male U.S. Navy veterans who are members of the Vietnam Veterans of America. Of the 300 subjects selected from across the United States, 180 subjects returned questionnaires suitable for use in the data pool. Participation by the subjects was voluntary through response to a demographic questionnaire and the M-PTSD questionnaire which were mailed to the subjects. Pearson product moment correlation procedures and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data, followed by analysis of variance of data grouped according to significant personal variables. Data analysis revealed that 9 of 18 selected personal variables correlated significantly either positively or negatively with the dependent variable of overall M-PTSD score. These correlations indicate relationships between personal variables and M-PTSD scores which may or may not have been previously associated with PTSD symptomatology. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that indication of treatment or non-treatment for PTSD, exposure to trauma, sea service in Vietnam, and officer rank accounted for 47% of the variance associated with M-PTSD scores. Recommendations include: (a) replication of the study with a greater sample size, (b) research to determine other variables related to development of PTSD symptomatology, (c) utilization of veterans as counselors in veteran support groups, and (d) utilization of assessment of PTSD symptomatology in counseling situations with Navy and other Vietnam veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Demographic Characteristics, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptom Checklists","Peavy, Thomas Ostine",1997.0,,,0,0,
4218,Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: An integrated review of human literature,"Rationale: The investigation of putative effects of early life stress (ELS) in humans on later behavior and neurobiology is a fast developing field. While epidemiological and neurobiological studies paint a somber picture of negative outcomes, relatively little attention has been devoted to integrating the breadth of findings concerning possible cognitive and emotional deficits associated with ELS. Emerging findings from longitudinal studies examining developmental trajectories of the brain in healthy samples may provide a new framework to understand mechanisms underlying ELS sequelae. Objective: The goal of this review was twofold. The first was to summarize findings from longitudinal data on normative brain development. The second was to utilize this framework of normative brain development to interpret changes in developmental trajectories associated with deficits in cognitive and affective function following ELS. Results: Five principles of normative brain development were identified and used to discuss behavioral and neural sequelae of ELS. Early adversity was found to be associated with deficits in a range of cognitive (cognitive performance, memory, and executive functioning) and affective (reward processing, processing of social and affective stimuli, and emotion regulation) functions. Conclusion: Three general conclusions emerge: (1) higher-order, complex cognitive and affective functions associated with brain regions undergoing protracted postnatal development are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ELS; (2) the amygdala is particularly sensitive to early ELS; and (3) several deficits, particularly those in the affective domain, appear to persist years after ELS has ceased and may increase risk for later psychopathology. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.","Brain, Child abuse, Cognitive function, Early life stress, Emotion regulation","Pechtel, P., Pizzagalli, D. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4219,Serotonin 5-HT1A Agonists: A Comparative Review,"In 1980, buspirone was found to have anxiolytic potential. This finding initiated the development of the azapirones — highly serotonin 5-HT1A agonists. The balance of evidence suggests that the azapirones act as partial agonists postsynaptically, but as full agonists presynaptically in the dorsal raphé. This review focuses mainly on agents for which there are published clinical trial data. Numerous studies have shown that buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone are as effective as the benzodiazepines in the treatment of generalised anxiety. However, they have a slower onset of action. The azapirones have a completely different adverse reaction profile (dizziness and gastric complaints) compared with the benzodiazepines (sedation, memory loss and withdrawal dependency). Several controlled studies have shown that the azapirones are effective in depression, particularly of the melancholic type. They have an adverse effects profile similar to, but less severe than, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and different to that of the tricyclic antidepressants. Buspirone has not yet proven to be effective in panic disorder. However, gepirone, ipsapirone and other azapirones may be more effective in this disorder. Early studies indicate promising results for buspirone in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical trials in alcoholism are equivocal. Further studies of this class of drugs in the treatment of social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual syndrome, and compulsive and aggressive disorders are in progress. A principle drawback with this class of drug is their short half-life. However, sustained release preparations are being developed. © 1994, Adis International Limited. All rights reserved.",,"Pecknold, J. C.",1994.0,,10.2165/00023210-199402030-00007,0,0,
4220,"Psychological vulnerability, ventricular tachyarrhythmias and mortality in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: Is there a link?","Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is the first-line treatment for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Despite the demonstrated survival benefits of the ICD, predicting which patients will die from a ventricular tachyarrhythmia remains a major challenge. So far, psychological factors have not been considered as potential risk markers that might enhance the prediction of sudden cardiac death. This article evaluates the evidence for a link between psychological vulnerability, ventricular tachyarrhythmias and mortality and the pathways that might explain such a link. This review demonstrates that there is cumulative evidence supporting a link between psychological vulnerability and risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and mortality in ICD patients independent of disease severity and other biomedical risk factors. It may be premature to include psychological factors in risk algorithms, but information on the psychological profile of the patient may help to optimize the management and care of these patients in clinical practice. © 2012 Expert Reviews Ltd.","arrhythmias, distress, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, mechanisms, mortality, psychological vulnerability","Pedersen, S. S., Brouwers, C., Versteeg, H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4221,Validity of the Type D personality construct in Danish post-MI patients and healthy controls,"Objective Type D personality has been associated with increased risk of depression, vital exhaustion, social alienation, a higher number of reinfarctions, and higher mortality rates in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) independent of traditional biomedical risk factors. The construct was developed in Belgian cardiac patients, but little is known about its applicability in other nationalities. The objectives of the present article were to cross-validate the Type D Personality Scale-16 (DS16) in a Danish sample of patients with a first myocardial infarction and a random sample of healthy controls, and to investigate whether Type D is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods A questionnaire was given to 112 consecutive patients with a first myocardial infarction 4 to 6 weeks post infarction, and to 115 healthy controls selected randomly from the general population. Results The two-factor structure of the DS16 and the internal consistency of the Negative Affectivity ((alpha)=.83) and Social Inhibition ((alpha)=.76) subscales were confirmed. The construct validity of the DS16 was confirmed against scales that measure similar constructs, and the discriminant validity of the DS16 against measures of psychopathology. In a pooled sample of patients and healthy controls, comparison of both groups confirmed that Type D may be conceptualised as a marker of general emotional distress, with Type D persons scoring higher on depression, anxiety, and the PTSD symptom clusters arousal and avoidance compared with non-Type D persons. A regression analysis run in two steps showed that the inclusion of Type D in the model lead to an improvement in the level of prediction of PTSD above and beyond a model that included gender, age, MI, neuroticism, and extroversion. Type D (OR=4.46; 95% CI: 1.36 to 14.64), diagnosis of MI (OR=4.03; 95% CI: 1.43 to 11.35), and neuroticism (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.53) were independently associated with PTSD, adjusting for all other variables. Conclusion These findings indicate that the Type D construct is equally applicable in Danish patients with CAD, and that Type D is associated with PTSD. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","adult, age, aged, anxiety disorder, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, cluster analysis, confidence interval, controlled study, depression, disease marker, Dressler syndrome, emotional stress, extraversion, female, gender, human, male, neurosis, personality, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, questionnaire, rating scale, regression analysis, risk, sample, scoring system, type D behavior, validation process","Pedersen, S. S., Denollet, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4222,Patients with chronic whiplash can be subgrouped on the basis of symptoms of sensory hypersensitivity and posttraumatic stress,"The lack of efficacy of rehabilitative approaches to the management of chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) may be in part due to heterogeneity of the clinical presentation of this patient population. The aim of this study was to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients with chronic WAD on the basis of symptoms of PTSD and sensory hypersensitivity and to compare the clinical presentation of these subgroups. Successive k-means cluster analyses using 2, 3 and 4 cluster solutions were performed by using data for 331 (221 female) patients with chronic (>3 months) WAD. The 4 cluster solution was identified as the most clinically relevant, yielding 4 distinct clusters: no to mild posttraumatic stress symptoms and no sensory hypersensitivity (nPnH), no to mild posttraumatic stress symptoms and sensory hypersensitivity (nPH), moderate to severe posttraumatic stress and no sensory hypersensitivity (PnH) and moderate to severe posttraumatic stress and sensory hypersensitivity (PH). The nPnH cluster was the largest cluster, comprising 43.5% of the sample. The PH cluster had significantly worse disability, pain intensity, self-reported mental health status and cervical range of motion in comparison to the nPnH and nPH clusters. These data provide further evidence of the heterogeneity of the chronic WAD population and the association of a more complex clinical presentation with higher disability and pain in this patient group. © 2013 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Posttraumatic stress, Sensory hypersensitivity, Subgroup, Whiplash","Pedler, A., Sterling, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4223,Office management of posttraumatic stress disorder: A clinician's guide to a pervasive problem,"Primary care physicians are often called on to help patients and families struggling with posttraumatic stress disorders. The characteristic clusters of symptoms, namely, reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal, are easily confused with other disorders, particularly since symptoms can occur months or even years after the initial trauma. Treatment includes drug therapy and clinical office techniques to stabilize symptoms, such as interrupting traumatic flashbacks, educating family members about (effective home care, and redirecting unhealthy self-blame and aggression. Nonetheless, some patients need psychiatric referral for further processing of traumatic perception and adaptive integration of the trauma into a selfview and worldview.",,"Peebles-Kleiger, M. J., Zerbe, K. J.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4224,"Displacement, Gender, and the Challenges of Parenting after Hurricane Katrina",,,"Peek, L., Fothergill, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4225,"Social support, stressors, and frailty among older mexican american adults","Background. There is little research on the effects of stressors and social support on frailty. Older Mexican Americans, in particular, are at higher risk of medical conditions, such as diabetes, that could contribute to frailty. Given that the Mexican American population is rapidly growing in the United States, it is important to determine whether there are modifiable social factors related to frailty in this older group.Method. To address the influence of social support and stressors on frailty among older Mexican Americans, we utilized five waves of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (Hispanic EPESE) to examine the impact of stressors and social support on frailty over a 12-year period. Using a modified version of the Fried and Walston Frailty Index, we estimated the effects of social support and stressors on frailty over time using trajectory modeling (SAS 9.2, PROC TRAJ).Results. We first grouped respondents according to one of three trajectories: low, progressive moderate, and progressive high frailty. Second, we found that the effects of stressors and social support on frailty varied by trajectory and by type of stressor. Health-related stressors and financial strain were related to increases in frailty over time, whereas social support was related to less-steep increases in frailty.Conclusion. Frailty has been hypothesized to reflect age-related physiological vulnerability to stressors, and the analyses presented indicate partial support for this hypothesis in an older sample of Mexican Americans. Future research needs to incorporate measures of stressors and social support in examining those who become frail, especially in minority populations. © 2012 The Author.","Functional health status, Minority aging (race/ethnicity), Social support, Stress","Peek, M. K., Howrey, B. T., Ternent, R. S., Ray, L. A., Ottenbacher, K. J.",2012.0,,10.1093/geronb/gbs081,0,0,
4226,Recent life stress in pregnant immigrant women and its association with HPA axis activity,"There has been conflicting evidence regarding the mental health status of Canadian immigrants compared to that of the Canadianborn population, mainly due to the heterogeneity of Canadian immigrants with respect to ethnicity and time since immigration. Recently, however, a large-scale study found elevated rates of perinatal depression in Canadian immigrants [1]. This finding warrants further research considering the potential impacts not only on these women but also on their infants. Pregnant immigrant women face multiple stressors associated with resettlement and life in a new country which puts them at greater risk for poor mental health. Stress and depression during pregnancy are known to negatively affect maternal health and infant development in part through changes in maternal HPA axis activity. Purpose: To concurrently examine both the contributors to and the physiological consequences of prenatal stress and depression in a diverse group of Canadian immigrant women. Methods: Seventy immigrant women were assessed in midpregnancy to gather information on physical and mental health, immigration history, mood symptoms, life stress, and levels of social support. A sub-sample of forty-nine women also provided saliva samples by passive drool for measurement of the cortisol awakening response and the diurnal profile (samples were taken at participants' homes six times per day, for two consecutive days). Results: Nearly one-third (31%) of the participants reported a high level of recent life stress (defined as the experience of more than two stressful life events in the previous six months). The most commonly-reported life stressors were the presence of a language barrier, financial difficulties, and issues related to hygiene and safety of the home. Women with a high level of current life stress demonstrated a markedly blunted cortisol awakening response, measured as the increase from waking to +30 minutes, compared to those with a low level of recent life stress (1.3(plus or minus)1.5 nmol/L vs. 3.9(plus or minus)5.4 nmol/L respectively, p<0.05). Twenty percent of the participants reported a high level of depressive symptoms (defined as an EPDS score >11), and these women were more likely to have a history of a possible mood disorder and to report higher levels of perceived stress in pregnancy. However no significant associations between salivary cortisol measures and prenatal depression were found. Conclusions: Immigration-specific factors such as a language barrier contribute to high levels of life stress in pregnant immigrant women, in addition to non-specific challenges related to socioeconomic disadvantage. High life stress was, in turn, associated with hypocortisolism that has previously been observed in various populations under chronic stress (e.g., individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome) [2]. Considering the growing population of immigrants in many industrialized countries, HPA axis dysregulation and its potential programming effects on offspring warrants further investigation in this vulnerable population.","hydrocortisone, immigrant, female, human, college, psychopharmacology, life stress, immigration, mental health, population, arousal, language, pregnancy, vulnerable population, infant, social support, mood, chronic fatigue syndrome, saliva, ethnicity, prenatal stress, chronic stress, child development, mood disorder, wakefulness, maternal welfare, depression, safety, hydrocortisone blood level, posttraumatic stress disorder, hygiene, industrialization, progeny, life event, risk, health status","Peer, M., Soares, C. N., Levitan, R., Streiner, D., Steiner, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4227,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, gender, and problem profiles in substance dependent patients","Patients with a chronic and severe substance-use disorder who also have a history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are thought to have a unique set of problems. The present study assessed psychiatric disorders, psychosocial problems, and traumatic events with structured interviews in 747 men and 693 women enrolling in urban opioid substitution treatment programs from 1995 to 2001. Participants with versus without a history of PTSD were more likely to have a history of many other psychiatric disorders and demonstrated more current and historical medical, employment, family/social, and psychiatric problems. PTSD was generally unrelated to substance-use disorder severity or diagnoses, with the exception of an increased risk of alcohol dependence. Women were more likely than men to have experienced sexual assault, and less likely to have been physically assaulted, although these events precipitated PTSD at equivalent rates across gender. In contrast, witnessing or hearing about the death or injury of others was more likely to precipitate PTSD in women than men. Female gender, exposure to combat, sexual assault, or physical assault, and a history of major mood or anxiety disorder were the best predictors of PTSD in this group. Study limitations are noted. Copyright © 2008 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.","Gender, PTSD, Substance use disorder, Trauma, Treatment","Peirce, J. M., Kindbom, K. A., Waesche, M. C., Yuscavage, A. S. E., Brooner, R. K.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4228,PTSD symptom cluster associations with alcohol use and physical health status in a population of veterans exposed to psychological trauma,,,"Pekevski, Jordan",2012.0,,,0,0,
4229,Posttraumatic stress disorder and family functioning in adolescent cancer,,,"Pelcovitz, D.",1998.0,1998,,0,0,
4230,Posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of pediatric cancer survivors,"Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 23 mothers of pediatric cancer survivors was compared with its prevalence among 23 mothers of healthy children. Significantly more mothers of pediatric cancer survivors were diagnosed with lifetime PTSD. Significant differences were also found in lifetime arousal, as well as current and lifetime reexperience and avoidance symptom clusters. Significant difference existed in the distribution of the number of prediagnosis high-magnitude events experienced by the mothers diagnosed with current PTSD as compared with the prediagnosis experience of the mothers who were not diagnosed with current PTSD. Illness severity, level of perceived family and extrafamilial social support, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised global severity index scores did not significantly differ in the PTSD-positive and PTSD-negative groups.",,"Pelcovitz, D., Goldenberg, B., Kaplan, S., Weinblatt, M., Mandel, F., Meyers, B., Vinciguerra, V.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4231,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents,"Examines the recent clinical and research literature regarding risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in childhood and the various manifestations in which PTSD may present in childhood and adolescence. Case vignettes are presented to elucidate issues that often emerge in the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD in childhood and adolescence. The past decade has seen a significant increase in the understanding of the effects of trauma on children. Recent studies have elucidated which children are most at risk for developing PTSD, what types of stressors are most likely to result in chronic post-traumatic reactions, and the differential impact of trauma on the child at different stages of development. There is far less research regarding which psychotherapeutic interventions are most beneficial for child survivors of disaster or interpersonal victimization, and there are virtually no studies of the effectiveness of psychopharmacologic treatments. Studies of adults with PTSD, however, suggest that cognitive-behavioral treatments, possibly supplemented with medication, show much promise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Literature Review, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, *Risk Assessment","Pelcovitz, David, Kaplan, Sandra",1996.0,,,0,0,1552
4232,"""Clinical brain profiling"": A neuroscientific diagnostic approach for mental disorders","Clinical brain profiling is an attempt to map a descriptive nosology in psychiatry to underlying constructs in neurobiology and brain dynamics. This paper briefly reviews the motivation behind clinical brain profiling (CBP) and presents some provisional validation using clinical assessments and meta-analyses of neuroscientific publications.The paper has four sections. In the first, we review the nature and motivation for clinical brain profiling. This involves a description of the key aspects of functional anatomy that can lead to psychopathology. These features constitute the dimensions or categories for a profile of brain disorders based upon pathophysiology. The second section describes a mapping or translation matrix that maps from symptoms and signs, of a descriptive sort, to the CBP dimensions that provide a more mechanistic explanation. We will describe how this mapping engenders archetypal diagnoses, referring readers to tables and figures. The third section addresses the construct validity of clinical brain profiling by establishing correlations between profiles based on clinical ratings of symptoms and signs under classical diagnostic categories with the corresponding profiles generated automatically using archetypal diagnoses. We then provide further validation by performing a cluster analysis on the symptoms and signs and showing how they correspond to the equivalent brain profiles based upon clinical and automatic diagnosis.In the fourth section, we address the construct validity of clinical brain profiling by looking for associations between pathophysiological mechanisms (such as connectivity and plasticity) and nosological diagnoses (such as schizophrenia and depression). Based upon the mechanistic perspective offered in the first section, we test some particular hypotheses about double dissociations using a meta-analysis of PubMed searches. The final section concludes with perspectives for the future and outstanding validation issues for clinical brain profiling.","anxiety, article, autism, brain mapping, clinical assessment, clinical brain profiling, computer assisted diagnosis, construct validity, conversion disorder, depression, diagnostic approach route, disease classification, drug abuse, functional anatomy, human, mental disease, nerve cell plasticity, organic brain syndrome, pathophysiology, personality disorder, physical disease by body function, positive syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizoaffective psychosis, schizophrenia, validation study","Peled, A., Geva, A. B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4233,Longitudinal studies of PTSD: Overview of findings and methods,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has a discernible starting point and typical course, hence the particular appropriateness of longitudinal research in this disorder. This review outlines the salient findings of longitudinal studies published between 1988 and 2004. Studies have evaluated risk factors and risk indicators of PTSD, the disorder's trajectory, comorbid disorders and the predictive role of acute stress disorder. More recent studies used advanced data analytic methods to explore the sequence of causation that leads to chronic PTSD. Advantages and limitations of longitudinal methods are discussed.",,"Peleg, T., Shalev, A. Y.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4234,Schizophrenia patients with and without Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have different mood symptom levels but same cognitive functioning,"Objective: To investigate differences in cognitive function and level of psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) with or without psychological traumatization/post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that traumatized patients with or without PTSD would have more severe cognitive impairments because of the neuropathological changes associated with PTSD, and more severe psychopathology compared with non-traumatized SZ patients. Method: Seventy-five SZ patients with traumatization and 217 SZ patients without traumatization were evaluated regarding the symptoms and cognitive functioning, using standard symptom scales (PANSS; CDSS) and a neuropsychological test battery (IQ, verbal memory, attention, working memory, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning). Results: No significant differences were observed between the groups in cognitive test performance. The patients in the traumatized group with PTSD showed significantly more current depression than the non-traumatized group (P = 0.012). Conclusion: The findings did not support the hypothesis that the presence of comorbid PTSD/traumatization in SZ is associated with increased cognitive impairment. The increase in current depression in SZ with comorbid traumatization suggests that more severe psychopathology is associated with traumatization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Schizophrenia, Cognitive Ability, Psychopathology","Peleikis, D. E., Varga, M., Sundet, K., Lorentzen, S., Agartz, I., Andreassen, O. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4235,Brittle diabetes: Psychopathological aspects,"Background. The term ""brittle"" is used to described an uncommon subgroup of type I diabetics whose lives are disrupted by severe glycaemic instability with repeated and prolonged hospitalization. Psychosocial problems are the major perceived underlying causes of brittle behaviour. Aim of this study is a systematic psychopathological assessement of brittleness using specific parameters of general psychopathology and personality traits following the multiaxial format (axis I and II) of the current DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. Methods. Patients comprised 21 brittle type I diabetics and a case-control group of 21 stable diabetics, matched for age, gender, years of education, and diabetes duration. General psychopathology and the DSM-IV-TR personality traits/disorders were assessed using the Syptom Checklist- 90-R (SCL-90-R) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Results. The comparison for SCL-90-R parameters exclusively revealed higher scores in ""Phobic Anxiety"" subscale in brittle diabetics. No differences in all the other SCL-90-R primary symptom dimensions and in the three SCL-90-R global distress indices were observed between the two diabetic groups, as well as in the all MCMI-III clinical syndrome categories corresponding to DSM-IV-TR specific psychiatric disorders. However, brittle patients presented lower scores in MCMI-III compulsive personality traits and higher scores in paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, depressive, and passive-aggressive personality traits. Conclusions. In this study, brittle diabetics show no differencies in terms of global severity of psychopathological distress and axis I specific DSM-IV-TR diagnoses in comparison with non-brittle subjects (except for phobic anxiety). Differently, brittle diabetics are characterized from less functional and maladaptive personality features and suffer more frequently and intensively from specific pathological personality traits of all DSM-IV-TR clusters. © Mattioli 1885.","Brittle diabetes, Glycaemic instability, Personality disorder, Psychopathology","Pelizza, L., Bonazzi, F., Scaltriti, S., Milli, B., Giuseppina, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4236,Cognitive effects of TBI in older veterans,"Background: Older veterans have a high prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite an association between TBI and increased risk of dementia, the etiology and clinical profile of TBI-associated dementia are unclear. The purpose of our study was to characterize cognitive function in older veterans with TBI history. Methods: In this cross-sectional study we collected data from 66 residents at the Armed Forces Retirement Home, Washington, DC, and Veterans Home of California-Yountville. TBI diagnosis was determined by the Ohio State University TBI Questionnaire and defined as head injury resulting in medical care or hospitalization. Participants (28 controls, 38 TBI) self-reported medical and psychiatric history and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Results: Veterans were, on average, 77.2 years old, had completed 14.4 years of education, and were mostly male (83%).Within the TBI group, 81.6% had loss of consciousness (LOC), and of those, 45.2% had LOC > 30 minutes. Mean interval fromTBI to initial study visit was 49.7 years. TheTBI group was more likely male (p=0.01), younger (p=0.10), and less educated (p=0.06). History of post-traumatic stress disorder did not differ between the groups (p=0.28); veterans with TBI had more depressive symptoms (p=0.05). In amodel controlling for age, education, and gender, global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination) did not differ between the groups (p=0.27). Participants with TBI history performed worse than controls on several tests of executive function: 0.25 standard deviations (SD) lower on Trails B (p=0.04), 0.76 SD lower on the Flanker task (p=0.04), and 3.6% of controls were unable to perform the N-back task compared to 18.9 % of TBI (p=0.03). However, the TBI group performed 0.58 SD better than controls on verbal memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Test-long delay; p=0.01). The results remained similar after controlling for depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that cognitive performance may differ in older veterans with and without a history of TBI. Future studies using neuroimaging or biomarkers may help determine the etiology underlying late life cognitive performance in individuals with a history of TBI.","biological marker, human, veteran, United States, education, depression, dementia, cognition, male, etiology, risk, prevalence, medical care, traumatic brain injury, diagnosis, retirement, army, learning, neuroimaging, university, questionnaire, head injury, gender, hospitalization, cross-sectional study, consciousness, posttraumatic stress disorder, Mini Mental State Examination, executive function, verbal memory, learning test","Peltz, C., Kramer, J., Kenney, K., Yaffe, K., Diaz-Arrastia, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4237,"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms and associated factors in tuberculosis (TB), TB retreatment and/or TB-HIV co-infected primary public health-care patients in three districts in South Africa","High rates of tuberculosis (TB) and TB/HIV co-infection is often linked with mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which is further associated with poor health outcomes. In a country such as South Africa where rates of these infectious diseases are high, it is concerning that there is limited/no data on prevalence rates of mental disorders such as PTSD and its associated factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of PTSD symptoms and associated factors in TB, TB retreatment and/or TB-HIV co-infected primary public health-care patients in three districts in South Africa. Brief screening self-report tools were used to measure: PTSD symptoms, psychological distress (anxiety and depression) and alcohol misuse. Other relevant measures, such as adherence to medication, stressful life events and sexual risktaking behaviours, were obtained through structured questions. A total of 4900 public primary care adult patients from clinics in high TB burden districts from three provinces in South Africa participated. All the patients screened positive for TB (either new or retreatment cases). The prevalence of PTSD symptoms was 29.6%. Patients who screened positive for PTSD symptoms and psychological distress were more likely to be on antidepressant medication. Factors that predicted PTSD symptoms were poverty, residing in an urban area, psychological distress, suicide attempt, alcohol and/or drug use before sex, unprotected sex, TB-HIV co-infected and the number of other chronic conditions. Health-care systems should be strengthened to improve delivery of mental health care, by focusing on existing programmes and activities, such as those which address the prevention and treatment of TB and HIV. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Epidemiology, *HIV, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Tuberculosis, Public Health, Symptoms","Peltzer, Karl, Naidoo, Pamela, Matseke, Gladys, Louw, Julia, McHunu, Gugu, Tutshana, Bomkazi",2013.0,,,0,0,
4238,Evaluation of two web-based alcohol interventions in the u.s. military,,,"Pemberton, M. R., Williams, J., Herman-Stahl, M., Calvin, S. L., Bradshaw, M. R., Bray, R. M., Ridenhour, J. L., Cook, R., Hersch, R. K., Hester, R. K., Mitchell, G. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4239,"Prevalence of mental disorders in adults in Subtiava, Leon, Nicaragua","The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in the Subtiava district of Leon, Nicaragua. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 219 families (n = 584 persons). The study was carried out in two phases. In the first, probable mental disorder cases were screened using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire. In the second, the diagnoses were confirmed through the Present State Examination questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires had been confirmed in a pilot study. The present study was conducted in October and November 1987, when Nicaragua was still immersed in armed conflict. Construction of a family map made it possible to analyze, through the multiple imputation method, the characteristics of persons who were absent at the time of the interviews or who did not respond. The estimated prevalence percentages and their respective 95% confidence intervals were as follows: neurosis, 7.5% (5.2%-9.8%); depression, 6.2% (2.6%-8.1%); reactive crisis, 3.3% (2.6-6.5%); alcoholism, 5.8% (3.9%-8.9%); organic brain syndrome, 3.9% (1.7%-5.2%); psychosis, 0.5% (0.2%-1.6%); and other disorders, 0.7% (0.2%-1.6%). The estimated overall prevalence of mental disorders in the study population was 27.9%. Disorders were more prevalent among men (30.8%) than women (26.3%). It is concluded that these high estimated prevalences are associated with stress caused by the war.","adult, article, female, human, male, mental disease, Nicaragua, occupation, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychologic test, questionnaire, risk factor, self evaluation, sex difference, war","Penayo, U., Caldera, T., Jacobsson, L.",1992.0,,,0,0,
4240,Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake in China,"Background: The impact of the May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, measuring a massive 8.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale, on public health in China has been significant and multifaceted. In light of extant data on prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after other natural diasters, we collected data from the Wenchuan earthquake survivors to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and to characterize a range of PTSD risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional multicluster sample survey of 446 respondents (201 from the Qiang ethnic-minority group, 245 the majority Han Chinese group) was conducted in August 2008 in Beichuan county, Sichuan province, a region that was severely affected by the earthquake. In total, 240 households were represented, with a mean of 2.2 respondents per household. Data were collected from structured interviews and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and DSM-IV criteria were used to diagnose PTSD. Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 45.5% (203/446). Low household income, being from an ethnic minority, living in a shelter or temporary house, death in family, and household damage were factors significantly related to increased odds of PTSD. Conclusions: PTSD is common after a major disaster. Postdisaster mental health recovery programs that include early identification, ongoing monitoring, preventive and intervention programs, and sustained psychosocial support are needed for the highest-risk population, namely, the bereaved, people without incomes and those with serious household damage. These populations may also benefit from governmental and nongovernmental programs that provide social and economic support, as suggested by earlier studies. (copyright)2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, China, cluster analysis, controlled study, death, earthquake, ethnic group, family, female, health survey, household, human, lowest income group, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, public health, risk factor, structured interview, survivor","Peng, K., Shucheng, H., Xunchui, C., Lan, Y.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4241,Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic musculoskeletal pain: How are they related?,"Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are a common comorbidity in veterans seeking treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). However, little is known regarding the mutual influence of PTSD and CMP in this population. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a randomized clinical trial evaluating a stepped care intervention for CMP in Iraq/Afghanistan veterans (ESCAPE), this dissertation examined the relationships between PTSD and CMP along with other factors including depression, anxiety, catastrophizing and health-related quality of life. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was conducted to identify key factors associated with baseline PTSD besides CMP severity. A series of statistical analyses including logistical regression analysis, mixed model repeated measure analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and cross-lagged panel analysis via structural equation modeling were conducted to test five competing models of PTSD symptom clusters, and to examine the mutual influences of PTSD symptom clusters and CMP outcomes. Results showed baseline pain intensity and pain disability predicted PTSD at 9 months. And baseline PTSD predicted improvement of pain disability at 9 months. Moreover, direct relationships were found between PTSD and the disability component of CMP, and indirect relationships were found between PTSD, CMP and CMP components (intensity and disability) mediated by depression, anxiety and pain catastrophizing. Finally, the coexistence of PTSD and more severe pain was associated with worse SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores. Together these findings provided empirical support for the mutual maintenance theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chronic Pain, *Comorbidity, *Health Care Seeking Behavior, *Musculoskeletal Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Pain Management","Peng, Xiaomei",2015.0,,,0,1,
4242,EMG biofeedback-assisted desensitization treatment for Vietnam combat veterans Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Employed an electromyogram (EMG) biofeedback-induced desensitization procedure (EMG-D) in the treatment of 8 Vietnam combat veterans with a 7-yr history of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and frequent recurring nightmares and/or flashbacks that were anxiety-evoking events. 16 PTSD Ss (aged 29-42 yrs) were assigned to the EMG-D group or a control group. Analysis of forehead muscle tension over a 2 yr follow-up indicated that the Ss in the EMG-D condition had significantly reduced their muscle tension and showed continued improved functioning. Ss reported a few instances of recurrence of their nightmares and/or flashbacks; however, they were essentially anxiety-free episodes. No significant reduction in muscle tension, recurring nightmares, or flashbacks was found for Ss in the control group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Biofeedback Training, *Electromyography, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Systematic Desensitization Therapy, Hallucinations, Muscle Relaxation, Nightmares","Peniston, Eugene G.",1986.0,,,0,0,
4243,Co-morbidity: Lessons learned about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) from developing PTSD scales for the MMPI,"Results from efforts to develop and validate PTSD measures are promising, but a 'gold standard' has not been achieved. Keane, Malloy, and Fairbank (1984) have developed an MMPI PTSD subscale that has been cross-validated with clinicians' classification of PTSD at acceptable levels of agreement, specificity, and sensitivity. There is, however, room for improvement. Empirical evidence is presented that indicates that the next round of efforts to increase reliability and validity of PTSD measures must account for the presence/absence of co-morbidity (i.e., the simultaneous occurrence of other psychiatric disorders). For example, differences are noted in MMPI group profiles and PTSD scales between psychiatric patients and substance abusers. Second, different MMPI items emerge as indicative of PTSD; these vary as a function of the presence of other Axis I disorders among groups of Vietnam combat veterans who seek treatment for substance abuse. Results substantiate that different MMPI items for classifying PTSD occur with groups that differ in co-morbidity. Improvements in PTSD scale development are more likely when the contributions of pre-existing or subsequently co-occurring psychiatric disorders are taken in account, as well as variations in level of personality maturity. The evidence suggests that a 'family' of PTSD scales need to be developed that take into account co-morbidity differences.",,"Penk, W., Robinowitz, R., Black, J., Dolan, M., Bell, W.",1989.0,,,0,0,
4244,Bullying boys: The traumatic effects of bullying in male adolescent learners,"Objective: This study investigated the nature and extent of the relationship between bullying and trauma among male adolescent learners. Trauma was operationalised through the multiple constructs of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, dissociation and anger. Method: In this quantitative study, two objective measures were administered (viz. the Olweus Bullying/ Victimisation Scale and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for children) to a sample of male adolescent learners between the ages of 12 and 17, from a South African male-only high school (n = 486). Results and Discussion: Statistical analysis (correlational analysis and MANOVA) produced evidence to suggest that there was a statistically significant relationship between bullying and trauma, and this was strongest for the victim role. The relationship between bullying and trauma was dependent on the frequency of bullying; as the frequency of being bullied increased so too did the mean scores of all the five trauma subscales. In general, the findings indicated that learners presented with elevated levels of internalising trauma outcomes. Depression demonstrated the highest correlation with the victim role, followed by Posttraumatic stress. In addition, 22.4% of learners could be clinically and sub-clinically diagnosed with post-traumatic stress and 21.0% with dissociation. Overall, the findings corroborate the argument that repetitive stressful events (such as bullying) are related to symptom-clusters of ongoing trauma. Copyright © 2010 NISC Pty Ltd.",,"Penning, S. L., Bhagwanjee, A., Govender, K.",2010.0,,,0,1,
4245,Failure to detect fabricated posttraumatic stress disorder with the use of the MMPI in a clinical population,"The authors attempted to replicate previous studies that used the Frequency (F) scale and the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subscale of the MMPI to discriminate Vietnam veterans with PTSD from well-adjusted veterans and mental health professionals who feigned symptoms of PTSD. Profiles of veterans with PTSD were compared to those of veterans with non-PTSD psychiatric disorders and veterans with fabricated PTSD symptoms who sought treatment. Discriminant analysis of F scale and PTSD subscale scores correctly identified only 43.59% of the subjects, thus failing to support use of the MMPI in detecting fabricated symptoms of PTSD in a clinical population.","adult, article, clinical article, human, maladjustment, mental test, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal","Perconte, S. T., Goreczny, A. J.",1990.0,,,0,0,
4246,Cerebral blood flow changes during retrieval of traumatic memories before and after psychotherapy: a SPECT study,"BACKGROUND: Traumatic memory is a key symptom in psychological trauma victims and may remain vivid for several years. Psychotherapy has shown that neither the psychopathological signs of trauma nor the expression of traumatic memories are static over time. However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates of psychotherapy-related symptom changes. METHOD: We studied 16 subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects by using a script-driven symptom provocation paradigm adapted for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that was read aloud during traumatic memory retrieval both before and after exposure-based and cognitive restructuring therapy. Their neural activity levels were compared with a control group comprising 11 waiting-list subthreshold PTSD patients, who were age- and profile-matched with the psychotherapy group. RESULTS: Significantly higher activity was observed in the parietal lobes, left hippocampus, thalamus and left prefrontal cortex during memory retrieval after psychotherapy. Positive correlations were found between activity changes in the left prefrontal cortex and left thalamus, and also between the left prefrontal cortex and left parietal lobe. CONCLUSIONS: Neural mechanisms involved in subthreshold PTSD may share neural similarities with those underlying the fragmented and non-verbal nature of traumatic memories in full PTSD. Moreover, psychotherapy may influence the development of a narrative pattern overlaying the declarative memory neural substrates.","Adult, Brain/*blood supply/radionuclide imaging, Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology, *Cognitive Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, *Memory, *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology/psychology/therapy, Time Factors, *Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon","Peres, J. F., Newberg, A. B., Mercante, J. P., Simao, M., Albuquerque, V. E., Peres, M. J., Nasello, A. G.",2007.0,Oct,10.1017/s003329170700997x,0,0,
4247,Cerebral blood flow changes during retrieval of traumatic memories before and after psychotherapy: A SPECT study,"Background. Traumatic memory is a key symptom in psychological trauma victims and may remain vivid for several years. Psychotherapy has shown that neither the psychopathological signs of trauma nor the expression of traumatic memories are static over time. However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates of psychotherapy-related symptom changes. Method. We studied 16 subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects by using a script-driven symptom provocation paradigm adapted for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that was read aloud during traumatic memory retrieval both before and after exposure-based and cognitive restructuring therapy. Their neural activity levels were compared with a control group comprising 11 waiting-list subthreshold PTSD patients, who were age- and profile-matched with the psychotherapy group. Results. Significantly higher activity was observed in the parietal lobes, left hippocampus, thalamus and left prefrontal cortex during memory retrieval after psychotherapy. Positive correlations were found between activity changes in the left prefrontal cortex and left thalamus, and also between the left prefrontal cortex and left parietal lobe. Conclusions. Neural mechanisms involved in subthreshold PTSD may share neural similarities with those underlying the fragmented and non-verbal nature of traumatic memories in full PTSD. Moreover, psychotherapy may influence the development of a narrative pattern overlaying the declarative memory neural substrates. (copyright) 2007 Cambridge University Press.","adult, article, brain blood flow, clinical article, cognition, cognitive therapy, controlled study, female, hippocampus, human, male, memory, memory consolidation, mental disease, neuroimaging, outcome assessment, parietal lobe, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, psychotherapy, psychotrauma, single photon emission computer tomography, thalamus","Peres, J. F. P., Newberg, A. B., Mercante, J. P., Simao, M., Albuquerque, V. E., Peres, M. J. P., Nasello, A. G.",2007.0,,,0,0,4246
4248,Cerebral blood flow changes during retrieval of traumatic memories before and after psychotherapy: A SPECT study,"Background. Traumatic memory is a key symptom in psychological trauma victims and may remain vivid for several years. Psychotherapy has shown that neither the psychopathological signs of trauma nor the expression of traumatic memories are static over time. However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates of psychotherapy-related symptom changes. Method. We studied 16 subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects by using a script-driven symptom provocation paradigm adapted for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that was read aloud during traumatic memory retrieval both before and after exposure-based and cognitive restructuring therapy. Their neural activity levels were compared with a control group comprising 11 waiting-list subthreshold PTSD patients, who were age- and profile-matched with the psychotherapy group. Results. Significantly higher activity was observed in the parietal lobes, left hippocampus, thalamus and left prefrontal cortex during memory retrieval after psychotherapy. Positive correlations were found between activity changes in the left prefrontal cortex and left thalamus, and also between the left prefrontal cortex and left parietal lobe. Conclusions. Neural mechanisms involved in subthreshold PTSD may share neural similarities with those underlying the fragmented and non-verbal nature of traumatic memories in full PTSD. Moreover, psychotherapy may influence the development of a narrative pattern overlaying the declarative memory neural substrates. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.",,"Peres, J. F. P., Newberg, A. B., Mercante, J. P., Simão, M., Albuquerque, V. E., Peres, M. J. P., Nasello, A. G.",2007.0,,,0,0,4246
4249,Predictors of the long-term course of comorbid PTSD: a naturalistic prospective study,"OBJECTIVES: The study examined the long-term course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by analyzing rates of recurrence and the predictive value of comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychosocial functioning. METHODS: This study is based on diagnostic assessments administered at intake and subsequent follow-up interviews over a period of 15 years in a sample of 90 anxiety-disordered patients with comorbid PTSD who participated in the Harvard Brown Anxiety Research project (HARP). Kaplan-Meier life table analysis revealed a 0.20 probability of full remission during the 15 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Latent growth model (LGM) analysis revealed that the number of trauma exposures was a predictor of a worse course of PTSD but only during some intervals of the 15-year follow-up. Subjects with full social phobia were more likely to experience worsening of PTSD over time in comparison with subjects with less severe social phobia. Role functioning in the areas of household and employment was a significant predictor of a declining course of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings revealed the dynamic nature of the predictive value of traumatic experiences, the deleterious effect of social phobia and the long term effect of psychosocial functioning on the course of PTSD. Implications for treatment planning and development of interventions for PTSD are discussed.","Adult, Agoraphobia/epidemiology/psychology, Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology/psychology, Comorbidity, Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology/psychology, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New England/epidemiology, Panic Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Phobic Disorders/*epidemiology/psychology, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Social Behavior, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/psychology","Perez Benitez, C. I., Zlotnick, C., Dyck, I., Stout, R., Angert, E., Weisberg, R., Keller, M.",2013.0,Aug,10.3109/13651501.2012.667113,0,1,557
4250,Trauma exposure and health: The role of depressive and hyperarousal symptoms,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms have been theorized to mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and physical health symptoms. Although empirical evidence supports this premise, studies conducted to date have employed statistical mediation analyses that are now broadly criticized. Furthermore, the mediating roles of both PTSD and depressive symptoms have seldom been examined concurrently, and it remains unclear which PTSD symptom clusters uniquely mediate this relationship. The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal, and depressive symptoms in the relationship between trauma exposure and physical health symptoms. Participants were 516 Spanish female undergraduate students. Physical health symptoms were compared between those who reported trauma exposure (n = 266) and those who did not (n = 250). Data from trauma-exposed participants were analyzed using regression models with bootstrapping to test mediation. Results of the analyses showed that the trauma-exposed group reported significantly more physical health symptoms (r2 = .035). Hyperarousal and depressive symptoms uniquely mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and physical health symptoms. Our findings clarify some of the mechanisms by which negative health consequences occur subsequent to trauma exposure. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Pérez, L. G., Abrams, M. P., López-Martínez, A. E., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4251,Acute stress trajectories 1 year after a breast cancer diagnosis,"Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal trajectories of acute stress reactions over the course of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up assessments in a group of non-metastatic breast cancer patients during five different moments of the illness process, and to identify psychological predictors of the trajectories. Methods: The sample was formed by 102 non-metastatic breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Latent growth mixture models (LGMM) were used to identify latent classes, and we used multinomial logistic regression in a conditional model to examine predictors to differentiate between trajectories. Results: We identified four different groups according to their trajectories: (1) a resilient group, (44.5 %); (2) a mild acute stress group, (40.6 %); (3) a delayed–recovery group (11.9 %); and (4) a chronic acute stress group (2.9 %). Moreover, anxious preoccupation showed the strongest significant effects in predicting each class, whereas cognitive avoidance and type C personality had moderate effects for participants in the mild acute stress group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the majority of breast cancer patients in our study were resilient, with only a small percentage showing chronic acute stress. Because coping strategies, specifically anxious preoccupation, and not more stable variables played a main role in the prediction of acute stress trajectories, future preventive interventions should center in promoting more adaptive coping strategies in breast cancer patients. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Acute stress symptoms, Breast cancer, Coping, Spanish women, Trajectories, Type C personality","Pérez, S., Conchado, A., Andreu, Y., Galdón, M. J., Cardeña, E., Ibáñez, E., Durá, E.",2016.0,,10.1007/s00520-015-2960-x,1,1,
4252,Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with non intentional injuries caused by road traffic accidents,"We have carried out this research because accidents are a serious public health problem in Mexico. They are the third overall mortality cause and the first among young adults. In addition, in our country, the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has not been focused sufficiendy on accidents, not to speak of motor vehicles accidents. Among the different types of accidents, traffic accidents are placed at the top of the list. Aside from causing injuries and the loss of man hours at work, these accidents bring about emotional distress to affected individuals. Stress is a factor that triggers short-and medium-term consequences which are in turn reflected in the quality of life of the patient and his/her family. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that causes psychosocial dis functioning and appears due to the exposure to a stressor or traumatic event. It may come about in two ways: when the subject is a victim of a serious threat to his/her life or integrity and when the subject witnesses an event seriously affecting a third party. The main stressors may be natural phenomena, such as hurricanes and earthquakes, intentional attacks, such as rape or any form of criminal violence, and, as is the case here, from traumatic events caused by motor vehicles. The etiology of PTSD is multi-factorial and involves genetic, psychological, educational, and environmental aspects. It has three forms: severe, where the disorder appears immediately after the occurrence of the event or until a month later; chronic, lasting between one and three months; and delayed, where symptoms appear six months after the event. Our objective was to establish PTSD frequency in patients with physical injuries caused by motor vehicles accidents who were attended at the Regional Orthopaedics and Trauma Hospital ""Adolfo Lopez Mateos"". Together with the application of the scales, we were interested in making a description of the socio-demographical side of accidents, comparing the affect profile, and somehow defining the wide range of factors involved in the occurrence of this problem. For this, we devised a transversal and descriptive study with a non-probabilistic sampling. The sample was chosen using the following inclusion criteria: a)Being older than 18 years. b)Having suffered a motor vehicle accident. c)Having received attention for a month at least at the Orthopaedics and Trauma Hospital ""Adolfo Lopez Mateos"". d)Having the physical and mental conditions to answer a self-report questionnaire or at least to be interviewed instead. The instrument used was a self-report questionnaire consisting of different scales: 1. The Mississippi PTSD Scale for screening, case selection and symptoms severity measurement. This scale has been translated and validated in Mexico. 2. The WHO Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). 3. An instrument to establish the affect profile (PANAS). 4. A socio-demographical data identification schedule. Results from this study show some interesting characteristics from subjects involved in traffic accidents such as the fact that victims are mostly men driving alone at weekends. As has been pointed out, this supports the importance of putting into practice actions to educate drivers involved in such circumstances more often. In addition, policies which allow for the modification of traffic environments as to their adequateness to social contexts should be established. Likewise, data from this work agree with those from other studies as to the existence of an association between the presence of PTSD and the involvement in car accidents. Although the prevalence of the sample of this study is much higher than previous Mexican reports, it shows some interesting figures regarding the fact that most subjects who reported PTSD were women who had an elementary education level and a partner by the time of the accident. Falls from vehicles, people run over by cars and individuals driving alone at the time of accidents were other relevant high-impact findings. While it is true, on the one hand, that the aforementioned resu ts are non-significant, they do give an idea of some aspects which would be useful to bear in mind in providing clinical attention to affected individuals. On the other hand, aspects which did have a statistical significance on the data from this sample should be taken into account. One of these was the fact that the higher rate of PTSD was reported in individuals who suffered an accident while being inside a vehicle, in individuals involved in an accident which had occurred between one and three months before and who in addition tended to present a negative affect profile. These are important findings because they give us the opportunity to consider more specific aspects at the time of developing attention strategies which could alleviate the temporal impact and scale of the problem.","adult, affect, article, clinical article, demography, descriptive research, disease association, driver, educational status, female, human, injury, injury severity, interview, male, mississippi posttraumatic stress disorder scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological rating scale, questionnaire, sampling, schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry, self report, traffic accident, victim","Perez-Rincon Merlin, E., Gonzalez-Forteza, C., Ramos Lira, L., Jimenez Tapia, J. A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4253,Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with non intentional injuries caused by road traffic accidents,"We have carried out this research because accidents are a serious public health problem in Mexico. They are the third overall mortality cause and the first among young adults. In addition, in our country, the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has not been focused sufficiendy on accidents, not to speak of motor vehicles accidents. Among the different types of accidents, traffic accidents are placed at the top of the list. Aside from causing injuries and the loss of man hours at work, these accidents bring about emotional distress to affected individuals. Stress is a factor that triggers short-and medium-term consequences which are in turn reflected in the quality of life of the patient and his/her family. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that causes psychosocial dis functioning and appears due to the exposure to a stressor or traumatic event. It may come about in two ways: when the subject is a victim of a serious threat to his/her life or integrity and when the subject witnesses an event seriously affecting a third party. The main stressors may be natural phenomena, such as hurricanes and earthquakes, intentional attacks, such as rape or any form of criminal violence, and, as is the case here, from traumatic events caused by motor vehicles. The etiology of PTSD is multi-factorial and involves genetic, psychological, educational, and environmental aspects. It has three forms: severe, where the disorder appears immediately after the occurrence of the event or until a month later; chronic, lasting between one and three months; and delayed, where symptoms appear six months after the event. Our objective was to establish PTSD frequency in patients with physical injuries caused by motor vehicles accidents who were attended at the Regional Orthopaedics and Trauma Hospital ""Adolfo Lopez Mateos"". Together with the application of the scales, we were interested in making a description of the socio-demographical side of accidents, comparing the affect profile, and somehow defining the wide range of factors involved in the occurrence of this problem. For this, we devised a transversal and descriptive study with a non-probabilistic sampling. The sample was chosen using the following inclusion criteria: a)Being older than 18 years. b)Having suffered a motor vehicle accident. c)Having received attention for a month at least at the Orthopaedics and Trauma Hospital ""Adolfo López Mateos"". d)Having the physical and mental conditions to answer a self-report questionnaire or at least to be interviewed instead. The instrument used was a self-report questionnaire consisting of different scales: 1. The Mississippi PTSD Scale for screening, case selection and symptoms severity measurement. This scale has been translated and validated in Mexico. 2. The WHO Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). 3. An instrument to establish the affect profile (PANAS). 4. A socio-demographical data identification schedule. Results from this study show some interesting characteristics from subjects involved in traffic accidents such as the fact that victims are mostly men driving alone at weekends. As has been pointed out, this supports the importance of putting into practice actions to educate drivers involved in such circumstances more often. In addition, policies which allow for the modification of traffic environments as to their adequateness to social contexts should be established. Likewise, data from this work agree with those from other studies as to the existence of an association between the presence of PTSD and the involvement in car accidents. Although the prevalence of the sample of this study is much higher than previous Mexican reports, it shows some interesting figures regarding the fact that most subjects who reported PTSD were women who had an elementary education level and a partner by the time of the accident. Falls from vehicles, people run over by cars and individuals driving alone at the time of accidents were other relevant high-impact findings. While it is true, on the one hand, that the aforementioned res lts are non-significant, they do give an idea of some aspects which would be useful to bear in mind in providing clinical attention to affected individuals. On the other hand, aspects which did have a statistical significance on the data from this sample should be taken into account. One of these was the fact that the higher rate of PTSD was reported in individuals who suffered an accident while being inside a vehicle, in individuals involved in an accident which had occurred between one and three months before and who in addition tended to present a negative affect profile. These are important findings because they give us the opportunity to consider more specific aspects at the time of developing attention strategies which could alleviate the temporal impact and scale of the problem.","Patients, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Road traffic accidents","Pérez-Rincón Merlín, E., González-Forteza, C., Ramos Lira, L., Jiménez Tapia, J. A.",2007.0,,,0,0,4252
4254,"Coping with chronic social stress in mice: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/ sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis activity, behavioral changes and effects of antalarmin treatment: Implications for the study of stress-related psychopathologies","The aim of this study was to analyze the individual differences that lead to the development of psychopathological changes in response to chronic social stress. We also assessed the ability of an antagonist of the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors to reverse the effects of stress. Male adult mice were exposed to repeated defeat experiences for 21 days using a sensorial contact model. After 18 days of defeat, two groups of subjects were established (active and passive), according to their behaviors during social confrontation. Antalarmin treatment was given for 4 and 6 days. The results corroborated previous data indicating that subjects who adopted a passive coping strategy had higher corticosterone levels after 21 days of defeat and decreased resting levels 3 days later. Moreover, they showed higher resting expression levels of hypothalamic CRH than their active counterparts. On day 24, the experimental animals were subjected to another social defeat to determine whether the stress response remained. The increase in corticosterone and hypothalamic CRH levels was similar for all of the stressed subjects, but the passive subjects also had a greater CRH response in the amygdala. Passive subjects had decreased levels of adrenal dopamine (beta)-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and plasma adrenaline compared to the active subjects, and lower plasma noradrenaline levels than manipulated controls. The passive profile of physiological changes in both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes has been associated with changes related to mood disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. The active coping profile is characterized by similar corticosterone resting levels to controls and increased SAM activity. Both profiles showed alterations in the novel palatable and forced swimming tests, with the passive profile being the most vulnerable to the effects of stress in this last test. Pharmacological treatment with antalarmin failed to reverse the effects of stress. Copyright (copyright) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.","adrenalin, antalarmin, corticosterone, corticotropin releasing factor, dopamine beta monooxygenase, messenger RNA, noradrenalin, tyrosine 3 monooxygenase, adrenalin blood level, amygdaloid nucleus, animal behavior, animal experiment, animal model, animal tissue, article, behavior change, chronic stress, controlled study, coping behavior, corticosterone blood level, depression, drug effect, drug efficacy, endocrine function, experimental mouse, forced swim test, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, male, mouse, nonhuman, noradrenalin blood level, nucleotide sequence, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rest, sensory stimulation, social stress, stimulus response, sympathetic adrenal medullary axis","Perez-Tejada, J., Arregi, A., Gomez-Lazaro, E., Vegas, O., Azpiroz, A., Garmendia, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4255,"Coping with chronic social stress in mice: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/ sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis activity, behavioral changes and effects of antalarmin treatment: Implications for the study of stress-related psychopathologies","The aim of this study was to analyze the individual differences that lead to the development of psychopathological changes in response to chronic social stress. We also assessed the ability of an antagonist of the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors to reverse the effects of stress. Male adult mice were exposed to repeated defeat experiences for 21 days using a sensorial contact model. After 18 days of defeat, two groups of subjects were established (active and passive), according to their behaviors during social confrontation. Antalarmin treatment was given for 4 and 6 days. The results corroborated previous data indicating that subjects who adopted a passive coping strategy had higher corticosterone levels after 21 days of defeat and decreased resting levels 3 days later. Moreover, they showed higher resting expression levels of hypothalamic CRH than their active counterparts. On day 24, the experimental animals were subjected to another social defeat to determine whether the stress response remained. The increase in corticosterone and hypothalamic CRH levels was similar for all of the stressed subjects, but the passive subjects also had a greater CRH response in the amygdala. Passive subjects had decreased levels of adrenal dopamine β-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and plasma adrenaline compared to the active subjects, and lower plasma noradrenaline levels than manipulated controls. The passive profile of physiological changes in both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes has been associated with changes related to mood disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. The active coping profile is characterized by similar corticosterone resting levels to controls and increased SAM activity. Both profiles showed alterations in the novel palatable and forced swimming tests, with the passive profile being the most vulnerable to the effects of stress in this last test. Pharmacological treatment with antalarmin failed to reverse the effects of stress. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Antalarmin, Catecholamine, Catecholamine enzyme synthesis, Chronic social stress, Coping, Corticosterone, Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, Mice, Mood disorders","Pérez-Tejada, J., Arregi, A., Gómez-Lázaro, E., Vegas, O., Azpiroz, A., Garmendia, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,4254
4256,Identification of proteins involved in the heat stress response of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579,"To monitor the ability of the food-borne opportunistic pathogen Bacillus cereus to survive during minimal processing of food products, we determined its heat-adaptive response. During pre-exposure to 42°C, B. cereus ATCC 14579 adapts to heat exposure at the lethal temperature of 50°C (maximum protection occurs after 15 min to 1 h of pre-exposure to 42°C). For this heat-adaptive response, de novo protein synthesis is required. By using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we observed 31 heat-induced proteins, and we determined the N-terminal sequences of a subset of these proteins. This revealed induction of stress proteins (CspB, CspE, and SodA), proteins involved in sporulation (SpoVG and AldA), metabolic enzymes (FolD and Dra), identified heat-induced proteins in related organisms (DnaK, GroEL, ClpP, RsbV, HSP16.4, YHT, PpiB, and TrxA), and other proteins (MreB, YloH, and YbbT). The upregulation of several stress proteins was confirmed by using antibodies specific for well-characterized heat shock proteins (HSPs) of B. subtilis. These observations indicate that heat adaptation of B. cereus involves proteins that function in a variety of cellular processes. Notably, a 30-min pre-exposure to 4% ethanol, pH 5, or 2.5% NaCl also results in increased thermotolerance. Also, for these adaptation processes, protein synthesis is required, and indeed, some HSPs are induced under these conditions. Collectively, these data show that during mild processing, cross-protection from heating occurs in pathogenic B. cereus, which may result in increased survival in foods.",,"Periago, P. M., Van Schaik, W., Abee, T., Wouters, J. A.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4257,An Examination of the CROPS and BASC-2-SRP-A among Adjudicated Youth,"This study explored the Behavior Assessment System for Children Second Edition Self Report of Personality-Adolescent (BASC-2-SRP-A) and the Child Report of Post-traumatic Stress (CROPS) profiles of a sample of adjudicated youth. Results were consistent with previous research, indicating that 56% of CROPS scores fell within the clinically significant range. Cronbach's alpha indicated good internal consistency of the 26-item CROPS. In addition, Anxiety was found to contribute most to distinguishing between the clinically significant and clinically non-significant CROPS groups, followed by the Social Stress and Somatization subscales. Gender differences, implications, and future directions are discussed. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","assessment, delinquency, juvenile offenders, trauma","Perkins, A., Calhoun, G. B., Glaser, B. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4258,"Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity","Lifetime and 12-mo prevalence of traumatic events and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as sociodemographic risk factors, age of onset, and comorbidity patterns, were investigated in a representative German community sample (n = 3,021, aged 14-24 yrs). Traumatic events and PTSD were assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Although 26% of male Ss and 17.7% of female Ss reported at least 1 traumatic event, only a few qualified for a full PTSD diagnosis (1% of males and 2.2% of females). Traumatic events and PTSD were strongly associated with all other mental disorders examined. PTSD occurred as both a primary and a secondary disorder. The prevalence of PTSD in this young German sample is considerably lower than reported in previous US studies. However, the conditional probability for PTSD after experiencing traumas, risk factors and comorbidity patterns are quite similar. Traumatic events and full PTSD may increase the risk for other disorders, and vice versa. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Demographic Characteristics, *Emotional Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, At Risk Populations, Mental Disorders, Onset (Disorders)","Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich",2000.0,,,0,0,
4259,Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults,"Objective: Few studies have focused on the natural course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its determinants in samples of the general population. The authors examined determinants of remission and chronicity of PTSD and associations with other disorders in a prospective community sample. Method: The data were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal epidemiological study of adolescents and young adults (age 14-24 years) in Munich, Germany (N=2,548). The course of PTSD from baseline to follow-up 34-50 months later was studied in 125 respondents with DSM-IV PTSD or subthreshold PTSD at baseline. Results: Although 52% of the PTSD cases remitted during the follow-up period, 48% showed no significant remission of PTSD symptoms. Respondents with a chronic course were more likely to experience new traumatic event(s) during follow-up (odds ratio=5.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.95-13.92), to have higher rates of avoidant symptoms at baseline (odds ratio=10.16, 95% CI=1.73-59.51), and to report more help seeking (odds ratio=5.50, 95% CI=1.04-29.05), compared to respondents with remission. Rates of incident somatoform disorder (odds ratio=4.24, 95% CI=1.60-11.19) and other anxiety disorders (odds ratio=4.07, 95% CI=1.15-14.37) were also significantly associated with a chronic course. Conclusions: PTSD is often a persistent and chronic disorder. Specific symptom clusters-especially avoidant symptoms-might be associated with the course of PTSD. In addition, the occurrence of new traumatic events differentiates PTSD cases with a chronic course from those with remission.",,"Perkonigg, A., Pfister, H., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., Maercker, A., Wittchen, H. U.",2005.0,,,0,1,
4260,Risk Factors for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in a Community Sample of Young Women: The Role of Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Background: There is some evidence that the onset and course of premenstrual syndrome is related to stress; however, few studies have explored the role of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as risk factors for the development of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Method: A community cohort of 1488 women (aged 14-24 years at baseline) were prospectively and longitudinally evaluated up to 3 times over a period of about 42 months from 1995 to 1999. The DSM-IV version of the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to establish PMDD and PTSD diagnostic status; stressful life events and conditions were assessed with the Munich Events List and the Daily Hassles Scale. Prevalence and incidence of either threshold or subthreshold PMDD from baseline to the second follow-up were calculated. Risk factors, including prior comorbid mental disorders and traumatic events, were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results: The incidence of threshold PMDD was 3.0%. The most powerful predictors were subthreshold PMDD at baseline (OR =11.0, 95% CI = 4.7 to 25.9). Traumatic events greatly increased the odds of developing PMDD at follow-up (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.2 to 12.0). Other predictors were a history of anxiety disorder (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1 to 5.5) and elevated daily hassles scores (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.3). Both were also associated with the risk of developing subthreshold PMDD, although the association was less robust. Conclusions: Traumatic events and preexisting anxiety disorders are risk factors for the development of PMDD. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, making further investigation necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Emotional Trauma, Mental Disorders","Perkonigg, Axel, Yonkers, Kimberly A., Pfister, Hildegard, Lieb, Roselind, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich",2004.0,,,0,0,
4261,Assessing the psychometric properties of a supplementary PK Scale embedded in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) in detecting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),"This study explored the validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) PK Scale (Cashel, Ovaert and Holliman, 2000) to assess symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) within an inpatient adolescent sample. The present research sought to expand upon the Cashel et al. (2000) study by assessing the predictive and comparative validity of the MMPI-A PK Scale. Information was gathered from the archival data of 631 adolescents who were referred to the assessment service of Four Winds Hospital. Adolescents were 13-18 years old and predominantly female (57.9%). The MMPI-A PK Scale significantly related to the following self-reported traumas measured by the Children's Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein & Fink, 1998): emotional abuse (r = .31, p < .01), sexual abuse (r = .14, p < .01) and physical abuse (r = .08, p < .05), respectively. Significant negative relationships between emotional neglect (r = .23, p < .01) and physical neglect (r .09, p < .05) were also found. The MMPI-A PK Scale significantly related to the Trauma Content Index (TC/R; Armstrong & Loewenstein, 1990), which was applied to Rorschach protocols (r = .14, p < .01) scored using Exner's Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 2003). The relationships between the MMPI-A PK Scale and features associated with the presence of trauma, as measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC; Briere, 1996), were explored. The MMPI-A PK Scale correlated highest with the Depression (DEP) clinical scale of the TSCC (r = .69, p < .01). The relationship between the MMPI-A PK Scale and the Posttraumatic Stress (PTS) clinical scale of the TSCC (r = .59, p < .01) was also significant and indicative of a moderate correlation. As a measure of PTSD symptoms, the MMPI-A PK Scale evidenced low to typical predictive validity (AUC = .696) when compared to the PTS scale. Other significant relationships between the MMPI-A PK Scale and the clinical scales of the TSCC were discussed. The MMPI-A PK Scale, as a diagnostic measure, performed similarly to the PTS scale. ROC analyses compared both the MMPI-A PK Scale and the PTS to discharge chart diagnosis. Both measures evidenced low to typical predictive validity (AUC = .613 and AUC = .621, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of the MMPI-A PK Scale was also reviewed and compared to the sensitivity and specificity of the other measures. Implications, limitations and additional directions for future research were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Symptoms, *Test Validity, Rating Scales","Pernod, Nicole C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4262,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms might be destroying your intimacy: A test of mediational models in a community sample of couples,"The present research focused on the pathways through which the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may negatively impact intimacy. Previous research has confirmed a link between self-reported PTSD symptoms and intimacy; however, a thorough examination of mediating paths, partner effects, and secondary traumatization has not yet been realized. With a sample of 297 heterosexual couples, intraindividual and dyadic models were developed to explain the relationships between PTSD symptoms and intimacy in the context of interdependence theory, attachment theory, and models of self-preservation (e.g., fight-or-flight). The current study replicated the findings of others and has supported a process in which affective (alexithymia, negative affect, positive affect) and communication (demand-withdraw behaviour, self-concealment, and constructive communication) pathways mediate the intraindividual and dyadic relationships between PTSD symptoms and intimacy; Moreover, it also found that the PTSD symptoms of each partner were significantly related; however, this was only the case for those dyads in which the partners had disclosed most everything about their traumatic experiences. As such, secondary traumatization was supported. Finally, although the overall pattern of results suggest a total negative effect of PTSD symptoms on intimacy, a sex difference was evident such that the direct effect of the woman's PTSD symptoms were positively associated with both her and her partner's intimacy. It is possible that the Tend-and-Befriend model of threat response, wherein women are said to foster social bonds in the face of distress, may account for this sex difference. Overall, however, it is clear that PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with relationship quality and attention to this impact in the development of diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols is necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Couples, *Intimacy, *Mediation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms","Perrier, Colin P. K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4263,"Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population","Purpose: To assess (1) the lifetime prevalence of exposure both to trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (2) the risk of PTSD by type of trauma; and (3) the determinants of the development of PTSD in the community. Methods: The Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies was administered to a random sample of an urban area (N = 3,691). Results: (1) The lifetime prevalence estimates of exposure to trauma and PTSD were 21.0 and 5.0 %; respectively, with a twice as high prevalence of PTSD in women compared to men despite a similar likelihood of exposure in the two sexes; (2) Sexual abuse was the trauma involving the highest risk of PTSD; (3) The risk of PTSD was most strongly associated with sexual abuse followed by preexisting bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, antisocial personality, childhood separation anxiety disorder, being victim of crime, witnessing violence, Neuroticism and Problem-focused coping strategies. After adjustment for these characteristics, female sex was no longer found to be significantly associated with the risk of PTSD. Conclusions: The risk for the development of PTSD after exposure to traumatic events is associated with several factors including the type of exposure, preexisting psychopathology, personality features and coping strategies which independently contribute to the vulnerability to PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, Epidemiology, Psychopathology","Perrin, Marc, Vandeleur, Caroline L., Castelao, Enrique, Rothen, Stephane, Glaus, Jennifer, Vollenweider, Peter, Preisig, Martin",2014.0,,,0,0,
4264,Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers,"Objective: This study compared the prevalence and risk factors of current probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across different occupations involved in rescue/recovery work at the World Trade Center site. Method: Rescue and recovery workers enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry who reported working at the World Trade Center site (N=28,962) were included in the analysis. Interviews conducted 2-3 years after the disaster included assessments of demographic characteristics, within-disaster and work experiences related to the World Trade Center, and current probable PTSD. Results: The overall prevalence of PTSD among rescue/recovery workers was 12.4%, ranging from 6.2% for police to 21.2% for unaffiliated volunteers. After adjustments, the greatest risk of developing PTSD was seen among construction/engineering workers, sanitation workers, and unaffiliated volunteers. Earlier start date and longer duration of time worked at the World Trade Center site were significant risk factors for current probable PTSD for all occupations except police, and the association between duration of time worked and current probable PTSD was strongest for those who started earlier. The prevalence of PTSD was significantly higher among those who performed tasks not common for their occupation. Conclusions: Workers and volunteers in occupations least likely to have had prior disaster training or experience were at greatest risk of PTSD. Disaster preparedness training and shift rotations to enable shorter duration of service at the site may reduce PTSD among workers and volunteers in future disasters.",,"Perrin, M. A., DiGande, L., Wheeler, K., Thorpe, L., Farfel, M., Brackbill, R.",2007.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101645,0,0,
4265,The Children’s Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES): Validity as a screening Instrument for PTSD,,,"Perrin, S., Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
4266,"Use of prescription pain medications among medical cannabis patients: comparisons of pain levels, functioning, and patterns of alcohol and other drug use","OBJECTIVE: Management of chronic pain is one of the most common reasons given by individuals seeking medical cannabis. However, very little information exists about the concurrent use of cannabis and prescription pain medication (PPM). This study fills this gap in knowledge by systematically comparing medical cannabis users who use or do not use PPM, with an emphasis on understanding whether concurrent use of cannabis and PPM is associated with more serious forms of alcohol and other drug involvement. METHOD: Data from this study were collected from a medical cannabis clinic in southwestern Michigan (N = 273). Systematic comparisons were made on measures of sociodemographics, reasons for substance use, pain, functioning, and perceptions of PPM and medical cannabis efficacy. RESULTS: PPM users tended to be older and reported higher levels of pain and lower levels of functioning. The overall sample exhibited higher lifetime and past-3-month rates of alcohol and other noncannabis drug use than did the general population. Approximately 40% of subjects reported combining cannabis with alcohol, but no significant difference was observed between PPM users and nonusers. PPM users and nonusers did not exhibit any difference in either lifetime or past-3-month use of other drugs, including cocaine, sedatives, street opioids, and amphetamines. PPM users rated the efficacy of cannabis higher than PPM for pain management and indicated a strong desire to reduce PPM usage. CONCLUSIONS: Use of PPM among medical cannabis users was not identified as a correlate for more serious forms of alcohol and other drug involvement. However, longitudinal study designs are needed to better understand the trajectories of alcohol and other drug involvement over time among medical cannabis users.",,"Perron, B. E., Bohnert, K., Perone, A. K., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Ilgen, M.",2015.0,May,,0,0,
4267,Posttraumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents,"Millions of children are exposed to traumatic experiences each year. Over 30% of these children develop a clinical syndrome with emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and physical symptoms called posttraumatic stress disorder. The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder fall into three clusters: reenactment of the traumatic event: avoidance of cues associated with the event or general withdrawal; and physiological hyperreactivity. Significant physical and medical problems in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood appear to be related to childhood trauma. Current treatment approaches include postacute psychoeducation, individual psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Despite increasing attention over the past 10 years, childhood posttraumatic stress disorder remains an understudied public health problem.",,"Perry, B. D., Azad, I.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4268,Complex partial epileptic signs as a continuum from normals to epileptics: Normative data and clinical populations,"Over a 10-year period, a total of 447 men and 624 women between 18 and 61 years of age were administered an inventory whose items describe experiences that are similar to those evoked by electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes. Empirically determined factors contained experiences of sensory enhancement, affective-dissociation, ego alien intrusions, and literary emphasis. Using this population as a reference, T scores for these clusters were calculated for special normal populations (poets, drama students, false pregnancies) and for clinical groups (post-traumatic stress, anxiety-depersonalization, exotic dissociations, and complex partial epilepsy). Whereas only mild elevations (50 < T < 65) in indicators of temporal lobe signs and symptoms were noted in the special groups, moderate (65 < T < 75) and severe (T > 79) elevations were noted in the clinical populations.",,"Persinger, M. A., Makarec, K.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4269,Risk factors for depression after a disaster,"Environmental stressors such as mass disasters may contribute to an increased prevalence of depression within the population affected. We examined the prevalence of probable major depression and risk factors for depression in the 6-month period after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center among New York City (NYC) metropolitan residents. A total of 2700 persons who were representative of the NYC metropolitan area were included in this cross-sectional telephone survey. The prevalence of probable major depression in the 6 months after the attacks was 9.4%. Multivariate logistic regression covariates associated with the likelihood of probable major depression included being directly affected by the attacks, having a perievent panic attack, experiencing multiple life stressors, and having been exposed to previous traumatic events. Mass traumatic event exposure appears to be an independent environmental risk factor for depression in the postdisaster context; specific reactions such as perievent panic attacks may have prognostic value. Copyright © 2006 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Depression, Disaster, Mass trauma, Perievent panic, Stress, Trauma","Person, C., Tracy, M., Galea, S.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000235758.24586.b7,0,0,
4270,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: Neuroendocrine perspectives,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome of distress that develops after exposure to traumatic life experiences. Dysregulation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus caeruleus/ norepinephrine-sympathetic nervous system (LC/NE-SNS) is associated with the pathophysiology of the disorder. Studies have demonstrated a neuroendocrine profile unique to adults with PTSD, with centrally elevated corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH), low cortisol in the periphery, and elevated catecholamines. Traumatic stress experiences in early life are strong predisposing factors for later PTSD development. In addition, early life stress programs the developing brain to overreact to future stressors. In children and adolescents involved in motor vehicle accidents, we found that high evening salivary cortisol and morning serum interleukin 6 concentrations were predictive of PTSD development 6 months later. We demonstrated a progressive divergence of the HPA and LC/NE-SNS axes of the stress system, which may be part of the pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for PTSD maintenance. An initial elevation of cortisol in the aftermath of the trauma, followed by a gradual normalization and finally low cortisol secretion, together with a gradual elevation of catecholamines over time, may represent the natural history of neuroendocrine changes in pediatric PTSD. Thus, the low cortisol concentrations found in adults with PTSD may reflect prior trauma and might represent a biologic vulnerability factor for later PTSD development.",,"Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4271,Sexual assault-characteristics effects on PTSD and psychosocial mediators: a cluster-analysis approach to sexual assault types,"Using cluster analysis, we investigated the effects of assault characteristics (i.e., level of violence, subjective distress, alcohol consumption, perpetrator identity) on PTSD symptoms, and whether these effects are mediated by postassault social and psychological reactions. A large community sample of women sexual assault survivors completed 2 mail surveys at a 1-year interval. In line with prior research, cluster analyses revealed the existence of 3 general categories of sexual assault, which we described as ""high violence,"" ""alcohol-related,"" and ""moderate sexual severity."" Alcohol-related assaults resulted in fewer PTSD symptoms than high-violence assaults at Time 1, but not at Time 2. Alcohol-related and violent assaults resulted in more PTSD symptoms than moderate-severity assaults at both times. The effect of assault-characteristics clusters on Time 2 PTSD was mediated by Time 1 self-blame and turning against social reactions. The importance of considering effects of violence and alcohol consumption during the assault to better understand postassault PTSD, including implications for theory and practice, are discussed.",,"Peter-Hagene, L. C., Ullman, S. E.",2015.0,Mar,10.1037/a0037304,0,0,
4272,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, drug abuse and migraine: New findings from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)","Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be associated with migraine and drug abuse. Methods: This was an analysis of data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) to evaluate the association of PTSD in those with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic daily headache (CDH). Results: Our sample consisted of 5,692 participants. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of PTSD were increased in those with EM and CDH. After adjustments, the lifetime odds ratio (OR) of PTSD was greater in those with EM (OR 3.07 confidence interval [CI]: 2.12, 4.46) compared to those without headache; was greater in men than women with EM (men: OR 6.86; CI: 3.11, 15.11; women: OR 2.77; CI: 1.83, 4.21); and was comparable or greater than the association between migraine with depression or anxiety. The lifetime OR of PTSD was also increased in CDH sufferers. The OR of illicit drug abuse was not increased in those with EM or CDH unless co-occurring with PTSD or depression. Conclusion: The lifetime and 12-month OR of PTSD is increased in those with migraine or CDH, and is greater in men than women with migraine. The lifetime and 12-month OR of illicit drug abuse is not increased in those with migraine or CDH unless co-occurring with PTSD or depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Migraine Headache, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Peterlin, B. Lee, Rosso, Andrea L., Sheftell, Fred D., Libon, David J., Mossey, Jana M., Merikangas, Kathleen R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4273,Post-traumatic stress disorder in episodic and chronic migraine,"Objective: To assess and contrast the relative frequency of self-reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with episodic migraine and chronic/ transformed migraine. Background: Several risk factors have been identified as risk factors for chronification of headache disorders. Childhood abuse has been suggested as a risk factor for chronic pain in adulthood. In addition depression, as well as several other psychiatric disorders, are co-morbid with migraine. Recent data suggest that PTSD may be more common in headache sufferers than in the general population. Methods: This was a prospective, pilot study conducted at a headache center. Adult subjects with episodic, chronic, or transformed migraine were included. Demographic information, depression history, body mass index (BMI), and headache characteristics were obtained. PTSD was assessed using the life events checklist (LEC) and the PTSD checklist, civilian version (PCL-C). We contrasted the data from episodic migraineurs and chronic/transformed migraine participants (CM) and conducted multivariate analyses, adjusting for covariates. Results: Of the 60 participants included, 91.7% were female with a mean age of 41.4 +/- 12.5 years old. EM was diagnosed in 53.3% and CM in 46.7%. The mean BMI was not significantly different between groups. In contrast, the relative frequency of depression was significantly greater in subjects with CM (55.2%) than EM (21.9%, P = .016). There was no significant difference in the percentage of participants reporting at least 1 significant traumatic life event (LE) or in the mean number of traumatic LEs between EM and CM participants. However, the relative frequency of PTSD reported on the PCL in CM (42.9%) was significantly greater as compared to EM (9.4%, P = .0059. After adjusting for depression and other potential confounders, the difference remained significant P = .023). Conclusion: PTSD is more common in CM than in episodic migraineurs. This suggests that PTSD may be a risk factor for headache chronification, pending longitudinal studies to test this hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Chronicity (Disorders), *Disease Course, *Migraine Headache, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Chronic Pain, Risk Factors","Peterlin, B. Lee, Tietjen, Gretchen, Meng, Sarah, Lidicker, Jeffrey, Bigal, Marcelo",2008.0,,,0,0,
4274,D-Cycloserine administered directly to infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex enhances extinction memory in sucrose-seeking animals,"d-Cycloserine (DCS), a co-agonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, has proven to be an effective adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapies that utilize extinction. This pharmacological-based enhancement of extinction memory has been primarily demonstrated in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by pathological fear (e.g. posttraumatic stress disorder and various phobias). More recently, there has been an interest in applying such a strategy in the disorders of appetitive learning (e.g. substance abuse and other addictions), but these studies have generated mixed results. Here we first examined whether extinction memory encoding in a sucrose self-administration model is dependent on NMDA receptors. The NMDA antagonist (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (5. mg/kg, i.p.) administered 2. h prior to the first extinction training session effectively inhibited extinction memory recall 24. h later, without affecting the expression of the conditioned sucrose-seeking response while the drug was on board. This profile of effects suggests a specific effect on extinction memory consolidation. Next, we sought to enhance extinction memory using the co-agonist DCS (10. μg/side) by infusion directly into infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex, a brain site implicated in extinction memory recall in conditioned fear models. Indeed, infusion of DCS immediately after the first extinction training session effectively enhanced extinction memory recall 24. h later. Collectively, these data suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms and the neurocircuitry mediating extinction memory are similar regardless of the valence (aversive or appetitive) of the conditioned behavior, and that similar pharmacological strategies for treatment may be applied to neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to inhibit pathological emotional memories. © 2012 IBRO.","CPP, D-cycloserine, DCS, Extinction memory, NMDA, NMDA receptors, Sucrose self-administration","Peters, J., De Vries, T. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4275,The Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Construct validity and factor analytic structure,,,"Peterson, R. A., Heilbronner, R. L.",1987.0,1987,,0,0,
4276,General growth mixture analysis with antecedents and consequences of change,,,"Petras, H., Masyn, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4277,Olanzapine treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: An open-label study,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and increasingly diagnosed mental illness. Recent pharmacotherapeutic research on treatments for this condition has focused on antidepressant drugs with serotonergic actions. However, the presence of intrusive, psychotic-like symptoms in a substantial portion of PTSD patients raises the possibility that antipsychotics with serotonergic properties might also prove useful in treating PTSD. We conducted an open-label 8-week study of olanzapine treatment in veterans with combat-induced PTSD. Primary outcome measures in this study were the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Clinical Global Impressions Improvement scale. Secondary outcome measures included the Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HRSD) and Anxiety (HRSA). Forty-eight patients enrolled in the study, and 30 completed the 8-week trial. Results of intent-to-treat and completer analyses demonstrated that all outcome measures improved significantly during treatment. Secondary analyses indicate that improvement in the intrusive symptom cluster of the CAPS was independent of improvement on the HRSD and HRSA. In conclusion, the study indicates that olanzapine treatment is useful in alleviating the Symptoms of combat-induced PTSD. (copyright) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","antidepressant agent, olanzapine, adult, army, article, clinical article, clinical trial, constipation, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug tolerability, headache, human, insomnia, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, serotoninergic system, tremor, vertigo, visual impairment, weight gain, xerostomia","Petty, F., Brannan, S., Casada, J., Davis, L. L., Gajewski, V., Kramer, G. L., Stone, R. C., Teten, A. L., Worchel, J., Young, K. A.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4278,Stress in children exposed to violence: Reenactment and rage,Violence is a major public health problem that increasingly involves children and adolescents as both victims and witnesses. Exposure to violence is now implicated in the development of stress conditions. This article uses Terr's typology to describe responses to various kinds of violence and suggests that the posttraumatic stress model adds a unique dimension to our understanding of the effects of violence on children and adolescents.,,"Pfefferbaum, B., Allen, J. R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4279,Children's disaster reactions: the influence of exposure and personal characteristics,"This paper reviews children's reactions to disasters and the personal and situational factors that influence their reactions. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress reactions are the most commonly studied outcomes, though other conditions also occur including anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and substance use. More recently, traumatic grief and posttraumatic growth have been explored. New research has delineated trajectories of children's posttraumatic stress reactions and offered insight into the long-term consequences of their disaster experiences. Risk factors for adverse outcomes include pre-disaster vulnerabilities, perception of threat, and loss and life disruptions post-disaster. Areas in need of additional research include studies on the timing and course of depression and anxiety post-event and their interactions with other disorders, disaster-related functional and cognitive impairment, positive outcomes, and coping.",,"Pfefferbaum, B., Jacobs, A. K., Griffin, N., Houston, J. B.",2015.0,Jul,10.1007/s11920-015-0598-5,0,0,
4280,Children’s Disaster Reactions: the Influence of Family and Social Factors,"This review examines family (demographics, parent reactions and interactions, and parenting style) and social (remote effects, disaster media coverage, exposure to secondary adversities, and social support) factors that influence children’s disaster reactions. Lower family socioeconomic status, high parental stress, poor parental coping, contact with media coverage, and exposure to secondary adversities have been associated with adverse outcomes. Social support may provide protection to children in the post-disaster environment though more research is needed to clarify the effects of certain forms of social support. The interaction of the factors described in this review with culture needs further exploration. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Adolescents, Children, Disaster, Exposure, Family, Media, Mental health, Natural disaster, Parent, Parenting, Posttraumatic stress, Social support, Terrorism, Trauma","Pfefferbaum, B., Jacobs, A. K., Houston, J. B., Griffin, N.",2015.0,,10.1007/s11920-015-0597-6,0,0,
4281,"Reactions of Oklahoma City bombing survivors to media coverage of the September 11, 2001, attacks","Objective This study explored the effects of media coverage of a terrorist incident in individuals remote from the location of a major attack who had directly experienced a prior terrorist incident. Method Directly-exposed survivors of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, initially studied six months after the incident, and indirectly-affected Oklahoma City community residents were assessed two to seven months after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Survivors were assessed for a diagnosis of bombing-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at index and follow up, and emotional reactions and September 11 media behavior were assessed in all participants. Results Among the three investigated forms of media (television, radio, and newspaper), only television viewing was associated with 9/11-related posttraumatic stress reactions. Exposure to the Oklahoma City bombing was associated with greater arousal in relation to the September 11 attacks, and among survivors, having developed bombing-related PTSD was associated with higher scores on all three September 11 posttraumatic stress response clusters (intrusion, avoidance, and arousal). Although time spent watching television coverage of the September 11 attacks and fear-related discontinuation of media contact were not associated with Oklahoma City bombing exposure, discontinuing September 11 media contact due to fear was associated with avoidance/numbing in the full sample and in the analysis restricted to the bombing survivors. Conclusion Surviving a prior terrorist incident and developing PTSD in relation to that incident may predispose individuals to adverse reactions to media coverage of a future terrorist attack. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Pfefferbaum, B., Nitiéma, P., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Houston, J. B., Tucker, P., Jeon-Slaughter, H., North, C. S.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.09.010,0,0,
4282,Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident,"This study examined the influence of bomb-related television viewing in the context of physical and emotional exposure on posttraumatic stress symptoms - intrusion, avoidance, and arousal - in middle school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Over 2,000 middle school students in Oklahoma City were surveyed 7 weeks after the incident. The primary outcome measures were the total posttraumatic stress symptom score and symptom cluster scores at the time of assessment. Bomb-related television viewing in the aftermath of the disaster was extensive. Both emotional and television exposure were associated with posttraumatic stress at 7 weeks. Among children with no physical or emotional exposure, the degree of television exposure was directly related to posttraumatic stress symptomatology. These findings suggest that television viewing in the aftermath of a disaster may make a small contribution to subsequent posttraumatic stress symptomatology in children or that increased television viewing may be a sign of current distress and that it should be monitored. Future research should examine further whether early symptoms predict increased television viewing and/or whether television viewing predicts subsequent symptoms.","arousal, article, avoidance behavior, child, disaster, emotional stress, exposure, high school, human, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, symptomatology, television, United States","Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Tivis, R. D., Doughty, D. E., Pynoos, R. S., Gurwitch, R. H., Foy, D. W.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4283,Children's Coping in the Context of Disasters and Terrorism,"Disasters and terrorism present significant and often overwhelming challenges for children and families worldwide. Individual, family, and social factors influence disaster reactions and the diverse ways in which children cope. This article links conceptualizations of stress and coping to empirical knowledge of children's disaster reactions, identifies limitations in our current understanding, and suggests areas for future study of disaster coping. Coping strategies, developmental trajectories influencing coping, and the interplay between parent and child coping represent critical areas for advancing the field and for informing programs and services that benefit children's preparedness and foster resilience in the face of mass trauma. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","child development, coping, disasters, resilience, stress, terrorism","Pfefferbaum, B., Noffsinger, M. A., Wind, L. H., Allen, J. R.",2014.0,,10.1080/15325024.2013.791797,0,0,
4284,Three Years After Black Saturday: Long-Term Psychosocial Adjustment of Burns Patients As a Result of a Major Bushfire,"Despite increasing evidence that burn injuries can result in multiple psychological sequelae, little is known about the long-term psychosocial adjustment to burns sustained in a major bushfire. The aim of the present study was to assess long-term psychological distress and health-related quality of life in Australian burns patients as a result of the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires. Eight male and five female burns patients with a mean age of 53.92 (SD = 11.82) years who received treatment at a statewide burns service participated in the study. A battery of standardized questionnaires was administered to assess general psychological distress, burns-specific and generic health-related quality of life, alcohol use, and specific psychological symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. The results revealed that more than 3 years after Black Saturday 33% of the burns patients still suffered “high” to “very high” levels of general distress, whereas 58% fulfilled partial or full criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, participants still experienced significantly impaired physical health functioning as compared to their preinjury status including limitations in work-based activities, increased bodily pain, and lower vitality overall. The trajectory of distress varied for participants. Some individuals experienced little distress overall, whereas others displayed a decline in their stress levels over time. Notwithstanding, some patients maintained high levels of distress throughout or experienced an increase in distress at a later stage of recovery. The results point to the importance of psychosocial screening to identify distress early. Follow-up assessments are crucial to diagnose individuals with chronic or late onset of distress.",,"Pfitzer, B., Katona, L. J., Lee, S. J., O’Donnell, M., Cleland, H., Wasiak, J., Ellen, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4285,"Returning home: Forced conscription, reintegration, and mental health status of former abductees of the Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda","Background: Since the late 1980s, the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a spiritualist rebel group in northern Uganda, has killed and mutilated thousands of civilians and abducted an estimated 52,000 to 75,000 people to serve as soldiers, porters, and sex slaves for its commanders. This study examines the types of violence to which former abductees have been exposed and the extent to which these acts have affected their psychological well-being. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 2,875 individuals selected through a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design conducted in 8 districts of northern Uganda. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed with symptoms for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression as the main outcome measures. Results: One-third of the respondents (33%) self-reported having experienced abduction (49% among the Acholi, the largest tribal group in northern Uganda). Over half (56%) of all the respondents and over two-thirds of those who experienced abduction met the criteria for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multivariate analysis shows that several factors increased the risk of former LRA abductees developing symptoms of PTSD. These factors included gender (females were more susceptible than males), being a member of the Acholi ethnic group, participating in or witnessing a cumulative number of traumatic events, and encountering difficulties re-integrating into communities after abduction. Factors associated with increased risk of meeting criteria for symptoms of depression included older age of males at the time of abduction, lower score on social relationship scale, high incidence of general traumatic event exposure, high incidence of forced acts of violence, and problems reintegrating into communities after abduction. Conclusion: Abduction and forced conscription of civilians has affected the psychological well-being of a significant number of northern Ugandans. The sources of psychological trauma are multiple, ranging from witnessing to being forced to commit violent acts, and compounded by prolonged exposure to violence, often for months or years. Community-based mental health care services and reintegration programs are needed to facilitate the reintegration of former abductees back into their communities. (copyright) 2009 Pham et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","adult, article, community reintegration, crime, depression, ethnic group, female, home, human, kidnapping, major clinical study, male, mental health, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological well being, sex difference, social interaction, Uganda, violence","Pham, P. N., Vinck, P., Stover, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4286,"Human rights, transitional justice, public health and social reconstruction","Mass violence, armed conflict, genocide, and complex humanitarian emergencies continue to create major social and public health disasters at the dawn of the 21st Century. Transitional justice, a set of policies designed to address the effects of war on traumatized communities and bring justice, lies at the nexus of public health, conflict, and social reconstruction. Despite the paucity of empirical evidence, advocates of transitional justice have claimed that it can alleviate the effects of trauma, deter future violence, and bring about social reconstruction in war-affected communities. Empirical evidence - including new data and analyses presented in this article - suggests a link between trauma, mental health and attitudes towards and responses to transitional justice programs, but there has been little theoretical discussion about the intersection between public health and transitional justice, and even less empirical research to generate discussion between these two fields. Yet, public health professionals have an important role to play in assessing the impact of transitional justice on communities affected by mass violence. In this paper, we offer a conceptual model for future research that seeks to examine the relationship between transitional justice programs and their potential value to the fields of medicine and public health and discuss the methodological issues and challenges to a comprehensive evaluation of this relationship. To illustrate the discussion, we examine new data and analyses from two cases of contemporary conflicts, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and northern Uganda. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Complex emergency, Democratic Republic of Congo, Human rights, Social reconstruction, Transitional justice, Trauma, Uganda, War","Pham, P. N., Vinck, P., Weinstein, H. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4287,Trauma and PTSD symptoms in Rwanda: Implications for attitudes toward justice and reconciliation,"Context: The 1994 genocide in Rwanda led to the loss of at least 10% of the country's 7.7 million inhabitants, the destruction of much of the country's infrastructure, and the displacement of nearly 4 million people. In seeking to rebuild societies such as Rwanda, it is important to understand how traumatic experience may shape the ability of individuals and groups to respond to judicial and other reconciliation initiatives. Objectives: To assess the level of trauma exposure and the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and their predictors among Rwandans and to determine how trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms are associated with Rwandans' attitudes toward justice and reconciliation. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multistage, stratified cluster random survey of 2091 eligible adults in selected households in 4 communes in Rwanda in February 2002. Main Outcome Measures: Rates of exposure to trauma and symptom criteria for PTSD using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version; attitudes toward judicial responses (Rwandan national and gacaca local trials and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda [ICTR]) and reconciliation (belief in community, nonviolence, social justice, and interdependence with other ethnic groups). Results: Of 2074 respondents with data on exposure to trauma, 1563 (75.4%) were forced to flee their homes, 1526 (73.0%) had a close member of their family killed, and 1472 (70.9%) had property destroyed or lost. Among the 2091 total participants, 518 (24.8%) met symptom criteria for PTSD. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of meeting PTSD symptom criteria for each additional traumatic event was 1.43 (95% CI, 1.33-1.55). More respondents supported the local judicial responses (90.8% supported gacaca trials and 67.8% the Rwanda national trials) than the ICTR (42,1% in support). Respondents who met PTSD symptom criteria were less likely to have positive attitudes toward the Rwandan national trials (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.98), belief in community (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.97), and interdependence with other ethnic groups (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.90). Respondents with exposure to multiple trauma events were more likely to have positive attitudes toward the ICTR (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17) and less likely to support the Rwandan national trials (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96), the local gacaca trials (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72-0.89), and 3 factors of openness to reconciliation: belief in nonviolence (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97), belief in community (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.98), and interdependence with other ethnic groups (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81-0.92). Other variables that were associated with attitudes toward judicial processes and openness to reconciliation were educational level, ethnicity, perception of change in poverty level and access to security compared with 1994, and ethnic distance. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that traumatic exposure, PTSD symptoms, and other factors are associated with attitudes toward justice and reconciliation. Societal interventions following mass violence should consider the effects of trauma if reconciliation is to be realized.","adult, aged, article, attitude, community, education, ethnic group, experience, female, genocide, human, human rights, justice, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, poverty, prevalence, priority journal, Rwanda, symptomatology, violence","Pham, P. N., Weinstein, H. M., Longman, T.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4288,Enhanced cortisol suppression following administration of low-dose dexamethasone in first-episode psychosis patients,"Objective: Impaired regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hyper-activity of this system have been described in patients with psychosis. Conversely, some psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are characterised by HPA hypo-activity, which could be related to prior exposure to trauma. This study examined the cortisol response to the administration of low-dose dexamethasone in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and its relationship to childhood trauma. Method: The low-dose (0.25 mg) Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) was performed in 21 neuroleptic-naïve or minimally treated FEP patients and 20 healthy control participants. Childhood traumatic events were assessed in all participants using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and psychiatric symptoms were assessed in patients using standard rating scales. Results: FEP patients reported significantly higher rates of childhood trauma compared to controls (p = 0.001) and exhibited lower basal (a.m.) cortisol (p = 0.04) and an increased rate of cortisol hyper-suppression following dexamethasone administration compared to controls (33% (7/21) vs 5% (1/20), respectively; p = 0.04). There were no significant group differences in mean cortisol decline or percent cortisol suppression following the 0.25 mg DST. This study shows for the first time that a subset of patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis display enhanced cortisol suppression. Conclusions: These findings suggest there may be distinct profiles of HPA axis dysfunction in psychosis which should be further explored. © 2012 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","Childhood trauma, Cortisol, Dexamethasone suppression test, First-episode psychosis","Phassouliotis, C., Garner, B. A., Phillips, L. J., Bendall, S., Yun, Y., Markulev, C., Kerr, M., McGorry, P. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4289,Treating post-traumatic stress disorder-related dreams: What are the options?,"Trauma-related dreams are a highly prevalent and distressing symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They are classified as one of the intrusive or reexperiencing symptoms along with daytime memory intrusions, dissociative flashbacks and distress, when confronted by reminders. International treatment guidelines consistently recommend trauma focused cognitive behavior therapy as the first line treatment for PTSD, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the preferred pharmacological treatment. On the basis of evidence to date, the recommended first-line psychological treatment for posttraumatic dreams of PTSD is imagery rehearsal therapy, and the recommended first line pharmacological treatment is prazosin. This article further discusses the therapeutic options for the treatment of PTSD related dreams. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Dream Content, *Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors","Phelps, Andrea, Forbes, David",2012.0,,,0,0,
4290,Pain symptomatology and pain medication use in civilian PTSD,"The comorbidity of pain syndromes and trauma-related syndromes has been shown to be high. However, there have been limited data, especially in civilian medical populations, on the role of trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on chronic pain and pain medication use. We analyzed 647 general hospital patients in primary care and obstetrics and gynecological waiting rooms for the experience of trauma and PTSD-related stress disorders. PTSD symptoms were found to be significantly positively correlated with pain ratings (r =.282, P &lt; 0.001) and pain-related functional impairment (r = 0.303, P &lt; 0.001). Those with a current PTSD diagnosis had significantly higher subjective pain and pain-related impairment ratings than those with no PTSD. Furthermore, those with a current diagnosis of PTSD were significantly more likely to have used opioid analgesics for pain control compared to those without a diagnosis of PTSD (χ2 = 8.98, P = 0.011). When analyzing the separate PTSD symptom subclusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal), all symptom clusters were significantly related to pain and pain-related impairment ratings, but only the avoidance cluster was significantly related to prior opioid pain medication use. We conclude that PTSD and trauma-related disorders are common in impoverished medical populations and that their presence should be examined in patients with pain syndromes. Furthermore, these data suggest that PTSD and pain may share a vulnerability pathway, including the endogenous opioid neurotransmission systems. © 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Analgesics, Chronic pain, Comorbidity, Opioid analgesic, Pain, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD","Phifer, J., Skelton, K., Weiss, T., Schwartz, A. C., Wingo, A., Gillespie, C. F., Sands, L. A., Sayyar, S., Bradley, B., Jovanovic, T., Ressler, K. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4291,"Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster: Nature, timing, duration, and course","Using a prospective design with five follow-up intervals, the study addressed questions regarding the timing of onset, duration, course, and nature of psychological reactions to natural disaster. As participants in a statewide panel study, more than 200 older adults were interviewed both before and after two distinct floods occurred in southeastern Kentucky in 1981 and 1984. Exposure to these incidents, which differed in overall intensity, was assessed at both the individual and community levels. Personal loss was associated with short-term increases in negative affect, limited to one year postflood. Longer-term effects were more dependent on the level of community destruction. Exposure to high levels of community destruction was related to decreased positive affect up to two years postdisaster, whereas exposure to high levels of both community destruction and personal loss was predictive of increased negative affect for two years.",,"Phifer, J. F., Norris, F. H.",1989.0,,,0,0,
4292,Acute inescapable stress exposure induces long-term sleep disturbances and avoidance behavior: A mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD),"The experience of traumatic stress often leads to long-lasting alteration in sleep quality and behavior. The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the short- and long-term effects of acute inescapable stress (i.e. two electric foot-shocks of 1.5 mA; 2 s) on sleep/wakefulness parameters and behavior in Swiss mice using electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis. Baseline EEG recording was performed in the home cage for 6h prior to the application of the foot-shocks in the presence of an object (i.e. a plastic prism). One, 7, 14 or 21 days later, a second 6 h EEG recording session was performed after mice had been exposed or not to the same object for 5min in their home cage. Results showed that at day 1, 7, 14 and 21 post-stress, shocked mice displayed sleep fragmentation as shown by an increase in the number of sleep episodes, regardless the presence of the object or not. In animals exposed to the object, the total duration of wakefulness over 6h was significantly increased at days 7, 14 and 21 post-stress, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly decreased at day 14 post-shock. Moreover, in the behavioral experiment, conditioned avoidance to a shock-paired object, which appeared as soon as 24 h after shock application, turned into generalized avoidance towards an unknown object 21 days after stress. These findings demonstrate that an acute inescapable stress exposure may cause long-lasting alterations in sleep patterns and behavior. Such modifications may be reminiscent of the profound changes observed in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Avoidance, *Insomnia, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Mice","Philbert, J., Pichat, P., Beeske, S., Decobert, M., Belzung, C., Griebel, G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4293,Regional homogeneity and resting state functional connectivity: Associations with exposure to early life stress,"Early life stress (ELS) confers risk for psychiatric illness. Previous literature suggests ELS is associated with decreased resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) in adulthood, but there are no studies of resting-state neuronal activity in this population. This study investigated whether ELS-exposed individuals demonstrate resting-state activity patterns similar to those found in PTSD. Twenty-seven adults (14 with at least moderate ELS), who were medication-free and without psychiatric or medical illness, underwent MRI scans during two 4-minute rest periods. Resting-state activity was examined using regional homogeneity (ReHo), which estimates regional activation patterns through indices of localized concordance. ReHo values were compared between groups, followed by rs-FC analyses utilizing ReHo-localized areas as seeds to identify other involved regions. Relative to controls, ELS subjects demonstrated diminished ReHo in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and superior temporal gyrus (STG). ReHo values were inversely correlated with ELS severity. Secondary analyses revealed decreased rs-FC between the IPL and right precuneus/posterior cingulate, left fusiform gyrus, cerebellum and caudate in ELS subjects. These findings indicate that ELS is associated with altered resting-state activity and connectivity in brain regions involved in trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether these associations represent potential imaging biomarkers of stress exposure. © 2013.","Inferior parietal lobule, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Resting state activity, Superior temporal gyrus","Philip, N. S., Kuras, Y. I., Valentine, T. R., Sweet, L. H., Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., Carpenter, L. L.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.013,0,0,
4294,"Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001-05: an epidemiological survey","Background: In China and other middle-income countries, neuropsychiatric conditions are the most important cause of ill health in men and women, but efforts to scale up mental health services have been hampered by the absence of high-quality, country-specific data for the prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of different types of mental disorders. We therefore estimated these variables from a series of epidemiological studies that were done in four provinces in China. Methods: We used multistage stratified random sampling methods to identify 96 urban and 267 rural primary sampling sites in four provinces of China; the sampling frame of 113 million individuals aged 18 years or older included 12% of the adult population in China. 63 004 individuals, identified with simple random selection methods at the sampling sites, were screened with an expanded version of the General Health Questionnaire and 16 577 were administered a Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV axis I disorders by a psychiatrist. Findings: The adjusted 1-month prevalence of any mental disorder was 17·5% (95% CI 16·6-18·5). The prevalence of mood disorders was 6·1% (5·7-6·6), anxiety disorders was 5·6% (5·0-6·3), substance abuse disorders was 5·9% (5·3-6·5), and psychotic disorders was 1·0% (0·8-1·1). Mood disorders and anxiety disorders were more prevalent in women than in men, and in individuals 40 years and older than in those younger than 40 years. Alcohol use disorders were 48 times more prevalent in men than in women. Rural residents were more likely to have depressive disorders and alcohol dependence than were urban residents. Among individuals with a diagnosable mental illness, 24% were moderately or severely disabled by their illness, 8% had ever sought professional help, and 5% had ever seen a mental health professional. Interpretation: Substantial differences between our results and prevalence, disability, and treatment rate estimates used in the analysis of global burden of disease for China draw attention to the need for low-income and middle-income countries to do detailed, country-specific situation analyses before they scale up mental health services. Funding: China Medical Board of New York, WHO, and Shandong Provincial Bureau of Health. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",,"Phillips, M. R., Zhang, J., Shi, Q., Song, Z., Ding, Z., Pang, S., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4295,Using therapeutic writing to deconstruct recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Exposure to physical and psychological trauma has produced a post-millennial epoch of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating anxiety disorder that occurs after exposure to an extreme stressor or prolonged victimization. After an extensive review of treatment protocols in 2008, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) exhorted clinicians to focus on defining the concept of recovery, concentrating on symptom reduction, removal of the PTSD diagnosis, and end-state function. Although the IOM report mobilized large-scale efforts to quantify treatments and standardize delivery of treatment protocols, PTSD recovery remains a concept that has been largely unexplored. The primary aim of this study was to answer the following question: What is the basic psychosocial process that men and women undergo in recovering from PTSD? The study also fulfilled some secondary aims: (a) identifying which, if any, elements of traditional therapy contributed to recovery and (b) establishing a realistic timeline for recovery. Charmaz's method of narrative analysis and grounded theory construction was used to generate the PTSD Recovery Model. The model was nonlinear and included six universal stages that occurred during PTSD recovery: Experiencing Trauma, Dominating Diagnosis, Seeking Solace, Surviving Symptoms, Marking Time, and Navigating Recovery. Support for the model came from research participants and experts. Participants (N=41) were predominantly white, female, and had earned college or graduate degrees. Almost half of the participants (47.5%) reported that it required five years or more for them to feel better or attain some degree of recovery after exposure to trauma. Intimate partner violence and child sexual and/or physical abuse were the most commonly reported traumatic events that had caused PTSD. Although participants stated that experienced mental health clinicians were the most helpful persons or treatment in seeking recovery, they also reported that recovery typically involved a combination of traditional and alternative therapies, often used simultaneously. Most participants who reported recovery were actively engaged in seeking beneficial therapies and saw themselves as architects of the healing process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Recovery (Disorders), *Stress, Creative Writing","Phillips, Pamela",2013.0,,,0,0,
4296,Psychosocial predictors of distress in parents of children undergoing stem cell or bone marrow transplantation,,,"Phipps, S., Dunavant, M., Lensing, S., Rai, S. N.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
4297,Adaptive style and symptoms of posttraumaitc stress in children with cancer and their parents,,,"Phipps, S., Larson, S., Long, A., Rai, S. N.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
4298,Parents of children with cancer: At-risk or resilient?,"Objective To examine adjustment in parents of children with cancer using a design that minimizes focusing effects and allows for direct comparison with parents of healthy children. Method Parents of 305 children with cancer and a demographically similar sample of 231 parents of healthy children were evaluated using diagnostic interviews for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and questionnaire measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and psychological growth (PG), as well as measures of global psychological functioning. Results Rates of current and lifetime PTSD in parents of children with cancer were low, and did not differ from comparison parents. Likewise, levels of PTSS were not significantly different from comparison parents, but differed as a function of time since diagnosis, with parents of children who were ≥5 years from diagnosis reporting significantly lower PTSS than comparison parents. PG was higher in parents of children with cancer than in comparison parents regardless of time since diagnosis. Conclusion Parents of children with cancer demonstrate resilience to this challenge. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved.","cancer and oncology, parent stress, posttraumatic stress, resilience","Phipps, S., Long, A., Willard, V. W., Okado, Y., Hudson, M., Huang, Q., Zhang, H., Noll, R.",2014.0,,10.1093/jpepsy/jsv047,0,0,
4299,Combat-training stress mediates metabotypic changes associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and altered intestinal permeability,"Introduction: Physical and psychological stress have been shown to precipitate gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and impair intestinal barrier function. The neuroendocrine and -immune axes, as well as probably modulation of the microbiome, are involved mechanisms, but the molecular basis of stress-induced GI manifestations remains elusive. Global urinary metabolic profiling represents a novel approach for interrogating the multiparametric metabolic fluxes that occur in response to pathophysiologic stimuli such as stress. Here, we characterized the stress-induced metabolic phenotype (metabotype) in soldiers during high-intensity combattraining and correlated the metabotype with changes in GI physiology, particularly the development of GI symptoms and alteration in intestinal permeability. Methods: In a prospective, longitudinal study, urinary metabotyping was conducted on 38 male soldiers (ages 19- 23) during combat training and the subsequent rest period using gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Stress was measured using the perceived stress scale-10 item (PSS-10) questionnaire, while incidence and severity of GI symptoms were assessed using the irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity score (IBS-SSS). Whole gut intestinal permeability was evaluated by quantifying the 24h urinary excretion of sucralose as a percentage of the orally administered 1g dose. Results: PSS-10 stress and IBS-SSS scores were higher during the combat-training period than at rest [p<0.05]. The urinary metabotype was clearly distinct from the rest period [partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) R2X=0.395, R2Y= 0.716, Q2 (cumulative)=0.581], confirming the presence of a unique stress-induced metabotype. Based on PLSDA, differential metabolites related to combat stress were uncovered (e.g. elevated pyroglutamate and fructose; reduced gut microbial metabolites such as hippurate and m-hydroxyphenylacetate) [p<0.05]. The extent of pyroglutamate upregulation exhibited a positive correlation with the increase in IBS-SSS in soldiers during combat-training [r= 0.5, p<0.05]. Additionally, the rise in fructose levels during combat-training was positively correlated with an increase in intestinal permeability [r=0.5, p<0.05]. Conclusion: Protracted and mixed psychological and physical combat-training stress yielded unique metabolic changes that corresponded with the incidence and severity of GI symptoms and alteration in intestinal permeability. Taken together, our data provided new insights into the molecular changes underlying stress-induced GI perturbations which could be exploited for future biomarker research or therapeutic strategies.","pyroglutamic acid, fructose, sucralose, hippuric acid, mandelic acid, biological marker, permeability, gastrointestinal disease, gastrointestinal symptom, soldier, human, laryngeal mask, metabolite, intestine, physiology, microbiome, urinary excretion, irritable colon, partial least squares regression, modulation, questionnaire, phenotype, Perceived Stress Scale, spectrometry, stimulus, gas, discriminant analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, male, longitudinal study, mental stress, upregulation","Phua, L. C., Wilder-Smith, C. H., Tan, Y. M., Gopalakrishnan, T., Wong, R. K., Li, X., Kan, E. M., Lu, J., Keshavarzian, A., Chan, E. C. Y.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4300,Gastrointestinal symptoms and altered intestinal permeability induced by combat training are associated with distinct metabotypic changes,"Physical and psychological stress have been shown to modulate multiple aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, but its molecular basis remains elusive. We therefore characterized the stress-induced metabolic phenotype (metabotype) in soldiers during high-intensity combat training and correlated the metabotype with changes in GI symptoms and permeability. In a prospective, longitudinal study, urinary metabotyping was conducted on 38 male healthy soldiers during combat training and a rest period using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The urinary metabotype during combat training was clearly distinct from the rest period (partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) Q2 = 0.581), confirming the presence of a unique stress-induced metabotype. Differential metabolites related to combat stress were further uncovered, including elevated pyroglutamate and fructose, and reduced gut microbial metabolites, namely, hippurate and m-hydroxyphenylacetate (p < 0.05). The extent of pyroglutamate upregulation exhibited a positive correlation with an increase in IBS-SSS in soldiers during combat training (r = 0.5, p < 0.05). Additionally, the rise in fructose levels was positively correlated with an increase in intestinal permeability (r = 0.6, p < 0.005). In summary, protracted and mixed psychological and physical combat-training stress yielded unique metabolic changes that corresponded with the incidence and severity of GI symptoms and alteration in intestinal permeability. Our study provided novel molecular insights into stress-induced GI perturbations, which could be exploited for future biomarker research or development of therapeutic strategies.","biological marker, fructose, hippuric acid, mandelic acid, pyroglutamic acid, adult, anxiety, article, chemometric analysis, combat training, depression, disease association, gas chromatography, gastrointestinal symptom, human, intestinal permeability, longitudinal study, male, mass spectrometry, membrane permeability, mental stress, metabolic phenotype, metabolite, normal human, phenotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, rest, soldier, training, upregulation, urinalysis, young adult","Phua, L. C., Wilder-Smith, C. H., Tan, Y. M., Gopalakrishnan, T., Wong, R. K., Li, X., Kan, M. E., Lu, J., Keshavarzian, A., Chan, E. C. Y.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4301,Psychological intimate partner violence: The major predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused women,"Intimate partner violence (IPV) significantly impacts women mental and physical wellbeing and therefore represents a worldwide public health problem. A clear association between IPV and increased risk to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been documented. However, few studies examined how different features of IPV (physical, psychological, sexual) interact with other traumatic stress experiences (physical, psychological and sexual childhood abuse and adulthood victimization by other/s than the partner) in determining PTSD. Women abused by the partner (n=75) were compared with non-abused control women (n=52). Information about sociodemographic profile and relevant personal characteristics was obtained through structured interviews. A comprehensive questionnaire was designed for a face-to-face interview in order to obtain detailed information about duration and frequency of the different types of violent acts above mentioned. The incidence and severity of symptoms of current PTSD were assessed with Echeburua's Severity of Symptom Scale of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, a structured interview based on DSM-IV criteria. Women suffering from IPV had a significantly higher rate of PTSD symptomatology as compared to control women, whereas childhood abuse variables did not explain PTSD score variance. In addition, the severity of IPV was significantly and positively correlated with the intensity of PTSD symptoms. Women involved in an abusive relationship were more frequently exposed to other experiences of adulthood victimization, suggesting that their higher PTSD vulnerability could be a result of cumulative traumatic experiences. A relevant result of the correlation analysis was the strong, positive association between PTSD and each different type of IPV. In particular, the psychological component of intimate partner violence was the strongest predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder. This study underlines the importance of separating the effects of the different types of intimate partner abuse when taking into account its effects on women mental health. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, hypnotic agent, tranquilizer, abuse, adult, aged, child abuse, controlled study, correlation analysis, demography, disease severity, female, human, incidence, interview, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, review, sexual abuse, symptomatology, victim","Pico-Alfonso, M. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4302,Personality subgroups in an inpatient Vietnam veteran treatment program,"Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory personality profiles of 250 male inpatient Vietnam veterans were examined to locate subgroups within that population. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis to form relatively homogeneous groups, four clusters were identified which accounted for 98% of the population. Three clusters had Millon profiles suggestive of a stress reaction and one cluster had a profile indicative of an antisocial adjustment. As measured by a PTSD subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory two clusters are high stress groups and two clusters are lower stress groups. The two Millon personality profiles in the high stress category were an 8-2-1/6 group and a 2-8-1-3 group. The lower stress groups had profiles of /8-2 and 6/8-5. The high stress groups are considered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder groups and the lower stress groups are considered nonPosttraumatic Stress Disorder groups.","adult, article, hospitalization, human, male, middle aged, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, statistics, veteran, Viet Nam","Piekarski, A. M., Sherwood, R., Funari, D. J.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4303,Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Significant Others of Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury,"Long-term psychological distress has been reported among significant others of patients who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examined the course and potential predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a relative sample (N = 135) drawn from a national cohort study on severe TBI in Switzerland. Latent growth mixture model analyses revealed two main groups: Across 3, 6, and 12 months after the accident, 63% of the sample indicated fairly low symptom severity (""resilient"" course), whereas 37% showed persistence of ""higher distress"" as indicated by elevated scores on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Group membership was significantly associated with self-reported dysfunctional disclosure style. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","PTSD, significant others, symptom trajectories, traumatic brain injury","Pielmaier, L., Milek, A., Nussbeck, F. W., Walder, B., Maercker, A.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4304,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in relatives in the first weeks after severe traumatic brain injury,"INTRODUCTION: Severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) can cause psychological stress in proxies in the long-term. This study assessed post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in proxies of survivors of STBI in the short-term and investigated stress-associated factors. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study, conducted at three Swiss trauma centres over 1 year. Patient and proxy demographics, trauma data including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and management data were collected. The proxies' PTS symptoms were assessed by applying the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), once in the first month after the accident (median: 11 days). RESULTS: Sixty-nine proxies were included; 52 proxies were female (77.8%). Mean IES-R sum score for intrusions was 13.38 (SD=7.26), for avoidance 8.91 (SD=5.94), and for hyperarousal 9.07 (SD=6.75). Clinically significant PTS symptoms were observed in 36 proxies (52.2%); mean IES-R sum scores were significantly higher in women. IES-R sub-scale values were inversely related with GCS at the scene of the accident and on hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of proxies had clinically significant PTS symptoms shortly after their relative's accident. More severe PTS symptoms were found in women and in proxies of patients with poorer initial GCS scores. Further research into risk groups in the short- and long-term and the long-term impact on patients of PTS syndrome in proxies is warranted.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Brain Injuries/*psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cluster Analysis, Family/*psychology, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Proxy/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*psychology, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Trauma Severity Indices, Young Adult","Pielmaier, L., Walder, B., Rebetez, M. M., Maercker, A.",2011.0,,10.3109/02699052.2010.542429,0,1,
4305,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in relatives in the first weeks after severe traumatic brain injury,"Introduction: Severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) can cause psychological stress in proxies in the long-term. This study assessed post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in proxies of survivors of STBI in the short-term and investigated stress-associated factors. Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study, conducted at three Swiss trauma centres over 1 year. Patient and proxy demographics, trauma data including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and management data were collected. The proxies' PTS symptoms were assessed by applying the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), once in the first month after the accident (median: 11 days). Results: Sixty-nine proxies were included; 52 proxies were female (77.8%). Mean IES-R sum score for intrusions was 13.38 (SD=7.26), for avoidance 8.91 (SD=5.94), and for hyperarousal 9.07 (SD=6.75). Clinically significant PTS symptoms were observed in 36 proxies (52.2%); mean IES-R sum scores were significantly higher in women. IES-R sub-scale values were inversely related with GCS at the scene of the accident and on hospital admission. Conclusions: More than half of proxies had clinically significant PTS symptoms shortly after their relative's accident. More severe PTS symptoms were found in women and in proxies of patients with poorer initial GCS scores. Further research into risk groups in the short-and long-term and the long-term impact on patients of PTS syndrome in proxies is warranted. © 2011 Informa UK Ltd. All rights reserved.","distress, family, Head injury, trauma","Pielmaier, L., Walder, B., Rebetez, M. M. L., Maercker, A.",2011.0,,,0,1,4304
4306,"Masculinity and avoidance of help-seeking after job-related trauma (police, firefighters, rescue teams)","Persons in the predominately male domains of high-risk occupational groups (police, fire department, rescue teams, prison guards) often show difficulties in accepting psychological help after traumatization. The paper presents case reports and conceptual discussion of the relationship between masculinity and treatment motivation. Clinical experiences on male-specific complications of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a high risk profile of male work-related trauma victims ('alphaman') are discussed. Theoretical discussion furthermore includes social cognitive theories of masculinity and of development of PTSD. The paper concludes with suggestions for interventions relevant to the outlined problems.","cognitive therapy, high risk population, human, injury, male, masculinity, patient attitude, posttraumatic stress disorder, review","Pieper, G., Maercker, A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4307,Physical and emotional health of Gulf War veteran women,"Background: Numerous questions have been raised about the health consequences to veterans of the Gulf War but most particularly to issues concerning women, who were deployed in unprecedented numbers. Little is known about the health consequences to women of wartime stressors, in general, or the environmental and job related exposures specific to the theater of the Gulf War. Methods: A stratified sample of 525 women participated in the study following the war and again in a follow-up study 2 yr later. The sampling frame was stratified on component of the U.S. Air Force (active, guard or reserve), deployment (in the theater or elsewhere), and parental status (parent or nonparent). Measures included items concerning general physical health, gender-specific health, the 'Gulf War Syndrome,' and the emotional responses to war, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results: Multiple statistical analyses were used to describe women's physical and emotional health at two time points following the war. Women deployed to the theater reported significantly more general as well as gender specific health problems than did women deployed elsewhere. A cluster of common health problems included: skin rash, cough, depression, unintentional weight loss, insomnia, and memory problems. Women serving in the theater also reported a significant increase in several gender-specific problems compared to women deployed elsewhere. Conclusions: Findings suggest the need for follow-up of a cluster of specific health effects, including those concerning gynecologic and reproductive health.","adult, air force, amnesia, article, breast cyst, coughing, depression, female, female worker, genital herpes, headache, health survey, human, insomnia, lung cyst, major clinical study, military medicine, occupational disease, Papanicolaou test, Persian Gulf syndrome, psychologic assessment, rash, sex difference","Pierce, P. F.",1997.0,,,0,0,
4308,Should psychiatrists use atypical antipsychotics to treat nonpsychotic anxiety?,"There is neurobiologically based, theoretical support for the use of antipsychotic medications in the treatment of anxiety, and two first-generation neuroleptics are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of nonpsychotic anxiety. However, neuroleptics are associated with a large side effect burden, which has limited their utility in the treatment of nonpsychotic disorders. Because of their somewhat improved safety profile, atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used for the treatment of nonpsychotic anxiety. The published literature describing the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in randomized, controlled trials involving patients with anxiety disorders is briefly reviewed, and the safety of atypical antipsychotics in nonpsychotic disorders is discussed. There is moderately strong controlled evidence supporting the use of some atypical antipsychotics, either as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy, in the treatment of nonpsychotic anxiety; however, the side effect of burden of some atypical antipsychotic probably outweights their benefits for most patients with anxiey disorders. The evidence to date does not warrant the use of atypical antipsychotics as first-line monotherapy or as first- or second-line adjunctive therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Rigorous, independently funded, long-term studies are needed to support the off-label use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, some patients with highly refractory anxiety disorders may benefit from the judicious and carefully monitored use of adjunctive atypical antipsychotics. A careful risk-benefit assessment must be undertaken by the physician, on a case-by-case basis, with appropriate informed consent.","4 aminobutyric acid, amitriptyline plus perphenazine, aripiprazole, atypical antipsychotic agent, dopamine 2 receptor, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, trifluoperazine, akathisia, anxiety disorder, article, clinical trial, depression, DNA polymorphism, drug approval, drug efficacy, drug labeling, drug safety, extrapyramidal symptom, food and drug administration, gene function, heart arrhythmia, human, long term care, metabolic syndrome X, nonhuman, nonpsychotic anxiety, off label drug use, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, side effect, social phobia, sudden death, tardive dyskinesia, tranquilizing activity, weight gain","Pies, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4309,Risk and resilience factors in post-traumatic stress disorder when working in the Municipal Police Force,"There are various sources of stress in the work performed by the Police Force, these include critical service events which subject the police officer to the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder. This research aims to investigate which critical events are most related to the development of traumatic stress and to identify some risk and resilience factors. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 509 Municipal Police Officers of Florence that contained measures of critical self-esteem events, social support, peritraumatic distress, perceived personal threat and traumatic stress. The results demonstrated that the critical events which were most related to traumatic stress concerned performing mandatory medical treatment and the assessment of road accidents. The risk factors for the police officers were found to be peritraumatic distress, cumulative exposure to critical service events and perceived personal threat. Social support, understood as the ability to talk about personal problems is found to be a resilience factor, whereas, this is not the case as regards the perceived legitimacy of openly expressing personal emotions. Lastly, the multiple mediation analysis showed that the impact of self-esteem in traumatic stress is mediated by greater social support and by reduced perceived personal threat and peritraumatic distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Risk Factors","Pietrantoni, Luca, Prati, Gabriele, Lori, Graziano",2009.0,,,0,0,
4310,Psychological resilience in older U.S. veterans: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study,"Background Although a large body of empirical research has examined negative psychological outcomes in older veterans, relatively little is known about the prevalence and determinants of psychological resilience in this population. Methods A nationally representative sample of 2,025 U.S. veterans aged 60 and older (mean = 71.0, standard deviation = 7.1, range = 60-96) completed a web-based survey as part of the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS). Cluster analysis of measures of lifetime potentially traumatic events, and current PTSD, major depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms was used to classify psychological outcomes. Results A three-group solution best fit the data: Control (low number of lifetime traumas, low current psychological distress; 60.4%); Resilient (high number of lifetime traumas, low current psychological distress; 27.5%); and distressed (high number of lifetime traumas, high current psychological distress; 12.1%). Among older veterans with a high number of traumas, 69.5% were in the Resilient group. Compared to the Distressed group, the Resilient group was more likely to have college or higher level of education, and to be married or living with a partner. They also scored higher on measures of emotional stability, social connectedness (i.e., secure attachment style, social support), protective psychosocial characteristics (e.g., community integration, purpose in life), and positive perceptions of the military's effect on one's life; and lower on measures of physical health difficulties and psychiatric problems, and openness to experiences. Conclusions Among older U.S. veterans who have endured a high number of traumas in their lifetimes, nearly 70% are psychologically resilient in later life. Prevention efforts targeted toward bolstering social connectedness, community integration, and purpose in life may help promote psychological resilience in older veterans who endured a significant number of traumas in their lives. © Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.","depression, epidemiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, resilience, veterans","Pietrzak, R. H., Cook, J. M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4311,Typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. adult population,"Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by heterogeneous clusters of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms. However, data are lacking regarding the predominant, population-based typologies of this disorder, and how they are linked to trauma-related characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, and health-related quality of life. Methods We used latent class analyses (LCAs) to evaluate predominant typologies of PTSD in a nationally representative sample of 2463 U.S. adults with PTSD. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were then conducted to evaluate trauma-related characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, and health-related quality of life variables associated with these typologies. Results LCAs revealed three predominant typologies of PTSD - Anxious-Re-experiencing (weighted prevalence=32.2%), Dysphoric (32.8%), and High Symptom (35.0%). Compared to the Dysphoric class, the Anxious-Re-experiencing and High Symptom classes were more likely to report sexual assault, physical assault, and military combat as their worst traumatic events; had an earlier age of onset and longer duration of PTSD; and were more likely to be diagnosed with nicotine dependence and borderline personality disorder, to have attempted suicide, and had poorer physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The High Symptom class had increased odds of all disorders, suicide attempts, and the poorest HRQoL. Limitations Diagnoses were based on DSM-IV criteria and cross-sectional analyses preclude examination of how PTSD typologies are temporally related to other variables. Conclusion PTSD in the general U.S. adult population is characterized by three predominant typologies, which are differentially linked to trauma and clinical characteristics. These findings underscore the importance of personalized approaches to the assessment, monitoring, and treatment of PTSD that take into consideration the heterogeneous manifestations of this disorder. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.","Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Pietrzak, R. H., El-Gabalawy, R., Tsai, J., Sareen, J., Neumeister, A., Southwick, S. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4312,Dimensional structure and course of post-traumatic stress symptomatology in World Trade Center responders,"Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11) is one of the most prevalent and persistent health conditions among both professional (e.g. police) and non-traditional (e.g. construction worker) WTC responders, even several years after 9/11. However, little is known about the dimensionality and natural course of WTC-related PTSD symptomatology in these populations. Method Data were analysed from 10 835 WTC responders, including 4035 police and 6800 non-traditional responders who were evaluated as part of the WTC Health Program, a clinic network in the New York area established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to evaluate structural models of PTSD symptom dimensionality; and autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) panel regressions were used to examine the prospective interrelationships among PTSD symptom clusters at 3, 6 and 8 years after 9/11. Results CFAs suggested that five stable symptom clusters best represent PTSD symptom dimensionality in both police and non-traditional WTC responders. This five-factor model was also invariant over time with respect to factor loadings and structural parameters, thereby demonstrating its longitudinal stability. ARCL panel regression analyses revealed that hyperarousal symptoms had a prominent role in predicting other symptom clusters of PTSD, with anxious arousal symptoms primarily driving re-experiencing symptoms, and dysphoric arousal symptoms primarily driving emotional numbing symptoms over time. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that disaster-related PTSD symptomatology in WTC responders is best represented by five symptom dimensions. Anxious arousal symptoms, which are characterized by hypervigilance and exaggerated startle, may primarily drive re-experiencing symptoms, while dysphoric arousal symptoms, which are characterized by sleep disturbance, irritability/anger and concentration difficulties, may primarily drive emotional numbing symptoms over time. These results underscore the importance of assessment, monitoring and early intervention of hyperarousal symptoms in WTC and other disaster responders. © Cambridge University Press 2013.","Confirmatory factor analysis, Disaster, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Schechter, C. B., Singh, R., Cancelmo, L., Bromet, E. J., Katz, C. L., Reissman, D. B., Ozbay, F., Sharma, V., Crane, M., Harrison, D., Herbert, R., Levin, S. M., Luft, B. J., Moline, J. M., Stellman, J. M., Udasin, I. G., El-Gabalawy, R., Landrigan, P. J., Southwick, S. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4313,Dimensional structure and prospective evolution of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in World Trade Center responders,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by heterogeneous clusters of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms. A large body of confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) studies has demonstrated that four-factor dysphoria and emotional numbing models provide a better representation of PTSD symptom dimensionality compared to the three-factor DSM-IV model. Recently, CFA studies of various trauma-exposed samples have found that a novel five-factor model, which separates the DSM-IV hyperarousal symptom cluster into distinct dysphoric and anxious arousal clusters, provides a superior representation of PTSD symptom dimensionality. To date, however, no study of which we are aware has evaluated the best dimensional representation of PTSD symptoms in World Trade Center (WTC) responders, or how symptom clusters from this model are prospectively related. Methods: Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to examine the factor structure of the PTSD Checklist in a cohort of 10,835 WTC responders, including 4,035 police responders and 6,800 non-traditional responders, who were evaluated an average of 3, 6, and 8 years after the WTC attacks. An autoregressive cross-lagged panel regression analysis was then conducted to evaluate interrelationships among PTSD symptom clusters over time. Results: CFAs revealed that a five-factor model comprised of intercorrelated clusters of re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal symptoms provided the best representation of PTSD symptoms in police and non-traditional WTC responders. In police responders, anxious arousal symptoms were most strongly prospectively linked to reexperiencing symptoms, and dysphoric arousal to numbing symptoms in the intermediate-term, while re-experiencing symptoms predominantly drove numbing symptoms in the long-term. In non-traditional responders, anxious arousal symptoms were most strongly prospectively linked to re-experiencing symptoms, while dysphoric arousal symptoms predominantly drove numbing symptoms over time. In both groups of responders, avoidance symptoms drove re-experiencing symptoms over time. Conclusions: A novel 5-factor model comprised of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal symptoms best represented PTSD symptomatology in both traditional and non-traditional disaster responders. Prospective interrelationships among these symptom clusters suggest that targeting hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms early after disaster exposure may help reduce later symptoms of re-experiencing and numbing in disaster responders.","symptomatology, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, arousal, model, human, police, checklist, injury, factorial analysis, exposure, regression analysis, dysphoria, anxiety disorder","Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Singh, R., Schechter, C. B., Barron, J. L., Southwick, S. M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4314,Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: An 8-year prospective cohort study,"Background Longitudinal symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often characterized by heterogeneous trajectories, which may have unique pre-, peri-and post-trauma risk and protective factors. To date, however, no study has evaluated the nature and determinants of predominant trajectories of PTSD symptoms in World Trade Center (WTC) responders. Method A total of 10835 WTC responders, including 4035 professional police responders and 6800 non-traditional responders (e.g. construction workers) who participated in the WTC Health Program (WTC-HP), were evaluated an average of 3, 6 and 8 years after the WTC attacks. Results Among police responders, longitudinal PTSD symptoms were best characterized by four classes, with the majority (77.8%) in a resistant/resilient trajectory and the remainder exhibiting chronic (5.3%), recovering (8.4%) or delayed-onset (8.5%) symptom trajectories. Among non-traditional responders, a six-class solution was optimal, with fewer responders in a resistant/resilient trajectory (58.0%) and the remainder exhibiting recovering (12.3%), severe chronic (9.5%), subsyndromal increasing (7.3%), delayed-onset (6.7%) and moderate chronic (6.2%) trajectories. Prior psychiatric history, Hispanic ethnicity, severity of WTC exposure and WTC-related medical conditions were most strongly associated with symptomatic trajectories of PTSD symptoms in both groups of responders, whereas greater education and family and work support while working at the WTC site were protective against several of these trajectories. Conclusions Trajectories of PTSD symptoms in WTC responders are heterogeneous and associated uniquely with pre-, peri-and post-trauma risk and protective factors. Police responders were more likely than non-traditional responders to exhibit a resistant/resilient trajectory. These results underscore the importance of prevention, screening and treatment efforts that target high-risk disaster responders, particularly those with prior psychiatric history, high levels of trauma exposure and work-related medical morbidities. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.","Disaster, latent modeling, longitudinal data, post-traumatic stress disorder, responders, risk factors","Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Singh, R., Schechter, C. B., Bromet, E. J., Katz, C. L., Reissman, D. B., Ozbay, F., Sharma, V., Crane, M., Harrison, D., Herbert, R., Levin, S. M., Luft, B. J., Moline, J. M., Stellman, J. M., Udasin, I. G., Landrigan, P. J., Southwick, S. M.",2014.0,,,1,1,
4315,Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with reduced in vivo norepinephrine transporter availability in the locus coeruleus,"IMPORTANCE: Animal data suggest that chronic stress is associated with a reduction in norepinephrine transporter (NET) availability in the locus coeruleus. However, it is unclear whether such models are relevant to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has been linked to noradrenergic dysfunction in humans. OBJECTIVES: To use positron emission tomography and the radioligand [11C]methylreboxetine to examine in vivo NET availability in the locus coeruleus in the following 3 groups of individuals: healthy adults (HC group), adults exposed to trauma who did not develop PTSD (TC group), and adults exposed to trauma who developed PTSD (PTSD group) and to evaluate the relationship between NET availability in the locus coeruleus and a contemporary phenotypic model of PTSD symptoms. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional positron emission tomography study under resting conditions at academic and Veterans Affairs medical centers among 56 individuals in the following 3 study groups: HC (n = 18), TC (n = 16), and PTSD (n = 22). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The: [11C]methylreboxetine-binding potential of NET availability in the locus coeruleus and the severity of PTSD symptoms assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. RESULTS: The PTSD group had significantly lower NET availability than the HC group (41% lower, Cohen d = 1.07). NET availability did not differ significantly between the TC and HC groups (31% difference, Cohen d = 0.79) or between the TC and PTSD groups (15% difference, Cohen d = 0.28). In the PTSD group, NET availability in the locus coeruleus was independently positively associated with the severity of anxious arousal (ie, hypervigilance) symptoms (r = 0.52) but not with any of the other PTSD symptom clusters. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results suggest that PTSD is associated with significantly reduced NET availability in the locus coeruleus and that greater NET availability in this brain region is associated with increased severity of anxious arousal symptoms in individuals with PTSD.",,"Pietrzak, R. H., Gallezot, J. D., Ding, Y. S., Henry, S., Potenza, M. N., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Carson, R. E., Neumeister, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4316,Posttraumatic growth in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom,"Objective: A growing body of research has examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology, mild traumatic brain injury, and related problems in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF). While these studies help characterize the deleterious effects of combat, no known study has examined factors that may enhance posttraumatic growth or positive changes experienced as a result of combat in this population. Method: A total of 272 predominantly older Reservist/National Guard OEF-OIF Veterans completed an anonymous mail survey that assessed combat exposure, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, social support, and posttraumatic growth. Results: Seventy-two percent of the sample endorsed a significant degree of posttraumatic growth in at least one of the areas assessed, the most common of which were changing priorities about what is important in life (52.2%), being able to better appreciate each day (51.1%), and being better able to handle difficulties (48.5%). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that younger age, greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and increased perceptions of unit member support and effort/perseverance were significantly associated with posttraumatic growth. Respondents with PTSD scored higher on an overall measure of posttraumatic growth and on items reflecting appreciation of life and personal strength. Limitations: This study is limited by a relatively low survey return rate and employment of an abbreviated measure of posttraumatic growth. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that interventions to bolster unit member support and to enhance perceptions of effort and perseverance may help promote posttraumatic growth in OEF-OIF Veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Posttraumatic Growth","Pietrzak, Robert H., Goldstein, Marc B., Malley, James C., Rivers, Alison J., Johnson, Douglas C., Morgan, Charles A., III, Southwick, Steven M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4317,Structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF), but little is known about the structure of PTSD symptoms, and associations between PTSD symptom clusters and psychosocial functioning in this population. A total of 272 OEF-OIF Veterans in Connecticut completed a mail survey containing measures of psychopathology, resilience, and psychosocial functioning. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the 4-factor dysphoria model, which is comprised of separate re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal symptom clusters, provided the best representation of PTSD symptom structure in this sample. Dysphoria symptoms were independently associated with a broad range of psychosocial measures, even after controlling for age, combat exposure, and other PTSD symptom clusters. Re-experiencing symptoms were associated with alcohol use problems, and avoidance symptoms were associated with increased psychosocial difficulties and decreased perceptions of postdeployment social support. These results suggest that dysphoria symptoms were strongly related to a broad range of psychosocial measures in this sample of OEF-OIF Veterans. Dysphoria symptoms may deserve special attention in the assessment and treatment of symptomatic OEF-OIF Veterans. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Alcohol, Confirmatory factor analysis, Depression, Functioning, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stigma, Treatment, Validity","Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Southwick, S. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4318,Medical comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in us adults: Results from wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions,"Objective: This study examined associations between lifetime trauma exposures, PTSD and partial PTSD, and past-year medical conditions in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 34,653 participants in the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic regression analyses evaluated associations of trauma exposure, PTSD, and partial PTSD with respondent-reported medical diagnoses. Results: After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid Axis I and II disorders, respondents with full PTSD were more likely than traumatized respondents without full or partial PTSD (comparison group) to report diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, noncirrhotic liver disease, angina pectoris, tachycardia, hypercholesterolemia, other heart disease, stomach ulcer, human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity, gastritis, and arthritis (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.2-2.5). Respondents with partial PTSD were more likely than the comparison group to report past-year diagnoses of stomach ulcer, angina pectoris, tachycardia, and arthritis (ORs = 1.3-1.6). Men with full and partial PTSD were more likely than controls to report diagnoses of hypertension (both ORs = 1.6), and both men and women with PTSD (OR = 1.8 and OR = 1.6, respectively) and men with partial PTSD (OR = 2.0) were more likely to report gastritis. The total number of lifetime traumatic event types was associated with many assessed medical conditions (ORs = 1.04-1.16), reducing the magnitudes and rendering some of the associations between PTSD status and medical conditions nonsignificant. Conclusions: Greater lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD are associated with numerous medical conditions, many of which are stress-related and chronic, in US adults. Partial PTSD is associated with intermediate odds of some of these conditions. © 2011 by the American Psychosomatic Society.","cardiovascular, comorbidity, epidemiology, medical illness, posttraumatic stress disorder","Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., Grant, B. F.",2011.0,,10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182303775,0,0,
4319,Physical health conditions associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in U. S. older adults: Results from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,"Objectives: To present findings on past-year medical conditions associated with lifetime trauma exposure and full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults. Design: Face-to-face diagnostic interviews. Setting: Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Participants: Nine thousand four hundred sixty-three adults aged 60 and older. Measurements: Logistic regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity were used to evaluate associations between PTSD status and past-year medical disorders; linear regression models evaluated associations with past-month physical functioning. Results: After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid lifetime mood, anxiety, substance use, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and personality disorders, respondents with lifetime PTSD were more likely than respondents who reported experiencing one or more traumatic life events but who did not meet lifetime criteria for full or partial PTSD (trauma controls) to report being diagnosed with hypertension, angina pectoris, tachycardia, other heart disease, stomach ulcer, gastritis, and arthritis (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.3-1.8) by a healthcare professional; they also scored lower on a measure of physical functioning than controls and respondents with partial PTSD. Respondents with lifetime partial PTSD were more likely than controls to report past-year diagnoses of gastritis (OR = 1.7), angina pectoris (OR = 1.5), and arthritis (OR = 1.4) and reported worse physical functioning. Number of lifetime traumatic event types was associated with most of the medical conditions assessed; adjustment for these events reduced the magnitudes of and rendered nonsignificant most associations between PTSD status and medical conditions. Conclusion: Older adults with lifetime PTSD have high rates of several physical health conditions, many of which are chronic disorders of aging, and poorer physical functioning. Older adults with lifetime partial PTSD have higher rates of gastritis, angina pectoris, and arthritis and poorer physical functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Aging, *Alcohol Drinking Patterns, *Physical Health, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology","Pietrzak, Robert H., Goldstein, Rise B., Southwick, Steven M., Grant, Bridget F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4320,Psychiatric comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder among older adults in the United States: Results from wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions,"Objectives: To present findings on the prevalence, correlates, and psychiatric comorbidity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and partial PTSD in a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults. Design, Setting, And Participants: Face-to-face interviews with 9,463 adults age 60 years and older in the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Measurements: Sociodemographic correlates; worst stressful experiences; comorbid lifetime mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders; psychosocial functioning; and suicide attempts. Results: Lifetime prevalences ± standard errors of PTSD and partial PTSD were 4.5% ± 0.25 and 5.5% ± 0.27, respectively. Rates were higher in women (5.7% ± 0.37 and 6.5% ± 0.39) than in men (3.1% ± 0.31 and 4.3% ± 0.37). Older adults with PTSD most frequently identified unexpected death of someone close, serious illness or injury to someone close, and their own serious or life-threatening illness as their worst stressful events. Older adults exposed to trauma but without full or partial PTSD and respondents with partial PTSD most often identified unexpected death of someone close, serious illness or injury to someone close, and indirect experience of 9/11 as their worst events. PTSD was associated with elevated odds of lifetime mood, anxiety, drug use, and borderline and narcissistic personality disorders and decreased psychosocial functioning. Partial PTSD was associated with elevated odds of mood, anxiety, and narcissistic and schizotypal personality disorders and poorer psychosocial functioning relative to older adults exposed to trauma but without full or partial PTSD. Conclusions: PTSD among older adults in the United States is slightly more prevalent than previously reported and is associated with considerable psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial dysfunction. Partial PTSD is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity, particularly with mood and other anxiety disorders. © 2012 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.","Comorbidity, Older adults, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., Grant, B. F.",2012.0,,10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820d92e7,0,0,
4321,Cognitive-behavioral coping strategies associated with combat-related PTSD in treatment-seeking OEF-OIF Veterans,,,"Pietrzak, R. H., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Southwick, S. M.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.019,0,0,
4322,"Psychosocial buffers of traumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial difficulties in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom: The role of resilience, unit support, and postdeployment social support",,,"Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Morgan, C. A., Southwick, S. M.",2010.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.015,0,0,
4323,"Subsyndromal depression in the United States: prevalence, course, and risk for incident psychiatric outcomes","Subsyndromal depression (SD) may increase risk for incident major depressive and other disorders, as well as suicidality. However, little is known about the prevalence, course, and correlates of SD in the US general adult population. Method Structured diagnostic interviews were conducted to assess DSM-IV Axis I and II disorders in a nationally representative sample of 34 653 US adults who were interviewed at two time-points 3 years apart. A total of 11.6% of US adults met study criteria for lifetime SD at Wave 1. The majority (9.3%) had <5 total symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depression; the remainder (2.3%) reported {greater than or slanted equal to} 5 symptoms required for a diagnosis of major depression, but denied clinically significant distress or functional impairment. SD at Wave 1 was associated with increased likelihood of developing incident major depression [odds ratios (ORs) 1.72-2.05], as well as dysthymia, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) at Wave 2 (ORs 1.41-2.92). Among respondents with SD at Wave 1, Cluster A and B personality disorders, and worse mental health status were associated with increased likelihood of developing incident major depression at Wave 2. SD is prevalent in the US population, and associated with elevated rates of Axis I and II psychopathology, increased psychosocial disability, and risk for incident major depression, dysthymia, social phobia, and GAD. These results underscore the importance of a dimensional conceptualization of depressive symptoms, as SD may serve as an early prognostic indicator of incident major depression and related disorders, and could help identify individuals who may benefit from preventive interventions.","addiction, adolescent, adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, cross-sectional study, depression, disease course, female, health survey, human, major depression, male, middle aged, prevalence, risk factor, severity of illness index, statistics, suicide attempt, United States, young adult","Pietrzak, R. H., Kinley, J., Afifi, T. O., Enns, M. W., Fawcett, J., Sareen, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4324,"Trajectories of memory decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of ageing","Memory changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) are often characterized by heterogenous trajectories. However, data regarding the nature and determinants of predominant trajectories of memory changes in preclinical AD are lacking. We analyzed data from 333 cognitively healthy older adults who participated in a multicenter prospective cohort study with baseline and 18-, 36-, and 54-month follow-up assessments. Latent growth mixture modeling revealed 3 predominant trajectories of memory change: a below average, subtly declining memory trajectory (30.9%); a below average, rapidly declining memory trajectory (3.6%); and an above average, stable memory trajectory (65.5%). Compared with the stable memory trajectory, high Alphabeta (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 2.1), and lower Mini-Mental State Examination (RRR = 0.6) and full-scale IQ (RRR = 0.9) scores were independently associated with the subtly declining memory trajectory; and high Alphabeta (RRR = 8.3), APOE epsilon4 carriage (RRR = 6.1), and greater subjective memory impairment (RRR = 1.2) were independently associated with the rapidly declining memory trajectory. Compared with the subtly declining memory trajectory group, APOE epsilon4 carriage (RRR = 8.4), and subjective memory complaints (RRR = 1.2) were associated with a rapidly declining memory trajectory. These results suggest that the preclinical phase of AD may be characterized by 2 predominant trajectories of memory decline that have common (e.g., high Alphabeta) and unique (e.g., APOE epsilon4 genotype) determinants.","Aged, Alzheimer Disease/*diagnosis/genetics/*psychology, Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism, Apolipoprotein E4/genetics, Cohort Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genotype, Humans, Male, *Memory, Episodic, Molecular Imaging, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Neuropsychological Tests, Positron-Emission Tomography, Prospective Studies, Risk, Time Factors, Apoe, ""Alzheimers disease"", Abeta, Memory, Trajectories","Pietrzak, R. H., Lim, Y. Y., Ames, D., Harrington, K., Restrepo, C., Martins, R. N., Rembach, A., Laws, S. M., Masters, C. L., Villemagne, V. L., Rowe, C. C., Maruff, P.",2015.0,Mar,10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.015,0,0,
4325,Elucidating the transdiagnostic dimensional structure of trauma-related psychopathology: Findings from VA cooperative study 504-Risperidone treatment for military service related chronic post traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Three of the most common trauma-related mental disorders-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-are highly comorbid and share common transdiagnostic symptom dimensions of threat (i.e., fear) and loss (i.e., dysphoria) symptomatology. However, empirical evaluation of the dimensional structure of component aspects of these disorders is lacking. Methods: Using structured clinical interview data from U.S. military veterans with chronic military-related PTSD, we evaluated the transdiagnostic dimensional structure of PTSD, MDD, and GAD symptoms. We then examined the relationship between the best-fitting transdiagnostic model of these symptoms, and measures of physical and mental functioning, and life satisfaction and well-being. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a 3-factor transdiagnostic model comprised of loss (i.e., dysphoria), threat (i.e., anxious arousal, re-experiencing, and avoidance symptoms), and somatic anxiety (i.e., physiological manifestations of anxiety) symptoms provided the best representation of trauma-related PTSD, MDD, and GAD symptoms. Somatic anxiety symptoms were independently associated with physical functioning, while loss symptoms were independently associated with mental functioning and life satisfaction and well-being. Limitations: Evaluation of study aims in a relatively homogeneous sample of veterans with chronic, military-related PTSD. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that a 3-factor transdiagnostic model best characterizes the dimensional structure of PTSD, MDD, and GAD symptoms in military veterans with chronic military-related PTSD. This model evidenced external validity in demonstrating differential associations with measures of physical and mental functioning, and life satisfaction and well-being. Results provide support for emerging contemporary models of psychopathology, which emphasize transdiagnostic and dimensional conceptualizations of mental disorders. Such models may have utility in understanding the functional status of trauma survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Risperidone, Anxiety","Pietrzak, Robert H., Rosenheck, Robert A., Cramer, Joyce A., Vessichio, Jennifer C., Tsai, Jack, Southwick, Steven M., Krystal, John H.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4326,The burden of full and subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder among police involved in the World Trade Center rescue and recovery effort,"Background: This study examined the prevalence, correlates, and perceived mental healthcare needs associated with subsyndromal PTSD in police involved in the World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery effort. Methods: A total of 8466 police completed an interview/survey as part of the WTC Medical monitoring and Treatment Program an average of four years after 9/11/2001. Results: The past month prevalence of full and subsyndromal WTC-related PTSD was 5.4% and 15.4%, respectively. Loss of someone or knowing someone injured on 9/11 (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.56-1.86), pre-9/11 stressors (ORs = 1.30-1.50), family support (ORs = 0.83-0.94), and union membership (ORs = 0.50-0.52) were associated with both full and subsyndromal PTSD. Exposure to the dust cloud (OR = 1.36), performing search and rescue work (OR = 1.29), and work support (OR = 0.89) were additionally associated with subsyndromal PTSD. Rates of comorbid depression, panic disorder, and alcohol use problems (ORs = 3.82-41.74), and somatic symptoms and functional difficulties (ORs = 1.30-1.95) were highest among police with full PTSD, with intermediate rates among police with subsyndromal PTSD (ORs = 2.93-7.02; and ORs = 1.18-1.60, respectively). Police with full and subsyndromal PTSD were significantly more likely than controls to report needing mental healthcare (41.1% and 19.8%, respectively, versus 6.8% in trauma controls). Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of a more inclusive and dimensional conceptualization of PTSD, particularly in professions such as police, as operational definitions and conventional screening cut-points may underestimate the psychological burden for this population. Accordingly, psychiatric clinicians should assess for disaster-related subsyndromal PTSD symptoms in disaster response personnel. © 2012.","Depression, Healthcare needs, Police, Posttraumatic stress disorder, World Trade Center","Pietrzak, R. H., Schechter, C. B., Bromet, E. J., Katz, C. L., Reissman, D. B., Ozbay, F., Sharma, V., Crane, M., Harrison, D., Herbert, R., Levin, S. M., Luft, B. J., Moline, J. M., Stellman, J. M., Udasin, I. G., Landrigan, P. J., Southwick, S. M.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.011,0,0,
4327,A process-based approach to characterizing the effect of acute alprazolam challenge on visual paired associate learning and memory in healthy older adults,"Objective Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine that, when administered acutely, results in impairments in several aspects of cognition, including attention, learning, and memory. However, the profile (i.e., component processes) that underlie alprazolam-related decrements in visual paired associate learning has not been fully explored. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over study of healthy older adults, we used a novel, ""process-based"" computerized measure of visual paired associate learning to examine the effect of a single, acute 1-mg dose of alprazolam on component processes of visual paired associate learning and memory. Results Acute alprazolam challenge was associated with a large magnitude reduction in visual paired associate learning and memory performance (d = 1.05). Process-based analyses revealed significant increases in distractor, exploratory, between-search, and within-search error types. Analyses of percentages of each error type suggested that, relative to placebo, alprazolam challenge resulted in a decrease in the percentage of exploratory errors and an increase in the percentage of distractor errors, both of which reflect memory processes. Conclusions Results of this study suggest that acute alprazolam challenge decreases visual paired associate learning and memory performance by reducing the strength of the association between pattern and location, which may reflect a general breakdown in memory consolidation, with less evidence of reductions in executive processes (e.g., working memory) that facilitate visual paired associate learning and memory. Copyright (copyright) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright (copyright) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","alprazolam, placebo, adult, aged, article, controlled study, correlation analysis, crossover procedure, distractibility, error, exploratory behavior, female, human, human experiment, male, memory, normal human, paired associate learning, priority journal, visual paired associate learning","Pietrzak, R. H., Scott, J. C., Harel, B. T., Lim, Y. Y., Snyder, P. J., Maruff, P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4328,Psychological resilience in OEF-OIF Veterans: Application of a novel classification approach and examination of demographic and psychosocial correlates,"A growing number of studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF-OIF), but few have examined determinants of resilience in this population. This study employed a novel approach to classify psychological resilience in a cross-sectional sample of OEF-OIF Veterans. A total of 272 predominantly older reserve/National Guard OEF/OIF Veterans completed a mail survey that assessed combat exposure, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, and aspects of social support. Cluster analysis of scores on measures of combat exposure and PTSD symptoms revealed that a three-group solution best fit the data: Controls (low combat exposure, low PTSD symptoms); PTSD (high combat exposure, high PTSD symptoms); and Resilient (high combat exposure, low PTSD symptoms). Compared to the PTSD group, the Resilient group was more likely to be in a relationship and active duty; they also scored lower on a measure of psychosocial dysfunction, and higher on measures of psychological resilience and postdeployment social support. Logistic regression analysis revealed that being in a relationship, having fewer psychosocial difficulties, and reporting greater perceptions of purpose/control and family support and understanding were significantly associated with resilient group membership. Results of this study demonstrate a novel approach to classifying psychological resilience and suggest that interventions to mitigate psychosocial difficulties, enhance perceptions of purpose and control, and bolster family support and understanding may help promote resilience to combat-related PTSD in OEF-OIF Veterans. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Combat, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Resilience, Social support, Trauma, Veterans","Pietrzak, R. H., Southwick, S. M.",2011.0,,,0,1,
4329,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and perceived needs for psychological care in older persons affected by Hurricane Ike","Objective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and needs for psychological care in older persons affected by Hurricane Ike. Method: A total of 193 adults aged 60 or older who resided in the Galveston Bay area were interviewed 2-5 months following Hurricane Ike. Pre-, peri-, and post-disaster variables hypothesized to be related to PTSD and depressive symptoms, and perceived needs for psychological care were assessed. Results: Weighted prevalences of past-month Ike-related PTSD and depression were 7.6% and 8.6%, respectively. Risk factors for Ike-related PTSD symptoms were predominantly peri-disaster in nature, with greater hurricane exposure, and peri-event dissociative and autonomic activation symptoms associated positively with these symptoms. Risk factors for depressive symptoms were predominantly pre-disaster in nature, with being married/living with partner associated negatively, and prior disaster exposure and pre-disaster PTSD or depression associated positively with these symptoms. 27.2% of the sample endorsed at least one of the perceived needs for psychological care assessed. A history of PTSD or depression, greater peri-event autonomic activation, and Ike-related PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with greater need for psychological care. Limitations: This study is limited by its cross-sectional design and employment of psychiatric screening instruments. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of older adults may have PTSD and depression, as well as perceived needs for psychological care, after a disaster. Assessment of disaster exposures, and peri-event dissociative and autonomic symptoms may help identify older adults at risk for disaster-related psychopathology. Older adults with a history of PTSD or depression, and greater peri-event autonomic activation and PTSD symptoms may be more likely to have needs for psychological care. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Depression, Disaster, Functioning, Mental healthcare needs, Older adults, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Pietrzak, R. H., Southwick, S. M., Tracy, M., Galea, S., Norris, F. H.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.018,0,0,
4330,Resilience in the fact of disaster: prevalence and longitudinal course of mental disorders following Hurricane Ike,,,"Pietrzak, R. H., Tracy, M., Gaela, S., Kilpratrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Hamlen, J. L., Southwick, S. M., Norris, F. H.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4331,Functional significance of a novel 7-factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study,"Background While posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in the recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) are clustered into four factors, emerging confirmatory factor analytic studies suggest that this disorder is best characterized by seven symptom clusters, including re-experiencing, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behaviors, and anxious and dysphoric arousal symptoms. To date, however, data are lacking regarding the relation between this novel model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and measures of clinical significance in this population (e.g., functioning). Methods Using data from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS), a contemporary, nationally representative sample of 1484 U.S. veterans, we evaluated clinical and functional correlates of a novel 7-factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. Results Differential patterns of associations were observed between DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters, and psychiatric comorbidities, suicidal ideation, hostility, and functioning and quality of life. Anhedonia symptoms, in particular, were strongly related to current depression, as well as reduced mental functioning and quality of life. Externalizing behaviors were most strongly related to hostility, supporting the convergent validity of this construct. Limitations Cross-sectional design and employment of self-report measures. Conclusions These results suggest that a more refined 7-factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms may provide greater specificity in understanding associations with comorbid psychopathology, suicidal ideation, and functioning and quality of life in U.S. veterans. They further suggest that prevention and treatment efforts that target distinct aspects of the PTSD phenotype may be more effective in mitigating key clinical and functional outcomes in this population.","Functioning, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Symptomatology, Trauma, Veterans","Pietrzak, R. H., Tsai, J., Armour, C., Mota, N., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Southwick, S. M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4332,Support for a novel five-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptoms in three independent samples of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans: A confirmatory factor analytic study,"Background: A large body of confirmatory factor analytic studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has demonstrated the superiority of 4-factor dysphoria and emotional numbing models over the DSM-IV model. Recently, a novel 5-factor model, which separates the DSM-IV hyperarousal symptom cluster into distinct dysphoric and anxious arousal clusters, has been identified. However, little research has evaluated the best-fitting representation of PTSD symptoms in veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Methods: Confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factor structure of the PTSD Checklist in three independent samples of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans, including two community samples and a treatment-seeking sample. Results: In all three samples, a novel model with five correlated factors reflecting symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal provided a significantly better representation of PTSD symptoms than the DSM-IV, dysphoria, and numbing models. This model also showed evidence of ""excellent fit"" in the community samples according to empirically-defined benchmarks. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PTSD symptomatology in both community and treatment-seeking Iraq/Afghanistan veterans may be best represented by a 5-factor model that separates the DSM-IV PTSD hyperarousal symptom cluster into distinct dysphoric arousal and anxious arousal clusters. © 2011.","Hyperarousal, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Pietrzak, R. H., Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Whealin, J. M., Southwick, S. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4333,Successful aging among older veterans in the United States,"Objective: To develop a unidimensional latent model of successful aging and to evaluate sociodemographic, medical, psychiatric, and psychosocial correlates of this construct in a nationally representative sample of older veterans in the United States. Methods: Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional web survey of 2,025 U.S. veterans aged 60 to 96years who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Self-report measures of sociodemographics; subjective physical, mental, and cognitive functioning; and psychosocial characteristics were used. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to construct a unidimensional latent factor of successful aging. Correlates of scores on this factor were then evaluated. Results: Most older veterans (82.1%) rated themselves as aging successfully. A unidimensional latent factor composed of seven measures of self-rated successful aging, quality of life, and physical, mental, cognitive, and social functioning provided a good fit to the data. Physical health difficulties (β = -0.39) and current psychological distress (β = -0.33) were most strongly negatively related to scores on this latent factor of successful aging, while protective psychosocial characteristics (β = 0.22), most notably resilience, gratitude, and purpose in life, were most strongly positively related to these scores. Additional positive predictors of successful aging included White, non-Hispanic race, being married or living with partner, perceiving a positive effect of the military on one's life, active lifestyle, positive expectations regarding aging, and conscientiousness; additional negative predictors included substance abuse history. Conclusion: Results of this study provide a dimensional approach to characterizing components and correlates of successful aging in older veterans. Interventions and policy initiatives designed to mitigate physical health difficulties and psychological distress and to enhance protective psychosocial characteristics such as resilience, gratitude, and purpose in life may help promote successful aging in this population. © 2014 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.","Functioning, Medical, Psychiatric, Resilience, Successful aging, Veterans","Pietrzak, R. H., Tsai, J., Kirwin, P. D., Southwick, S. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4334,Diagnostic utility and factor structure of the PTSD Checklist in older adults,"Background: Little research has examined the diagnostic utility and factor structure of commonly used posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment instruments in older persons. Methods: A total of 206 adults aged 60 or older (mean age = 69 years; range = 60-92), who resided in the Galveston Bay area when Hurricane Ike struck in September 2008, completed a computer-assisted telephone interview two-five months after this disaster. Using the PTSD Checklist (PCL), PTSD symptoms were assessed related both to this disaster and to participants' worst lifetime traumatic event. Total PCL scores were compared to PCL-based, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)-derived probable diagnoses of PTSD to determine optimal cut scores. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to evaluate PTSD symptom structure. Results: Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated that a PCL score of 39 achieved optimal sensitivity and specificity in assessing a PCL-based, algorithm-derived DSM-IV diagnosis of worst event-related PTSD; and that a score of 37 optimally assessed probable Ike-related PTSD. CFAs revealed that a recently proposed five-factor model - comprised of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal factors-provided a better fitting representation of both worst event- and disaster-related PTSD symptoms than alternative models. Current Ike-related anxious arousal symptoms demonstrated a significantly stronger association with current generalized anxiety than depressive symptoms, thereby supporting the construct validity of this five-factor model of PTSD symptomatology. Conclusions: A PCL score of 37 to 39 may help identify probable PTSD in older persons. The expression of PTSD symptoms in older adults may be best characterized by a recently proposed five-factor model with distinct dysphoric arousal and anxious arousal clusters. © Copyright International Psychogeriatric Association 2012.","depression, disaster, older adults, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychometrics","Pietrzak, R. H., Van Ness, P. H., Fried, T. R., Galea, S., Norris, F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4335,Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster,"This study examined the nature and determinants of longitudinal trajectories of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster. Two hundred six adults age 60 or older (mean = 69, range = 60-92) who resided in the Galveston Bay area when Hurricane Ike struck in September 2008 completed telephone interviews an average of 3-, 6-, and 15-months after this disaster. Latent growth mixture modeling was employed to identify predominant trajectories of disaster-related PTSD symptoms over time; and pre-, peri-, and post-disaster determinants of these trajectories were then examined. A 3-class solution optimally characterized PTSD symptom trajectories, with the majority (78.7%) of the sample having low/no PTSD symptoms over all assessments (i.e., resistant); 16.0% having chronically elevated symptoms (i.e., chronic); and 5.3% having a delayed onset course of symptoms (i.e., delayed-onset). Lower education, greater severity of Hurricane Ike exposure (i.e., Ike-related physical illness or injury and high level of community destruction), and greater number of traumatic and stressful life events after Hurricane Ike, particularly financial problems, were associated with a chronic PTSD trajectory. Greater number of traumatic and stressful life events, particularly financial problems after Hurricane Ike, was also associated with a delayed-onset trajectory. These findings suggest that there are heterogeneous trajectories of disaster-related PTSD symptoms in older adults and that these trajectories have common and unique determinants. They also underscore the importance of prevention efforts designed to mitigate the deleterious effects of post-disaster stressors, most notably financial distress, in older persons affected by disasters. © 2012.","Disaster, Latent modeling, Longitudinal data, Older adults, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Risk factors","Pietrzak, R. H., Van Ness, P. H., Fried, T. R., Galea, S., Norris, F. H.",2013.0,,,1,1,
4336,An examination of the relation between combat experiences and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of Connecticut OEF-OIF Veterans,"Background: Combat exposure is an important risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little research has examined specific combat experiences associated with PTSD and confirmatory factor analytically (CFA)-derived re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal symptom clusters. Methods: A total of 285 predominantly older National Guard/Reservist OEF-OIF Veterans completed an anonymous mail survey that assessed demographics and deployment history, a broad range of combat experiences, PTSD, and unit and postdeployment social support. Results: Personally witnessing someone from one's unit or an ally unit being seriously wounded or killed (β = 0.22), and being exposed to "" friendly"" fire (β = 0.14) and land mines/traps (β = 0.13) were the only three combat experiences associated with severity of combat-related PTSD symptoms, after adjustment for age, relationship status, unit support, postdeployment social support, and other combat experiences. Differential patterns of associations were observed for specific combat experiences in relation to CFA-derived symptom clusters (e.g., experiencing "" friendly"" fire was associated with re-experiencing and dysphoria symptoms, but not avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms). Personally witnessing someone from one's unit or an ally unit being seriously wounded or killed (odds ratio [OR] = 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.62-11.61) and being exposed to "" friendly"" fire (OR = 2.94; 95%CI = 1.16-7.47) emerged as independent predictors of a positive screen for probable PTSD. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that witnessing someone in one's unit or ally unit being seriously wounded or killed while in a combat zone and being exposed to "" friendly"" fire are most strongly associated with combat-related PTSD in this sample of OEF/OIF Veterans. Examination of the relation between specific combat experiences and combat-related PTSD in OEF/OIF Veterans may help inform etiologic models of PTSD, and guide prevention and treatment approaches in this population. © 2011.","Combat, Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Veterans","Pietrzak, R. H., Whealin, J. M., Stotzer, R. L., Goldstein, M. B., Southwick, S. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4337,"Gender, victimization, and outcomes: Reconceptualizing risk","Large-scale studies of gender differences in psychopathological reactions to victimization have focused on posttraumatic stress disorder, overlooking other trauma-related disorders. The present study expands this literature with a contextualized examination of interpersonal aggression exposure and sequelae. Using k-means cluster analysis on a sample of 16,000, the authors identified 8 distinct profiles of exposure to sexual violence, physical assault, stalking, and emotional abuse. Analyses of covariance then suggested links among victimization profile, gender, and mental and physical health. Results revealed no meaningful interactive effects of gender and interpersonal aggression on outcomes, once lifetime exposure to aggressive events was adequately taken into account. These findings argue against theories of female victims' greater vulnerability to pathological outcomes, instead linking risk to exposure history.","adult, aggression, article, assault, chi square distribution, cluster analysis, demography, depression, female, gender, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, multivariate analysis of covariance, posttraumatic stress disorder, sex difference, sexual abuse, stalking, victim","Pimlott-Kubiak, S., Cortina, L. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4338,"Social support, discrimination, and coping as predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in youth survivors of Hurricane Katrina","This study examined the influence of aspects of the post-Hurricane Katrina recovery environment (i.e., discrimination, social support) and coping behaviors on children's posttraumatic stress reactions (symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], anxiety, and depression). Data corresponding to 46 youth (M = 11.43 years; 39% girls; 33% African American, 67% European American) revealed that greater helpfulness from extrafamilial sources of social support predicted lower levels of child-rated symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. A positive predictive relation was found between helpfulness from professional support sources and PTSD, perhaps suggesting that parents whose children were experiencing higher PTSD symptom levels sought professional support and reported it to be helpful. Youths' avoidant coping behaviors predicted both PTSD and anxiety symptoms. Discrimination, active coping, and familial support did not predict any of the posttraumatic stress reactions assessed in this study.",,"Pina, A. A., Villalta, I. K., Ortiz, C. D., Gottschall, A. C., Costa, N. M., Weems, C. F.",2008.0,,10.1080/15374410802148228,0,0,
4339,Profile of two cohorts: Uk and us prospective studies of military health,,,"Pinder, R. J., Greenberg, N., Boyko, E. J., Gackstetter, G. D., Hooper, T. I., Murphy, D., Ryan, M. A. K., Smith, B., Smith, T. C., Wells, T. S., Wessely, S.",2012.0,,,0,1,
4340,Objective neuropsychological deficits in post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury: what remains beyond symptom similarity?,"This exploratory study intends to characterize the neuropsychological profile in persons with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) using objective measures of cognitive performance. A neuropsychological battery of tests for attention, memory and executive functions was administered to four groups: PTSD (n = 25), mTBI (n = 19), subjects with two formal diagnoses: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI/PTSD) (n = 6) and controls (n = 25). Confounding variables, such as medical, developmental or neurological antecedents, were controlled and measures of co-morbid conditions, such as depression and anxiety, were considered. The PTSD and mTBI/PTSD groups reported more anxiety and depressive symptoms. They also presented more cognitive deficits than the mTBI group. Since the two PTSD groups differ in severity of PTSD symptoms but not in severity of depression and anxiety symptoms, the PTSD condition could not be considered as the unique factor affecting the results. The findings underline the importance of controlling for confounding medical and psychological co-morbidities in the evaluation and treatment of PTSD populations, especially when a concomitant mTBI is also suspected.",,"Pineau, H., Marchand, A., Guay, S.",2014.0,,10.3390/bs4040471,0,0,
4341,Usefulness of a screening questionnaire for post traumatic stress in a Colombian population,"Introduction. Rating scales for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be consistents with DSM-IV criteria, and should be validate for each culture. Objective. To validate a PTSD checklist in a Colombian little town population, which was semi destructed by a guerrilla attack. Patients and methods. A stratified, representative and randomized sample of 202 adult participants, aged over 15 year old, was selected from San Joaquin (Santander-Colombia) two year after an guerrilla attack. A structured interview (SCID-1), based on DSM-IV criteria, was developed with each member of the sample. 76 participants (37.6%) met criteria for PTSD, and 126 (62.4%) were classified as non-PTSD. A rating checklist with 24 symptoms of PTSD was applied by self report. Each item of the scale was scored 1 to 4. Results. PTSD checklist had a reliability Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97 PTSD group scored 70.4(plus or minus)22.9, and non-PTSD 37.2(plus or minus) 13.7 (p< 0.0001) on the PTSD checklist. A discriminant analysis found that the scale had a correctly classification capability of 88.6% (p< 0.0001). Sensibility was found between 76.3% for a cut-off point of 51 and 81.6% for cut off point of 45. Specificity changed between 71.4% for a cut-off point of 45 and 84.4% for a cut-off point of 51. Conclusion. Checklist for PTSD had a high reliability, good discriminant capability, and good sensibility and specificity.","adult, article, Colombia, diagnostic value, human, major clinical study, mass screening, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, war","Pineda, D. A., Guerrero, O. L., Pinilla, M. L., Estupinan, M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4342,Usefulness of a screening questionnaire for post traumatic stress in a Colombian population,"Introduction. Rating scales for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be consistents with DSM-IV criteria, and should be validate for each culture. Objective. To validate a PTSD checklist in a Colombian little town population, which was semi destructed by a guerrilla attack. Patients and methods. A stratified, representative and randomized sample of 202 adult participants, aged over 15 year old, was selected from San Joaquin (Santander-Colombia) two year after an guerrilla attack. A structured interview (SCID-1), based on DSM-IV criteria, was developed with each member of the sample. 76 participants (37.6%) met criteria for PTSD, and 126 (62.4%) were classified as non-PTSD. A rating checklist with 24 symptoms of PTSD was applied by self report. Each item of the scale was scored 1 to 4. Results. PTSD checklist had a reliability Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97 PTSD group scored 70.4±22.9, and non-PTSD 37.2± 13.7 (p< 0.0001) on the PTSD checklist. A discriminant analysis found that the scale had a correctly classification capability of 88.6% (p< 0.0001). Sensibility was found between 76.3% for a cut-off point of 51 and 81.6% for cut off point of 45. Specificity changed between 71.4% for a cut-off point of 45 and 84.4% for a cut-off point of 51. Conclusion. Checklist for PTSD had a high reliability, good discriminant capability, and good sensibility and specificity.","Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Mental health, Post traumatic stress, Questionnaire, Screening","Pineda, D. A., Guerrero, O. L., Pinilla, M. L., Estupiñán, M.",2002.0,,,0,0,4341
4343,"Psychophysiologic reactivity, subjective distress, and their associations with PTSD diagnosis","Intense subjective distress and physiologic reactivity upon exposure to reminders of the traumatic event are each diagnostic features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, subjective reports and psychophysiological data often suggest different conclusions. For the present study, we combined data from five previous studies to assess the contributions of these two types of measures in predicting PTSD diagnosis. One hundred fifty trauma-exposed participants who were classified into PTSD or non-PTSD groups based on structured diagnostic interviews completed the same script-driven imagery procedure, which quantified measures of psychophysiologic reactivity and self-reported emotional responses. We derived four discriminant functions (DiscFxs) that each maximally separated the PTSD from the non-PTSD group using (1) psychophysiologic measures recorded during personal mental imagery of the traumatic event; (2) self-report ratings in response to the trauma imagery; (3) psychophysiologic measures recorded during personal mental imagery of another highly stressful experience unrelated to the index traumatic event; and (4) self-report ratings in response to this other stressor. When PTSD status was simultaneously regressed on all four DiscFxs, trauma-related psychophysiological reactivity was a significant predictor, but physiological reactivity resulting from the highly stressful, but not traumatic script, was not. Self-reported distress to the traumatic experience and the other stressful event were both predictive of PTSD diagnosis. Trauma-related psychophysiologic reactivity was the best predictor of PTSD diagnosis, but self-reported distress contributed additional variance. These results are discussed in relation to the Research Domain Criteria framework. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Imagery, Psychophysiology, PTSD, Self-reported distress, Trauma cues","Pineles, S. L., Suvak, M. K., Liverant, G. I., Gregor, K., Wisco, B. E., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4344,Properties of patient-reported outcome measures in individuals following acute whiplash injury,"Background: The aim of this study was to assess the acceptability, reliability, validity and responsiveness of the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and its preference-based derivative (SF-6D), the EQ-5D and the Neck Disability Index (NDI) in patients recovering from acute whiplash injury.Methods: Data from the Managing Injuries of the Neck Trial of 3,851 patients with acute whiplash injury formed the basis of this empirical investigation. The EQ-5D and SF-12 were collected at baseline, and all three outcome measures were then collected at 4 months, 8 months and 12 months post-randomisation. The measures were assessed for their acceptability (response rates), internal consistency, validity (known groups validity and discriminant validity) and their internal and external responsiveness.Results: Response rates were broadly similar across the measures, with evidence of a floor effect for the NDI and a ceiling effect for the EQ-5D utility measure. All measures had Cronbach's α statistics of greater than 0.7, indicating acceptable internal consistency. The NDI and EQ-5D utility score correlated more strongly with the physical component scale of the SF-12 than the mental component scale, whilst this was reversed for the SF-6D utility score. The smaller standard deviations in SF-6D utility scores meant there were larger effect sizes for differences in utility score between patients with different injury severity at baseline than for the EQ-5D utility measure. However, the EQ-5D utility measure and NDI were both more responsive to longitudinal changes in health status than the SF-6D.Conclusions: There was no evidence of differences between the EQ-5D utility measure and NDI in terms of their construct validity, discriminant validity or responsiveness in patients with acute whiplash injury. However, both demonstrated superior responsiveness to longitudinal health changes than the SF-6D. © 2014 Pink et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Health status, Outcome assessment, Quality of life, Whiplash","Pink, J., Petrou, S., Williamson, E., Williams, M., Lamb, S. E.",2014.0,,10.1186/1477-7525-12-38,0,0,
4345,Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake,"It has recently become more clearly understood that in human brain pathophysiology, neurosteroids play a role in anxiety disorders, premenstrual syndrome, postpartum depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. In the treatment of major depression, recent clinical studies indicate that the pharmacological profiles of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are correlated with the ability of these drugs to increase the brain and cerebrospinal fluid content of allopregnanolone (Allo), a potent positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action at GABAA receptors. Thus, the neurosteroid-induced positive allosteric modulation of GABA action at GABA A receptors is facilitated by fluoxetine or its congeners (i.e., paroxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline), which may not block 5-HT reuptake at the doses currently prescribed in the clinic. However, these doses are effective in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria, anxiety, and depression. In socially isolated mice, we tested the hypothesis that fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and other specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) congeners stereoselectively upregulate neurosteroid content at doses insufficient to inhibit 5-HT reuptake; although they potentiate pentobarbital-induced sedation and exert antiaggressive action. Very importantly, the inhibition of 5-HT reuptake lacks stereospecificity and requires fluoxetine and norfluoxetine doses that are 50-fold greater than those required to increase brain Allo content, potentiate the action of pentobarbital, or antagonize isolation-induced aggression. Based on these findings, it could be inferred that the increase of brain Allo content elicited by fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, rather than the inhibition selective of 5-HT reuptake, may be operative in the fluoxetine-induced remission of the behavioral abnormalities associated with mood disorders. Therefore, the term ""SSRI"" may be misleading in defining the pharmacological profile of fluoxetine and its congeners. To this extent, the term ""selective brain steroidogenic stimulants"" (SBSSs) could be proposed. (copyright) Springer-Verlag 2006.","3alpha hydroxy 5alpha pregnan 20 one, 3alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 4 aminobutyric acid, 4 aminobutyric acid A receptor, 4 aminobutyric acid A receptor blocking agent, alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid, alprazolam, benzodiazepine derivative, brain derived neurotrophic factor, diazepam, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imidazenil, imipramine, messenger RNA, n methyl dextro aspartic acid, neurosteroid, noradrenalin, norfluoxetine, paroxetine, pentobarbital, serotonin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, steroid 5alpha reductase, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, tianeptine, triazolam, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, aggression, allosterism, animal behavior, anxiety, anxiety disorder, depression, drug bioavailability, drug brain level, drug cerebrospinal fluid level, drug effect, drug metabolism, drug potentiation, drug selectivity, drug specificity, dysphoria, GABAergic system, human, neuroendocrinology, nonhuman, priority journal, progesterone metabolism, psychopharmacology, review, sedation, serotonin uptake, social isolation, stereospecificity","Pinna, G., Costa, E., Guidotti, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4346,"Outcome of occupational electrical injuries among French electric company workers: A retrospective report of 311 cases, 1996-2005","This study reviewed records of all electrical incidents involving work-related injury to employees Electricité de France (EDF) from 1996 through 2005 and analysed data for 311 incidents. The results are compared with 1231 electrical incidents that occurred during 1970-1979 and 996 incidents during 1980-1989. A total of 311 electrical incidents were observed. The medical consequences of electrical incident remain severe and particularly, the current fatality rate (3.2%) is similar to that recorded in the 1980s (2.7%) and 1970s (3.3%). Among individuals with non-fatal incidents, any change has occurred in the prevalence of permanent functional sequelae (23.6% in the 1970s vs. 27.6% in the 1980s and 32.5% currently). An increase in the incidence of neuropsychiatric sequelae (5.4% in the 1980s vs. 13% currently) has been observed and they are now the second most common type of sequelae after those directly related to burns. Among the neurological sequelae, peripheral nervous system disorders are the most common, as observed in the 1980s. Since the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has changed between the two periods, we can only report that the current prevalence of PTSD is 7.6%. This study emphasises the need for specific management of neurological and psychological impairments after electrical injuries, including especially early recognition and initiation of effective treatment. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI.","Burns, Electrical injuries, Neuropsychiatric sequelae, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Piotrowski, A., Fillet, A. M., Perez, P., Walkowiak, P., Simon, D., Corniere, M. J., Cabanes, P. A., Lambrozo, J.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.burns.2013.08.008,0,0,
4347,Quality of life in multiply injured patients: Development of the Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP) as part of the modular Polytrauma Outcome (POLO) Chart,"Background: Health-related Quality of Life (QoL) has gained increased attention in medicine but a specific QoL instrument for trauma patients does not yet exist. Following the recommendations of a recent international consensus conference, the Polytrauma Outcome (POLO) Chart, a modular (generic plus disease-specific) instrument was developed for systematic outcome assessment of multiply injured patients as part of the German Trauma Registry. The development of the disease-specific module, the Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP), is described. Methods: Phase I - item collection, including a pilot study; phase II - item reduction; phase III - pre-testing in 70 polytraumatized patients and 70 controls with minor injuries. The instrument covers the four domains of QoL: physical, psychological, social, and functional capacity. Factor analysis and inter-item correlation was used to investigate relationships between items. Results: The initial phase generated 175 questions. In phase II the number of items was reduced to 64 by statistical analysis and clinical experts. Pre-testing with factor analysis generated a final instrument with eight dimensions: depression, anxiousness, post-traumatic stress disorder, social interactions, daily activities, mental functioning, pain and physical functioning. Two questions on body image and satisfaction were added. The TOP is currently being validated (phase IV). Conclusions: Together with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), the EuroQoL, and the SF-36, the TOP module is part of the POLO-Chart. It is the first disease-specific instrument for QoL assessment in patients with multiple injuries. The extended development process has enabled all relevant aspects of a patient's status after trauma to be considered. This instrument will be used by the German Trauma Registry for systematic follow-up investigations. The TOP can also be used as a standardized stand-alone screening measurement in follow-up investigations for individual trauma patients. (copyright) Urban & Vogel.","adolescent, adult, aged, anxiety, article, body image, controlled study, correlation analysis, daily life activity, depression, diagnostic procedure, factorial analysis, female, functional status, human, injury, devices, major clinical study, male, medical specialist, mental function, pain, patient satisfaction, physical activity, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, quality of life, questionnaire, register, school child, social aspect, social interaction, statistical analysis","Pirente, N., Ottlik, Y., Lefering, R., Bouillon, B., Neugebauer, E., Grimme, K., Grote, S., Grotz, M., Hering, M., Huber, S., Kanz, G., Kleiner, M., Krettek, C., Kuhne, C., Lackner, C., Mutschler, W., Nast-Kolb, D., Oestern, H. J., Paffrath, T., Pape, H. C., Probst, C., Raum, M., Rixen, D., Ruchholtz, S., Sauerland, S., Steitz, O., Waydhas, C., Westhoff, J., Wittke, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4348,Quality of life in multiply injured patients: Development of the Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP) as part of the modular Polytrauma Outcome (POLO) Chart,"Background: Health-related Quality of Life (QoL) has gained increased attention in medicine but a specific QoL instrument for trauma patients does not yet exist. Following the recommendations of a recent international consensus conference, the Polytrauma Outcome (POLO) Chart, a modular (generic plus disease-specific) instrument was developed for systematic outcome assessment of multiply injured patients as part of the German Trauma Registry. The development of the disease-specific module, the Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP), is described. Methods: Phase I - item collection, including a pilot study; phase II - item reduction; phase III - pre-testing in 70 polytraumatized patients and 70 controls with minor injuries. The instrument covers the four domains of QoL: physical, psychological, social, and functional capacity. Factor analysis and inter-item correlation was used to investigate relationships between items. Results: The initial phase generated 175 questions. In phase II the number of items was reduced to 64 by statistical analysis and clinical experts. Pre-testing with factor analysis generated a final instrument with eight dimensions: depression, anxiousness, post-traumatic stress disorder, social interactions, daily activities, mental functioning, pain and physical functioning. Two questions on body image and satisfaction were added. The TOP is currently being validated (phase IV). Conclusions: Together with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), the EuroQoL, and the SF-36, the TOP module is part of the POLO-Chart. It is the first disease-specific instrument for QoL assessment in patients with multiple injuries. The extended development process has enabled all relevant aspects of a patient's status after trauma to be considered. This instrument will be used by the German Trauma Registry for systematic follow-up investigations. The TOP can also be used as a standardized stand-alone screening measurement in follow-up investigations for individual trauma patients. © Urban & Vogel.","German Trauma Registry, Multiple injuries, Outcome measure, Quality of Life","Pirente, N., Ottlik, Y., Lefering, R., Bouillon, B., Neugebauer, E., Grimme, K., Grote, S., Grotz, M., Hering, M., Huber, S., Kanz, G., Kleiner, M., Krettek, C., Kühne, C., Lackner, C., Mutschler, W., Nast-Kolb, D., Oestern, H. J., Paffrath, T., Pape, H. C., Probst, C., Raum, M., Rixen, D., Ruchholtz, S., Sauerland, S., Steitz, O., Waydhas, C., Westhoff, J., Wittke, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,4347
4349,Parental functioning and posttraumatic stress in childhood cancer survivors: Preliminary evidence for an interpersonal model,"BACKGROUND: There has been much controversy around the usefulness of the PTSD concept, its prevalence and risk factors within the domain of pediatric cancer survivorship (Bruce, 2006; Phipps, 2007). Our study aims to make a theoretical and empirical contribution to these controversies, by presenting a model that places parent-child relationships at the core of the traumatic process in medical settings and providing preliminary empirical evidence to support such model. METHOD: Self-report instruments were administered to 86 mothers of childhood cancer survivors, to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors and their mothers, parental resolution of the experience of having a child with cancer, parental response styles to the child during treatment, and intensity of treatments. Analysis of variance, stepwise regression and discriminant analysis were conducted to test the relationship of variables of parental functioning with PTSS and PTSD in survivors, as well as their predictive and classificatory power on PTSS and PTSD diagnosis. A path analysis was conducted to probe casual relationships between variables. RESULTS: Resolution of the experience of having a child with cancer, parental response styles to the child during treatment and parental posttraumatic stress symptoms were significantly correlated with PTSS and PTSD in survivors. Pearson correlations ranged from 0.39 to 0.60, and effect sizes of ANOVAs were high. These variables had predictive and classificatory power on PTSS and PTSD above treatment intensity. They also had a causal relationship with PTSS. Different parental styles were related to PTSS across different ages of exposure to the cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Two processes of parental functioning towards the child's illness (parental resolution of the experience of having a sick child and parental response styles during treatment) seem to have a causal effect on posttraumatic sequelae in children and adolescents who have survived a cancer. These processes have a traumatic impact above the severity of trauma. These results are discussed in light of early socioemotional processes considered by developmental psychology as well as the main clinical processes described by psychotraumatology. Limitations of the study as well as its implications for future research are considered. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that a relational model on pediatric medical traumatic stress may be beneficial in finding paths towards the resolution of controversies that pertain to the usefulness of PTSD concept as well as its etiological process on children with cancer. The accurate operationalization of parental processes and the use of instruments that are tailored towards their measurement, are valuable tools for a solid research project on pediatric medical traumatic stress. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our study benefits clinicians by locating parental processes that place a risk for the development of PTSS and PTSD in pediatric cancer patients. This may help design assessment and intervention strategies along and after treatment. Such initiatives should consider not only parental responses, but also their inner experience of parenting a sick child. Both behavioral and representational dimensions of caregiving can be articulated for the provision of integral care to families affected by childhood cancer.","childhood cancer, cancer survivor, human, model, oncology, posttraumatic stress disorder, child, neoplasm, survivor, child parent relation, mother, female, discriminant analysis, analysis of variance, risk factor, solid, prevalence, injury, adolescent, diseases, diagnosis, exposure, effect size, self report, path analysis, cancer therapy, developmental psychology, risk, cancer patient","Pitillas, C., Nunez, J. P., Berastegui, A., Gomez, B., Halty, A., Vidal, F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4350,Psychophysiological investigations of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery,"Physiological responses to self-generated imagery of past traumatic combat experiences were assessed in medication-free Vietnam combat veterans, classified on the basis of DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987) criteria into posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 25), non-PTSD anxiety disorder (Anxious, n = 7), or no-mental-disorder (Healthy, n = 15) groups. ''Scripts'' describing each subject's combat experiences were read to him in the laboratory, and he was instructed to imagine the events the scripts portrayed, while heart rate, skin conductance, and frontalis electromyogram (EMG) were recorded. PTSD subjects' responses to their combat imagery were significantly higher than those of both control groups. A discriminant analysis identified 64 percent of PTSD subjects as physiological responders, and 100 percent of Anxious and 94 percent of Healthy subjects as nonresponders. A pilot study of imaginal flooding in three PTSD and two Healthy pilot subjects suggested that more prolonged, therapist-assisted imagery might increase the sensitivity of psychophysiological measures to PTSD, and that motor and endocrinological measures might also be of value in characterizing the disorder.","clinical article, conference paper, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychophysiology","Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Steketee, G. S.",1989.0,,,0,0,
4351,Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only major mental disorder for which a cause is considered to be known: that is, an event that involves threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others and induces a response of intense fear, helplessness or horror. Although PTSD is still largely regarded as a psychological phenomenon, over the past three decades the growth of the biological PTSD literature has been explosive, and thousands of references now exist. Ultimately, the impact of an environmental event, such as a psychological trauma, must be understood at organic, cellular and molecular levels. This Review attempts to present the current state of this understanding on the basis of psychophysiological, structural and functional neuroimaging, and endocrinological, genetic and molecular biological studies in humans and in animal models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neuroimaging, Animal Models, Genetics, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Pitman, Roger K., Rasmusson, Ann M., Koenen, Karestan C., Shin, Lisa M., Orr, Scott P., Gilbertson, Mark W., Milad, Mohammed R., Liberzon, Israel",2012.0,,,0,0,
4352,Acute stress masking the biochemical phenotype of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome in a patient with a novel mutation in the androgen receptor,"Hypogonadism has traditionally been classified as either hypogonadotropic or hypergonadotropic based on serum gonadotropin levels. However, when hypothalamic suppression of GnRH secretion occurs, it can mask an underlying hypergonadotropic state. In this report we document the unusual case of a 61-yr-old man with androgen insensitivity and coincidental functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Although functional HH is not a well-recognized entity in the male, major stress has been reported to cause transient suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men. The patient in question was noted to have undervirilization, minimal pubertal development, hypogonadal testosterone, and low gonadotropin levels consistent with congenital HH during a hospital admission for myocardial infarction. However, the patient had also had surgery for hypospadias, a clinical feature not typically part of the phenotypic spectrum of congenital HH. We therefore hypothesized that the combination of acute stress and chronic glucocorticoid administration for temporal arteritis induced transient HH in a patient with a disorder of sexual differentiation in whom gonadotropin levels would have otherwise been elevated. Using clinical, molecular, and genetic studies, the patient was found to have partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) caused by a novel mutation (Ser740Cys) in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor. Subsequent studies of the patient confirmed the characteristic gonadotropin and sex steroid abnormalities of PAIS. We describe for the first time a patient with PAIS presenting with a reversible hypogonadotropic biochemical profile triggered by an acute illness and corticosteroid therapy. This case highlights the necessity for caution when interpreting gonadotropin levels during acute stress.","androgen receptor, corticosteroid, cysteine, DNA, glucocorticoid, gonadotropin, ligand, mutant protein, serine, sex hormone, testosterone, acute stress disorder, adult, amino acid sequence, anamnesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome, biochemistry, case report, clinical feature, concentration (parameters), conference paper, developmental stage, disease course, disease severity, DNA sequence, gene mutation, genetic code, genetics, heart infarction, hormone determination, hospital admission, human, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypospadias, hypothalamus hypophysis gonad system, ligand binding, male, medical documentation, molecular biology, phenotype, physical examination, priority journal, protein binding, protein domain, puberty, questionnaire, sex difference, disorder of sex development, surgical technique, temporal arteritis, treatment outcome, virilization","Pitteloud, N., Villegas, J., Dwyer, A. A., Crowley Jr, W. F., McPhaul, M. J., Hayes, F. J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4353,Randomized controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents exposed to tsunami in Thailand,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating consequence of natural disaster in children and adolescents. Accumulating data show that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for PTSD. However, application of CBT in a large-scale disaster in a setting with limited resources, such as when the tsunami hit several Asian countries in 2004, poses a major problem. Aims: This randomized controlled trial aimed to test for the efficacy of the modified version of CBT for children and adolescents with PSTD. Method: Thirty-six children (aged 10-15 years) who had been diagnosed with PSTD 4 years after the tsunami were randomly allocated to either CBT or wait list. CBT was delivered in 3-day, 2-hour-daily, group format followed by 1-month posttreatment self-monitoring and daily homework. Results: Compared to the wait list, participants who received CBT demonstrated significantly greater improvement in symptoms of PTSD at 1-month follow-up, although no significant improvement was observed when the measures were done immediately posttreatment. Conclusions: Brief, group CBT is an effective treatment for PTSD in children and adolescents when delivered in conjunction with posttreatment self-monitoring and daily homework. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Group Psychotherapy, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Pityaratstian, Nuttorn, Piyasil, Vinadda, Ketumarn, Panom, Sitdhiraksa, Nanthawat, Ularntinon, Sirirat, Pariwatcharakul, Pornjira",2015.0,,,0,0,
4354,Olanzapine versus fluphenazine in an open trial in patients with psychotic combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Rationale: Combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often complicated with other psychiatric comorbidities, and is refractory to treatment. Objective: The aim of an open, comparative 6-week study was to compare olanzapine and fluphenazine, as a monotherapy, for treating psychotic combat-related PTSD. Method: Fifty-five male war veterans with psychotic PTSD (DSM-IV criteria) were treated for 6 weeks with olanzapine (n=28) or fluphenazine (n=27) in a 5-10 mg/day dose range, once or twice daily. Patients were evaluated at baseline, and after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, using Watson's PTSD scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale (CGI-I), Patient Global Impression Improvement Scale (PGI-I) and Drug Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS). Results: At baseline, patient's data (age, duration of combat experience and scores in all measurement instruments) did not differ. After 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, olanzapine was significantly more efficacious than fluphenazine in reducing symptoms in PANSS (negative, general psychopathology subscale, supplementary items), Watson's PTSD (avoidance, increased arousal) subscales, CGI-S, CGI-I, and PGI-I scale. Both treatments affected similarly the symptoms listed in PANSS positive and Watson's trauma re-experiencing subscales. Fluphenazine induced more extrapyramidal symptoms. Prolongation of the treatment for 3 additional weeks did not affect the efficacy of either drug. Conclusions: Our data indicate that both fluphenazine and olanzapine were effective for particular symptom profile in psychotic combat-related PTSD. Olanzapine was better than fluphenazine in reducing most of the psychotic and PTSD symptoms, and was better tolerated in psychotic PTSD patients.","biperiden, fluphenazine, olanzapine, zolpidem, adult, agitation, akathisia, appetite, article, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical trial, comorbidity, drug efficacy, drug induced extrapyramidal symptoms scale, drug tolerability, extrapyramidal symptom, human, major clinical study, male, monotherapy, patient global impression improvement scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosis, rating scale, rigor, side effect, symptomatology, Watson posttraumatic stress disorder scale, weight gain","Pivac, N., Kozaric-Kovacic, D., Muck-Seler, D.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4355,Review of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents,"Reviews the book, Post-traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents edited by Raul R. Silva (2004). The reviewer notes that this text is a strongly academic, comprehensive, and detailed review of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents, presented in extensively referenced chapters. This resource is pertinent to a variety of pediatric professionals, as well as to disaster-responding volunteers interested in detailed research-based information. Addressed are the complexity of various stressors, victim characteristics, and social factors. Diverse issues are covered within chapters. Existing structured interview tools are reviewed, their limitations in accurately reflecting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria and the lack of their psychometric peer review pointed out. Multiple contributors emphasize the importance of developmentally sensitive understanding and the need for diagnostic criteria refinement and well-designed, randomized, controlled treatment studies to guide the management of posttraumatic stress in this vulnerable population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)",*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Pivalizza, Penelope J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4356,Post traumatic stress disorder in children after tsunami disaster in Thailand: 2 Years follow-up,,,"Piyasil, V., Ketuman, P., Plubrukarn, R., Jotipanut, V., Tanprasert, S., Aowjinda, S., Thaeeromanophap, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4357,Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and inflammation: A twin study,"The association of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with cardiovascular disease risk may be mediated by inflammation. Our objective was to examine the association between PTSD and measure s of inflammation and to determine whether these association s are due to shared familial or genetic factors. We measured lifetime history of PTSD using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV in 238 male middle-aged military veteran twin pairs (476 individuals), selected from the Vietnam Era Twins Registry, who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline. We assessed inflammation using levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, white blood cells, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and inter cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Geometric mean levels and percent differences by PTSD were obtained from mixed-model linear regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders. Within-pair analysis was conducted to adjust for shared family environment and genetics (monozygotic pairs). Overall, 12.4% of participants had a lifetime history of PTSD. Adjusted mean levels of hsCRP and ICAM-1 were significantly higher among those with vs. without PTSD [hsCRP: 1.75 vs. 1.31 mg/l (33% difference); ICAM-1: 319 vs. 293 ng/ml (9% difference)]. Adjustment for depression rendered the association of PTSD with hsCRP non-statistically significant. For IL-6, no consistent association was seen. Within-pair analysis produced association s that were similar in direction for all three markers but lesser in magnitude for hsCRP and IL-6. There was no evidence of interaction by zygosity. Elevated hsCRP and ICAM-1 are associated with PTSD, and these association s may be confounded by shared non-genetic, antecedent familial and environmental factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Inflammation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Genetics, Military Veterans, Proteins","Plantinga, Laura, Bremner, J. Douglas, Miller, Andrew H., Jones, Dean P., Veledar, Emir, Goldberg, Jack, Vaccarino, Viola",2013.0,,,0,0,
4358,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: The evidence base,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder with many causes, characterised by three clusters of symptoms (re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance and numbing, increased arousal). The disorder follows an acute or a chronic course. PTSD is complicated by a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-related disorders and personality disorders. So far PTSD has been attacked by a variety of pharmacological treatments due to its diverse symptomatology. Recent double-blind studies revealed evidence for a preferential use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as a first-line acute treatment. One study with sertraline also showed a reduced risk of relapse in case of maintenance treatment. Further studies on the efficacy of other psychotropic agents such as anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics are needed. Furthermore, more accurate definitions of PTSD and new concepts such as complex PTSD, are required.",,"Plasmans, K., De Fruyt, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4359,"Suicidality, psychopathology, and gender in incarcerated adolescents in Austria","Objective: Delinquent juveniles are at extreme risk for suicide with death rates 4 times higher than in the general population. Whereas psychopathologic risk factors for suicidal behavior in nonforensic adolescent populations are well defined, psychopathologies associated with suicidality in delinquent juveniles are not yet clear. The objective of this study was to determine gender-specific psychopathologic profiles associated with suicidality in detained juveniles. Method: The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Second Version, the Youth Self-Report, and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatrie Interview for children and adolescents were used to investigate juveniles in an Austrian pretrial detention facility. The study sample consisted of all juveniles entering the system between March 2003 and January 2005. Of the 370 eligible participants, 319 completed the study (53 girls and 266 boys; age range, 14 to 21 years; mean = 16.67, SD = 1.45 years). Results: We found significantly higher prevalence rates of both current (p < .01) and lifetime (p < .001) suicidality in girls than in boys. Suicidal boys exhibited more psychopathology and a wider range of psychopathology compared to nonsuicidal boys. For suicidal girls, psychopathologies appeared more circumscribed (all relevant p values < .04). Using signal detection methods, major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and social phobia identified boys at highest risk of suicidality, while a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder identified girls at highest risk. Conclusions: Suicidality levels are high in delinquent adolescents, especially in girls. Psychopathologic risk factors seem to be gender specific in this population. Not only depression, but also psychopathologies that usually do not arouse strong suspicion for an association with suicidal behavior, i.e., social phobia and ADHD in boys and PTSD in girls, might increase suicide risk. Further research in other countries is needed to replicate our results with respect to sociocultural influences.",,"Plattner, B., The, S. S. L., Kraemer, H. C., Williams, R. P., Bauer, S. M., Kindler, J., Feucht, M., Friedrich, M. H., Steiner, H.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4360,Comorbid psychopathology: A risk factor for pediatric Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES),"Rationale: Pediatric NES is a difficult to diagnose condition with prevalent comorbid psychopathology. Since psychiatric disorders run in families, this study examined the prevalence, number, type and specificity of psychiatric diagnoses (i.e., conversion, anxiety, depression diagnoses) in NES children compared to their siblings. Among the NES subjects, it determined if the severity of psychopathology was related to age, age of onset of NES, and comorbid epilepsy. Methods: This multisite study includes NES children and their siblings, aged 8-18 years, recruited from five US sites. A video EEG (vEEG) confirmed an NES diagnosis. A structured psychiatric interview, administered to each subject and parent, separately yielded DSM-IV diagnoses. Chi-square analyses examined differences in distribution of diagnoses. Fisher's exact test was used for measures with frequencies <5 in each cell. Probands and siblings were compared on the number of diagnoses using a mixed model with family as a random effect. Within NES subjects, non-parametric analyses were conducted. Results: 22 NES youth (Age = 15.7 years (SD=2.4); 7 males) and 22 siblings (Age=13.3 years (SD=2.4); 11 males) completed assessment. 14 were Caucasian, 3 African-American, 3 Latino, and 1 other. 68.2% NES cases and 31.8 % siblings had epilepsy. DSM-IV diagnoses were more prevalent in the NES (95.5%) than the sibling subjects (72.7%) (p=0.04), who, in turn, had higher rates than the general child population (10%). Significantly more probands than siblings (95.5% vs. 36.4%, p= 0.0005) had multiple diagnoses and a higher number of diagnosis (4.1 (SD=1.6) vs. 1.5 (SD=1.3), p< 0.0001). The type of diagnoses differed across groups with significantly higher rates in the NES group of Conversion Disorder (86.4% vs. 4.6%, p < 0.0001) followed by Anxiety Disorders (81.8% vs. 27.3%, p=0.0003) and Depression (63.6% vs. 9.1%, p=0.0002). The groups did not differ in rate of Disruptive, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Eating, Learning, Substance Abuse, Tic, and Bipolar Disorders. Although Anxiety Disorders were more prevalent in probands than siblings, types of anxiety were similar in both groups. Within the NES group, the number of psychiatric diagnoses was positively related to age (p = 0.05), but not age of NES onset. Comorbid epilepsy in NES was unrelated to age of first psychiatric diagnosis, the number and type of diagnosis. Conclusions: Prevalent, severe, and specific psychopathology in NES children underscore their mental health needs. The lack of an association of psychopathology severity with comorbid epilepsy (which is independently related to high rates and a wide range of DSM-IV diagnoses) and prevalent conversion disorders also supports a specific psychopathology profile in NES children. The sibling psychopathology findings emphasize the mental health needs of these families and the need for studies on family functioning and psychopathology.","risk factor, seizure, epilepsy, society, mental disease, diagnosis, sibling, human, child, psychiatric diagnosis, mental health, conversion disorder, anxiety, anxiety disorder, male, Caucasian, prevalence, family functioning, chi square test, model, substance abuse, parent, attention deficit disorder, interview, population, videorecording, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating, learning, Hispanic, tic, bipolar disorder, African American, onset age, juvenile, electroencephalogram, Fisher exact test","Plioplys, S., Doss, J., Siddarth, P., Bursch, B., Falcone, T., Forgey, M., Hinman, K., Shaw, R. J., Weisbrot, D. M., Caplan, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4361,Whiplash following rear end collisions: A prospective cohort study,,,"Pobereskin, L. H.",2005.0,,10.1136/jnnp.2004.049189,0,0,
4362,Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with neurogenic amnesia for the traumatic event,"Reviews 2 case studies and 19 cases from the literature on the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with neurogenic amnesia for the traumatic event following accidents with closed head injuries. Lists in table form case data and symptoms of the Ss examined. Approximately 75% of the Ss completely fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria for PTSD. The clinical observations are discussed against the background of current neuropsychological models of multiple memory systems. The recorded cases demonstrate that declarative episodic memory is not necessary for symptoms of PTSD to emerge, whereas preserved functions of non-declarative memory systems represent a sufficient condition for the development of PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Amnesia, *Head Injuries, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Podoll, K., Kunert, H. J., Sas, H.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4363,From prepartum to postpartum: Profiles and maternal symptomatology,"Background: While many researches focus on psychiatric disorders during the prepartum period, to our knowledge, there is no study on psychological profiles. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine typologies of women during the prepartum period and to determine whether these typologies differ on psychiatric disorder symptoms (short- and long-term). Methods: Between the eighth and ninth months of pregnancy (T1), a sample of 46 women completed questionnaires measuring fear of childbirth and pretraumatic stress disorder symptoms. At 3 days postpartum (T2), they completed questionnaires assessing their experience of childbirth, labor pain and peritraumatic distress. Posttraumatic stress and postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed at 6. weeks postpartum (T3). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were also assessed at T1, T2 and T3. Results: Four typologies were highlighted: the ""Resilient Group"" characterized by a low level of symptoms; the ""Fear Group"" with significant symptoms of fear of childbirth; the ""Anxiety Group"" characterized by anxiety symptoms and a ""Prettraumatic Fear Anxiety Depression Group"" characterized by a high level of symptoms. Our results also suggest the impact of symptoms during the prepartum period on postpartum symptoms. Conclusion: Further studies on prepartum psychiatric disorders are warranted in order to prevent subsequent disorders from developing. © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Postpartum, Prepartum, Profiles, Psychiatric disorders","Poggi, L., Bertoli, C., Séjourné, N., Chabrol, H., Goutaudier, N.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jpp.2015.10.003,0,1,
4364,Psychopathology and abortion,"The author explores the possible relationship between psychopathology and abortion. The paper starts with the updating of epidemiological data regarding the incidence of abortion, especially in the current Spanish society. In this partnership there are three sections in the study of these possible relations between the abortion and the psychopathology: (a) in the new emerging sexual behaviour, especially among young people, and psychopathological factors possibly determining their sexual behaviour; (b) in the psychological and psychopathological context that makes the decision to abort, in regard to the factors of the couple and their families of origin and social context, and (c) in the frequent psychopathological disorders that seem to arise from the abortion, according to recent data reported by many researchers in the international scientific community. The study of the so-called Post-Abortion Syndrome (PAS) puts an end to this cooperation, distinguishing psychopathological profile characteristic that distinguishes the various stages of this syndrome.","adolescent, adolescent pregnancy, adult, aftercare, article, decision making, family, female, human, illegitimacy, induced abortion, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, psychological aspect, sexual behavior, social psychology, Spain, statistics, suicide, syndrome","Polaino Lorente, A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4365,The role of executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review,"Background: Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with disturbances in verbal memory, studies examining executive functioning in PTSD show mixed results. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to compare executive functioning in patients with current PTSD and controls without any psychiatric disorder. Standard mean differences (SMD) in executive functioning scores were calculated using random-effects models. Covariates were added to examine whether differences exist between subgroups. Results: Across 18 studies, 1080 subjects were included. In comparison with 431 exposed controls and 227 healthy controls, 422 people with PTSD showed significantly impaired executive functioning. Subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced differences between PTSD patients and exposed controls than healthy controls. Male gender, higher age, war trauma, and higher severity of co-morbid depressive symptoms were related to poorer executive functioning in PTSD patients compared to exposed controls. Limitations: Due to insufficient data and heterogeneity, not all subgroup differences or characteristics could be taken into account. Conclusions: Overall, PTSD patients were found to show impaired executive functioning. Future research should further elucidate the subgroup effects and focus on clinical implications with regard to daily functioning and treatment outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Executive Function","Polak, A. Rosaura, Witteveen, Anke B., Reitsma, Johannes B., Olff, Miranda",2012.0,,,0,0,
4366,"Eszopiclone for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and associated insomnia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","Objective: The development of novel strategies for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a critical public health need. We present the first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent for the treatment of PTSD and associated insomnia. Method: Twenty-four patients with PTSD by DSM-IV criteria and sleep disturbance were treated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 3 weeks of eszopiclone 3 mg at bedtime compared to placebo. The primary outcome measures were changes in scores on the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The data were collected from April 2006 to June 2008. Results: Three weeks of eszopiclone pharmacotherapy was associated with significantly greater improvement than placebo on PTSD symptom measures including the SPRINT (P = .032) and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (P = .003), as well as on measures of sleep including the PSQI (P = .011) and sleep latency (P = .044). Greater improvement with eszopiclone on PTSD measures was present even when specific sleep-related items were excluded. Adverse events were consistent with the known profile of the drug. Conclusions: This study provides initial evidence that pharmacotherapy with eszopiclone may be associated with short-term improvement in overall PTSD severity as well as associated sleep disturbance. Longer, more definitive study of eszopiclone in PTSD is warranted. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00120250 © Copyright 2011 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Pollack, M. H., Hoge, E. A., Worthington, J. J., Moshier, S. J., Wechsler, R. S., Brandes, M., Simon, N. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4367,Discovery of protein biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with civilian post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Background: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) affects 7-8% of the general population of the United States and approximately 15% of veterans returning from combat. The symptoms can persist for months or decades, and the diagnosis is presently based solely on the patient's history and behavioral symptoms. Unfortunately we do not fully understand the biological mechanisms underlying PTSD. Therefore, attempts at drug discovery for this disorder are severely compromised. However, we have hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid might contain proteins that could yield hints as to the mechanistic basis for PTSD. Methods: Fourteen medication-free outpatients with chronic civilian PTSD (34.9(plus or minus)10.4 years old, 10 women) and ten non-traumatized, healthy subjects (35.3(plus or minus)13.1 years old, 7 women) participated in the study. Traumas were prepubertal in 5 subjects and adults in nine. Time elapsed from trauma exposure was 26(plus or minus)4 years in pre-pubertal trauma, and 10.1(plus or minus)8.8 years in adult exposure. Patients were physically healthy, with no psychotropic medication for at least three weeks prior to lumbar puncture (or six weeks for patients on fluoxetine), and did not meet criteria for alcohol or substance abuse, or dependence, for at least six months prior to the study.Psychiatric diagnoses were established using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), and the severity of PTSD was determined using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Severity of depressive, anxiety and overall symptoms was assessed using the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and Clinical Global Impression - Severity scale (CGI-S), respectively. Individuals with PTSD and controls did not differ with regard to age, gender distribution, race, or body mass index (BMI). Severity of PTSD was moderate, with a CAPS score of 73.1(plus or minus)10.3. Depression (IDS 16.4(plus or minus)8.2), Anxiety (HAMA 13.1(plus or minus)6.8) and overall symptom severity levels (CGI-S 4(plus or minus)1.2) were moderate as well.Lumbar Puncture (LP) was performed between 8:00 and 9:00 AM by an experienced physician. A 20-gauge introducer needle was inserted and approximately 15 cc of CSF was withdrawn and frozen in aliquots at -80 (degrees)C for later assay. Proteins in CSF were labeled with the Cy3 fluorescent dye, and a sample of a standard serum was labeled with Cy5 to provide a common standard across all experiments. The mixture was incubated with a 507-duplicate feature antibody microarray, and imaged on a Perkin-Elmer ScanArray2 fluorescence slide reader. Samples of CSF were also analyzed on a Reverse Capture Protein Microarray platform. Significance was based on t-tests (p<0.05) and a local False Discovery Rate of o 10%. Results: We have identified ten proteins which significantly distinguish between CSF from PTSD patients and Healthy Controls, independently of gender. Among the top proteins we find (i) synaptotagmin [p=6 EXP(-9)], a protein associated with calcium dependent neurotransmitter exocytosis; (ii) Ubiquitin E3 Ligase [p=2EXP(-7)], a protein in which mutations are associated with forms of mental retardation; and (iii), the Small Inducible Cytokine. Subfamily E, member 1 (SCYE1/EMAPII; [p=2EXP(-6)]), a protein chemoattractant for microglia, and found to be elevated in spinal cord injury. In addition, we have identified different sets of proteins which significantly discriminate between CSFs from Male and Female PTSD patients. CSF from Male PTSD patients is significantly characterized by many proteins associated with proinflammatory signaling pathways. Importantly, these proteins do not distinguish between Male and Female Healthy Controls. Discussion: The differential proteomic signatures in CSF from PTSD and control patients suggest that PTSD is associated with changes in the biology of the Central Nervous System. The fact that male and female PTSD patients differ in proteomic signature is not a clinical surprise and lends credibility to this approach in PTSD esearch. Still, the small number of male subjects in both patient and control groups calls for larger and better balanced replication studies. In conclusion, we believe that the insights revealed by the proteomic approach may have consequences for understanding the biological mechanism(s) underlying PTSD, and may provide clues for the discovery and development of novel PTSD therapeutic agents.","protein, alcohol, fluoxetine, megestrol acetate, chemoattractant, fluorescent dye, antibody, ubiquitin, neurotransmitter, calcium, synaptotagmin, ligase, cytokine, human, cerebrospinal fluid, psychopharmacology, college, posttraumatic stress disorder, patient, male, female, injury, diagnosis, anxiety, adult, gender, drug therapy, exposure, drug development, behavior, assay, physician, serum, fluorescence, substance abuse, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, lumbar puncture, veteran, United States, body mass, microglia, normal human, central nervous system, control group, puncture, population, needle, Clinical Global Impression scale, reading, protein microarray, Student t test, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, outpatient, exocytosis, symptomatology, mutation, mental deficiency, spinal cord injury, diseases, replication study, medical history","Pollard, H., Eidelman, O., Jozwik, C., Srivastava, M., Rothwell, S., Mueller, G., Yuan, P., Drevets, W., Manji, H., Charney, D., Vythilingam, M., Jacobowitz, D., Bonne, O.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4368,Posttraumatic stress disorder in sexually abused school-age children: Exploring the avoidance cluster from a developmental perspective,,,"Pollio, Elisabeth S.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4369,When the killer suffers: Post-traumatic stress reactions following homicide,"Objectives. The present study aimed to consider the extent to which post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after homicide and to examine characteristics of the offence and the offender which contribute to the development of these symptoms. It was proposed that type of violence (reactive versus instrumental) would be related to PTSD symptoms. Using Blackburn's typology of violent offenders, it was also hypothesized that primary and secondary psychopath, controlled and inhibited types would demonstrate differing forms of violence, prevalences and patterns of post-traumatic stress symptoms following the homicide. Method. Eighty homicide perpetrators were allocated equally to the four offender types based on their profiles on the Special Hospitals Assessment of Personality and Socialisation (SHAPS). Each offender completed the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Interview and the violence displayed during the index offence was classified as either reactive or instrumental. Results. Of the total sample, 52% met criteria for current PTSD. Reactive violence and reporting that the offence was traumatic were related to a current diagnosis of PTSD. Differing prevalences and patterns of PTSD symptoms were noted for Blackburn's offender types. Primary psychopaths showed instrumental violence and were the least traumatized. Secondary psychopaths were the most symptomatic, but not necessarily due to involvement in the homicide. Controlled and inhibited types both typically displayed reactive violence and had higher levels of current PTSD symptoms related to involvement in the offence itself. Conclusions. The extent to which PTSD follows homicide is a function of both personality type and form of violence. The results can be understood in terms of the cognitive model of Meichenbaum and also the defining dimensions of Blackburn's typology.",,"Pollock, P. H.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4370,Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq,"Background: National Guard troops are at increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, little is known about risk and resilience in this population. Method: The Readiness and Resilience in National Guard Soldiers Study is a prospective, longitudinal investigation of 522 Army National Guard troops deployed to Iraq from March 2006 to July 2007. Participants completed measures of PTSD symptoms and potential risk/protective factors 1 month before deployment. Of these, 81% (n = 424) completed measures of PTSD, deployment stressor exposure and post-deployment outcomes 2-3 months after returning from Iraq. New onset of probable PTSD 'diagnosis' was measured by the PTSD Checklist-Military (PCL-M). Independent predictors of new-onset probable PTSD were identified using hierarchical logistic regression analyses. Results: At baseline prior to deployment, 3.7% had probable PTSD. Among soldiers without PTSD symptoms at baseline, 13.8% reported post-deployment new-onset probable PTSD. Hierarchical logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity and military rank showed that reporting more stressors prior to deployment predicted new-onset probable PTSD [odds ratio (OR) 2.20] as did feeling less prepared for deployment (OR 0.58). After accounting for pre-deployment factors, new-onset probable PTSD was predicted by exposure to combat (OR 2.19) and to combat's aftermath (OR 1.62). Reporting more stressful life events after deployment (OR 1.96) was associated with increased odds of new-onset probable PTSD, while post-deployment social support (OR 0.31) was a significant protective factor in the etiology of PTSD. Conclusions: Combat exposure may be unavoidable in military service members, but other vulnerability and protective factors also predict PTSD and could be targets for prevention strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Deployment, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, National Guard Personnel, Risk Factors","Polusny, M. A., Erbes, C. R., Murdoch, M., Arbisi, P. A., Thuras, P., Rath, M. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4371,PTSD symptom clusters associated with physical health and health care utilization in rural primary care patients exposed to natural disaster,"This study investigated the influence of exposure to a tornado disaster and disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology on physical health complaints and primary health care utilization among rural medical patients. One-hundred five patients completed self report measures assessing disaster exposure, PTSD symptoms, and self-reported physical health complaints. Objective rates of health care utilization were gathered by a review of medical records. Tornado disaster exposure and generalized psychohgical distress were associated with physical health complaints one year following the disaster. After controlling for age, gender, and levels of predisaster health care utilization, PTSD Cluster C (avoidance) symptoms were associated with increased rates of postdisaster health care utilization. Implications of these findings for interventions within the medical system are discussed. (copyright) 2008 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, aged, article, controlled study, demography, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disaster, disease association, female, health care utilization, health status, human, hurricane, major clinical study, male, medical record, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, rural health care, self report, symptomatology","Polusny, M. A., Ries, B. J., Schultz, J. R., Calhoun, P., Clemensen, L., Johnsen, I. R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4372,Amygdala transcriptome and cellular mechanisms underlying stress-enhanced fear learning in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Severe stress or trauma can cause permanent changes in brain circuitry, leading to dysregulation of fear responses and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced long-term plasticity in fear circuits. We addressed this question by using global gene expression profiling in an animal model of PTSD, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). A total of 15 footshocks were used to induce SEFL and the volatile anesthetic isoflurane was used to suppress the behavioral effects of stress. Gene expression in lateral/basolateral amygdala was measured using microarrays at 3 weeks after the exposure to different combinations of shock and isoflurane. Shock produced robust effects on amygdalar transcriptome and isoflurane blocked or reversed many of the stress-induced changes. We used a modular approach to molecular profiles of shock and isoflurane and built a network of regulated genes, functional categories, and cell types that represent a mechanistic foundation of perturbation-induced plasticity in the amygdala. This analysis partitioned perturbation-induced changes in gene expression into neuron-and astrocyte-specific changes, highlighting a previously underappreciated role of astroglia in amygdalar plasticity. Many neuron-enriched genes were highly correlated with astrocyte-enriched genes, suggesting coordinated transcriptional responses to environmental challenges in these cell types. Several individual genes were validated using RT-PCR and behavioral pharmacology. This study is the first to propose specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SEFL, an animal model of PTSD, and to nominate novel molecular and cellular targets with potential for therapeutic intervention in PTSD, including glycine and neuropeptide systems, chromatin remodeling, and gliotransmission. © 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.","Amygdala, Astrocytes, Fear learning, Genomics, Neurons, PTSD","Ponomarev, I., Rau, V., Eger, E. I., Harris, R. A., Fanselow, M. S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4373,Factors influencing outcome after orthopedic trauma,"BACKGROUND: Some recent studies have suggested that certain types of orthopedic trauma result in ongoing disability and that factors other than injury severity or location may influence outcome. This study aimed to evaluate outcome 12 months and 2 years after severe orthopedic trauma, as measured on the Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey, relative to a control group, to examine change over time and to examine which demographic, injury-related and psychological factors are associated with persisting disability. METHODS: One hundred thirteen orthopedic trauma patients, recruited during rehabilitation, and 61 demographically similar uninjured controls were followed up at 1 and 2 years postinjury. Measures included the SF-36 Health Survey, Symptom Checklist-90-R, Brief Pain Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Specific. RESULTS: Results indicated presence of significant ongoing disability in all SF-36 physical and mental health domains, significant ongoing psychologic adjustment problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and pain, with little or no improvement between 1 and 2 years postinjury. The presence of ongoing pain, anxiety, depression or PTSD symptoms were the strongest predictors of outcome on most variables, with older age also contributing to negative outcomes. Injury severity and type did not predict outcome, although those with lower limb fractures had greater pain and poorer physical outcomes that those with fractures in other locations. CONCLUSIONS: This study has highlighted pain and PTSD symptoms as frequent and disabling factors after othropedic trauma. There is clearly a need to focus on alleviating these problems as part of the rehabilitation process.","Adaptation, Physiological, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Cohort Studies, Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/etiology, Disability Evaluation, Female, Fractures, Bone/diagnosis/rehabilitation/*surgery, Humans, Incidence, Injury Severity Score, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects/*methods, Pain Measurement, Postoperative Complications/epidemiology, Predictive Value of Tests, Probability, Prognosis, *Quality of Life, Reference Values, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/psychology, Time Factors, Wounds and Injuries/diagnosis/rehabilitation/*surgery","Ponsford, J., Hill, B., Karamitsios, M., Bahar-Fuchs, A.",2008.0,Apr,10.1097/TA.0b013e31809fec16,0,0,
4374,Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults,,,"Ponsford, J., Willmott, C., Rothwell, A., Cameron, P., Kelly, A. M., Nelms, R., Curran, C., Kim, N. G.",2000.0,,10.1017/S1355617700655066,0,0,
4375,Trauma Related Guilt Inventory - psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation (TRGI-PL),"OBJECTIVES: Although various aspects of guilt are frequent problems of patients suffering from PTSD, they have been included into the diagnostic criteria for PTSD just in the present version DSM-5. Kubany proposed a cognitive conceptualization of guilt in PTSD followed by development of the Trauma Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). The aim of the paper is to present psychometric properties of the Polish version of the inventory - the TRGI-PL. METHODS: A Polish adaptation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory was applied to a sample of 280 motor vehicle (MVA) participants (147 females, 133 males of age from 18 to 80 (M=34,93, SD=13,71) within 1-24 months after a MVA (M=10,18, SD=6,23). Validation of the Polish version was done by analyzing the internal structure of the instrument and comparing the emotional and cognitive aspects of guilt assessed by the TRGI with PTSD symptoms, post-traumatic cognitions and responsibility for MVA and subjective agreement with the judgment. RESULTS: The model with four latent factors: Distress, Hindsight-Bias/Responsibility, Wrongdoing and Insufficient Justification scales showed acceptable fit (Satorra-Bentler chi2=518,62, df=203, p<0,01, RMSEA=0,079, CFI=0,96, GFI=0,97), what confirms the four-factor structure of guilt, obtained in the studies on original TRGI version. Reliability coefficients are similar to original version. Correlations with other PTSD measures showed satisfactory convergent and discriminative validity. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish adaptation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory is a reliable and valid tool for assessing guilt as a multidimensional phenomenon, comprising emotional and several cognitive characteristics, in trauma survivors.","Ptsd, Trgi, guilt, questionnaire","Popiel, A., Zawadzki, B.",2015.0,,10.12740/pp/36754,0,0,
4376,A longitudinal and retrospective study of PTSD among older prisoners of war,,,"Port, C. L., Engdahl, B., Frazier, P.",2001.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1474,0,0,
4377,Typology of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"The results of clinical and psychopathological study of 161 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), aged 3-18 years, illness duration from 1 month to 4 years, are presented. Four main clinical PTSD variants (types) have been singled out in children and adolescents: insomniac (34.8%), phobic (23.6%), psychopathic-like (21.7%) and asthenic-depressive (19.9%). These variants differed in the course and prognosis and their frequency depended on age and ethnicity of patients. No sex-dependent differences have been found.","Asthenic-depressive, Clinical variants (types), Insomniac, Phobic, Psychopathic-like, PTSD","Portnova, A. A.",2005.0,,,0,1,
4378,Typology of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"Results obtained from clinical and psychopathological studies of 161 patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aged 3-18 years with symptom durations from one month to four years are presented. Four major clinical variants of the type of PTSD were identified in children and adolescents: insomniac (34.8%), phobic (23.6%), psychopathic-like (21.7%), and asthenic-depressive (19.9%). These variants, differing in terms of course and prognosis, occurred at different frequencies in different age and ethnic groups; there were no gender-related differences. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2007.","Asthenic-depressive, Clinical variants (types), Insomniac, Phobic, Psychopathic-like, PTSD","Portnova, A. A.",2007.0,,,0,1,4377
4379,Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression co-occurrence: Structural relations among disorder constructs and trait and symptom dimensions,"Objectives Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in response to trauma co-occur at high rates. A better understanding of the nature of this co-occurrence is critical to developing an accurate conceptualization of the disorders. This study examined structural relations among the PTSD and MDD constructs and trait and symptom dimensions within the framework of the integrative hierarchical model of anxiety and depression. Design Study participants completed clinician-rated and self-report measures during a pre-treatment assessment. Methods The sample consisted of 200 treatment-seeking individuals with a primary DSM-IV PTSD diagnosis. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the relationship between the constructs. Results The trait negative affect/neuroticism construct had a direct effect on both PTSD and MDD. The trait positive affect/extraversion construct had a unique, negative direct effect on MDD, and PTSD had a unique, direct effect on the physical concerns symptoms construct. An alternative model with the PTSD and MDD constructs combined into an overall general traumatic stress construct produced a decrement in model fit. Conclusions These findings provide a clearer understanding of the relationship between co-occurring PTSD and MDD as disorders with shared trait negative affect/neuroticism contributing to the overlap between them and unique trait positive affect/extraversion and physical concerns differentiating them. Therefore, PTSD and MDD in response to trauma may be best represented as two distinct, yet strongly related constructs. Practitioner points In assessing individuals who have been exposed to trauma, practitioners should recognize that co-occurring PTSD and MDD appears to be best represented as two distinct, yet strongly related constructs. Negative affect may be the shared vulnerability directly influencing both PTSD and MDD; however, in the presence of both PTSD and MDD, low positive affect appears to be more specifically related to MDD and fear of physical sensations to PTSD, which is information that could be used by practitioners in the determination of treatment approach. Overall, these findings are clinically relevant in that they may inform assessment, treatment planning, and ultimately diagnostic classification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Post, Loren M., Feeny, Norah C., Zoellner, Lori A., Connell, Arin M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4380,Trajectories of PTSD symptoms and predictive factors of trajectory membership: a step toward identifying veterans at risk,,"Female, Humans, Male, *Resilience, Psychological, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*etiology, Veterans/*psychology","Post, L. M., Rothbaum, B. O.",2014.0,Sep,10.4088/JCP.14com09408,0,1,
4381,Understanding the relationship between co-occurring PTSD and MDD: Symptom severity and affect,"How to best understand theoretically the nature of the relationship between co-occurring PTSD and MDD (PTSD. +. MDD) is unclear. In a sample of 173 individuals with chronic PTSD, we examined whether the data were more consistent with current co-occurring MDD as a separate construct or as a marker of posttraumatic stress severity, and whether the relationship between PTSD and MDD is a function of shared symptom clusters and affect components. Results showed that the more severe depressive symptoms found in PTSD. +. MDD as compared to PTSD remained after controlling for PTSD symptom severity. Additionally, depressive symptom severity significantly predicted co-occurring MDD even when controlling for PTSD severity. In comparison to PTSD, PTSD. +. MDD had elevated dysphoria and re-experiencing - but not avoidance and hyperarousal - PTSD symptom cluster scores, higher levels of negative affect, and lower levels of positive affect. These findings provide support for PTSD and MDD as two distinct constructs with overlapping distress components. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Co-occurrence, Comorbidity, Major depressive disorder, Negative affect, Positive affect, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Post, L. M., Zoellner, L. A., Youngstrom, E., Feeny, N. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4382,Dimensions of trauma and specific symptoms of complex posttraumatic stress disorder in inner-city youth: a preliminary study,"We examined relations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with dimensions of trauma, including environment (Domestic vs. Community) and proximity (Indirect vs. Direct trauma) among inner-city youth. Participants (n = 65) reported traumatic events they had experienced on a version of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index Trauma Exposure Screen, and reported PTSD symptoms with the PTSD Checklist--Civilian version (PCL-C). High rates of trauma and PTSD were found, consistent with other reports of inner-city youth. The 49% of youth surveyed met criteria for PTSD on the PCL-C symptom scale with a score cutoff of 35. Females reported elevated PTSD symptom scores and a higher incidence of Domestic trauma than did males but similar incidence of other trauma types. When males and females were combined, Domestic trauma significantly correlated with each of the PTSD symptom clusters of intrusions, numbing/avoidance, and hyperarousal. When participants with Community trauma were excluded from analyses to reduce confounding environmental influence, Domestic trauma marginally correlated with numbing/avoidance symptoms. Our findings suggest that Domestic trauma may result in more emotional numbing/avoidance symptoms than other types of trauma. Further analyses suggested that Community trauma may result in more intrusions and hyperarousal symptoms rather than emotional numbing. Environmental aspects of trauma, rather than the proximity of trauma, may have greater impact on presentation of PTSD. Future studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these findings.",,"Post, M., Hanten, G., Li, X., Schmidt, A. T., Avci, G., Wilde, E. A., McCauley, S. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4383,Differing psychotropic profiles of the anticonvulsants in bipolar and other psychiatric disorders,"Several compounds from the anticonvulsant category have played a major role in therapeutic approaches to bipolar illness, particularly carbamazepine, valproate, and lamotrigine. At the same time there is little evidence that covert seizures underlie the affective disorders, or that all anticonvulsants are effective acute antimanic or mood stabilizing agents. For example, recent FDA-approved anticonvulsants (gabapentin, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) re-uptake inhibitor tiagabine, and topiramate) that exert major effects on GABAergic systems and increase brain GABA in patients as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, do not appear to be effective acute antimanic agents based on controlled clinical trials or detailed open observations. This raises the question as to what mechanistic properties within the anticonvulsant class are associated with positive effects in bipolar illness; candidates include blockade of sodium channels and decreased release of glutamate, decreased calcium influx through the NMDA receptor, increases in potassium efflux, as well as a variety of aminergic effects and effects on gene expression. With the exception of lamotrigine, mood stabilizers (including lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine) appear to be better acute and prophylactic antimanics than antidepressants, and preliminary data suggest this for zonisamide as well. Some of the anticonvulsants appear useful in targeting a variety of other syndromes and ones that are often comorbid with bipolar illness, including anxiety disorders, substance abuse disorders, migraine, eating disorders, and obesity. Gabapentin is effective in panic anxiety and social phobia as well as chronic pain syndromes, whereas a large range of anticonvulsants may be useful in the treatment of sleep disorders and paroxysmal components of posttraumatic stress disorder. Recent data indicate that topiramate has the ability to reduce alcohol intake and craving in patients with primary alcoholism compared with placebo, and both topiramate and zonisamide share the positive side effect of inducing weight loss of a magnitude similar to that achieved with the FDA-approved weight-loss drug sibutramine. Thus, while there is an apparent absence of seizures in bipolar illness, and anticonvulsant efficacy is not sufficient for classifying the psychotropic properties of these agents, some of the mechanisms that are pertinent to inhibiting paroxysmal discharges in the epilepsies my also be pertinent to the wide range of primary or adjunctive uses of the anticonvulsants in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anticonvulsants, Bipolar disorder, Carbamazepine, Gabapentin, Kindling, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Mechanisms, Psychotropic effects, Tolerance, Topiramate, Valproate","Post, R. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4384,Sensitization and kindling: Implications for the evolving neural substrates of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) suggest that some of the principles involved in laying down the differential memory traces of sensitization and kindling may be useful bridging structures for considering parallel processes in different neural substrates that could be occurring in the related processes of stress sensitization and memory ""branding"" in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) / suggest that these [2 behavioral] models may provide a primitive template for considering how acute or repeated stressors may not only leave permanent memory traces, but also affect the biochemistry and microstructure of the brain, potentially by impacting immediate-early-gene and late-effector-gene expression / stress sensitization and kindling also have their own spatiotemporal unfolding of cascades of neurobiological events that may have important mechanistic and pharmacotherapeutic implications cocaine sensitization / kindling: evolving neural substrates revealed by in situ hybridization and pharmacology / implications of sensitization and kindling for development and evolution of PTSD (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Kindling, *Neurophysiology, *Stress, Animals, Cocaine, Memory Trace, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Psychopharmacology, Stress Reactions","Post, Robert M., Weiss, Susan R. B., Smith, Mark A.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4385,Sensitization and kindling: Implications for the evolving neural substrate of PTSD,,,"Post, R. M., Weiss, S. R. B., Smith, M. A.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4386,The 2003 heat wave in France: Dangerous climate change here and now,"In an analysis of the French episode of heat wave in 2003, this article highlights how heat wave dangers result from the intricate association of natural and social factors. Unusually high temperatures, as well as socioeconomic vulnerability, along with social attenuation of hazards, in a general context where the anthropogenic contribution to climate change is becoming more plausible, led to an excess of 14,947 deaths in France, between August 4 and 18, 2003. The greatest increase in mortality was due to causes directly attributable to heat: dehydration, hyperthermia, heat stroke. In addition to age and gender, combinatorial factors included pre-existing disease, medication, urban residence, isolation, poverty, and, probably, air pollution. Although diversely impacted or reported, many parts of Europe suffered human and other losses, such as farming and forestry through drought and fires. Summer 2003 was the hottest in Europe since 1500, very likely due in part to anthropogenic climate change. The French experience confirms research establishing that heat waves are a major mortal risk, number one among so-called natural hazards in postindustrial societies. Yet France had no policy in place, as if dangerous climate were restricted to a distant or uncertain future of climate change, or to preindustrial countries. We analyze the heat wave's profile as a strongly attenuated risk in the French context, as well as the causes and the effects of its sudden shift into amplification. Research and preparedness needs are highlighted. © 2005 Society for Risk Analysis.","Climate change, France, Hazards, Heat wave, Social amplification of risk","Poumadère, M., Mays, C., Le Mer, S., Blong, R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4387,Validation of the French version of the Brief Pain Inventory in Canadian veterans suffering from traumatic stress,"Although pain is a significant clinical problem in individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reliable and valid measures of pain for this population are lacking. The goal of this study was to validate the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) in French-speaking veterans suffering from PTSD (n = 130). We administered the BPI, as well as measures of PTSD, health status, quality of life, and social desirability, to veterans being assessed or treated for PTSD at a Veterans Affairs Canada clinic. The BPI showed strong internal consistency, as evidenced by Cronbach's alphas of 0.90 and 0.92 for the severity and interference subscales, respectively. Similar to previous findings, a two-factor structure (pain severity and pain interference) was found using an exploratory factor analysis. The two factors explained nearly 73% of the variance of the instrument. The BPI was also strongly correlated with health status and quality of life in the physical domain. In this veteran sample, nearly 87% of the veterans suffered from significant current pain. Veterans in our sample reported rates of pain severity that were similar to or higher than most of those reported by cancer patients and others with significant physical disability/illness. Overall, the French version of the BPI is a reliable, valid measure of pain in PTSD-suffering populations. Pain is a major issue in veterans with PTSD, and should be screened for with instruments such as the BPI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Military Veterans, Neoplasms, Pain, Social Desirability, Stress","Poundja, Joaquin, Fikretoglu, Deniz, Guay, Stephane, Brunet, Alain",2007.0,,,0,0,
4388,Hurricane Andrew's landfall in South Florida. Part II: Surface wind fields and potential real-time applications,"All available wind data associated with Hurricane Andrew's passage were analyzed for periods corresponding to landfall south of Miami and emergence from southwest Florida. At landfall in southeast Florida, maximum sustained 1-min surface wind speeds VM1, reached just over 60 m s-1 in the northern eyewall over land; by the time Andrew exited the Florida peninsula, the peak value of VM1, over land decreased to 40-45 m s-1. Radar reflectivity observations from Tampa and Melbourne could not support an obvious correlation of convective cell development with coastal convergence during landfall on the southeast coast. On the southwest coast, however, convective cell development in the southern eyewall was supported by a coastal convergence maximum. Comparison of the wind swath with two independent Fujita-scale damage maps indicated that peak swath speeds compared well with damage-derived speed equivalents in the worst damaged areas but were higher than equivalents in moderately damaged areas. Comparison of the analysis maximum wind swath with an engineering survey of damaged homes suggests that homes exposed to a wide range of wind directions while subjected to high wind speeds suffered the most damage. Potential real-time applications of wind field products include warning dissemination, emergency management, storm surge and wave forecasting, and wind engineering. Development of damage assessment models for disaster mitigation is addressed from the viewpoint of an electrical utility.",,"Powell, M. D., Houston, S. H.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4389,"Post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder in an urban, seriously mentally ill population","This research involved an investigation of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as currently defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) (American Psychiatric Press, 1994) and Complex PTSD (Herman, 1992) a newly proposed diagnostic concept, in a seriously mentally ill population residing in an urban setting. The purposes of this study were to determine prevalence rates of both types of PTSD (DSM IV PTSD and Complex PTSD) for this population; to examine levels of depression, dissociation, anxiety, somatization in persons meeting criteria for these diagnoses of PTSD; to explore levels of psychiatric severity of individuals with PTSD diagnoses; and to examine a potential link between different types of trauma experienced and type of PTSD exhibited. Subjects were 47 randomly selected individuals, diagnosed with a severe and persistent mental illness, receiving case management services from Central Kansas City Mental Health Services in Kansas City, Missouri. These individuals participated in a multi-method, multi-trait research battery that included diagnostic instruments for both DSM IV PTSD and Complex PTSD; measures of depression, dissociation, anxiety, and somatization; and a questionnaire about type of trauma the individual may have experienced. Other information was gathered with a demographics questionnaire and by chart review. Results from data analysis indicated that the overall incidence of PTSD is greater in this population than in the general population and that it is under-diagnosed in this population (only 2 out of 25 subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD carried the diagnosis formally in agency records). Further, subjects with any type of PTSD had higher levels of anxiety, depression, and dissociation, but not of somatization, than those without PTSD. In fact, individuals diagnosed with Complex PTSD and DSM IV PTSD had the highest symptom levels of these syndromes compared with subjects who did not meet crite (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Dissociative Disorders, *Major Depression, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, Anxiety, Emotional Trauma, Severity (Disorders), Somatoform Disorders","Powell, Marilyn J.",1997.0,,,0,0,
4390,"The Bosnian version of the international self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, is reliable and valid in a variety of different adult samples affected by war","Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity of the Bosnian version of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PTDS). The PTDS yields both a PTSD diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM IV) and a measure of symptom severity. Methods: 812 people living in Sarajevo or in Banja Luka in Bosnia-Herzegovina, of whom the majority had experienced a high number of traumatic war events, were administered the PTDS and other measures of trauma-related psychopathology. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and principal components analysis, and its construct validity was assessed via Spearman correlation coefficients with the other instruments. Results: The PTDS and its subscales demonstrated high internal consistency. The principal components revealed by an exploratory analysis are broadly consistent with the DSM-IV subscales except that they reproduce some previously reported difficulties with the ""numbing"" items from the avoidance subscale. The construct validity of the PTDS was supported by appropriate correlations with other relevant measures of trauma related psychopathology. Conclusion: The Bosnian version of the PTDS thus appears to be a time-economic and psychometrically sound measure for screening and assessing current PTSD. This self-report measure awaits further validation by interview methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity, Self Report, Test Construction, War","Powell, Steve, Rosner, Rita",2005.0,,,0,0,
4391,A controlled comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring versus waiting list in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"A total of 105 patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomly allocated to eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (n = 39) versus exposure plus cognitive restructuring (E + CR) (n = 37) versus waiting list (WL) (n = 29) in a primary care setting. EMDR and E + CR patients received a maximum of 10 treatment sessions over a 10-week period. All patients were assessed by blind raters prior to randomization and at end of the 10-week treatment or waiting list period. EMDR and E + CR patients were also assessed by therapists at the mid-point of the 10-week treatment period and on average at 15 months follow-up. Patients were assessed on a variety of assessor-rated and self-report measures of PTSD symptomatology including the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Impact of Events Scale (IOE) and a self-report version of the SI-PTSD Checklist. Measures of anxiety and depression included the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A measure of social function, the Sheehan Disability Scale was also used. Drop-out rates between the three groups were 12 EMDR, 16 E + CR and five WL. Treatment end-point analyses were conducted on the remaining 72 patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance of treatment outcome at 10 weeks revealed significant time, interaction and group effects for all the above measures. In general there were significant and substantial pre-post reductions for EMDR and E + CR groups but no change for the WL patients. Both treatments were effective over WL. The only indication of superiority of either active treatment, in relation to measures of clinically significant change, was a greater reduction in patient self-reported depression ratings and improved social functioning for EMDR in comparison to E + CR at the end of the treatment period and for fewer number of treatment sessions for EMDR (mean 4.2) than E + CR (mean 6.4) patients. At 15 months follow-up treatment gains were generally well-maintained with the only difference, in favour of EMDR over E + CR, occurring in relation to assessor-rated levels of clinically significant change in depression. However, exclusion of patients who had subsequent treatment during the follow-up period diminished the proportion of patients achieving long-term clinically significant change. In summary, at end of treatment and at follow-up, both EMDR and E + CR are effective in the treatment of PTSD with only a slight advantage in favour of EMDR. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Restructuring, *Exposure Therapy, *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Power, Kevin, McGoldrick, Theresa, Brown, Keith, Buchanan, Robin, Sharp, Donald, Swanson, Vivien, Karatzias, Athanasios",2002.0,,,0,0,
4392,The role of emotion in PTSD: Two preliminary studies,"Background: Two studies are presented that highlight the role of emotion in PTSD in which we examine what emotions in addition to anxiety may be present. Aims: The first aim was to assess the overall emotion profile across the five basic emotions of anxiety, sadness, anger, disgust, and happiness in clients attending a stress clinic. A small pilot study was also carried out to see how the emotion profiles impacted on outcome for CBT. Method: In Study 1, 75 consecutive attenders at a trauma service who were diagnosed with PTSD were assessed with a number of measures that included the Basic Emotions Scale. Results: The results showed that less than 50% of PTSD cases presented with anxiety as the primary emotion, with the remainder showing primary emotions of sadness, anger, or disgust rather than anxiety. A second pilot study involved the follow-up across exposure-based CBT of 20 of the participants from Study 1. Conclusions: The results suggest that anxiety-based PTSD is more likely to benefit from exposure than is non-anxiety based PTSD. Implications both for the classification and the treatment of PTSD are considered. © 2012 British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies.","anxiety, Emotion, exposure, outcome, PTSD, treatment","Power, M. J., Fyvie, C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4393,Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with burns,"Among 39 patients with burns evaluated a mean of 12 months after hospital discharge, 38% met DSM-III-R criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for at least 1 month. With proposed DSM-IV criteria, 43% met criteria for past or current PTSD. Analysis of specific symptom clusters of PTSD revealed that 74% of patients had been affected by a reexperience symptom for at least 1 month, but only 30% were currently experiencing flashbacks. No correlation was found between several clinical correlates (TBSA, length of hospitalization, and age) and development of PTSD. There was no correlation between presence of a DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnosis at the time of hospitalization and later development of PTSD and no correlation between whether or not a psychiatric diagnosis emerged during hospitalization and later development of PTSD. Finally, patients who had injuries that they could not prevent were no more likely to experience PTSD.",,"Powers, P. S., Cruse, C. W., Daniels, S., Stevens, B.",1994.0,,,0,0,
4394,Risk versus resilience: An exploratory study of factors influencing the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric burn patients,"Children account for approximately 34% of the burn-injured population in the United States and are particularly at risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other significant psychopathology (i.e., behavioral and attentional difficulties, acute stress, depression, anxiety, phobias, dissociative symptoms, and enuresis). There is a significant risk that quality of life (QOL) can have a negative impact on children who have sustained a burn injury, particularly within the domain of social functioning. Specifically, children who meet the criteria for PTSD following a burn injury are at an increased risk of experiencing impairment in overall QOL. However, there remains significant evidence that a substantial portion of children exhibit satisfactory QOL outcomes following a burn injury at a level comparable to their noninjured peers. This positive outcome may be attributed to the child's level of resiliency-the protective factors that positively influence their ability to adjust and move forward following a traumatic event. Research on risk and resiliency of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in pediatric burn survivors is limited. For psychological assessment and burn treatment to be successful, it is important to understand the resilient qualities that are present in children who experience positive post-burn-injury outcomes. By focusing on a child's mental health strengths and by building his or her resilience, a health professional may prevent or lessen the child's adjustment difficulty or psychopathological symptoms. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to identify the relation between pediatric burn injury, demographic variables, resilience and QOL outcome with regard to PTSS. Demographic information (e.g., gender, age, household income, and diagnoses) and burn injury characteristics (e.g., age at time of burn, total body surface area injured, number or days spent in the hospital, and number of surgeries) were considered with regard to PTSS, resiliency, and QOL outcome. Further analysis efforts compared results from the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) with scores obtained from the University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-IV; Reaction Index). Identical analyses were performed regarding the RSCA and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0). Analyses indicated a significant relation between PTSS severity and resilience, with positive resilience outcomes correlated to lower levels of PTSS severity. Further, a significant relation was found between QOL and PTSS, with positive QOL functioning related to lower levels of PTSS. Finally, a significant relation was found between resilience and QOL: Participants who endorse higher levels of resilience demonstrate better QOL outcomes. Overall, demographic information and burn injury characteristics did not significantly affect results regarding PTSS severity. Clinical implications and future areas of research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Burns, *Pediatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Resilience (Psychological), Adolescent Development, Risk Factors","Powers, Sarah Elizabeth",2012.0,,,0,0,
4395,Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders,"Objective: Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) research remains unanswered the question concerning the use of qEEG as a standard laboratory test by practicing psychiatrists. The sensitivity and specificity of electrophysiological methods to answer practical clinical questions about individual patients suffering from psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Our research aimed to examine the use of qEEG to aid in clinical diagnosis. In order to assess qEEG's applicability as a laboratory test in clinical psychiatry, depression, generalized anxiety, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia patients are evaluated using quantitative electroencephalography. Method: We used discriminant analyses to test the ability of different combinations of qEEG variables to classify individual patients into specific clinically defined categories which were posttraumatic stress disorder (7 patient , generalized anxiety disorder (14 patient) , panic disorder (16 patient), major depression (16 patient) and schizophrenia (7 patient). Results: Discriminant analyses were performed on qEEG variables, we found that 100% of patients and controls were correctly classified and also individual patients were classified into specific clinically defined categories at the end of 1 week and 1 month.. Conclussion: As a clinical laboratory test, qEEG's cautious use is recommended in depression and anxiety disorders.","adult, clinical article, clinical psychology, conference paper, controlled study, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, differential diagnosis, discriminant analysis, electroencephalography, generalized anxiety disorder, human, laboratory test, mental disease, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia","Poyraz, B. C., Poyraz, C. A., Ozdemir, A., Ozmen, M., Arikan, M. K.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4396,Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders,"Objective: Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) research remains unanswered the question concerning the use of qEEG as a standard laboratory test by practicing psychiatrists. The sensitivity and specificity of electrophysiological methods to answer practical clinical questions about individual patients suffering from psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Our research aimed to examine the use of qEEG to aid in clinical diagnosis. In order to assess qEEG's applicability as a laboratory test in clinical psychiatry, depression, generalized anxiety, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia patients are evaluated using quantitative electroencephalography. Method: We used discriminant analyses to test the ability of different combinations of qEEG variables to classify individual patients into specific clinically defined categories which were posttraumatic stress disorder (7 patient , generalized anxiety disorder (14 patient) , panic disorder (16 patient), major depression (16 patient) and schizophrenia (7 patient). Results: Discriminant analyses were performed on qEEG variables, we found that 100% of patients and controls were correctly classified and also individual patients were classified into specific clinically defined categories at the end of 1 week and 1 month.. Conclussion: As a clinical laboratory test, qEEG's cautious use is recommended in depression and anxiety disorders.","Diagnosis, Differential diagnosis, Psychiatric disorders, Quantitative electroencephalography","Poyraz, B. Ç, Poyraz, C. A., Özdemir, A., Özmen, M., Arikan, M. K.",2009.0,,,0,0,4395
4397,The relation between personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder,"The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and personality disorder was assessed in Croatian soldiers who experienced war psycho trauma. The research included two groups of soldiers: PTSD group included 50 soldiers treated at hospital and diagnosed as PTSD, and PTSD+PD group included 50 soldiers treated at hospital and diagnosed as both PTSD and personality disorder. Using CAPS-2 assessment scale, the PTSD+PD group were found to demonstrate a higher intensity of PTSD symptoms not only in the total score, but also in the diagnostic cells of feeling of being deprived of the future, and irritability with fits of anger. Personality dimensions were examined by MMPI-1, and the results showed the PTSD group to have a depressive-paranoid profile (D-Pa), whereas PTSD+PD group had a depressive-psychasthenic profile (D-Pt). Using the application of EPQ/A questionnaire, both groups were found to have high psychotic and neurotic features and low extraversion, while the EPQ/IVE questionnaire recorded high impulsion and low adventurism and empathy. There was no significant difference between the groups. It is concluded that exposure to war psychotrauma leads to significant personality changes in premorbidly healthy persons, which makes it hard to differentiate them from the persons with personality disorder. The symptoms of PTSD act synergistically with the symptoms of primary personality pathology, resulting in more serious clinical features of PTSD in the persons suffering from personality disorder than in healthy persons.","adult, article, avoidance behavior, clinical feature, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, disease association, emotional deprivation, empathy, human, impulsiveness, irritability, major clinical study, male, mental stress, occupational hazard, paranoia, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychasthenia, psychiatric diagnosis, questionnaire, scoring system, self concept, soldier","Pozgain, I., Mandic, N., Filakovic, P., Antolovic-Pozgain, A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4398,The relation between personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder,"The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and personality disorder was assessed in Croatian soldiers who experienced war psycho trauma. The research included two groups of soldiers: PTSD group included 50 soldiers treated at hospital and diagnosed as PTSD, and PTSD+PD group included 50 soldiers treated at hospital and diagnosed as both PTSD and personality disorder. Using CAPS-2 assessment scale, the PTSD+PD group were found to demonstrate a higher intensity of PTSD symptoms not only in the total score, but also in the diagnostic cells of feeling of being deprived of the future, and irritability with fits of anger. Personality dimensions were examined by MMPI-1, and the results showed the PTSD group to have a depressive-paranoid profile (D-Pa), whereas PTSD+PD group had a depressive-psychasthenic profile (D-Pt). Using the application of EPQ/A questionnaire, both groups were found to have high psychotic and neurotic features and low extraversion, while the EPQ/IVE questionnaire recorded high impulsion and low adventurism and empathy. There was no significant difference between the groups. It is concluded that exposure to war psychotrauma leads to significant personality changes in premorbidly healthy persons, which makes it hard to differentiate them from the persons with personality disorder. The symptoms of PTSD act synergistically with the symptoms of primary personality pathology, resulting in more serious clinical features of PTSD in the persons suffering from personality disorder than in healthy persons.","Personality disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Požgain, I., Mandić, N., Filaković, P., Antolović-Požgain, A.",2003.0,,,0,0,4397
4399,Biological basis of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Describes the current understanding of the biological basis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The author looks at various neurochemical, neuroendocrinological, electrophysiological, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological aspects and models. The findings in basic science and preclinical research are linked with the clinical presentation. The author does not argue that PTSD is a purely biological condition, but a 'biopsychosocial trap' and its study has allowed scientific methods to systematically investigate human suffering. This highlights the importance of psychological vulnerability and contribution of social factors in the causation and perpetuation of this condition. The author suggests that future work should focus on understanding the interrelationship between various abnormalities in neurochemical, endocrine, neuroanatomical and neurophysiological abnormalities. A summary for readers not familiar with technical terminology is included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Biological Psychiatry, *Biopsychosocial Approach, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Electrophysiology, Neuroendocrinology, Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology","Prasad, Konasale",2000.0,,,0,0,
4400,Off-label use of second generation antipsychotics in anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder,"There is a paucity of data to support ""next-step"" treatments for the many patients with anxiety disorders who remain symptomatic after initial pharmacotherapy. Because of their somewhat improved safety profile, second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly used for the treatment of nonpsychotic anxiety. The published literature describing the efficacy of SGAs in patients with anxiety disorders is briefly reviewed, and the efficacy and safety of second generation antipsychotics in these patients is discussed. The literature reviewed was primarily comprised of small open-label trials, thus making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. There is moderately strong controlled evidence supporting the use of some SGAs, either as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy, in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Despite the limitations of the trials reviewed, atypical antipsychotics represent a promising treatment modality when considering their improved side effect profile compared to conventional agents. The facts to date does not warrant the use of SGAs as first-line monotherapy or as first-adjunctive therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, some patients with highly refractory anxiety disorders may benefit from the judicious and carefully monitored use of adjunctive SGAs. A careful risk-benefit assessment, on a case-by-case basis, must be undertaken by the physician. (copyright) 2010 Act Nerv Super Rediviva.","amfebutamone, amisulpride, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, buspirone, chlorprothixene, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, flupentixol, fluspirilene, fluvoxamine, gabapentin, haloperidol, imipramine, lithium, melperone, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, olanzapine, paroxetine, placebo, quetiapine, risperidone, sertraline, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, unindexed drug, valproic acid, venlafaxine, agoraphobia, akathisia, anticipatory anxiety, anxiety disorder, disease severity, dizziness, drowsiness, drug dose titration, dyskinesia, fatigue, generalized anxiety disorder, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, headache, human, low drug dose, Medline, mental patient, motor retardation, muscle hypertonia, muscle rigidity, obsessive compulsive disorder, off label drug use, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, PsycINFO, restlessness, review, sedation, side effect, single drug dose, social phobia, tremor, weight gain, xerostomia, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","Prasko, J., Aa, K., Grambal, A., Kamaradova, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4401,Off-label use of second generation antipsychotics in anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder,"There is a paucity of data to support ""next-step"" treatments for the many patients with anxiety disorders who remain symptomatic after initial pharmacotherapy. Because of their somewhat improved safety profile, second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly used for the treatment of nonpsychotic anxiety. The published literature describing the efficacy of SGAs in patients with anxiety disorders is briefly reviewed, and the efficacy and safety of second generation antipsychotics in these patients is discussed. The literature reviewed was primarily comprised of small open-label trials, thus making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. There is moderately strong controlled evidence supporting the use of some SGAs, either as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy, in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Despite the limitations of the trials reviewed, atypical antipsychotics represent a promising treatment modality when considering their improved side effect profile compared to conventional agents. The facts to date does not warrant the use of SGAs as first-line monotherapy or as first-adjunctive therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, some patients with highly refractory anxiety disorders may benefit from the judicious and carefully monitored use of adjunctive SGAs. A careful risk-benefit assessment, on a case-by-case basis, must be undertaken by the physician. © 2010 Act Nerv Super Rediviva.","Anxiety disorders, Efficacy, Generalized anxiety disorder, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Safety, Second generation antipsychotics, Social phobia","Praško, J., Áá, K., Grambal, A., Kamarádová, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,4400
4402,Antipsychotics in the treatment of anxiety disorders,"Introduction: Antipsychotics were used in the treatment of pathological anxiety by several generations of psychiatrists despite the insufficient evidence. Because of their somewhat improved safety profile, especially second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly used for the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety. Method: The resources for this literature review were obtained from the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and Web of Science, including the ones published between the years 1991-2011. Additional references were found through bibliography reviews of relevant articles. Results: There is moderate evidence supporting the use of some antipsychotics, either as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy, in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Despite the limitations of the trials reviewed, atypical antipsychotics represent a promising treatment modality when considering their improved side effect profile compared to conventional agents. The facts to date do not warrant the use of SGAs as first-line monotherapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, some patients with highly refractory anxiety disorders may benefit from the judicious and carefully monitored use of adjunctive SGAs. A careful risk-benefit assessment, on a case-by-case basis, must be undertaken by the physician. Conclusions: Benefits and harms vary among antipsychotic medications for off-label use in anxiety disorders. With respect to the double-blind randomized controlled studies only quetiapine was associated with benefits in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder; risperidone and haloperidol were associated with benefits in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and risperidone in PTSD.","atypical antipsychotic agent, anxiety disorder, controlled study, human, monotherapy, physician, review, risk assessment, risk benefit analysis, unspecified side effect","Prasko, J., Latalova, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4403,Antipsychotics in the treatment of anxiety disorders,"Introduction: Antipsychotics were used in the treatment of pathological anxiety by several generations of psychiatrists despite the insufficient evidence. Because of their somewhat improved safety profile, especially second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are increasingly used for the treatment of non-psychotic anxiety. Method: The resources for this literature review were obtained from the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and Web of Science, including the ones published between the years 1991-2011. Additional references were found through bibliography reviews of relevant articles. Results: There is moderate evidence supporting the use of some antipsychotics, either as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy, in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Despite the limitations of the trials reviewed, atypical antipsychotics represent a promising treatment modality when considering their improved side effect profile compared to conventional agents. The facts to date do not warrant the use of SGAs as first-line monotherapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, some patients with highly refractory anxiety disorders may benefit from the judicious and carefully monitored use of adjunctive SGAs. A careful risk-benefit assessment, on a case-by-case basis, must be undertaken by the physician. Conclusions: Benefits and harms vary among antipsychotic medications for off-label use in anxiety disorders. With respect to the double-blind randomized controlled studies only quetiapine was associated with benefits in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder; risperidone and haloperidol were associated with benefits in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and risperidone in PTSD.","Antidepressants, Antiepileptics, Antipsychotics, Anxiety disorders, Anxiolytics, Treatment resistance","Praško, J., Látalová, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,4402
4404,New approaches to combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex disorder associated with an intricate biological and psychological symptom profile and various common comorbidities. Despite an existing myriad of evidence-based and experimental treatments, PTSD is often difficult to treat. This reality necessitates a discussion of the potential of emerging treatments. Areas covered: A literature search using PubMed and PsychInfo was done using the following keywords: randomized clinical trials, treatment guidelines, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, all in addition to PTSD. A comprehensive treatment review establishes that early intervention approaches have not yet been found to prevent PTSD in trauma survivors. However, psychotherapy research provides substantial support for cognitive behavioral therapies and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for chronic PTSD, and psychopharmacological approaches are myriad although at present there is FDA approval only for sertraline and paroxetine. However, the efficacy of these treatments varies and, unfortunately, not everyone will achieve remission. Expert opinion: So far, the mental health field has tended to focus on either biological or psychological targets. We propose that maximizing treatment success may require an integrated approach that does not dichotomize biological and psychological aspects. Exciting new developments reflecting this perspective include psychopharmacologic augmentation strategies that enhance the mechanisms of psychotherapy. © 2011 Informa UK, Ltd.","Evidence-based psychotherapy, Pharmacologic augmentation of psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Treatment","Pratchett, L. C., Daly, K., Bierer, L. M., Yehuda, R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4405,Foundations of posttraumatic stress disorder: Does early life trauma lead to adult posttraumatic stress disorder?,"The effects of childhood abuse are diverse, and although pathology is not the only outcome, psychiatric illness, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can develop. However, adult PTSD is less common among those who experienced single-event traumas as children than it is among those who experienced childhood abuse. In addition, PTSD is more common among adults than children who experienced childhood abuse. Such evidence raises doubt about the direct, causal link between childhood trauma and adult PTSD. The experience of childhood trauma, and in particular abuse, has been identified as a risk factor for subsequent development of PTSD following exposure to adult trauma, and a substantial literature identifies revictimization as a factor that plays a pivotal role in this trajectory. The literature on the developmental effects of childhood abuse and pathways to revictimization, when considered in tandem with the biological effects of early stress in animal models, may provide some explanations for this. Specifically, it seems possible that permanent sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and behavioral outcomes are a consequence of childhood abuse, and these combine with the impact of retraumatization to sustain, perpetuate, and amplify symptomatology of those exposed to maltreatment in childhood. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.",,"Pratchett, L. C., Yehuda, R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4406,Risk and Resilience Factors among Italian Municipal Police Officers Exposed to Critical Incidents,"Police officers are exposed to critical events as part of their duty which can affect their well-being. The present study examines the relationships between risk and protective factors and health outcome following critical incident exposure among police officers. Person-oriented analyses were applied to questionnaire data from a sample of 509 Italian municipal police officers. Two groups with different patterns of risk and protective factors were found by cluster analysis. One group (resilient officers) had higher levels of protective factors such as self-esteem and social support and lower levels of risk factors such as peritraumatic distress and perceived threat in comparison to the other group (non resilient police officers). The resilient group reported fewer traumatic stress reactions than the non resilient group in spite of a similar degree of exposure to critical incidents and better health than expected in spite of severe abuse. The two groups differed according to sleeping pills use but not for alcohol and smoking habits. Risk and protective factors could offer an explanation of resilience as an outcome. (copyright) 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","alcohol, police, risk, injury, exposure, health, abuse, sleep, pill, posttraumatic stress disorder, wellbeing, questionnaire, commercial phenomena, cluster analysis, self esteem, social support, risk factor, stress, smoking habit","Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L.",2009.0,,,0,1,
4407,Risk and Resilience Factors among Italian Municipal Police Officers Exposed to Critical Incidents,"Police officers are exposed to critical events as part of their duty which can affect their well-being. The present study examines the relationships between risk and protective factors and health outcome following critical incident exposure among police officers. Person-oriented analyses were applied to questionnaire data from a sample of 509 Italian municipal police officers. Two groups with different patterns of risk and protective factors were found by cluster analysis. One group (resilient officers) had higher levels of protective factors such as self-esteem and social support and lower levels of risk factors such as peritraumatic distress and perceived threat in comparison to the other group (non resilient police officers). The resilient group reported fewer traumatic stress reactions than the non resilient group in spite of a similar degree of exposure to critical incidents and better health than expected in spite of severe abuse. The two groups differed according to sleeping pills use but not for alcohol and smoking habits. Risk and protective factors could offer an explanation of resilience as an outcome. © 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","Critical event, Police, Resilience, Stress, Trauma","Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L.",2010.0,,,0,1,4406
4408,Latent Growth Curve Modeling,,,"Preacher, K. J., Wichman, A. L., MacCallum, R. C., Briggs, N. E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4409,A transdisciplinary research agenda linking environmental health and social sciences,"Background: In order to effectively conduct studies within the context of environmental disasters, researchers need to consider the mental health consequences of disasters on individuals as well as the communities under study. Methods: Using population-based studies performed in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the earthquake in Haiti, we will demonstrate the mental health impact of environmental disasters. Mental health outcomes will include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicidal ideation, and will be examined across the life-course. Results: There are multiple trajectories of psychopathology (e.g. PTSD, depression) after environmental disasters. As well as having debilitating symptoms of their own, psychopathologies after disasters also have an impact on other facets of life including health service utilization. It is important to recognize that the characteristics that make an individual or community vulnerable to an environmental disaster are similar to those characteristics associated with the most severe mental health conditions after disasters. Conclusions: The characteristics that define vulnerable populations after disasters are the characteristics that define those most at risk for psychopathology after disasters (e.g. low income and urban dwelling). In light of these similarities, disaster studies need to incorporate the mental health of the individual to effectively assess the effect of environmental exposures on health as well as determine potential interventions for at risk populations.","sociology, epidemiology, environmental health, society, mental health, mental disease, risk, population, community, human, lowest income group, earthquake, Haiti, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, hurricane, vulnerable population, health care utilization, scientist, environmental exposure, health","Prescott, M., Galea, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4410,Validation of lay-administered mental health assessments in a large Army National Guard cohort,,,"Prescott, M. R., Tamburrino, M., Calabrese, J. R., Liberzon, I., Slembarski, R., Shirley, E., Fine, T., Goto, T., Wilson, K., Ganocy, S., Chan, P., Derus, A., Serrano, M. B., Sizemore, J., Kauffman, J., Galea, S.",2014.0,,10.1002/mpr.1416,0,0,
4411,Systematic Review: A Reevaluation and Update of the Integrative (Trajectory) Model of Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress,"OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to reevaluate and update the Integrative Model of Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress (PMTS; Kazak et al., 2006), which provides a conceptual framework for traumatic stress responses across pediatric illnesses and injuries. METHODS: Using established systematic review guidelines, we searched PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PubMed (producing 216 PMTS papers published since 2005), extracted findings for review, and organized and interpreted findings within the Integrative Model framework. RESULTS: Recent PMTS research has included additional pediatric populations, used advanced longitudinal modeling techniques, clarified relations between parent and child PMTS, and considered effects of PMTS on health outcomes. Results support and extend the model's five assumptions, and suggest a sixth assumption related to health outcomes and PMTS. CONCLUSIONS: Based on new evidence, the renamed Integrative Trajectory Model includes phases corresponding with medical events, adds family-centered trajectories, reaffirms a competency-based framework, and suggests updated assessment and intervention implications.","families, illness, injury, medical traumatic stress, pediatric, traumatic stress","Price, J., Kassam-Adams, N., Alderfer, M. A., Christofferson, J., Kazak, A. E.",2016.0,Jan,10.1093/jpepsy/jsv074,0,0,
4412,"Combat experiences, pre-deployment training, and outcome of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans","The association between exposure to multiple potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and subsequent increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well established. However, less is known about the relation between exposure to numerous PTEs, as is typical with military service, and treatment outcome. Furthermore, there has been little research examining military specific protective factors, such as pre-deployment preparedness, on PTSD treatment response. The current study investigated combat exposure and potential moderators of treatment outcome for exposure therapy in Operation Enduring Freedom/ Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with PTSD. One hundred and eleven OEF/OIF veterans diagnosed with PTSD participated in 8 weeks of exposure therapy. Results indicated that increased combat exposure was associated with a reduced rate of change in PTSD symptoms but not depression symptoms. These findings were consistent across two measures of combat exposure. There was preliminary support for the moderating effect of pre-deployment preparedness on the association between combat exposure and treatment response. Together, these findings suggest that increased combat exposure is associated with poor treatment response in veterans with PTSD; however, this can be reduced by elevated pre-deployment preparedness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Exposure Therapy, *Military Deployment, *Trauma, *Treatment Outcomes, Military Veterans, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Price, Matthew, Gros, Daniel F., Strachan, Martha, Ruggiero, Kenneth J., Acierno, Ron",2013.0,,,0,0,
4413,Toward a visuospatial developmental account of sequence-space synesthesia,"Sequence-space synesthetes experience some sequences (e.g., numbers, calendar units) as arranged in spatial forms, i.e., spatial patterns in their mind's eye or even outside their body. Various explanations have been offered for this phenomenon. Here we argue that these spatial forms are continuous with varieties of non-synesthetic visuospatial imagery and share their central characteristics. This includes their dynamic and elaborative nature, their involuntary feel, and consistency over time. Drawing from literatures on mental imagery and working memory, we suggest how the initial acquisition and subsequent elaboration of spatial forms could be accounted for in terms of the known developmental trajectory of visuospatial representations. This extends from the formation of image-based representations of verbal material in childhood to the later maturation of dynamic control of imagery. Individual differences in the development of visuospatial style also account for variation in the character of spatial forms, e.g., in terms of distinctions such as visual versus spatial imagery, or ego-centric versus object-based transformations. © 2013 Price and Pearson.","Development, Individual difference, Mental imagery, Sequence-space synesthesia, Spatial form, Synesthesia, Visuospatial, Working memory","Price, M. C., Pearson, D. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4414,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, drug dependence, and suicidality among male Vietnam veterans with a history of heavy drug use","This study examines the roles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and drug dependence in non-fatal suicidality, i.e., suicidal ideation and suicide attempt, among Vietnam veterans in their adult years. The sample includes male veterans deployed to Vietnam, including an oversample of those who tested positive for opiates at their return (n=642). PTSD, substance abuse, suicidality, and other psychopathology are analyzed using three waves of survey and military data covering the time period from early adolescence to middle adulthood. Measures include the onset and recency of each of the: lifetime DSM-IV PTSD symptom criteria, and yearly symptom measures of DSM-IV dependence for alcohol and eight classes of psychoactive substances. Survival and hazard models are applied to assess the effects of drug dependence, PTSD, and other psychopathology on the duration of suicidality. Longitudinal models estimate the casual relationships among PTSD, drug dependence, and suicidality over a 25-year period. Results show evidence of strong continuity of PTSD, drug dependence, and suicidality over time. The causal role of drug dependence on PTSD and suicidality is limited to young adulthood. Evidence is stronger for self-medication in later adulthood. The results indicate that a life course perspective is needed for the combined treatment of PTSD and drug dependence for severely traumatized populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attempted Suicide, *Drug Dependency, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicidal Ideation, Drug Usage, Human Males","Price, Rumi Kato, Risk, Nathan K., Haden, Ashley H., Lewis, Collins E., Spitznagel, Edward L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4415,Course of post-traumatic stress disorder following war in the Balkans: 1-year follow-up study,"Background: Prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the experience of war have been shown to be high. However, little is known about the course of the disorder in people who remained in the area of conflict and in refugees. Method: We studied a representative sample of 522 adults with war-related PTSD in five Balkan countries and 215 compatriot refugees in three Western European countries. They were assessed on average 8 years after the war and reinterviewed 1 year later. We established change in PTSD symptoms, measured on the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), and factors associated with more or less favourable outcomes. Results: During the 1-year period, symptoms decreased substantially in both Balkan residents and in refugees. The differences were significant for IES-R total scores and for the three subscales of intrusions, avoidance and hyperarousal. In multivariable regressions adjusting for the level of baseline symptoms, co-morbidity with depression predicted less favourable symptom change in Balkan residents. More pre-war traumatic events and the use of mental health services within the follow-up period were associated with less improvement in refugees. Conclusions: Several years after the war, people with PTSD reported significant symptom improvement that might indicate a fluctuating course over time. Co-morbid depression may have to be targeted in the treatment of people who remained in the post-conflict regions whereas the use of mental health services seems to be linked to the persistence of symptoms among refugees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Conflict, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, Major Depression, Mental Health Services, War","Priebe, S., Gavrilovic, J., Bremner, S., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Neri, G., Kucukalic, A., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Morina, N., Popovski, M., Schutzwohl, M., Bogic, M., Matanov, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4416,Psychiatric disorders after political imprisonment in the GDR - Views of the patients,"In an exploratory study we examined 55 patients who had been politically imprisoned in the GDR for at least six weeks and suffered from enduring mental sequelae of that imprisonment. Views of the patients were assessed by means of standardized open questions and rating scales. Patients reported on stressful conditions in prison, fears concerning the uncertain end of imprisonment, as well as on helpful aspects during and after imprisonment. In a cluster analysis two groups were separated: one group that found social relationships helpful for coping with their experiences and another one that did not feel helped by anybody in coping. 28% of the patients stated that the symptoms were not mainly due to experiences during imprisonment; 20% saw general positive effects of imprisonment on their life. Views of the patients were correlated with other variables such as psychopathological symptoms. The relevance of the findings is discussed briefly.",,"Priebe, S., Rudolf, H., Bauer, M., Haring, B.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4417,Reversible and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A in mental and other disorders,"The clinically tested reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (RIMAs) include brofaromine, moclobemide and toloxatone. Moclobemide has shown unequivocal antidepressant activity against serious depressive illness in 4 placebo-controlled double-blind trials. It has been compared with amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, desipramine, maprotiline, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, tranylcypromine, toloxatone, mianserin and amineptine in the treatment of depressive disorders. Meta-analysis showed convincing evidence of moclobemide efficacy, comparable with the most potent antidepressants available. The efficacy of moclobemide has been demonstrated in psychotic and non-psychotic depression, in depression with and without melancholia, in endogenous depression (both unipolar and bipolar), in retarded depression and in agitated depression. The efficacy of moclobemide, allied to the unusually benign side effect profile, has led to exploration of its use in other disorders. Two small studies have given encouraging results in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Large placebo-controlled studies have shown the activity of moclobemide in the depression that accompanies dementia (such as senile dementia of Alzheimer type). The results also suggested that, in this patient population, cognitive ability improved in parallel. Social phobia has also been shown to improve on treatment with either moclobemide or brofaromine. Clinical trials are in progress on the effect of moclobemide in chronic fatigue syndrome. Moreover, there are encouraging results with the use of brofaromine and moclobemide in panic disorder. Other disorders in which treatment with RIMA is of interest include agoraphobia, bulimia, borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, compulsive hair pulling (trichotillomania), dysmorphophobia, kleptomania as well as various anxiety syndromes.","brofaromine, moclobemide, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, toloxatone, attention deficit disorder, bulimia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cognition, depression, drug therapy, human, hyperactivity, insomnia, nausea, short survey, vertigo","Priest, R. G., Gimbrett, R., Roberts, M., Steinert, J.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4418,"Children's coping assistance: How parents, teachers, and friends help children cope after a natural disaster",,,"Prinstein, M. J., La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., Silverman, W. K.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4419,Longitudinal trajectories and predictors of adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts following inpatient hospitalization,"Remarkably little is known regarding the temporal course of adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior, the prediction of suicidal attempts from changes in suicidal ideation, or the prediction of suicidal attempts after accounting for suicidal ideation as a predictor. A sample of 143 adolescents 12-15 years old was assessed during psychiatric inpatient hospitalization and again at 3, 6, 9, 15, and 18 months postdischarge through a series of structured interviews and parent- and adolescent-reported instruments. Symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, externalizing psychopathology, hopelessness, and engagement in several forms of self-injurious/suicidal behaviors (i.e., suicide threats/gestures, plans, nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI]) were assessed. Latent growth curve analyses revealed a period of suicidal ideation remission between baseline and 6 months following discharge, as well as a subtle period of suicidal ideation reemergence between 9 and 18 months postdischarge. Changes in suicidal ideation predicted suicide attempts. After accounting for the effects of suicidal ideation, baseline suicide threats/gestures also predicted future suicide attempts. Higher adolescent-reported depressive symptoms, lower parent-reported externalizing symptoms, and higher frequencies of NSSI predicted weaker suicidal ideation remission slopes. Findings underscore the need for more longitudinal research on the course of adolescent suicidality.","Adolescent, Child, Comorbidity, Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, *Hospitalization, Humans, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New England, Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Self-Injurious Behavior/epidemiology/psychology, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology, Suicide, Attempted/*psychology/statistics & numerical data","Prinstein, M. J., Nock, M. K., Simon, V., Aikins, J. W., Cheah, C. S., Spirito, A.",2008.0,Feb,10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.92,0,0,
4420,Longitudinal Trajectories and Predictors of Adolescent Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Following Inpatient Hospitalization,"Remarkably little is known regarding the temporal course of adolescent suicidal ideation and behavior, the prediction of suicidal attempts from changes in suicidal ideation, or the prediction of suicidal attempts after accounting for suicidal ideation as a predictor. A sample of 143 adolescents 12-15 years old was assessed during psychiatric inpatient hospitalization and again at 3, 6, 9, 15, and 18 months postdischarge through a series of structured interviews and parent- and adolescent-reported instruments. Symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, externalizing psychopathology, hopelessness, and engagement in several forms of self-injurious/suicidal behaviors (i.e., suicide threats/gestures, plans, nonsuicidal self-injury [NSSI]) were assessed. Latent growth curve analyses revealed a period of suicidal ideation remission between baseline and 6 months following discharge, as well as a subtle period of suicidal ideation reemergence between 9 and 18 months postdischarge. Changes in suicidal ideation predicted suicide attempts. After accounting for the effects of suicidal ideation, baseline suicide threats/gestures also predicted future suicide attempts. Higher adolescent-reported depressive symptoms, lower parent-reported externalizing symptoms, and higher frequencies of NSSI predicted weaker suicidal ideation remission slopes. Findings underscore the need for more longitudinal research on the course of adolescent suicidality. (copyright) 2008 American Psychological Association.","adolescent, article, automutilation, depression, female, hopelessness, hospital discharge, hospital patient, hospitalization, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, remission, structured interview, suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, threat","Prinstein, M. J., Nock, M. K., Simon, V., Aikins, J. W., Cheah, C. S. L., Spirito, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,4419
4421,Multiple Risk-Behavior Profiles of Smokers With Serious Mental Illness and Motivation for Change,"Objective: Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are dying on average 25 years prematurely. The leading causes are chronic preventable diseases. In the context of a tobacco-treatment trial, this exploratory study examined the behavioral risk profiles of adults with SMI to identify broader interventional needs. Method: Recruited from five acute inpatient psychiatry units, participants were 693 adult smokers (recruitment rate = 76%, 50% male, 45% Caucasian, age M = 39, 49% had income lt; dollar;10,000) diagnosed with mood disorders (71%), substance-use disorders (63%), posttraumatic stress disorder (39%), psychotic disorders (25%), and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (25%). The Staging Health Risk Assessment, the primary measure used in this study, screened for risk status and readiness to change 11 health behaviors, referencing the period prior to acute hospitalization. Results: Participants averaged 5.2 (SD = 2.1) risk behaviors, including smoking (100%), high-fat diet (68%), inadequate fruits/vegetables (67%), poor sleep (53%), physical inactivity (52%), and marijuana use (46%). The percent prepared to change ranged from 23% for tobacco and marijuana to 76% for depression management. Latent class analysis differentiated three risk groups: the global higher risk group included patients elevated on all risk behaviors; the global lower risk group was low on all risks; and a mood and metabolic risk group, characterized by inactivity, unhealthy diet, sleep problems, and poor stress and depression management. The global higher risk group (11% of sample) was younger, largely male, and had the greatest number of risk behaviors and mental health diagnoses; had the most severe psychopathologies, addiction-treatment histories, and nicotine dependence; and the lowest confidence for quitting smoking and commitment to abstinence. Conclusion: Most smokers with SMI engaged in multiple risks. Expanding targets to treat co-occurring risks and personalizing treatment to individuals' multibehavioral profiles may increase intervention relevance, interest, and impact on health. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2014 APA, all rights reserved).",,"Prochaska, J. J., Fromont, S. C., Delucchi, K., Young-Wolff, K. C., Benowitz, N. L., Hall, S., Bonas, T., Hall, S. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4422,Drug-resistant chronic migraine: The Italian GON project,"Chronic daily headache is a major problem due to severe disability and high socio-economic costs. In the last years, some trials have shown potential benefit from new therapeutic approach by occipital neurostimulation techniques, already applied with some success for the treatment of chronic cluster headache. Due to the extremely heterogeneous population suffering from refractory chronic daily headaches, we propose a national multicenter experimental study involving Italian ANIRCEF Headache Centres with the aim to evaluate the efficacy of occipital neurostimulation in a selected group representative for the drug-resistant chronic migraine. Patients with chronic migraine according to Manzoni's modified IHS criteria-2011, with or without medication overuse headache, will be selected. Duration of illness should be at least 2 years and pharmacological refractoriness defined strictly for experimental-surgical purposes as those patients who have properly tried without success almost all available classes of prophylactic medications. Those presenting with medication overuse should have tried at least two previous detoxification treatments. A full psychopathological assessment will be performed by a psychiatrist, to exclude mainly psychotic disorder, ongoing severe status of an affective disorder, severe post traumatic stress disorder. Headache characteristics and abortive treatments used will be reported daily on a predisposed diary during 3-month baseline and continuously through the post implant follow up, while disability and QoL scale (MIDAS, SF-12) will be completed baseline, 6 and 12 months after implant. © Springer-Verlag 2012.","Chronic daily headache, Chronic migraine, Drug-resistant headache, Neuromodulation, Occipital nerve stimulation","Proietti Cecchini, A., Leone, M., Manzoni, G. C., Torelli, P., Bussone, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4423,Directions in disaster resilience policy,"Currently, a range of common terms are being used differently within government and the emergency management community. This paper provides a foundation for an understanding of the term 'resilience' so that constructive discussion can emerge amongst those involved in disaster management policy and practice. In doing so, we provide a short review of how the term can be used differently within policy, as well as how it has come to be influential in emergency management policy.",,"Prosser, B., Peters, C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4424,The role of work in the recovery of persons with psychiatric disabilities,"This study explored the role of work in the recovery of employed and unemployed persons with psychiatric disabilities. Fourteen persons with psychiatric disabilities participated in semi-structured interviews. Content analysis revealed that the experience of recovery was based on six major dimensions: self-definition, empowerment, connections to others, meaning of work, vocational future, and meaning of recovery. Differences in these six dimensions led to the identification of three profiles of recovery: recovery as uncertain, recovery as a self-empowering experience, and recovery as a challenging experience. Each profile described a specific context in which participation in work or avoidance of work can be understood and vocational interventions can be designed.","adult, article, authority, bipolar disorder, clinical article, controlled study, convalescence, depression, employment, experience, female, human, interview, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, psychotherapy, schizoaffective psychosis, schizophrenia, self concept, self help, social interaction, unemployment, vocation, work, work resumption","Provencher, H. L., Gregg, R., Mead, S., Mueser, K. T.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4425,Short-term psychological consequences of car accidents: An empirical study,"Aim. Aim of this study is to investigate short-term (3 and 5 months) psychological consequences of severe motor-vehicle accidents. Methods. The sample under investigation is composed of two groups: 8 survivors of severe motor-vehicle accidents with spinal cord injuries (SCI) hospitalized in a Spinal Cord Unit, and 6 survivors who did not require hospitalization. All subjects were assessed twice, three and five months after the accident, on a variety of measures including the CAPS and the BDI-SF. Results. Prevalence of PTSD in the total sample was, 3 months after the accident, 14% with no significant differences between the two groups; some peculiarities in the symptomathological profile emerged as much as subjects with SCI experience avoidance of trauma-related stimuli more frequently. An overall decline in frequency and severity of post-traumatic symptoms between the two assessments was observed in the total sample, though some components (Criterion C symptoms) showed no relevant variations over time. Finally, depressive symptoms, which were characterized by higher severity in the SCI group, showed a significant decline between the two assessments. Discussion. Our data, although based on a limited sample, might help in tailoring psychological interventions for prevention and treatment of PTSD in survivors of severe motor accidents.","adult, article, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical article, clinical assessment, controlled study, depression, disease severity, empiricism, female, hospitalization, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, spinal cord injury, traffic accident","Prunas, A., Iavarone, V., Fiorletta, A., Madeddu, F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4426,Historical trauma: Politics of a conceptual framework,"The concept of historical trauma (HT) is compelling: Colonialism has set forth cumulative cycles of adversity that promote morbidity and mortality at personal and collective levels, with especially strong mental health impacts. Yet as ongoing communitybased as well as scholarly discussions attest, lingering questions continue to surround HT as a framework for understanding the relationships between colonialism and indigenous mental health. Through an overview of 30 recent peer-reviewed publications that aim to clarify, define, measure, and interpret how HT impacts American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) mental health, this paper examines how the conceptual framework of HT has circulated in ways shaped by interactions among three prominent research approaches: evidence-based, culturally relevant, and decolonizing. All define current approaches to AIAN mental health research, but each sets forth different conceptualizations of the connections between colonialism and psychological distress. The unfolding trajectory of research about HTreflects persistent tensions in how these frameworks interact, but also possibilities for better integrating them. These considerations aim to advance conversations about the politics of producing knowledge about AIAN mental health, and support ongoing calls for greater political pluralism in mental health research. © The Author(s) 2014.","American Indian, Cultural competence, Decolonization, Evidence-based, Historical trauma","Prussing, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4427,Heat stress modulates hepatocyte membrane proteins during endotoxemia,"Background: Hepatic failure following sepsis is one of the important features of burns. Studies have shown that in septic rats, heat stress (HS) has a protective effect on bile acid transporters in hepatocyte membranes. This study investigates the influence of HS on hepatocyte membrane proteins during endotoxemia using 2D gel electrophoresis. Methods: Endotoxemia in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 24), while control rats (n = 24) received saline. Twelve rats from each group were exposed to HS 2 h prior to LPS or saline injection by external warming to 42 °C for 10 min and 12 rats in each group were exposed to ambient temperature 2 h prior to LPS or saline injection. Membrane fractions were extracted 12, 24 and 72 h after LPS or saline treatment. Extracted proteins were separated using 2D gel electrophoresis. The most dominant spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Results: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis differentially identified expressed proteins in all treatment groups. The majority of the spots developed 24 h after injection. Membrane proteins; Wnt 13, ribosomal protein L14, VLCAD, BHMT and HIT-40 were found only in HS-LPS. Protein profiles of the groups returned to normal after 72 h. Conclusion: We propose that HS during endotoxemia changes hepatic membrane proteins expression, which are involved in metabolism. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI.","2D gel electrophoresis, Burn, Endotoxemia, Heat stress, Hepatic failure, MALDI-TOF-MS, Membrane proteins","Przkora, R., Haslbeck, M., Jeschke, M. G., Heyde, C., Ertel, W., Herndon, D. N., Bolder, U.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4428,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders,,,"Psychiatric Association, A.",1994.0,,,0,0,
4429,"Pain, coping, and adjustment in patients with burns: Preliminary findings from a prospective study","We prospectively examined the associations between procedural pain during hospitalization and coping and adjustment 1 month postdischarge in 43 patients treated at a major regional burn center for burns extensive enough to require at least 5 days of daily wound debridement procedures. Both patients and nurses provided ratings of patient pain, which were summarized and aggregated across a 5-day period. Results indicated that those subjects with higher pain scores also reported poorer adjustment as measured by scores on the Brief Symptoms Inventory and the Sickness Impact Profile. Moreover, these associations remained significant after partialling out the effects of preburn adjustment. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed evidence that seeking social support had a moderating effect on the association between pain and scores on a measure of posttraumatic stress disorder.","adult, article, burn, clinical article, coping behavior, debridement, female, hospitalization, human, male, pain, prospective study","Ptacek, J. T., Patterson, D. R., Montgomery, B. K., Heimbach, D. M.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4430,The role of guilt in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a debilitating condition associated with a myriad of emotions. Guilt is an important associated feature of PTSD that has received far less recognition than other symptoms often associated with fear and intense threat. The nature of the relationship between guilt and PTSD remains elusive and requires further clarification. The aim of the current paper was to review the extant literature regarding the link between guilt and PTSD. Method: A systematic database search of PsycINFO, Medline, Embase and Web of Science identified articles that enabled examination of the guilt-PTSD relationship. A total of 27 articles met inclusion criteria for this review. Results: There were cross-sectional relationships between guilt and PTSD symptomology with evidence of associations between PTSD symptoms and cognitions related to perceived wrong doing and self-blame. However, the direction of association between guilt and PTSD is unclear and possibly confounded by overlapping constructs such as shame. Limitations: The review is constrained by the absence of longitudinal and experimental research and studies, which control for potential confounding variables. The reliability and validity of measures of guilt and PTSD is also not consistently reported. Conclusion: This review outlines four competing models of the guilt-PTSD relationship and examines existing evidence linking the two constructs. The current literature is too preliminary to offer any strong support for one model over the other. However, in critically appraising existing studies, this review helps to inform the design of future studies investigating the association between guilt and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Guilt, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Responsibility, *Trauma, Blame","Pugh, Lauren R., Taylor, Peter J., Berry, Katherine",2015.0,,,0,0,
4431,Complex comorbidity clusters in OEF/OIF veterans: the polytrauma clinical triad and beyond,"BACKGROUND: A growing body of research on US Veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq [Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF)] has described the polytrauma clinical triad (PCT): traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and pain. Extant research has not explored comorbidity clusters in this population more broadly, particularly co-occurring chronic diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to identify comorbidity clusters among diagnoses of deployment-specific (TBI, PTSD, pain) and chronic (eg, hypertension, diabetes) conditions, and to examine the association of these clusters with health care utilization and adverse outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: The cohort comprised OEF/OIF Veterans who received care in the Veterans Health Administration in fiscal years (FY) 2008-2010. MEASURES: We identified comorbidity using validated ICD-9-CM code-based algorithms and FY08-09 data, followed by which we applied latent class analysis to identify the most statistically distinct and clinically meaningful patterns of comorbidity. We examined the association of these clusters with process measures/outcomes using logistic regression to correlate medication use, acute health care utilization, and adverse outcomes in FY10. RESULTS: In this cohort (N=191,797), we found 6 comorbidity clusters. Cluster 1: PCT+Chronic Disease (5%); Cluster 2: PCT (9%); Cluster 3: Mental Health+Substance Abuse (24%); Cluster 4: Sleep, Amputation, Chronic Disease (4%); Cluster 5: Pain, Moderate PTSD (6%); and Cluster 6: Relatively Healthy (53%). Subsequent health care utilization patterns and adverse events were consistent with disease patterns. CONCLUSIONS: These comorbidity clusters extend beyond the PCT and may be used as a foundation to examine coordination/quality of care and outcomes for OEF/OIF Veterans with different patterns of comorbidity.","Adult, *Afghan Campaign 2001-, Algorithms, *Comorbidity, Female, Humans, *Iraq War, 2003-2011, Male, Multiple Trauma/*epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs/statistics & numerical data","Pugh, M. J., Finley, E. P., Copeland, L. A., Wang, C. P., Noel, P. H., Amuan, M. E., Parsons, H. M., Wells, M., Elizondo, B., Pugh, J. A.",2014.0,Feb,10.1097/mlr.0000000000000059,0,0,
4432,Complex comorbidity clusters in OEF/OIF veterans: The polytrauma clinical triad and beyond,"Background: A growing body of research on US Veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq [Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF)] has described the polytrauma clinical triad (PCT): traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and pain. Extant research has not explored comorbidity clusters in this population more broadly, particularly co-occurring chronic diseases. Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify comorbidity clusters among diagnoses of deployment-specific (TBI, PTSD, pain) and chronic (eg, hypertension, diabetes) conditions, and to examine the association of these clusters with health care utilization and adverse outcomes. Research design: This was a retrospective cohort study. Subjects: The cohort comprised OEF/OIF Veterans who received care in the Veterans Health Administration in fiscal years (FY) 2008-2010. Measures: We identified comorbidity using validated ICD-9-CM code-based algorithms and FY08-09 data, followed by which we applied latent class analysis to identify the most statistically distinct and clinically meaningful patterns of comorbidity. We examined the association of these clusters with process measures/outcomes using logistic regression to correlate medication use, acute health care utilization, and adverse outcomes in FY10. Results: In this cohort (N=191,797), we found 6 comorbidity clusters. Cluster 1: PCT+Chronic Disease (5%); Cluster 2: PCT (9%); Cluster 3: Mental Health+Substance Abuse (24%); Cluster 4: Sleep, Amputation, Chronic Disease (4%); Cluster 5: Pain, Moderate PTSD (6%); and Cluster 6: Relatively Healthy (53%). Subsequent health care utilization patterns and adverse events were consistent with disease patterns. Conclusions: These comorbidity clusters extend beyond the PCT and may be used as a foundation to examine coordination/quality of care and outcomes for OEF/OIF Veterans with different patterns of comorbidity. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Afghan Campaign 2001 (Operation Enduring Freedom), comorbidity, Iraq War 2003 (Operation Iraqi Freedom), veterans","Pugh, M. J. V., Finley, E. P., Copeland, L. A., Wang, C. P., Noel, P. H., Amuan, M. E., Parsons, H. M., Wells, M., Elizondo, B., Pugh, J. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,4431
4433,Resiliency in conditions of war and military violence: Preconditions and developmental processes,,,"Punamäki, R. L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4434,The role of peritraumatic dissociation and gender in the association between trauma and mental health in a Palestinian community sample,,,"Punamäki, R. L., Komproe, I. H., Qouta, S., Elmasri, M., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2005.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.545,0,0,
4435,"Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after major war among Palestinian children: Trauma, family- and child-related predictors","Objective Research shows great individual variation in changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) after major traumas of terrorist attacks, military combat, and natural disasters. Earlier studies have identified specific mental health trajectories both in children and adults. This study aimed, first, to identify potential PTSS-related trajectories by using latent class growth analyses among children in a three-wave assessment after the 2008/2009 War on Gaza, Palestine. Second, it analyzed how family- and child related factors (e.g., attachment relations, posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs), guilt, and emotion regulation) associate with the trajectory class membership. 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Methods The sample consisted of 240 Palestinian children (49.4% girls and 50.6% boys) of 10-13 years of age (M=11.29, SD=0.68), who completed PTSS (CRIES) assessments at 3 (T1), 5 (T2), and 11 (T3) months after the war. Children reported their personal exposure to war trauma, attachment style, cognitive trauma processing, and emotion regulation, and their parents reported family war trauma exposure and attachment style. Results Results revealed a three-trajectory solution, a majority of children belonging to the Recovery trajectory (n=183), and a minority belonged either to Resistant trajectory (n=29) or to Increasing symptoms trajectory (n=28). Low levels of negative posttraumatic cognitive appraisals, feelings of guilt and emotion regulation were characteristic of children in the Resistant trajectory as compared to Increasing symptoms trajectory. Father's attachment security was further associated with the Resistant trajectory membership. Children's attachment avoidance and high parental trauma were typical to children in Recovery trajectory (as compared to the Increasing symptoms trajectory).","adolescent, article, avoidance behavior, battle injury, child, child parent relation, cognition, convalescence, emotional attachment, emotionality, exposure, family, female, guilt, human, major clinical study, male, Palestine, Palestinian, parent, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictor variable, psychotrauma, war","Punamaki, R. L., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., Peltonen, K., Qouta, S. R.",2014.0,,,1,1,
4436,"Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after major war among Palestinian children: Trauma, family- and child-related predictors","Objective Research shows great individual variation in changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) after major traumas of terrorist attacks, military combat, and natural disasters. Earlier studies have identified specific mental health trajectories both in children and adults. This study aimed, first, to identify potential PTSS-related trajectories by using latent class growth analyses among children in a three-wave assessment after the 2008/2009 War on Gaza, Palestine. Second, it analyzed how family- and child related factors (e.g., attachment relations, posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs), guilt, and emotion regulation) associate with the trajectory class membership. 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Methods The sample consisted of 240 Palestinian children (49.4% girls and 50.6% boys) of 10-13 years of age (M=11.29, SD=0.68), who completed PTSS (CRIES) assessments at 3 (T1), 5 (T2), and 11 (T3) months after the war. Children reported their personal exposure to war trauma, attachment style, cognitive trauma processing, and emotion regulation, and their parents reported family war trauma exposure and attachment style. Results Results revealed a three-trajectory solution, a majority of children belonging to the Recovery trajectory (n=183), and a minority belonged either to Resistant trajectory (n=29) or to Increasing symptoms trajectory (n=28). Low levels of negative posttraumatic cognitive appraisals, feelings of guilt and emotion regulation were characteristic of children in the Resistant trajectory as compared to Increasing symptoms trajectory. Father's attachment security was further associated with the Resistant trajectory membership. Children's attachment avoidance and high parental trauma were typical to children in Recovery trajectory (as compared to the Increasing symptoms trajectory).","Children, Palestinian, Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs), Trajectories, War","Punamäki, R. L., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., Peltonen, K., Qouta, S. R.",2014.0,,,1,1,4435
4437,Psychological distress and resources among siblings and parents exposed to traumatic events,"We examined symmetries and asymmetries within family members' psychological distress and resources in general and when exposed to traumatic events in particular. PTSD and depressive symptoms indicated distress and resilient attitudes, and satisfaction with quality of life indicated resources. We also analysed potential complementary dynamics between family members and identified family types according to their distress and resources. Concerning trauma impact, we hypothesized that exposure to family military violence (FMV) and recent personal trauma (RPT) predict family members' psychological distress and resources differently, indicating asymmetry in family responses. The participants were 65 Palestinian families each consisting of a mother, a father and their 15-, 17 and 19-year-old children. The within-family MANOVA results showed asymmetric in psychological distress and resources in sibling and spousal subsystems, for example older siblings reported a higher level of depressive symptoms than both parents, and mothers reported PTSD more often than fathers. The cluster analysis identified four family types, two with symmetric responses: In the ""resilient families"" all members showed low distress and high resources, and in the ""ordeal families"" all showed distress and low resources. In the asymmetric families either the children or the parents showed low distress and high resources, named the ""children's strength families"" and the ""parental strength families"", respectively. Partial correlation analysis revealed complementary dynamics between children and their parents: If mothers reported high levels of psychological distress, the 15 and 17-year-olds reported low or vice versa. Spousal complementary dynamics were found in psychosocial resources: If the mother showed highly resilient attitudes, the father showed low or vice versa. As hypothesized, exposure to traumatic events was differently associated with family members' psychological distress and resources. Family military trauma (FMT) predicted depressive symptoms only among the youngest siblings, and recent personal trauma (RPT) was associated with dissatisfaction with quality of life only among the oldest sibling and fathers.","adolescent, adult, aged, Arab, article, child behavior, child parent relation, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, disease severity, distress syndrome, family coping, family stress, family study, family violence, female, human, life event, life satisfaction, major clinical study, male, maternal behavior, paternal behavior, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychosocial care, quality of life, risk assessment, risk factor, sibling, symptom, war","Punamaki, R. L., Qouta, S., El Sarraj, E., Montgomery, E.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4438,Psychological distress and resources among siblings and parents exposed to traumatic events,"We examined symmetries and asymmetries within family members' psychological distress and resources in general and when exposed to traumatic events in particular. PTSD and depressive symptoms indicated distress and resilient attitudes, and satisfaction with quality of life indicated resources. We also analysed potential complementary dynamics between family members and identified family types according to their distress and resources. Concerning trauma impact, we hypothesized that exposure to family military violence (FMV) and recent personal trauma (RPT) predict family members' psychological distress and resources differently, indicating asymmetry in family responses. The participants were 65 Palestinian families each consisting of a mother, a father and their 15-, 17 and 19-year-old children. The within-family MANOVA results showed asymmetric in psychological distress and resources in sibling and spousal subsystems, for example older siblings reported a higher level of depressive symptoms than both parents, and mothers reported PTSD more often than fathers. The cluster analysis identified four family types, two with symmetric responses: In the ""resilient families"" all members showed low distress and high resources, and in the ""ordeal families"" all showed distress and low resources. In the asymmetric families either the children or the parents showed low distress and high resources, named the ""children's strength families"" and the ""parental strength families"", respectively. Partial correlation analysis revealed complementary dynamics between children and their parents: If mothers reported high levels of psychological distress, the 15 and 17-year-olds reported low or vice versa. Spousal complementary dynamics were found in psychosocial resources: If the mother showed highly resilient attitudes, the father showed low or vice versa. As hypothesized, exposure to traumatic events was differently associated with family members' psychological distress and resources. Family military trauma (FMT) predicted depressive symptoms only among the youngest siblings, and recent personal trauma (RPT) was associated with dissatisfaction with quality of life only among the oldest sibling and fathers.","Family systems theory, Psychological distress, Resiliency, Trauma","Punamäki, R. L., Qouta, S., El Sarraj, E., Montgomery, E.",2006.0,,,0,0,4437
4439,Racial disparities in traumatic stress in prostate cancer patients: Secondary analysis of a National URCC CCOP Study of 317 men,"Introduction African American men have the highest rates of prostate cancer of any racial group, but very little is known about the psychological functioning of African American men in response to prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Purpose In this secondary analysis of a national trial testing a psychological intervention for prostate cancer patients, we report on the traumatic stress symptoms of African American and non-African American men. Methods This analysis includes 317 men (African American: n=30, 9%; non-African American: n=287, 91%) who were enrolled in the intervention trial, which included 12 weeks of group psychotherapy and 24 months of follow-up. Using mixed model analysis, total score on the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and its Intrusion and Avoidance subscales were examined to determine mean differences in traumatic stress across all time points (0, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months). In an additional analysis, relevant psychosocial, demographic, and clinical variables were added to the model. Results Results showed significantly higher levels of traumatic stress for African American men compared to non-African American men in all models independently of the intervention arm, demographics, and relevant clinical variables. African Americans also had a consistently higher prevalence of clinically significant traumatic stress symptoms (defined as IES total score ≥27). These elevations remained across all time points over 24 months. Conclusions This is the first study to showa racial disparity in traumatic stress specifically as an aspect of overall psychological adjustment to prostate cancer. Recommendations are made for appropriate assessment, referral, and treatment of psychological distress in this vulnerable population. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.","African American, Health disparities, Prostate cancer, PTSD, Traumatic stress","Purnell, J. Q., Palesh, O. G., Heckler, C. E., Adams, M. J., Chin, N., Mohile, S., Peppone, L. J., Atkins, J. N., Moore, D. F., Spiegel, D., Messing, E., Morrow, G. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4440,Outcome management in In-patient psychiatric care,"Objective: To delineate methods and to describe patient appraisal as well as effect of outcome management in in-patient psychiatric care. Method: Two hundred and ninety-four adults with mental illness receiving in-patient treatment at a psychiatric hospital in rural Bavaria gave informed consent to participate in this cluster-randomised trial. Participants were asked to provide information on treatment outcome via weekly computerised standardised assessments. Patients and clinicians in the intervention group received continuous feedback of outcome. Results: Patients were willing and able to regularly provide outcome data and valued feedback. However, use of feedback in conversations between patient and clinician was rare. Outcome management failed to impact on patient-rated outcome during in-patient treatment. Conclusion: Outcome management is feasible in people receiving in-patient psychiatric care, but failed to show an overall short-term effect. Strategies need to be developed to improve active use of routinely collected treatment outcome data in mental health care. (copyright) 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","ISRCTN93197945, psychotropic agent, acute stress disorder, adult, aged, article, behavior disorder, clinical trial, cluster analysis, computer analysis, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, conversation, delusional disorder, dysthymia, female, Germany, human, informed consent, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health care, mental hospital, mood disorder, outcome assessment, patient attitude, priority journal, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, randomized controlled trial, rural area, schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, somatoform disorder, treatment outcome","Puschner, B., Schofer, D., Knaup, C., Becker, T.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4441,Outcome management in In-patient psychiatric care,"Objective: To delineate methods and to describe patient appraisal as well as effect of outcome management in in-patient psychiatric care. Method: Two hundred and ninety-four adults with mental illness receiving in-patient treatment at a psychiatric hospital in rural Bavaria gave informed consent to participate in this cluster-randomised trial. Participants were asked to provide information on treatment outcome via weekly computerised standardised assessments. Patients and clinicians in the intervention group received continuous feedback of outcome. Results: Patients were willing and able to regularly provide outcome data and valued feedback. However, use of feedback in conversations between patient and clinician was rare. Outcome management failed to impact on patient-rated outcome during in-patient treatment. Conclusion: Outcome management is feasible in people receiving in-patient psychiatric care, but failed to show an overall short-term effect. Strategies need to be developed to improve active use of routinely collected treatment outcome data in mental health care. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","Health service, Outcome, Psychopathology, Randomized controlled trial","Puschner, B., Schöfer, D., Knaup, C., Becker, T.",2009.0,,,0,0,4440
4442,"The Relationship Among Cognitive Schemas, Job-Related Traumatic Exposure, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Journalists","American newspaper journalists (N=906) participated in a study examining a cognitive mediational model for explaining the relationship between exposure to work-related traumatic events and work-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated (a) greater exposure to work-related traumatic events was associated with work-related PTSD symptoms, as well as negative cognitive schemas; (b) cognitive beliefs partially accounted for PTSD symptoms, but the full cognitive mediational model was not supported. Implications include targeting interventions for journalists who experience traumatic stress and modifying theories about PTSD symptoms in journalists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Journalists, *Occupational Stress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Schema, Adult Attitudes, Cognitive Processes, Models, Symptoms","Pyevich, Caroline M., Newman, Elana, Daleiden, Eric",2003.0,,,0,0,
4443,The University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (UCLA-PTSD RI) for DSM-IV (Revision,,,"Pynoos, R., Rodriguez, N., Steinberg, A., Stuber, M., Frederick, C.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4444,Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children,"One hundred fifty-nine children (14.5% of the student body) were sampled after a fatal sniper attack on their elementary school playground. Systematic self-reports of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were obtained by use of a child PTSD Reaction Index. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences by exposure but not by sex, ethnicity, or age. Additional analyses were conducted of individual item response, overall severity of PTSD reaction, symptom grouping, and previous life events. The results provide strong evidence that acute PTSD symptoms occur in school-age children with a notable correlation between proximity to the violence and type and number of PTSD symptoms. Sampling at approximately one month after the trauma provided adequate delineation among exposure groups. The symptoms profile of highly exposed children lends validity to the diagnosis of acute PTSD in childhood.","child, clinical article, education, human, life event, posttraumatic stress disorder, school, violence","Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., Nunez, F., Fairbanks, L.",1987.0,,,0,0,
4445,A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders,"Empirical findings regarding childhood traumatic stress are placed within a developmental life-trajectory model that incorporates a tripartite etiology of posttrauma distress. This approach recognizes an intricate matrix of child-intrinsic factors, developmental maturation and experience, life events, and evolving family and social ecologies. Of central developmental importance in the field of traumatic stress is the ontogenesis of appraisal, emotional response, emotional and physiological regulation, and consideration of protective action with regard to danger. The complexity of traumatic situations and their aftermath suggests the relevance of multiple stress diatheses in understanding individual variability in proximal and distal effects. Neurobiological systems that subserve danger mature over childhood and adolescence. Neurophysiological and neurohormonal studies among traumatized children and adolescents suggest potential neurodevelopmental stage-related vulnerabilities within these systems. Advances in child development and traumatic stress provide tools for investigating proximal and distal interplay of psychopathology, disturbances in the acquisition and maintenance of developmental competencies, and life-trajectory outcomes. A developmental psychopathology model suggests different avenues by which dangerous circumstances, childhood traumatic experiences, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can intersect with other anxiety disorders over the life span. Copyright (C) 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","Anxiety, Child trauma, Developmental psychopathology, PTSD","Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Piacentini, J. C.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4446,Anxiety buffer disruption theory: A terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder,"We present anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT) and provide a review of current evidence regarding the theory. ABDT is an application of terror management theory to explain diverse reactions to traumatic events and the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It posits that PTSD results from a disruption in one's anxiety-buffering mechanisms, which normally provide protection against anxiety in general and death anxiety in particular. The disruption of these mechanisms leaves the individual defenseless in the face of overwhelming anxiety, which leads to the major symptom clusters of PTSD: re-experiencing, hyper-arousal, and avoidance. According to ABDT, because of the disruption in their anxiety-buffering mechanisms, individuals with PTSD symptoms do not respond to mortality reminders in the defensive ways that psychologically healthier individuals do. We review four sets of studies conducted in four different cultures and with people who have experienced different types of trauma, which reveal this atypical response pattern and lend support to ABDT. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.","Death anxiety, PTSD, Terror management theory, Trauma","Pyszczynski, T., Kesebir, P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4447,Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma: Current Evidence and Future Directions,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a frequent, tenacious, and disabling consequence of traumatic events. The disorder’s identifiable onset and early symptoms provide opportunities for early detection and prevention. Empirical findings and theoretical models have outlined specific risk factors and pathogenic processes leading to PTSD. Controlled studies have shown that theory-driven preventive interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or stress hormone-targeted pharmacological interventions, are efficacious in selected samples of survivors. However, the effectiveness of early clinical interventions remains unknown, and results obtained in aggregates (large groups) overlook individual heterogeneity in PTSD pathogenesis. We review current evidence of PTSD prevention and outline the need to improve the disorder’s early detection and intervention in individual-specific paths to chronic PTSD. © 2016, The Author(s).","Cognitive behavioral therapy, Early treatment, Pharmacotherapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prevention, Targeted intervention","Qi, W., Gevonden, M., Shalev, A.",2016.0,,10.1007/s11920-015-0655-0,0,0,
4448,The prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the classification of PTSD symptoms among Chinese HIV-positive people,"Objective: This research aimed to explore the prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms classification among Chinese HIV-positive patients. Methods: Ninety-one (sample 1) and 366 HIV-positive patients (sample 2) completed the Traumatic Events Questionnaire and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) was conducted in sample 1. In sample 2, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test three competitive models. Results: (1) The optimal cut-off point of PCL-C for PTSD in HIV sample was 44, with the sensitivity of 0.842, the specificity of 0.906 and the diagnostic efficiency of 0.94. The prevalence of PTSD was 41.80%. (2) The inter-correlated four-factor model was the best fit for the data. Conclusion: The prevalence of PTSD in HIV-positive people was rather high and the PTSD symptoms classification was best described by the four-factor model, indicating a fairly good cross-sample validation of this model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Factor Structure, *HIV, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Chinese Cultural Groups","Qian, Wang, Jun, Gao, Yun-ping, Yang",2015.0,,,0,0,
4449,Heat stress-responsive transcriptome analysis in heat susceptible and tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by using Wheat Genome Array,"Background: Wheat is a major crop in the world, and the high temperature stress can reduce the yield of wheat by as much as 15%. The molecular changes in response to heat stress are poorly understood. Using GeneChip® Wheat Genome Array, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression profiles in the leaves of two wheat genotypes, namely, heat susceptible 'Chinese Spring' (CS) and heat tolerant 'TAM107' (TAM). Results: A total of 6560 (∼10.7%) probe sets displayed 2-fold or more changes in expression in at least one heat treatment (false discovery rate, FDR, α = 0.001). Except for heat shock protein (HSP) and heat shock factor (HSF) genes, these putative heat responsive genes encode transcription factors and proteins involved in phytohormone biosynthesis/signaling, calcium and sugar signal pathways, RNA metabolism, ribosomal proteins, primary and secondary metabolisms, as well as proteins related to other stresses. A total of 313 probe sets were differentially expressed between the two genotypes, which could be responsible for the difference in heat tolerance of the two genotypes. Moreover, 1314 were differentially expressed between the heat treatments with and without pre-acclimation, and 4533 were differentially expressed between short and prolonged heat treatments. Conclusion: The differences in heat tolerance in different wheat genotypes may be associated with multiple processes and mechanisms involving HSPs, transcription factors, and other stress related genes. Heat acclimation has little effects on gene expression under prolonged treatments but affects gene expression in wheat under short-term heat stress. The heat stress responsive genes identified in this study will facilitate our understanding of molecular basis for heat tolerance in different wheat genotypes and future improvement of heat tolerance in wheat and other cereals. © 2008 Qin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Qin, D., Wu, H., Peng, H., Yao, Y., Ni, Z., Li, Z., Zhou, C., Sun, Q.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4450,Developmental Trajectories and Predictors of Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents Exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,"This longitudinal study examined the developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior and related predictors among adolescents exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. At 6-, 18-, and 30-months postearthquake, we followed a sample of 1,573 adolescents. Self-report measures were used to assess earthquake exposure, postearthquake negative life events, prosocial behavior, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, social support, and coping style. Data were analyzed using growth mixture modeling and multinomial logistic regressions. Four trajectories of postearthquake prosocial behavior were identified in the sample: (a) high/enhancing (35.0%), (b) high/stable (29.4%), (c) low/declining (33.6%), and (d) low/steeply declining (2.0%). Female gender, more social support, and greater positive coping were significant factors related to a higher probability of developing the high/enhancing trajectory. These findings may be helpful for us to identify adolescents with poor prosocial behavior after exposure to earthquakes so as to provide them with appropriate intervention.",,"Qin, Y., Zhou, Y., Fan, F., Chen, S., Huang, R., Cai, R., Peng, T.",2016.0,Feb 8,10.1002/jts.22064,0,0,
4451,Distinct Hippocampal Expression Profiles of lncRNAs in Rats Exhibiting a PTSD-like Syndrome,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to a series of clinical syndromes, including symptoms such as nightmares, hallucinations, severe anxiety, fear, and trauma related to the environment. These symptoms tend to occur after intense psychological trauma or physiological stress. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play key roles in various biological processes, although it is unknown whether they have important functions in PTSD. Here, we present the first study exploring the connection between lncRNAs and a PTSD-like syndrome in rats. We find distinct expression profiles of lncRNAs between PTSD-like syndrome rats and a control group, which provides information for further research on the differentiation of PTSD and transdifferentiation between the PTSD-like syndrome and the control group. This information will be helpful for finding new therapeutic targets for the treatment of PTSD. © 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York","Hippocampus, Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), Microarray, PTSD","Qingzhen, L., Jiehua, M., Zhiyang, Y., Hongjun, L., Chunlong, C., Weiyan, L.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12035-015-9180-8,0,0,
4452,"Repeated administration of AC-5216, a ligand for the 18kDa translocator protein, improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder","Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severely disabling anxiety disorder that may occur following exposure to a serious traumatic event. It is a psychiatric condition that can afflict anyone who has experienced a life-threatening or violent event. Previous studies have shown that changes in 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression (or function), a promising target for treating neurological disorders without benzodiazepine-like side effects, may correlate with PTSD. However, few studies have investigated the anti-PTSD effects of TSPO ligands. AC-5216, a ligand for TSPO, induces anxiolytic- and anti-depressant-like effects in animal models. The present study aimed to determine whether AC-5216 ameliorates PTSD behavior in mice. Following the training session consisting of exposure to inescapable electric foot shocks, animals were administered AC-5216 daily during the behavioral assessments, i.e., situational reminders (SRs), the open field (OF) test, the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, and the staircase test (ST). The results indicated that exposure to foot shocks induced long-term behavioral deficiencies in the mice, including freezing and anxiety-like behavior, which were significantly ameliorated by repeated treatment with AC-5216 but without any effect on spontaneous locomotor activity or bodyweight. In summary, this study demonstrated the anti-PTSD effects of AC-5216 treatment, suggesting that TSPO may represent a therapeutic target for anti-PTSD drug discovery and that TSPO ligands may be a promising new class of drugs for the future treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Proteins, *Ligand, Animal Models","Qiu, Zhi-Kun, Zhang, Li-Ming, Zhao, Nan, Chen, Hong-Xia, Zhang, You-Zhi, Liu, Yan-Qin, Mi, Tian-Yue, Zhou, Wen-Wen, Li, Yang, Yang, Ri-Fang, Xu, Jiang-Ping, Li, Yun-Feng",2013.0,,,0,0,
4453,Child development and family mental health in war and military violence: The Palestinian experience,"The article reviews developmental research among Palestinians living in Gaza. The aims are, first, to analyze how exposure to traumatic events associates with children's mental health and their cognitive, emotional and social development. Second, we aimed to model familial and symbolic processes that can either harm or protect the mental health of children. Third, we wanted to learn who the resilient children are in conditions of war and military violence. The reviewed research has been conducted in the context of a Palestinian non-governmental organization, the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme, during the political upheavals involving hopes for peace and intensive war and violence: the First Intifada (1987-1993), the Palestinian Authority rule (1994-) and the Second Al Aqsa Intifada (2001-). The results show that life threat, violence and losses form a risk for increased psychological distress. There are, however, a myriad of child, family and society related factors and psycho-socio-physiological processes that protect child development and mental health. They include, e.g. loving and wisely guiding parenting, children's flexible and high cognitive capacity, flexible and multiple coping strategies and narrative and symbolic nocturnal dreaming, as well as social support and good peer relations. Different models explain psychological distress and positive resources, including child resilience. Exposure to trauma is crucial in predicting distress, while familial and developmental issues are important in building resilience. Children's conscious and unconscious cognitive-emotional processes are crucial for underlying mental health and knowledge about them is important in tailoring evidence-based preventive interventions among war victims. © 2008 The International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development Publications.","Childhood trauma, Cognitive and social development, Mental health, Palestinians, PTSD, Trauma, War","Qouta, S., Punamäki, R. L., El Sarraj, E.",2008.0,,10.1177/0165025408090973,0,0,
4454,Intervention effectiveness among war-affected children: a cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health,"We examined the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention in reducing mental health symptoms among war-affected children, and the role of peritraumatic dissociation in moderating the intervention impact on posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). School classes were randomized into intervention (n = 242) and waitlist control (n = 240) conditions in Gaza, Palestine. The intervention group participated in 16 extracurriculum sessions of teaching recovery techniques (TRT) and the controls received normal school-provided support. Participants were 10- to 13-year-old Palestinian girls (49.4%) and boys (50.6%). Data on PTSS, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress were collected at baseline (T1), postintervention (T2), and 6-month follow-up (T3). Peritraumatic dissociation was assessed only at baseline. Regression analyses that took regression to the mean and cluster sampling into account were applied. The results on intervention effectiveness were specific to gender and peritraumatic dissociation. At T2, the intervention significantly reduced the proportion of clinical PTSS among boys, and both the symptom level (R(2) = .24), and proportion of clinical PTSS among girls who had a low level of peritraumatic dissociation. The results have implications for risk-specific tailoring of psychosocial interventions in war conditions. Copyright (copyright) 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adolescent, Arab, article, child, clinical trial, cluster analysis, cognitive therapy, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, female, human, male, mental health, methodology, Middle East, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, regression analysis, standard, war","Qouta, S. R., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., Punamaki, R. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4455,Intervention effectiveness among war-affected children: A cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health,"We examined the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention in reducing mental health symptoms among war-affected children, and the role of peritraumatic dissociation in moderating the intervention impact on posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). School classes were randomized into intervention (n = 242) and waitlist control (n = 240) conditions in Gaza, Palestine. The intervention group participated in 16 extracurriculum sessions of teaching recovery techniques (TRT) and the controls received normal school-provided support. Participants were 10- to 13-year-old Palestinian girls (49.4%) and boys (50.6%). Data on PTSS, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress were collected at baseline (T1), postintervention (T2), and 6-month follow-up (T3). Peritraumatic dissociation was assessed only at baseline. Regression analyses that took regression to the mean and cluster sampling into account were applied. The results on intervention effectiveness were specific to gender and peritraumatic dissociation. At T2, the intervention significantly reduced the proportion of clinical PTSS among boys, and both the symptom level (R 2 = .24), and proportion of clinical PTSS among girls who had a low level of peritraumatic dissociation. The results have implications for risk-specific tailoring of psychosocial interventions in war conditions. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Qouta, S. R., Palosaari, E., Diab, M., Punamäki, R. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,4454
4456,"Prevalence of mental disorders in 6–16-year-old students in Sichuan Province, China","To investigate the point prevalence of mental disorders in school students, multistage cluster stratified random sampling and two-phase survey methods were used to identify 40 primary and middle schools. The students were screened using the Chinese version of the Child Behavior Checklist and diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The prevalence of behavioral problems was 19.13%. The prevalence of behavioral problems significantly differed by sex, age, city of residence, and caretaker. The six-month prevalence of any mental disorder was 15.24% (95% CI: 15.49%–16.97%). Psychiatric disorders were more prevalent in boys (17.33%) relative to girls (13.11%; p < 0.01). The prevalence of mental disorders significantly differed by community and caretaker, and 36.46% of students exhibited comorbidity. Results demonstrated important mental health issues, with a high incidence of comorbidities, in this population. Students’ mental health requires increased attention, particularly in poverty-stricken areas and left-behind children and adolescents.","adolescent, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, attention deficit disorder, child, Child Behavior Checklist, China, chronic motor tic disorder, chronic vocal tic disorder, comorbidity, controlled study, disruptive behavior, DSM-IV, dysthymia, female, generalized anxiety disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, human, hypomania, incidence, major depression, male, mania, mental disease, mental health, mini international neuropsychiatric interview, mood disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, prevalence, schizophrenia, school child, separation anxiety, social phobia, substance abuse, tic, transient tic disorder","Qu, Y., Jiang, H., Zhang, N., Wang, D., Guo, L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4457,Resilience in the Face of Coping With a Severe Physical Injury: A Study of Trajectories of Adjustment in a Rehabilitation Setting,"Objective: Despite the popularity of the concept of resilience, little research has been conducted on populations in physical rehabilitation settings. Our purpose was to identify three trajectories of psychological adjustment to an acquired severe physical injury characterized by resilience, recovery, or distress in a longitudinal design. Participants: Eighty inpatients with a severe injury at a rehabilitation hospital. The participants had spinal cord injury or multiple traumas. Design: Classification into the three trajectories was based on symptoms of psychological distress (posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and negative affect) and participants' level of positive affect at admission to and discharge from the rehabilitation hospital. Results: The most common trajectory was the resilience trajectory (54%), followed by the recovery trajectory (25%) and the distress trajectory (21%). The most interesting differences between the trajectories were the result of optimism, affect, social support, and pain. Trait negative and positive affect predicted classification into the trajectories. Conclusions: An adaptation pattern characterized by resilience was found to be the most common response to an acquired severe injury, and trait affect predicts the outcome pattern. Interventions based on resilience are discussed. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adult, affect, anxiety, article, controlled study, coping behavior, depression, disease classification, disease severity, distress syndrome, female, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, human, illness trajectory, International Classification of Diseases, major clinical study, male, optimism, pain, patient satisfaction, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, psychologic assessment, questionnaire, rehabilitation care, semi structured interview, social support, spinal cord injury, symptomatology, treatment response","Quale, A. J., Schanke, A. K.",2010.0,,,0,1,
4458,Severity of injury does not have any impact on posttraumatic stress symptoms in severely injured patients,,,"Quale, A. J., Schanke, A. K., Frøslie, K. F., Røise, O.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.injury.2008.11.006,0,0,
4459,"Indirect associations of combat exposure with post-deployment physical symptoms in u.S. Soldiers: Roles of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and insomnia","OBJECTIVE: To characterize the indirect associations of combat exposure with post-deployment physical symptoms through shared associations with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and insomnia symptoms. METHODS: Surveys were administered to a sample of U.S. soldiers (N=587) three months after a 15-month deployment to Iraq. A multiple indirect effects model was used to characterize direct and indirect associations between combat exposure and physical symptoms. RESULTS: Despite a zero-order correlation between combat exposure and physical symptoms, the multiple indirect effects analysis did not provide evidence of a direct association between these variables. Evidence for a significant indirect association of combat exposure and physical symptoms was observed through PTSD, depression, and insomnia symptoms. In fact, 92% of the total effect of combat exposure on physical symptoms scores was indirect. These findings were evident even after adjusting for the physical injury and relevant demographics. CONCLUSION: This is the first empirical study to suggest that PTSD, depression and insomnia collectively and independently contribute to the association between combat exposure and post-deployment physical symptoms. Limitations, future research directions, and potential policy implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Quartana, Phillip J., Wilk, Joshua E., Balkin, Thomas J., Hoge, Charles W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4460,Efficacy of a Satyananda Yoga Intervention for Reintegrating Adults Diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in ex-combatants from illegal armed groups in Colombia has been estimated at 37.4%. This high prevalence indicates a need to explore alternative and adjunctive therapies in the treatment of PTSD. A randomized controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a protocol based on Satyananda Yoga(R) in PTSD-diagnosed reintegrating adults in Colombia. One hundred reintegrating adults (n = 50 for each of the yoga and control arms) from Bogota and Medellin participated in this study. Yoga participants engaged in a Satyananda Yoga intervention for 16 weeks while the control group continued the regular demobilization program. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used to evaluate the effects of the applied therapy. Outcomes were assessed before entry and after the treatment. T-tests revealed a treatment effect of d = 1.15 for the yoga group and a between-groups effect size of d = .73. The difference in improvement in PCL-C scores between both groups was 18.91% (p < 0.05). The highest percentage of improvement was observed in the re-experiencing symptom cluster (23.71%; p < 0.05), with a treatment effect of d = 1.40 for the yoga group and a between-groups effect size of d = 1.15. The data suggest that Satyananda Yoga methodology is an effective therapy for reintegrating adults diagnosed with PTSD. Further research is needed in order to evaluate prolonged effects of this alternative therapy.",,"Quinones, N., Maquet, Y. G., Velez, D. M., Lopez, M. A.",2015.0,,10.17761/1531-2054-25.1.89,0,0,
4461,The link between post-traumatic stress disorder and physical comorbidities: A systematic review,"Context: Returning veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq will increase frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Little is known about its impact on physical health. Objective: Systematic literature review focusing on the association between PTSD and specific physical disorders. Data Sources: An electronic search using PUBMED and hand search of four journals with an anxiety focus for studies published between January 1981 and July 2008, plus a manual search of article bibliographies. Study Selection: Original research reports focusing on PTSD and its association with physical health. Studies investigating only PTSD symptoms, trauma and physical disorders classified at the organ-system level were excluded. Eighty studies were reviewed and seven selected for final analysis. Data Extraction Specific physical-health diagnoses were organized by system and tabulated. They were considered positive only if results were statistically significant. Total number of positive and negative studies for each diagnosis was then calculated for review. Results: Seven studies examined the relationship between PTSD and specific physical disorders. Arthritis was associated with PTSD in most studies. Data conflicted regarding diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Conclusions: Few studies have examined the relationship between PTSD and physical health. Large, prospective epidemiological trials are needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Diagnosis, *Physical Disorders, *Physical Health, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans","Qureshi, Salah U., Pyne, Jeffrey M., Magruder, Kathy M., Schulz, Paul E., Kunik, Mark E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4462,Influence of depression on state and trait anger in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Anger is one of the most important symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and is associated with many of the adverse correlates of PTSD. Researchers have proposed theories to explain the relationship between anger and PTSD, but no study to date has examined the mediating role of depression. The purpose of this study was to explore the mediating effects of current major depression disorder (MDD), as well as PTSD numbing and dysphoria symptom clusters (King et al. 1998; Simms et al. 2002) on the relationship between PTSD and anger. There were 98 participants in the study, and all were male veterans with combat-related PTSD taking part in a clinical trial. Results indicated that MDD partially mediated the relationship between PTSD and state anger, while numbing and dysphoria clusters partially mediated the relationships between other PTSD symptom clusters and trait anger. Implications for the treatment of anger in veterans with PTSD are discussed. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA).","Anger, Dysphoria, Major depressive disorder, Numbing, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Raab, P. A., Mackintosh, M. A., Gros, D. F., Morland, L. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4463,Examination of the Content Specificity of Posttraumatic Cognitions in Combat Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"OBJECTIVE: Cognitive theories have proposed the idea of content specificity, which holds that emotional disorders are associated with unique sets of negative cognitions. The existent research exploring the content specificity related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression is sparse, and research is especially needed in veteran samples. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of PTSD symptom clusters and comorbid depressive symptoms with posttraumatic cognitions. METHOD: This study was cross-sectional in design, and the sample consisted of data from 150 male combat veterans with PTSD drawn from the baseline assessments of a large clinical trial. Analyses involved a series of separate and simultaneous linear regressions to examine the unique associations of comorbid depressive symptoms and PTSD symptom clusters with posttraumatic cognitions, as well as post hoc analyses to examine the mediational role of comorbid depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Findings demonstrated that posttraumatic negative cognitions about the self and self-blame were most strongly associated with comorbid depressive symptoms and the depression-related PTSD numbing cluster. Comorbid depressive symptoms also partially mediated nearly all the relationships between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptom clusters. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that posttraumatic cognitions about the self and self-blame are not specific to PTSD but rather are more strongly related to symptoms of depression and negative affect. The results also suggest a potential pathway from posttraumatic cognitions to PTSD through the partially mediating influence of comorbid depression, and highlight the need to assess and treat comorbid depression in veterans with PTSD.",,"Raab, P. A., Mackintosh, M. A., Gros, D. F., Morland, L. A.",2015.0,,10.1080/00332747.2015.1082337,0,0,
4464,Impact of comorbid depression on quality of life in male combat Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"For Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression is a highly comorbid condition. Both conditions have been associated with decreased quality of life, and research suggests that comorbid PTSD and depression may result in worse quality of life than PTSD alone. However, research is needed to elucidate the effect of comorbidity on a broader variety of quality of life domains. In this study, we used baseline data of 158 male combat Veterans taking part in a PTSD treatment trial and examined the unique relationships between quality of life domains and PTSD symptom clusters, major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis, and self-reported depressive symptoms. Veterans with comorbid PTSD-MDD reported significantly worse satisfaction-related quality of life than those with PTSD alone, although this finding was largely attributable to PTSD numbing symptoms. Subsequent analyses comparing the effect of numbing symptoms to depressive symptoms revealed that depression exerted a stronger influence, although numbing symptoms were still uniquely associated with quality of life. We discuss implications for treatment and research, as well as the need to address negative affect in Veterans with PTSD. © 2015, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service. All rights reserved.","Comorbidity, Depression, Major depressive disorder, MDD, Negative affect, Numbing, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Quality of life, Veterans","Raab, P. A., Mackintosh, M. A., Gros, D. F., Morland, L. A.",2015.0,,10.1682/JRRD.2014.05.0130,0,0,
4465,Clinical uses and differences among the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed agents for treating depressive disorders in the United States. Differences between the individual SSRIs may guide the choice of a particular agent. These differences include pharmacokinetic profiles, side effects, relative doses, FDA-approved indications, and cost. This article discusses the role of these differences in the selection of a particular agent. Since the SSRIs inhibit neuronal serotonin reuptake and have minimal effects on sites affected by other antidepressants, the SSRIs have a different pharmacodynamic and tolerability profile from other antidepressants. The SSRIs are effective in treating many disorders, including major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, bulimia, alcoholism, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perhaps migraine headaches. Common adverse reactions of the SSRIs include central nervous system activation, insomnia, sedation, and gastrointestinal upset. Altered sleep patterns and sexual dysfunction due to SSRIs may adversely impact patients' quality of life. Potentially serious drug interactions may occur when SSRIs are given concomitantly with other agents. Including warfarin, meperidine, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The SSRIs provide clinicians with an effective alternative to older antidepressants.","astemizole, carbamazepine, cimetidine, cisapride, citalopram, dextromethorphan, digoxin, diltiazem, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, haloperidol, lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, naratriptan, nefazodone, paroxetine, pentazocine, pethidine, phenytoin, rizatriptan, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, sumatriptan succinate, tramadol, tricyclic antidepressant agent, warfarin, zolmitriptan, article, bioavailability, depression, drug efficacy, drug half life, gastrointestinal symptom, human, insomnia, liver metabolism, quality of life, sedation, serotoninergic transmission, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder, social phobia, amerge, cardizem, coumadin, dilantin, haldol, hismanal, imitrex, lanoxin, maxalt, propulsid, serzone, tagamet, talwin, tegretol, ultram, zomig","Raap, J. W., Beckwith, M. C., Reimherr, F. W.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4466,Clinical uses and differences among the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed agents for treating depressive disorders in the United States. Differences between the individual SSRIs may guide the choice of a particular agent. These differences include pharmacokinetic profiles, side effects, relative doses, FDA-approved indications, and cost. This article discusses the role of these differences in the selection of a particular agent. Since the SSRIs inhibit neuronal serotonin reuptake and have minimal effects on sites affected by other antidepressants, the SSRIs have a different pharmacodynamic and tolerability profile from other antidepressants. The SSRIs are effective in treating many disorders, including major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, bulimia, alcoholism, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perhaps migraine headaches. Common adverse reactions of the SSRIs include central nervous system activation, insomnia, sedation, and gastrointestinal upset. Altered sleep patterns and sexual dysfunction due to SSRIs may adversely impact patients' quality of life. Potentially serious drug interactions may occur when SSRIs are given concomitantly with other agents. Including warfarin, meperidine, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The SSRIs provide clinicians with an effective alternative to older antidepressants.","Citalopram, Compulsive, D isorder, Depression, Dysfunction, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Inhibitor, Interaction, Meta bolism, Obsessive, Panic, Paroxetine, Phobia, Post traumatic, Quality of life, Reuptake, Selective, Serotonin, Sertraline, Sexual, Social, SSRI","Raap, J. W., Christina Beckwith, M., Reimherr, F. W.",2000.0,,,0,0,4465
4467,Intrinsic connectivity networks in post-traumatic stress disorder during sub- and supraliminal processing of threat-related stimuli,"Abstract Objective To investigate the functional connectivity of large-scale intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during subliminal and supraliminal presentation of threat-related stimuli. Method Group independent component analysis was utilized to study functional connectivity within the ICNs most correlated with the Default-mode Network (DMN), Salience Network (SN), and Central Executive Network (CEN) in PTSD participants (n = 26) as compared to healthy controls (n = 20) during sub- and supraliminal processing of threat-related stimuli. Results Comparing patients with PTSD with healthy participants, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex involved in top-down regulation showed increased integration during subliminal threat processing within the CEN and SN and during supraliminal threat processing within the DMN. The right amygdala showed increased connectivity with the DMN during subliminal processing in PTSD as compared to controls. Brain regions associated with self-awareness and consciousness exhibited decreased connectivity during subliminal threat processing in PTSD as compared to controls: the claustrum within the SN and the precuneus within the DMN. Conclusion Key nodes of the ICNs showed altered functional connectivity in PTSD as compared to controls, and differential results characterized sub- and supraliminal processing of threat-related stimuli. These findings enhance our understanding of ICNs underlying PTSD at different levels of conscious threat perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Rabellino, D., Tursich, M., Frewen, P. A., Daniels, J. K., Densmore, M., Theberge, J., Lanius, R. A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4468,Debate reawakened: Premorbid factors for soldiers with refractory posttraumatic stress disorder,"Soldiers (aged 18-42 yrs) with severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who did not respond favorably to the front echelon treatment units were treated in a rear echelon treatment center. This combat fitness retraining unit served as an alternative to psychiatric hospitalization. Ss were given individual clinical interviews, and their combat potential scores were measured to tap premorbid factors. Analysis indicated that (1) in the clinical interview, Ss showed clear interpersonal, school, family, and army adjustment problems prior to the trauma; (2) Ss with PTSD treated in the rear unit tended to come from the lower end of the military combat potential level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment","Rabinowitz, Stanley, Margalit, Chaim, Mark, Mordechai, Solomon, Zahava, Bleich, A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
4469,Additive gene-environment effects on hippocampal structure in healthy humans,"Hippocampal volume loss has been related to chronic stress as well as genetic factors. Although genetic and environmental variables affecting hippocampal volume have extensively been studied and related to mental illness, limited evidence is available with respect to G × E interactions on hippocampal volume. The present MRI study investigated interaction effects on hippocampal volume between three well-studied functional genetic variants (COMT Val158Met, BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR) associated with hippocampal volume and a measure of environmental adversity (life events questionnaire) in a large sample of healthy humans (n=153). All three variants showed significantinteractions with environmental adversity with respectto hippocampal volume. Observed effects were additive by nature and driven by both recent as well as early life events. A consecutive analysis of hippocampal subfields revealed a spatially distinct profile for each genetic variant suggesting a specific role of 5-HTTLPR for the subiculum, BDNF Val66Met for CA4/dentate gyrus, and COMT Val158Met for CA2/3 volume changes. The presentstudy underscores the importance of G × E interactions as determinants of hippocampal volume, which is crucial for the neurobiological understanding of stress-related conditions, such as mood disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). © 2014 the authors.","BDNF, COMT, Hippocampus, MRI, SLC6A4, Stress","Rabl, U., Meyer, B. M., Diers, K., Bartova, L., Berger, A., Mandorfer, D., Popovic, A., Scharinger, C., Huemer, J., Kalcher, K., Pail, G., Haslacher, H., Perkmann, T., Windischberger, C., Brocke, B., Sitte, H. H., Pollak, D. D., Dreher, J. C., Kasper, S., Praschak-Rieder, N., Moser, E., Esterbauer, H., Pezawas, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4470,Improvement of mood and sleep alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder patients by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients exhibit depressive and anxiety symptoms, in addition to nightmares, which interfere with sleep continuity. Pharmacologic treatment of these sleep problems improves PTSD symptoms, but very few studies have used psychotherapeutic interventions to treat PTSD and examined their effects on sleep quality. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to investigate the effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing therapy on indices of mood, anxiety, subjective, and objective sleep. The sample was composed of 11 healthy controls and 13 PTSD patients that were victims of assault and/or kidnapping. All participants were assessed before, and 1 day after, the end of treatment for depressive and anxiety profile, general well-being and subjective sleep by filling out specific questionnaires. In addition, objective sleep patterns were evaluated by polysomnographic recording. Healthy volunteers were submitted to the therapy for three weekly sessions, whereas PTSD patients underwent five sessions, on average. Before treatment, PTSD patients exhibited high levels of anxiety and depression, poor quality of life and poor sleep, assessed both subjectively and objectively; the latter was reflected by increased time of waking after sleep onset. After completion of treatment, patients exhibited improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms, and in quality of life; with indices that were no longer different from control volunteers. Moreover, these patients showed more consolidated sleep, with reduction of time spent awake after sleep onset. In conclusion, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was an effective treatment of PTSD patients and improved the associated sleep and psychological symptoms.","Emdr, Posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, psychotherapy, sleep fragmentation","Raboni, M. R., Alonso, F. F., Tufik, S., Suchecki, D.",2014.0,,10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00209,0,0,
4471,Mprovement of mood and sleep alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder patients by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients exhibit depressive and anxiety symptoms, in addition to nightmares, which interfere with sleep continuity. Pharmacologic treatment of these sleep problems improves PTSD symptoms, but very few studies have used psychotherapeutic interventions to treat PTSD and examined their effects on sleep quality. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to investigate the effects of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing therapy on indices of mood, anxiety, subjective, and objective sleep. The sample was composed of 11 healthy controls and 13 PTSD patients that were victims of assault and/or kidnapping. All participants were assessed before, and 1 day after, the end of treatment for depressive and anxiety profile, general well-being and subjective sleep by filling out specific questionnaires. In addition, objective sleep patterns were evaluated by polysomnographic recording. Healthy volunteers were submitted to the therapy for three weekly sessions, whereas PTSD patients underwent five sessions, on average. Before treatment, PTSD patients exhibited high levels of anxiety and depression, poor quality of life and poor sleep, assessed both subjectively and objectively; the latter was reflected by increased time of waking after sleep onset. After completion of treatment, patients exhibited improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms, and in quality of life; with indices that were no longer different from control volunteers. Moreover, these patients showed more consolidated sleep, with reduction of time spent awake after sleep onset. In conclusion, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was an effective treatment of PTSD patients and improved the associated sleep and psychological symptoms. © 2014 Raboni, Alonso, Tufik and Suchecki.","Anxiety, Depression, EMDR, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychotherapy, Sleep fragmentation","Raboni, M. R., Alonso, F. F. D., Tufik, S., Suchecki, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4472,"Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder","The concept of emotional processing is revised and updated and then applied to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The main extension of the model is the introduction of cognitive influences on emotional processing. A working definition of the concept is presented, with the aim of integrating clinical and experimental observations. The concept allows for an integration of such apparently unrelated events as unwanted intrusive thoughts, re-experiencing, the return of fear, abnormal grief reactions, nightmares, treatment failures, and so on. Factors that facilitate or impede emotional processing are presented and some circumstances that give rise to difficulties in processing are mentioned. A number of theoretical problems are posed and some methodological innovations offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Responses, *Emotional States, *Emotions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Rachman, S.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4473,The association between rumination and PTSD symptom clusters and emerging models of PTSD factor structure,"Researchers have consistently reported a relationship between Rumination and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, with Rumination being one of the strongest predictors of increased PTSD Symptom Severity and chronic symptom presentation (Clohessy, 1999; Ehlers, 1995; Murray, et al., 2002; Steil & Ehlers, 2000). However, very little is known about the nature of this relationship. Few studies have examined how Rumination is related to specific PTSD symptom clusters, and even fewer have examined how different types of Rumination may affect PTSD symptom presentation. As the construct of PTSD evolves it is necessary to determine whether the relationship between Rumination and PTSD persists in the two emerging four-factor models, and the nature of this relationship. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between PTSD Symptom Severity, specific PTSD symptom clusters, and Rumination, using correlational analysis. The study also used correlational and sequential multiple regression analyses to investigate whether the Brooding subtype of Rumination moderated the relationship between PTSD Symptom Severity and State Anxiety. Finally, the study examined the impact of different subtypes of Rumination on PTSD symptom presentation in two competing four-factor models of PTSD. The study utilized archival data. 309 primary care medical patients with a history of exposure to traumatic events participated in the study. Rumination was related to all three symptom clusters in the three-factor model of PTSD. It shared the strongest relationship with Avoidance/Numbing, and had similar relationships with Hyperarousal and Re-experiencing symptoms. Brooding did not moderate the relationship between PTSD Symptom Severity and State Anxiety, however it did fully mediate this relationship. In tests of the two four-factor models of PTSD, Brooding was related to all symptom clusters and was most closely related to Numbing and Dysphoria factors. The results of this study are consistent with theories regarding the underlying mechanism by which Rumination affects symptoms of psychopathology. Additionally, the results provide more information about the relationship between PTSD symptoms and Rumination, which may eventually assist in the development of more efficacious prevention and treatment methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Primary Health Care, Trauma","Ractliffe, Kendra",2014.0,,,0,0,
4474,Psychopathological symptoms following whiplash injury of the spine,"To evaluate the frequently attributed psychogenic origin of symptoms following 'whiplash' injury, 66 patients who had suffered such an injury underwent clinical and psychometric examination. Data were collected on subjective symptoms and their possible psychogenic origin and psychopathology. Personality profile, subjective well-being and cognitive impairment were evaluated. The amount of long-lasting psychopathological alterations was comparatively small. The results do not support the notion of a psychogenic origin for symptoms after 'whiplash' injury; personality traits and psychopathology do not explain the nature of the complaints.","adult, female, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, psychometry, whiplash injury","Radanov, B. P., Dvorak, J., Valach, L.",1989.0,,,0,0,
4475,Investigating the MMPI-2 trauma profile in treatment-seeking peacekeepers,"Most available research on MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, Kaemmer, 1989) scores in combat veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has focused on Vietnam veterans. No data are available from peacekeepers suffering from PTSD. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between PTSD and the MMPI-2 in a sample of 120 treatment seeking peacekeeping veterans. Results show that relative to a non-PTSD reference group, veterans who screened positive for PTSD scored higher on Scales F, 2 (D), 4 (Pd), 6 (Pa), 7 (Pt), 8 (Sc), and 0 (Si) of the MMPI-2. Scales 2 (D), 7 (Pt), and 8 (Sc) were highest in the mean PTSD profile but no 2- or 3-point code type could be defined. Moderate correlations were found between a self-report measure for PTSD symptoms and scores on MMPI-2 clinical scales 1 (Hs), 2 (D), 6 (Pa), 7 (Pt), and 8 (Sc). The MMPI-2 proved to be useful in assessing the broad range of symptoms typically present in trauma populations as well as the severity of posttraumatic morbidity. (copyright) Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","adult, article, clinical assessment, human, major clinical study, male, medical research, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, self concept","Rademaker, A. R., Kleber, R. J., Meijer, M. E., Vermetten, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4476,"Stress risk factors and stress-related pathology: Neuroplasticity, epigenetics and endophenotypes","This paper highlights a symposium on stress risk factors and stress susceptibility, presented at the Neurobiology of Stress workshop in Boulder, CO, in June 2010. This symposium addressed factors linking stress plasticity and reactivity to stress pathology in animal models and in humans. Dr. J. Radley discussed studies demonstrating prefrontal cortical neuroplasticity and prefrontal control of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in rats, highlighting the emerging evidence of the critical role that this region plays in normal and pathological stress integration. Dr. M. Kabbaj summarized his studies of possible epigenetic mechanisms underlying behavioral differences in rat populations bred for differential stress reactivity. Dr. L. Jacobson described studies using a mouse model to explore the diverse actions of antidepressants in brain, suggesting mechanisms whereby antidepressants may be differentially effective in treating specific depression endophenotypes. Dr. R. Yehuda discussed the role of glucocorticoids in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), indicating that low cortisol level may be a trait that predisposes the individual to development of the disorder. Furthermore, she presented evidence indicating that traumatic events can have transgenerational impact on cortisol reactivity and development of PTSD symptoms. Together, the symposium highlighted emerging themes regarding the role of brain reorganization, individual differences, and epigenetics in determining stress plasticity and pathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neural Plasticity, *Pathology, *Risk Factors, *Stress, *Epigenetics, Phenotypes","Radley, Jason J., Kabbaj, Mohamed, Jacobson, Lauren, Heydendael, Willem, Yehuda, Rachel, Herman, James P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4477,The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population,,,"Radloff, L. S.",1977.0,,,0,0,
4478,Posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with spinal cord injury: Trauma-related risk factors,"Trauma-related risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined in a sample of 125 veterans (mean age 48.78 yrs) with spinal cord injury. Category of injury was found to be the most consistent predictor of PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity with paraplegia predicting more PTSD symptoms than quadriplegia. The occurrence of a head injury at the time of the trauma was found to predict PTSD symptom severity measures, but not PTSD diagnosis. Trauma recency consistently predicted Impact of Event score and was found to be related to current PTSD severity and lifetime PTSD diagnosis in multiple but not simple regression models. Trauma severity was found to be significantly related to self-reported PTSD symptoms and lifetime PTSD diagnosis in simple but not in multiple regression analyses. Type of trauma, alcohol or other drug use during the trauma and loss of consciousness during the trauma were not consistently associated with PTSD symptom severity or diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spinal Cord Injuries, *Risk Assessment","Radnitz, Cynthia L., Hsu, Louis, Willard, Jeffrey, Perez-Strumolo, Lysandra, Festa, Joanne, Lillian, Lynn B., Walczak, Stacey, Tirch, Dennis D., Schlein, Ilana S., Binks, Martin, Broderick, Charles P.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4479,Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders,"Context: Whether obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is adequately classified as an anxiety disorder is a matter of considerable debate. Objectives: To quantitatively compare structural brain changes in OCD and other anxiety disorders using novel voxel-based meta-analytical methods and to generate an online database to facilitate replication and further analyses by other researchers. Data Sources: The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched between 2001 (the date of the first voxel-based morphometry study in any anxiety disorder) and 2009. All voxel-based morphometry studies comparing patients with any anxiety disorder and healthy controls were retrieved. Manual searches were also conducted. Authors were contacted soliciting additional data. Study Selection: Thirty-seven data sets were identified, of which 26 (including 639 patients with anxiety disorders and 737 healthy controls) met inclusion criteria. Data Extraction: Coordinates were extracted from clusters of significant gray matter difference between patients patients and controls. Demographic, clinical, and methodological variables were extracted from each study or obtained from the authors. Data Synthesis: Patients with anxiety disorders (including OCD) showed decreased bilateral gray matter volumes in the dorsomedial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. Individuals with OCD had increased bilateral gray matter volumes (vs healthy controls and vs individuals with other anxiety disorders) in the lenticular/caudate nuclei, while patients with other anxiety disorders (mainly panic and posttraumatic stress disorders) had decreased gray matter volumes in the left lenticular nucleus. The findings remained largely unchanged in quartile and jackknife sensitivity analyses. Controlling for potential confounders such as age or antidepressant medication had little impact on the results. Conclusions: The meta-analysis consistently revealed common as well as distinct neural substrates in OCD and other anxiety disorders. These results have implications for the current debate surrounding the classification of OCD in the DSM-V. ©2010 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Radua, J., Van Den Heuvel, O. A., Surguladze, S., Mataix-Cols, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4480,Bayesian model selection in social re- search,,,"Raftery, A. E.",1995.0,1995,,0,0,
4481,Measurement Invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory in Survivors of Torture and Trauma,"The United States accepts more refugees than any other industrialized nation. As refugee populations grow, mental health professionals must implement culturally and ethnically appropriate strategies to assess and treat individuals from diverse backgrounds. Culture can exert a powerful and often misunderstood influence on psychological assessment, and few structured measures have been demonstrated to have adequate cross-cultural validity for use with diverse and vulnerable populations such as survivors of torture. This study examined the factor structure and equivalency of underlying construct(s) of psychological distress as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in three samples who had survived torture and other severe trauma from Tibet, West Africa and the Punjab region of India. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for configural invariance of a two-factor model across the three samples, suggesting that the two latent factors of Complex Dysphoria and Somatic Distress were present in each subgroup. The data provide additional support for the strict invariance model in the West African-Tibetan dyad suggesting that scores are comparable across those two groups. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.","Brief Symptom Inventory, Ptsd, cultural contexts, measurement invariance, torture, war","Raghavan, S. S., Rosenfeld, B., Rasmussen, A.",2015.0,Dec 27,10.1177/0886260515619750,0,0,
4482,Posttraumatic stress disorder in OEF/OIF veterans with and without traumatic brain injury,"Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) are presenting with high rates of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical presentations of combat-veterans with PTSD and TBI (N=. 40) to those with PTSD only (N=. 56). Results suggest that the groups present two distinct clinical profiles, with the PTSD. +. TBI group endorsing significantly higher PTSD scores, higher overall anxiety, and more functional limitations. The higher PTSD scores found for the PTSD. +. TBI group appeared to be due to higher symptom intensity, but not higher frequency, across PTSD clusters and symptoms. Groups did not differ on additional psychopathology or self-report of PTSD symptoms or executive functioning. Further analysis indicated PTSD severity, and not TBI, was responsible for group differences, suggesting that treatments implicated for PTSD would likely be effective for this population. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","OEF/OIF, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Traumatic brain injury, Veteran","Ragsdale, K. A., Neer, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Frueh, B. C., Stout, J. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4483,Acute versus chronic post-traumatic stress disorder,"Presents a photographic lens and filter model that outlines 6 steps between a person's perception of stressful life event and the possible eventual development of an illness. Persons developing acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differ markedly in their processing of early steps in the model compared to those who go on to suffer from chronic PTSD. Persons with the acute disorder, with high likelihood of recovery, generally have had enriching early life experiences, use psychological defenses to a moderate degree, and demonstrate ample coping capabilities. Those going on to the chronic disorder, who frequently don't recover, often report impoverished early life experiences, use psychological defenses to an extreme degree, and show a paucity of coping skills. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Life Experiences, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","Rahe, Richard H.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4484,"Cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms in non-associative conditioning: Implications for pain and memory","Sensitization is a form of non-associative conditioning in which amplification of behavioral responses can occur following presentation of an aversive or noxious stimulus. Understanding the cellular and molecular underpinnings of sensitization has been an overarching theme spanning the field of learning and memory as well as that of pain research. In this review we examine how sensitization, both in the context of learning as well as pain processing, shares evolutionarily conserved behavioral, cellular/synaptic, and epigenetic mechanisms across phyla. First, we characterize the behavioral phenomenon of sensitization both in invertebrates and vertebrates. Particular emphasis is placed on long-term sensitization (LTS) of withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia following aversive stimulation or injury, although additional invertebrate models are also covered. In the context of vertebrates, sensitization of mammalian hyperarousal in a model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as mammalian models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain is characterized. Second, we investigate the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying these behaviors. We focus our discussion on serotonin-mediated long-term facilitation (LTF) and axotomy-mediated long-term hyperexcitability (LTH) in reduced Aplysia systems, as well as mammalian spinal plasticity mechanisms of central sensitization. Third, we explore recent evidence implicating epigenetic mechanisms in learning- and pain-related sensitization. This review illustrates the fundamental and functional overlay of the learning and memory field with the pain field which argues for homologous persistent plasticity mechanisms in response to sensitizing stimuli or injury across phyla. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Aplysia, Central sensitization, Epigenetic, Histone, Methylation, Sensitization","Rahn, E. J., Guzman-Karlsson, M. C., David Sweatt, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4485,Post-traumatic stress disorder among people exposed to the Ventotene street disaster in Rome,"Objective: To test five hypotheses on Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 1) Is PTSD the most prevalent disorder after trauma? 2) Is the proximity to the disaster related to the risk of PTSD? 3) Is PTSD associated with child mourning or separation, previous stress, or familiarity for psychiatric disorders? 4) Does the exposition to trauma increase substance abuse or somatization? 5) Can episodic trauma cause long-lasting psychiatric morbidity? Methods: Clinical assessment of subjects exposed to an explosion in a building caused by a gas-leak. Best estimate clinical diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The Zung Depression Rating Scale, the Zung Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Clinician Administered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale were used in the clinical assessment. Statistical analysis was performed by means of t-test with Bonferroni's correction on continuous variables and 2 or Fisher test on categorical variables. Results: PTSD was the most prevalent disorder after trauma, diagnosed in 32 (36.8%) subjects. The subjects who had not seen dead or injured people were more likely to receive no psychiatric diagnosis. Civil status, parenthood, death of relatives in the disaster, personal injuries, history of child mourning or separation, of previous stress, as well as familiarity for any psychiatric disorder or substance use disorder were not related with the rate of ascertained psychiatric diagnoses. Nearly two years after trauma, most of patients who had suffered PTSD still met PTSD criteria. Conclusion: The 1st and the 5th hypotheses were corroborated, the 3rd and the 4th hypotheses were not confirmed. The 2nd hypothesis was partially confirmed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bereavement, *Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Separation Reactions, *Trauma, Drug Abuse, Mental Disorders, Somatization","Raja, Michele, Onofri, Antonio, Azzoni, Antonella, Borzellino, Bruno, Melchiorre, Nicoletta",2008.0,,,0,0,
4486,Predator Stress-Induced CRF Release Causes Enduring Sensitization of Basolateral Amygdala Norepinephrine Systems that Promote PTSD-Like Startle Abnormalities,"The neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains unclear. Intense stress promotes PTSD, which has been associated with exaggerated startle and deficient sensorimotor gating. Here, we examined the long-term sequelae of a rodent model of traumatic stress (repeated predator exposure) on amygdala systems that modulate startle and prepulse inhibition (PPI), an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. We show in rodents that repeated psychogenic stress (predator) induces long-lasting sensitization of basolateral amygdala (BLA) noradrenergic (NE) receptors (alpha1) via a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-R1)-dependent mechanism, and that these CRF1 and NE alpha1 receptors are highly colocalized on presumptive excitatory output projection neurons of the BLA. A profile identical to that seen with predator exposure was produced in nonstressed rats by intra-BLA infusions of CRF (200 ng/0.5 mul), but not by repeated NE infusions (20 mug/0.5 mul). Infusions into the adjacent central nucleus of amygdala had no effect. Importantly, the predator stress- or CRF-induced sensitization of BLA manifested as heightened startle and PPI deficits in response to subsequent subthreshold NE system challenges (with intra-BLA infusions of 0.3 mug/0.5 mul NE), up to 1 month after stress. This profile of effects closely resembles aspects of PTSD. Hence, we reveal a discrete neural pathway mediating the enhancement of NE system function seen in PTSD, and we offer a model for characterizing potential new treatments that may work by modulating this BLA circuitry. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The present findings reveal a novel and discrete neural substrate that could underlie certain core deficits (startle and prepulse inhibition) that are observed in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is shown here that repeated exposure to a rodent model of traumatic stress (predator exposure) produces a long-lasting sensitization of basolateral amygdala noradrenergic substrates [via a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-dependent mechanism] that regulate startle, which is exaggerated in PTSD. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the sensitized noradrenergic receptors colocalize with CRF1 receptors on output projection neurons of the basolateral amygdala. Hence, this stress-induced sensitization of noradrenergic receptors on basolateral nucleus efferents has wide-ranging implications for the numerous deleterious sequelae of trauma exposure that are seen in multiple psychiatric illnesses, including PTSD.","Acoustic Stimulation, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Basolateral Nuclear Complex/drug effects/*metabolism, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*metabolism/pharmacology, Ferrets, Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism, Male, Norepinephrine/*metabolism, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptors, Adrenergic/metabolism, Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism, Reflex, Startle/drug effects/*physiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*pathology, Stress, Psychological/*pathology, Time Factors, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism, corticotropin-releasing factor, corticotropin-releasing hormone, noradrenergic, prepulse inhibition, schizophrenia, sensorimotor gating","Rajbhandari, A. K., Baldo, B. A., Bakshi, V. P.",2015.0,Oct 21,10.1523/jneurosci.5080-14.2015,0,0,
4487,Lessons from the 2004 Asian tsunami: Epidemiological and nosological debates in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in non-Western post-disaster communities,,,"Rajkumar, A. P., Mohan, T. S., Tharyan, P.",,,,0,0,
4488,Lessons from the 2004 Asian tsunami: Epidemiological and nosological debates in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in non-Western post-disaster communities,"Background: The nosological validity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains controversial in non-Western communities. After natural disasters, epidemiological studies often overlook these conceptual debates and assess posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) by short screening instruments. Such PTSS estimates are reported as inflated prevalence rates of PTSD in post-disaster settings. Aims: To discuss the prevalence and determinants of PTSS within the context of pertinent epidemiological and nosological debates. Methods: We assessed PTSS and grief symptoms of 643 survivors from five Indian villages struck by the Asian tsunami using the Impact of Events Scale - Revised and Complicated Grief Assessment Scale. We adopted a case control design and employed complex sample multiple logistic regression statistics to study the determinants of PTSS. Results: The prevalence of PTSS was 15.1% (95% CI 12.3%-17.9%). PTSS was significantly associated with traumatic grief, female gender, physical injury, death of children and financial losses, but not with functional disability (p = .91). Conclusions: Although PTSS were common in this population, elevating them to a psychiatric construct of PTSD is questionable, when functional impairment and avoidance behaviours were absent. Grief reactions, socio-economic burden, and poor support systems contribute towards PTSS. We highlight the important issues regarding the nosological validity and epidemiology of PTSD in non-Western communities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Communities, *Epidemiology, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, Survivors","Rajkumar, A. P., Mohan, T. S. P., Tharyan, P.",2013.0,,,0,0,4487
4489,Ketamine and suicidal ideation in depression: Jumping the gun?,"Abstract Depression and suicide are known to be intricately entwined but the neurobiological basis underlying this association is yet to be understood. Ketamine is an N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia but paradoxically its euphoric effects lead to its classification under drugs of abuse. The serendipitous finding of rapid-onset antidepressant action of subanaesthetic dosing with ketamine by intravenous infusion has sparked many preclinical and clinical investigations. A remarkable suppression of suicidal ideation was also reported in depressed patients. This review focuses on the clinical trials on ketamine that reported remedial effects in suicidal ideation in depression and addresses also the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant and psychotomimetic actions of ketamine. The neuropsychiatric profile of subanaesthetic doses of ketamine encourages its use in the management of suicidal ideation that could avert emergent self-harm or suicide. Finally, the need for neuroimaging studies in suicidal patients to identify the brain region specific and temporal effects of ketamine, and the possibility of employing ketamine as an experimental tool in rodent-based studies to study the mechanisms underlying suicidal behaviour are highlighted.","4 aminobutyric acid, 4 aminobutyric acid A receptor, anticonvulsive agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, brain derived neurotrophic factor, clozapine, epidermal growth factor receptor 4, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycogen synthase kinase 3, ketamine, lithium, microRNA 34a, mood stabilizer, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor, olanzapine, placebo, quetiapine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, add on therapy, antidepressant activity, article, automutilation, Beck Depression Inventory, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, depression, drug dose increase, evening dosage, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, hippocampus, human, major depression, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, mood disorder, neurobiology, neuroimaging, nonhuman, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, psychosis, pyramidal nerve cell, schizoaffective psychosis, schizophrenia, suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, suicide, treatment resistant depression","Rajkumar, R., Fam, J., Yeo, E. Y. M., Dawe, G. S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4490,An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data,,,"Ramaswamy, V., DeSarbo, W., Reibstein, D., Robinson, W.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4491,Disparate prevalence estimates of PTSD among service members who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: Possible explanations,,,"Ramchand, R., Schell, T. L., Karney, B. R., Osilla, K. C., Burns, R. M., Caldarone, L. B.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20486,0,0,
4492,A prospective study of leukocyte telomere length and risk of phobic anxiety among women,"We prospectively examined the relation of relative telomere lengths (RTLs), a marker of biological aging, to phobic anxiety in later-life. RTLs in peripheral blood leukocytes were measured among 3194 women in the Nurses' Health Study who provided blood samples in 1989/90. The Crown-Crisp Phobic Index (CCI, range=0-16) was assessed in 1988 and 2004. Only participants with CCI</=3 (consistent with no meaningful anxiety symptoms) in 1988 were included. We related baseline RTLs to odds ratios (ORs) of incident high phobic anxiety symptoms (CCI>/=6). To enhance clinical relevance, we used finite mixture modeling (FMM) to relate baseline RTLs to latent classes of CCI in 2004. RTLs were not significantly associated with high phobic anxiety symptoms after 16 years of follow-up. However, FMM identified 3 groups of phobic symptoms in later-life: severe, minimal/intermediate, and non-anxious. The severe group had non-significantly shorter multivariable-adjusted mean RTLs than the minimal/intermediate and non-anxious groups. Women with shorter telomeres vs. longest telomeres had non-significantly higher likelihood of being in the severe vs. non-anxious group. Overall, there was no significant association between RTLs and incident phobic anxiety symptoms. Further work is required to explore potential connections of telomere length and emergence of severe phobic anxiety symptoms during later-life.","Agoraphobia, Anxiety disorders, Crown-Crisp Index score, Epidemiology, Finite mixture modeling, Panic disorder, Phobic anxiety, Social phobia, Specific phobia, Telomere length","Ramin, C., Wang, W., Prescott, J., Rosner, B., Simon, N. M., De Vivo, I., Okereke, O. I.",2015.0,Oct 9,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.002,0,0,
4493,Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: Evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Atotal of 3,253 boys aged 11 to 16 years took part in this study of the psychological effects associated with circumcision procedures (medical vs. ritual circumcision) in the Philippines. Participants were recruited from five different schools in the Batangas province upon securing permission from appropriate authorities (human rights chair, school principals, class advisers and the children's parents or guardians). The boys completed a two-part questionnaire. The preliminary part requested biographical information including any history of other traumatic events, and their perception of the circumcision experience. The second part assessed the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Some 1,577 boys satisfied the prescribed criteria (1,072 boys were circumcised under medical procedures; 505 boys were subjected to ritual circumcision) and were followed-up to ascertain whether the perceived trauma from genital cutting developed into symptoms of PTSD. Almost 70% of boys subjected to ritual circumcision fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Circumcision, *Emotional Trauma, *Human Males, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rites of Passage, Stress","Ramos, Samuel, Boyle, Gregory J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4494,Personality disorders in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,"The aim of this article was to review the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and personality disorders (PDs) in adults. Several studies have focused on ADHD and normal personality traits, showing that ADHD patients present personality traits that are highly related to deficits in response inhibition and in the reward system such as low self-directessnes, persistence (Cloninger's model), low conscientiousness (Big Five Model) and high neuroticism and high activity (Zuckerman's approach). High sensation seeking is more related to antisocial personality disorder than ADHD symptoms. Relating to personality disorders, ADHD is highly interlinked to cluster B personality disorders. Concretely, ADHD share features with borderline personality disorder (difficulties in emotional regulation or interpersonal instability) and antisocial personality disorder (impulsivity an difficulties in maintaining long term goals). The hyperactive subtype present more comorbidity with narcissistic personality disorder and the inattentive subtype higher levels of cluster C personality disorders. Longitudinal investigations suggest that the presence of ADHD during childhood could predispose for the development of PDs in later life. ADHD has shown to be a heterogeneous disorder in relation to personality traits and also different personality features have been observed between ADHD subtypes.","Adult, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Personality disorders","Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Vidal, R., Prats, L., Casas, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4495,Neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with traumatic brain injury: A practical approach to evaluation and management,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with great functional impairments and low quality of life. These disturbances include disorders of mood, behavior, and cognition, and changes in personality. The diagnosis of specific neuropsychiatric disturbances can be difficult because there is significant symptom overlap. Systematic clinical evaluations are necessary to make the diagnosis and formulate a treatment plan that often requires a multipronged approach. Management of TBI-associated neuropsychiatric disorders should always include nonpharmacological interventions, including education, family involvement, supportive and behavioral psychotherapies, and cognitive rehabilitation. Pharmacological treatments include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, dopaminergic agents, and cholinesterase inhibitors. However, evidence-based treatments are extremely limited, and management relies on clinical empiricism and resemblance of TBI neuropsychiatric symptom profiles with those of idiopathic psychiatric disorders. Although the understanding of TBI-associated neuropsychiatric disorders has improved in the last decade, further research is needed including prospective, longitudinal studies to explore biomarkers that will assist with management and prognosis as well as randomized-controlled studies to validate pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. The current review summarizes the available literature in support of a structured, systematic evaluation approach and treatment options as well as recommendations for further research directions.","anxiety, apathy, behavior, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, depression, mania, mood, neuropsychiatry, postconcussion, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, sleep, traumatic brain injury","Rao, V., Koliatsos, V., Ahmed, F., Lyketsos, C., Kortte, K.",2015.0,,10.1055/s-0035-1544241,0,0,
4496,Post-traumatic stress disorder moderates the relation between documented childhood victimization and pain 30 years later,"Cross-sectional designs and self-reports of maltreatment characterize nearly all the literature on childhood abuse or neglect and pain in adulthood, limiting potential for causal inference. The current study describes a prospective follow up of a large cohort of individuals with court-documented early childhood abuse or neglect (n = 458) and a demographically matched control sample (n = 349) into middle adulthood (mean age 41), nearly 30 years later, comparing the groups for risk of adult pain complaints. We examine whether Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) mediates or moderates risk of pain. Assessed prospectively across multiple pain measures, physically and sexually abused and neglected individuals generally showed a significant (p < .05) but notably small (eta2 = .01) increased risk of pain symptoms in middle adulthood. Although PTSD was associated with both childhood victimization (p < .01) and risk of middle adulthood pain (p < .001), it did not appear to mediate the relationship between victimization and pain. However, across all pain outcomes other than medically unexplained pain, PTSD robustly interacted with documented childhood victimization to predict adult pain risk: Individuals with both childhood abuse/neglect and PTSD were at significantly increased risk (p < .001, eta2 generally = .05-.06) of pain. After accounting for the combined effect of the two factors, neither childhood victimization nor PTSD alone predicted pain risk. Findings support a view that clinical pain assessments should focus on PTSD rather than make broad inquiries into past history of childhood abuse or neglect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Early Experience, *Pain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Victimization","Raphael, Karen G., Widom, Cathy Spatz",2011.0,,,0,0,
4497,Update on the use of alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonists for PTSD,"Objective: Increased CNS noradrenergic activity contributes to the pathophysiology of PTSD, possibly by increased postsynaptic adrenoreceptor (AR) responsiveness to norepinephrine. Prazosin, a CNS active alpha-1 AR antagonist, has been demonstrated effective for treatment refractory trauma nightmares and sleep disruption in several placebo controlled trials. Here we evaluated prazosin in active duty US combat soldiers with PTSD and frequent trauma nightmares. The authors conducted a 15-week randomized controlled trial of the alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin for combat trauma nightmares, sleep quality, global function, and overall symptoms in active-duty soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) returned from combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. Methods: Sixty-seven soldiers were randomly assigned to prazosin or placebo for 15 weeks. Drug was titrated based on nightmare response over 6 weeks to a possible maximum dose of 5 mg midmorning and 20 mg at bedtime for men and 2 mg midmorning and 10 mg at bedtime for women. Mean achieved bedtime doses were 15.6 mg of prazosin (SD=6.0) and 18.8 mg of placebo (SD =3.3) for men and 7.0 mg of prazosin (SD=3.5) and 10.0 mg of placebo (SD= 0.0) for women. Mean achieved midmorning doses were 4.0 mg of prazosin (SD=1.4) and 4.8 mg of placebo (SD=0.8) for men and 1.7 mg of prazosin (SD =0.5) and 2.0 mg of placebo (SD=0.0) mg for women. Primary outcome measures were the nightmare item of the CAPS, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the CGIC. Maintenance psychotropic medications and supportive psychotherapy were held constant. Results: Prazosin was effective for trauma nightmares, sleep quality, global function, total CAPS score and hyperarousal cluster. Prazosin was well tolerated. Conclusion: Prazosin is effective for combat-related PTSD with trauma nightmares in active-duty soldiers, and benefits are clinically meaningful.","alpha 1 adrenergic receptor, prazosin, placebo, noradrenalin, adrenergic receptor, psychotropic agent, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, nightmare, injury, soldier, male, female, sleep quality, randomized controlled trial (topic), randomized controlled trial, central nervous system, drug therapy, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, controlled study, bedtime dosage, sleep, maximum permissible dose, Afghanistan, Iraq, psychotherapy, pathophysiology","Raskind, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4498,Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: A placebo-controlled study,"Objective: Prazosin is a centrally active (alpha)1 adrenergic antagonist. The authors' goal was to evaluate prazosin efficacy for nightmares, sleep disturbance, and overall posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans. Method: Ten Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD and severe trauma-related nightmares each received prazosin and placebo in a 20-week double-blind crossover protocol. Results: Prazosin (mean dose=9.5 mg/day at bedtime, SD=0.5) was superior to placebo for the three primary outcome measures: scores on the 1) recurrent distressing dreams item and the 2) difficulty falling/staying asleep item of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and 3) change in overall PTSD severity and functional status according to the Clinical Global Impression of change. Total score and symptom cluster scores for reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal on the Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale also were significantly more improved in the prazosin condition, and prazosin was well tolerated. Conclusions: These data support the efficacy of prazosin for nightmares, sleep disturbance, and other PTSD symptoms.","placebo, prazosin, psychotropic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, clinical article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, crossover procedure, disease severity, double blind procedure, drug tolerability, human, male, nightmare, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, soldier, symptom, treatment outcome","Raskind, M. A., Peskind, E. R., Kanter, E. D., Petrie, E. C., Radant, A., Thompson, C. E., Dobie, D. J., Hoff, D., Rein, R. J., Straits-Troster, K., Thomas, R. G., McFall, M. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4499,Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: A placebo-controlled study,"Objective: Prazosin is a centrally active α1 adrenergic antagonist. The authors' goal was to evaluate prazosin efficacy for nightmares, sleep disturbance, and overall posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat veterans. Method: Ten Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD and severe trauma-related nightmares each received prazosin and placebo in a 20-week double-blind crossover protocol. Results: Prazosin (mean dose=9.5 mg/day at bedtime, SD=0.5) was superior to placebo for the three primary outcome measures: scores on the 1) recurrent distressing dreams item and the 2) difficulty falling/staying asleep item of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and 3) change in overall PTSD severity and functional status according to the Clinical Global Impression of change. Total score and symptom cluster scores for reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal on the Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale also were significantly more improved in the prazosin condition, and prazosin was well tolerated. Conclusions: These data support the efficacy of prazosin for nightmares, sleep disturbance, and other PTSD symptoms.",,"Raskind, M. A., Peskind, E. R., Kanter, E. D., Petrie, E. C., Radant, A., Thompson, C. E., Dobie, D. J., Hoff, D., Rein, R. J., Straits-Tröster, K., Thomas, R. G., McFall, M. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,4498
4500,A trial of prazosin for combat trauma PTSD with nightmares in active-duty soldiers returned from Iraq and Afghanistan,"Objective: The authors conducted a 15- week randomized controlled trial of the alpha-1 adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin for combat trauma nightmares, sleep quality, global function, and overall symptoms in active-duty soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) returned from combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. Method: Sixty-seven soldiers were randomly assigned to treatment with prazosin or placebo for 15 weeks. Drug was titrated based on nightmare response over 6 weeks to a possible maximum dose of 5 mg midmorning and 20 mg at bedtime for men and 2 mg midmorning and 10 mg at bedtime for women. Mean achieved bedtime doses were 15.6 mg of prazosin (SD=6.0) and 18.8 mg of placebo (SD=3.3) for men and 7.0 mg of prazosin (SD=3.5) and 10.0 mg of placebo (SD=0.0) for women. Mean achieved midmorning doses were 4.0 mg of prazosin (SD=1.4) and 4.8 mg of placebo (SD=0.8) for men and 1.7mg of prazosin (SD=0.5) and 2.0mg of placebo (SD=0.0) mg for women. Primary outcome measures were the nightmare item of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the change item of the Clinical Global Impressions Scale anchored to functioning. Secondary outcome measures were the 17-item CAPS, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Quality of Life Index. Maintenance psychotropic medications and supportive psychotherapy were held constant. Results: Prazosin was effective for trauma nightmares, sleep quality, global function, CAPS score, and the CAPS hyperarousal symptom cluster. Prazosin was well tolerated, and blood pressure changes did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Prazosin is effective for combat-related PTSD with trauma nightmares in active-duty soldiers, and benefits are clinically meaningful. Substantial residual symptoms suggest that studies combining prazosin with effective psychotherapiesmight demonstrate further benefit.",,"Raskind, M. A., Peterson, K., Williams, T., Hoff, D. J., Hart, K., Holmes, H., Homas, D., Hill, J., Daniels, C., Calohan, J., Millard, S. P., Rohde, K., ""OConnell, J."", Pritzl, D., Feiszli, K., Petrie, E. C., Gross, C., Mayer, C. L., Freed, M. C., Engel, C., Peskind, E. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4501,Posttraumatic idioms of distress among Darfur refugees: Hozun and Majnun,"Although psychosocial programming is seen as essential to the humanitarian response to the Darfur conflict, aid groups lack culturally-appropriate assessment instruments for monitoring and evaluation. The current study used an emic-etic integrated approach to: (i) create a culturally-appropriate measure of distress (Study 1), and (ii) test the measure in structured interviews of 848 Darfuris living in two refugee camps in Chad (Study 2). Traditional healers identified two trauma-related idioms, hozun and majnun, which shared features with but were not identical to posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Measures of these constructs were reliable and correlated with trauma, loss, and functional impairment. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in empirical symptom clusters conceptually parallel to general Western psychiatric constructs. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for psychosocial programming. © 2011 The Author(s).","Darfur, idioms of distress, posttraumatic stress disorder, refugees, war","Rasmussen, A., Katoni, B., Keller, A. S., Wilkinson, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4502,Posttraumatic stress in emergency settings outside North America and Europe: A review of the emic literature,"Mental health professionals from North America and Europe have become common participants in postconflict and disaster relief efforts outside of North America and Europe. Consistent with their training, these practitioners focus primarily on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as their primary diagnostic concern. Most research that has accompanied humanitarian aid efforts has likewise originated in North America and Europe, has focused on PTSD, and in turn has reinforced practitioners' assumptions about the universality of the diagnosis. In contrast, studies that have attempted to identify how local populations conceptualize posttrauma reactions portray a wide range of psychological states. We review this emic literature in order to examine differences and commonalities across local posttraumatic cultural concepts of distress (CCDs). We focus on symptoms to describe these constructs - i.e., using the dominant neo-Kraepelinian approach used in North American and European psychiatry - as opposed to focusing on explanatory models in order to examine whether positive comparisons of PTSD to CCDs meet criteria for face validity. Hierarchical clustering (Ward's method) of symptoms within CCDs provides a portrait of the emic literature characterized by traumatic multifinality with several common themes. Global variety within the literature suggests that few disaster-affected populations have mental health nosologies that include PTSD-like syndromes. One reason for this seems to be the almost complete absence of avoidance as pathology. Many nosologies contain depression-like disorders. Relief efforts would benefit from mental health practitioners getting specific training in culture-bound posttrauma constructs when entering settings beyond the boundaries of the culture of their training and practice. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Cultural concepts of distress, Emergency settings, Humanitarian intervention, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Rasmussen, A., Keatley, E., Joscelyne, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4503,"Depression and anxiety pathway: Diagnosis, treatment choice-illustration from Surrey UK","Most guidelines and pathways1 focus on one disorder or group of disorders e.g. major depression, anxiety spectrum disorders (Generalised Anxiety Disorder GAD, Panic Disorder PD, Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, OCD, Social Phobia SP). A major issue in primary care is identification and differentiation of depressive and anxiety spectrum diagnoses particularly in patients who present with co-morbid physical illness and predominantly somatic complaints. Treatment guidelines are usually developed from an evidence base of clinical trials that are conducted within secondary care and community patients who have clear-cut psychiatric diagnosis and where patients with significant medical co-morbidities have been excluded. In contrast, patients who present in primary care frequently exhibit one or more of the following: - A mixture of anxiety and depressive symptoms that do not meet traditional diagnostic criteria - A mixed picture of co-morbid physical illness and somatic symptoms with an associated psychological component - A psychological illness manifesting as somatic symptoms with or without behavioural changes. - Psychosocial factors that impact negatively on quality of life This complex picture poses a considerable challenge to primary care physicians who are often inexperienced in the evaluation of psychological illness, have difficulty in differentiating psychological illness from somatic complaints and are usually labouring under severe time constraints. Research has shown that the more consistent the presentation is with traditional psychiatric diagnostic criteria the better the recognition in primary care (circa 75% cases)2; in contrast more somatic presentations are associated with less than 30% recognition2. The Depression/Anxiety Pathway developed in Surrey (available on the web 3Q 2010) is based on management recommendations in the latest guidelines - National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), British Association of Psychopharmacology (BAP) and World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) - and also UK-based initiatives such as Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT). The aim is to update the pathway in line with future guidelines. The principal objectives of the pathway are to assist primary care physicians with: (bullet) Assessment and differential diagnosis of common psychiatric/ psychological problems (depression and anxiety spectrum disorders) and somatic complaints both independent of and together with co-morbid physical health problems (bullet) Choice of the most suitable treatment options considerating patient choice, current and lifetime physical and psychological co-morbidities, concomitant medication and where relevant previous response to treatment (efficacy and tolerability). (bullet) The decision pathway for subsequent intervention should the initial treatment option prove ineffective and/or poorly tolerated (bullet) Management of the psychiatric/psychological problem(s) to remission and optimal functioning (bullet) Identification of patients for long-term treatment (bullet) Appropriate referral to secondary care (bullet) Management of psychiatric and psychological problems in special circumstances e.g. ante- and post-natal periods, during breast feeding The pathway includes: - Overview tables of: (bullet) Evidence of efficacy (approved indications and placebocontrolled trials in other indications) (bullet) Comparative safety and tolerability (bullet) Switching strategies - Screening and assessment scales The presentation will illustrate the principles of the pathway and samples of pages and tables.","anxiety, diagnosis, psychopharmacology, United Kingdom, college, patient, primary medical care, general aspects of disease, physician, posttraumatic stress disorder, morbidity, physical disease, clinical trial, community, psychiatric diagnosis, depression, behavior change, social psychology, quality of life, health care organization, psychiatry, therapy, health, lifespan, drug therapy, remission, long term care, breast feeding, safety, screening, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic, obsessive compulsive disorder, social phobia, differential diagnosis","Rasmussen, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4504,"Has psychiatry tamed the ""ketamine tiger?"" Considerations on its use for depression and anxiety","Ketamine has been available for approximately 50 years as an anesthetic agent. It is known to have potent effects on the central nervous system glutamatergic system, in particular blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Based upon pre-clinical evidence of involvement of the glutamatergic system in mood disorders, studies have been undertaken to test the antidepressant properties of ketamine. Several well-controlled studies, along with open-label case series, have established that ketamine can have rapid antidepressant effects. Additionally, data exist showing benefits of ketamine in post-traumatic stress disorder as well as obsessive compulsive disorder. However, improvements in these conditions tend to be short-lived with single infusions of ketamine. Of concern, ketamine has been associated with neurotoxicity in pre-clinical rodent models and is well-known to cause psychotomimetic effects and addiction in humans. While ketamine has been proven safe for use in sub-anesthetic doses administered once or a few times, the safety profile of prolonged use has not been established. Aspects of safety, possible mechanisms of action, and future directions of ketamine research are discussed in addition to the clinical literature on its use in psychiatric conditions.","Glutamate, Ketamine, Major depression, N-methyl-d-aspartate","Rasmussen, K. G.",2016.0,Jan 4,10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.002,0,0,
4505,Decreased Cerebrospinal Fluid Allopregnanolone Levels in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Background: Alterations in the (gamma)-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system have been identified in some populations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: To further investigate factors of relevance to GABAergic neurotransmission in PTSD, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone combined (ALLO: congeners that potently and positively modulate effects of GABA at the GABAA receptor), 5(alpha)-dihydroprogesterone (5(alpha)-DHP: the immediate precursor for allopregnanolone), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA: a negative modulator of GABAA receptor function), and progesterone with gas chromatography, mass spectrometry in premenopausal women with (n = 9) and without (n = 10) PTSD. Subjects were free of psychotropic medications, alcohol, and illicit drugs; all were in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle except three healthy and four PTSD subjects receiving oral contraceptives. Results: There were no group differences in progesterone, 5(alpha)-DHP, or DHEA levels. The PTSD group ALLO levels were < 39% of healthy group levels. The ALLO/DHEA ratio correlated negatively with PTSD re-experiencing symptoms (n = -.82, p < 008; trend) and with Profile of Mood State depression/dejection scores (n = -0.70, p < 0008). Conclusion: Low CSF ALLO levels in premenopausal women with PTSD might contribute to an imbalance in inhibitory versus excitatory neurotransmission, resulting in increased PTSD re-experiencing and depressive symptoms. (copyright) 2006 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","3alpha hydroxy 5alpha pregnan 20 one, 4 aminobutyric acid, 4 aminobutyric acid A receptor, 5alpha pregnane 3,20 dione, alcohol, eltanolone, illicit drug, oral contraceptive agent, prasterone, progesterone, adult, article, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, clinical article, comparative study, controlled study, depression, female, follicular phase, GABAergic system, gas chromatography, hormonal regulation, hormone determination, human, mass spectrometry, menstrual cycle, mood, oral contraception, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenopause, priority journal, psychotherapy, scoring system","Rasmusson, A. M., Pinna, G., Paliwal, P., Weisman, D., Gottschalk, C., Charney, D., Krystal, J., Guidotti, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4506,An increased capacity for adrenal DHEA release is associated with decreased avoidance and negative mood symptoms in women with PTSD,"We recently found increased adrenal cortisol responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)1-24 and increased pituitary ACTH and adrenal cortisol responses to corticotropin-releasing factor in premenopausal women with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to healthy nontraumatized subjects. This pattern of hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA) hyper-reactivity has been previously seen in healthy individuals treated with the antiglucocorticoid mifepristone. We therefore investigated whether endogenous plasma levels of antiglucocorticoids such as dehydroepiandrosteroine (DHEA) and progesterone were increased in premenopausal women with PTSD at baseline or in response to adrenal activation by ACTH 1-24. The study revealed that DHEA responses to 250 (mu)g ACTH 1-24 were increased in 13 PTSD subjects compared to 13 healthy nontraumatized subjects, while DHEA levels were generally increased in the PTSD subjects compared to seven healthy traumatized subjects. Cortisol responses to ACTH1-24 were also higher in the women with PTSD, while progesterone levels and responses were not different among the three groups. In addition, among the PTSD subjects, the peak change in DHEA in response to ACTH 1-24 was negatively correlated with the total Clinician Administered PTSD Scale score, while the peak DHEA to cortisol ratio was inversely associated with negative mood symptoms measured by the Profile of Mood States scale. This work suggests that an increased capacity for DHEA release in response to extreme adrenal activation may influence the pattern of HPA axis adaptation to extreme stress, as well as mitigate the severity of PTSD and negative mood symptoms in premenopausal women with PTSD.","corticotropin, glucocorticoid antagonist, hydrocortisone, prasterone, progesterone, adrenal gland, adult, article, avoidance behavior, clinical article, concentration response, controlled study, correlation analysis, female, hormone blood level, hormone release, human, mood disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenopause, priority journal, rating scale, scoring system, symptom","Rasmusson, A. M., Vasek, J., Lipschitz, D. S., Vojvoda, D., Mustone, M. E., Shi, Q., Gudmundsen, G., Morgan, C. A., Wolfe, J., Charney, D. S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4507,"Socio-demographic and clinical profile of substance abusers attending a regional drug de-addiction centre in chronic conflict area: Kashmir, India","Background: The menace of substance abuse is not only a socially unacceptable reality, but in its entirety is a disease and emerging as a major public health challenge. Objective: To study the socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients attending the drug de-addiction centre. Methods: A descriptive study was undertaken in a drug de-addiction centre at the Police Hospital in Srinagar, and all patients (198) who were admitted during this period were interviewed. Results: The mean (SD) age of patients was 26.8 years (SD 7.37), and over half (56%) belonged to the lower-middle social class. Poly-substance abuse was seen in 91.9%; medicinal opioids and cannabis were the most common substances abused. Most common age of initiation was 11-20 years (76.8%), with peer pressure and relief from a negative mood state being the most common reasons given for starting the drug(s). Prevalence of a co-morbid psychiatric disorder was high, on the order of 49.5%. A high rate of volatile substance use was observed among adolescents (54.5%). Conclusion: A pattern of poly-substance abuse was found to be quite common in patients, and use of volatile substances at a very young age emerged as a new trend. The dreadful repercussions of substance abuse justify the urgency to evolve a comprehensive strategy. © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2013.","Addiction, De-addiction centre, Drug abuse, Polysubstance","Rather, Y. H., Bashir, W., Ahmad Sheikh, A., Aamin, M., Arafat Zahgeer, Y.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4508,"Neurocircuitry Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extinction: Human Neuroimaging Research-Past, Present, and Future",,,"Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., Phelps, E. A.",2006.0,,10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004,0,0,
4509,Selectively reduced regional cortical volumes in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Different subterritories of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and adjacent ventromedial frontal cortex have been shown to serve distinct functions. This scheme has influenced contemporary pathophysiologic models of psychiatric disorders. Prevailing neuro-circuitry models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate dysfunction within pregenual ACC and subcallosal cortex(SC), as well as amygdala and hippocampus. In the current study, cortical parcellation of magnetic resonance imaging data was performed to test for volumetric differences in pregenual ACC and SC, between women with PTSD and trauma-exposed women without PTSD. The PTSD group exhibited selectively decreased pregenual ACC and SC volumes. These results are consistent with contemporary schemes regarding functional and structural dissection of frontal cortex, and suggest specific regional cortical pathology in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amygdala, *Cerebral Cortex, *Hippocampus, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Rauch, Scott L., Shin, Lisa M., Segal, Ethan, Pitman, Roger K., Carson, Margaret A., McMullin, Katherine, Whalen, Paul J., Makris, Nikos",2003.0,,,0,0,
4510,Studies on genetics of heat tolerance in dairy cattle with reduced weather information via cluster analysis,"The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of reducing the number of weather stations for studies on genetics of heat tolerance in dairy cattle. The similarity of information from 21 Georgia weather stations was analyzed by cluster analysis. Two major clusters have been found, separating Georgia along the NE and SW line. One weather station was selected for each of the clusters based on the minimal distance to all the remaining weather stations and on completeness of the weather information. The production dataset consisted of 114,751 first-parity test-day records for milk on 14,297 Holsteins from 120 herds in Georgia. Analyses using a model for daily milk yield with temperature-humidity index classes and several other fixed effects showed no increase in error sum of squares when using only two weather stations. The threshold of heat stress was different for each of the two regions but the rate of decline after the threshold was similar. After accounting for different thresholds, the genetic component of heat tolerance for milk was higher with the two-station model. Genetic studies on or evaluation for heat tolerance based on information from a few carefully selected weather stations can be as accurate as those based on information from numerous such stations.","Dairy, Heat stress, Random regressions","Ravagnolo, O., Misztal, I.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4511,Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Safe for Drivers? What is the Evidence?,"Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used medications to treat several psychiatric diseases and, above all, depression. They seem to be as effective as older antidepressants but have a different adverse effect profile. Despite their favorable safety profile, little is known about their influence on traffic safety. Objective: To conduct a literature review to summarize the current evidence on the role of SSRIs in traffic safety, particularly concerning undesirable effects that could potentially impair fitness to drive, experimental and pharmacoepidemiologic studies on driving impairment, 2 existing categorization systems for driving-impairing medications, and the European legislative procedures for assessing fitness to drive before issuing a driver's license and driving under the influence of medicines. Methods: The article search was performed in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, and SafetyLit. The English-language scientific literature was searched using key words such as . SSRIs and psychomotor performance, car crash or traffic accident, and . adverse effects. For inclusion in this review, papers had to be full-text articles, refer to possible driving-related adverse effects, and be experimental or pharmacoepidemiologic studies on SSRIs and traffic accident risks. No restrictions concerning publication year were applied. Results: Ten articles were selected as background information on driving-related adverse effects, and 15 articles were selected regarding experimental and pharmacoepidemiologic work. Regarding SSRI adverse effects, the most reported undesirable effects referring to driving impairment were anxiety, agitation, sleep disturbances, headache, increased risk of suicidal behavior, and deliberate self-harm. Regarding the remaining issues addressed in this article, inconsistencies were found between the outcomes of the selected experimental and epidemiologic studies and between the 2 existing categorization systems under evaluation. Some pitfalls of the current legislative scenario were identified as well. Conclusions: Based on the current evidence, it was concluded that more experimental and epidemiologic research is needed to elucidate the relationship between SSRI use and traffic safety. Furthermore, a revision of the existing categorization systems and harmonized European legislation in the field of medication use and driving were highly recommended. © 2012 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.","Adverse effect, Automobile driving, Experimental research, Pharmacoepidemiologic studies, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Traffic accident","Ravera, S., Ramaekers, J. G., De Jong-van den Berg, L. T. W., De Gier, J. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4512,Parenting burn-injured children in India: A grounded theory study,"Background: Burn injury is one of the major traumas that a child can experience. Parents of burn-injured children experience anxiety, depression, guilt and post traumatic stress disorders as they care for their burn-injured children. Such empirical evidence related to effects of burns on parents and parenting process is unavailable from low and middle income countries like India. Objectives: The aim of the study was to discover the process of parenting burn-injured children in India. The objective of this paper is to present one of the substantive processes "" Enduring the Blame"" that emerged from the data. Design: Constructivist grounded theory methodology was used to explore the experiences of parenting burn-injured children. Setting: The study was conducted through a tertiary hospital that provided advanced paediatric burn care in a town in South India. Participants: Nine mothers, nine fathers, three grandmothers and one aunt from 12 families of children who were 15. years or younger and had sustained greater than 20% total body surface burns were purposively included. Methods: Twenty-two semi structured individual or family interviews were conducted in Tamil over a period of one year. The interview started with an overview question and then was followed by trigger questions as the participants shared their experiences. Second interviews were conducted with three participants in three families for theoretical saturation purposes. Results: Mothers and fathers encountered blame from family members, health professionals, strangers, and their burn-injured children along the burn injury trajectory. They suffered double trauma of their child's burn and the blame. Parenting their burn-injured child involved a process of "" Enduring the Blame."" Enduring the Blame included four stages: internalizing blame, submitting to blame, rising above blame, and avoiding blame. Conclusions: Encouraging and assisting parents in caring for their children instead of blaming is a vital component of paediatric burn care. Parents will benefit from ongoing assessment and psychological interventions that will provide emotional support. Studying the perceptions of health professionals and the burn-injured children will help in further clarification of blame related issues and developing a parenting theory. © 2012.","Burns (C26.200), Family relations (F01.829.263.370), India (Z01.252.245.393), Paediatrics (H02.403.670), Parenting (F01.829.263.370.310), Qualitative research (H01.770.644.241.850)","Ravindran, V., Rempel, G. R., Ogilvie, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4513,CINP 2000 - Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum 22nd Congress,"At this large and varied meeting on neuropharmacotherapy, progress was reported on the newer more selective antipsychotics. The selective D(2) dopamine receptor partial agonist, aripiprazole (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd) was recently proved effective over the medium term. The atypical antipsychotics generally, such as clozapine, have a good side effect profile and better patient compliance, even in Parkinson's disease (PD). Reboxetine (Pharmacia & Upjohn AB), having a far greater selectivity for norepinephrine reuptake inhibition than for serotonin or dopamine reuptake, is of particular value in treating depression. Paroxetine (Novo Nordisk A/S), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), has just completed a multicenter clinical trial, being effective in about 50% of cases of post-traumatic stress disorder. A meta-analysis of trials of other uptake inhibitors showed that ability to block serotonin (rather than norepinephrine) uptake correlated well with efficacy. Bipolar and other disorders were hoped to benefit from more selective agents in the future, the potential for which has been revealed through basic neurobiology, with, for example, only non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor subunits being expressed by those interneurons mediating nicotinic responses. An open label, 30-day study of a pyrrolopyrimidine, the corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor inhibitor, NBI-30775 (Neurocrine Biosciences Inc/Janssen Pharmaceutica NV) produced good antidepressant effects, but has had to be abandoned as a product due to indications of potential liver damage. Similarly, although glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) had proved ineffective in a 1999 trial for PD, due to failure to access the striatum, there was however much evidence to suggest that small molecule agonists of the TRK-B receptor should be effective. Of these, quinones such as L-783281 (Merck Research Laboratories) appear to activate all TRK subtypes by a common intracellular, rather than receptormediated action, which may limit their usefulness. Although such agents would have many potential applications, it is likely that highly selective receptor activation will be needed.",,"Ray, D. E.",2000.0,Sep,,0,0,
4514,Diagnostic and Clinical Profiles of Treatment-Seeking Men With and Without Substance Use Disorders,"This study compared treatment-seeking men with and without a history of substance use disorders (SUD), both lifetime and current, on diagnostic and clinical variables in order to elucidate their clinical profile. Analyses revealed that men with a history of SUD were more likely meet criteria for a cluster B personality disorder, particularly borderline and antisocial personality disorder, and for anxiety disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Men with lifetime and current SUD reported a significantly higher frequency of hospitalizations and had lower scores on global functioning. Despite the high prevalence of SUD in this sample, depressive and anxiety disorders were the leading reasons for treatment seeking in this large outpatient psychiatric clinic. Implications of the observed diagnostic and clinical correlates of lifetime SUD among treatment-seeking men are discussed. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Diagnosis, Masculinity, Men, Substance use disorders, Treatment seeking","Ray, L. A., Primack, J., Chelminski, I., Young, D., Zimmerman, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4515,The interrelationships between trauma and internalizing symptom trajectories among adolescents in foster care,"This study examined the interrelationships between changes in trauma and internalizing symptoms among adolescents in foster care. Using three waves of data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, growth-curve analyses were conducted with a sample of 155 adolescents aged 11-15 in out-of-home care. Findings indicated that the initial level of post-traumatic stress symptoms was significantly associated with the initial level of internalizing symptoms at Wave I and decreases in post-traumatic stress symptoms were significantly associated with decreases in internalizing symptoms from Wave I to Wave IV. Viewing trauma and internalizing symptoms as interrelated affords increased understanding of ways in which adolescents who have experienced high levels of stress express their needs. As such, it may be clinically beneficial to conduct an evaluation of trauma symptoms for adolescents in foster care, regardless of whether there has been a documented history of a traumatic event. Doing so may provide a more comprehensive view into the underlying influences of adolescent behaviors and help capture a broader clinical picture necessary for effective intervention. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.",,"Rayburn, A. D., McWey, L. M., Cui, M.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.01.006,0,0,
4516,From mind to brain: Event-related potentials and EMDR treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Introduction: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relevant technique to improve post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Objectives: To compare the electrophysiological profile of patients suffering post traumatic stress disorder before and after EMDR treatment. Aims: The authors are in search of a specific event-related brain potentials profile for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Eight patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a severe traumatic event, were assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a modified oddball paradigm containing auditory standard, target, and novel tones. ERPs were assessed before and after a treatment session using the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing method. Results: Psychometric assessment revealed a marked improvement of the PTSD symptoms after treatment. Compared to a control group that underwent sham treatment, ERPs of the patients showed morphological changes in the post-treatment recording, suggesting a reduced orienting to novel stimuli and reduced arousal level after the treatment. Conclusions: EMDR therapy provides clinical improvement and event-related potentials changes that could be used in clinical practice as an interesting marker to assess diagnosis and successful treatment of PTSD.","marker, event related potential, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, brain, human, patient, behavior therapy, stimulus, recording, sham procedure, arousal, diagnosis, clinical practice, therapy, control group","Raynaud, P., Boxus, A., Renoir, V., Sanchez, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4517,Mental health of Iraqi children,,,"Razokhi, A. H., Taha, I. K., Taib, N. I., Sadik, S., Gasseer, N. A.",2006.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69320-3,0,0,
4518,Trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms predict alcohol and other drug consequence trajectories in the first year of college,"Objective: College matriculation begins a period of transition into adulthood, one that is marked by new freedoms and responsibilities. This transition also is marked by an escalation in heavy drinking and other drug use as well as a variety of use-related negative consequences. Trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may affect alcohol and drug problems and, thus, may be a point of intervention. Yet, no studies have examined trauma, PTSD, and alcohol and drug problem associations during this developmental period. The present study provides such an examination. Method: Matriculating college students (N = 997) completed surveys in September (Time 1) and at 5 subsequent time points (Time 2-Time 6) over their 1st year of college. With latent growth analysis, trajectories of alcohol-and drug-related consequences were modeled to examine how trauma (No Criterion A Trauma, Criterion A Only, No PTSD Symptoms) and PTSD (partial or full) symptom status predicted these trajectories. Results: Results showed substantial risk for alcohol-and other drug-related negative consequences that is conferred by the presence of PTSD at matriculation. Those with both partial and full PTSD started the year with more alcohol and drug consequences. These individuals showed a steeper decrease in consequences in the 1st semester, which leveled off as the year progressed. Both alcohol and drug consequences remained higher for those in the PTSD group throughout the academic year. Hyperarousal symptoms showed unique effects on substance consequence trajectories. Risk patterns were consistent for both partial and full PTSD symptom presentations. Trajectories did not vary by gender. Conclusions: Interventions that offer support and resources to students entering college with PTSD may help to ameliorate problem substance use and may ultimately facilitate a stronger transition into college and beyond. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","college, comorbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use","Read, J. P., Colder, C. R., Merrill, J. E., Ouimette, P., White, J., Swartout, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4519,"Post-traumatic stress and problem alcohol involvement in college students: Prevalence, trajectories, and impairment in an at-risk population","There has been very little research to examine PTSD and its co-occurrence with problem alcohol use in college students. Incoming college freshmen (n = 3014; 1763 women) at 2 U.S. public universities completed an online survey in the summer prior to matriculation. This survey queried about trauma (Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire), posttraumatic stress (PTSD Checklist), and substance use. Alcohol and other substance use disorder symptoms were assessed with items from the DSM-IV-TR. Sixty-six percent of the sample endorsed a Criterion A (exposure, subjective evaluation) event, and 9% met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD. These rates are comparable to those reported in community studies and suggest that college students are not protected from exposure to trauma or from its deleterious effects. A subsample of these participants (n = 1003) were targeted for longitudinal follow-up. Among those who met full criteria for PTSD (n = 152) in that first semester of college, 18% also met full criteria for alcohol dependence, with close to 1/3 (27%) meeting criteria for a co-morbid Alcohol Use Disorder (i.e., either abuse or dependence). Longitudinal analyses across 7 time points in the first year of college show that students who enter college with significant PTSD symptoms report greater alcohol problems at baseline assessment and at every point across the first year of college compared with those without PTSD at baseline. We also examined students with and without PTSD on a number of functional outcomes. Those students with PTSD were significantly higher on alcohol problems, illicit substance involvement, and negative affect (all p's <.05). Individuals with co-occurring PTSD-ALC also reported poorer matriculating grade point average. Together, these data suggest that college students with PTSD enter college at risk for a number of problem outcomes, including alcohol related outcomes. The implications of the prevalence and, mechanisms, and dysfunction associated with this co-occurrence in college students is discussed, with a specific focus on the ways in which existing PTSD-AUD treatments may need to be modified in order to be suitable and effective for the developmental and practical needs of college students.","alcohol, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, college student, risk, prevalence, society, population, college, student, alcohol consumption, injury, exposure, female, United States, university, summer, life event, questionnaire, checklist, substance abuse, diagnosis, community, follow up, abuse","Read, J. P., Wardell, J. D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4520,Transition and change: Prospective effects of posttraumatic stress on smoking trajectories in the first year of college,"Objective: College matriculation begins a period of transition that is marked by new freedoms and responsibilities and by increases in a variety of risky behaviors, including smoking. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are well-established risk factors for smoking outcomes, and thus may be a point of intervention for college smoking. Yet, no studies have examined associations among trauma, PTSD, and smoking in college students. The present study provides such an examination. Method: Matriculating student smokers (N 346) completed surveys in September (T1) and at 5 subsequent time points (T2-T6) over their first year of college. With latent growth analysis, we modeled smoking trajectories conditioned on PTSD symptom status (i.e., No PTSD Symptoms vs. Partial PTSD vs. Full PTSD). Results: Results showed that although smoking tended to decline during the first semester for all groups, significant risk for escalation in smoking during the second semester was conferred specifically by the presence of PTSD at matriculation. Conclusions: Interventions that offer support and resources to students entering college with PTSD may help to prevent smoking behaviors from escalating and may ultimately prevent the adoption of daily smoking in later adulthood. ©2012 American Psychological Association.","College, PTSD, Smoking, Trajectories","Read, J. P., Wardell, J. D., Vermont, L. N., Colder, C. R., Ouimette, P., White, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4521,Life-altering outcomes after lower extremity injury sustained in motor vehicle crashes,"BACKGROUND: Lower extremity injuries (LEIs) sustained in vehicular crashes result in physical problems and unexpected psychosocial consequences. Their significance is diminished by low Abbreviated Injury Scale scores. METHODS: Drivers who sustained LEIs were identified as part of the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) and interviewed during hospitalization, at 6 months, and at 1 year. All were occupants of newer vehicles with seatbelts and airbags. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were followed for 1 year. Injuries included mild brain injury (43%), ankle/foot fractures (55%), and bilateral injuries (37%). One year post-injury, 46% reported limitations in walking and 22% with ankle/foot fractures were unable to return to work. Depression (39%), cognitive problems (32%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (18%) were significant in the mild brain injury group. CONCLUSIONS: Long-lasting physical and psychological burdens may impede recovery and alter the lifestyle of patients with LEI. These issues need to be addressed by trauma center personnel.","*Accidents, Traffic, Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Physiological, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cohort Studies, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Leg Injuries/*diagnosis/*psychology/therapy, *Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Trauma/*diagnosis/psychology/therapy, Probability, *Quality of Life, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Sickness Impact Profile, Statistics, Nonparametric","Read, K. M., Kufera, J. A., Dischinger, P. C., Kerns, T. J., Ho, S. M., Burgess, A. R., Burch, C. A.",2004.0,Oct,,0,0,
4522,Obsessive-compulsive and post traumatic avoidance symptoms influence the response to antihypertensive therapy: Relevance in uncontrolled hypertension,"Aim: To investigate the association of uncontrolled hypertension with psychological factors associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (type D personality, depression, posttraumatic stress-related symptoms). Methods: 205 consecutive outpatient hypertensives completed three questionnaires evaluating Type D personality (DS 16), post traumatic symptoms (revised Impact of Events Scale), symptoms of anxiety, hostility, depression and obsessive-compulsive traits (subscales of the Symptom Checklist). Uncontrolled hypertension was diagnosed when clinic sitting blood pressure was above 140/90 mmHg (130/80 in the presence of diabetes or nephropathy), despite reported adherence to treatment with at least three antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic. Results: Uncontrolled hypertension (39%), was predicted by lower scores at Symptom Checklist obsessive-compulsive subscale and higher number of post traumatic avoidance symptoms, older age, diabetes, higher systolic pressure at first visit and longstanding hypertension. Type D personality correlated with depression, hostility, anxiety, compulsiveness, history of malignancy, and older age, but not with uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusions: Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with low obsessionality and avoidance symptoms, which reduce compliance to treatment. On the contrary, type D personality is not correlated with uncontrolled hypertension, as it includes compulsiveness, which improves compliance. A multidisciplinary approach to the hypertensive patient is mandatory to establish if the psychological profile affects compliance. (copyright) 2009 by the authors.","antihypertensive agent, diuretic agent, adult, antihypertensive therapy, article, blood pressure measurement, controlled study, depression, diabetic nephropathy, diastolic blood pressure, disease association, essential hypertension, female, hostility, human, hypertension, Impact of Events Scale, major clinical study, male, mental disease, morbidity, mortality, obsessive compulsive disorder, outpatient, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, systolic blood pressure, treatment response, uncontrolled hypertension","Realdi, A., Favaro, A., Santonastaso, P., Nuti, M., Parotto, E., Inverso, G., Leoni, M., Macchini, L., Vettore, F., Calo, L., Semplicini, A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4523,Adolescent survivors of massive childhood trauma in Cambodia: Life events and current symptoms,"Cambodian adolescents who survived massive trauma as children were studied to examine the relation of current trauma symptoms to sex, age, trauma exposure, and other current symptoms. Exposure to traumatic life events was expected to be very high, to relate to age and to other symptoms of current psychological functioning. Questionnaires assessed traumatic life events, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms, and current functioning. Results document high levels of stress exposure and current trauma symptoms. Based on self-reports of PTSD symptoms, 37% of the subjects were estimated to fulfill DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD. Trauma symptoms were correlated with exposure (r=.31), although not with symptoms of depressed mood, anxiety, or dissociation. Age was related to high levels of recollected trauma exposure (r=.56). Further studies are needed to identify factors associated with better outcomes and to plot the differential course of PTSD symptom clusters over time. © 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","Cambodian adolescents, post-traumatic stress disorder","Realmuto, G. M., Masten, A., Carole, L. F., Hubbard, J., Groteluschen, A., Chhun, B.",1992.0,,,0,0,
4524,Examination of the trait facets of the five-factor model in discriminating specific mood and anxiety disorders,"Structural models of the mood and anxiety disorders postulate that each disorder has a shared component that can account for comorbidity and its own unique component that distinguishes it from others. The principal aim of the current study was to determine the extent to which the 30 facets of the Five-Factor Model (FFM), as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), contribute to the identification of the unique component in mood and anxiety disorders in treatment-seeking clinical samples. Participants (N=610) were psychiatric outpatients with principal DSM-IV diagnoses (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized social phobia (GSP), panic disorder with/without agoraphobia (PD; PD/A) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results suggest that approximately half of the variance in differences between these diagnoses is associated with specific characteristics represented by the FFM facets. Unique personality profiles for the MDD, GSP, PTSD and, to a lesser extent, OCD groups emerged. Broad traits of the FFM, when broken into more narrow components at the facet level, contribute significantly to the identification of unique aspects associated with specific mood and anxiety disorders. The integration of lower and higher levels of structural examination of the mood and anxiety disorders is discussed. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Anxiety disorders, Clinical, Depression, Personality, Revised NEO Personality Inventory","Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Huta, V., Ayearst, L. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4525,"Mexico flood victims mourn dead, plead for help",,,"Red, Cross",1999.0,,,0,0,
4526,Factor structure of PTSD symptoms in opioid-dependent patients rating their overall trauma history,"Background: The current standard for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis is a 3-factor model (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal). Two 4-factor models of PTSD, the emotional numbing model (re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal) and the dysphoria model (re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal), have considerable empirical support in the extant literature. However, a newer 5-factor model of PTSD has been introduced that is receiving interest. The 5-factor model differs from the four-factor models in its placement of three symptoms (irritability, sleep disturbance, and concentration difficulties) into a separate cluster termed dysphoric arousal. We empirically compared the theoretical factor structures of 3-, 4-, and 5-factor models of PTSD symptoms to find the best fitting model in a sample of opioid-dependent hospitalized patients. Methods: Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the 17 self-reported PTSD symptoms of the Posttraumatic Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C) in a sample of 151 men and women with opioid dependence. Results: Both four-factor models fit the observed data better than the three-factor model of PTSD; the dysphoria model was preferred to the emotional numbing model in this sample. The recently introduced five-factor model fit the observed data better than either four factor model. Conclusions: PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder comprised of symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and dysphoria. Three symptoms, irritability, sleep disturbance, and concentration difficulties, may represent a unique latent construct separate from these four symptom clusters in opioid-dependent populations who have experienced traumatic events. © 2013.","Factor analysis, Opiate dependence, PTSD","Reddy, M. K., Anderson, B. J., Liebschutz, J., Stein, M. D.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4527,The effect of a yoga intervention on alcohol and drug abuse risk in veteran and civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often exhibit high-risk substance use behaviors. Complementary and alternative therapies are increasingly used for mental health disorders, although evidence is sparse. Objectives: Investigate the effect of a yoga intervention on alcohol and drug abuse behaviors in women with PTSD. Secondary outcomes include changes in PTSD symptom perception and management and initiation of evidence-based therapies. Materials and Methods: The current investigation analyzed data from a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing a 12-session yoga intervention with an assessment control for women age 18 to 65 years with PTSD. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT) were administered at baseline, after the intervention, and a 1-month follow-up. Linear mixed models were used to test the significance of the change in AUDIT and DUDIT scores over time. Treatment-seeking questions were compared by using Fisher exact tests. Results: The mean AUDIT and DUDIT scores decreased in the yoga group; in the control group, mean AUDIT score increased while mean DUDIT score remained stable. In the linear mixed models, the change in AUDIT and DUDIT scores over time did not differ significantly by group. Most yoga group participants reported a reduction in symptoms and improved symptom management. All participants expressed interest in psychotherapy for PTSD, although only two participants, both in the yoga group, initiated therapy. Conclusions: Results from this pilot study suggest that a specialized yoga therapy may play a role in attenuating the symptoms of PTSD, reducing risk of alcohol and drug use, and promoting interest in evidence-based psychotherapy. Further research is needed to confirm and evaluate the strength of these effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Yoga, Alcohol Abuse, Human Females, Intervention, Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Reddy, Shivani, Dick, Alexandra M., Gerber, Megan R., Mitchell, Karen",2014.0,,,0,1,
4528,Presence of Spontaneous Pain and Comorbid Pain Conditions Identifies Vulvodynia Subgroups,"Objective The aims of the study were to define the heterogeneity of vulvodynia by determining data-driven subgroups within the vulvodynia diagnosis using exploratory cluster analysis and to characterize the subgroups identified. Materials and Methods Included were participants in the longitudinal population-based study of vulvodynia in southeast Michigan who screened positive for vulvodynia at least once during the study. A cluster analysis using variables reflecting vulvar pain characteristics and comorbid pain conditions was conducted. Variables reflecting best separation of clusters were used to assign participants to subgroup categories. Demographic, psychiatric, general health, and other vulvar pain characteristics were summarized for each subgroup, followed by multinomial regression and pairwise comparisons of subgroups on these factors. Results Of 441 women screening positive for vulvodynia during the course of the study, 393 were eligible on the basis of data requirements. Cluster analysis suggested that best subgroup separation was based on the following 2 variables: (1) presence or absence of spontaneous vulvar pain and (2) presence or absence of other comorbid pain conditions. Subgroups did not differ by age or ethnicity. The subgroup having spontaneous pain and other comorbid conditions demonstrated greatest morbidity in general health measures, psychiatric disorders, and other vulvar pain measures. Primary versus secondary vulvodynia did not vary between subgroups and did not assist in subgroup separation in the cluster analysis. Discussion Subgroups based on exploratory cluster analysis demonstrated that presence of spontaneous pain and the presence of comorbid pain conditions resulted in best separation of groups. Presence of both spontaneous pain and other comorbid pain conditions identified the group with greatest morbidity.","adult, age distribution, aged, article, cluster analysis, comorbidity, demography, depression, ethnic difference, exploratory research, female, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, morbidity, pain severity, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, vulvodynia","Reed, B. D., Plegue, M. A., Williams, D. A., Sen, A.",2016.0,,,0,1,
4529,Post concussion syndrome ebb and flow: longitudinal effects and management,"This research identified persistent post concussion symptoms (PCS) in a group of 20 adult subjects. PCS generally lasted for two years with a mean of 3.35 years. Typical symptoms included physical and cognitive fatigue, depressive behaviors, sensitivity to noise, social withdrawal, irritability, concentration and problem solving difficulties, loss of libido and much difficulty making decisions at even the simplest strategic level. They represented a hard core group for whom the original symptoms persisted well beyond the 6~month period. Participants identified their PCS according to sensory, somatic affective and cognitive items immediately following their trauma (01) and two years later (02). Counseling and psychotherapy intervention took place between 01 and 02. Items on the PCS schedules and the Beck Depression Inventory (II) demonstrated significant decline in the presence of overall symptoms most noticeably in reduction of agitation, irritability and suicidal wishes. However, subjects throughout generally experienced the feeling that they were being punished which equated with behaviors comparable with learned helplessness. The PCS group considered themselves to be different people after trauma. They had different goals, changing lifestyle, relationships and employment and were more often in a dependent state. Comparability with other conditions such as PTSD and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was demonstrated by individuals who experienced persistent and invasive post concussion symptoms.","Adolescent, Adult, Cluster Analysis, Cognition Disorders/*epidemiology/prevention & control, Female, Humans, Incidence, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/*epidemiology/prevention & control, Post-Concussion Syndrome/*complications/*psychology/rehabilitation, Recovery of Function, Somatosensory Disorders/*epidemiology/prevention & control, Time Factors","Rees, R. J., Bellon, M. L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4530,Facial asymmetry detection in patients with body dysmorphic disorder,"Cognitive-behavioral models of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) propose that individuals with BDD may possess a better or more developed sense of aestheticality than do individuals without BDD. Evidence for this proposition, however, is limited. One perceptual process that could contribute to heightened aestheticality is the ability to detect differences in symmetry. In this experiment we tested whether individuals with BDD (n= 20), relative to individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; n= 20) and healthy controls (n= 20), show an enhanced ability to detect differences in the symmetry of others' faces, symmetry of dot arrays, and/or show a greater preference for symmetrical faces. Individuals with BDD were not significantly more accurate in detecting differences in facial symmetry or dot arrays relative to individuals with OCD and healthy controls. Individuals with OCD took longer to make facial symmetry judgments than did individuals in the other two groups. All participants, regardless of diagnostic group, preferred more symmetrical faces than nonsymmetrical ones. Taken together, our results do not support a heightened perceptual ability or evaluative preference for symmetry among individuals with BDD. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, central stimulant agent, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor blocking agent, neuroleptic agent, accuracy, adult, agoraphobia, article, body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia, comorbidity, controlled study, esthetics, face asymmetry, face profile, female, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, response time, social phobia, substance abuse","Reese, H. E., McNally, R. J., Wilhelm, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4531,Working with dreams in a clinical setting,"A disturbed sleep pattern, nightmares, and anxiety-filled dreams form a cluster of symptoms belonging to the DSM- IV diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. A psychotherapeutic group approach aimed at reducing these symptoms was undertaken in the form of a workshop. The workshop was not a regular part of the treatment program, but an experimental endeavor, offered to the patients during special occasions in the year (around holidays). The therapist was primarily interested in investigating possibilities for improving the quality of sleep and influencing the patterns of recurring anxiety-filled dreams and nightmares. The method has both structured and psychodynamic elements. The work carried out during the dream group was embedded in the total treatment program. This was crucial to allow personal themes to be continued in the regular treatment program.","article, case report, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, dream, female, hospitalization, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, verbal communication","Reeskamp, H.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4532,Characteristics of the traumatic stressors experienced by rural first responders,"First responders routinely experience work-related events that meet the definition of a traumatic stressor. Despite the high exposure to traumatic events, prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are relatively low. This discrepancy points to the potential value of identifying factors that distinguish those traumatic stressors that produce ongoing traumatic stress symptoms from those that do not. The present study surveyed 181 first responders from rural settings. A repeated-measures design was used to compare characteristics of traumatic stressors that were or were not associated with ongoing PTSD symptoms. A factor analysis revealed that distressing events were characterized by chaos and resource limitations. Consistent with contemporary models, two mediational analyses revealed that each event characteristic predicted peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic cognitions, which in turn predicted PTSD symptoms. Moreover, the effect of each event characteristic on PTSD symptoms was partially mediated by these cognitive processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rural Environments, *Stress, *Symptoms, *First Responders, Cognitive Processes","Regambal, Marci J., Alden, Lynn E., Wagner, Shannon L., Harder, Henry G., Koch, William J., Fung, Klint, Parsons, Carly",2015.0,,,0,0,
4533,Review of Post traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care,"Reviews the book, Post traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care (2005). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is an independent organisation in the UK responsible for providing national guidance and promoting good health and the treatment of specific clinical conditions. The NICE guidelines for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were published in 2005 and were developed to advise on the treatment and management of PTSD. Guideline recommendations were developed by a multi-disciplinary team of healthcare professionals, guideline methodologists and PTSD sufferers after consideration of the best available evidence. The NICE guidelines for PTSD provide a comprehensive review of current best practice in the assessment and management of PTSD in primary and secondary care. The main limitation is that the NICE guidelines for PTSD reviewed only RCTs. Despite the limitations, the NICE guidelines form a comprehensive, substantive and upto-date review of PTSD, ranging from aetiology and diagnosis to current best practice evidence for treatment. Knowledge of and familiarity with the guidelines should be essential to therapists specialising in the assessment and treatment of PTSD and trauma, as well as researchers and policy makers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Health Care Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Guidelines, Disease Management, Health, Therapists, Treatment","Regel, Steve, Joseph, Stephen",2007.0,,,0,0,1382
4534,Familial vulnerability factors to post-traumatic stress disorder in male military veterans,"The question has been frequently raised about whether there are emotional disorders that predispose to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We do know that those with PTSD do have many comorbid disorders, but due to the difficulty in performing prospective studies it is hard to tell what is cause and what is effect. This study bypassed the problem caused by comorbidity by examining family history of four proband groups: PTSD, mixed anxiety disorders, coexisting anxiety and depressive disorders, and screened normal controls. Two questions were examined. First, whether family history predicted who experienced combat situations and second, whether the proband groups could be distinguished by family history. Logistic regression identified two variables that predicted the experience of combat: major depression (odds ratio 2.17) and the DSM-III dramatic personality disorder cluster (odds ratio 1.36). Although there was considerable overlap, family history variables distinguished PTSD from other proband groups. Overall, the pattern of psychopathology in the families of the PTSD probands most closely resembled that in the families of the coexisting anxiety and depressive disorders probands. We conclude that family history methods may be an addition to possible variables that predict who will be exposed to combat and also that family history variables may be able to distinguish a PTSD population from some other types of emotional disorders.","adult, anxiety, army, article, controlled study, depression, emotion, family, human, major clinical study, male, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal","Reich, J., Lyons, M., Cai, B.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4535,Mental Health Screening Outcomes Among Justice-Involved Youths Under Community Supervision,"The DISC Predictive Scales was administered to 812 New York City youths aged 10-19 placed under community supervision. Approximately half were indicated for possible mental health problems, most frequently mania and posttraumatic stress disorder. Girls were more likely than boys to flag on most disorders. Hierarchical Classes analysis produced five clusters: disruptive behavior, relational distress, marijuana, emotional dysregulation, and specific phobia. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mania were comorbid with all clusters except marijuana. Emotional dysregulation predicted higher, but relational distress predicted lower, risk for rearrest. Marijuana predicted failure to appear in court and receiving a final disposition of placement. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","co-occurring disorders, juvenile offenders, mental illness","Reich, W. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4536,Autism and trauma: Autistic Post-Traumatic Developmental Disorder,"(from the chapter) The author notes that autistic patients fall into natural sub-groupings with shared characteristics. The author's clinical attempts to reach these inaccessible children has led to conceptualizing sub-groupings on the basis of symptoms, which includes meta-psychological factors based on the author's experience of the way the children present. This chapter proposes an Autistic Post-Traumatic Developmental Disorder (APTDD) sub-group, drawing attention to a similarity between the nature of the symptomatology in a small sub-group of children with autism and the symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children who are not autistic. The author suggests that it is the impact of trauma in infancy which precipitates in an autistic withdrawal, leading to developmental delay, and thus proposes the term APTDD to describe the condition. Links are made to the work of neurobiologists, and clinical vignettes are given as illustrations, including those of 2 male children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Autism, *Birth Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Terminology, Developmental Disabilities","Reid, Susan",1999.0,,,0,0,
4537,Psychophysiological processes during insight-oriented therapy. Further investigations into nonlinear psychodynamics,"Experimental evidence shows that many physiological processes abide by nonlinear dynamics and evidence chaos. Novel conceptual models postulate chaotic phenomena in psychological processes as well. The challenge in empirically testing these models is to develop measures that are sufficiently precise to permit nonlinear dynamical analyses and that also say something meaningful about psychological phenomena. Toward this end, we examined the spontaneously occurring autonomic activity of a patient during psychotherapy. Phase portraits were constructed of the patient's heart rate data for each of several therapy sessions. The flows within these phase spaces were visually segmented and assigned to one of four previously defined trajectory classifications. These trajectories were quantitatively analyzed, and the corresponding clinical material was assessed qualitatively. The trajectories in the physiological phase space were recognizable, recurrent, and robust; they appeared coupled to ongoing physiological processes. Possible refinements in this typology are discussed and suggestions are made for potentially using such analyses to track and navigate among psychophysiological states.","adult, article, body temperature, case report, depression, electrodermal response, female, heart rate, human, human experiment, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotherapy","Reidbord, S. P., Redington, D. J.",1992.0,,,0,0,
4538,Lessons learned about psychosocial responses to disaster and mass trauma: An international perspective,,,"Reiffels, L., Pietrantoni, L., Prati, G., Kim, Y., Kilpatrick, D., Dyb, G., Halpern, J., Olff, M., Brewin, C. R., ""ODonnell, M.""",2013.0,2013,,0,0,
4539,Prevalence of mental health symptoms in Dutch military personnel returning from deployment to Afghanistan: A 2-year longitudinal analysis,"Objective: Recent studies in troops deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan have shown that combat exposure and exposure to deployment-related stressors increase the risk for the development of mental health symptoms. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of mental health symptoms in a cohort of Dutch military personnel prior to and at multiple time-points after deployment. Methods: Military personnel ( n= 994) completed various questionnaires at 5 time-points; starting prior to deployment and following the same cohort at 1 and 6. months and 1 and 2. years after their return from Afghanistan. Results: The prevalence of symptoms of fatigue, PTSD, hostility, depression and anxiety was found to significantly increase after deployment compared with pre-deployment rates. As opposed to depressive symptoms and fatigue, the prevalence of PTSD was found to decrease after the 6-month assessment. The prevalence of sleeping problems and hostility remained relatively stable. Conclusions: The prevalence of mental health symptoms in military personnel increases after deployment, however, symptoms progression over time appears to be specific for various mental health symptoms. Comprehensive screening and monitoring for a wide range of mental health symptoms at multiple time-points after deployment is essential for early detection and to provide opportunities for intervention. Declaration of interest: This project was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Defence. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Longitudinal analysis, Mental health symptoms, Military personnel, Prevalence","Reijnen, A., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., Geuze, E.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.05.003,0,0,
4540,"Relationships among dispositional attributional style, trauma-specific attributions, and PTSD symptoms","The learned helplessness model and its various revisions suggest that causal attributions influence responses to events. This study examined relationships among the 3-factor symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represented in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the individual dimensions of dispositional attributional style and trauma-specific attributions (i.e., internal-external, stable-unstable, global-specific). Relationships among attributions and clusters of PTSD symptoms represented by the 4-factor dysphoria model were also examined. Trauma-specific attributions were most predictive of PTSD symptoms, with higher associations for avoidance and numbing symptoms compared to arousal symptoms in the three-factor model and higher associations for dysphoria symptoms compared to arousal and avoidance symptoms in the four-factor dysphoria model. Results suggest that cognitive vulnerabilities could underlie the comorbidity between PTSD and depression and might represent a high-impact target for treatment. Copyright","adult survivor, clinical issues, exposure to violence, mental health, physical abuse, sexual abuse, sexual assault, trauma","Reiland, S. A., Lauterbach, D., Harrington, E. F., Palmieri, P. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4541,The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on HIV disease progression following Hurricane Katrina,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychological outcome of any disaster. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PTSD on disease progression among HIV-infected persons in metropolitan New Orleans post-hurricane Katrina. One-year post-storm, a convenience sample of 145 HIV-infected patients who returned to care at the HIV Outpatient Program clinic in New Orleans were interviewed. Clinical factors pre and one and two years post-disaster were abstracted from medical records and compared by PTSD status. Of the 145 participants, 37.2% had PTSD. Those with PTSD were more likely than those without PTSD to have detectable plasma viral loads at both follow-up time points post-disaster and more likely to have CD4 cell counts < 200/mm two years post-disaster. They were also more likely to have had medication interruptions immediately post-disaster. Our findings corroborate the findings of others that PTSD accelerates HIV disease progression. Disaster planners should consider the special counseling and medication safeguards needs of HIV-infected persons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disasters, *Disease Course, *HIV, *Infectious Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Reilly, Kathleen H., Clark, Rebecca A., Schmidt, Norine, Benight, Charles C., Kissinger, Patricia",2009.0,,,0,0,
4542,Longitudinal analysis of adolescents' deviant and delinquent behavior: Applications of latent class growth curves and growth mixture models,"This article presents applications of different growth mixture models considering unobserved heterogeneity within the framework of Mplus (Muthen & Muthen, 2001, 2004). Latent class growth mixture models are discussed under special consideration of count variables that can be incorporated into the mixtures via the Poisson and the zero-inflated Poisson model. Fourwave panel data from a German criminological youth study (Boers, Remecke, Motzke, and Wittenberg, 2002) is used for the model analyses. Three classes can be obtained from the data: Adolescents with almost no deviant and delinquent activities, a medium proportion of adolescents with a low increase of delinquency, and a small number with a larger growth starting on a higher level. Considering the zero inflation of the data results in better model fits compared to the Poisson model only. Linear growth specifications are almost sufficient. The conditional application of the mixture models includes gender and educational level of the schools as time-independent predictors that are able to explain a large proportion of the latent class distribution. The stepwise procedure from latent class growth analysis to growth mixture modeling is feasible for longitudinal analyses where individual growth trajectories are heterogenous even when the dependent variable under study cannot be treated as a continuous variable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Antisocial Behavior, *Juvenile Delinquency, *Structural Equation Modeling, Homogeneity of Variance, Skewed Distribution","Reinecke, Jost",2006.0,,,0,0,
4543,Growth mixture models in longitudinal research,"Latent growth curve models as structural equation models are extensively discussed in various research fields (Curran and Muthén in Am. J. Community Psychol. 27:567-595, 1999; Duncan et al. in An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling. Concepts, issues and applications, 2nd edn., Lawrence Earlbaum, Mahwah, 2006; Muthén and Muthén in Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24(6):882-891, 2000a; in J. Stud. Alcohol. 61:290-300, 2000b). Recent methodological and statistical extension are focused on the consideration of unobserved heterogeneity in empirical data. Muthén extended the classic structural equation approach by mixture components, i. e. categorical latent classes (Muthén in Marcouldies, G. A., Sckumacker, R. E. (eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling, pp. 1-33, Lawrance Erlbaum, Mahwah, 2001a; in Behaviometrika 29(1):81-117, 2002; in Kaplan, D. (ed.), The SAGE handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences, pp. 345-368, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2004). The paper discusses applications of growth mixture models with data on delinquent behavior of adolescents from the German panel study Crime in the modern City (CrimoC) (Boers et al. in Eur. J. Criminol. 7:499-520, 2010; Reinecke in Delinquenzverläufe im Jugendalter: Empirische Überprüfung von Wachstums- und Mischverteilungsmodellen, Institut für sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung e. V., Münster, 2006a; in Methodology 2:100-112, 2006b; in van Montfort, K., Oud, J., Satorra, A. (eds.), Longitudinal models in the behavioral and related sciences, pp. 239-266, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, 2007). Observed as well as unobserved heterogeneity will be considered with growth mixture models. Special attention is given to the distribution of the outcome variables as counts. Poisson and negative binomial distributions with zero inflation are considered in the proposed growth mixture models variables. Different model specifications will be emphasized with respect to their particular parameterizations. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.","Growth mixture modeling, Heterogeneity, Latent class growth analysis, Panel data, Zero-inflated negative binomial model","Reinecke, J., Seddig, D.",2011.0,,10.1007/s10182-011-0171-4,0,0,
4544,"On the Pervasiveness of Event-Specific Alcohol Use, General Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence","The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of demographic, mental health, and substance use as risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV). Data were derived from Wave II of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004-2005). Eligible participants (N = 25,778) reported having an intimate partner 1 year before the survey. Clustered survey multivariate multinomial regression methods were used to assess risk factors for episodes of IPV. IPV victimization, perpetration, and both victims/perpetrators were assessed. Bivariate analyses indicated that African Americans, Hispanics, and women were more likely to be victims, perpetrators, or victim/perpetrators as compared with men and Whites. Multivariate analyses suggested that having a marijuana use disorder was strongly associated with IPV victimization (odds ratio [OR] = 2.61) and victim/perpetration (OR = 2.65). Post-traumatic stress disorder was consistently associated with all IPV typologies. Depression was associated with victimization (OR = 2.00) and IPV victim/perpetration (OR = 1.74). Antisocial Personality Disorder and Mania were both related to IPV perpetration (ORs = 2.53 and 2.32) and victim/perpetration (ORs = 3.15 and 2.31). Results also indicated that alcohol use during episodes of IPV is common (i.e., 35% of those who reported IPV also reported that alcohol was involved). Results indicate several substance- and mental health–related correlates of IPV. In addition, findings indicate that alcohol use by the victim and/or perpetrator is common during IPV events. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.","alcohol, intimate partner, marijuana, mental health, violence","Reingle, J. M., Jennings, W. G., Connell, N. M., Businelle, M. S., Chartier, K.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4545,"Stressful or traumatic life events, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and HIV sexual risk taking among men who have sex with men","The present study assessed the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in response to stressful or traumatic life events and their impact on HIV risk behaviors and associated psychosocial variables among men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants (n = 189; 60% HIV-infected) who were recruited by notices posted in a community health clinic and via a modified respondent-driven sampling technique completed a behavioral assessment survey. Sixty percentage of participants screened positive for having PTSD symptoms using the startle, physiological arousal, anger, and numbness screening instrument. After controlling for race, sexual self-identification, and HIV status, multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that screening in for having PTSD symptoms was significantly associated with having engaged in unprotected anal (insertive or receptive) sex in the past 12 months, over and above any effects of whether or not a traumatic/stressful event occurred during the year (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.72; p < 0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-6.20). In addition, MSM with PTSD symptoms were more likely to have clinically significant depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 3.50; p < 0.001) and/or symptoms of social anxiety (adjusted OR = 2.87; p < 0.01; 95% CI = 1.48-5.62). The current study, in the context of other research documenting the high rates of co-occurring psychosocial issues facing MSM, points to the importance of incorporating coping with these issues in HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevention and care interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Risk Taking, *Stress, *Trauma, *Same Sex Intercourse, Experiences (Events), HIV, Human Males, Symptoms","Reisner, Sari L., Mimiaga, Matthew J., Safren, Steven A., Mayer, Kenneth H.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4546,"Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the pre- diction of fearfulness",,,"Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., McNally, R. J.",1986.0,1986,,0,0,
4547,"Personality characterizations of outpatients with schizophrenia, schizophrenia with substance abuse, and primary substance abuse","The study extended previous research on the relationship between personality traits and Axis I disorders. It examined personality differences between individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and substance abuse and also included individuals dually diagnosed with both schizophrenia and substance abuse. Comparisons were made with respect to characteristics of both normal personality, as measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and disordered personality, as measured by the Millon Multiaxial Personality Inventory. On the NEO-FFI, all groups differed significantly from the NEO-FFI normative sample on at least three personality domains. As predicted, the dual diagnosis group showed the most personality deviance and pathology. The schizophrenia group was primarily distinguished by higher levels of agreeableness, whereas the substance abuse group was more extroverted and showed a prominence of Cluster B personality patterns. An unexpected finding was an interaction between diagnostic group and age, such that older relative to younger individuals in the single diagnosis groups showed greater personality adaptivity and moderation, whereas older individuals in the dual diagnosis group showed less.","academic achievement, adaptive behavior, adult, age, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, avoidant personality disorder, borderline state, compulsive personality disorder, delusional disorder, dependent personality disorder, depression, dysthymia, emotion, extraversion, histrionic personality disorder, human, job performance, major clinical study, major depression, male, mania, marriage, Millon multiaxial personality inventory, narcissism, neurosis, outpatient, paranoid personality disorder, passive aggressive personality disorder, personality, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathy, race, sadism, schizoidism, schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, sexuality, somatoform disorder, substance abuse, thought disorder","Reno, R. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4548,An integrated model of risk and protective factors for post-deployment PTSD symptoms in OEF/OIF era combat veterans,"Background: Few attempts have been made to integrate the known risk factors for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) into a comprehensive model. This study investigated relative contributions of combat experiences, post-battle experiences, and perceptions of threat to post-deployment PTSD symptoms, and also examined whether pre-deployment preparedness moderated associations among these variables. Methods: Two hundred seven troops deployed to the Middle East between 2001 and 2008 completed self-report measures. Data were analyzed using path analysis and regressions. A comprehensive model including additive effects, mediation, and moderation was examined. Results: Perceptions of threat mediated the association of combat experiences with PTSD, but not that of post-battle experiences with PTSD. Sense of preparedness for deployment moderated the association of combat experiences with perceived threat, such that troops with low preparedness perceived high levels of threat regardless of combat exposure, whereas troops with high preparedness perceived levels of threat that were correlated with levels of combat. Limitations: Data were cross-sectional, all assessment was retrospective self-report, and the sample was primarily White, male, and married. Conclusions: Combat and post-battle experiences appear linked to PTSD via separate pathways. Thus, PTSD prevention efforts may need to vary based on types of events experienced. Pre-deployment preparation mitigated perceived threat in the context of low combat exposure, but it did not moderate direct associations of risk factors with PTSD symptoms. Thus, pre-deployment training and preparation do not appear sufficient to protect against PTSD. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.","Military personnel, Posttraumatic, Protective factors, Risk factors, Stress disorders, War","Renshaw, K. D.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.022,0,0,
4549,Combat Veterans' Symptoms of PTSD and Partners' Distress: The Role of Partners' Perceptions of Veterans' Deployment Experiences,"Romantic partners of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) report elevated relationship and psychological distress. One recent study suggests that this association may be weaker when partners perceive that veterans experienced higher levels of traumatic deployment events, but such results have not yet been replicated. We replicated and extended these findings in a sample of 206 National Guard service members who deployed overseas since 2001 and their partners. We used multivariate structural equation models to explore whether partners' perceptions of service members' deployment experiences moderated the associations of severity of service members' overall PTSD and specific PTSD clusters with partners' psychological and relationship distress. The significant association of overall PTSD symptom severity with partners' distress was not moderated by partners' perceptions. When examining PTSD symptoms at the cluster level, only the numbing/withdrawal cluster was significantly associated with distress. However, this association was moderated by partners' perceptions of service members' deployment experiences, such that the associations weakened as these perceptions increased. These results are in line with research indicating that the avoidance cluster of PTSD symptoms is particularly detrimental for partners of those with PTSD. Furthermore, they indicate that such symptoms are associated with less distress in partners who perceive that service members experienced high levels of potentially traumatic deployment events. Such perceptions may be linked with external attributions for symptoms, which suggests that psychoeducation regarding the causes of PTSD and the totality of PTSD symptoms may be useful in intervening with such partners. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Marital relationship, Military personnel, Posttraumatic, Stress disorders, War","Renshaw, K. D., Campbell, S. B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4550,Gender differences in the associations of PTSD symptom clusters with relationship distress in U.S. Vietnam Veterans and their partners,"Research has consistently linked symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with relationship distress in combat veterans and their partners. Studies of specific clusters of PTSD symptoms indicate that symptoms of emotional numbing/withdrawal (now referred to as negative alterations in cognition and mood) are more strongly linked with relationship distress than other symptom clusters. These findings, however, are based predominantly on samples of male veterans. Given the increasing numbers of female veterans, research on potential gender differences in these associations is needed. The present study examined gender differences in the multivariate associations of PTSD symptom clusters with relationship distress in 465 opposite-sex couples (375 with male veterans and 90 with female veterans) from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Comparisons of nested path models revealed that emotional numbing/withdrawal symptoms were associated with relationship distress in both types of couples. The strength of this association, however, was stronger for female veterans (b = .46) and female partners (b = .28), compared to male veterans (b = .38) and male partners (b = .26). Results suggest that couples-based interventions (e.g., psychoeducation regarding emotional numbing symptoms as part of PTSD) are particularly important for both female partners of male veterans and female veterans themselves. © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Published 2014. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Renshaw, K. D., Campbell, S. B., Meis, L., Erbes, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4551,Relationship Distress in Partners of Combat Veterans: The Role of Partners' Perceptions of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms,"Partners of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder report elevated relationship and psychological distress, but little is known about the mechanisms by which such distress develops. In two separate samples, we examined partners' perceptions of veterans' PTSD symptoms, with a specific focus on the simultaneous associations of partners' distress with their perceptions of veterans' reexperiencing, withdrawal/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters. The first sample consisted of 258 partners of Operation Enduring- and Iraqi Freedom-era veterans who completed questionnaires. The second sample consisted of 465 partners of Vietnam-era veterans who completed interviews as part of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. In both samples, path analyses revealed that, when examined simultaneously, partners' perceptions of withdrawal/numbing symptoms were associated with greater distress, but perceptions of reexperiencing symptoms were unrelated to psychological distress and significantly associated with lower levels of relationship distress. Given the cross-sectional nature of the data in both samples, there are multiple plausible interpretations of the results. However, the pattern is consistent with an attributional model of partner distress, whereby partners are less distressed when symptoms are more overtly related to an uncontrollable mental illness. Potential clinical implications are discussed. © 2011.","Marital relationship, Military personnel, Posttraumatic stress disorders, War","Renshaw, K. D., Caska, C. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4552,Trajectories of Life Satisfaction in the First 5 Years Following Traumatic Brain Injury,,,"Resch, J. A., Villarreal, V., Johnson, C. L., Elliott, T. R., Kwok, O. M., Berry, J. W., Underhill, A. T.",2009.0,,10.1037/a0015051,0,0,
4553,A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5,"Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has been proposed as a diagnosis for capturing the diverse clusters of symptoms observed in survivors of prolonged trauma that are outside the current definition of PTSD. Introducing a new diagnosis requires a high standard of evidence, including a clear definition of the disorder, reliable and valid assessment measures, support for convergent and discriminant validity, and incremental validity with respect to implications for treatment planning and outcome. In this article, the extant literature on CPTSD is reviewed within the framework of construct validity to evaluate the proposed diagnosis on these criteria. Although the efforts in support of CPTSD have brought much needed attention to limitations in the trauma literature, we conclude that available evidence does not support a new diagnostic category at this time. Some directions for future research are suggested. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., Suvak, M. K., Wells, S. Y., Stirman, S. W., Wolf, E. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4554,Solitary alcohol and drug use among adolescents involved in the child welfare system,"Background: While alcohol and drug use during adolescence is often motivated by social reasons, solitary substance use is not uncommon. Studies indicate that 29% of high school students (Beck et al., 1999) and 17% of 8th graders have ever drank alone (Tucker et al. 2006). Given that a sizable minority of adolescents appear to have a history of solitary alcohol or drug use, surprisingly little research has focused on understanding this potentially vulnerable group. The purpose of the current study is to examine the prevalence of solitary alcohol and drug use among a high-risk sample of adolescents. Specifically, we investigate the demographic profile of solitary substance users and how this group might differ from other teens in key psychosocial and behavioral domains (e.g. family and peer relations, psychological well-being and other alcohol and drug related behaviors). Methods: This study utilizes data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing-II (NSCAW-II), a large nationally representative study of youth who have had contact with the child welfare system. The subset of participants (ages 15 to 18 years old) all reported a lifetime history of alcohol or drug use (n=472). Logistic regression analyses was used to test associations between solitary alcohol and drug use, demographic characteristics (e.g. age, race, gender) and psychosocial/behavioral domains. Analyses were weighted to adjust for sample design and nonresponse. Results: A quarter of the youth (24%) reported a history of solitary alcohol or drug use. Results of logistic regresssion indicate solitary substance use was not significantly associated with age, race/ethnicity, gender, heavy-episodic drinking, PTSD, relationship with parents, or the adolescents' number of friends (p>0.05). Solitary alcohol and drug use was, however, significantly associated with depression, using alcohol or drugs to gain acceptance, the amount of free-time spent with friends and other illicit drug use (e.g. cocaine, heroin) (p < 0.05). There were also significant interaction effects between race/ethnicity and depression. Discussion: Results of this study provide insight on the characteristics of adolescents who engage in solitary alcohol and drug use and highlight the clustering of problem behaviors during adolescence. These findings may be useful in shaping intervention efforts to reduce solitary alcohol and drug use and coping motivations for substance use among adolescents.","alcohol, diamorphine, cocaine, illicit drug, human, adolescent, drug use, child welfare, society, alcoholism, juvenile, adolescence, friend, gender, prevalence, logistic regression analysis, lifespan, high school student, wellbeing, demography, child, psychological well being, peer group, parent, drinking, coping behavior, motivation, risk, posttraumatic stress disorder","Resko, S. M., Mendoza, N. S., Mountain, S.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4555,Randomized controlled evaluation of an early intervention to prevent post-rape psychopathology,"A randomized between-group design was used to evaluate the efficacy of a video intervention to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems, implemented prior to the forensic medical examination conducted within 72 h post-sexual assault. Participants were 140 female victims of sexual assault (68 video/72 nonvideo) aged 15 years or older. Assessments were targeted for 6 weeks (Time 1) and 6 months (Time 2) post-assault. At Time 1, the intervention was associated with lower scores on measures of PTSD and depression among women with a prior rape history relative to scores among women with a prior rape history in the standard care condition. At Time 2, depression scores were also lower among those with a prior rape history who were in the video relative to the standard care condition. Small effects indicating higher PTSD and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores among women without a prior rape history in the video condition were observed at Time 1. Accelerated longitudinal growth curve analysis indicated a video×prior rape history interaction for PTSD, yielding four patterns of symptom trajectory over time. Women with a prior rape history in the video condition generally maintained the lowest level of symptoms.","Depression, Early intervention, PTSD, Rape, Video","Resnick, H., Acierno, R., Waldrop, A. E., King, L., King, D., Danielson, C., Ruggiero, K. J., Kilpatrick, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4556,"Acute post-rape plasma cortisol, alcohol use, and PTSD symptom profile among recent rape victims",,"Acute Disease, *Alcohol Drinking, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone/*blood, Rape/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology","Resnick, H. S., Yehuda, R., Acierno, R.",1997.0,Jun 21,,0,0,122
4557,Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor,"Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is known to broadly regulate the cellular stress response. In contrast, it is unclear if the PACAP-PAC1 receptor pathway has a role in human psychological stress responses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here we find, in heavily traumatized subjects, a sex-specific association of PACAP blood levels with fear physiology, PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in females. We examined 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PACAP (encoded by ADCYAP1) and PAC1 (encoded by ADCYAP1R1) genes, demonstrating a sex-specific association with PTSD. A single SNP in a putative oestrogen response element within ADCYAP1R1, rs2267735, predicts PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in females only. This SNP also associates with fear discrimination and with ADCYAP1R1 messenger RNA expression in human brain. Methylation of ADCYAP1R1 in peripheral blood is also associated with PTSD. Complementing these human data, ADCYAP1R1 mRNA is induced with fear conditioning or oestrogen replacement in rodent models. These data suggest that perturbations in the PACAP-PAC1 pathway are involved in abnormal stress responses underlying PTSD. These sex-specific effects may occur via oestrogen regulation of ADCYAP1R1. PACAP levels and ADCYAP1R1 SNPs may serve as useful biomarkers to further our mechanistic understanding of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Estrogens, *Genes, *Nucleotides, *Polymorphism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Biological Markers","Ressler, Kerry J., Mercer, Kristina B., Bradley, Bekh, Jovanovic, Tanja, Mahan, Amy, Kerley, Kimberly, Norrholm, Seth D., Kilaru, Varun, Smith, Alicia K., Myers, Amanda J., Ramirez, Manuel, Engel, Anzhelika, Hammack, Sayamwong E., Toufexis, Donna, Braas, Karen M., Binder, Elisabeth B., May, Victor",2011.0,,,0,0,
4558,Pacap receptor (ADCYAP1R1) genotype associates with fear responses in the amygdala and hippocampus in highly-traumatized civilians,"Background: We recently identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene coding for the PACAP receptor (ADCYAP1R1) that predicts PTSD in women and not men (Ressler, et al. 2011; Almli, et al. 2013). This SNP, rs2267735, is located on a canonical estrogen response element, indicating that estrogen levels may influence expression of the receptor. The ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism has been shown to predict exaggerated arousal responses characteristic of PTSD in autonomic psychophysiology (Ressler et al. 2011; Jovanovic et al. 2012), but no study has yet examined the extent to which thispolymorphism influences fear-related responses in the human brain. The current study tests the hypothesis that ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism influences the functional activity of brain regions that underlie emotional arousal, in particular, the amygdala and hippocampus, using MRI in a sample of women who have experienced civilian trauma. We also examined potential differences in amygdala connectivity between rs2267735 genotype groups. Methods: Over 2000 male and female subjects were genotyped, and MRI data was obtained from 49 women ages 18-62 through an ongoing study of risk factors for PTSD. Salivary samples were collected to obtain DNA for genetic analysis, utilizing Taqman and Sequenom genotyping platforms, to define ADCYAP1R1 risk genotype (CC) vs. non-risk (GC, GG) carriers. Self-reported psychiatric measures included the PTSD symptom scale (PSS), Traumatic Events Inventory (TEI), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Genotyping of rs2267735 was conducted using Taqman and Sequenom platforms. The functional imaging task involved passive viewing of fearful and neutral face stimuli. This task has been shown to engage threat-processing networks in previous studies (Breiter, et al. 1996; Rauch, et al. 2000; Shin, et al. 2005), and the specific procedures are described elsewhere (Stevens, et al. 2013). Fearful and neutral face stimuli (Ekman and Friesen 1976) were presented in a block design. Trials included a face stimulus presented for 500 ms, followed by a 500 ms presentation of a fixation cross. Participants were instructed to pay attention to the faces. Results: We found an ADCYAP1R1 genotype by total trauma exposure interaction in females (N=858, p<0.001), but not males (p>0.1). Moreover, this interaction was significant in females but not males after controlling for age (p<0.001), income (p<0.01), past substance abuse (p<0.001), depression severity (p=0.02), or child abuse (p<0.0005), and all five covariates combined (p=0.01). A meta-analysis with the previously reported samples revealed a strong association between PTSD symptom severity and an interaction between trauma and genotype in females (N=1424, p<0.0001). All fMRI analyses were performed using the contrast of fearful > neutral face stimuli. The ADCYAP1R1 risk group showed significantly greater activation than the non-risk group in the amygdala ROI (pcorr o.05). When each group was examined separately, the risk group showed bilateral amygdala activation (pcorr o.05). The non-risk group did not show significant amygdala activation. In addition, the ADCYAP1R1 risk group showed significantly greater activation than the non-risk group in the hippocampus ROI (pcorr o.05). When groups were examined separately, the risk group showed significant hippocampal activation bilaterally (pcorr o.05), whereas the non-risk group showed no significant cluster of activation. With functional connectivity analyses, we found that relative to the nonrisk group, the risk group showed no region of enhanced connectivity with left or right amygdala. Instead, amygdala connectivity was significantly decreased in the risk group, relative to the non-risk group, for clusters in the left caudate, left and right lateral temporal cortex extending into superior parietal cortex, and right and left pre- and postcentral gyri. Conclusions: We investigated individual differences in the functional activity of the amygdala and hippocampus associated with ADCYAP1R. Consistent with our hypotheses, individuals with the ADCYAP1R1 risk genotype (CC) showed increased bilateral amygdala and hippocampal responses to fearful stimuli, relative to the non-risk group. Exaggerated neural responses to fearful stimuli are also characteristic of PTSD relative to traumatized control participants, particularly within the amygdala (Rauch, et al. 2000; Shin, et al. 2005; Stevens, et al. 2013). Individuals with the risk genotype also showed reduced functional connectivity between the amygdala and a network of cortical regions including medial prefrontal cortex (BA 10). Importantly, the risk group and non-risk group were matched for childhood abuse, lifetime trauma, PTSD symptoms, and depression symptoms. In sum, our studies suggest that variation in ADCYAP1R1 impacts PTSD susceptibility in highly traumatized African American females, possibly via modulation/sensitization of amygdala and hippocampal responses.","hypophysis adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor, hypophysis adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, receptor, estrogen, DNA, amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus, fear, psychopharmacology, college, genotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, high risk population, human, female, stimulus, injury, risk, male, hypothesis, arousal, meta analysis (topic), imaging, nerve potential, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, temporal cortex, risk factor, functional magnetic resonance imaging, genetic analysis, childhood, abuse, potential difference, estrogen responsive element, child abuse, brain region, brain, income, exposure, psychophysiology, substance abuse, gene, procedures, meta analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, single nucleotide polymorphism, parietal cortex, postcentral gyrus, prefrontal cortex, African American, lifespan, processing","Ressler, K. J., Stevens, J., Almli, L., Fani, N., Gutman, D., Bradley, B., Norrholm, S. D., Glover, E., Jovanovic, T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4559,"Compensation and pension evaluations: psychotic, neurotic, and post-traumatic stress disorder Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II profiles","The purpose of the present work was to provide an examination of the three major VA adjudication classifications (post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], psychotic, and neurotic) through objective psychological testing. During routine follow-up compensation and pension evaluations, 143 patients were given the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II (MCMI-II). Additionally, their current disability diagnoses as well as their current percentage of disability were coded. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the pivotal discriminatory variables were alcohol abuse for the PTSD patients, thought disorder for the psychotics, and anxiety for the neurotics. This is remarkably consistent with general clinical expectations. This should allow for more specific use of the MCMI-II in compensation and pension examinations by Department of Veterans' Affairs psychologists.","Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, *Disability Evaluation, Discriminant Analysis, Humans, Middle Aged, Neurotic Disorders/*diagnosis, *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders/*diagnosis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis, United States, Veterans/*psychology, *Veterans Disability Claims","Retzlaff, P., Cicerello, A.",1995.0,Oct,,0,0,
4560,Anatomical and functional connectivity in the default mode network of post-traumatic stress disorder patients after civilian and military-related trauma,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by unwanted intrusive thoughts and hyperarousal at rest. As these core symptoms reflect disturbance in resting-state mechanisms, we investigated the functional and anatomical involvement of the default mode network (DMN) in this disorder. The relation between symptomatology and trauma characteristics was considered. Twenty PTSD patients and 20 matched trauma-exposed controls that were exposed to a similar traumatic event were recruited for this study. In each group, 10 patients were exposed to military trauma, and 10 to civilian trauma. PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptom severity were assessed. DMN maps were identified in resting-state scans using independent component analysis. Regions of interest (medial prefrontal, precuneus, and bilateral inferior parietal) were defined and average z-scores were extracted for use in the statistical analysis. The medial prefrontal and the precuneus regions were used for cingulum tractography whose integrity was measured and compared between groups. Similar functional and anatomical connectivity patterns were identified in the DMN of PTSD patients and trauma-exposed controls. In the PTSD group, functional and anatomical connectivity parameters were strongly correlated with clinical measures, and there was evidence of coupling between the anatomical and functional properties. Type of trauma and time from trauma were found to modulate connectivity patterns. To conclude, anatomical and functional connectivity patterns are related to PTSD symptoms and trauma characteristics influence connectivity beyond clinical symptoms. Hum Brain Mapp, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Reuveni, Inbal, Bonne, Omer, Giesser, Ruti, Shragai, Tamir, Lazarovits, Gilad, Isserles, Moshe, Schreiber, Shaul, Bick, Atira S., Levin, Netta",2015.0,,,0,0,
4561,Relationship between emotional experience and resilience: An fMRI study in fire-fighters,"Resilience refers to the capacity to cope effectively in stressful situations or adversity. It may involve the ability to experience emotions matching the demands of environmental circumstances. The brain mechanisms underlying resilience remain unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between the neural basis of emotional experience and resilience. Thirty-six fire-fighters were included. They performed an fMRI script-driven paradigm comprising relaxing and trauma-related scripts to evaluate the cerebral substrate of emotional experience (p<0.05, FDR-corrected). Correlations were examined between fMRI activations and the resilience DRS15 scale (p<0.05). Resilience was positively correlated with the right amygdala and left orbitofrontal activations when performing the contrast of trauma vs. relaxing script. The present study provides neural data on the mechanisms underlying resilience and their relationship with emotional reactivity, suggesting that appropriate emotional response in stressful situations is essential for coping with aversive events in daily life. © 2013.","Amygdala, Emotional experience, Insula, Orbitofrontal cortex, Resilience","Reynaud, E., Guedj, E., Souville, M., Trousselard, M., Zendjidjian, X., El Khoury-Malhame, M., Fakra, E., Nazarian, B., Blin, O., Canini, F., Khalfa, S.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.01.007,0,0,
4562,Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale,,,"Reynolds, C. R., Richmond, B. O.",1985.0,,,0,0,
4563,Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a drug treatment community service,"Aims and method: A cross-sectional study aiming to assess the prevalence of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community substitution treatment sample, and to assess and compare the characteristics of traumatic experience, substance use, and psychological and social factors in those with and without PTSD. All assessments were completed during the interview which took approximately 1.5 h. Results: The prevalence for current PTSD was 26.2% and for lifetime PTSD 42.9%. Traumatic experiences were extremely common, with two or more reported by 92.9% of the sample. The two groups differed significantly on the majority of psychological functioning and social variables, with women experiencing higher rates of PTSD and the non-PTSD group having lower rates of psychological impairment. Clinical implications: The research supported findings from previous studies. The very high incidence of traumatic experiences has not been reported before. Training and information about trauma and PTSD for substance misuse workers are therefore necessary so that PTSD can be more easily detected and treated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Community Services, *Drug Therapy, *Emotional Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Reynolds, Martina, Hinchliffe, Kate, Asamoah, Victor, Kouimtsidis, Christos",2011.0,,,0,0,
4564,Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Post-Katrina,"It has been almost 2 years since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. These 2 years can be characterized by constant struggle and pain as the people try to reattain some semblance of life as they knew it before Katrina struck. Some have chosen to leave their ancestral homes, homes where they were raised and where they, in turn, raised their own families. Those who did leave are able, in some way, to reestablish some semblance of normality, but those who stayed showed manifestations of and dealt with psychological trauma. These manifestations include regression, inattentiveness, aggressiveness, somatic complaints, irritability, social withdrawal, nightmares, and crying. Longer lasting effects may include depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, and interpersonal or academic difficulties. These postdisaster manifestations can linger or remain hidden until well after the traumatic event and could persist for years. This article presents issues about the effects of Katrina on the mental health of the people of New Orleans. It discusses the profile of posttraumatic stress disorder and presents evidence-based review of interventions the health care provider can implement to care for those who continue to suffer the effects of this horrific disaster. (copyright) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","article, disaster, human, methodology, nursing, nursing care, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factor","Rhoads, J., Pearman, T., Rick, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4565,Short communication: Alterations in expression of gluconeogenic genes during heat stress and exogenous bovine somatotropin administration,"Study objectives were to evaluate hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression in recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST)-treated lactating dairy cattle during heat stress (HS) or in thermal-neutral, pair-fed (PF) animals. Twenty-two multiparous (99 d in milk, 656. kg of BW) Holstein cows were subjected to 3 consecutive experimental periods (7 d each): (1) thermal neutral, (2) HS or PF, and (3) HS or PF with rbST (Posilac, administered on d 1 of period 3). Liver biopsies were obtained on the final day of each period. Heat stress conditions progressively decreased dry matter intake for the first 5 to 6 d during period 2 before stabilizing (a decrease of 6.15. kg; 30%) on d 6 and 7, and feed intake remained stable and not different from period 2 during period 3. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA abundance increased during PF, but was unaffected by HS or bST. Pyruvate carboxylase gene expression increased during HS and PF, and administrating bST decreased pyruvate carboxylase mRNA abundance during both HS and PF. Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression increased following bST administration during HS and PF, confirming hepatic bST responsiveness. Exposure to HS leads to a change in hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme profile that appears to be dependent on plane of nutrition. © 2011 American Dairy Science Association.","Bovine somatotropin, Gluconeogenesis, Heat stress","Rhoads, R. P., La Noce, A. J., Wheelock, J. B., Baumgard, L. H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4566,Sex differences in objective measures of sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder and healthy control subjects,"A growing literature shows prominent sex effects for risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and associated medical comorbid burden. Previous research indicates that post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with reduced slow wave sleep, which may have implications for overall health, and abnormalities in rapid eye movement sleep, which have been implicated in specific post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, but most research has been conducted in male subjects. We therefore sought to compare objective measures of sleep in male and female post-traumatic stress disorder subjects with age- and sex-matched control subjects. We used a cross-sectional, 2 x 2 design (post-traumatic stress disorder/control x female/male) involving 83 medically healthy, non-medicated adults aged 19-39 years in the inpatient sleep laboratory. Visual electroencephalographic analysis demonstrated that post-traumatic stress disorder was associated with lower slow wave sleep duration (F(3,82) = 7.63, P = 0.007) and slow wave sleep percentage (F(3,82) = 6.11, P = 0.016). There was also a group x sex interaction effect for rapid eye movement sleep duration (F(3,82) = 4.08, P = 0.047) and rapid eye movement sleep percentage (F(3,82) = 4.30, P = 0.041), explained by greater rapid eye movement sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder females compared to control females, a difference not seen in male subjects. Quantitative electroencephalography analysis demonstrated that post-traumatic stress disorder was associated with lower energy in the delta spectrum (F(3,82) = 6.79, P = 0.011) in non-rapid eye movement sleep. Slow wave sleep and delta findings were more pronounced in males. Removal of post-traumatic stress disorder subjects with comorbid major depressive disorder, who had greater post-traumatic stress disorder severity, strengthened delta effects but reduced rapid eye movement effects to non-significance. These findings support previous evidence that post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with impairment in the homeostatic function of sleep, especially in men with the disorder. These findings suggest that group x sex interaction effects on rapid eye movement may occur with more severe post-traumatic stress disorder or with post-traumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depressive disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *REM Sleep, *Sleep, Electroencephalography","Richards, Anne, Metzler, Thomas J., Ruoff, Leslie M., Inslicht, Sabra S., Rao, Madhu, Talbot, Lisa S., Neylan, Thomas C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4567,Post-traumatic stress symptoms 5 years after military deployment to Afghanistan,,,"Richardson, J. D., King, L., Sareen, J., Elhai, J. D.",2016.0,,10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00418-6,0,0,
4568,Post-traumatic stress disorder and health problems among medically ill Canadian peacekeeping veterans,"Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and four significant health conditions (gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal problems, headaches, and cardiovascular problems). Method: Participants included 707 Canadian peacekeeping veterans with service-related disabilities, from a random, national Canadian survey, who had been deployed overseas. Results: PTSD severity was significantly related to gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal problems, and headaches, but not to cardiovascular problems. Controlling for demographic factors did not affect PTSD's relationships with the three significant health conditions. Conclusions: The present study supports previous work in finding consistent relations between PTSD severity and specific types of medical problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Peacekeeping, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), *Symptoms, Cardiovascular Disorders, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Headache, Musculoskeletal Disorders","Richardson, J. Don, Pekevski, Jordan, Elhai, Jon D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4569,Prevalence estimates of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: Critical review,,,"Richardson, L. K., Frueh, B. C., Acierno, R.",2010.0,,10.3109/00048670903393597,0,0,
4570,"The impact of a natural disaster: under- and postgraduate nursing education following the Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquake experiences","While natural disasters have been reported internationally in relation to the injury burden, role of rescuers and responders, there is little known about the impact on education in adult professional populations. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake affected the Canterbury region of New Zealand on 4 September 2010 followed by more than 13,000 aftershocks in the three years to September 2013. As part of a larger study, a mixed method survey was used to explore factors impacting nurses engaged in education through polytechnic and university courses. This paper presents factors that were self-identified by students as supporting their ability to continue with education. Participants were recruited from three nursing settings: undergraduate nursing students, Registered Nurses (RNs) engaged in post-registration education and RNs engaged in postgraduate courses. A total of 290 participants took part in the study. A number of factors identified by participants could be addressed in pre-disaster course planning and curriculum design; through education and support of both students and staff; and the active promotion of personal, professional and institutional resilience. © 2015 HERDSA.","earthquake, natural disaster, nursing, postgraduate education, student retention, undergraduate education","Richardson, S. K., Richardson, A., Trip, H., Tabakakis, K., Josland, H., Maskill, V., Dolan, B., Hickmott, B., Houston, G., Cowan, L., McKay, L.",2015.0,,10.1080/07294360.2015.1011099,0,0,
4571,Personality disorder symptomatology among Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD,"This research examined self-report personality profiles of 42 Vietnam veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) evaluated at an outpatient Veteran's Administration hospital PTSD clinic. Assessment was via the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev; DSM-III-R) Personality Disorders-II (SCID-II) self-report. Self-reported personality disorder symptomatology of PTSD patients was contrasted with that of 51 outpatients with a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder other than PTSD and with 16 patients with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Symptomatology from each of the 11 DSM-III-R categories and from the three personality disorder ""clusters"" was calculated in terms of percentage of possible traits endorsed, thus creating personality ""profiles"" for the three groups. PTSD veterans endorsed more traits overall than did both the mixed anxiety and MDD groups, particularly on the Cluster A, avoidant, and borderline scales. Results suggest a PTSD-related personality profile characterized by emotional lability/poor anger control, paranoia/suspiciousness, identity disturbance/confusion, social withdrawal/avoidance, and feelings of emptiness and boredom.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, cluster analysis, comorbidity, depression, human, male, middle aged, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, psychometry, statistics, veteran, Viet Nam","Richman, H., Frueh, B. C.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4572,Lost in Trans-Lation: Interpreting Systems of Trauma for Transgender Clients,"Transgender clients frequently experience multiple types of violence (Mizock & Lewis, 2008), including interpersonal (violence that occurs between, at least, two people), self-directed (violence that is self-inflicted), and collective (violence that is inflicted by larger groups of people/institutions; Krug et al., 2002). Transgender clients who experience any of these types of violence are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric symptoms that may require the attention of a mental health care provider (Mizock & Lewis, 2008). Thus, it is crucial that clinicians understand how transgender clients respond to such violence and how these reactions relate to the clinical needs of transgender clients (Lev, 2004). In this article, we will summarize and cluster the types of violence that have been documented in the transgender literature. We will then highlight PTSD and complex PTSD as conceptual frameworks for working with transgender clients. Furthermore, we will examine how the binary notion of gender ignores ways in which race, class, and other identities interact with gender and make recommendations for how clinicians can affirm multiple identities as a way to minimize psychological distress following a traumatic event (Roen, 2006). We will also highlight clinical guidelines and provide feminist and multicultural recommendations for working with transgender clients. © The Author(s) 2012.","complex PTSD, insidious trauma, PTSD, transgender, trauma","Richmond, K. A., Burnes, T., Carroll, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4573,"Violent communities, family choices, and children's chances: An algorithm for improving the odds",,,"Richters, J. E., Martinez, P. E.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4574,Overview and clinical presentation of generalized anxiety disorder,"1. To distinguish GAD from panic disorder is not difficult if a patient has frequent, spontaneous panic attacks and agoraphobic symptoms, but many patients with GAD have occasional anxiety attacks or panic attacks. Such patients should be considered as having GAD. An even closer overlap probably exists between GAD and social phobia. Patients with clear-cut phobic avoidant behavior may be distinguished easily from patients with GAD, but patients with social anxiety without clear-cut phobic avoidant behavior may overlap with patients with GAD and possibly should be diagnosed as having GAD and not social phobia. The cardinal symptoms of GAD commonly overlap with those of social phobia, particularly if the social phobia is more general and not focused on a phobic situation. For example, free-floating anxiety may cause the hands to perspire and may cause a person to be shy in dealing with people in public, and thus many patients with subthreshold social phobic symptoms have, in the authors' opinion, GAD and not generalized social phobia. The distinction between GAD and obsessive-compulsive disorder, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder should not be difficult by definition. At times, however, it may be difficult to distinguish between adjustment disorder with anxious mood from GAD or anxiety not otherwise specified, particularly if the adjustment disorder occurs in a patient with a high level of neuroticism or trait anxiety or type C personality disorder. Table 2 presents features distinguishing GAD from other psychiatric disorders. 2. Lifetime comorbid diagnoses of other anxiety or depression disorders, not active for 1 year or more and not necessitating treatment during that time period, should not effect a diagnosis of current GAD. On the other hand, if concomitant depressive symptoms are present and if these are subthreshold, a diagnosis of GAD should be made, and if these are full threshold, a diagnosis of MDD should be made. 3. If GAD is primary and if no such current comorbid diagnosis, such as other anxiety disorders or MDD, is present, except for minor depression and dysthymia, or if only subthreshold symptoms of other anxiety disorders are present, GAD should be considered primary and treated as GAD; however, patients with concurrent threshold anxiety or mood disorders should be diagnosed according to the definitions of these disorders in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 and treated as such. 4. Somatization disorders are now classified separately from anxiety disorders. Some of these, particularly undifferentiated somatization disorder, may overlap with GAD and be diagnostically difficult to distinguish. The authors believe that, as long as psychic symptoms of anxiety are present and predominant, patients should be given a primary diagnosis of GAD. 5. Two major shifts in the DSM diagnostic criteria for GAD have markedly redefined the definition of this disorder. One shift involves the duration criterion from 1 to 6 months, and the other, the increased emphasis on worry and secondary psychic symptoms accompanied by the elimination of most somatic symptoms. This decision has had the consequence of orphaning a large population of patients suffering from GAD that is more transient and somatic in its focus and who typically present not to psychiatrists but to primary care physicians. Therefore, clinicians should consider using the ICD-10 qualification of illness duration of ""several months"" to replace the more rigid DSM-IV criterion of 6 months and to move away from the DSM-W focus on excessive worry as the cardinal symptom of anxiety and demote it to only another important anxiety symptom, similar to free-floating anxiety. One also might consider supplementing this ICD-10 criterion with an increased symptom severity criterion as, for example, a Hamilton Anxiety Scale of 18. Finally, the adjective excessive, not used in the definition of other primary diagnostic criteria, such as depressed mood for MDD, should be omitted (Table 3). 6. One may want to consider the distinction of trait (chronic) from state ( cute) anxiety, but whether the presence of some personality characteristics, particularly anxious personality or Cluster C personality and increased neuroticism, as an indicator of trait anxiety is a prerequisite for anxiety disorders; occurs independently of anxiety disorders; or is a vulnerability factor that, in some patients, leads to anxiety symptoms and, in others, does not, is unknown. 7. Symptoms that some clinicians consider cardinal for a diagnosis of GAD, such as extreme worry, obsessive rumination, and somatization, also are present in other disorders, such as MDD. Therefore, the authors suggest that a diagnosis of GAD may be made most meaningfully when considering the presence and severity of specific anxiety symptoms; course and duration of illness; and absence of stem or cardinal symptoms, such as severe depressed mood or anhedonia, frequent panic attacks, or marked phobic avoidance. 8. The authors hope that diagnostic splitters, so influential in DSM-III and DSM-IV development, will be joined in the future by diagnostic lumpers to ensure a more balanced approach to psychiatric diagnosis.","anxiety neurosis, disease severity, human, mental disease, panic, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, review, symptomatology","Rickels, K., Rynn, M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4575,Use of generic versus region-specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders,,,"Riddle, D. L., Stratford, P. W.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4576,Millennium Cohort: The 2001-2003 baseline prevalence of mental disorders in the U.S. military,,,"Riddle, J. R., Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Corbeil, T. E., Engel, C. C., Wells, T. S., Hoge, C. W., Adkins, J., Zamorski, M., Blazer, D.",2007.0,,10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.04.008,0,0,
4577,Rehabilitation in the patient with mild traumatic brain injury,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has garnered increased public attention in the past several years because of high-profile athletes with possible long-term effects of their injuries as well as large numbers of returning combat veterans injured by blast explosions. Most of these injuries are mild in nature and require no specific surgical treatment but may benefit from brief rehabilitation interventions. To appropriately rehabilitate patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), one must fully understand its clinical course and the factors that accelerate or delay recovery. Education is the centerpiece of mTBI treatment and should be included in the rehabilitation plan. When devising the rehabilitation plan, the neurologist should take into account the goals of the patient and establish a reasonable time frame for treatment paralleling the expected recovery course. Cognitive and vestibular functions are commonly affected after mTBI and are particularly responsive to rehabilitation interventions. Vocational rehabilitation and community reentry planning are aspects of the global rehabilitation plan that should not be neglected. Combat-injured veterans with mTBI present unique challenges to the rehabilitation team, and assessment of these patients often needs to include assessment of psychological function. Copyright © 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",,"Riechers Ii, R. G., Ruff, R. L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4578,Rehabilitation in the patient with mild traumatic brain injury,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has garnered increased public attention in the past several years because of high-profile athletes with possible long-term effects of their injuries as well as large numbers of returning combat veterans injured by blast explosions. Most of these injuries are mild in nature and require no specific surgical treatment but may benefit from brief rehabilitation interventions. To appropriately rehabilitate patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), one must fully understand its clinical course and the factors that accelerate or delay recovery. Education is the centerpiece of mTBI treatment and should be included in the rehabilitation plan. When devising the rehabilitation plan, the neurologist should take into account the goals of the patient and establish a reasonable time frame for treatment paralleling the expected recovery course. Cognitive and vestibular functions are commonly affected after mTBI and are particularly responsive to rehabilitation interventions. Vocational rehabilitation and community reentry planning are aspects of the global rehabilitation plan that should not be neglected. Combat-injured veterans with mTBI present unique challenges to the rehabilitation team, and assessment of these patients often needs to include assessment of psychological function. Copyright (copyright) 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","anxiety, article, attention disturbance, battle injury, blurred vision, cognition, convalescence, coordination disorder, depression, dizziness, electronystagmography, exercise, fatigue, gait disorder, headache, human, insomnia, irritability, memory disorder, mental instability, patient education, phonophobia, photophobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prognosis, sleep therapy, stabilography, traumatic brain injury, vertigo, visual acuity, vocational rehabilitation","Riechers, Ii R. G., Ruff, R. L.",2010.0,,,0,0,4577
4579,Differences in adverse effect reporting in placebo groups in SSRI and tricyclic antidepressant trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Background: Biases in adverse effect reporting in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [e.g. due to investigator expectations or assessment quality] can be quantified by studying the rates of adverse events reported in the placebo arms of such trials. Objective: We compared the rates of adverse effects reported in the placebo arms of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) trials and placebo arms of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) trials. Methods: We conducted a literature search for RCTs across PUBMED, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Only studies allowing adverse effect analysis were included. Publication year ranged from 1981 to 2007. Results: Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 143 placebocontrolled RCTs and data from 12 742 patients. Only 21%of studies used structured and systematic adverse effect ascertainment strategies. The way in which trials recorded adverse events influenced the rate of adverse effects substantially. Systematic assessment led to higher rates than less systematic assessment. Far more adverse effects were reported in TCA-placebo groups compared with SSRI-placebo groups, e.g. dry mouth (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5; 95% CI 2.9, 4.2); drowsiness (OR = 2.7; 95%CI 2.2, 3.4); constipation (OR= 2.7; 95%CI 2.1, 3.6); sexual problems (OR =2.3; 95%CI 1.5, 3.5). Regression analyses controlling for various influencing factors confirmed the results. Conclusion: Adverse effect profiles reported in clinical trials are strongly influenced by expectations from investigators and patients. This differencecannot be attributed to ascertainment methods. Adverse effect patterns of the drug group are closely related to adverse effects of the placebo group. These results question the validity of the assumption that adverse effects in placebo groups reflect the ?drug-unspecific effects?. © 2009 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.",,"Rief, W., Nestoriuc, Y., Von Lilienfeld-Toal, A., Dogan, I., Schreiber, F., Hofmann, S. G., Barsky, A. J., Avorn, J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4580,Internalizing and externalizing personality styles and psychopathology in OEF-OIF veterans,"Previous research with other trauma populations demonstrated that internalizing and externalizing personality styles are associated with different PTSD comorbidities. The present study tested this association in two distinct Operation Enduring Freedom-Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) combat samples. Cluster analysis was used to categorize subtypes, which were compared on measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use. Internalizers showed the highest rates of PTSD and depression. Externalizers had higher rates of alcohol problems in one sample only, whereas the other sample showed more substance misuse. In general, these findings suggest that this method of classifying trauma survivors is useful in OEF/OIF populations. Results suggest some differences across this population in terms of how substance use issues are expressed in externalizers.","adaptive behavior, addiction, adult, anxiety, article, cluster analysis, control, depression, female, human, male, pathophysiology, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, questionnaire, United States, veteran, war","Rielage, J. K., Hoyt, T., Renshaw, K.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4581,Treatment of concurrent PTSD and OCD: A commentary on the case of Howard,"The complexity inherent in treating patients diagnosed with multiple disorders often leaves clinicians feeling unsure of how best to encourage change, or even where to begin. The present commentary discusses the interplay between the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Kimble, 2000). Focusing on the need to assess the interplay of the two symptom clusters, the paper presents a model for understanding the etiological and functional relations that could link the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Further, the paper discusses ways in which a clinician might approach such complex cases in order to address all of the client's needs in an effective and efficient manner.",,"Riggs, D. S.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4582,A prospective examination of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of nonsexual assault,,,"Riggs, D. S., Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4583,"Attachment, personality, and psychopathology among adult inpatients: Self-reported romantic attachment style versus Adult Attachment Interview states of mind","The present study examined self-reported romantic attachment style and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) states of mind regarding early attachment relationships, personality dimensions, and psychopathology in a psychiatric sample of trauma survivors. Inpatients (N = 80) admitted to a hospital trauma treatment program were administered the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, AAI, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and Dissociative Disorder Interview Schedule. Self-report and AAI attachment classifications were not related, and different results emerged for the two measures. Self-reported romantic attachment style was significantly associated with personality dimensions, with fearful adults showing the most maladaptive personality profiles. Findings suggested that self-report dimensions of self and other independently contribute to different forms of psychological dysfunction. AAI unresolved trauma was uniquely associated with dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder, whereas unresolved trauma and unresolved loss jointly contributed to schizotypal and borderline personality disorder scores. The differences in findings between the two measures are discussed with a view toward the developmental and clinical implications. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.",,"Riggs, S. A., Paulson, A., Tunnell, E., Sahl, G., Atkison, H., Ross, C. A.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4584,The parent report form of the CHIP-child edition: Reliability and validity,"Background: Valid, comprehensive instruments to describe, monitor, and evaluate health from childhood through adolescence are almost nonexistent, but are critical for health resource planning, evaluation of policy, preventive, and clinical interventions, and understanding trajectories of health during this important period of life. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the development, testing, and final versions of the Parent Report Form of.the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition (CHIP-CE/ PRF), designed to measure the health of children 6 to 11 years old from the caregiver perspective. Methods: Parents (N = 1049) completed a version of the CHIP-CE/PRF in 4 locations in the United States, either in clinic waiting rooms or their homes. They differed in race/ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and native language. Results: The Parent CHIP-CE is feasible; parents with a 5th-grade reading level complete the 76-item PRF in 20 minutes. Its domains (Satisfaction, Comfort, Risk Avoidance, Resilience, and Achievement) measure structurally distinct, interrelated aspects of health. Domain reliability is high: internal consistency = 0.79-0.88; retest reliability (ICC) = 0.71-0.85. Validity is supported. The scale scores are sensitive to predicted age, gender, and socioeconomic status differences in health. Conclusion: The CHIP-Child Edition/Parent Report Form is a psychometrically sound, conceptually based measure of child health that works well in diverse populations. It produces scores that parallel those of children on the CHIP-CE/CRF and adolescents on the CHIP-AE and allows health to be consistently assessed from childhood through adolescence. It should meet many needs for describing, monitoring, and understanding child health and evaluating outcomes of interventions. Copyright © 2004 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Children, Health outcomes, Health status, Health-related quality of life, Parent report","Riley, A. W., Forrest, C. B., Starfield, B., Rebok, G. W., Robertson, J. A., Green, B. F.",2004.0,,10.1097/01.mlr.0000114909.33878.ca,0,0,
4585,Profile of medication in the outpatient burn clinic: What drugs are being prescribed and to whom?,"Introduction: Effective pain, depression, and anxiety management of patients following an acute burn care hospitalization is fundamental to helping individuals achieve positive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine what percentage of discharged patients, with a significant burn injury, continued to require pain, and or anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications in the outpatient setting. Although opioid abuse and accidental death from narcotics and other prescription drugs has increased dramatically in the US, there is a surprising paucity of research regarding burn patient's posthospital drug usage. Methods: A prospective design was used to identify the percentage of discharged burn patients with a TBSA ≥15% being prescribed medication to treat on-going pain, anxiety, depression, and sleeplessness in the outpatient burn clinic setting. Data collected included; gender, ethnicity, number of hospital days, location and severity of burns, number of skin grafts, incidence of documented inpatient anxiety and PTSD and % of patients reporting pain at discharge. Results: A total of 224 adult patients with a 15% or greater TBSA were discharged from the burn center over a 2 year period. The patient population consisted of males (67%), female (33%), Caucasian (46%), Hispanic (36%), Native American (8%) and Other (10%). The upper extremities were the most common injury site (75%), followed by lower extremities (61%) and thorax (47%). A full 67% sustained third degree and 20% deep 2nd degree burns while 79% required skin grafts. Average number of ICU days was 13, OR visits 3.3, and length of stay 33 days. PTSD or Anxiety was diagnosed in 27% of the inpatients and 25% reported on-going pain at discharge. Opioids were prescribed to 88% of patients and non-opioid medications to 15%. Anti-anxiety or antidepressants were prescribed for 31%, neuropathic pain medication 32%, sleep medication to 21%, antipsychotics to 15% and antibiotics to 2%. Conclusions: Nearly all burn patients in this study continued to need narcotics for pain control discharge from the burn center. Nearly a third was also taking an anti-anxiety medication. Drug overdose is a public health concern and opioid drugs are the most frequent cause of drug-related death. Further investigation into length of time burn patients use such medications, as well as the percentage that become addicted, is recommended. Applicability of Research to Practice: Serious burns result in severe acute and often chronic pain issues. It is important to effectively address pain for positive patient outcomes. However, further investigation into length of time narcotics and antianxiety medications are being prescribed plus more information on the number of patients having narcotic withdrawal issues is warranted.","narcotic agent, opiate, antibiotic agent, antidepressant agent, prescription drug, neuroleptic agent, outpatient, human, hospital, American, drug therapy, patient, pain, anxiety, burn patient, burn, skin graft, hospital patient, posttraumatic stress disorder, adult, ethnicity, gender, insomnia, public health, hospitalization, sleep, neuropathic pain, drug use, length of stay, thorax, leg, injury, arm, American Indian, accidental death, Hispanic, Caucasian, population, drug overdose, abuse, death, chronic pain, male, female","Rimmer, R. B., Pressman, M. A., Foster, K. N., Caruso, D. M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4586,Mixture or Homogeneous? Comment on Bauer and Curran (2003),,,"Rindskopf, D.",2003.0,,10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.364,0,0,
4587,Coping effectiveness and coping diversity under traumatic stress,"The effectiveness of different strategies of coping and the impact of coping diversity were tested under traumatic stress conditions. Participants were 632 U.S. soldiers stationed in Iraq (mean age = 27.7, 98% male). Results indicate that four of nine functional coping strategies (including some emotion-focused coping) as defined by the COPE scale were inversely related to psychological symptom, whereas five of six dysfunctional strategies were positively related. Overall, in comparison to the norm group, soldiers showed a depressed level of functional coping strategies. Hierarchical regression, used to control for demographics and coping strategy intercorrelations, indicated that positive reinterpretation, emotional social support, and humor were most strongly related to lower psychological symptoms, whereas venting emotions, denial, mental disengagement, behavioral disengagement, and alcohol and drug use were related to higher levels of psychological symptoms. Two indices of coping diversity were tested. The index more strongly related to higher psychological adjustment was the sum of deviations from the mean of specific coping strategies combined with the alignment of functional and dysfunctional strategy clusters. Implications for research and application were discussed. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","Coping diversity, Coping effectiveness, Traumatic stress","Riolli, L., Savicki, V.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4588,"PTSD as a mediator of sexual revictimization: The role of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms","Theory and research suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may mediate the relationship between child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault. However, little empirical research has examined the mediational role of PTSD. In the present study, the authors use structural equation modeling to examine the degree to which the three symptom clusters that define PTSD (reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) contribute to sexual revictimization. To assess PTSD symptomatology, undergraduate women completed questionnaires (N = 1,449), which detailed the history and severity of childhood and adult sexual assault experiences. Results indicated that PTSD mediated sexual revictimization. When PTSD symptom clusters were examined individually, only the hyperarousal cluster was a significant mediator. Results are discussed in terms of information-processing mechanisms that may underlie sexual revictimization. (copyright) 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, anamnesis, article, avoidance behavior, clinical feature, cluster analysis, controlled study, female, human, injury severity, major clinical study, medical research, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, sexual arousal disorder, sexual crime, structural equation modeling","Risser, H. J., Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., Thomsen, C. J., McCanne, T. R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4589,Derivation of a clinical prediction rule to identify both chronic moderate/severe disability and full recovery following whiplash injury,"Recovery following a whiplash injury is varied: approximately 50% of individuals fully recover, 25% develop persistent moderate/severe pain and disability, and 25% experience milder levels of disability. Identification of individuals likely to develop moderate/severe disability or to fully recover may help direct therapeutic resources and optimise treatment. A clinical prediction rule (CPR) is a research-generated tool used to predict outcomes such as likelihood of developing moderate/severe disability or experiencing full recovery from whiplash injury. The purpose of this study was to assess the plausibility of developing a CPR. Participants from 2 prospective, longitudinal studies that examined prognostic factors for poor functional recovery following whiplash injury were used to derive this tool. Eight factors, previously identified as predictor variables of poor recovery, were included in the analyses: initial neck disability index (NDI), initial neck pain (visual analogue scale), cold pain threshold, range of neck movement, age, gender, presence of headache, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale [PDS]). An increased probability of developing chronic moderate/severe disability was predicted in the presence of older age and initially higher levels of NDI and hyperarousal symptoms (PDS) (positive predictive value [PPV] = 71%). The probability of full recovery was increased in younger individuals with initially lower levels of neck disability (PPV = 71%). This study provides initial evidence for a CPR to predict both chronic moderate/severe disability and full recovery following a whiplash injury. Further research is needed to validate the tool, determine the acceptability of the proposed CPR by practitioners, and assess the impact of inclusion in practice. © 2013 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Whiplash injury Clinical prediction rule Moderate/severe disability Full recovery Prediction,"Ritchie, C., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J., Sterling, M.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.001,0,0,
4590,Reactions to rape: A military forensic psychiatrist's perspective,"Accusations of rape or sexual harassment are currently very high- profile in the military. This article discusses rape allegations in the military legal system from a psychiatric perspective. The original definition of 'rape trauma syndrome' and subsequent psychiatric thinking about the diagnosis are briefly outlined. Common reactions seen in military victims in this era are described. A prototypical military case is presented. An adequate evaluation of an alleged victim is outlined. Credentials and preparation of an expert witness are also briefly discussed, with cautions about the use of expert testimony in cases of alleged sexual assault and rape trauma syndrome.","article, expert witness, informed consent, legal aspect, persuasive communication, posttraumatic stress disorder, rape, sexual crime, sexual harassment","Ritchie, E. C.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4591,"The interrelationships between moral attitudes, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mixed lateral preference in Israeli reserve combat troops","Background: Combat soldiers often encounter moral dilemmas during operational deployment, especially when an armed engagement is situated within a civilian setting. The study of moral dilemmas and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has mostly focused on the impact of war atrocities and moral injury. However, the relationship between moral attitudes and different combat-related pathologies has not been thoroughly addressed by quantitative studies. Aims: We aimed to assess the relationship between combatant's moral attitudes, severity of PTSD symptoms and mixed lateral preference. Methods: Data on moral objection, PTSD severity and lateral preference were collected in a right-handed non-pathologic sample (n = 147) of reserve combat troops in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Results: Nearly one-fifth (19.7%) of the reserve personnel who served in the occupied territories have reported high moral objection to the commands they were expected to act upon. This group of participants exhibited more PTSD symptoms and higher levels of mixed lateral preference. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed a mediating role of moral objection in the relationship between PTSD symptoms severity and lateral preference. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that moral objection has significant implications on combatant's psychological and organic well-being. The findings highlight the need to include moral attitudes in research and clinical practice among combat personnel and veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Lateral Dominance, *Military Veterans, *Morality, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Handedness, Symptoms","Ritov, Gilad, Barnetz, Zion",2014.0,,,0,0,
4592,Modeling of complex PTSD-like behaviors in rats,"Often, in animal models of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), freezing behavior in the context of a previously experienced stress is taken as an indication of PTSD-like symptoms. However, in order to take into consideration individual differences, a single behavioral measure is not sufficient. To that end we have implemented a behavioral profiling approach which is based on two novel behavioral tests, the Water Associated Zero Maze (WAZM) and the continuous saccharine preference test. The WAZM enables the formation of an association of the maze with an underwater trauma, and by that, the assessment of complex behaviors following an exposure to the context which immediately precedes a traumatic experience. The continuous saccharine preference test enables a fine measurement of consumption behavior over a long period of time without the need for water deprivation, single housing or interruption of transferring to a test cage. Rats were exposed to the WAZM and immediately after to an underwater trauma. One month later rats were re-exposed to the context of the WAZM. During that month, rat's saccharin preference was measured every third day. Behavioral findings indicate that even after one month, re-exposure to a contextual reminder cue, which immediately precedes the traumatic experience, does initiate PTSD-like symptoms in the WAZM. When combining this complex behavior with the continuance saccharin preference results we were able to profile the animals into sub categories of affected style. The distribution of these affected profiles resembled human psychiatric literature.","saccharin, water, Israel, model, society, Italy, rat, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, injury, maze test, exposure, freezing, housing, water deprivation, animal model","Ritov, G., Boltyansky, B., Richter-Levin, G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4593,Internal validity of an anxiety disorder screening instrument across five ethnic groups,"We tested the factor structure of the National Anxiety Disorder Screening Day instrument (n=14860) within five ethnic groups (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American). Conducted yearly across the US, the screening is meant to detect five common anxiety syndromes. Factor analyses often fail to confirm the validity of assessment tools' structures, and this is especially likely for minority ethnic groups. If symptoms cluster differently across ethnic groups, criteria for conventional DSM-IV disorders are less likely to be met, leaving significant distress unlabeled and under-detected in minority groups. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses established that the items clustered into the six expected factors (one for each disorder plus agoraphobia). This six-factor model fit the data very well for Whites and not significantly worse for each other group. However, small areas of the model did not appear to fit as well for some groups. After taking these areas into account, the data still clearly suggest more prevalent PTSD symptoms in the Black, Hispanic and Native American groups in our sample. Additional studies are warranted to examine the model's external validity, generalizability to more culturally distinct groups, and overlap with other culture-specific syndromes. (copyright) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, agoraphobia, anxiety neurosis, article, cluster analysis, controlled study, cultural anthropology, diagnostic accuracy, ethnic group, female, human, major clinical study, male, minority group, prevalence, priority journal, race difference, screening, symptom, theoretical model, United States, validation process","Ritsher, J. B., Struening, E. L., Hellman, F., Guardino, M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4594,Patterns of psychological responses in parents of children that underwent stem cell transplantation,"Objective: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative in several life-threatening pediatric diseases but may affect children and their families inducing depression, anxiety, burnout symptoms, and post-traumatic stress symptoms, as well as post-traumatic growth (PTG). The aim of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of different aspects of such responses in parents of children that had undergone HSCT. Methods: Questionnaires were completed by 260 parents (146 mothers and 114 fathers) 11-198 months after HSCT: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire, the post-traumatic stress disorders checklist, civilian version, and the PTG inventory. Additional variableswere also investigated: perceived support, time elapsed sinceHSCT, job stress, partnerrelationship satisfaction, trauma appraisal, and the child's health problems. A hierarchical cluster analysis and a k-means cluster analysis were used to identify patterns of psychological responses. Results: Four clusters of parents with different psychological responses were identified. One cluster (n = 40) significantly differed from the other groups and reported levels of depression, anxiety, burnout symptoms, and post-traumatic stress symptoms above the cut-off. In contrast, another cluster (n = 66) reported higher levels of PTG than the other groups did. Conclusions: This study shows a subgroup of parents maintaining high levels of several aspects of distress years after HSCT. Differences between clusters might be explained by differences in perceived support, the child's health problems, job stress, and partner-relationship satisfaction. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Riva, R., Forinder, U., Arvidson, J., Mellgren, K., Toporski, J., Winiarski, J., Norberg, A. L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4595,Assessing the implementation and effects of a trauma-focused intervention for youths in residential treatment,"This paper describes methods being used to implement and assess the effects of a trauma-focused intervention in residential treatment programs for youths with emotional and behavioral problems, and histories of maltreatment and exposure to family or community violence. Preliminary baseline profiles of the therapeutic environments and youths are also presented. The intervention, referred to as the Sanctuary Model® (Bloom, 1997), is based in social psychiatry, trauma theories, therapeutic community philosophy, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Within the context of safe, supportive, stable, and socially responsible therapeutic communities, a trauma recovery treatment framework is used to teach youths effective adaptation and coping skills to replace nonadaptive cognitive, social, and behavioral strategies that may have emerged earlier as means of coping with traumatic life experiences.","Adolescents, Evaluation, Residential treatment, Trauma intervention","Rivard, J. C., Bloom, S. L., Abramovitz, R., Pasquale, L. E., Duncan, M., McCorkle, D., Gelman, A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4596,Female combat amputees have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder disability,"BACKGROUND: The civilian trauma literature suggests that the sexes differ in physical and mental health outcomes following traumatic injury. In order to determine if the reaction to combat injury is different between the sexes in a specific war wounded population, service members with amputations, we examined the disability profiles of male and female amputees. METHODS: All US combatants who sustained a major extremity amputation between October 2001 and July 2011 were examined for demographic and injury information from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry and for disability outcomes in the service specific Physical Evaluation Boards. The proportions of women versus men with various disabling conditions were compared using Fisher's Exact Test and the mean disability ratings for each condition were compared using student's t tests. FINDINGS: Among 1,107 amputees, 21 were female. There was no difference in the average age, military rank, or Injury Severity Score between the sexes. While the most common military occupation of male amputees was infantry service, the most common occupation for the female amputee was military police. The overall disability ratings between females and males were not different (82% for females, 75% for males). Female amputees had more frequent disability from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD, 8/21 [38%] vs 168/818 [17%]). Disability ratings from PTSD tended to also be higher in women. CONCLUSIONS: Outside of variable occupational descriptions, both male and female amputees were exposed to explosions resulting in their injuries. Consistent with many civilian trauma and veterans' population studies, female amputees have higher frequencies of disability from PTSD. These results support the need for additional effort and attention directed towards optimizing physical and mental fitness following deployment in order to reduce disability and promote return to duty. Because certain conditions, such as PTSD, may be more or less common in men versus women veterans, postdeployment fitness may need to be tailored in a gender specific way.",,"Rivera, J. C., Krueger, C. A., Johnson, A. E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4597,"Predictors of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the AZF chemical factory explosion on 21 September 2001, in Toulouse, France","Objective: To analyse in the general population the prevalence and predictors of symptomatology consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (S-PTSD) 18 months after an industrial explosion. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Participants and Outcome Measures: A random sample of 1191 city inhabitants, including an oversample of the immediate area (<3 km). S-PTSD was measured by the self-administered Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The relation between S-PTSD and individual vulnerability factors, immediate exposure and post-trauma factors was analysed by gender. Results: S-PTSD was more prevalent in the immediate area than in the peripheral area (women 19% vs 8%; men 8% vs 2%, p < 0.01). In the immediate area, S-PTSD was independently associated with birth outside France (men: ORa = 13.9, 95% CI 3.7 to 52.8; women: ORa = 2.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 4.2), age more than 40 years (men: ORa = 4.3, 95% CI 1.01 to 18.2; women: ORa = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.5), previous psychotropic treatment (men: ORa = 11.5, 95% CI 2.4 to 53.6), proximity to the explosion (less educated men only) (ORa = 9.3, 95% CI 1.9 to 44.7), rescue efforts (men: ORa = 5.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 18.2), temporarily uninhabitable home (men: ORa = 5.8, 95% CI 1.9 to 18.1), personal injury (women: ORa = 3.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 8.4), financial difficulties (men: ORa = 17.4, 95% CI 4.2 to 72.1; women: ORa = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7 to 7.1) and inconvenience due to closure of public services (women: ORa = 4.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 9.9). Conclusions: Individual vulnerability, exposure and post-trauma factors were associated with S-PTSD. Vulnerable subgroups, defined by low socioeconomic characteristics may warrant focused screening after such disasters. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disasters, *Industrial Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders), *Symptoms, Chemicals, Epidemiology, Prediction, Socioeconomic Status, Urban Environments","Riviere, S., Schwoebel, V., Lapierre-Duval, K., Guinard, A., Gardette, V., Lang, Th",2008.0,,,0,0,
4598,Ethical challenges with the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy,"The left ventricular assist device was originally designed to be surgically implanted as a bridge to transplantation for patients with chronic end-stage heart failure. On the basis of the REMATCH trial, the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services approved permanent implantation of the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy in Medicare beneficiaries who are not candidates for heart transplantation. The use of the left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy raises certain ethical challenges. Left ventricular assist devices can prolong the survival of average recipients compared with optimal medical management of chronic end-stage heart failure. However, the overall quality of life can be adversely affected in some recipients because of serious infections, neurologic complications, and device malfunction. Left ventricular assist devices alter end-of-life trajectories. The caregivers of recipients may experience significant burden (e.g., poor physical health, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) from destination therapy with left ventricular assist devices. There are also social and financial ramifications for recipients and their families. We advocate early utilization of a palliative care approach and outline prerequisite conditions so that consenting for the use of a left ventricular assist device as a destination therapy is a well informed process. These conditions include: (1) direct participation of a multidisciplinary care team, including palliative care specialists, (2) a concise plan of care for anticipated device-related complications, (3) careful surveillance and counseling for caregiver burden, (4) advance-care planning for anticipated end-of-life trajectories and timing of device deactivation, and (5) a plan to address the long-term financial burden on patients, families, and caregivers.Short-term mechanical circulatory devices (e.g. percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass, percutaneous ventricular assist devices, etc.) can be initiated in emergency situations as a bridge to permanent implantation of ventricular assist devices in chronic end-stage heart failure. In the absence of first-person (patient) consent, presumed consent or surrogate consent should be used cautiously for the initiation of short-term mechanical circulatory devices in emergency situations as a bridge to permanent implantation of left ventricular assist devices. Future clinical studies of destination therapy with left ventricular assist devices should include measures of recipients' quality of end-of-life care and caregivers' burden.","article, caregiver, economics, ethics, financial management, heart failure, heart left ventricle function, human, informed consent, palliative therapy, psychological aspect, quality of life, self help","Rizzieri, A. G., Verheijde, J. L., Rady, M. Y., McGregor, J. L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4599,Posttraumatic stress disorder in mothers of chil- dren and adolescents with burns,,,"Rizzone, L. P., Stoddard, F. J., Murphy, J. M., Kruger, L. J.",1994.0,1994,,0,0,
4600,"Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sertraline in children and adolescents who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Children and adolescents (6-17 years old) meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomized to 10 weeks of double-blind treatment with sertraline (50-200 mg/day) or placebo. The primary efficacy measure was the University of California, Los Angeles Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Index for DSM-IV (UCLA PTSD-I). Results: A total of 131 patients met entry criteria and were randomized to sertraline (n = 67; female, 59.7%; mean age, 10.8; mean UCLA PTSD-I score, 43.8 +/- 8.5) or placebo (n = 62; female, 61.3%; mean age, 11.2; mean UCLA PTSD-I score, 42.1 +/- 8.8). There was no difference between sertraline and placebo in least squares (LS) mean change in the UCLA PTSD-I score, either on a completer analysis (-20.4 +/- 2.1 vs. -22.8 +/- 2.1; p = 0.373) or on an last observation carried forward (LOCF) end point analysis (-17.7 +/- 1.9 vs. -20.8 +/- 2.1; p = 0.201). Attrition was higher on sertraline (29.9%) compared to placebo (17.7%). Discontinuation due to adverse events occurred in a 7.5% treated with sertraline and 3.2% treated with placebo. Conclusions: Sertraline was a generally safe treatment in children and adolescents with PTSD, but did not demonstrate efficacy when compared to placebo during 10 weeks of treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychiatry, *Child Psychiatry, *Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sertraline","Robb, Adelaide S., Cueva, Jeanette E., Sporn, Jonathan, Yang, Ruoyong, Vanderburg, Douglas G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4601,MCMI characteristics of DSM-III posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans,The authors compared the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) profiles of 25 veterans with a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with those of 25 veterans carrying psychiatric disorders which typically cause problems in the differential diagnosis of PTSD. The PTSD group had higher elevations on nine of the 20 MCMI scales. Profiles were also significantly different in shape and scatter. A discriminant analysis accounted for 100% of the variance and correctly classified 88% of the patients. Resulting MCMI profiles appear to be consistent with DSM-III criteria for PTSD.,"adult, central nervous system, classification, clinical article, diagnosis, human, posttraumatic stress disorder","Robert, J. A., Ryan, J. J., McEntyre, W. L.",1985.0,,,0,0,
4602,MCMI characteristics of DSM-III posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans,Compared the MCMI profiles of 25 veterans with a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with those of 25 veterans carrying psychiatric disorders which typically cause problems in the differential diagnosis of PTSD. The PTSD group had higher elevations on nine of the 20 MCMI scales (all ps less than .05). Profiles were also significantly different in shape and scatter. A discriminant analysis accounted for 100% of the variance and correctly classified 88% of the patients. Resulting MCMI profiles appear to be consistent with DSM-III criteria for PTSD.,"Combat Disorders/*diagnosis, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, *Personality Inventory, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis, Vietnam, War","Robert, J. A., Ryan, J. J., McEntyre, W. L., McFarland, R. S., Lips, O. J., Rosenberg, S. J.",1985.0,Jun,10.1207/s15327752jpa4903_1,0,0,4601
4603,Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder,,,"Roberts, A. L., Austin, S. B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., Koenen, K. C.",2010.0,,10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971,0,0,
4604,"The impact of being afforded a college education on posttraumatic growth, trauma resilience, and academic resilience in individuals exposed to trauma","Trauma resilience has many definitions and trajectories; however, theorists remain consistent on the idea that some individuals who endure trauma do not succumb to its impact, but instead flourish in its aftermath. Research that focuses on individuals who do exhibit symptoms, yet go on to achieve notable feats is important to understanding how various paths of resilience and growth interact and can be encouraged. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with being provided a college education on trauma resilience, academic resilience, and posttraumatic growth in ""at risk"" students who have experienced a traumatic event. Participants included approximately 146 individuals (77 Males, 69 Females) named as Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans' National Scholars who exemplify academic resiliency and were selected based on their ability to demonstrate integrity and perseverance in overcoming adversity. Participants were asked to complete an electronic survey designed to assess whether or not the participant meets criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), shows posttraumatic growth as a result of facing adversity, and/or shows academic resilience. Qualitative questions were utilized to uncover themes or factors related to the student's ability to be resilient. Results indicated that as the number of events that the participants were exposed to increased, participants were less likely to meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis. Second, there was not a significant relationship found between posttraumatic growth and academic resilience, but a significant relationship was found between posttraumatic growth and trauma resilience. Lastly, the most commonly supported theme reported by participants as being influential in their growth, ability to make meaning of their past adversities, and academic success was learning that there were other individuals who had been through similar adversities and had persevered. Recognizing the aspects of the program that were the most beneficial to the students can not only provide insight into why this group of at-risk students were resilient, but can also illuminate the needs of other at-risk students in their journeys towards resiliency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Academic Achievement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Trauma, *Undergraduate Education, Colleges","Roberts, Ashley Nicole",2013.0,,,0,0,
4605,"Post-conflict mental health needs: A cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan","Background: The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 marked the end of the civil conflict in Sudan lasting over 20 years. The conflict was characterised by widespread violence and large-scale forced migration. Mental health is recognised as a key public health issue for conflict-affected populations. Studies revealed high levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst populations from Southern Sudan during the conflict. However, no studies have been conducted on mental health in post-war Southern Sudan. The objective of this study was to measure PTSD and depression in the population in the town of Juba in Southern Sudan; and to investigate the association ofdemographic, displacement, and past and recent trauma exposure variables, on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Methods: A cross-sectional, random cluster survey with a sample of 1242 adults (aged over 18 years) was conducted in November 2007 in the town of Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan. Levels of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (original version), and levels of depression measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the association ofdemographic, displacement and trauma exposure variables on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Multivariate logistic regression was also conducted to investigate which demographic and displacement variables were associated with exposure to traumatic events. Results: Over one third (36%) of respondents met symptom criteria for PTSD and half (50%) of respondents met symptom criteria for depression. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong associations of gender, marital status, forced displacement, and trauma exposure with outcomes of PTSD and depression. Men, IDPs, and refugees and persons displaced more than once were all significantly more likely to have experienced eight or more traumatic events. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of high levels of mental distress in the population of Juba Town, and associated risk-factors. Comprehensive social and psychological assistance is urgently required in Juba. (copyright) 2009 Roberts et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","adult, article, conflict, demography, depression, female, health care need, health survey, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychotrauma, questionnaire, refugee, risk factor, Sudan","Roberts, B., Damundu, E. Y., Lomoro, O., Sondorp, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4606,Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression amongst internally displaced persons in northern Uganda,"Background: The 20 year war in northern Uganda between the Lord's Resistance Army and the Ugandan government has resulted in the displacement of up to 2 million people within Uganda. The purpose of the study was to measure rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression amongst these internally displaced persons (IDPs), and investigate associated demographic and trauma exposure risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional multi-staged, random cluster survey with 1210 adult IDPs was conducted in November 2006 in Gulu and Amuru districts of northern Uganda. Levels of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (original version), and levels of depression were measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the association of demographic and trauma exposure variables on the outcomes of PTSD and depression. Results: Over half (54%) of the respondents metsymptom criteria for PTSD, and over two thirds (67%) of respondents met symptom criteria for depression. Over half (58%) of respondents had experienced 8 or more of the 16 trauma events covered in the questionnaire. Factors strongly linked with PTSD and depression included gender, marital status, distance of displacement, experiencing ill health without medical care, experiencing rape or sexual abuse, experiencing lack of food or water, and experiencing higher rates of trauma exposure. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of exposure to traumatic events and deprivation of essential goods and services suffered by IDPs, and the resultant effect this has upon their mental health. Protection and social and psychological assistance are urgently required to help IDPs in northern Uganda re-build their lives. (copyright) 2008 Roberts et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","water, adult, article, checklist, controlled study, cross-sectional study, demography, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, female, food deprivation, health care delivery, health status, human, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, marriage, mental health, outcome assessment, population dispersion, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosocial care, psychotrauma, questionnaire, rape, sex difference, sexual abuse, Uganda, war, water deprivation","Roberts, B., Ocaka, K. F., Browne, J., Oyok, T., Sondorp, E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4607,Factual memories of ICU: Recall at two years post-discharge and comparison with delirium status during ICU admission - A multicentre cohort study,"Aims and objective. To examine the relationship between observed delirium in ICU and patients' recall of factual events up to two years after discharge. Background. People, the environment, and procedures are frequently cited memories of actual events encountered in ICU. These are often perceived as stressors to the patients and the presence of several such stressors has been associated with the development of reduced health-related quality of life or post-traumatic stress syndrome. Design. Prospective cohort study using interview technique. Method. The cohort was assembled from 152 patients who participated in a previously conducted multi-centre study of delirium incidence in Australian ICUs. The interviews involved a mixture of closed- and open-ended questions. Qualitative responses regarding factual memories were analysed using thematic analysis. A five-point Likert scale with answers from 'always' to 'never' was used to ask about current experiences of dream, anxiety, sleep problems, fears, irritability and/or mood swings. Scoring ranged from 6 to 30 with a mid-point value of 18 indicating a threshold value for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress syndrome. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. Results. Forty-one (40%) out of 103 potential participants consented to take part in the follow-up interview; 18 patients (44%) had been delirious and 23 patients (56%) non-delirious during the ICU admission. The non-participants (n = 62) formed a control group to ensure a representative sample; 83% (n = 34) reported factual memories either with or without recall of dreaming. Factual memories were significantly less common (66% cf. 96%) in delirious patients (OR 0.09, 95%CI 0.01-0.85, p = 0.035). Five topics emerged from the thematic analysis: 'procedures', 'staff', 'comfort', 'visitors', and 'events'. Based on the current experiences, five patients (12%, four non-delirious and one delirious) scored (greater-than or equal to)18 indicative of symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome; this did not reach statistical significance. Memory of transfer out of ICU was less frequent among the delirious patients (56%, n = 10) than among the non-delirious patients (87%, n = 20) (p = 0.036). Conclusion. Most patients have factual memories of their ICU stay. However, delirious patients had significantly less factual recall than non-delirious patients. Adverse psychological sequelae expressed as post-traumatic stress syndrome was uncommon in our study. Every attempt must be made to ensure that the ICU environment is as hospitable as possible to decrease the stress of critical illness. Post-ICU follow-up should include filling in the 'missing gaps', particularly for delirious patients. Ongoing explanations and a caring environment may assist the patient in making a complete recovery both physically and mentally. Relevance to clinical practice. This study highlights the need for continued patient information, re-assurance and optimized comfort. While health care professionals cannot remove the stressors of the ICU treatments, we must minimize the impact of the stay. It must be remembered that most patients are aware of their surroundings while they are in the ICU and it should, therefore, be part of ICU education to include issues regarding all aspects of patient care in this particularly vulnerable subset of patients to optimize their feelings of security, comfort and self-respect. (copyright) 2007 The Authors.","article, attitude to health, Australia, case control study, chi square distribution, critical illness, delirium, health service, hospitalization, human, intensive care, mass screening, New Zealand, nurse attitude, nurse patient relationship, nursing, nursing assessment, nursing methodology research, organization and management, patient education, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, psychological aspect, qualitative research, quality of life, questionnaire, recall, risk factor, social support","Roberts, B. L., Rickard, C. M., Rajbhandari, D., Reynolds, P.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4608,Factual memories of ICU: recall at two years post-discharge and comparison with delirium status during ICU admission--a multicentre cohort study,"AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between observed delirium in ICU and patients' recall of factual events up to two years after discharge. BACKGROUND: People, the environment, and procedures are frequently cited memories of actual events encountered in ICU. These are often perceived as stressors to the patients and the presence of several such stressors has been associated with the development of reduced health-related quality of life or post-traumatic stress syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study using interview technique. METHOD: The cohort was assembled from 152 patients who participated in a previously conducted multi-centre study of delirium incidence in Australian ICUs. The interviews involved a mixture of closed- and open-ended questions. Qualitative responses regarding factual memories were analysed using thematic analysis. A five-point Likert scale with answers from 'always' to 'never' was used to ask about current experiences of dream, anxiety, sleep problems, fears, irritability and/or mood swings. Scoring ranged from 6 to 30 with a mid-point value of 18 indicating a threshold value for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress syndrome. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant for all analyses. RESULTS: Forty-one (40%) out of 103 potential participants consented to take part in the follow-up interview; 18 patients (44%) had been delirious and 23 patients (56%) non-delirious during the ICU admission. The non-participants (n = 62) formed a control group to ensure a representative sample; 83% (n = 34) reported factual memories either with or without recall of dreaming. Factual memories were significantly less common (66% cf. 96%) in delirious patients (OR 0.09, 95%CI 0.01-0.85, p = 0.035). Five topics emerged from the thematic analysis: 'procedures', 'staff', 'comfort', 'visitors', and 'events'. Based on the current experiences, five patients (12%, four non-delirious and one delirious) scored > or =18 indicative of symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome; this did not reach statistical significance. Memory of transfer out of ICU was less frequent among the delirious patients (56%, n = 10) than among the non-delirious patients (87%, n = 20) (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: Most patients have factual memories of their ICU stay. However, delirious patients had significantly less factual recall than non-delirious patients. Adverse psychological sequelae expressed as post-traumatic stress syndrome was uncommon in our study. Every attempt must be made to ensure that the ICU environment is as hospitable as possible to decrease the stress of critical illness. Post-ICU follow-up should include filling in the 'missing gaps', particularly for delirious patients. Ongoing explanations and a caring environment may assist the patient in making a complete recovery both physically and mentally. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study highlights the need for continued patient information, re-assurance and optimized comfort. While health care professionals cannot remove the stressors of the ICU treatments, we must minimize the impact of the stay. It must be remembered that most patients are aware of their surroundings while they are in the ICU and it should, therefore, be part of ICU education to include issues regarding all aspects of patient care in this particularly vulnerable subset of patients to optimize their feelings of security, comfort and self-respect.","*Attitude to Health, Australia, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Critical Illness/*psychology, Delirium/complications/nursing/*psychology, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Intensive Care/organization & administration/*psychology, Mass Screening, *Mental Recall, New Zealand, ""Nurses Role"", Nurse-Patient Relations, Nursing Assessment, Nursing Methodology Research, Patient Education as Topic, Prospective Studies, Qualitative Research, Quality of Life/psychology, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/etiology/*psychology","Roberts, B. L., Rickard, C. M., Rajbhandari, D., Reynolds, P.",2007.0,Sep,10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01588.x,0,0,4607
4609,Posttraumatic stress disorder: A primer for trauma surgeons,"In 1980, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) officially became classified as an anxiety disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition. Since then, there has been increasing recognition that PTSD is a prevalent disorder that may have significant impact on the quality of life for survivors of traumatic events. More recently, methodologically sound research has begun to provide important insight into this disorder. The following review serves to provide the trauma surgeons information on PTSD in terms of its diagnosis, prevalence, risk factors, treatment strategies, and outcomes, with the goal of minimizing the sequelae of PTSD and maximizing postinjury quality of life. Copyright © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Outcomes, Prevalence, PTSD, Risk factors, Treatment","Roberts, J. C., Deroon-Cassini, T. A., Brasel, K. J.",2010.0,,10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e16e2a,0,0,
4610,Mood and anxiety disorders in females with the FMR1 premutation,"Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a model for studying the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to psychiatric disorders in mothers of children with disabilities. Here, we examine the frequency and predictors of mood and anxiety disorders in mothers with the FMR1 premutation. Ninety-three females with the FMR1 premutation were in the study and were compared to 2,159 women from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) dataset. Mood and anxiety disorders were assessed using the SCID-I. Our data reflect elevated lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), lifetime panic disorder without agoraphobia and current agoraphobia without panic disorder in the FMR1 premutation sample. Also, we found a low frequency of lifetime social phobia, specific phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorders and current specific phobia in the FMR1 premutation sample. The profile of MDD in the FMR1 premutation sample was not episodic or comorbid with an anxiety disorder, as in the NCS-R dataset. Never having been married and smaller CGG repeat length were associated with increased likelihood of MDD while increased children with FXS in the family and greater child problem behaviors were associated with increased likelihood of an anxiety disorder in the FMR 1 premutation group. Major depression in females with the FMR1 premutation may not be characterized as an episodically chronic recurrent disorder as it is in community samples and may have a genetic basis given the relationship with CGG repeat length and lack of association with all child and most demographic factors.","Adolescent, Age of Onset, Anxiety/*genetics, Female, Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/*genetics, Humans, Mood Disorders/*genetics, *Mutation","Roberts, J. E., Bailey, D. B., Jr., Mankowski, J., Ford, A., Sideris, J., Weisenfeld, L. A., Heath, T. M., Golden, R. N.",2009.0,Jan 5,10.1002/ajmg.b.30786,0,0,
4611,Mood and anxiety disorders in females with the FMR1 premutation,"Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a model for studying the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to psychiatric disorders in mothers of children with disabilities. Here, we examine the frequency and predictors of mood and anxiety disorders in mothers with the FMR1 premutation. Ninety-three females with the FMR1 premutation were in the study and were compared to 2,159 women from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) dataset. Mood and anxiety disorders were assessed using the SCID-I. Our data reflect elevated lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), lifetime panic disorder without agoraphobia and current agoraphobia without panic disorder in the FMR1 premutation sample. Also, we found a low frequency of lifetime social phobia, specific phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorders and current specific phobia in the FMR1 premutation sample. The profile of MDD in the FMR1 premutation sample was not episodic or comorbid with an anxiety disorder, as in the NCS-R dataset. Never having been married and smaller CGG repeat length were associated with increased likelihood of MDD while increased children with FXS in the family and greater child problem behaviors were associated with increased likelihood of an anxiety disorder in the FMR 1 premutation group. Major depression in females with the FMR1 premutation may not be characterized as an episodically chronic recurrent disorder as it is in community samples and may have a genetic basis given the relationship with CGG repeat length and lack of association with all child and most demographic factors. (copyright) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","adult, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, demography, female, gene mutation, health survey, human, major clinical study, major depression, mood disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, social phobia","Roberts, J. E., Bailey Jr, D. B., Mankowski, J., Ford, A., Sideris, J., Weisenfeld, L. A., Heath, T. M., Golden, R. N.",2009.0,,,0,0,4610
4612,Multiple session early psychological intervention to prevent and treat post-traumatic stress disorder,,,"Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Kenardy, J., Bisson, J.",2009.0,,10.1002/14651858.CD007944,0,0,
4613,Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) are common, difficult to treat, and associated with poor prognosis. This review aimed to determine the efficacy of individual and group psychological interventions aimed at treating comorbid PTSD and SUD, based on evidence from randomised controlled trials. Our pre-specified primary outcomes were PTSD severity, drug/alcohol use, and treatment completion. We undertook a comprehensive search strategy. Included studies were rated for methodological quality. Available evidence was judged through GRADE. Fourteen studies were included. We found that individual trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural intervention, delivered alongside SUD intervention, was more effective than treatment as usual (TAU)/minimal intervention for PTSD severity post-treatment, and at subsequent follow-up. There was no evidence of an effect for level of drug/alcohol use post-treatment but there was an effect at 5-7months. Fewer participants completed trauma-focused intervention than TAU. We found little evidence to support the use of individual or group-based non-trauma-focused interventions. All findings were judged as being of low/very low quality. We concluded that there is evidence that individual trauma-focused psychological intervention delivered alongside SUD intervention can reduce PTSD severity, and drug/alcohol use. There is very little evidence to support use of non-trauma-focused individual or group-based interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Drug Abuse, *Drug Rehabilitation, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment","Roberts, Neil P., Roberts, Pamela A., Jones, Neil, Bisson, Jonathan I.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4614,Interpersonal problems of Vietnam combat veterans with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder,"274 male veterans seeking treatment for substance abuse were divided on the basis of combat experience and DSM-III criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ss with evidence of PTSD were compared with a non-PTSD group of Vietnam combat veterans and a noncombat group of Vietnam-era veterans on measures of specific interpersonal problems using the Horowitz Interpersonal Problem Inventory, traditional measures of family and social adjustment, and the MMPI. The PTSD group scored significantly higher on clusters of problems dealing with intimacy and sociability than did either of the comparison groups. PTSD Ss also scored higher on the MMPI scales of Paranoia, Psychopathic Deviate, Social Introversion, Social Maladjustment, Family Problems, and Manifest Hostility, but did not differ from other groups on Family Environment Scale variables. Results, which were not attributable to premilitary adjustment differences or to confounding demographic variables, are compared to previous studies, and research questions that remain outstanding are discussed. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). © 1982 American Psychological Association.","combat involvement & posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, interpersonal problems, male Vietnam veterans seeking drug/alcohol abuse treatment","Roberts, W. R.",1982.0,,,0,0,
4615,Open trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for chronic post traumatic stress disorder,"Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of adapting group-based interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-G) for patients with chronic post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Thirteen subjects with DSM-IV-defined PTSD, with symptom duration greater than 12 months, entered the study, an 8-week treatment programme conducted in a clinical setting using IPT-G modified for the treatment of PTSD. Data obtained were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: All 13 subjects completed the treatment programme and showed significant improvement in social functioning, general wellbeing and depressive symptoms. Treatment completers demonstrated a moderate reduction in the avoidant symptom cluster of PTSD. These improvements appeared stable at 3-month follow-up. Benefits appeared to be associated with perceived intra-therapy progress in resolving identified IPT problem areas. Qualitative analysis found that themes of 'reconnection' and 'interpersonal efficacy' were core parts of the experience of the treatment. Conclusion: IPT-G modified for PTSD appears to be of modest symptomatic benefit, but may lead to improvement in social functioning, general psychological wellbeing and enhanced interpersonal functioning. Further studies are indicated.","benzodiazepine, psychotropic agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, adult, aged, article, chronic disease, clinical effectiveness, clinical trial, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease duration, feasibility study, female, group therapy, human, human relation, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, social interaction, wellbeing","Robertson, M., Rushton, P., Batrim, D., Moore, E., Morris, P.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4616,Understanding the relationship of perceived social support to post-trauma cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Poor social support in the aftermath of a traumatic event is a well-established risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adult trauma survivors. Yet, a great deal about the relationship between social support and PTSD remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed data from 102 survivors of a serious motor vehicle accident (MVA) at 4 weeks (Time 1) and 16 weeks (Time 2) post-MVA. We assessed the role of perceived dyadic social support, positive dyadic interaction, and negative dyadic interaction in the development and maintenance of PTSD. In addition, we examined how these social support constructs work together with negative post-trauma cognitions to affect the maintenance of PTSD. Neither perceived social support nor the quality of social interaction (i.e., positive or negative) was associated with PTSD symptom severity at Time 1. However, among those with elevated PTSD symptom severity at Time 1, greater social support and positive social interaction and lower negative social interaction were each associated with reductions in PTSD symptom severity from Time 1 to Time 2. For social support and negative social interaction, this association ceased to be significant when jointly assessed with negative post-trauma cognitions, suggesting that perceived social support and negative dyadic interaction were associated with maintenance of PTSD symptom severity because of their association with negative post-trauma cognitions. These results provide support to models and treatments of PTSD that emphasize the role of negative post-trauma cognitions in maintenance of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognition, *Dyads, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Risk Factors","Robinaugh, Donald J., Marques, Luana, Traeger, Lara N., Marks, Elizabeth H., Sung, Sharon C., Gayle Beck, J., Pollack, Mark H., Simon, Naomi M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4617,The Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement,,,"Robins, L. N., Smith, E. M.",1983.0,,,0,0,
4618,Are traumatic events necessary to elicit symptoms of posttraumatic stress?,"A diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been conceptualized as being precipitated by a particularly traumatic stressor (e.g., combat exposure, rape, and violent assault). Recent research suggests that common stressful events (e.g., relational problems, divorce, and expected death of a loved one) may also be capable of eliciting posttraumatic symptomatology. The current study replicated and extended these previous findings, examining three groups of event exposure: those who reported experiencing only traumatic events in the past year, those who reported experiencing only significant stressful life events in the last year, and those who experienced both types of events. Consistent with previous findings, we found that all three groups of event exposure, including those experiencing only stressful life events, experienced similar amounts of PTSD symptomatology across symptom clusters. These data add to the growing literature that suggests that the type of events that cause symptoms of PTSD may be broader than the current diagnostic criteria indicate, and as such calls for more rigorous research in this area to better understand the diagnostic implications of these findings. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","life events, life stress, PCL, posttraumatic stress, PTSD","Robinson, J. S., Larson, C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4619,Brief report: The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and overgeneral autobiographical memory in older adults,"Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and autobiographical memory specificity in older adults. Method: Older adult trauma survivors (N = 23) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised. Results: When cognitive ability was partialled out, the relationship between PTSD symptoms and reduced autobiographical memory specificity was significant. Specifically, the relationships between reliving symptoms and avoidance symptoms correlated significantly with reduced autobiographical memory specificity. There was no significant relationship between hyperarousal symptoms and reduced autobiographical memory specificity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that similar to other populations, PTSD symptoms are also associated with reduced autobiographical memory specificity in older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Aging, *Autobiographical Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Robinson, Sarah R., Jobson, Laura A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4620,Changes in trauma-potentiated startle with treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in combat Veterans,"Emotional Processing Theory proposes that habituation to trauma-related stimuli is an essential component of PTSD treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying treatment-related habituation are not well understood. We examined one psychophysiological measure that holds potential for elucidating the biological processes involved in treatment response: trauma-potentiated startle response. Seventeen OEF/OIF combat Veterans participated in the study and completed three assessments using a trauma-potentiated startle paradigm over PTSD treatment. Results revealed different patterns of trauma-potentiated startle across treatment for responders and nonresponders, but no differences in within task habituation. Responders showed an increase followed by a decrease in trauma-potentiated startle, whereas nonresponders showed a relatively flat response profile. Results suggested that PTSD patients who engage with emotional content as demonstrated by greater startle reactivity may be more likely to respond to PTSD treatment. Furthermore, trauma-potentiated startle shows promise as an objective measure of psychophysiological responses involved in PTSD recovery.","Adult, Combat Disorders/*psychology/*therapy, Emotions/physiology, Female, Habituation, Psychophysiologic/physiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reflex, Startle/*physiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*psychology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, Veterans/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Cbt, Combat, Exposure therapy, Ptsd, Trauma, Treatment, Veteran","Robison-Andrew, E. J., Duval, E. R., Nelson, C. B., Echiverri-Cohen, A., Giardino, N., Defever, A., Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Rothbaum, B. O., Liberzon, I., Rauch, S. A.",2014.0,May,10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.002,0,0,
4621,Changes in trauma-potentiated startle with treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in combat Veterans,"Emotional Processing Theory proposes that habituation to trauma-related stimuli is an essential component of PTSD treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying treatment-related habituation are not well understood. We examined one psychophysiological measure that holds potential for elucidating the biological processes involved in treatment response: trauma-potentiated startle response. Seventeen OEF/OIF combat Veterans participated in the study and completed three assessments using a trauma-potentiated startle paradigm over PTSD treatment. Results revealed different patterns of trauma-potentiated startle across treatment for responders and nonresponders, but no differences in within task habituation. Responders showed an increase followed by a decrease in trauma-potentiated startle, whereas nonresponders showed a relatively flat response profile. Results suggested that PTSD patients who engage with emotional content as demonstrated by greater startle reactivity may be more likely to respond to PTSD treatment. Furthermore, trauma-potentiated startle shows promise as an objective measure of psychophysiological responses involved in PTSD recovery. © 2014 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","CBT, Combat, Exposure therapy, PTSD, Trauma, Treatment, Veteran","Robison-Andrew, E. J., Duval, E. R., Nelson, C. B., Echiverri-Cohen, A., Giardino, N., Defever, A., Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Rothbaum, B. O., Liberzon, I., Rauch, S. A. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,4620
4622,Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in young males diagnosed with testicular or lymphatic cancer,"Testicular and lymphatic cancers (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's disease) are among the most common cancers in young males aged 18 to 45. It has recently been acknowledged that symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be present following a cancer diagnosis, with incidence varying between 1.9% to 35.1% (Kangas, Henry & Bryant, 2002). This project aimed to explore the cancer related symptoms of PTSD and distress, to determine the frequency of PTSD symptoms in young male cancer patients, to establish a timeline for PTSD symptoms in the first year following a cancer diagnosis, to identify risk factors that were predictive of PTSD symptoms, and to report on the coping and posttraumatic growth experienced by survivors. In study 1, verbatim accounts of 22 survivors of either testicular or lymphatic cancer were collected retrospectively. Qualitative data was analyzed according to the Miles and Huberman (1984) approach. Survivors' appraisal of their diagnosis as a being a shock and a threat were common, as were and anxious anticipation, avoidance, and denial. In the treatment phase, despair and discouragement were most common. In the long-term, PTSD symptoms (increased presence of intrusions and avoidance) and delayed emotional reactions were reported. Optimism was common in early coping and many reported posttraumatic growth in the long-term survival phase. These findings were consistent with the social-cognitive transition model of adjustment (Brennan, 2001). In study 2, newly diagnosed cancer patients (n=92) and community controls (n=88) were recruited and followed prospectively over a period of 12 months. Severe PTSD symptoms were observed in up to 14.3% of cancer patients in the first year following diagnosis, compared to 5.7% of controls. Repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed that cancer patients had higher levels of PTSD symptoms, at time 2 and 4 on the IES, at times 2, 3 and 4 on the PCL-C, at time 2 for depression, and at times 1 and 2 for anxiety than controls, but were not different in perceived stress, nor in quality of life. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in PTSD symptoms over time. Initial scores of PTSD were the only significant predictor of PTSD at time 4. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in PTSD symptoms over time for the cancer group, but not for controls. Taken together these results suggest that distress in the form of depression and anxiety was elevated but tended to diminish over time. Moreover, early manifestations of PTSD strongly predict later PTSD symptoms and there was an increase in PTSD symptoms over time. Avoidance and denial were common at the time of diagnosis, but intrusions gradually became more important. This may indicate that a form of cognitive processing of the stressful experience is taking place and allows some survivors to revisit their existing life assumptions and experience differing levels of posttraumatic growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Human Males, *Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Emotional Trauma, Stress","Robitaille, Roxane",2010.0,,,0,0,
4623,25 years experience with ketamine in a cancer ICU,"Introduction : Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist that has been a well-known anesthetic agent for many years. In small doses it also has analgesic effects while having minimal effects on respiration and hemodynamics, making it a useful adjunct in the treatment of patients in ICU settings. For the last 25 years at the Norris Cancer Hospital ICU, we have used ketamine in the vast majority of our cases, consisting mainly of urologic patients as well as general surgery and gynecology-oncology patients. We attribute to ketamine our improved outcome relating to pain relief, early extubation, and stable hemodynamics, which results in decreased morbidity. Methods : We retrospectively studied data from the Urology department data bank and the hospital pharmacy for the use of ketamine. 85% of the patients had undergone extensive urologic resections including radical cystectomy, pelvic exenteration, radical nephrectomies, and radical retroperitoneal lymph node dissections; other procedures included Whipple, hepatectomy, abdominoperineal resection, and major gynecological cancer procedures. A combination infusion of ketamine (500 mg) and fentanyl (1250 mcg) in 250cc normal saline was used in patients that were extubated. Initially, patients received 2-4 mg of intravenous morphine before the mixture began to take effect. In cases of ventilated patients midazolam (25 mg) was added to the combination. Clinical parameters of pain and sedation were evaluated by the ICU resident and nurses and the infusions were titrated accordingly. Results : Most surgical patients were extubated on an average of 1-2 days postoperatively. The average dose requirement was 3-7cc/ hr, ranging from 2cc/hr to 10cc/hr, titrated to pain relief. No changes in hemodynamics were noted with the dose range and combination; there was no incidence of hypotension or tachycardia. Respirations were unaffected. Analgesia was observed to be superior to each of the drugs on its own, indicating a synergistic rather than additive effect. Less than 1% of patients complained of visual dreams, slightly lower than those receiving only morphine. There were no cases of prolonged ileus attributable to the combination. There was a very low incidence of depression, both immediate and delayed, and the incidence of PTSD and anxiety states were negligible. Discussion : Ketamine has many beneficial effects in addition to analgesia and amnesia. It is a bronchodilator and has minimal effects on respiration, making it easier to wean patients off respirators. Its cholinergic agonist properties have a positive effect on postoperative ileus. Ketamine also has been shown to be effective for preemptive analgesia and in minimizing opioid-induced hyperalgesia. It has anti-kinin and anti-inflammatory properties, as it decreases TNF levels. It affords CNS protection by increasing cerebral blood flow and via its NMDA receptor blockade, which protects patients from glutamate-induced brain injury. Ketamine in low doses also appears to have minimal effect on cognitive function.","ketamine, morphine, anesthetic agent, opiate, fentanyl, sodium chloride, glutamic acid, midazolam, bronchodilating agent, cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, kinin, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor, n methyl dextro aspartic acid, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor blocking agent, neoplasm, anesthesia, society, human, patient, analgesia, hemodynamics, infusion, procedures, liver resection, analgesic activity, gynecology, cystectomy, general surgery, sedation, surgery, hospital pharmacy, receptor blocking, pelvis exenteration, nephrectomy, oncology, nurse, surgical patient, rectum abdominoperineal resection, cancer center, data base, female genital tract cancer, urology, postoperative ileus, brain blood flow, ventilated patient, parameters, pain, lymph node dissection, hypotension, tachycardia, morbidity, amnesia, anxiety, weaning, ventilator, ileus, hyperalgesia, protection, dream, extubation, brain injury, low drug dose, cognition, central nervous system, posttraumatic stress disorder","Roby, J., Menor, C., Roffey, P., Mogos, M., Thangathurai, D., Mikhail, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4624,Cognitive function and dissociative disorder status among veteran subjects with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary study,"Twenty-seven veteran subjects with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were evaluated for dissociative disorders. Ten subjects met criteria for one or more dissociative disorders, and 17 subjects did not meet dissociative disorder criteria. Neurocognitive profiles of the two groups differed in several areas, with veterans meeting diagnostic criteria for both PTSD and a dissociative disorder and demonstrating considerably greater deficits in attention, autobiographical memory, and verbal memory than PTSD subjects without comorbid dissociative disorder diagnosis. Copyright © 2006 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.",,"Roca, V., Hart, J., Kimbrell, T., Freeman, T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4625,Perceived injustice in fibromyalgia: Psychometric characteristics of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire and relationship with pain catastrophising and pain acceptance,"Objective: To validate a Spanish version of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), a measure of perceived injustice, in a fibromyalgia sample and to examine its relationship with pain catastrophising and pain acceptance. Methods: The IEQ was administered along with the Pain Visual Analogue Scale, the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) to 250 primary care patients with fibromyalgia. Results: The IEQ had good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.98) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.92). The factor structure obtained was similar to the original validation study. The multiple regression analyses showed that perceived injustice (PI) accounted for significant pain-related outcomes after controlling pain intensity, PCS and CPAQ. Principal component analysis of both the IEQ and the CPAQ taken together showed that the two constructs do not represent opposite extremes of the same dimension. Conclusion: The IEQ is a reliable assessment tool for measuring PI among patients with fibromyalgia. PI seems to be distinct from catastrophising, although the two constructs are very similar. The factor analysis showed that PI and acceptance represent related constructs, and this entails relevant implications for therapy, as acceptance-based interventions would be appropriate. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Fibromyalgia, Pain acceptance, Pain catastrophising, Perceived injustice","Rodero, B., Luciano, J. V., Montero-Marín, J., Casanueva, B., Palacin, J. C., Gili, M., López del Hoyo, Y., Serrano-Blanco, A., Garcia-Campayo, J.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.05.011,0,0,
4626,Axis-I comorbidity in female patients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative identity disorder not otherwise specified,"The aim of this study was to investigate axis-I comorbidity in patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID) and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS). Using the Diagnostic Interview for Psychiatric Disorders, results from patients with DID (n = 44) and DDNOS (n = 22) were compared with those of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 13), other anxiety disorders (n = 14), depression (n = 17), and nonclinical controls (n = 30). No comorbid disorders were found in nonclinical controls. The average number of comorbid disorders in patients with depression or anxiety was 0 to 2. Patients with dissociative disorders averagely suffered from 5 comorbid disorders. The most prevalent comorbidity in DDNOS and DID was PTSD. Comorbidity profiles of patients with DID and DDNOS were very similar to those in PTSD (high prevalence of anxiety, somatoform disorders, and depression), but differed significantly from those of patients with depression and anxiety disorders. These findings confirm the hypothesis that PTSD, DID, and DDNOS are phenomenologically related syndromes that should be summarized within a new diagnostic category. © 2011, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Comorbidity axis-I disorder, Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS), Dissociative identity disorder (DID), Major dissociative disorder (MDD), Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Rodewald, F., Wilhelm-Gößling, C., Emrich, H. M., Reddemann, L., Gast, U.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4627,Germ cell origins of posttraumatic stress disorder risk: The transgenerational impact of parental stress experience,"Altered stress reactivity is a predominant feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may reflect disease vulnerability, increasing the probability that an individual will develop PTSD following trauma exposure. Environmental factors, particularly prior stress history, contribute to the developmental programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. Critically, the consequences of stress experiences are transgenerational, with parental stress exposure impacting stress reactivity and PTSD risk in subsequent generations. Potential molecular mechanisms underlying this transmission have been explored in rodent models that specifically examine the paternal lineage, identifying epigenetic signatures in male germ cells as possible substrates of transgenerational programming. Here, we review the role of these germ cell epigenetic marks, including posttranslational histone modifications, DNA methylation, and populations of small noncoding RNAs, in the development of offspring stress axis sensitivity and disease risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Transgenerational Patterns, *Epigenetics, Animal Models","Rodgers, Ali B., Bale, Tracy L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4628,Sex-related and non-sex-related comorbidity subtypes of tic disorders: A latent class approach,"Background and purpose: Recent evidence suggests that there may be more than one Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS)/tic disorder phenotype. However, little is known about the common patterns of these GTS/tic disorder-related comorbidities. In addition, sex-specific phenomenological data of GTS/tic disorder-affected adults are rare. Therefore, this community-based study used latent class analyses (LCA) to investigate sex-related and non-sex-related subtypes of GTS/tic disorders and their most common comorbidities. Methods: The data were drawn from the PsyCoLaus study (n=3691), a population-based survey conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. LCA were performed on the data of 80 subjects manifesting motor/vocal tics during their childhood/adolescence. Comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive, phobia and panic symptoms/syndromes comprised the selected indicators. The resultant classes were characterized by psychosocial correlates. Results: In LCA, four latent classes provided the best fit to the data. We identified two male-related classes. The first class exhibited both ADHD and depression. The second class comprised males with only depression. Class three was a female-related class depicting obsessive thoughts/compulsive acts, phobias and panic attacks. This class manifested high psychosocial impairment. Class four had a balanced sex proportion and comorbid symptoms/syndromes such as phobias and panic attacks. The complementary occurrence of comorbid obsessive thoughts/compulsive acts and ADHD impulsivity was remarkable. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study applying LCA to community data of GTS symptoms/tic disorder-affected persons. Our findings support the utility of differentiating GTS/tic disorder subphenotypes on the basis of comorbid syndromes. (copyright) 2013 The Author(s) European Journal of Neurology (copyright) 2013 EFNS.","adult, agoraphobia, article, attention deficit disorder, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, DSM-IV, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, female, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Global Assessment of Functioning, human, latent class analysis, major clinical study, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, onset age, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, retrospective study, schizophrenia, semi structured interview, separation anxiety, sex difference, social phobia, social psychology, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, statistical analysis","Rodgers, S., Muller, M., Kawohl, W., Knopfli, D., Rossler, W., Castelao, E., Preisig, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4629,Sex-related and non-sex-related comorbidity subtypes of tic disorders: A latent class approach,"Background and purpose: Recent evidence suggests that there may be more than one Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS)/tic disorder phenotype. However, little is known about the common patterns of these GTS/tic disorder-related comorbidities. In addition, sex-specific phenomenological data of GTS/tic disorder-affected adults are rare. Therefore, this community-based study used latent class analyses (LCA) to investigate sex-related and non-sex-related subtypes of GTS/tic disorders and their most common comorbidities. Methods: The data were drawn from the PsyCoLaus study (n=3691), a population-based survey conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. LCA were performed on the data of 80 subjects manifesting motor/vocal tics during their childhood/adolescence. Comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, depressive, phobia and panic symptoms/syndromes comprised the selected indicators. The resultant classes were characterized by psychosocial correlates. Results: In LCA, four latent classes provided the best fit to the data. We identified two male-related classes. The first class exhibited both ADHD and depression. The second class comprised males with only depression. Class three was a female-related class depicting obsessive thoughts/compulsive acts, phobias and panic attacks. This class manifested high psychosocial impairment. Class four had a balanced sex proportion and comorbid symptoms/syndromes such as phobias and panic attacks. The complementary occurrence of comorbid obsessive thoughts/compulsive acts and ADHD impulsivity was remarkable. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study applying LCA to community data of GTS symptoms/tic disorder-affected persons. Our findings support the utility of differentiating GTS/tic disorder subphenotypes on the basis of comorbid syndromes. © 2013 The Author(s) European Journal of Neurology © 2013 EFNS.","Epidemiology, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Latent class analysis, Tic disorders","Rodgers, S., Müller, M., Kawohl, W., Knöpfli, D., Rössler, W., Castelao, E., Preisig, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V.",2014.0,,,0,0,4628
4630,Hippocampal volume in borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis,"Background: Several studies have found a reduction in hippocampal volume in borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients. Methods: In order to investigate the degree to which comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could account for reduction in hippocampal volume in these patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that compared hippocampal volume in BPD patients with and without PTSD relative to healthy controls. Results: Seven articles, involving 124 patients and 147 controls, were included. We found a statistically significant reduction for the left and right hippocampus. Data from the four studies that discriminated BPD patients with and without PTSD indicate that hippocampal volumes were reduced bilaterally in BPD patients with PTSD, relative to healthy controls, but that results were mixed for BPD patients without PTSD, relative to healthy controls. Conclusions: Results from this meta-analysis suggest that hippocampal volumes are reduced in patients with BPD, relative to healthy controls, but particularly in cases in which patients are diagnosed with comorbid PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Borderline Personality Disorder, *Comorbidity, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Rodrigues, E., Wenzel, A., Ribeiro, M. P., Quarantini, L. C., Miranda-Scippa, A., de Sena, E. P., de Oliveira, I. R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4631,Serotonin-reuptake inhibitor drugs for the tratment of depression,"Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs offer the opportunity of acting upon the symptomatic multiplicity of depression, given the role that both neurotransmitters play in the physiopathology of emotional and physical symptoms of this disorder. This review aims to compile the existing information regarding the last available drug of this group, duloxetine, for the treatment of major depressive disorders, according to the previously mentioned dual action. The results, including its comparison with other antidepressants, show that Duloxetine is an efficacious alternative in severe depression, maintaining high remission - full recovery-rates of the episodes, with a favourable tolerability and safety profile. (copyright) Sociedad Espanola del Dolor. Published by SED.","antidepressant agent, citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, neurotransmitter, noradrenalin uptake inhibitor, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, drug effect, drug safety, drug tolerability, fibromyalgia, human, major depression, melancholia, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, remission, review","Rodriguez De La Torre, M. J., Roman, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4632,Serotonin-reuptake inhibitor drugs for the tratment of depression,"Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs offer the opportunity of acting upon the symptomatic multiplicity of depression, given the role that both neurotransmitters play in the physiopathology of emotional and physical symptoms of this disorder. This review aims to compile the existing information regarding the last available drug of this group, duloxetine, for the treatment of major depressive disorders, according to the previously mentioned dual action. The results, including its comparison with other antidepressants, show that Duloxetine is an efficacious alternative in severe depression, maintaining high remission - full recovery-rates of the episodes, with a favourable tolerability and safety profile. © Sociedad Española del Dolor. Published by SED.","Duloxetine, Efficacy, Major Depressive Disorder, Safety","Rodríguez De La Torre, M. J., Roman, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,4631
4633,PTSD Index: Preliminary Psychometric Analyses of Child and Parent Versions,,,"Rodriguez, N., Steinberg, A., Saltzman, W., Pynoos, R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4634,Children against children: Bullying as an emerging disorder,"An increasing number of children are consulting for various problems or disorders that are based on mistreatment at school. Bullying is defined as persistent physical or emotional violence by a school-aged child or group of children against another school-aged child who is unable to defend himself in this situation, which takes place in the school area. This type of behavior involves the aggressor, the victim, the group of classmates, the institution (teachers, the psychopedagogic team, the management team) and the families (those of the aggressor and victim, and the parents association). Bullying is a type of disorder that can be included in some of the typologies described by Terr in Postraumatic Stress Disorder in childhood, specifically in type II or chronic disorder and in type III or mixed disorder (chronic with phases of acute reactivation). Longitudinal studies have reported an association between having been bullied at school and the possibility of suffering from mobbing, mostly in the form of work harassment. Surprisingly, there can be a ""pact of silence"" between classmates. Schools are perceived as being more tolerant with the aggressors than with the victims of bullying.","bullying, child, childhood disease, chronic disease, human, longitudinal study, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, school","Rodriguez Piedra, R., Seoane Lago, A., Pedreira Massa, J. L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4635,Children against children: Bullying as an emerging disorder,"An increasing number of children are consulting for various problems or disorders that are based on mistreatment at school. Bullying is defined as persistent physical or emotional violence by a school-aged child or group of children against another school-aged child who is unable to defend himself in this situation, which takes place in the school area. This type of behavior involves the aggressor, the victim, the group of classmates, the institution (teachers, the psychopedagogic team, the management team) and the families (those of the aggressor and victim, and the parents association). Bullying is a type of disorder that can be included in some of the typologies described by Terr in Postraumatic Stress Disorder in childhood, specifically in type II or chronic disorder and in type III or mixed disorder (chronic with phases of acute reactivation). Longitudinal studies have reported an association between having been bullied at school and the possibility of suffering from mobbing, mostly in the form of work harassment. Surprisingly, there can be a ""pact of silence"" between classmates. Schools are perceived as being more tolerant with the aggressors than with the victims of bullying.","Bullying, Childhood, Developmental psychopathology, Harassment, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Rodríguez Piedra, R., Seoane Lago, A., Pedreira Massa, J. L.",2006.0,,,0,0,4634
4636,Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: Are evidence-based indicators an achievable goal?,"Despite rising interest on the concept of societal resilience and its measurement, little has been done to provide operational indicators. Importantly, an evidence-based approach to assess the suitability of indicators remains unexplored. Furthermore few approaches that exist do not investigate indicators of psychological resilience, which is emerging as an important component of societal resilience to disasters. Disasters are events which overwhelm local capacities, often producing human losses, injury and damage to the affected communities. As climate hazards and disasters are likely to increase in the coming decades, strengthening the capacity of societies to withstand these shocks and recover quickly is vital. In this review, we search the Web of Knowledge to summarize the evidence on indicators of psychological resilience to disasters and provided a qualitative assessment of six selected studies. We find that an evidence-based approach using features from systematic reviews is useful to compile, select and assess the evidence and elucidate robust indicators. We conclude that strong social support received after a disaster is associated with an increased psychological resilience whereas a female gender is connected with a decrease in the likelihood of a resilient outcome. These results are consistent across disaster settings and cultures and are representative of approximately 13 million disaster-exposed civilians of adult age. An approach such as this that collects and evaluates evidence will allow indicators of resilience to be much more revealing and useful in the future. They will provide a robust basis to prioritize indicators to act upon through intersectoral policies and post-disaster public health interventions. © 2013 Rodriguez-Llanes et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Conflict, Disaster, Indicator, Mental health, Policy, Psychology, Recovery, Resilience, Review, Risk factor","Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Vos, F., Guha-Sapir, D.",2013.0,,10.1186/1476-069X-12-115,0,0,
4637,Social cognition and emotional empathy in borderline and narcissistic personality disorder: Behavioral and fMRI data,"Background: Disturbed relatedness is a core feature of Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorder (NPD, BPD), and deficits in empathic abilities could represent an explicatory mechanism. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to assess cognitive and emotional empathy in patients with NPD and BPD; second, to determine the neural correlates of empathy in BPD using an fMRI paradigm. Methods: First, 47 patients with NPD, 27 patients with BPD, and 53 controls were included in the study. Participants performed the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET), allowing for simultaneous assessment of emotional and cognitive empathy. We also used the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) for a more differentiated assessment of cognitive empathy. Second, 30 unmedicated women with BPD and 29 age-matched controls were analyzed in an fMRI adaption of the MET. Results: In our first experiment we found that cognitive and emotional empathy were significantly impaired in BPD patients. Specifically, comorbid PTSD, intrusions, and history of sexual trauma negatively predicted cognitive empathic abilities in BPD. In contrast, NPD patients displayed isolated impairment in emotional empathy. In our second experiment we identified hypoactivation in the superior temporal sulcuc in BPD patients during the cognitive empathy task. This hypoactivation correlated with intrusive symptoms. In the emotional empathy condition, BPD patients displayed hyperactivation in insular regions. Their hyperactivation correlated with arousal measured with electrodermal reactivity during the task. Conclusions: NPD and BPD show distinct pattern of empathy impairment. In BPD specific neural correlates of these impairments could be identified.","empathy, society, functional magnetic resonance imaging, cognition, narcissism, psychiatry, patient, borderline state, audiovisual equipment, female, injury, arousal, posttraumatic stress disorder","Roepke, S., Dziobek, I., Preissler, S., Ritter, K., Heekeren, H. R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4638,Social cognition in borderline personality disorder,"Many typical symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) occur within interpersonal contexts, suggesting that BPD is characterized by aberrant social cognition. While research consistently shows that BPD patients have biases in mental state attribution (e.g., evaluate others as malevolent), the research focusing on accuracy in inferring mental states (i.e., cognitive empathy) is less consistent. For complex and ecologically valid tasks in particular, emerging evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have impairments in the attribution of emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others (e.g., Preissler et al., 2010). A history of childhood trauma and co-morbid PTSD seem to be strong additional predictors for cognitive empathy deficits. Together with reduced emotional empathy and aberrant sending of social signals (e.g., expression of mixed and hard-to-read emotions), the deficits in mental state attribution might contribute to behavioral problems in BPD. Given the importance of social cognition on the part of both the sender and the recipient in maintaining interpersonal relationships and therapeutic alliance, these impairments deserve more attention. (copyright) 2013 Roepke, Vater, Preissler, Heekeren and Dziobek.","opiate, oxytocin, vasopressin, article, behavior disorder, borderline state, causal attribution, comorbidity, depression, emotion, empathy, facial expression, frontal gyrus, human, learning, mental health, mental instability, psychoanalysis, social cognition, task performance, thinking","Roepke, S., Vater, A., Preissler, S., Heekeren, H. R., Dziobek, I.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4639,Social cognition in borderline personality disorder,"Many typical symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) occur within interpersonal contexts, suggesting that BPD is characterized by aberrant social cognition. While research consistently shows that BPD patients have biases in mental state attribution (e.g., evaluate others as malevolent), the research focusing on accuracy in inferring mental states (i.e., cognitive empathy) is less consistent. For complex and ecologically valid tasks in particular, emerging evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have impairments in the attribution of emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others (e.g., Preißler et al., 2010). A history of childhood trauma and co-morbid PTSD seem to be strong additional predictors for cognitive empathy deficits. Together with reduced emotional empathy and aberrant sending of social signals (e.g., expression of mixed and hard-to-read emotions), the deficits in mental state attribution might contribute to behavioral problems in BPD. Given the importance of social cognition on the part of both the sender and the recipient in maintaining interpersonal relationships and therapeutic alliance, these impairments deserve more attention. © 2013 Roepke, Vater, Preißler, Heekeren and Dziobek.","opiate, oxytocin, vasopressin, article, behavior disorder, borderline state, causal attribution, comorbidity, depression, emotion, empathy, facial expression, frontal gyrus, human, learning, mental health, mental instability, psychoanalysis, social cognition, task performance, thinking","Roepke, S., Vater, A., Preißler, S., Heekeren, H. R., Dziobek, I.",2012.0,,,0,0,4638
4640,The importance of looking credible: The impact of the behavioural sequelae of post-traumatic stress disorder on the credibility of asylum seekers,"Memory difficulties following traumatic experiences have been found to result in testimonial inconsistencies, which can affect credibility judgements in asylum decisions. No investigations have looked into how/whether the behavioural sequelae of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affect decisions. This study aimed to investigate this by looking at whether observable symptoms of PTSD can be confused with perceived cues to deception. An actor performed four versions of a fictional 'asylum interview' that contained differing levels of pre-defined 'deception' and 'trauma' behaviours. Four groups of students (total n = 118) each watched a different interview. They gave subjective ratings of credibility, plus quantitative and qualitative information about the factors that influenced their judgements. Despite the content of the interviews remaining the same, significant differences in credibility ratings were found between interviews; with the interview containing both 'trauma' and 'deception' behaviours being rated as significantly less credible than the interview containing only the PTSD behaviours. 'Emotional congruence' was conceptualised as an important factor in influencing credibility. Results are discussed in terms of possible heuristics involved in judgements of an asylum-seeker population, as well as implications for vulnerable asylum seekers whose symptoms do not conform to stereotypes. Limitations and avenues for future research are highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavior, *Credibility, *Decision Making, *Legal Processes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Rogers, Hannah, Fox, Simone, Herlihy, Jane",2015.0,,,0,0,
4641,"The legacy of America's ""forgotten warriors:"" An analysis of dysfunctional relational communication among Vietnam combat veterans exhibiting Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptomatology","The literature has long reported the atypical stress-producing characteristics of the Vietnam conflict. For veterans still suffering from the psychological and emotional ""fall-out"" of war-related anxiety, one long-term adjustment dysfunction is the difficulty PTSD-positive veterans experience in sustaining successful interpersonal relationships. Competent dyadic communication plays a critical role in engendering positive relational trajectories. This study investigated the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress disorder would exhibit a correlational relationship with the relational communication topoi of intimacy and dominance/control. A cross-regional sample of 218 PTSD-positive veterans and their relational partners provided data. Scale construction and validation was achieved through orthogonal factor analysis with varimax rotation. The resulting factor structure confirmed an interdependent relationship between the relational topoi of intimacy and dominance/control for this population. This study provides empirical evidence that a strong correlational relationship exists between PTSD symptomatology and difficulties in accessing communication strategies which engendered feelings of intimacy reflected through an overall decline in intimacy and relational satisfaction. A correlated relationship was reported between PTSD and the use of communication strategies designed to dominate or control the communication exchange. This relationship was much stronger for relational partners than for the veterans. PTSD-positive veterans were more reticent to abandon communication strategies which were designed to retain control or dominate the exchange than their relational partners. Finally, implications for the extension of communication research into the impact of stress on relational communication are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Interpersonal Communication, *Intimacy, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Interpersonal Control","Rogers, Jack Eugene",1995.0,,,0,0,
4642,The Detection of Feigned Disabilities: The Effectiveness of the Personality Assessment Inventory in a Traumatized Inpatient Sample,"Research on feigned mental disorders indicates that severe psychopathology coupled with significant trauma histories often complicate feigning determinations, resulting in inaccuracies on otherwise effective measures. As part of malingering assessments, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is often used because of its excellent validation and the availability of three feigning indicators (Negative Impression, Malingering Index, and Rogers Discriminant Function), which have evidenced large effect sizes and clinically useful cut scores. The current study examined the effectiveness of the PAI in a traumatized inpatient sample using a between-subjects simulation design. Although Negative Impression appeared affected by trauma-especially in conjunction with dissociative symptoms-very positive results were found for Malingering Index and Rogers Discriminant Function. They remained relatively unelevated under honest conditions, despite posttraumatic stress disorder and extensive comorbidity. Using single-point cut scores provided moderately good classification of feigned and genuine PAI profiles. For purposes of classification, the authors operationally defined small indeterminate groups that were considered too close to classify (i.e., ±5T of the cut scores). With indeterminate cases removed, the overall classification rates improved modestly. However, the more important finding involved the error rates for the indeterminate group, which exceeded 50%. Directions for further research are discussed. © SAGE Publications 2012.","feigning, laser accuracy myth, malingering, PAI, PTSD, trauma","Rogers, R., Gillard, N. D., Wooley, C. N., Ross, C. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4643,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder as a risk factor for HIV among African American and Latina women in methadone treatment in New York City,"Informed by social cognitive theory, tension reduction theory, and social support theory, this study examined the association between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and HIV risk factors among 327 randomly selected African American and Latina women in methadone treatment in New York City. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. After adjusting for race/ethnicity, age, education level, income, illicit substance abuse and/or binge drinking within the last six months, having experienced intimate partner violence within the last six months, having experienced childhood sexual abuse, having depression during the past six months and having less perceived social support, logistic regression findings revealed that women who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth version (DSM-IV) criteria for all three PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, arousal) during the past six months were 2.292 times more likely to have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection or have a sexually transmitted infection symptom(s) during the past six months, and were approaching statistical significance for having had sex with a high-risk sex partner during the past six months than women who did not meet criteria for all three PTSD symptom clusters during the past six months. In addition, after adjusting for all of the above background factors and potential confounders, women who met criteria for a PTSD reexperiencing symptom cluster were approaching statistical significance for having engaged in sex trading during the past six months when compared to women who did not meet criteria for a PTSD reexperiencing symptom cluster. It is evident that counselors, social workers, and medical staff need to understand and address the relationship between HIV and co-occurring risk factors in the assessment and treatment of women who abuse substances. Moreover, most substance abuse research studies do not consider PTSD, history of interpersonal partner violence and/or childhood sexual abuse in women in their models; this research gap needs to be addressed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Blacks, *HIV, *Methadone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Human Females, Latinos/Latinas","Rojas, Vanessa Cecilia",2006.0,,,0,0,
4644,Therapeutic prospects of PPARs in psychiatric disorders: a comprehensive review,"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors whose activation modulates the gene expression that underlies both the glucid-lipid and the inflammation pathways. While many PPARs agonists have been used for years as medication for metabolic disorders, an increasing attention is being currently dedicated to these drugs for inflammation-related pathologies. Within the psychiatric field, it has recently appeared that inflammatory processes are highly suspected in the pathophysiology of several important disorders, such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. By their anti-inflammatory properties, PPARs might have a disease-modifying action that could help in improving the outcome of patients. Furthermore, recent data suggest that PPARs could also modulate the expression of some neurotransmission factors. Therefore, PPARs may directly modify the information processing, and have a potential symptomatic action on several psychiatric disorders. At last, PPARs action of metabolic regulation could have a role on corrective or even preventive strategies against the metabolic adverse events that are commonly observed with some current psychiatric medications, notably antipsychotics. This triple potential action profile of PPARs modulators is investigated in this article, successively for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders. Theoretical involvements of PPARs are also discussed for the treatment of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder and Personality Disorders. At the time of the emerging concept of psychoneuroimmunology, PPARs open original therapeutic prospects for the psychiatric research.",,"Rolland, B., Deguil, J., Jardri, R., Cottencin, O., Thomas, P., Bordet, R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4645,Correlates of battered women's psychological distress: Severity of abuse and duration of the postabuse period,"Although psychological disturbances among abused women are well documented, it is unclear whether such disturbances are a reaction to the abusive experience. The present study hypothesized that, if the disturbances are a reactive state, the severity of disturbance would be related to the time since the relationship ended as well as the severity of the psychological and physical abuse experienced. Participants were 50 abused women who completed valid MMPI-2s and revised Conflict Tactic Scales. The results indicated that MMPI-2 scores were significantly correlated with both types of abuse but not with duration of time since the abusive relationship was terminated. The MMPI-2 profiles of abused women and suggestions for research are discussed.",,"Rollstin, A. O., Kern, J. M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4646,"Intergenerational transmission, attitudes, and post-traumatic stress disorder in times of war: A comparison between elderly people and their adult offspring after the second lebanon war (2006) and casting lead operation (2008)","Background: While the effects of war on individuals, age groups, and communities have been thoroughly studied, there has been relatively little mention in the literature regarding its differential effects on adult children and their elderly parents and grandparents. Methods: Three hundred thirty-eight participants (167 elderly parents and 171 adult offspring) living in the northern and southern regions of Israel, were interviewed after the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Casting Lead Operation (2008). (A military operation took place at the Israeli southern border as a reaction to the 7 years of missiles bombing from the Gaza strip to the Israeli civilians.) The participants were sampled by a cluster sampling. Findings: Elderly population experiences higher levels of PTSD symptoms than their adult children do. Women experience higher levels of PTSD symptoms than men and Israeli Arabs and Druze more than Israeli Jews. Conclusions: A policy should be enacted among the local authorities and the governmental offices that would ensure accessibility to and the ability to provide proper care for the elderly population during times of war or terror events. In addition, it is important to setup local teams in every local community to deal with the level of mental and emotional preparedness of the home front and its inhabitants, in case the latter should again become part of the human casualties of the wars and terrorist events that occur in Israel. © 2011, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.","post-traumatic stress disorder, war. intergenerational transmission","Ron, P.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4647,PTSD among three generations families in times of war: A comparison between israeli jews and arabs after the second lebanon war and cast lead operation,"Background: While the effects of war on individuals, age groups, and communities have been thoroughly studied, there has been relatively little mention in the literature regarding its differential effects on adult children and their parents and their elderly grandparents. Methods: 509 participants, 167 elderly parents, 171 adult offspring and 171 adult grandchildren living in the northern and southern regions of Israel were interview after the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Cast Lead Operation (2008). The participants were sampled by a cluster sampling. Findings: Elderly parents experiences higher levels of PTSD symptoms than their adult children or their adult grandchildren do. Women experience higher levels PTSD symptoms than men and Israeli Arabs and Druze more then Israeli Jews in all three generations. Conclusions: A policy should be enacted among the local authorities and the governmental offices that would ensure accessibility to and the ability to provide proper care especially for the elderly population during times of war or terror events. In addition, it is important to setup local teams in every local community, to deal with the level of mental and emotional preparedness of the home front and its inhabitants, in case the latter should again become part of the human casualties of the wars and terrorist events that occur in Israel.","human, war, Arab, psychiatry, Lebanon, Jew, posttraumatic stress disorder, aged, parent, adult, adult child, Israel, community, grandchild, terrorism, female, population, policy, grandparent, male, sampling, interview, accident, progeny, groups by age","Ron, P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4648,Posttraumatic stress disorder among three-generation families in times of war: A comparison between Israeli Jewish and Arabs after the Second Lebanon War (2006) and Cast Lead Operation (2009),"There is little mention in the existing literature regarding the differential effects of wars or military operations on 3-generation families. Participants (n = 509; 167 elderly parents, 171 adult offspring, and 171 adult grandchildren) living in the northern and southern regions of Israel were interview after the Second Lebanon War (2006) and the Cast Lead Operation (2009). The participants were sampled by using a cluster sampling. Elderly parents experience higher levels of PTSD symptoms than their adult children or their adult grandchildren do. Women experience higher levels of PTSD symptoms than men and Israeli Arabs and Druze higher levels than Israeli Jews in all 3 generations. A policy should be enacted among the local authorities and the governmental offices that would ensure accessibility to and the ability to provide proper care especially for the elderly population during times of war, military operations, or terror events. In addition, it is important to set up local teams in every local community to deal with the level of mental and emotional preparedness of the homefront and its inhabitants, in case the latter should again become part of the human casualties of the wars and terrorist events that occur in Israel.","adult, aged, Arab, article, controlled study, female, human, Israeli, Jew, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, self esteem, war","Ron, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4649,The contribution of prior psychological symptoms and combat exposure to post Iraq deployment mental health in the UK military,"This study assessed the contribution of baseline psychological symptoms, combat exposure, and unit support in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychological distress. From 2004-2006, 67% of a random sample of 2,820 participants who had been assessed for psychological symptoms in 2002 were reassessed. Baseline psychological symptoms, combat exposure, and unit support factors were associated with the outcomes and the effect sizes for combat exposure were marked for PTSD symptoms. Adjustment for baseline psychological symptoms did not modify the pattern of association of group cohesion and combat exposures. The authors concluded that combat exposure and group cohesion have an effect on mental health outcomes independent of previous mental health status, which explains why screening prior to deployment is ineffective. © 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Rona, R. J., Hooper, R., Jones, M., Iversen, A. C., Hull, L., Murphy, D., Hotopf, M., Wessely, S.",2009.0,,10.1002/jts.20383,0,0,
4650,"Anger in the UK armed forces: Strong association with mental health, childhood antisocial behavior, and combat role","We assessed the strength of the association of several mental health problems, childhood difficulties, and combat role with anger, as well as the contribution of these factors to explain anger assessed by population attributable fraction (PAF). A total of 9885 UK service personnel, some of them deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, participated in the study. There was a strong or intermediate association between cases and subthreshold cases of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, multiple physical symptoms and alcohol misuse, having a combat role, childhood adversity, and childhood antisocial behavior with anger. The PAF for any mental health problem and combat role and childhood difficulties was 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.70) and increased to 0.77 (95% CI, 0.69-0.83) if subthreshold cases were included. Anger is a frequent component of mental disorders; health care professionals need to be aware of the interference of anger in the management of mental illness and that anger infrequently presents as an isolated phenomenon. © 2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","alcohol misuse, childhood behavior, population attributable fraction, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Rona, R. J., Jones, M., Hull, L., Macmanus, D., Fear, N. T., Wessely, S.",2015.0,,10.1097/NMD.0000000000000228,0,0,
4651,"The effects of a ""benign"" disaster: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress in children following a series of volcanic eruptions","Examined self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress in 118 children following a series of volcanic eruptions. A significant number of children reported symptoms that met criteria for the following symptom clusters: reexperiencing (65%), hyperarousal (24%), and psychic numbing/avoidance (14%). Additionally, 11% of the children reported symptoms that met criteria for all three of the clusters. In terms of the mediating effects of gender, age, and asthma, generally no differences were found in symptom endorsement with the exception of younger and asthmatic children reporting a greater frequency of hyperarousal symptoms. Anxiety and depression levels of children who met criteria for all three symptom clusters were found to be at clinically significant levels. Results are compared with findings from a study that looked at some of these issues following a more acute and more catastrophic disaster (Hurricane Andrew). The use of the current methodology in screening large samples of children and in school-based interventions following a natural disaster is discussed. Copyright © 1996 Massey University.","Childhood post-traumatic stress, Self reported symptom clusters, Volcanic eruptions","Ronan, K. R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
4652,Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder,"Our clinical observations along with data in the literature have shown an increased incidence of alcohol use disorder in persons who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. In this work we examined alcohol use disorder in war veterans who were suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (group 1) (n = 52) and compared them with veterans who were traumatized but who had not developed a clinical picture of post-traumatic stress disorder (group 2) (n = 29) and a sample from the general population (group 3) (n = 30). The objective of this work was to establish the cluster symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder that are related to alcohol use disorder and connected with depression. All of the respondents were males. The methods used were structured clinical interviews for the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders axis I disorders for addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder and Beck's scale for depression. The results obtained showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of alcohol use disorder between traumatized patients who had and those who had not developed post-traumatic stress disorder, but there was a significant statistical difference for both groups 1 and 2 in relation to the control group. The variables that correlated positively with alcohol use disorder were the cluster symptoms of re-experiencing and the arousal symptom of the traumatized group and there was also increased depression in both groups examined (groups 1 and 2).","adult, alcohol abstinence, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, arousal, article, clinical feature, clinical observation, controlled study, correlation function, depression, experience, human, incidence, interview, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychotrauma, rating scale, soldier, statistical significance, symptom, war","Roncevic-Grzeta, I., Moro, Lj, Franciskovic, T., Ruzic, T., Smokvina, B., Nikolic, N.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4653,Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder,"Our clinical observations along with data in the literature have shown an increased incidence of alcohol use disorder in persons who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. In this work we examined alcohol use disorder in war veterans who were suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (group 1) (n = 52) and compared them with veterans who were traumatized but who had not developed a clinical picture of post-traumatic stress disorder (group 2) (n = 29) and a sample from the general population (group 3) (n = 30). The objective of this work was to establish the cluster symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder that are related to alcohol use disorder and connected with depression. All of the respondents were males. The methods used were structured clinical interviews for the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders axis I disorders for addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder and Beck's scale for depression. The results obtained showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of alcohol use disorder between traumatized patients who had and those who had not developed post-traumatic stress disorder, but there was a significant statistical difference for both groups 1 and 2 in relation to the control group. The variables that correlated positively with alcohol use disorder were the cluster symptoms of re-experiencing and the arousal symptom of the traumatized group and there was also increased depression in both groups examined (groups 1 and 2).","Alcohol abuse, Alcohol addiction, Depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psycho-trauma","Rončević-Gržeta, I., Moro, Lj, Frančišković, T., Ružić, T., Smokvina, B., Nikolić, N.",2002.0,,,0,0,4652
4654,Preliminary Evidence for a Classroom Based Psychosocial Intervention for Disaster Exposed Children with Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology,"Background: In 2004, a firework factory in a residential area of a large Danish city exploded. The children at the local school were screened for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 16 months and 31/2 years after the incident. A large proportion of the children still suffered from a substantial number of symptoms 31/2 years after the incident. Thus, a treatment program designed to target PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed children was established. Objectives: The first aim of this study was to provide preliminary evidence that a classroom-based psychosocial intervention program for children with posttraumatic stress would be associated with reductions in symptoms. The second aim was to evaluate the usefulness of the Darryl, a cartoon-based PTSD screening instrument. Methods: One hundred and eight children participated in the treatment program, all of whom fulfilled at least two out of the three DSM-IV PTSD symptom clusters. The children were screened for PTSD symptoms at baseline and 1 month after treatment using Darryl. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in PTSD symptoms from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis revealed that being female, being young, and having a high PTSD score at baseline predicted a probable PTSD diagnosis post-treatment. Conclusion: The present study provides preliminary evidence of feasibility and that the treatment program described may help to alleviate PTSD symptoms children with chronic PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the results indicated that the Darryl instrument is a useful screening tool for assessing PTSD symptoms in this sample of children. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Assessment, Children, Disaster, Trauma, Treatment","Rønholt, S., Karsberg, S., Elklit, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4655,A Test of the Assumptions of the Transtheoretical Model in a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Population,"Prior reports suggest an ambivalence regarding treatment in individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A model that accommodates such ambivalence is the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM, also known as the Stages-of-Change Model). Fifty veterans presenting for treatment completed self-report measures (94% response rate) that assessed disorder variables and constructs relating to the TTM. While the relationships between the components of each specific construct were found to be consistent with the findings of other studies and a number of predicted relationships between variables were confirmed, many results were inconsistent with the TTM. Notwithstanding questions about the suitability of the self-report measures, the unique characteristics of the veteran sample and the small sample size, the results suggest that the assumptions of the TTM were not met in veterans with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Rooney, Kathleen, Hunt, Caroline, Humphreys, Leanne, Harding, David, Mullen, Miriam, Kearney, John",2005.0,,,0,0,
4656,Prediction of outcome for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder using constructs from the transtheoretical model of behaviour change,"Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling condition, sometimes unresponsive to treatment. The aim of the present study was to examine the predictive utility of constructs from the transtheoretical model of behaviour change (TTM) known to predict outcome for other disorders. Method: A sample of 50 veterans presenting for a PTSD treatment programme provided data for this longitudinal study. Variables were assessed at four time-points during the treatment programme. Multiple regression and mixed-effects regression were utilized to determine the predictive utility of variables from the TTM. Results: Allocated stage of change at the time of a 2 day introduction programme predicted follow-up symptom severity, but changes therein during treatment did not predict changes in symptom severity. However, changes in the continuous readiness-to-change variable and behavioural processes of change were predictive of such changes. Conclusions: Despite some difficulties in the application of the TTM to PTSD, the model does appear to predict treatment outcome. Veterans who have increased readiness to change and who make more use of behavioural processes of change are likely to have improved outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Behavior Change, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Severity (Disorders), *Symptoms, Treatment","Rooney, Kathleen, Hunt, Caroline, Humphreys, Leanne, Harding, David, Mullen, Miriam, Kearney, John",2007.0,,,0,0,
4657,Disability and post-traumatic stress,"Comments on an article by Neal et al (see record 2004-11995-010) that examined the relationship between post-traumatic stress and disability. The authors found no association between post-traumatic stress and judgement of disability. Therefore, they concluded that the clinical importance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms may be questionable. However, in our opinion their conclusions need additional consideration. First, their multivariate analysis of variance compared the degree of disability of persons with PTSD with that of people with other mental health problems. Second, is it not strange to question disability in people with PTSD, major depressive disorder or alcohol dependence, while disability in social or professional functioning or in other important areas is a requirement for all DSM-IV diagnoses? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Alcoholism, *Disabilities, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Roorda, J., Meewisse, M. L., de Vries, G. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4658,A history in-care predicts unique characteristics in a homeless population with mental illness,"Multiple studies of homeless persons report an increased prevalence of a history in-care, but there is a dearth of information on associated outcomes or relevant demographic profiles. This information is critical to understanding if certain individuals are at elevated risk or might benefit from specific intervention. Here, we investigate how a history in-care relates to demographics and multiple outcome measures in a homeless population with mental illness. Using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Short-Form 12, and a trauma questionnaire, we investigated baseline differences in demographics and length of homelessness in the At Home/Chez Soi Trial (. N=. 504) Winnipeg homeless population with and without a history in-care. Approximately 50% of the homeless sample reported a history in-care. This group was significantly more likely to be young, female, married or cohabitating, of Aboriginal heritage, have less education, and have longer lifetime homelessness. Individuals of Aboriginal heritage with a history in-care were significantly more likely to report a familial history of residential school. Individuals with a history in-care experienced different prevalence rates of Axis 1 mental disorders. Those with a history in-care also reported significantly more traumatic events (particularly interpersonal). A distinctive high-risk profile emerged for individuals with a history in-care. Sociocultural factors of colonization and intergenerational transmission of trauma appear to be particularly relevant in the trajectories for individuals of Aboriginal heritage. Given the high prevalence of a history in-care, interventions and policy should reflect the specific vulnerability of this population, particularly in regards to trauma-informed services. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Foster care, Homelessness, Indigenous health, Trauma","Roos, L. E., Distasio, J., Bolton, S. L., Katz, L. Y., Afifi, T. O., Isaak, C., Goering, P., Bruce, L., Sareen, J.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08.018,0,0,
4659,"""Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V"": Authors' reply","Reply to commentaries by Chris Cantor (see record 2008-07004-017), and Olav Nielssen and Matthew Large (see record 2008-07004-018) on the current authors' editorial Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V (see record 2008-01679-002). PTSD's defined clinical syndrome might best be conceptualised as encompassing a broad range of reactions to adverse events that are in turn influenced by multiple dimensionally distributed factors. For the moment, it appears that the very literature spurred by the creation of PTSD has demonstrated, somewhat ironically, that the construct is flawed. It is in the context of these concerns that we acknowledge issues raised in the commentaries and encourage continued discussion on the validity of the PTSD diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis","Rose, Gerald M., Spitzer, Robert L., McHugh, Paul R.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4660,Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),,,"Rose, S., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., Wessely, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4661,Social reactions as a predictor of PTSD symptom trajectories following sexual assault,"Introduction: Most research on the psychological impact of sexual assault has been cross-sectional. Using a longitudinal design, we examined the course of PTSD in a group of recent rape survivors. We found 4 distinct PTSD symptom trajectories that we labeled resilience, recovery, moderate chronicity, and high chronicity (Steenkamp et al, 2010). Studies have shown that negative social reactions to assault disclosure correlate with greater PTSD symptom severity (Borja, 2006; Ullman & Filipas, 2001) and can deter victims from seeking help (Ahrens, 2006). However, the extent to which social reactions to rape predict different symptom courses is unknown. Method: Sixty-nine sexual assault survivors completed online questionnaires monthly for the first 4 months following the assault. The Social Reactions Questionnaire (SRQ) assesses 7 types of positive and negative reactions to sexual assault disclosure (emotional support, treat differently, distraction, take control, informational support, victim blame, and egocentric; Ullman, 2000). PTSD symptom severity was assessed using the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C, Weathers et al, 1993). Results: An analysis of variance indicated that the moderate chronic group reported significantly more negative reactions than both the recovery (P = .008) and resilience (P = .04) groups. Specifically, negative reactions where the person treated the survivor differently or took control of the situation distinguished between the moderate chronic and the recovery/resilience groups. Blaming the victim or making the situation about the person instead of the survivor distinguished between the moderate chronic and the resilience groups. Discussion: Consistent with previous studies, negative social reactions to assault disclosure were associated with greater PTSD symptom severity. However, this is the first study demonstrating that social reactions after sexual assault predict distinct PTSD trajectories, with negative reactions predicting a chronic PTSD symptom course. This suggests that reactions of mental health providers, friends, and family may affect PTSD symptom trajectories in survivors and has implications for improving social reactions to sexual assault disclosure. Public Health Significance: In addition to interventions directly targeting survivors' distress and PTSD symptoms after sexual assault, it may be helpful to educate others on the impact of negative social reactions after sexual assault disclosure.","posttraumatic stress disorder, sexual crime, violence, mental disease, injury, survivor, assault, victim, human, questionnaire, chronicity, checklist, weather, analysis of variance, mental health, friend, public health","Rosebrock, L. E., Au, T. M., Dickstein, B. D., Steenkamp, M., Litz, B. T.",2011.0,,,0,1,
4662,A person-centered analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following a natural disaster: Predictors of latent class membership,"The present study applied latent class analysis to a sample of 810 participants residing in southern Mississippi at the time of Hurricane Katrina to determine if people would report distinct, meaningful PTSD symptom classes following a natural disaster. We found a four-class solution that distinguished persons on the basis of PTSD symptom severity/pervasiveness (Severe, Moderate, Mild, and Negligible Classes). Multinomial logistic regression models demonstrated that membership in the Severe and Moderate Classes was associated with potentially traumatic hurricane-specific experiences (e.g., being physically injured, seeing dead bodies), pre-hurricane traumatic events, co-occurring depression symptom severity and suicidal ideation, certain religious beliefs, and post-hurricane stressors (e.g., social support). Collectively, the findings suggest that more severe/pervasive typologies of natural disaster PTSD may be predicted by the frequency and severity of exposure to stressful/traumatic experiences (before, during, and after the disaster), co-occurring psychopathology, and specific internal beliefs. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Hurricane Katrina, Latent class analysis, Natural disaster, PTSD, Trauma","Rosellini, A. J., Coffey, S. F., Tracy, M., Galea, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4663,Risk of false positives when identifying malingered profiles using the trauma symptom inventory,"The Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995) is a 100-item self-report measure of posttraumatic symptomatology that includes an Atypical Response (ATR) validity scale designed to differentiate honest from malingered profiles. In this study, using an analogue design to experimentally manipulate honest and malingered responses on the TSI, we found that proposed ATR cut scores produce a significant risk of false positives. Furthermore, the functioning of proposed cut scores worsened when we used posttraumatic stress disorder relevant samples and low estimates of malingering base rates. In light of these findings, the TSI should be used with caution when assessing claims of posttraumatic stress in forensic or disability settings. Copyright © 2006, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.",,"Rosen, G. M., Sawchuk, C. N., Atkins, D. C., Brown, M., Price, J. R., Lees-Haley, P. R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4664,Project VALOR: Design and methods of a longitudinal registry of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat-exposed veterans in the Afghanistan and Iraqi military theaters of operations,"Few studies have investigated the natural history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Project VALOR (Veterans' After-discharge Longitudinal Registry) was designed as a longitudinal patient registry assessing the course of combat-related PTSD among 1600 male and female Veterans who served in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan or Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Aims of the study include investigating patterns and predictors of progression or remission of PTSD and treatment utilization. The study design was based on recommendations from the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research for longitudinal disease registries and used a pre-specified theoretical model to select the measurement domains for data collection and interpretation of forthcoming results. The registry will include 1200 male and female Veterans with a recent diagnosis of PTSD in the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) electronic medical record and a comparison group of 400 Veterans without a medical record-based PTSD diagnosis, to also allow for case-control analyses. Data are collected from administrative databases, electronic medical records, a self-administered questionnaire, and a semi-structured diagnostic telephone interview. Project VALOR is a unique and timely registry study that will evaluate the clinical course of PTSD, psychosocial correlates, and health outcomes in a carefully selected cohort of returning OEF/OIF Veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disease Course, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Rosen, Raymond C., Marx, Brian P., Maserejian, Nancy N., Holowka, Darren W., Gates, Margaret A., Sleeper, Lynn A., Vasterling, Jennifer J., Kang, Han K., Keane, Terence M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4665,Exercise augmentation compared to usual care for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Trial (The REAP study: Randomised Exercise Augmentation for PTSD),"Background: The physical wellbeing of people with mental health conditions can often be overlooked in order to treat the primary mental health condition as a priority. Exercise however, can potentially improve both the primary psychiatric condition as well as physical measures that indicate risk of other conditions such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Evidence supports the role of exercise as an important component of treatment for depression and anxiety, yet no randomised controlled trials (RCT's) have been conducted to evaluate the use of exercise in the treatment of people with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).This RCT will investigate the effects of structured, progressive exercise on PTSD symptoms, functional ability, body composition, physical activity levels, sleep patterns and medication usage.Methods and design: Eighty participants with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnosis of PTSD will be recruited. Participants will have no contraindications to exercise and will be cognitively able to provide consent to participate in the study.The primary outcome measures will be PTSD symptoms, measured through the PTSD Checklist Civilian (PCL-C) scale. Secondary outcome measures will assess depression and anxiety, mobility and strength, body composition, physical activity levels, sleep patterns and medication usage. All outcomes will be assessed by a health or exercise professional masked to group allocation at baseline and 12 weeks after randomisation.The intervention will be a 12 week individualised program, primarily involving resistance exercises with the use of exercise bands. A walking component will also be incorporated. Participants will complete one supervised session per week, and will be asked to perform at least two other non-supervised exercise sessions per week. Both intervention and control groups will receive all usual non-exercise interventions including psychotherapy, pharmaceutical interventions and group therapy.Discussion: This study will determine the effect of an individualised and progressive exercise intervention on PTSD symptoms, depression and anxiety, mobility and strength, body composition, physical activity levels, sleep patterns and medication usage among people with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD. Trial Registration: ACTRN12610000579099. (copyright) 2011 Rosenbaum et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","psychotropic agent, anxiety disorder, article, body composition, clinical feature, controlled study, depression, human, kinesiotherapy, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, randomized controlled trial, treatment contraindication, treatment outcome","Rosenbaum, S., Nguyen, D., Lenehan, T., Tiedemann, A., van der Ploeg, H. P., Sherrington, C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4666,A comparative study of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence in epilepsy patients and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure patients,"PURPOSE: This study tests the hypothesis that trauma histories, including histories of physical and sexual abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more prevalent in psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (NES) patients than in epilepsy patients. METHODS: Thirty-five inpatients with intractable seizures were evaluated for trauma history and PTSD. After these assessments, patients were diagnosed as having either epileptic or nonepileptic seizures through EEG monitoring. RESULTS: NES diagnosis correlated with PTSD and total number of lifetime traumas, adult traumas, and abuse traumas. Contrary to previous hypotheses, reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA) did not correlate significantly with NES diagnosis. However, CSA predicted PTSD in a discriminant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence for the hypothesized relations between trauma, abuse, PTSD, and NES diagnosis. However, elevated levels in both seizure-disorder groups suggest that routine assessment for abuse, trauma, and PTSD might facilitate medical care and treatment for all intractable seizure patients.","Adult, Child, Child Abuse/*statistics & numerical data, Child Abuse, Sexual/statistics & numerical data, Comorbidity, Diagnosis, Differential, Discriminant Analysis, Electroencephalography/statistics & numerical data, Epilepsy/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Humans, *Life Change Events, Monitoring, Physiologic/statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Seizures/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology","Rosenberg, H. J., Rosenberg, S. D., Williamson, P. D., Wolford, G. L., 2nd",2000.0,Apr,,0,0,
4667,A comparative study of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence in epilepsy patients and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure patients,"Purpose: This study tests the hypothesis that trauma histories, including histories of physical and sexual abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more prevalent in psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (NES) patients than in epilepsy patients. Methods: Thirty-five inpatients with intractable seizures were evaluated for trauma history and PTSD. After these assessments, patients were diagnosed as having either epileptic or nonepileptic seizures through EEG monitoring. Results: NES diagnosis correlated with PTSD and total number of lifetime traumas, adult traumas, and abuse traumas. Contrary to previous hypotheses, reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA) did not correlate significantly with NES diagnosis. However, CSA predicted PTSD in a discriminant analysis. Conclusions: We found evidence for the hypothesized relations between trauma, abuse, PTSD, and NES diagnosis. However, elevated levels in both seizure-disorder groups suggest that routine assessment for abuse, trauma, and PTSD might facilitate medical care and treatment for all intractable seizure patients.","adult, article, clinical article, comparative study, disease association, epilepsy, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychotrauma, seizure, sexual abuse","Rosenberg, H. J., Rosenberg, S. D., Williamson, P. D., Wolford, Ii G. L.",2000.0,,,0,0,4666
4668,A comparative study of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence in epilepsy patients and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure patients,"Purpose: This study tests the hypothesis that trauma histories, including histories of physical and sexual abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more prevalent in psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (NES) patients than in epilepsy patients. Methods: Thirty-five inpatients with intractable seizures were evaluated for trauma history and PTSD. After these assessments, patients were diagnosed as having either epileptic or nonepileptic seizures through EEG monitoring. Results: NES diagnosis correlated with PTSD and total number of lifetime traumas, adult traumas, and abuse traumas. Contrary to previous hypotheses, reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA) did not correlate significantly with NES diagnosis. However, CSA predicted PTSD in a discriminant analysis. Conclusions: We found evidence for the hypothesized relations between trauma, abuse, PTSD, and NES diagnosis. However, elevated levels in both seizure-disorder groups suggest that routine assessment for abuse, trauma, and PTSD might facilitate medical care and treatment for all intractable seizure patients.","Abuse, Epilepsy, NES, PTSD, Trauma","Rosenberg, H. J., Rosenberg, S. D., Williamson, P. D., Wolford Ii, G. L.",2000.0,,,0,0,4666
4669,Modern drug treatment of nervous and stress-related disorders: The efficacy of antidepressants,"Antidepressants have a much broader range of indication than the name suggests. The efficacy of antidepressant treatment of nervous and stress-related disorders has been documented in several controlled trials, both in comparison with placebo and with other antidepressants. Most studies have included testing in panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder, but there is empirical evidence for the efficacy of the drugs in most anxiety disorders. Antidepressants with a preference for serotonergic neurotransmission (i.e. clomipramine and SSRIs (serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors) are particularly effective in the treatment of panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Owing to their more favourable side effect profile as compared with classical antidepressants, the SSRIs are considered to be the drugs of first choice, except for generalised anxiety disorder, where the efficacy of venlafaxine has been most thoroughly documented. Studies comparing different antidepressant are warranted. So are studies elucidating the relative benefits of drug treatment and psychotherapy, but, with the concept of modern anxiety treatment, there is no principal objection to combining the two treatment methods.","antidepressant agent, clomipramine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, agoraphobia, anxiety neurosis, drug efficacy, drug indication, human, neurologic disease, neurotransmission, obsession, posttraumatic stress disorder, review, serotoninergic system","Rosenberg, R.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4670,Risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in HIV-infected women,"This researcher examined the risk factors associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of HIV positive women. Specific risk factors were derived from the PTSD literature as well from the literature examining psychological distress in HIV patients. It was found that the magnitude of HIV-related PTSD symptoms was positively associated with a greater number of HIV-related physical symptoms, a more extensive history of pre-HIV trauma, less perceived availability of social support, a greater degree of perceived stigma, and a greater degree of negative life events. Age and income were not found to be associated with PTSD symptoms. Social support was not found to moderate the effects of number of HIV-related physical symptoms and negative life events on PTSD symptomatology. A hierarchical multiple regression was performed to identify possible risk factors for PTSD symptomatology. It was found that the three explanatory variables of this analysis were total impact of negative life events, total stigma score, and total number of present symptoms. The strongest predictor was total stigma score, where the higher the stigma, the greater the PTSD symptoms. These findings may help medical professionals identify more appropriate therapeutic interventions and reduce the potential impact of the development of PTSD symptoms in HIV positive women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*HIV, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Stress","Rosenblum Katz, Stacey",2004.0,,,0,0,
4671,War Zone Stress among Returning Persian Gulf Troops: A Preliminary Report,,,"Rosenheck, R., Bechel, H., Blank, A. S.",1991.0,,,0,0,
4672,Outcome following inpatient trauma treatment: Differential response based on pre-treatment symptom severity,"The purpose of the current study was to examine the extent to which clients of a Stage 1 inpatient program for adult survivors of childhood trauma experienced improvements in their trauma-related symptoms during and following treatment. In addition, the study aimed to enhance our understanding of who benefited by examining trajectories of symptom change, and the extent to which pretreatment symptom severity differentiated the trajectory groups. We used a waitlist comparison methodology and a 6-month follow-up period to examine treatment outcome. We analyzed the data using linear mixed models and latent class growth modeling. Results indicated that the treatment group experienced significantly greater reduction in their trauma-related symptoms than the waitlist group, and this reduction was largely maintained 6-months following discharge. Examinations of group change trajectories indicated that there were 3 groups with distinct change patterns. Analyses examining pretreatment symptom severity in relation to change trajectories indicated that clients with a range of severities of trauma-related symptoms benefited from the program. Clients for whom the program was less effective in reducing trauma-related symptoms were those with severe anxiety and arousal symptoms at admission. The results support the efficacy of inpatient trauma treatment programs for adult survivors of childhood maltreatment, and suggest that modifications during and following treatment may assist a subset of clients in achieving similar gains. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","childhood trauma, inpatient treatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, trauma survivor, treatment outcomes","Rosenkranz, S. E., Muller, R. T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4673,Reconceptualization of the relationship between experience with trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms,"Introduction: The conventional two-class psychiatric conceptualization of PTSD has been criticized for ignoring the existence of nulltrauma without symptomsnull and nullsymptoms without traumanull. Objective: To present and test a new four-class conceptualization of the relationship between trauma and symptoms that responds to the above criticism. The proposed four classes are: PTSD (high trauma and high symptoms); Resilient (high trauma but low symptoms); Stress Prone (low trauma but high symptoms); and Ideal Norm (low trauma and low symptoms). Aim: To demonstrate fit between new conceptualization and empirical data. Method: Sample: 673 adults age 18-19. Measures: a trauma index incorporating five types of frequently experienced potentially traumatic events; a standardized 16 item measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms; multi-item scales of two protective factors (social support and self efficacy). Statistical procedures: cluster analysis and ANOVA. Results: Statistical cluster analysis produced four classes of individuals: 19% of sample had high trauma and high symptoms (PTSD); 23% had high trauma and low symptoms (Resilient); 21% had low trauma and high symptoms (Stress Prone); and 36% had low trauma and low symptoms (Ideal Norm). nullResilientnull and nullNormnull groups also had high nullprotectionnull. Four-class model was a better fit to data than two-class model. Conclusions: The proposed re-conceptualization, using four classes and incorporating protective factors, better describes the empirical trauma-symptom relationship than the conventional two-class psychiatric conceptualization of PTSD; and begins to clarify the psycho-social dynamics of the trauma-psychopathology relationship.","posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, injury, cluster analysis, model, mental disease, dynamics, procedures, protection, self concept, adult, social support, analysis of variance","Rosenthal, B. S., Wilson, W. C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4674,Post-traumatic stress disorder in U.S. soldiers with post-traumatic headache,"Objective: To determine the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on headache characteristics and headache prognosis in U.S. soldiers with post-traumatic headache. Background: PTSD and post-concussive headache are common conditions among U.S. Army personnel returning from deployment. The impact of comorbid PTSD on the characteristics and outcomes of post-traumatic headache has not been determined in U.S. Army soldiers. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 270 consecutive U.S. Army soldiers diagnosed with post-traumatic headache at a single Army neurology clinic. All subjects were screened for PTSD at baseline using the PTSD symptom checklist. Headache frequency and characteristics were determined for post-traumatic headache subjects with and without PTSD at baseline. Headache measures were reassessed 3 months after the baseline visit, and were compared between groups with and without PTSD. Results: Of 270 soldiers with post-traumatic headache, 105 (39%) met screening criteria for PTSD. There was no significant difference between subjects with PTSD and those without PTSD with regard to headache frequency (17.2 vs 15.7 headache days per month; P = .15) or chronic daily headache (58.1% vs 52.1%; P = .34). Comorbid PTSD was associated with higher headache-related disability as measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment Score. Three months after the baseline neurology clinic visit, the number of subjects with at least 50% reduction in headache frequency was similar among posttraumatic headache cases with and without PTSD (25.9% vs 26.8%). Conclusion: PTSD is prevalent among U.S. Army soldiers with post-traumatic headache. Comorbid PTSD is not associated with more frequent headaches or chronic daily headache in soldiers evaluated at a military neurology clinic for chronic post-traumatic headache. Comorbid PTSD does not adversely affect short-term headache outcomes, although prospective controlled trials are needed to better assess this relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Army Personnel, *Comorbidity, *Headache, *Military Deployment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Chronicity (Disorders), Neurology","Rosenthal, Jacqueline F., Erickson, Jay C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4675,Introduction: Psychosocial consequences of the war in the region of former Yugoslavia,"Editorials usually reflect research topics addressed in the articles which follow them as well as highlight central issues, providing an overview of the topic and sometimes outlining its historical development. Most of this is true for this editorial, but there is-unfortunately-an immediate connection to the current political situation as well: I am writing this two weeks after the attacks on the World Trade Center, and many people all over the world are afraid that war may now threaten countries not affected by war for many years. The threat of war makes us think more about the multiple medical and psychosocial consequences which follow it. Yet, there is no such thing as ""war."" Each war has its own profile of events which interact with the particular societies involved and with the people in the war region. (copyright) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","battle injury, human, mental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, review, terrorism, United States, validation process, violence, war, Yugoslavia (pre-1992)","Rosner, R.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4676,Developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy for adolescents and young adults with PTSD symptoms after physical and sexual abuse: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial,"Background: Although childhood sexual and/or physical abuse (CSA/CPA) is known to have severe psychopathological consequences, there is little evidence on psychotherapeutic interventions for adolescents and young adults suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Equally sparse are data on moderators of treatment response on PTSD-related epigenetic changes, health care costs and loss of productivity, alterations in cognitive processing, and on how successful interventions affect all of these factors. Early treatment may prevent later (co)morbidity. In this paper, we present a study protocol for the evaluation of a newly developed psychotherapeutic manual for PTSD after CSA/CPA in adolescents and young adults - the Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (D-CPT). Methods/design: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) D-CPT is compared to treatment as usual (TAU). A sample of 90 adolescent outpatients aged 14 to 21 years will be randomized to one of these conditions. Four assessments will be carried out at baseline, at end of treatment, and 3 and 6 months after end of therapy. Each time, patients will be assessed via clinical interviews and a wide range of questionnaires. In addition to PTSD symptoms and comorbidities, we will evaluate moderators of treatment response, epigenetic profiles, direct and indirect costs of this disorder, and neurophysiological processing of threat cues in PTSD and their respective changes in the course of these two treatments (D-CPT and TAU). Discussion: The study will provide new insights in the understudied field of PTSD in adolescents and young adults. A newly developed intervention will be evaluated in this therapeutically underserved population. Results will provide data on treatment efficacy, direct and indirect treatment costs, as well as on associations of treatment outcome and PTSD intensity both to epigenetic profiles and to the neurobiological processing of threat cues. Besides, they will help to learn more about the psychopathology and possible new objective correlates of PTSD. Trial Registration: Germanctr.de identifier: DRKS00004787. © 2014 Rosner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Abuse, Adolescents, Cognitive processing therapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Rosner, R., König, H. H., Neuner, F., Schmidt, U., Steil, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4677,Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and anxiety disorders,"Anxiety disorders are a common group of psychiatric illnesses which have significant personal, family and societal costs. Current treatments have limited efficacy in many patients highlighting a need for new therapeutic approaches to be explored. Anxiety disorders exhibit marked comorbity with mood disorders suggesting the existence of mechanistic similarities. Such a notion is supported by observations that some conventional pharmacotherapies are both effective antidepressants and anxiolytics. As such, given that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder it is reasonable to propose that they may also possess anxiolytic properties. Experimental data in support of such a hypothesis is currently lacking although reduced abundance of omega-3 PUFA have been reported in patients with anxiety, while supplementation with omega-3 PUFA appears to inhibit activation of the HPA axis and can ameliorate some of the symptoms of anxiety. Clinical investigations carried out to date have, however, involved small numbers of participants. Larger trials using a variety of omega-3 PUFA species in clinically well-defined patients with anxiety will be required to demonstrate a therapeutic role for omega-3 PUFA in these disorders. Given the excellent side effect profile of omega-3 PUFA as well as their strong theoretical rationale, such future trials appear justified. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","docosahexaenoic acid, icosapentaenoic acid, omega 3 fatty acid, omega 6 fatty acid, placebo, polyunsaturated fatty acid, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, anxiety disorder, article, clinical trial, depression, fatty acid transport, human, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, mood disorder, nonhuman, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, social phobia, tranquilizing activity, vasodilatation","Ross, B. M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4678,Childhood sexual abuse and psychosomatic symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome,"Irritable bowel syndrome is characterized by chronic gastrointestinal symptoms without a demonstrable physical cause. In a subgroup of patients, irritable bowel syndrome may be part of a cluster of psychosomatic symptoms related to childhood sexual abuse. To investigate this possibility, the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) were administered to 105 subjects with either irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), or other gastrointestinal disorders. The subjects in the three groups did not differ on the DES, the SCL-90 or most sections of the DDIS. However, subjects with irritable bowel syndrome reported much higher rates of childhood sexual abuse and psychosomatic symptoms. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","Childhood sexual abuse, Irritable bowel syndrome, Psychosomatic symptoms","Ross, C. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4679,Paraphilia from a Dissociative Perspective,"A dissociative structural model of the psyche is proposed that can account for a wide range of symptoms across many DSM-IV categories, including sexual compulsions and addictions. The model leads to a distinct overall plan of treatment and a set of operationalized interventions aimed at integration of the self, rather than suppression of impulses. The model could be tested in epidemiological studies and then in treatment outcome studies. A composite case profile is presented to illustrate the logic of the model. (copyright) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","borderline state, comorbidity, dissociative disorder, human, impulse control disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, sexual abuse, sexual addiction, sexual crime, sexual deviation, somatoform disorder","Ross, C. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4680,A psychological profile of Elian Gonzalez,,,"Ross, C. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4681,Schneiderian symptoms and childhood trauma in the general population,"The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS) was administered to a sample of 502 adults in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Findings indicate that Schneiderian symptoms are highly related to childhood trauma and other dissociative symptom clusters in the general population, as they are in clinical populations. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 1992.",,"Ross, C. A., Joshi, S.",1992.0,,,0,0,
4682,Clinician perspectives on the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in substance use disorder treatment environments: A mixed methods survey,"Since the 1980s clinicians and researchers have noted a connection between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problematic substance use, today defined as substance use disorders (SUDs). In the intervening decades, theories of the connection, PTSD/SUD specific treatments and prevalence rates have been published. On the basis of this evidence amassed over time, it is now considered the ""gold standard"" to have integrated PTSD and SUD treatment. In practice, however, treatment is considered only ""somewhat integrated."" The purpose of this study was to examine the level of need for trauma and PTSD services for adults with SUDs, identify current efforts to handle co-occurring diagnoses of SUD and PTSD as well as identify facilitating factors and barriers for assessing and treating PTSD and other trauma-related problems as reported by clinicians employed in SUD treatment environments in southern California. A convergent mixed methods design was used to survey clinicians ( N=26) with 251-item survey. Quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis were employed to analyze the data in order to increase validation through data convergence. Main conclusions include overall clinician beliefs match well with published literature on the topic, clinicians are interested in and report providing trauma-specific treatment to many of their clients, and barriers, as well as facilitating factors, exist at all levels of the system. Based on the results and implications of this study, the researcher hopes treatment for PTSD and other trauma related problems can be better addressed in SUD treatment environments. The researcher has put forth a number of recommendations for clinical practice based on the results of the current study as well as suggestions for future research directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Therapeutic Environment, *Treatment, Clinicians, Trauma","Ross, Ellen",2015.0,,,0,0,
4683,Traumagenic and methodological factors related to the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of child sexual abuse,"This study examines the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and severity of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in a sample of 82 adults from an inpatient psychiatric program. In addition, a comparison analysis was done to determine the percent of agreement in correctly classifying cases of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with the Los Angeles Symptom Checklist, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Profile - Keane Scale, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, PTSD Subsection. Forty-three percent of the participants met the criteria for current PTSD based on their responses to the SCID, and seventy-six percent reported some kind of child sexual abuse. A positive association was found between severity of CSA and PTSD symptomatology. For the measures of PTSD, the LASC correctly classified 62% of the PTSD diagnoses compared to the SCID with sensitivity and specificity rates of 89% and 43% respectively. The MMPI-Keane scale correctly classified 62% overall diagnoses with sensitivity and specificity rates of 46% and 75% respectively. Although this percent of agreement is within an acceptable range, the variance in sensitivity and specificity rates, and the small sample, size may make it difficult to obtain an accurate comparison. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Sexual Abuse, *Survivors, Emotional Trauma, Methodology","Ross, Leslie Anne",2001.0,,,0,0,
4684,An exploration of the characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorder in reserve forces deployed during Desert Storm,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), previously defined in Vietnam War veterans, was described in 251 Desert Storm reservists. The Mississippi Scale, Revised, was used with a brief demographic profile to survey Army, Marine, and Air Force personnel who had been deployed to Saudi Arabia. Age, sex, marital status, race, rank, duty, length of deployment, and branch of service were not found to be significantly related to PTSD symptoms. However, those surveyed within 3 to 6 months of homecoming reported significantly greater symptoms than those surveyed after 6 months. Five percent of subjects were found to have clinically diagnostic levels of PTSD symptoms 6 months after homecoming. Individuals who expressed difficulty discussing their experiences with more than one person also showed significantly higher PTSD scores. These findings indicate that readjustment reactions were prevalent during the first 6 months and that PTSD could be identified in 5% of the Desert Storm veterans.","adult, article, female, human, male, Middle East, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, soldier, war","Ross, M. C., Wonders, J.",1993.0,,,0,0,982
4685,A comparison between dually diagnosed inpatients with and without Axis II comorbidity and the relationship to treatment outcome,"The presence of a personality disorder (PD) has been associated with certain types of poor treatment outcomes in patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of comorbid PDs in psychiatrically hospitalized adults with both non-SUD Axis I disorders and SUDs, and to assess the relationship between Axis II psychopathology and degree of pretreatment addiction severity and treatment outcome. Method: One hundred consecutive inpatients admitted to a mixed dual diagnosis inpatient unit were assessed using semistructured interviews for SUDs, non-SUD Axis I disorders, and PDs. Pretreatment severity was assessed using a modified version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Outcome measures were assessed both during hospitalization and at an initial follow-up appointment after discharge. Statistical analyses were performed comparing dually diagnosed patients with and without Axis II psychopathology. Results: A significant number (53%) of the patients met criteria for at least one personality disorder. Of the PDs, Cluster B PDs were the most prevalent, particularly borderline personality disorder (74%) and antisocial personality disorder (66%). Dually diagnosed patients without an Axis II diagnosis had less severe pretreatment severity measures. During hospitalization, patients with Axis II disorders had higher levels of psychopathology on the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) subscales of sensitivity and hostility. However, there was no difference in overall degree of global improvement during hospitalization. During follow-up, patients with Axis II disorders were significantly less likely to be compliant in attending their initial follow-up appointment. Conclusions: Dual diagnosis inpatients with PDs appear to improve as much as patients without PDs during their inpatient hospitalizations; however, they appear to be less likely to be compliant with attending their initial follow-up appointment.","alcohol, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, cannabis, cocaine, diamorphine, psychedelic agent, addiction, adult, aged, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorder, article, avoidant personality disorder, borderline state, cannabis addiction, cocaine dependence, comorbidity, compulsive personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, disease severity, female, histrionic personality disorder, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, multiple drug abuse, narcissism, paranoid personality disorder, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychopathy, psychosis, schizoidism, schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, substance abuse, symptomatology, treatment outcome","Ross, S., Dermatis, H., Levounis, P., Galanter, M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4686,Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) and Trauma and Loss Spectrum (TALS) 12 months after an earthquake in Italy,"Objectives: Research following disasters allows for exploration of the effects of severe stress on mental health, as trauma is likely to increase the risk of psychosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between post-earthquake symptom distress and subclinical psychological symptoms on 512 young students, one year after the earthquake on 6 April 2009 in L'Aquila, Italy. Methods: Assessments included the Trauma and Loss Spectrum Self-Report and Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Significant associations were seen between trauma-related measures and subclinical symptoms of psychosis and depression scores. Results: Trauma related measures are associated with a weak increase in the subclinical positive and negative dimensions of psychosis, and a modest increase in the subclinical depressive dimension. Conclusions: Different post-trauma risk trajectories, were the main predictors of the three CAPE scores. Post-traumatic stress syndrome predicted CAPE positive, negative and depressive subclinical experiences in different ways.","CAPE, Psychosis, Subclinical psychological symptoms, Trauma, Vulnerability","Rossi, A., Carmassi, C., Daneluzzo, E., Stratta, P., Riccardi, I., Marino, A., Di Ubaldo, V., Di Emidio, G., Patriarca, S., Massimetti, G., ""DellOsso, L.""",2013.0,,,0,0,
4687,Posttraumatic response and children exposed to parental violence,"In this article some of the literature on children's responses to natural and person-created trauma are discussed. In addition, data relevant to children's posttraumatic response as a result of exposure to interparental violence are presented. Using a factor analytic procedure, the study attempted to examine how the DSM-IV symptom clusters for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder come together for this sample of children. General suggestions are made regarding possible intervention with exposed children experiencing posttraumatic symptoms.","Adjustment, Children, Interparental violence, PTSD, Trauma","Rossman, B. B. R., Ho, J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4688,A pooled analysis of gender and trauma-type effects on responsiveness to treatment of PTSD with venlafaxine extended release or placebo,"OBJECTIVE: To examine effects of gender and trauma type on response to treatment with venlafaxine extended release (ER) or placebo in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: Data were pooled from 2 flexible-dose, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: a 12-week trial conducted in the United States (March 2001 to December 2002) and a 24-week trial conducted in 12 countries outside the United States (October 2001 to December 2003). Six hundred eighty-seven outpatients with DSM-IV-diagnosed PTSD and a 17-item Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale abbreviated 1-week Symptom Status version (CAPS-SX-17) score > or = 60 were randomly assigned to treatment with venlafaxine ER (37.5 mg/day-300 mg/day, N = 340) or placebo (N = 347). The primary efficacy end point was the CAPS-SX-17 total score at week 12. Secondary end points included CAPS-SX-17 cluster scores for reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal and scores on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale, Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17). Analysis-of-covariance models were used to test for differences by gender and trauma type (accidental injury, combat, nonsexual abuse, adult sexual abuse, childhood sexual abuse, unexpected death, and other), treatment (venlafaxine ER vs. placebo), and the treatment-by-trauma-type interaction. RESULTS: Using last-observation-carried-forward analysis, significant effects of treatment with venlafaxine ER were found on the CAPS-SX-17 total score and on all CAPS-SX-17 cluster scores and most other secondary measures. No significant treatment-by-gender interactions were observed. Trauma type significantly affected treatment responsiveness on symptom-related disability (SDS, p = .0057) and resilience (CD-RISC, p = .0012), with a nearly significant effect on depression (HAM-D-17, p = .0625). CONCLUSION: Overall, there does not appear to be a significant effect of gender on the efficacy of venlafaxine ER in the treatment of PTSD. Trauma type may affect treatment outcome but seems to affect domains such as disability and resilience more than core PTSD symptoms.","Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cyclohexanols/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use, Delayed-Action Preparations, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*drug therapy/etiology/psychology, Treatment Outcome, United States, Violence/psychology, Wounds and Injuries/psychology","Rothbaum, B. O., Davidson, J. R., Stein, D. J., Pedersen, R., Musgnung, J., Tian, X. W., Ahmed, S., Baldwin, D. S.",2008.0,Oct,,0,0,
4689,A pooled analysis of gender and trauma-type effects on responsiveness to treatment of PTSD with venlafaxine extended release or placebo,"Objective: To examine effects of gender and trauma type on response to treatment with venlafaxine extended release (ER) or placebo in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Data were pooled from 2 flexible-dose, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: a 12-week trial conducted in the United States (March 2001 to December 2002) and a 24-week trial conducted in 12 countries outside the United States (October 2001 to December 2003). Six hundred eightyseven outpatients with DSM-IV-diagnosed PTSD and a 17-item Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale abbreviated 1-week Symptom Status version (CAPS-SX-17) score (greater-than or equal to) 60 were randomly assigned to treatment with venlafaxine ER (37.5 mg/day-300 mg/day, N = 340) or placebo (N = 347). The primary efficacy end point was the CAPS-SX-17 total score at week 12. Secondary end points included CAPS-SX-17 cluster scores for reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal and scores on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale, Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17). Analysis-of-covariance models were used to test for differences by gender and trauma type (accidental injury, combat, nonsexual abuse, adult sexual abuse, childhood sexual abuse, unexpected death, and other), treatment (venlafaxine ER vs. placebo), and the treatment-by-trauma-type interaction. Results: Using last-observation-carried-forward analysis, significant effects of treatment with venlafaxine ER were found on the CAPSSX-17 total score and on all CAPS-SX-17 cluster scores and most other secondary measures. No significant treatment-by-gender interactions were observed. Trauma type significantly affected treatment responsiveness on symptom-related disability (SDS, p = .0057) and resilience (CD-RISC, p = .0012), with a nearly significant effect on depression (HAM-D-17, p = .0625). Conclusion: Overall, there does not appear to be a significant effect of gender on the efficacy of venlafaxine ER in the treatment of PTSD. Trauma type may affect treatment outcome but seems to affect domains such as disability and resilience more than core PTSD symptoms. (copyright) Copyright 2008 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.","placebo, venlafaxine, adult, article, avoidance behavior, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, double blind procedure, drug dose increase, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug release, female, Hamilton scale, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, treatment outcome, treatment response","Rothbaum, B. O., Davidson, J. R. T., Stein, D. J., Pedersen, R., Musgnung, J., Tian, X. W., Ahmed, S., Baldwin, D. S.",2008.0,,,0,0,4688
4690,A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims,,,"Rothbaum, B. O., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Murdock, T., Walsh, W.",1992.0,,10.1007/BF00977239,0,0,
4691,Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Virtual reality (VR) integrates real-time computer graphics, body-tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment that changes in a natural way with head and body motion. VR exposure (VRE) is proposed as an alternative to typical imaginal exposure treatment for Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: This report presents the results of an open clinical trial using VRE to treat Vietnam combat veterans who have DSM-IV PTSD. In 8 to 16 sessions, 10 male patients were exposed to 2 virtual environments: a virtual Huey helicopter flying over a virtual Vietnam and a clearing surrounded by jungle. Results: Clinician-rated PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the primary outcome measure, at 6-month follow-up indicated an overall statistically significant reduction from baseline (p = .0021) in symptoms associated with specific reported traumatic experiences. All 8 participants interviewed at the 6-month follow-up reported reductions in PTSD symptoms ranging from 15% to 67%. Significant decreases were seen in all 3 symptom clusters (p < .02). Patient self-reported intrusion symptoms as measured by the Impact of Event Scale were significantly lower (p < .05) at 3 months than at baseline but not at 6 months, although there was a clear trend toward fewer intrusive thoughts and somewhat less avoidance. Conclusion: Virtual reality exposure therapy holds promise for treating PTSD in Vietnam veterans.",,"Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Ready, D., Graap, K., Alarcon, R. D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4692,Posttraumatic stress disorder among Cuban children and adolescents after release from a refugee camp,"Objective: The authors compared self-reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of Cuban children and adolescents with assessments of internalizing and externalizing behaviors by the children's teachers. Methods: Eighty-seven children and adolescents who had left Cuba by sea in the summer of 1994 and who had been confined to refugee camps for up to eight months before arriving in the United States were evaluated four to six months later. Self-reported symptoms of PTSD were assessed with the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactive Index, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed with the Child Behavioral Check List - Teacher Report Form. Results: A majority of the children reported moderate to severe PTSD symptoms. The most common symptom clusters were avoidance (67 percent), regressive behaviors (64 percent), reexperiencing the traumatic events (60 percent), somatic symptoms (52 percent), and hyperarousal (51 percent). Eighty-six percent of the children reported that the refugee experience had severely affected most of their peers. A statistically significant dose-effect relationship was found between the number of stressors and the severity of self-reported PTSD symptoms. There was a modest relationship between withdrawn behavior and children's feelings that they would die at sea and witnessing violence at the camps. Age and witnessing violence in the camps were moderately associated with PTSD. Teachers' overall ratings of externalizing and internalizing behaviors did not produce any clinically significant findings. Conclusions: PTSD symptoms among refugee children and adolescents who have been exposed to multiple and prolonged stressors may continue unabated after the stressors are removed. The symptoms are experienced subjectively and may go unnoticed by adults.",,"Rothe, E. M., Lewis, J., Castillo-Matos, H., Martinez, O., Busquets, R., Martinez, I.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4693,Behavioral couples therapy for comorbid substance use disorders and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among male veterans: An initial evaluation,"Outcomes after behavioral couples therapy (BCT) were compared for 19 dually diagnosed veterans with combat-related PTSD and a substance use disorder (SUD, primarily alcohol dependence) and 19 veterans with SUD only. Clients with and without comorbid PTSD had very similar pre-treatment clinical profiles on dimensions of substance misuse, relationship functioning, and psychological symptoms. Further, both PTSD and non-PTSD clients showed good compliance with BCT, attending a high number of BCT sessions, taking Antabuse, and going to AA. Finally, both PTSD and non-PTSD groups improved from before BCT to immediately after and 12 months after BCT. Specific improvements noted were increased relationship satisfaction and reductions in drinking, negative consequences of drinking, male-to-female violence, and psychological distress symptoms. Extent and pattern of improvement over time were similar whether the client had PTSD or not. The present results suggest that BCT may have promise in treating clients with comorbid SUD and combat-related PTSD. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Alcohol dependence, Couples therapy, Dual-diagnosis, PTSD, Treatment outcome","Rotunda, R. J., ""OFarrell, T. J."", Murphy, M., Babey, S. H.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4694,"Living conditions and emotional profiles of Cambodian, Central American, and Québécois youth","Objective: To compare Cambodian and Central American adolescent refugees to Quebec with their Quebec-born peers in regard to emotional and behavioural problems, feelings of competence, and risk-behaviour profiles, and to examine relations between emotional variables and living conditions in the 3 groups. Method: The sample consisted of 76 Cambodian, 82 Central American and 67 Québëcois youth living in the Montreal area. The teenagers internalization and externalization symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR); the YSR also provided a measure of their feelings of competence. Risk behaviour was reported by the teenagers. The socioeconomic status of the teenagers households was taken into account in multiple regression analyses conducted for each group. Results: The level of emotional and behavioural problems reported by teenagers was lowest in Central Americans and highest in Québécois; the latter group also reported more risk behaviours than did either refugee group. The socioeconomic status of the Cambodian and Central American refugee households was lower than that of the Québécois. Living conditions were not a major determinant of emotional distress in young Cambodians, but low annual income was associated with internalizing symptoms among Central American youth. The most powerful predictor of externalizing symptoms among the Québécois youth was having a single-parent household. Conclusion: This study underscores the contrast between the living conditions of young Cambodian and Central American refugees to Quebec and those of Quebec-born youth. These refugees precarious socioeconomic status is not accompanied by an increase in adolescents emotional and behavioural problems.","Adolescent, Refugees, Social adjustment, Trauma, War","Rousseau, C., Drapeau, A., Platt, R.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4695,The relation between parenting stress and adolescents' somatisation trajectories: A growth mixture analysis,"Objective: The impact of somatisation in adolescence is substantial. Knowledge on (predictors of) individual-level development of somatisation is necessary to develop tailored treatment. The current study assessed individual-level development of somatisation by means of latent mixed modelling. Parenting stress was included as a predictor of somatisation trajectory membership and within-trajectory variation. Methods: A total of 1499 adolescents and one of their parents (mostly the mother) agreed to participate. Questionnaires were administered when the adolescents were respectively 12-13 (T1), 13-14 (T2), and 14-15 (T3) years old. Adolescents reported on their somatisation, parents on their parenting stress. Results: Four individual somatisation trajectories were found: increased, long-term low, long-term high, and decreased. Higher early parenting stress (T1) significantly predicted less favourable trajectory membership (increased and long-term high). The relation between later parenting stress (T2 and T3) and somatisation depended on trajectory membership. For adolescents in the long-term high and decreased somatisation trajectories, lower T2 and T3 parenting stress was related to higher somatisation, while for adolescents in the long-term low and increased trajectories, higher T2 and T3 parenting stress was related to higher somatisation. Conclusions: The results support a general recommendation to prevent the onset of high levels of parenting stress. In addition, for families in which high levels of parenting stress already exist, clinicians should be aware of natural fluctuations in parenting stress, its associated features (e.g., aspects of overall care, like looking for professional help) and of the consequences this might have for the adolescent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Development, *Anxiety, *Parenting Style, *Somatization, *Parenting, Parent Child Relations, Stress","Rousseau, Sofie, Grietens, Hans, Vanderfaeillie, Johan, Hoppenbrouwers, Karel, Desoete, Annemie, Van Leeuwen, Karla",2014.0,,,0,0,
4696,Family and individual factors associated with substance involvement and pts symptoms among adolescents in greater new orleans after hurricane katrina,,,"Rowe, C. L., La Greca, A. M., Alexandersson, A.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0020808,0,0,
4697,"Neurophysiologically-based mean-field modelling of tonic cortical activity in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, first episode schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","A recently developed quantitative model of cortical activity is used that permits data comparison with experiment using a quantitative and standardized means. The model incorporates properties of neurophysiology including axonal transmission delays, synapto-dendritic rates, range-dependent connectivities, excitatory and inhibitory neural populations, and intrathalamic, intracortical, corticocortical and corticothalamic pathways. This study tests the ability of the model to determine unique physiological properties in a number of different data sets varying in mean age and pathology. The model is used to fit individual electroencephalographic (EEG) spectra from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, first episode schizophrenia (FESz), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and their age/sex matched controls. The results demonstrate that the model is able to distinguish each group in terms of a unique cluster of abnormal parameter deviations. The abnormal physiology inferred from these parameters is also consistent with known theoretical and experimental findings from each disorder. The model is also found to be sensitive to the effects of medication in the schizophrenia and FESz group, further supporting the validity of the model. (copyright) Imperial College Press.","antidepressant agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, cholinergic receptor blocking agent, clozapine, adolescent, adult, analytical parameters, arousal, attention deficit disorder, brain cortex, brain function, controlled study, diagnostic value, drug effect, electroencephalogram, feasibility study, female, human, major clinical study, male, mathematical analysis, nerve cell excitability, nerve cell inhibition, nerve conduction, neurophysiology, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, reticulum cell, review, schizophrenia, scoring system, synaptic potential, thalamus nucleus, theoretical model, validation process","Rowe, D. L., Robinson, P. A., Rennie, C. J., Harris, A. W., Felmingham, K. L., Lazzaro, I. L., Gordon, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4698,"Neurophysiologically-based mean-field modelling of tonic cortical activity in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, first episode schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","A recently developed quantitative model of cortical activity is used that permits data comparison with experiment using a quantitative and standardized means. The model incorporates properties of neurophysiology including axonal transmission delays, synapto-dendritic rates, range-dependent connectivities, excitatory and inhibitory neural populations, and intrathalamic, intracortical, corticocortical and corticothalamic pathways. This study tests the ability of the model to determine unique physiological properties in a number of different data sets varying in mean age and pathology. The model is used to fit individual electroencephalographic (EEG) spectra from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, first episode schizophrenia (FESz), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and their age/sex matched controls. The results demonstrate that the model is able to distinguish each group in terms of a unique cluster of abnormal parameter deviations. The abnormal physiology inferred from these parameters is also consistent with known theoretical and experimental findings from each disorder. The model is also found to be sensitive to the effects of medication in the schizophrenia and FESz group, further supporting the validity of the model. (copyright) Imperial College Press.","atypical antipsychotic agent, central stimulant agent, chlorpromazine, clozapine, neuroleptic agent, adult, attention deficit disorder, brain cortex, cluster analysis, controlled study, dendritic cell, electroencephalogram, female, human, major clinical study, male, mathematical computing, nerve fiber transport, neurophysiology, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, quantitative analysis, review, schizophrenia, scoring system, statistical model, synaptic transmission, validation process","Rowe, D. L., Robinson, P. A., Rennie, C. J., Harris, A. W., Felmingham, K. L., Lazzaro, I. L., Gordon, E.",2005.0,,,0,0,4697
4699,Quetiapine-induced peripheral edema,"Quetiapine fumarate is an atypical antipsychotic with relatively benign side-effect profile. Here we report a rare side-effect of quetiapine use. This is the second reported case of peripheral edema with quetiapine use. Unaware of this rare side-effect, patient had to endure extensive investigations. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","buprenorphine, buprenorphine plus naloxone, clonazepam, furosemide, hypertensive agent, prazosin, quetiapine, sertraline, abdominal radiography, adult, anamnesis, angioneurotic edema, article, case report, computer assisted tomography, drug dose reduction, drug induced disease, drug substitution, drug withdrawal, echocardiography, edema, female, headache, heroin dependence, human, hypertension, insomnia, laboratory test, major depression, nightmare, peripheral edema, physical examination, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, side effect, thorax radiography, urinalysis, seroquel, subutex","Roy, K., Astreika, V., Dunn, J. E., Sappati Biyyani, R. S. R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4700,Post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with chronic pain and chronic fatigue,"Fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic pain condition of unknown aetiology, often develops following a traumatic event. FM has been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression disorder (MDD). Patients seen in a referral clinic were evaluated for FM and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) criteria. Patients completed questionnaires, and underwent a physical examination and a structured psychiatric evaluation. Critical components of the diagnostic criteria of FM and CFS were examined for their relationship with PTSD. The prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 20% and lifetime MDD was 42%. Patients who had both tender points and diffuse pain had a higher prevalence of PTSD compared with those who had neither of these FM criteria. Stratification by MDD and adjustment for sociodemographic factors and chronic fatigue revealed that the association of PTSD with FM criteria was confined to those with MDD. Optimal clinical care for patients with FM should include an assessment of trauma in general, and PTSD in particular. This study highlights the importance of considering co-morbid MDD as an effect modifier in analyses that explore PTSD in patients with FM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, *Chronic Pain, *Major Depression, *Muscular Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Roy-Byrne, P., Smith, W. R., Goldberg, J., Afari, N., Buchwald, D.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4701,The relationship between PTSD arousal symptoms and depression among mothers exposed to the world trade center attacks,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with greater risk of developing comorbid depression. However, little is known about the relationship between specific PTSD symptom clusters and comorbid depression. Approximately 4 years after the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks, we examined the association between PTSD symptom clusters and depression severity among 64 mothers directly exposed to the WTC attacks. Severity scores were computed for each PTSD symptom cluster by summing symptom frequency. Partial correlations with depression severity were calculated separately for PTSD symptom clusters, controlling for demographic variables, time elapsed since the attacks, WTC attack exposure, meeting PTSD criterion A, and the other cluster scores. Higher arousal symptom cluster scores were significantly correlated with persistent depression, but the re-experiencing and avoidance symptom clusters were not. Subsequent analyses isolating shared symptoms of PTSD and depression from those unique to PTSD suggest a complex interrelationship among symptoms of arousal, numbing, and depression.(copyright) 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","adult, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, comorbidity, demography, depression, disease association, disease severity, female, human, major clinical study, mother, posttraumatic stress disorder, symptom, terrorism","Rubacka, J. M., Schmeidler, J., Nomura, Y., Luthra, R., Rajendran, K., Abramovitz, R., Chemtob, C. M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4702,A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis,"In the mnemonic model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the current memory of a negative event, not the event itself, determines symptoms. The model is an alternative to the current event-based etiology of PTSD represented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The model accounts for important and reliable findings that are often inconsistent with the current diagnostic view and that have been neglected by theoretical accounts of the disorder, including the following observations. The diagnosis needs objective information about the trauma and peritraumatic emotions but uses retrospective memory reports that can have substantial biases. Negative events and emotions that do not satisfy the current diagnostic criteria for a trauma can be followed by symptoms that would otherwise qualify for PTSD. Predisposing factors that affect the current memory have large effects on symptoms. The inability-to-recall-an-important-aspect-of-the-trauma symptom does not correlate with other symptoms. Loss or enhancement of the trauma memory affects PTSD symptoms in predictable ways. Special mechanisms that apply only to traumatic memories are not needed, increasing parsimony and the knowledge that can be applied to understanding PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amnesia, *Autobiographical Memory, *Neuroticism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Human Sex Differences, Memory, Models","Rubin, David C., Berntsen, Dorthe, Bohni, Malene Klindt",2008.0,,,0,0,
4703,Measuring the severity of negative and traumatic events,"We devised three measures of the general severity of events, which raters applied to participants' narrative descriptions: (a) placing events on a standard normed scale of stressful events, (b) placing events into five bins based on their severity relative to all other events in the sample, and (c) an average of ratings of the events' effects on six distinct areas of the participants' lives. Protocols of negative events were obtained from two nondiagnosed undergraduate samples (n = 688 and 328), a clinically diagnosed undergraduate sample, all of whom had traumas and half of whom met posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria (n = 30), and a clinically diagnosed community sample who met PTSD criteria (n = 75). The three measures of severity correlated highly in all four samples but failed to correlate with PTSD symptom severity in any sample. Theoretical implications for the role of trauma severity in PTSD are discussed. © The Author(s) 2013.","A criterion, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Severity","Rubin, D. C., Feeling, N.",2013.0,,10.1177/2167702613483112,0,0,
4704,"Post-traumatic stress is associated with verbal learning, memory, and psychomotor speed in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women","The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is higher among HIV-infected (HIV+) women compared with HIV-uninfected (HIV-) women, and deficits in episodic memory are a common feature of both PTSD and HIV infection. We investigated the association between a probable PTSD diagnosis using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) version and verbal learning and memory using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test in 1004 HIV+ and 496 at-risk HIV- women. HIV infection was not associated with a probable PTSD diagnosis (17 % HIV+, 16 % HIV-; p = 0.49) but was associated with lower verbal learning (p < 0.01) and memory scores (p < 0.01). Irrespective of HIV status, a probable PTSD diagnosis was associated with poorer performance in verbal learning (p < 0.01) and memory (p < 0.01) and psychomotor speed (p < 0.001). The particular pattern of cognitive correlates of probable PTSD varied depending on exposure to sexual abuse and/or violence, with exposure to either being associated with a greater number of cognitive domains and a worse cognitive profile. A statistical interaction between HIV serostatus and PTSD was observed on the fine motor skills domain (p = 0.03). Among women with probable PTSD, HIV- women performed worse than HIV+ women on fine motor skills (p = 0.01), but among women without probable PTSD, there was no significant difference in performance between the groups (p = 0.59). These findings underscore the importance of considering mental health factors as correlates to cognitive deficits in women with HIV.","Cognition, Hiv, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Women","Rubin, L. H., Pyra, M., Cook, J. A., Weber, K. M., Cohen, M. H., Martin, E., Valcour, V., Milam, J., Anastos, K., Young, M. A., Alden, C., Gustafson, D. R., Maki, P. M.",2015.0,Sep 24,10.1007/s13365-015-0380-9,0,0,
4705,Heat health warning systems. Possibilities of improvement,"In the summer of 2003 the temperatures reached were responsible for a large number of deaths in Europe. A year after this fact, many countries had implemented some sort of plan of prevention against excessive temperatures. Plans that had already shown its ability to prevent a large proportion of avoidable mortality in other latitudes. Since then, a lot of papers have been published providing new data on health effects of a heat wave, which can help increase the efficiency of these prevention plans. Knowing the weather conditions at risk, defining ""heat wave"" or to take into account the time that the plan should be active from the study of the relationship between temperature and their effects on health, to identify weather patterns that modulate the relationship between temperature and mortality, locate the profile of people at risk or to develop protocols for action as accurately as possible and based on scientific knowledge are elements drawn from studies carried on in recent years that should be taken into account.","Global warming, Health public policy, Heat wave, Primary prevention","Rubio, J. C. M., Pérez, I. J. M., Criado-Álvarez, J. J., Linares, C., Jiménez, J. D.",2010.0,,,0,0,3752
4706,Taking care of the psychological traumatism by the practitioner,"Someone who experiences an important psychological trauma will undergo typical sequences of mental disorder with a time-dependent clinical course. The classification of Apsychiatric disorders (DSM-IV) focuses on two stages: acute and chronic. Clinical intervention with these traumatized patients must consider this evolution and must adjust the intensity and kind of treatment response as well as the therapist's profile. The involvement during the acute stage, often called <<debriefing>>, is the fundamental start point of a quality care, eventually leading toward a long lasting therapy, but is currently controversial needing some development. The aim of this article is the clarification of the debate related to the clinician's care of the psychological trauma.","acute disease, article, chronic disease, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease classification, human, long term care, mental disease, mental health care, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapist, psychotrauma","Rubovszky, G.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4707,Is posttraumatic stress in youth a culture-bound phenomenon? A comparison of symptom trends in selected U.S. and Russian communities,"Objective: The cross-cultural applicability of the concept of posttraumatic stress was investigated by assessing symptom frequency and levels of comorbid psychopathology in adolescents from the United States and Russia. Method: A self-report survey was conducted in representative samples of 2,157 adolescents 14 to 17 years old from urban communities of the United States (N= 1,212) and Russia (N=945). Results: In both countries, the levels of all three major clusters of posttraumatic symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal), as well as of internalizing psychopathology, increased along with the level of posttraumatic stress. Expectations about the future had a tendency to decrease with increasing posttraumatic stress. No differences between countries in significant interaction effects for symptom levels were found. Conclusions: The current findings suggest that posttraumatic symptoms and their associations with other adolescent mental health problems are not culture bound and that the psychological consequences of trauma follow similar dynamics cross-culturally.",,"Ruchkin, V., Schwab-Stone, M., Jones, S., Cicchetti, D. V., Koposov, R., Vermeiren, R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4708,Review of Post-traumatic stress disorder: Basic science and clinical practice,"Reviews the book, Post-traumatic stress disorder: Basic science and clinical practice edited by Priyattam J. Shiromani et al. (see record 2009-04091-000). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is fundamentally a clinical entity. It is described in the psychiatric literature as a response to an intense, life-threatening, or violent event. This book is the result of the tremendous growth of knowledge on how the brain responds to stress and is the first to attempt to outline what we know so far. The basic science chapters are summaries of enormous amounts of research and are well chosen. Most clinicians will find the science needed to navigate the contents daunting. The introductory chapters review what is known about fear and fear conditioning, particularly the role of the amygdala. Neuroscience, neuroanatomy, and neurochemistry, down to preand postsynaptic receptors, are described. This book adds another dimension over the usual group of stress neurochemicals such as norepinephrine and cortisol. A discussion of the hypocretins, a pair of neuropeptides that increase arousal-related behaviors, is interesting. Hypocretins administered centrally appear to mimic the behavioral and physiological response to stress. When comparing this book with others of a similar nature, this text provides a unique and richly detailed review of the science believed to underlie PTSD. It is with great appreciation that so much literature is reviewed and outlined here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Brain, *Neurosciences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Amygdala, Fear, Neuroanatomy, Neurochemistry","Ruden, Ronald A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4709,A multilevel approach to social support as a key determinant of post-traumatic stress disorder onset and trajectories after a mass traumatic event,"Types of social support and the meaning attributed to each type vary across individuals, contexts and time. Widely studied across disciplines is the role of social support during periods of distress. Factors at multiple levels of social support (individual, network, and community) are often important predictors of psychopathology, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in the aftermath of such events. The trajectory of PTSD after traumatic event exposure, in turn, varies markedly between individuals, differing with regards to onset, symptom patterns, recurrence, comorbidity, response to intervention, and recovery. Recent literature has considered how each of these levels may influence the development and persistence of PTSD. This dissertation is an attempt to bring together substantively overlapping, but disciplinarily siloed discussions related to how individual, network, and community levels of social support contribute to mental health functioning in the aftermath of a population-level disaster. The data demonstrate a clear association between individual (and not network) level social support covariates and PTSD onset as well as resilience/recovery and chronic PTSD. Delayed onset PTSD, on the other hand, was equally associated with network-level variables. Community level variables were excluded from the analyses as they did not show a robust pattern of association with PTSD trajectories in preliminary analyses. Given these findings, it is arguable that the history of defining social support simply as one's actual network or how one perceives of his/her network fails to capture the relational nature of social support as an exchange of resources between two or more unique individuals that can prove beneficial or harmful to the functioning of the recipient. Moreover, this paper argues that individual level social support, which includes individual characteristics and behaviors, is central to the successful exchange of resources (interpersonal and professional) and subsequently to health. Keywords: social support, posttraumatic stress disorder, resources, distress, disaster, trauma (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Onset (Disorders), Social Support","Rudenstine, M. Sasha",2014.0,,,0,1,
4710,Adverse childhood events and the risk for new-onset depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among U.S. National Guard soldiers,"This article examines the relationship between childhood adversity and postdeployment new-onset psychopathology among a sample of U.S. National Guard personnel deployed during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom with no history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression. We recruited a sample of 991 Ohio Army National Guard soldiers and conducted structured interviews to assess traumatic event exposure, a history of childhood adversity, and postdeployment depression, and PTSD, consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition. We assessed childhood adversity by using questions from the Childhood Adverse Events Survey. In multivariable logistic models, a history of any childhood adversity was significantly associated with new-onset depression, but not PTSD, postdeployment. This finding suggests that a history of childhood adversity is predisposing for new-onset depression, among U.S. National Guard soldiers who were deployed with no prior history of PTSD or depression. This highlights the centrality of childhood experience for the production of mental health among soldiers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Early Experience, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Risk Factors, Military Personnel","Rudenstine, Sasha, Cohen, Greg, Prescott, Marta, Sampson, Laura, Liberzon, Israel, Tamburrino, Marijo, Calabrese, Joseph, Galea, Sandro",2015.0,,,0,0,
4711,Selecting the appropriate psychotherapies for individuals with traumatic brain injury: What works and what does not?,,,"Ruff, R.",2013.0,,10.3233/NRE-130901,0,0,
4712,PTSD scale of the Child Behavior Checklist: Concurrent and discriminant validity with non-clinic-referred sexually abused children,"Several assessment instruments include measures that are purported to assess characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although these measures are used often by researchers and clinicians, few are supported by extensive validity data. The PTSD scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is one that has not yet encountered significant challenges to its validity. We examine the concurrent and discriminant validity of the CBCL-PTSD scale. Participants included 63 non-clinic-referred sexually abused (SA) children, 60 non-SA psychiatric outpatient children, and 61 non-SA, non- clinic-referred schoolchildren. Results revealed questionable concurrent validity for this scale, and suggest poor discriminant validity between SA children and non-SA psychiatric patients.","adolescent, article, child abuse, child behavior, controlled study, discriminant analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental patient, outpatient, patient referral, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, rating scale, school child","Ruggiero, K. J., McLeer, S. V.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4713,Comparison of two widely used PTSD-screening instruments: Implications for public mental health planning,"Epidemiological research serves a critical role in public mental health planning in the aftermath of disasters, particularly via estimation of the mental health burden and potential needs of affected communities. However, different measures are used across studies to assess mental health response, making cross-study comparison difficult. The National Women's Study Posttraumatic Stress Disorder module (NWS-PTSD) and PTSD Checklist (PCL) have been among the most widely used measures of PTSD in postdisaster research. Here, the authors used a sample of 233 New York City-area residents who were administered both the NWS-PTSD and PCL 4 months after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The PCL yielded higher prevalence estimates at the symptom, cluster, and diagnostic levels. Implications for the interpretation of epidemiological data are discussed. (copyright) 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, article, clinical feature, cluster analysis, community care, controlled study, diagnostic test, disaster, female, health care planning, human, major clinical study, male, medical device, mental health care, mental health research, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, public health service, screening test, terrorism","Ruggiero, K. J., Rheingold, A. A., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Galea, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4714,"Associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms, stimulant use, and treatment outcomes: A secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma Study","Background and Objectives: To examine the associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, stimulant use, and treatment outcomes among dually diagnosed women. Methods: Participants were 141 women who participated in a multisite clinical trial of group treatments for PTSD and addictions. Results: Generalized linear models indicated Seeking Safety (SS; a cognitive-behavioral intervention) was significantly more effective than Women's Health Education (WHE; a control group intervention) in reducing stimulant use at follow-up among women who were heavy stimulant users at pre-treatment and who showed improvements in PTSD symptoms. There were no significant differences between the interventions among women who were light stimulant users at treatment entry. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: These findings suggest that integrated treatment of co-occurring PTSD and addictions may be more effective than general health education approaches for heavy stimulant users. Assessment of frequency of stimulant use among individuals with PTSD symptoms may inform treatment selection for this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*CNS Stimulating Drugs, *Dual Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, Symptoms","Ruglass, Lesia M., Hien, Denise A., Hu, Mei-Chen, Campbell, Aimee N. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4715,Post-traumatic stress disorder in different types of stress (clinical features and treatment),"Two types of stress situation were compared: involvement in combat actions and working in the post-Chernobyl atomic energy station clean-up. A total of 30 subjects involved in combat actions (combatants) and 33 clean-up workers were observed for 5-6 years and 15-17 years after involvement in stress situations. Mean ages in the two groups were 27.0 +/- 2.8 and 43.7 +/- 4.5 years respectively. Clinical features were analyzed in terms of the major criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)--""immersion"" in the experience, ""avoidance,"" ""hyperexcitability,"" and ""social functioning."" There were both common features in the two groups of subjects as well as individual characteristics dependent on the nature of the stress. Patients were treated with Coaxil at a dose of 37.5 mg/day for four weeks. In both groups of patients, Coaxil had the most favorable effects on immersion and hyperexcitability, which improved social adaptation. The ""avoidance"" symptom was more resistant. These studies lead to the conclusion that Coaxil is an effective agent for the treatment of different types of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Symptoms, *Treatment","Rumyantseva, G. M., Stepanov, A. L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4716,The Impact of Rehabilitation on Mastering the Independent Mobility Technique of the Blind Veterans,"In participating in the Croatia's war of independence, a part of the soldiers remained completely or partially blind (blind or visually impaired). Such individuals needed to be trained for living in the new circumstances. For this purpose, they have undergone a process of rehabilitation in order to master certain skills related to the independent mobility technique. Since some of the blind veterans manifested distinct features of PTSP, it was necessary to consider this fact. For establising the correlation between the rehabilitation and the mastering of the independent mobility technique robust discriminative analysis was implemented. The aim was to determine to what extent the process of rehabilitation contributed to mastering of the essential independent mobility techniques. However, since great part of the rehabilitated veterans manifested distinct features of PTSP, first was necessary to partialize the impact of PTSP. This was implemented by the convariance analysis or the discriminative analysis with partialization of the impact of PTSP. The results showed that blind or visually impaired veterans who underwent the process of rehabilitation achieved much better results than the non-rehabilitated veterans.","article, blindness, clinical article, controlled study, Croatia, discriminant analysis, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier, visual impairment","Runjic, T., Nikolic, B., Bilic-Prcic, A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4717,The Impact of Rehabilitation on Mastering the Independent Mobility Technique of the Blind Veterans,"In participating in the Croatia's war of independence, a part of the soldiers remained completely or partially blind (blind or visually impaired). Such individuals needed to be trained for living in the new circumstances. For this purpose, they have undergone a process of rehabilitation in order to master certain skills related to the independent mobility technique. Since some of the blind veterans manifested distinct features of PTSP, it was necessary to consider this fact. For establising the correlation between the rehabilitation and the mastering of the independent mobility technique robust discriminative analysis was implemented. The aim was to determine to what extent the process of rehabilitation contributed to mastering of the essential independent mobility techniques. However, since great part of the rehabilitated veterans manifested distinct features of PTSP, first was necessary to partialize the impact of PTSP. This was implemented by the convariance analysis or the discriminative analysis with partialization of the impact of PTSP. The results showed that blind or visually impaired veterans who underwent the process of rehabilitation achieved much better results than the non-rehabilitated veterans.",,"Runjić, T., Nikolić, B., Bilić-Prcić, A.",2003.0,,,0,0,4716
4718,PTSD symptom cluster profiles of youth who have experienced sexual or physical abuse,"The research examined whether youth (6-17 years old) who were referred for treatment due to sexual, physical, or both types of abuse presented with distinct profiles of PTSD DSM-IV-TR symptom clusters. When examining data for the 749 youth participants, five PTSD symptom cluster profiles were identified with each profile representing approximately 20% of the youth. The five profiles were also differentiated with respect to being referred for physical or sexual abuse, age, parental ratings of internalizing symptoms, and self-reported depression. The youth referred for treatment in the aftermath of child sexual, physical, or both sexual and physical abuse presented with different profiles of PTSD symptom clusters thereby suggesting a need for individualized tailoring of evidenced-based treatments. Two cognitive behavioral approaches, designed for traumatized children and either their nonoffending or offending parents, were described for treating youth with the distinct PTSD profiles. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.",,"Runyon, M. K., Deblinger, E., Steer, R. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4719,Differential symptom pattern of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in maltreated children with and without concurrent depression,"Objective: The present study attempted to examine specific differences in the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among abused children with and without concurrent depression. Method: PTSD and depressive symptoms were identified that discriminate between 98 children divided into three groups: (1) abused children with PTSD, (2) nonabused children who meet criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and (3) abused children with both PTSD and MDD. Results: Analyses revealed that nine items reflecting depressive symptomatology, primarily vegetative symptoms, differentiated the diagnostic groups (PTSD-only, MDD-only, and the combined group). A discriminant analysis revealed that the sum of responses to the nine significant items adequately predicted diagnostic classification for those with PTSD and depression, but did not correctly diagnose any in the combined group. Analyses also revealed that three post-trauma symptoms, including psychological amnesia, flashbacks/reenactments, and sleep difficulties, discriminated between the groups. The PTSD-only group reported more episodes of psychological amnesia while the PTSD and MDD group experienced more flashbacks. Conclusions: For the sample of abused children examined, these results illuminate differences with respect to PTSD symptom presentation for those children with PTSD who have a concurrent depressive disorder and their nondepressed counterparts. Children with PTSD who have a concurrent depression report greater levels of intrusive PTSD-related symptoms. (copyright) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","adolescent, amnesia, article, child, child abuse, controlled study, depression, discriminant analysis, female, human, interview, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, sleep disorder, symptom","Runyon, M. K., Faust, J., Orvaschel, H.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4720,A qualitative analysis of perceptions and experiences following battlefield injury and evacuation: A survey of casualties from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars,"Little is known about the early experiences of soldiers sustaining major battlefield injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan during flight evacuation from combat support hospitals to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (LRMC), Germany. This study employed qualitative methods to elucidate concerns, fears and worries, and perceptions of pain control in transport. Materials and Methods: Using a semi-structured interview method, 110 wounded soldiers at LRMC from Iraq and Afghanistan July 2007 to February 2008 responded to open-ended statements to elicit information on their greatest and least concerns in transport LRMC, and how pain control could have been improved. Data were compiled, categorized, coded, and validated with content analysis techniques. The Walter Reed Army Medical Center Human use Committee approved this investigation. Results: The sample predominantly male (99.1%) and Caucasian (78.6%) sustained injuries primarily from improvised explosive devices (58.9%) and gunshot (21.4%). While responses were brief, powerful insights were gained into their thoughts and awareness. Numerous cluster themes emerged from the analysis of responses including: nullConcernsnull for both self and others; nullCommunication of the unknownnull wanting a sense of location, knowing what to expect, and being informed; nullFearnull of injury, pain and helplessness; nullPhysiological Concerns,null characterized by basic needs and symptom experiences; and, nullDignitynull described by feelings of helplessness. nullMaking the experience betternull was defined by issues around nullpain medication,null nullcomfort measures,null nullcommunication,null and complimentary expressions of nullconfidence in care providers.null Conclusions: These findings show the importance of addressing perceived priorities of care including interventions to ensure adequate pain control, information support, and communication during air evacuation. Qualitative studies are essential to understand areas within the current rapid evacuation system requiring change. Our results have led to a greater appreciation of the stressors encountered by combat casualties that may contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder, increased pain, and depression, among other undesirable medical conditions.","explosive, Afghanistan, pain, Iraq, injury, qualitative analysis, accident, war, interpersonal communication, fear, helplessness, soldier, battle injury, gunshot injury, flight, hospital, experience, semi structured interview, posttraumatic stress disorder, army, Germany, human, male, Caucasian, devices, basic needs, human dignity, drug therapy, qualitative research, content analysis","Rupprecht, C., Buckenmaier, C., Fleck, D., McKnight, G., McMillan, B., White, R., Deatrick, J., Gallagher, R. M., Polomano, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4721,Determinants of psychological resistance and recovery among women exposed to assaultive trauma,"Introduction: Women exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are at high risk for developing psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and substance-related disorders. However, this risk is not universal. Most women are resistant (i.e., remain asymptomatic), or recover following a brief symptomatic period. This study examined the psychological factors associated with resistant and recovered outcomes in a sample of high-risk women exposed to assault-related PTEs. Method: One hundred and fifty-nine women completed the Life Events Checklist and were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. This resulted in three groups: (1) no diagnosis (no past or current psychiatric disorder diagnosis; n = 56), (2) past diagnosis (a past psychiatric disorder diagnosis, but none currently; n = 31), and (3) current diagnosis (a current diagnosis of one or more psychiatric disorders; n = 72). Groups were compared on sociodemographics, PTE exposure, psychopathology, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological resilience-related factors. Results: The majority of respondents (79%) did not develop chronic PTSD following assault exposure, and the most common psychiatric outcome was MDD (30%). High endorsement of mastery and social support were associated with the no diagnosis group; and greater reports of mastery and posttraumatic growth were associated with recovery from a past psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, both resilient groups (i.e., no diagnosis and past diagnosis) scored higher on HRQOL measures compared with the current diagnosis group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Psychological resilience has ramifications to health and well-being, and identifying these factors has potential to inform preventive strategies and treatment interventions for assault exposed women. © 2015 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","MDD, PTSD, CD-RISC, Depression, Health, Mastery, Optimism, Posttraumatic Growth, Resilience, RRID:rid_000042, Social support","Rusch, H. L., Shvil, E., Szanton, S. L., Neria, Y., Gill, J. M.",2015.0,,10.1002/brb3.322,0,0,
4722,The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress,"Mental health professionals have debated whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be qualitatively distinguished from normal reactions to traumatic events. This debate has been fueled by indications that many trauma-exposed individuals evidence partial presentations of PTSD that are associated with significant impairment and help-seeking behavior. The authors examined the latent structure of PTSD in a large sample of male combat veterans. Three taxometric procedures--MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-Mode--were performed with 3 indicator sets drawn from a clinical interview and a self-report measure of PTSD. Results across procedures, consistency tests, and analysis of simulated comparison data all converged on a dimensional solution, suggesting that PTSD reflects the upper end of a stress-response continuum rather than a discrete clinical syndrome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Structure, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, Combat Experience, Military Veterans","Ruscio, Ayelet Meron, Ruscio, John, Keane, Terence M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4723,Male war-zone veterans' perceived relationships with their children: The importance of emotional numbing,"Despite growing recognition of substantial interpersonal impairment among many war-zone veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about the association between PTSD symptomatology and veterans' relationships with their children. This study examined the differential pattern of associations between the symptom clusters of PTSD and the perceived father-child relationships of 66 male Vietnam veterans. Analyses revealed that only the emotional numbing cluster was significantly related to perceived quality of all relationship domains. The association between emotional numbing and perceived relationship quality remained significant in regression analyses even after controlling for fathers' family-of-origin stressors, combat exposure, depression, and substance abuse. Findings suggest that emotional numbing may be the component of PTSD most closely linked to interpersonal impairment in war-zone veterans.","article, child parent relation, controlled study, depression, emotional deprivation, human, interpersonal communication, male, normal human, posttraumatic stress disorder, regression analysis, soldier, substance abuse, symptomatology, Viet Nam, war","Ruscio, A. M., Weathers, F. W., King, L. A., King, D. W.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4724,Treatment of reactivated post-traumatic stress disorder: Imaginal exposure in an older adult with multiple traumas,"A single-case analysis was used to assess the effects of imaginal exposure in a 57-yr-old female suffering from current and reactivated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a transient ischemic attack. The client's responses to self-reported depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms were repeatedly recorded during 4 phases: (1) initial psychotherapy, (2) imaginal exposure, (3) skill generalization, and (4) fading of treatment. In addition to dramatic reduction in levels of depression and anxiety, results showed a significant improvement in PTSD symptoms relating to recent and remote traumatic experiences. Improvements were maintained approximately 16 mo after imaginal exposure ended, despite ongoing external stressors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Exposure Therapy, *Imagery, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Relapse (Disorders)","Russo, Stephen A., Hersen, Michel, Van Hasselt, Vincent B.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4725,Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder and efforts to cope after Hurricane Floyd,"The authors report on the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experienced by fourth-grade children 6 months after Hurricane Floyd and describe the children's efforts to cope with their stress. All of the children they studied were directly affected by the hurricane, secondary to the destruction of their school by floodwaters. The homes of 37% of these children were also flooded. Ninety-five percent of the children experienced at least mild symptoms of PTSD, and 71% had symptoms that were moderate to very severe. Children who reported that their homes were flooded were 3 times more likely to report symptoms than those whose homes were not flooded, and the girls were twice as likely as the boys to report symptoms. The high PTSD prevalence rates are comparable to findings from other studies involving violence in which 94% of the victims reported experiencing symptoms. For further analyses, the authors used symptom clusters of hyperarousal, numbing/avoidance, and reexperiencing symptoms.","Coping, Hyperarousal, Numbing/avoidance, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Reexperiencing events","Russoniello, C. V., Skalko, T. K., ""OBrien, K."", McGhee, S. A., Bingham-Alexander, D., Beatley, J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4726,Distress reactions and earthquake-related cognitions of parents and their adolescent children in a victimized population,,,"Rüstemli, A., Karanci, A. N.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4727,Gender differences in patients with borderline personality disorder,"Background: The aim the study was to investigate gender differences in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with respect to axis I and II comorbidity, single diagnostic BPD criteria, dimensional personality traits and general psychopathology. Methods: 57 men and 114 women with BPD were included in the study. Axis I and II comorbidity, general psychopathology (SCL-90-R), and personality traits (NEO-Personality-Inventory, NEO-PI-R; Dimensional Assessment of Personality Profile, DAPP-BQ) were assessed within both groups. Results: Regarding axis I disorders men with BPD more often fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder, whereas women had a higher frequency of bulimia nervosa as well as of posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia. With respect to axis II disorders the diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and conduct disorder in childhood were found more often in men. Considering the BPD diagnostic criteria, men more often fulfilled the criteria of impulsivity. As to dimensional personality traits assessed by the NEO-PI-R, men had higher rates of excitement seeking. Women showed higher rates in the NEO-PI-R factors of anxiety, depression, vulnerability, modesty and altruism. In the DAPP-profile men reached higher sores of stimulus seeking, callousness, intimacy problems and conduct problems, whereas women had higher rates of submissiveness and anxiousness. In the SCL-90 profile no gender differences could be identified. Conclusions: Our results argue for gender differences in axis I and II comorbidity and dimensional personality traits in BPD.","sex difference, psychiatry, borderline state, society, patient, personality, female, diagnosis, comorbidity, mental disease, intimacy, personality test, binge eating disorder, bulimia, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic, Symptom Checklist 90, narcissism, conduct disorder, childhood, impulsiveness, excitement, R factor, psychopathy, anxiety, altruism, stimulus, agoraphobia","Ruter, A., Ritter, K., Schulte-Herbruggen, O., Vater, A., Ropke, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4728,Research and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before World War II in the context of psychiatry in Europe,"The aim of this article is to offer an overview of the research into diagnosis and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before the outbreak of World War II. It also includes a profile of the work of Prof. Jan Piltz, the then director of the Clinic, and his major scientific achievements. The publications cited in the article date in the main from the period of World War I, and comprise clinical analyses of the consequences of stress suffered at the front as well as a description of the ways in which they were treated. These are presented alongside other major findings related to war neuroses being made in Europe at the time. The article draws attention to the very modern thinking on treatment of war neuroses, far ahead of the average standards of the day, evinced by Prof. Piltz and his team. The most important innovative elements of their treatment of these conditions were the fact that they perceived the cause of the neurosis to lie in previous personality disorders in the patients, their recommendation of psychotherapy as the main method of treatment, and their emphasis on the need for further rehabilitation following the completion of the course of hospital treatment. They also paid significant attention to the importance of drawing up individual therapy plans for each patient.","article, Europe, hospital care, human, neurosis, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, rehabilitation care, war","Rutkowski, K., Dembinska, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4729,Research and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before World War II in the context of psychiatry in Europe,"The aim of this article is to offer an overview of the research into diagnosis and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before the outbreak of World War II. It also includes a profile of the work of Prof. Jan Piltz, the then director of the Clinic, and his major scientific achievements. The publications cited in the article date in the main from the period of World War I, and comprise clinical analyses of the consequences of stress suffered at the front as well as a description of the ways in which they were treated. These are presented alongside other major findings related to war neuroses being made in Europe at the time. The article draws attention to the very modern thinking on treatment of war neuroses, far ahead of the average standards of the day, evinced by Prof. Piltz and his team. The most important innovative elements of their treatment of these conditions were the fact that they perceived the cause of the neurosis to lie in previous personality disorders in the patients, their recommendation of psychotherapy as the main method of treatment, and their emphasis on the need for further rehabilitation following the completion of the course of hospital treatment. They also paid significant attention to the importance of drawing up individual therapy plans for each patient.","Jan Piltz, PTSD, War neurosis, World War I","Rutkowski, K., Dembińska, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,4728
4730,Millennium Cohort: enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service,,,"Ryan, M. A. K., Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Amoroso, P., Boyko, E. J., Gray, G. C., Gackstetter, G. D., Riddle, J. R., Wells, T. S., Gumbs, G., Corbeil, T. E., Hooper, T. I.",2007.0,,10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.05.009,0,0,
4731,Interdisciplinary rehabilitation of mild TBI and PTSD: A case report,"Background: Prevalence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion on the battlefield in Iraq/Afghanistan has resulted in its designation as a 'signature injury'. Civilian studies have shown that negative expectations for recovery may lead to worse outcomes. While there is concern that concussion screening procedures in the Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System and the Department of Defence could fuel negative expectations, leading to negative iatrogenic effects, it has been difficult to document this in clinical settings. The aim of this report is to describe the case of a veteran with comorbid mTBI/PTSD with persistent symptoms of unknown aetiology and the effects of provider communications on the patient's recovery. Methods: Case report of a veteran with reported mTBI, including provider communications, neuropsychological test results and report of functioning after changes in provider messages. Results: Two-years post-mTBI, the patient attributed cognitive difficulties to his brain injury, but neuropsychological assessment found that his cognitive profile was consistent with psychological rather than neurological dysfunction. After providers systematically emphasized expectations of recovery, the patient's daily functioning improved. Conclusions: This case illustrates difficulties in mass screening for and treating mTBI. Recommendations for improvement include clinician training in effectively communicating positive expectations of recovery after concussion. © 2011 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved.","blast injuries, Concussion, iatrogenic effects, post-concussive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, veterans","Ryan, P. B., Lee-Wilk, T., Kok, B. C., Wilk, J. E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4732,"Emotionality, Emotion Regulation, and Adaptation among 5- to 8-Year-Old Children","This study investigated relations between emotionality, emotion regulation, and children's behavioral adaptation in a longitudinal design. Mothers rated emotionality and emotion regulation related to anger, fear, and positive emotions-exuberance for 151 children at age 5 and later at age 6 years 6 months. Emotionality and emotion regulation measures were modestly related. Preschool ratings at age 6 (n = 125), maternal ratings at age 6 years 6 months (n = 133), and elementary school ratings at age 8 (n = 135) of problems and competence were also collected. High anger emotionality and low regulation of positive emotions and exuberance predicted externalizing problem behavior and prosocial behavior. High fear emotionality and low fear regulation predicted internalizing problem behavior. There were few interactive effects of emotionality and regulation.",,"Rydell, A. M., Berlin, L., Bohlin, G.",2003.0,,10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.30,0,0,
4733,Emotion regulation in relation to social functioning: An investigation of child self-reports,,,"Rydell, A. M., Thorell, L. B., Bohlin, G.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4734,One-year trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms in older patients presenting in general practice with musculoskeletal pain: A latent class growth analysis,"Objective: Distinguishing transient from persistent anxiety and depression symptoms in older people presenting to general practice with musculoskeletal pain is potentially important for effective management. This study sought to identify distinct post-consultation depression and anxiety symptom trajectories in adults aged over 50 years consulting general practice for non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain. Methods: Self-completion questionnaires, containing measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms, age, gender, pain status, coping and social status were mailed within 1 week of the consultation and at 3, 6 and 12 months. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify anxiety and depression symptoms trajectories, which were ascertained with cut-off score >8 on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale subscales. Associations between baseline characteristics and cluster membership were examined using multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis (the 3-step approach). Results: Latent class growth analyses determined a 3-cluster anxiety model (n =499) and a 3-cluster depression model (n =501). Clusters identified were: no anxiety problem (44.1%), persistent anxiety problem (33.9%) and transient anxiety symptoms (22.2%); no depression problem (74.1%), persistent depression problem (22.0%) and gradual depression symptom recovery (4.0%). Widespread pain, interference with valued activities, coping by increased behavioral activities, catastrophizing, perceived lack of instrumental support, age >70 years, being female, and performing manual/routine work were associated with anxiety and/or depression clusters. Conclusions: Older people with non-inflammatory musculoskeletal pain are at high risk of persistent anxiety and/or depression problems. Biopsychosocial factors, such as pain status, coping strategies, instrumental support, performing manual/routine work, being female and age >70 years, may help identify patients with persistent anxiety and/or depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Geriatric Patients, *Major Depression, *Musculoskeletal Disorders, *Pain, Aging, Disease Course, Symptoms","Rzewuska, Magdalena, Mallen, Christian D., Strauss, Victoria Y., Belcher, John, Peat, George",2015.0,,,0,1,
4735,Risking connection with our clients: Implications for the current state of the therapeutic relationship,"In response to Hansen, Lambert, and Forman (2002), we discuss major caveats for research in which quantitative research methodology is applied to psychotherapy outcome studies. First, quantitative methodology fits more easily into a medical/disease model of mental illness than a truly psychological model of mental health. Second, results from quantitative outcome research are often misused when the findings are overgeneralized to individuals whose psychological profiles and treatment needs are dissimilar to the research samples. Third, quantitative studies fail to consider the therapeutic alliance as a critical factor in psychotherapy outcome. We describe Risking Connection, a training curriculum we coauthored with colleagues at the Traumatic Stress Institute, that highlights the centrality of healing relationships in psychotherapy with adult trauma survivors. © 2002 American Psychological Association D12.",,"Saakvitne, K. W., Gamble, S. J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4736,Age-associated epigenetic upregulation of the FKBP5 gene selectively impairs stress resiliency,"Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene combine with traumatic events to increase risk for post-traumatic stress and major depressive disorders (PTSD and MDD). These SNPs increase FKBP51 protein expression through a mechanism involving demethylation of the gene and altered glucocorticoid signaling. Aged animals also display elevated FKBP51 levels, which contribute to impaired resiliency to depressive-like behaviors through impaired glucocorticoid signaling, a phenotype that is abrogated in FKBP5-/-mice. But the age of onset and progressive stability of these phenotypes remain unknown. Moreover, it is unclear how FKBP5 deletion affects other glucocorticoid-dependent processes or if age-associated increases in FKBP51 expression are mediated through a similar epigenetic process caused by SNPs in the FKBP5 gene. Here, we show that FKBP51-mediated impairment in stress resiliency and glucocorticoid signaling occurs by 10 months of age and this increased over their lifespan. Surprisingly, despite these progressive changes in glucocorticoid responsiveness, FKBP5-/-mice displayed normal longevity, glucose tolerance, blood composition and cytokine profiles across lifespan, phenotypes normally associated with glucocorticoid signaling. We also found that methylation of Fkbp5 decreased with age in mice, a process that likely explains the age-associated increases in FKBP51 levels. Thus, epigenetic upregulation of FKBP51 with age can selectively impair psychological stress-resiliency, but does not affect other glucocorticoid-mediated physiological processes. This makes FKBP51 a unique and attractive therapeutic target to treat PTSD and MDD. In addition, aged wild-type mice may be a useful model for investigating the mechanisms of FKBP5 SNPs associated with these disorders.",,"Sabbagh, J. J., ""OLeary, J. C., III"", Blair, L. J., Klengel, T., Nordhues, B. A., Fontaine, S. N., Binder, E. B., Dickey, C. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4737,"Interactions of immunological, psychological, hormonal, and nutritional alterations in war-related chronic stress","Background and purpose: Stress-induced effects on neuroendocrine and immune functions are well established. The nature of relations in these multidirectionally interacting allostatic systems is difficult to evaluate in humans. To assess the complex responses to war-related chronic stress we used multivariate statistical model analysis. Materials and methods: Twenty-nine detainees released from the concentration camp and 15 controls were included in the study. Psychological status was assessed by COR-NEX2 and Hamilton tests, nutritional status by serum albumin and total protein levels, and endocrine status by serum cortisol, (beta)-endorphin, prolactin, T3 and T4 levels. Immune status was estimated by flow cytometric enumeration of the lymphocyte subpopulations, NK and phagocytic activities and serum cytokines (IL-2, TNF, IFN) levels. To assess the relations between psychological, nutritional, endocrine and immune statuses representet by sets of several variables each, multivariate canonical correlation and cluster analysis were aplyed. Results: Although no causal relationship can be inferred from this study, multiple interactions were established between the statuses examined. Psychological and nutritional variables correlated with T lymphocyte activation and non-specific immune functions while hormonal and psychological statuses, being in correlation, contributed to the relation with immunofunctional variables. By cluster analysis, all variables employed were structured into four clusters, reflecting more or less the same relation among the psychological, endocrine, immune and nutritional statuses. Conclusion: The multivariate model analyses employed confirmed the prevailing influence of chronic stress on hormonal and immunological responses, although in order to arrive at a more reliable interpretation of such complex interactions, some other important variables and larger sample size should be employed.","beta endorphin, cytokine, hydrocortisone, interferon, interleukin 2, liothyronine, prolactin, protein, serum albumin, thyroxine, tumor necrosis factor, adolescent, adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, disease severity, endocrinology, flow cytometry, Hamilton scale, human, hydrocortisone blood level, immunology, liothyronine blood level, lymphocyte subpopulation, male, molecular interaction, multivariate analysis, natural killer cell, neuroendocrinology, nutrition, phagocyte, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, prolactin blood level, protein blood level, psychology, statistical model, T lymphocyte, thyroxine blood level, war","Sabioncello, A., Kocijan-Hercigonja, D., Mazuran, R., Svoboda-Beusan, I., Rabatic, S., Tomasic, J., Rijavec, M., Dekaris, D.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4738,"Interactions of immunological, psychological, hormonal, and nutritional alterations in war-related chronic stress","Background and purpose: Stress-induced effects on neuroendocrine and immune functions are well established. The nature of relations in these multidirectionally interacting allostatic systems is difficult to evaluate in humans. To assess the complex responses to war-related chronic stress we used multivariate statistical model analysis. Materials and methods: Twenty-nine detainees released from the concentration camp and 15 controls were included in the study. Psychological status was assessed by COR-NEX2 and Hamilton tests, nutritional status by serum albumin and total protein levels, and endocrine status by serum cortisol, β-endorphin, prolactin, T3 and T4 levels. Immune status was estimated by flow cytometric enumeration of the lymphocyte subpopulations, NK and phagocytic activities and serum cytokines (IL-2, TNF, IFN) levels. To assess the relations between psychological, nutritional, endocrine and immune statuses representet by sets of several variables each, multivariate canonical correlation and cluster analysis were aplyed. Results: Although no causal relationship can be inferred from this study, multiple interactions were established between the statuses examined. Psychological and nutritional variables correlated with T lymphocyte activation and non-specific immune functions while hormonal and psychological statuses, being in correlation, contributed to the relation with immunofunctional variables. By cluster analysis, all variables employed were structured into four clusters, reflecting more or less the same relation among the psychological, endocrine, immune and nutritional statuses. Conclusion: The multivariate model analyses employed confirmed the prevailing influence of chronic stress on hormonal and immunological responses, although in order to arrive at a more reliable interpretation of such complex interactions, some other important variables and larger sample size should be employed.","Canonical correlation, Cluster analysis, Cytokines, Immune function, Immunophenotyping, Psychoneuroimmunology","Sabioncello, A., Kocijan-Hercigonja, D., Mažuran, R., Svoboda-Beusan, I., Rabatić, S., Tomašić, J., Rijavec, M., Dekaris, D.",1999.0,,,0,0,4737
4739,"Primary malignant brain tumours, psychosocial distress and the intimate partner experience: what do we know?","From the time of diagnosis of a primary malignant brain tumour (PMBT) and throughout the illness trajectory, the patient and intimate partner face many psychosocial challenges ranging from fear and uncertainty to hope and loss (Fox & Lantz, 1998; Janda et al., 2007; Kvale, Murthy, Taylor, Lee, & Nabors, 2009). While many patients diagnosed with cancer may go on to live with cancer as a chronic illness, this may not be said of individuals diagnosed with a PMBT, in particular those diagnosed with a glioma, the most common form of brain tumour (Gupta & Sarin, 2002). Gliomas are associated with a short disease trajectory and multiple deficits (functional, cognitive and psychiatric). What makes the PMBT experience unique from other cancers is that the intimate partner must not only deal with the diagnosis of cancer in their spouse, but also the accompanying personality, functional and behavioural changes wrought by the disease, as well as grieve the loss of the person they once knew (Sherwood et al., 2004). These multi-dimensional deficits are thought to place the intimate partner, as caregiver, at greater risk for adverse psychosocial effects such as anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress (Goebel, von Harscher, & Mehdorn, 2011; Keir, Farland, Lipp, & Friedman, 2009). The following discussion will provide an overview of the extant literature on the experience of living with a PMBT from the intimate partner (spouse) perspective with a particular emphasis on how intimate partners cope. The intimate partner is considered to be the heterosexual or same-sex, married or common-law partner of the patient. Highlights from the psychotherapy practice of the author will be used to further strengthen the need for more research, education and enhanced practice to more effectively meet the unique needs of this under-researched and supported population.",,"Sabo, B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4740,Diagnostic and clinical aspects of complex post-traumatic stress disorder,"The symptomatology of patients suffering in the aftermath of severe and prolonged traumatization is not entirety covered by the diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consequently, the concept of complex PTSD was proposed, including symptoms of affective dysregulation, dissociation and somatization, alterations in self-perception, altered relationships with others, and altered systems of meaning. Thereby, a variety of symptoms usually classified as comorbid disorders are combined in a single etiological model. The whole symptomatology is considered as more or less effective adaptation strategies and not primarily as deficits. This understanding of the underlying etiology in subjects with complex traumatizations opens perspectives for new psychotherapeutic treatment strategies which have already shown effectiveness fn daily practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Syndromes, *Somatization, Diagnosis, Etiology, Self Perception, Stress, Suffering","Sack, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4741,A 6-Year follow-up study of Cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children,"Seventy-three percent of a sample of 46 Cambodian youth interviewed in 1984 and 1987 were reinterviewed in 1990 as part of a pretest for a multisite study of Cambodian refugee trauma now under way. An additional sample of convenience of 38 youth were also interviewed to determine reliability and validity of the diagnostic instruments chosen for the larger study. The DSM-III-R diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was found to persist, but the symptoms appeared less intense over time. In contrast, the prevalence of depression dropped markedly since 1987. Subjects remained largely free of comorbid conditions. Diagnostic reliability and validity were satisfactory. The follow-up sample appeared to be functioning well despite their PTSD profiles. The findings are discussed in light of several current controversies surrounding the concept and measurement of PTSD.",,"Sack, W. H., Clarke, G., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lanham, K., Kinzie, J. D.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4742,Posttraumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees,"Objective: To examine the expression of war-related trauma as manifested by DSM-III-R rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder in two generations of Cambodian refugees living in the western United States. Method: A probability sample of 209 Khmer adolescents and one of their parents were interviewed using portions of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version and the PTSD section of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Interviews were conducted in English by a master's-level clinician with a Khmer interpreter. Results: PTSD was found to be significantly related across parent-child generations. A nonsignificant generational trend was also found for depressive disorders. A number of environmental variables measured in the study (amount of reported war trauma, loss, living arrangements, treatment received, socioeconomic status) were not related to these findings. Parents were more likely to report an earlier onset of PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: This study suggests that PTSD in refugees may cluster in families. Whether this phenomenon is caused by a genetic susceptibility to trauma awaits further research. PTSD and depressive disorders in refugee populations, while often comorbid, appear to follow different courses over time.","adolescent, adult, article, Cambodia, child parent relation, depression, family life, female, gender, genetic susceptibility, human, interview, major clinical study, male, migration, morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, refugee, social status, United States","Sack, W. H., Clarke, G. N., Seeley, J.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4743,"Prison therapeutic community treatment for female offenders: Profiles and preliminary findings for mental health and other variables (Crime, Substance Use and HIV Risk)","This random assignment study compared women in a prison Therapeutic Community (TC) program with those in a cognitive-behavioral intervention. Over two thirds of study subjects received a lifetime diagnosis of severe mental disorder, nearly one-half received a diagnosis of PTSD, and virtually all reported exposure to trauma. Preliminary analysis (n = 314) found significantly better six-month post-prison outcomes for the TC group on measures of mental health, criminal behavior and HIV-risk behavior. These findings suggest the short-term effectiveness of prison TC treatment for female offenders with substance use disorders, and underscore the importance of adapting treatment to address mental health. © 2008 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.","Female offenders, Mental health, Preliminary findings, Profiles, Substance use disorders, Therapeutic community","Sacks, J., Sacks, S., McKendrick, K., Banks, S., Schoeneberger, M., Hamilton, Z., Stommel, J., Shoemaker, J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4744,"Stress disorder and PTSD after burn injuries: A prospective study of predictors of PTSD at Sina Burn Center, Iran","Background: A burn injury can be a traumatic experience with tremendous social, physical, and psychological consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of PTSD Checklist score initially and 3 months after injury in burns victims admitted to the Sina Burn Center in north-west Iran. Methods: This prospective study examined adult patients aged 16-65 years with unintentional burns. The PTSD Checklist was used to screen for PTSD. Results: Flame burns constituted 49.4% of all burns. Mean PTSD score was 23.8 +/- 14.7 early in the hospitalization period and increased to 24.2 +/- 14.3, 3 months after the burn injury. Twenty percent of victims 2 weeks into treatment had a positive PTSD screening test, and this figure increased to 31.5% after 3 months. The likelihood of developing a positive PTSD screening test increased significantly after 3 months (P < 0.01). Using multivariate regression analysis, factors independently predicting PTSD score were found to be age, gender, and percentage of total body surface area burned. Conclusion: PTSD was a problem in the population studied and should be managed appropriately after hospital admission due to burn injury. Male gender, younger age, and higher total body surface area burned may predict a higher PTSD score after burn injury. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Burns, Human Body, Injuries, Stress","Sadeghi-Bazargani, Homayoun, Maghsoudi, Hemmat, Soudmand-Niri, Mohsen, Ranjbar, Fatemeh, Mashadi-Abdollahi, Hossein",2011.0,,,0,0,
4745,Posttraumatic stress disorder increases risk of criminal recidivism among justice-involved persons with mental disorders,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a potentially important, yet understudied, mental disorder to consider in models of criminal recidivism. The present study sought to address this gap in the literature with a large-scale secondary analysis of observational data from a sample of justice-involved persons with mental disorders. Administrative data were reviewed for 771 adult jail detainees with mental disorders. Hierarchical logistic regression models showed that PTSD was associated with a greater likelihood of general (arrest for any new charge) and serious (arrest for a new felony charge) recidivism during the year following the index arrest, after controlling for risk conferred by a recent history of arrest, demographic characteristics, and other mental disorders. Furthermore, risk of rearrest for new charges was comparable for PTSD and substance use disorders. Findings show that PTSD increases risk of both general and serious recidivism and suggest it should be considered in interventions to reduce justice-system involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Criminal Behavior, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Recidivism, *Stress","Sadeh, Naomi, McNiel, Dale E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4746,SKA2 methylation is associated with decreased prefrontal cortical thickness and greater PTSD severity among trauma-exposed veterans,"Methylation of the SKA2 (spindle and kinetochore-associated complex subunit 2) gene has recently been identified as a promising biomarker of suicide risk. Based on this finding, we examined associations between SKA2 methylation, cortical thickness and psychiatric phenotypes linked to suicide in trauma-exposed veterans. About 200 trauma-exposed white non-Hispanic veterans of the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (91% male) underwent clinical assessment and had blood drawn for genotyping and methylation analysis. Of all, 145 participants also had neuroimaging data available. Based on previous research, we examined DNA methylation at the cytosine–guanine locus cg13989295 as well as DNA methylation adjusted for genotype at the methylation-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (rs7208505) in relationship to whole-brain cortical thickness, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) and depression symptoms. Whole-brain vertex-wise analyses identified three clusters in prefrontal cortex that were associated with genotype-adjusted SKA2 DNA methylation (methylation<inf>adj</inf>). Specifically, DNA methylation<inf>adj</inf> was associated with bilateral reductions of cortical thickness in frontal pole and superior frontal gyrus, and similar effects were found in the right orbitofrontal cortex and right inferior frontal gyrus. PTSD symptom severity was positively correlated with SKA2 DNA methylation<inf>adj</inf> and negatively correlated with cortical thickness in these regions. Mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect of PTSD on cortical thickness via SKA2 methylation status. Results suggest that DNA methylation<inf>adj</inf> of SKA2 in blood indexes stress-related psychiatric phenotypes and neurobiology, pointing to its potential value as a biomarker of stress exposure and susceptibility.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 1 September 2015; doi:10.1038/mp.2015.134. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited",,"Sadeh, N., Spielberg, J. M., Logue, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Smith, A. K., Lusk, J., Hayes, J. P., Sperbeck, E., Milberg, W. P., McGlinchey, R. E., Salat, D. H., Carter, W. C., Stone, A., Schichman, S. A., Humphries, D. E., Miller, M. W.",2015.0,,10.1038/mp.2015.134,0,0,
4747,Neurobiological indicators of disinhibition in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Deficits in impulse control are increasingly recognized in association with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To our further understanding of the neurobiology of PTSD-related disinhibition, we examined alterations in brain morphology and network connectivity associated with response inhibition failures and PTSD severity. The sample consisted of 189 trauma-exposed Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans (89% male, ages 19-62) presenting with a range of current PTSD severity. Disinhibition was measured using commission errors on a Go/No-Go (GNG) task with emotional stimuli, and PTSD was assessed using a measure of current symptom severity. Whole-brain vertex-wise analyses of cortical thickness revealed two clusters associated with PTSD-related disinhibition (Monte Carlo cluster corrected P < 0.05). The first cluster included portions of right inferior and middle frontal gyri and frontal pole. The second cluster spanned portions of left medial orbital frontal, rostral anterior cingulate, and superior frontal gyrus. In both clusters, commission errors were associated with reduced cortical thickness at higher (but not lower) levels of PTSD symptoms. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed alterations in the functional connectivity of the right frontal cluster. Together, study findings suggest that reductions in cortical thickness in regions involved in flexible decision-making, emotion regulation, and response inhibition contribute to impulse control deficits in PTSD. Furthermore, aberrant coupling between frontal regions and networks involved in selective attention, memory/learning, and response preparation suggest disruptions in functional connectivity may also play a role.","cortical thickness, go/no-go, impulsivity, resting-state connectivity, trauma, veterans","Sadeh, N., Spielberg, J. M., Miller, M. W., Milberg, W. P., Salat, D. H., Amick, M. M., Fortier, C. B., McGlinchey, R. E.",2015.0,Aug,10.1002/hbm.22829,0,0,
4748,"Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in treating erectile dysfunction in patients with combatrelated post traumatic stress disorder: A doubleblind, randomized and placebocontrolled study","Introduction and Objective: More than 80% of combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience sexual dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate (a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor) in treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with combat related PTSD. Materials and Methods: A total of 266 combatexposed war veterans with ED (aged 37-59 years) were recruited. They met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for Patients, Investigator Version (SCID-I). Only subjects with psychogenic ED were included in the study. Patients with comorbid conditions included diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, Peyronie's disease and smokers of more than five cigarettes daily were excluded. They were randomly divided into group 1 (n=133), those who received 100 mg on demand sildenafil 45 minutes to 2 hours prior to sexual stimulation and group 2 (n= 133), who received placebo. Patients were asked to use at least 16 doses/attempts at home. The efficacy of two treatments was assessed every 4 attempts during treatment, and at the end of study, using responses to the 15-question International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP), diary questions 2 and 3, Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) questionnaire, patients' event logs of sexual activity, and a Global Assessment Question (GAQ) about erections. Results: Sildenafil did not produce significantly and substantially greater improvement than placebo in each of the primary and secondary outcome measures (P=0.08). A normal EF domain score (a 26) at endpoint was reported by 13 (9.8%), and 11 (8.3%) of the patients on the sildenafil and placebo regimens, respectively (P=0.09). Patients treated with sildenafil did not have a statistically significantly greater improvement in the five sexual function domains of the IIEF questionnaire than those treated with placebo (P=0.08). The incidences of treatmentemergent adverse events were significantly greater in the sildenafil arm compared with the placebo group (P= 0.01). Conclusions: Sildenafil is no better than placebo in treatment of PTSD-emergent ED. Further randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are warranted in combat veterans and other populations with PTSD to better elucidate the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in treatment of PTSD-emergent ED.","sildenafil, placebo, phosphodiesterase V inhibitor, posttraumatic stress disorder, patient, erectile dysfunction, safety, veteran, questionnaire, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, stimulation, International Index of Erectile Function, Peyronie disease, satisfaction, sexual behavior, sexual function, hypercholesterolemia, clinical trial, population, sexual dysfunction, war, structured interview, arm","Safarinejad, M., Kolahi, A., Ghaedi, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4749,"Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in treating erectile dysfunction in patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study","OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate for treating erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 266 combat-exposed war veterans with ED (aged 37-59 years) were recruited. They met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria for PTSD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for Patients, Investigator Version. The patients were also evaluated with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, both to establish the diagnosis of PTSD and to measure symptom severity. Only patients with psychogenic ED were included in the study. Patients with comorbid conditions (diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, Peyronie's disease) and smokers of more than five cigarettes daily were excluded. The patients were randomly divided into a group of 133 who received 100 mg of on-demand sildenafil 0.75-2 h before sexual stimulation, and 133 who received placebo. Patients were asked to use (greater-than or equal to)16 doses or attempts at home. The efficacy of the treatments was assessed every four attempts during treatment, and at the end of the study, using responses to the 15-question International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Sexual Encounter Profile diary questions 2 and 3, Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction questionnaire, patients' event logs of sexual activity, and a Global Assessment Question about erections. RESULTS Sildenafil did not produce significantly and substantially greater improvement than placebo in each of the primary and secondary outcome measures (P = 0.08). A normal EF domain score ((greater-than or equal to)26) at endpoint was reported by 13 (9.8%), and 11 (8.3%) of patients on the sildenafil and placebo regimens, respectively (P = 0.09). Patients treated with sildenafil had no statistically significantly greater improvement in the five sexual function domains of the IIEF questionnaire than those treated with placebo (P = 0.08). The incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were significantly greater in the sildenafil arm than in the placebo group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Sildenafil is no better than placebo in treating PTSD-emergent ED. Further randomized clinical trials are warranted in combat veterans and other populations with PTSD to better elucidate the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in treating PTSD-emergent ED. (copyright) 2009 BJU INTERNATIONAL.","placebo, sildenafil, abdominal pain, adult, article, smoking, clinical feature, clinical trial, comorbidity, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, diabetes mellitus, disease severity, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug withdrawal, dyspepsia, erectile dysfunction, flushing, headache, human, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, major clinical study, male, myalgia, occupational health, patient satisfaction, Peyronie disease, photophobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, questionnaire, randomized controlled trial, rhinitis, sexual behavior, sexual function, side effect, treatment outcome, visual disorder","Safarinejad, M. R., Kolahi, A. A., Ghaedi, G.",2009.0,,,0,0,4748
4750,"Future directions in post-traumatic stress disorder: Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment","(from the cover) Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder presents findings and ideas with the potential to influence both our conceptualization of the condition and the techniques used to address it. A multidisciplinary panel of experts offers new analyses of risk and resilience factors, individual and group approaches to prevention, the evolving process of diagnosis, and effective treatment and delivery. Chapters on treatment allow readers to compare widely-used prolonged exposure and VR methods with innovative applications of cognitive processing therapy and interpersonal therapy. And an especially compelling contribution surveys empirically-based programs relating to what for many is the emblematic trauma of our time, the events of September 11, 2001. While millions experience trauma, relatively few develop chronic PTSD, Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a practical and proactive reference for the health and clinical psychologists, sociologists, psychiatrists, and primary care physicians dedicated to further decreasing those numbers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prevention, *Treatment, Cognitive Therapy, Interpersonal Psychotherapy, Resilience (Psychological), Risk Factors","Safir, Marilyn P., Wallach, Helene S., Rizzo, Albert Skip",2015.0,,,0,0,
4751,"Psychological symptoms of Turkish children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake: Exposure, gender, location, and time duration",The authors describe their study of posttraumatic stress symptoms of children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. The rate of possible PTSD cases is also presented. The findings are reported as the results of two different studies. Location had a main effect on almost all of the dependent variables for both samples. The posttraumatic stress symptom scores for both groups significantly decreased 3 months after the initial assessment. The best predictors of the perceived posttraumatic stress symptoms for both children and adolescents were found to be perceived negative school performance and exposure. © 2007 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.,,"Şahin, N. H., Batigün, A. D., Yilmaz, B.",2007.0,,10.1002/jts.20217,0,0,
4752,The reliability and validity of a French version of the Children's Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Inventory,"Describes the development and validation of a French-language version of the present author's (1987) Children's Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Inventory. The inventory was evaluated among several samples of male and female French-speaking Lebanese school-age children with acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic PTSD, or no morbidity. Results concerning the criterion validity, interrater reliability, and test-retest reliability are presented. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Foreign Language Translation, *Inventories, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Test Construction, Test Reliability, Test Validity","Saigh, Philip A.",1989.0,,,0,0,
4753,An analysis of the internalizing and externalizing behaviors of traumatized urban youth with and without PTSD,"To test the differential validity of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) classification, 3 groups of youths (PTSD, traumatized PTSD negatives, and controls) were examined. Youth with major comorbid disorders were excluded. On the basis of an analysis of parent-derived Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) ratings, significant variations in CBCL scores were associated with PTSD but not with exposure to exceptional stress in the absence of PTSD. The results also indicated that traumatic exposure without the development of PTSD was not associated with higher estimates of psychopathology.",,"Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R. A., Halamandaris, P. V., McHugh, M.",2002.0,,10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.462,0,0,
4754,"Child-adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder: Prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity","(create) This chapter explores prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity issues in child-adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)., (from the chapter) Topics include: child-adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): prevalence and risk factors; epidemiology of child-adolescent exposure to traumatic events; PTSD prevalence rates among clinical samples of stress-exposed children and adolescents (crime-related PTSD, war-related PTSD, disaster-related PTSD); comorbidity; risk factors; and implications for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Risk Assessment","Saigh, Philip A., Yasik, Anastasia E., Sack, William H., Koplewicz, Harold S.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4755,AAGP position statement: Disaster preparedness for older americans: Critical issues for the preservation of mental health,"The Disaster Preparedness Task Force of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry was formed after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans to identify and address needs of the elderly after the disaster that led to excess health disability and markedly increased rates of hopelessness, suicidality, serious mental illness (reported to exceed 60% from baseline levels), and cognitive impairment. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) outlines risk groups which fail to address later effects from chronic stress and loss and disruption of social support networks. Range of interventions recommended for Preparation, Early Response, and Late Response reviewed in the report were not applied to elderly for a variety of reasons. It was evident that addressing the needs of elderly will not be made without a stronger mandate to do so from major governmental agencies (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] and SAMHSA). The recommendation to designate frail elderly and dementia patients as a particularly high-risk group and a list of specific recommendations for research and service and clinical reference list are provided. © 2009 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.","Disaster, Position statement","Sakauye, K. M., Streim, J. E., Kennedy, G. J., Kirwin, P. D., Llorente, M. D., Schultz, S. K., Srinivasan, S.",2009.0,,10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b4bf20,0,0,
4756,The study of intensity and frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from war in Ilam city,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a set of a person's reactions to stresses which are beyond one's mental capacity and precedes a severe stress. The aim of this Research was to study the intensity and frequency of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from war in Ilam city. This descriptive- analytic study was investigated the PTSD among the residents of Ilam city who were involved directly or indirectly in the war issues. The sample size was 5110 people chosen through cluster sampling technique. Data were analyzed through statistical methods such as K2 test, t-test, linear regression test, and variance analysis in SPSS software. The results of the study revealed that 26% of the cases who had residence background in Ilam city during Iraqi war against Iran suffered from mental disorder (PTSD). Most of these patients were married, illiterate, or primary educated people and mostly the young and middle aged housewives. The war-induced posttraumatic stress disorder has had negative effects on different aspects of Ilam city residents' health. Therefore, identifying the vulnerable groups to apply medical treatment seemed important and necessary.","Ilam, Post-traumatic stress disorder, War","Saki, K., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Bahmani, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4757,Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression prevalence and associated risk factors among local disaster relief and reconstruction workers fourteen months after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A cross-sectional study,"Background: Many local workers have been involved in rescue and reconstruction duties since the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) on March 11, 2011. These workers continuously confront diverse stressors as both survivors and relief and reconstruction workers. However, little is known about the psychological sequelae among these workers. Thus, we assessed the prevalence of and personal/workplace risk factors for probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), probable depression, and high general psychological distress in this population. Methods: Participants (N = 1294; overall response rate, 82.9%) were workers (firefighters, n = 327; local municipality workers, n = 610; hospital medical workers, n = 357) in coastal areas of Miyagi prefecture. The study was cross-sectional and conducted 14 months after the GEJE using a self-administered questionnaire which included the PTSD Checklist-Specific Version, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the K6 scale. Significant risk factors from bivariate analysis, such as displacement, dead or missing family member(s), near-death experience, disaster related work, lack of communication, and lack of rest were considered potential factors in probable PTSD, probable depression, and high general psychological distress, and were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of probable PTSD, probable depression, and high general psychological distress was higher among municipality (6.6%, 15.9%, and 14.9%, respectively) and medical (6.6%, 14.3%, and 14.5%, respectively) workers than among firefighters (1.6%, 3.8%, and 2.6%, respectively). Lack of rest was associated with increased risk of PTSD and depression in municipality and medical workers; lack of communication was linked to increased PTSD risk in medical workers and depression in municipality and medical workers; and involvement in disaster-related work was associated with increased PTSD and depression risk in municipality workers.Conclusions: The present results indicate that at 14 months after the GEJE, mental health consequences differed between occupations. High preparedness, early mental health interventions, and the return of ordinary working conditions might have contributed to the relative mental health resilience of the firefighters. Unlike the direct effects of disasters, workplace risk factors can be modified after disasters; thus, we should develop countermeasures to improve the working conditions of local disaster relief and reconstruction workers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Fire Fighters, *Major Depression, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Medical Personnel, Psychological Stress, Risk Factors","Sakuma, Atsushi, Takahashi, Yoko, Ueda, Ikki, Sato, Hirotoshi, Katsura, Masahiro, Abe, Mikika, Nagao, Ayami, Suzuki, Yuriko, Kakizaki, Masako, Tsuji, Ichiro, Matsuoka, Hiroo, Matsumoto, Kazunori",2015.0,,,0,0,
4758,"Relationship between anger, alcoholism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorders in war veterans","Studies among veterans indicate that veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) express anger, hostility and aggression as well as alcohol and substance abuse more then veterans without PTSD. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between anger, use of alcohol and symptoms of PTSD in war veterans in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Comparing a group of veterans (n = 54) with PTSD who use alcohol and a group of veterans (n = 46) who do not use alcohol, the analyzed were dimensions of anger related to PTSD symptoms and alcohol usage. Medical records of patients treated at the Department for Psychiatry in Tuzla, B&H, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ)--version for Bosnia and Herzegovina, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Structured Clinical Diagnostic Interview (SCID-I) were used in this study. The basic socio-demographic data were also collected. A significant correlation is found between alcohol usage, and state and trait of anger (P < 0.001), angry temperament (P = 0.001), anger-in expression (P < 0.001), anger-out expression (P < 0.001), and anger control (P < 0.001). PTSD hyperarousal cluster symptoms were significantly correlated to state anger, anger-in expression (P < 0.05), and use of alcohol (P = 0.010). The results indicate that there is a significant correlation between PTSD arousal symptom with anger dimensions, as well as between anger dimensions and use of alcohol in war veterans with PTSD.","adult, alcoholism, anger, article, Bosnia and Herzegovina, hostility, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, veteran","Sakusic, A., Avdibegovic, E., Zoricic, Z., Pavlovic, S., Gaspar, V., Delic, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4759,Understanding comorbidity between PTSD and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations,"While there is high level of comorbidity of PTSD and substance use disorders (SUDs), little research has focused on the overlapping symptom constellation characteristic of both PTSD and substance use/withdrawal. This report describes two preliminary investigations that address this area. In the first study, the pattern of PTSD symptoms in a sample of women (n = 28) seeking treatment for a SUD and comorbid with PTSD was compared with the symptom pattern of a sample of women (n = 28) with PTSD only. The PTSD + SUD group evidenced significantly more symptoms in the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters than the PTSD-only group. At the individual symptom level, the PTSD + SUD group reported significantly more sleep disturbance than the PTSD-only group. It was also determined that the PTSD + SUD group reported greater traumatic-event exposure than the PTSD-only group. In the second study, PTSD symptoms were compared in a sample of alcohol-dependent and a sample of cocaine-dependent individuals with PTSD. The alcohol-dependent group exhibited significantly more arousal symptoms than the cocaine- dependent group. Implications of the results for the assessment of individuals with comorbid PTSD and SUDs are discussed.",,"Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Kilpatrick, D. G.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4760,Effects of a dolphin interaction program on children with autism spectrum disorders - An exploratory research,"Background: Interaction programs involving dolphins and patients with various pathologies or developmental disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, intellectual impairment, autism, atopic dermatitis, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression) have stimulated interest in their beneficial effects and therapeutic potential. However, the true effects observed in different clinical and psycho-educational setups are still controversial. Results: An evaluation protocol consisting of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), Theory of Mind Tasks (ToM Tasks) and a custom-made Interaction Evaluation Grid (IEG) to evaluate behavioural complexity during in-pool interactions was applied to 10 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The ATEC, ToM Tasks and CARS results show no benefits of the dolphin interaction program. Interestingly, the PEP-R suggests some statistically significant effects on Overall development score, as well as on their Fine motor development, Cognitive performance and Cognitive verbal development. Also, a significant evolution in behavioural complexity was shown by the IEG. Conclusions: This study does not support significant developmental progress resulting from the dolphin interaction program. © 2012 Salgueiro et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Salgueiro, E., Nunes, L., Barros, A., Maroco, J., Salgueiro, A. I., Dos Santos, M. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4761,Effects of a dolphin interaction program on children with autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory research,"Interaction programs involving dolphins and patients with various pathologies or developmental disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, intellectual impairment, autism, atopic dermatitis, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression) have stimulated interest in their beneficial effects and therapeutic potential. However, the true effects observed in different clinical and psycho-educational setups are still controversial. An evaluation protocol consisting of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), Theory of Mind Tasks (ToM Tasks) and a custom-made Interaction Evaluation Grid (IEG) to evaluate behavioural complexity during in-pool interactions was applied to 10 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The ATEC, ToM Tasks and CARS results show no benefits of the dolphin interaction program. Interestingly, the PEP-R suggests some statistically significant effects on 'Overall development score', as well as on their 'Fine motor development', 'Cognitive performance' and 'Cognitive verbal development'. Also, a significant evolution in behavioural complexity was shown by the IEG. This study does not support significant developmental progress resulting from the dolphin interaction program.","adolescent, animal, animal assisted therapy, article, autism, child, child development, cognition, dolphin, emotion, female, human, male, methodology, motor activity, physiology, preschool child, psychologic test, psychological aspect","Salgueiro, E., Nunes, L., Barros, A., Maroco, J., Salgueiro, A. I., Dos Santos, M. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,4760
4762,Trajectory and predictors of depression in a 12-month prospective study after the Madrid March 11 terrorist attacks,"Background: Few longitudinal studies have examined the trajectory of and the risk factors for depression in a representative sample of the population exposed to terrorism. A 12 month prospective study was conducted among a sample of Madrid city residents after the March 11, 2004 terrorist attacks. We aimed to document the trajectories of depressive symptoms and determine the risk factors associated with these trajectories. Methods: We conducted telephone surveys among a representative sample of Madrid citizens (N = 1589) to recruit baseline respondents approximately 1 month after the March 11 terrorist attacks. Participants were re-contacted at 6 and 12 months after baseline for further telephone interviews. Results: Findings reveal heterogeneity in the longitudinal trajectories of depression ranging from the absence of depressive symptoms over time, to transient or chronic depression. Life and recent stressors, experiencing direct exposure to the attacks, personality traits, poor physical health and other psychological disorders were principally associated with a worse trajectory of depression after this event. Conclusions: Consistent with a stress diathesis model, ongoing stressors and intense event exposure are key drivers of a chronic depression trajectory after a mass traumatic event. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Depression, Disaster, Mental health, Terrorism, Trajectories","Salguero, J. M., Cano-Vindel, A., Iruarrizaga, I., Fernández-Berrocal, P., Galea, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4763,Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors,"Despite the prevalence of childhood trauma, there are currently no developmentally oriented cognitive theories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This paper outlines the definitional issues of PTSD in children, reviews the incidence of PTSD in children, and compares PTSD profiles in children and adults. We propose that a cognitive theory of childhood PTSD needs to accommodate developmental factors, including knowledge, language development, memory, emotion regulation, and social cognition, in addition to contextual factors such as family interactions. Implications of these developmental factors for assessment and treatment of traumatized children are discussed. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Children, Developmental, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Salmon, K., Bryant, R. A.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4764,Associations between self and other representations and posttraumatic adjustment among political prisoners,"The content and structure of self and other representations and their association with posttraumatic stress symptoms, somatic symptoms, and positive growth were studied among 117 Palestinian male political prisoners. Further, the associations between the representations and the severity of trauma and the post-detention conditions (such as education, place of residency and employment), and the role of representation patterns as a moderator between trauma exposure and symptoms was studied. Cluster analysis identified three representation patterns based on participants' descriptions of their spouse and themselves, and of childhood relationships with their mother and father. Representation patterns differed in negative vs. positive content and in the levels of differentiation and conceptual maturity: The Malevolent Others and Defeated Self representation pattern was characterized by very negative content, and poor differentiation and conceptual maturity in all descriptions; the Moderate Parents and Negative Spouse pattern was characterized by an average level of content negativity/positivity and reasonable levels of differentiation and conceptual maturity, and the Benevolent Spouse and Ambitious Self pattern showed the most positive content and the highest levels of differentiation and conceptual maturity in spouse and self descriptions. The results further showed that the self and other representations associated with both the posttraumatic stress symptoms and the positive growth, but not with the somatic symptoms. The men with Malevolent Others and Defeated Self representation pattern reported higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms and lower levels of positive growth than those with other representation patterns. The representation patterns did not differ according to the severity of trauma or the post-detention conditions. Finally, the self and other representations did not moderate between severe torture and ill-treatment and symptoms.","Posttraumatic adjustment, Self and other representations, Trauma","Salo, J., Punamäki, R. L., Qouta, S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4765,Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptomatology among colorectal cancer survivors: A 3-month longitudinal examination of cognitive processing,"Introduction: The experience of cancer can be understood as a psychosocial transition, producing both positive and negative outcomes. Cognitive processing may facilitate psychological adjustment. Methods: Fifty-five post-treatment, colorectal cancer survivors (M = 65.9 years old; SD = 12.7), an average of 13 months post-diagnosis, were recruited from a state cancer registry and completed baseline and 3-month questionnaires assessing dispositional (social desirability), cognitive processing (cognitive intrusions, cognitive rehearsal), and psychological adjustment variables (posttraumatic growth (PTG), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, depression, anxiety, positive affectivity). Results: PTSD symptomatology was positively associated with depression, anxiety, and negatively associated with positive affectivity. In contrast, PTG scores were unrelated to PTSD symptomatology, depression, anxiety, and positive affectivity. In addition, PTG was independent of social desirability. Notably, after controlling for age at diagnosis and education, multiple regression analyses indicated that cognitive processing (intrusions, rehearsal) was differentially predictive of psychological adjustment. Baseline cognitive intrusions predicted 3-month PTSD symptomatology and there was a trend for baseline cognitive rehearsal predicting 3-month PTG. Conclusions: Additional research is needed to clarify the association between PTG and other indices of psychological adjustment, further delineate the nature of cognitive processing, and understand the trajectory of PTG over time for survivors with colorectal cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Cancer, Cognitive processing, Oncology, Posttraumatic growth, Psychological adjustment, PTSD symptomatology","Salsman, J. M., Segerstrom, S. C., Brechting, E. H., Carlson, C. R., Andrykowski, M. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4766,IQ and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to interpersonal violence,"Background: The literature is mixed as to the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in adult populations. Even less is known about the relationship in children who have been traumatized. Methods: Fifty-nine children and adolescents (mean age = 10.6) with a history of interpersonal violence were evaluated with respect to PTSD symptomatology, number of traumas, and estimated Verbal, Performance and Full scale IQ scores. PTSD symptomatology included symptom levels for cluster B (re-experiencing), cluster C (avoidance and numbing), and cluster D (Hypervigilance) and criterion F, functional impairment. Results: Results indicated that Full scale and Verbal IQ were significantly associated with the number of traumas, re-experiencing symptoms, and impairment. Performance IQ was only associated with impairment. Regression analyses suggested that together PTSD symptomatology predicted Full scale and Verbal IQ but nor Performance IQ and impairment was the single best predictor of IQ generally. Conclusions: Findings provide support for an association between PTSD symptoms and IQ, particularly verbal IQ. Two possible reasons for this relationship are that higher levels of Verbal IQ may serve as a premorbid protective factor against the development of re-experiencing symptoms, or performance on post-trauma Verbal IQ measures may be negatively impacted by expression of PTSD symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify which of these two possibilities explains the association. (copyright) 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","adolescence, adolescent, article, child, controlled study, female, human, intelligence quotient, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, performance, posttraumatic stress disorder, regression analysis, symptom, symptomatology, verbal communication, violence","Saltzman, K. M., Weems, C. F., Carrion, V. G.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4767,Effects of childhood development on late-life mental disorders,"Purpose of Review: To explore recent findings bridging childhood development and common late-life mental disorders in the elderly. Recent Findings: We addressed aging as a part of the developmental process in central nervous system, typical and atypical neurodevelopment focusing on genetic and environmental risk factors and their interplay and links between psychopathology from childhood to the elderly, unifying theoretical perspectives and preventive intervention strategies. Summary: Current findings suggest that childhood development is strictly connected to psychiatric phenotypes across the lifespan. Although we are far from a comprehensive understanding of mental health trajectories, some initial findings document both heterotypic and homotypic continuities from childhood to adulthood and from adulthood to the elderly. Our review also highlights the urgent need for investigations on preventive interventions in individuals at risk for mental disorders. (copyright) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","aggressiveness, alcoholism, Alzheimer disease, anxiety disorder, attention deficit disorder, autism, bipolar disorder, brain development, brain region, central nervous system, child development, smoking, cocaine dependence, cognitive defect, disease predisposition, dyslipidemia, dysphoria, environmental factor, euphoria, fetal malnutrition, frontotemporal dementia, genetic association, gray matter, human, irritability, Lewy body, low birth weight, major depression, maternal smoking, mental disease, mental health, mental instability, mortality, obesity, panic, phenotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, review, risk factor, schizophrenia, social status, white matter","Salum, G. A., Polanczyk, G. V., Miguel, E. C., Rohde, L. A. P.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4768,Posttraumatic depression: Issue of comorbidity,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder is considered the nullsignature diagnosisnull of trauma. Research has shown that PTSD has an abundance of psychiatric comorbidities. Comorbidity is said to be rule rather than exception. The most often psychiatric disorders comorbid with PTSD in combat veterans are alcohol use disorders, major depression, drug abuse, and Cluster B (especially antisocial, but also borderline personality disorders). Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze depressive disorders and PTSD and their relationship, from the aspect of comorbidity. Method: A retrospective analysis of 347 war veterans' medical histories, who were treated between 1991-2009 at the Military Medical Academy: Results: The most frequent disorders were the depressive (n=146/42.1%), among which the adjustment disorder (135/38.9%), followed by major depression (9/2.6%), and dysthymia (2/0.6%). PTSD was diagnosed in 91 veterans (26.2%), and alcoholism in 58 (16.7%). Comorbid disorders were registered in 55 (37.7%) veterans with depressive disorders. The most frequent were arterial hypertension (14/25%), PTSD (8/14.5%) and alcoholism (7/12.7%). In veterans with PTSD, the number of registered comorbid disorders was 27 (29.7%), 11 (40.7%) of them with other anxiety disorders, 8 (29.7%) with somatic and neurological illnesses, 6 (22.2%) with psychotic disorders and 2 (7.4%) with depressive disorders. Conclusion: These findings suggest that war trauma produces broad psychopathological effects, as evidenced by multiple disorders arising independently in the wake of trauma. Multiaxial assessment of posttraumatic depression, especially considering first and fourth axis of the DSM-IV-TR, is necessary for a precise diagnostic process that allows the selection of appropriate treatments.","comorbidity, psychiatry, veteran, diseases, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, major depression, injury, alcoholism, diagnosis, drug abuse, battle injury, mental disease, anxiety disorder, hypertension, borderline state, war, dysthymia, adjustment disorder, army, psychosis, medical history, alcohol use disorder","Samardzic, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4769,Mental Health Over Time in a Military Sample: The Impact of Alcohol Use Disorder on Trajectories of Psychopathology After Deployment,"To identify trajectories of depression and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom groups after deployment and determine the effect of alcohol use disorder on these trajectories, depression symptoms were modeled using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire in 727 Ohio National Guard members, and PTS symptoms were modeled using the PTSD Checklist in 472 Ohio National Guard members. There were 55.8% who were resistant to depression symptoms across the 4 years of study, and 41.5% who were resistant to PTS symptoms. There were 18.7% and 42.2% of participants who showed resilience (experiencing slightly elevated symptoms followed by a decline, according to Bonanno et al., 2002) to depression and PTS symptoms, respectively. Mild and chronic dysfunction constituted the smallest trajectory groups across disorders. Marital status, deployment to an area of conflict, and number of lifetime stressors were associated with membership into different latent groups for depression (unstandardized beta estimates range = 0.69 to 1.37). Deployment to an area of conflict, number of lifetime traumatic events and education predicted membership into different latent groups for PTS (significant unstandardized beta estimate range = 0.83 to 3.17). AUD was associated with an increase in both symptom outcomes (significant unstandardized beta estimate range = 0.20 to 9.45). These results suggested that alcohol use disorder may have contributed substantially to trajectories of psychopathology in this population.",,"Sampson, L., Cohen, G. H., Calabrese, J. R., Fink, D. S., Tamburrino, M., Liberzon, I., Chan, P., Galea, S.",2015.0,Dec,10.1002/jts.22055,1,1,
4770,Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy,"It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.",,"Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., Earls, F.",1997.0,,10.1126/science.277.5328.918,0,0,
4771,Single Mother's Adverse and Traumatic Experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms,"A random sample of 247 Canadian single mothers currently receiving social assistance participated in a study designed to: a) provide a comprehensive description of mother's lifetime exposure to 11 adversities, four psychological traumas, and eight assaultive traumas; b) examine the association between exposure to childhood and adulthood adversities and traumas, and mother's current post-traumatic stress symptom. Of those surveyed, 31% met the criteria for a probable PTSD diagnosis. Between 78% and 80% reported 1 or more lifetime adversity, psychological trauma, and assaultive trauma. Rates of adversities were similar to the general female population. However, rates of psychological and assaultive trauma were six to ten times greater than the general female population. Results show that level of exposure to psychological and assaultive traumas, but not adversity, differentially impacted both the patterning and severity of mothers' current PTSD symptoms. Psychological trauma exposure was the only event type that differentiated the mean scores for the re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyper-arousal symptom clusters. While exposure to assaultive trauma differentiates mean scores primarily for the avoidance/numbing symptoms cluster. Implications for health promotion initiatives across health and social service sectors are discussed. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Post-traumatic stress symptoms, Psychological and assaultive trauma, Single mothers, Social assistance","Samuels-Dennis, J. A., Ford-Gilboe, M., Ray, S.",2011.0,,,0,1,
4772,Longitudinal effects of PTSD on memory functioning,"Numerous studies have demonstrated explicit and working memory deficits related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few have addressed longitudinal changes in memory functioning. There is some evidence to suggest an interactive effect of PTSD and aging on verbal memory decline in Holocaust survivors (Yehuda et al., 2006). However, the longitudinal trajectory of neuropsychological functioning has not been investigated in Vietnam veterans, a younger but substantial population of aging trauma survivors. We administered tests of visual and verbal memory, and working memory to derive different dependent measures in veterans between the ages of 41 and 63, the majority of whom served in the Vietnam War. Twenty-five veterans with PTSD and 22 veterans without PTSD were assessed over two time points (mean age at follow-up = 54.0; mean inter-test interval = 34 months). The PTSD+ group, consisting of veterans with chronic, primarily combat-related PTSD, did not show a significant change in PTSD symptoms over time. Compared to veterans without PTSD, veterans with PTSD showed a greater decline in delayed facial recognition only, and this decline was extremely subtle. © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2009.","Aging, Delayed memory, Immediate recall, Neuropsychology, Verbal learning, Veterans","Samuelson, K. W., Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M., Metzler, T. J., Cardenas, V., Weiner, M. W., Marmar, C. R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4773,Cross-sectional psychosocial evaluation of heart transplantation candidates,"Introduction and objectives: Heart transplantation (HT) is a potentially life-saving procedure for people with terminal cardiac disease. In the last decades researchers of HT programs have attempted to identify the existence of psychosocial factors that might influence the clinical outcome before and after the transplantation. The main objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, psychiatric and psychological features of a large sample of HT candidates. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. A psychiatric and psychological assessment of 125 adult patients was performed at the moment of being included in the HT waiting list, between 2006 and 2012. The assessment consisted in: Clinical, epidemiological and psychosocial form; Spanish version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders; Coping questionnaire (COPE); Five Factors Inventory Revised (NEO-FFI-R); Apgar-Family questionnaire and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale. Results: Axis I diagnoses were present in a 30.4% of patients. COPE showed that this group of patients used most frequently engagement strategies. Personality factors profile of NEO-FFI-R were similar to general population and locus of control scale also presented similar scores compared with other chronic diagnostic groups. Statistically significant associations were found between personality factors and COPE scales/dimensions and psychopathology, mainly neuroticism and disengagement. Conclusions: This is the first study to assess systematically psychosocial factors in a large sample of HT candidates. We have found that around one third of these patients have a psychiatric disorder. Neuroticism and disengagement coping styles can serve as markers of emotional distress.","acute stress disorder, article, compulsive personality disorder, controlled study, cross-sectional study, dysthymia, family functioning, female, generalized anxiety disorder, heart transplantation, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, observational study, panic, primary insomnia, psychologic assessment, psychological rating scale, questionnaire, scoring system, structured interview","Sanchez, R., Bailles, E., Peri, J. M., Bastidas, A., Perez-Villa, F., Bulbena, A., Pintor, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4774,Cross-sectional psychosocial evaluation of heart transplantation candidates,"Introduction and objectives: Heart transplantation (HT) is a potentially life-saving procedure for people with terminal cardiac disease. In the last decades researchers of HT programs have attempted to identify the existence of psychosocial factors that might influence the clinical outcome before and after the transplantation. The main objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, psychiatric and psychological features of a large sample of HT candidates. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. A psychiatric and psychological assessment of 125 adult patients was performed at the moment of being included in the HT waiting list, between 2006 and 2012. The assessment consisted in: Clinical, epidemiological and psychosocial form; Spanish version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders; Coping questionnaire (COPE); Five Factors Inventory Revised (NEO-FFI-R); Apgar-Family questionnaire and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale. Results: Axis I diagnoses were present in a 30.4% of patients. COPE showed that this group of patients used most frequently engagement strategies. Personality factors profile of NEO-FFI-R were similar to general population and locus of control scale also presented similar scores compared with other chronic diagnostic groups. Statistically significant associations were found between personality factors and COPE scales/dimensions and psychopathology, mainly neuroticism and disengagement. Conclusions: This is the first study to assess systematically psychosocial factors in a large sample of HT candidates. We have found that around one third of these patients have a psychiatric disorder. Neuroticism and disengagement coping styles can serve as markers of emotional distress.","Coping, Heart transplantation, Personality, Psychopathology, Psychosocial","Sánchez, R., Baillés, E., Peri, J. M., Bastidas, A., Pérez-Villa, F., Bulbena, A., Pintor, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,4773
4775,Personality and resilience in a special corps of the National Police in Spain,"The relationship between socio-demographic data, personality, and resilience is assessed in a sample of 348 male police intervention units (PIU) in Spain (N = 348) between 23 and 38 years (M = 26.88, SD = 3.12). The results showed that age and education, along with dominance, conscientiousness, perseverance, impulse control, and emotions were closely related to resilience. In addition, 66% of the variance in resilience would be given by four variables: age and academic level and the determination and control of emotions. The importance of some socio-demographic and individual differences as predictors of the level of resilience in specialized police professionals' variables is discussed and some ways to work are open to the study of resilience in other professional groups constantly exposed to situations of extreme adversity.© 2014 Colegio Oficial de Psiclogos de Madrid. Production by Elsevier Espaa, S.L. All rights reserved.","Policemen Correlational, Resilience, Socio-demographic variables Personality","Sánchez-Teruel, D., Auxiliadora Robles-Bello, M.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.rpto.2014.06.003,0,0,
4776,Ontogeny of dreaming: A review of empirical studies,"The examination of children's sleep-related mental experiences presents many significant challenges for researchers investigating the developmental trajectories of human dreaming. In contrast to the well-explored developmental patterns of human sleep, data from dream research are strikingly divergent with highly ambiguous results and conclusions, even though there is plenty of indirect evidence suggesting parallel patterns of development between neural maturation and dreaming. Thus results from studies of children's dreaming are of essential importance not only to enlighten us on the nature and role of dreaming but to also add to our knowledge of consciousness and cognitive and emotional development. This review summarizes research results related to the ontogeny of dreaming: we critically reconsider the field, systematically compare the findings based on different methodologies, and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of methods, arguing in favor of methodological pluralism. Since most contradictory results emerge in connection with descriptive as well as content related characteristics of young children's dreams, we emphasize the importance of carefully selected dream collection methods. In contrast nightmare-related studies yield surprisingly convergent results, thus providing strong basis for inferences about the connections between dreaming and cognitive emotional functioning. Potential directions for dream research are discussed, aiming to explore the as yet unraveled correlations between the maturation of neural organization, sleep architecture and dreaming patterns.","consciousness, dreaming, empiricism, human, mental health, nightmare, observational study, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary school, quantitative study, questionnaire, review, sex difference, sleep walking, social interaction, unpleasant dream, visual memory","Sándor, P., Szakadát, S., Bódizs, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4777,Effect of stress on sleep and its relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Stress-induced alterations in sleep have been linked to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep complaints and disturbances in arousal are continuing symptoms in patients. PTSD-related changes in sleep have not been fully characterized but appear to involve persistent disturbances in both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM). Intense conditioned fear training, which may model PTSD in rodents, can produce reductions in REM without recovery as well as significant alterations in NREM that may vary with mouse and rat strains. These variants of conditioned fear paradigms and strain differences have not been fully exploited, but they appear to hold promise for modeling responses to stress that may provide insight into the role sleep plays in the neurobiology of PTSD. The amygdala and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) play significant roles in regulating the stress response and have been implicated in PTSD. Recent work suggests that the amygdala and CRH may also play roles in regulating stress-induced changes in arousal and sleep. This chapter reviews the effects of stress on sleep with a specific emphasis on factors that may be important in modeling PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Amygdala, *Corticotropin Releasing Factor, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sleep, *Stress, Mice, Neurobiology, Rapid Eye Movement, Rats, Rodents","Sanford, L. D., Tang, X.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4778,The role of memantine in the treatment of psychiatric disorders other than the dementias: A review of current preclinical and clinical evidence,"Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist approved for Alzheimers disease with a good safety profile, is increasingly being studied in a variety of non-dementia psychiatric disorders. We aimed to critically review relevant literature on the use of the drug in such disorders. We performed a PubMed search of the effects of memantine in animal models of psychiatric disorders and its effects in human studies of specific psychiatric disorders. The bulk of the data relates to the effects of memantine in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, although more recent studies have provided data on the use of the drug in bipolar disorder as an add-on. Despite interesting preclinical data, results in major depression are not encouraging. Animal studies investigating the possible usefulness of memantine in schizophrenia are controversial; however, interesting findings were obtained in open studies of schizophrenia, but negative placebo-controlled, double-blind studies cast doubt on their validity. The effects of memantine in anxiety disorders have been poorly investigated, but data indicate that the use of the drug in obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder holds promise, while findings relating to generalized anxiety disorder are rather disappointing. Results in eating disorders, catatonia, impulse control disorders (pathological gambling), substance and alcohol abusedependence, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are inconclusive. In most psychiatric non-Alzheimers disease conditions, the clinical data fail to support the usefulness of memantine as monotherapy or add-on treatment However, recent preclinical and clinical findings suggest that add-on memantine may show antimanic and mood-stabilizing effects in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. © 2012 Springer International Publishing AG. All rights reserved.","Anxiety-disorders, Attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder, Bipolar-disorders, Catatonia, Dementia, Eating-disorders, Gambling, Impulse-control-disorders, Major-depressive-disorder, Memantine, NMDA-receptor-antagonists, Schizophrenia, Substance-related-disorders.","Sani, G., Serra, G., Kotzalidis, G. D., Romano, S., Tamorri, S. M., Manfredi, G., Caloro, M., Telesforo, C. L., Caltagirone, S. S., Panaccione, I., Simonetti, A., Demontis, F., Serra, G., Girardi, P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4779,Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders,"Aims: This study aimed to test the efficacy of integrated cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for coexisting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD). Setting: Clinics across Sydney, Australia. Design: Randomized controlled trial of 12 once-weekly individual sessions of either integrated CBT for PTSD and AUD (integrated therapy, IT; n = 33) or CBT for AUD plus supportive counselling (alcohol-support, AS; n = 29). Blind assessments were conducted at baseline and post-treatment and at 5 [standard deviation (SD) = 2.25] and 9.16 (SD = 3.45) months post-treatment. Participants: Sixty-two adults with concurrent PTSD and AUD. Measurements: Outcomes included changes in alcohol consumption (time-line follow-back), PTSD severity [clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS)], alcohol dependence and problems, and depression and anxiety. Findings: Reductions in PTSD severity were evident in both groups. IT participants who had received one or more sessions of exposure therapy exhibited a twofold greater rate of clinically significant change in CAPS severity at follow-up than AS participants [IT 60%, AS 39%, odds ratio (OR): 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 5.01]. AS participants exhibited larger reductions than IT participants in alcohol consumption, dependence and problems within the context of greater treatment from other services during follow-up. Results lend support to a mutually maintaining effect between AUD and PTSD. Conclusions: Individuals with severe and complex presentations of coexisting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) can derive substantial benefit from cognitive behaviour therapy targeting AUD, with greater benefits associated with exposure for PTSD. Among individuals with dual disorders, these therapies can generate significant, well-maintained treatment effects on PTSD, AUD and psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Trials","Sannibale, Claudia, Teesson, Maree, Creamer, Mark, Sitharthan, Thiagarajan, Bryant, Richard A., Sutherland, Kylie, Taylor, Kirsten, Bostock-Matusko, Delphine, Visser, Alicia, ""Peek-OLeary, Marie""",2013.0,,,0,0,
4780,"Uncertainty, posttraumatic stress, and health behavior in young adult childhood cancer survivors","BACKGROUND: Young adult survivors of childhood cancer are at risk for medical late effects, some of which can be managed through health promotion behaviors. However, chronic uncertainty about the future can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) that can interfere with health promotion behaviors. OBJECTIVES: To test a mediating model for the relationships among uncertainty, PTSS, and health promotion behaviors in young adult survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS: The design was cross-sectional correlational. A convenience sample was used, and the data were collected using a mailed survey. Study measures included the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale-Community Form, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Index, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. RESULTS: Forty-six (51.1%) of the eligible survivors responded to the invitation to participate in the study. The analysis was based on data from 45 survivors. The results show that the relationship between PTSS and health promotion behaviors was mediated by uncertainty. DISCUSSION: Uncertainty is a suitable target for theory-based nursing interventions used to boost health promotion behaviors in young adult survivors of childhood cancer.","adult, article, cross-sectional study, female, health behavior, health promotion, human, male, neoplasm, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological model, survivor, uncertainty, United States","Santacroce, S. J., Lee, Y. L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4781,A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events,,,"Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Pynoos, R. S., Spiegel, D., Fernandez, Lewis, R, Friedman, J, M., Fullerton, C. S.",2013.0,2013,,0,0,
4782,A Systematic Review of PTSD Prevalence and Trajectories in DSM-5 Defined Trauma Exposed Populations: Intentional and Non-Intentional Traumatic Events,"Objective: We conducted a systematic review of the literature to explore the longitudinal course of PTSD in DSM-5-defined trauma exposed populations to identify the course of illness and recovery for individuals and populations experiencing PTSD. Methods: We reviewed the published literature from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2010 for longitudinal studies of directly exposed trauma populations in order to: (1) review rates of PTSD in the first year after a traumatic event; (2) examine potential types of proposed DSM-5 direct trauma exposure (intentional and non-intentional); and (3) identify the clinical course of PTSD (early onset, later onset, chronicity, remission, and resilience). Of the 2537 identified articles, 58 articles representing 35 unique subject populations met the proposed DSM-5 criteria for experiencing a traumatic event, and assessed PTSD at two or more time points within 12 months of the traumatic event. Results: The mean prevalence of PTSD across all studies decreases from 28.8% (range = 3.1-87.5%) at 1 month to 17.0% (range = 0.6-43.8%) at 12 months. However, when traumatic events are classified into intentional and non-intentional, the median prevalences trend down for the non-intentional trauma exposed populations, while the median prevalences in the intentional trauma category steadily increase from 11.8% to 23.3%. Across five studies with sufficient data, 37.1% of those exposed to intentional trauma develop PTSD. Among those with PTSD, about one third (34.8%) remit after 3 months. Nearly 40% of those with PTSD (39.1%) have a chronic course, and only a very small fraction (3.5%) of new PTSD cases appears after three months. Conclusions: Understanding the trajectories of PTSD over time, and how it may vary by type of traumatic event (intentional vs. non-intentional) will assist public health planning and treatment.",,"Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Pynoos, R. S., Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Friedman, M. J., Fullerton, C. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,4781
4783,Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression,,,"Santor, D. A., Coyne, J. C.",1997.0,,10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.233,0,0,
4784,Ethnic/racial diversity and posttraumatic distress in the acute care medical setting,"Recent commentary has advocated for epidemiological investigation as a foundational science for understanding disparities in the delivery of mental health care and for the development of early trauma-focused interventions. Few acute care investigations have examined the diversity of ethnic/racial heritages or compared variations in early posttraumatic distress in representative samples of injured trauma survivors. Hospitalized injury survivors at two United States level I trauma centers were randomly approached in order to document linguistic and ethnic/racial diversity. Approximately 12% of patients approached were non-English speaking with 16 languages represented. English speaking, inpatients were screened for posttraumatic stress disorder, peritraumatic dissociative, and depressive symptoms. For 269 English speaking study participants, ethnic/racial group status was clearly categorized into one group for 72%, two groups for 25%, and three groups for 3% of participants. Regression analyses that adjusted for relevant clinical and demographic characteristics revealed that relative to whites, patients from American Indian, African American, Hispanic, and Asian heritages demonstrated significant elevations in one or more posttraumatic symptom clusters. A remarkable diversity of heritages was identified, and posttraumatic distress was elevated in ethnic/racial minority patients. Policy-relevant clinical investigations that combine evidence-based treatments, bilingual/bicultural care-management strategies, and support for trauma center organizational capacity building may be required in order to enhance the quality of mental health care for diverse injured trauma survivors.",,"Santos, M. R., Russo, J., Aisenberg, G., Uehara, E., Ghesquiere, A., Zatzick, D. F.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4785,A Village Possessed by “Witches”: A Mixed-Methods Case–Control Study of Possession and Common Mental Disorders in Rural Nepal,"In Nepal, spirit possession is a common phenomenon occurring both in individuals and in groups. To identify the cultural contexts and psychosocial correlates of spirit possession, we conducted a mixed-method study in a village in central Nepal experiencing a cluster of spirit possession events. The study was carried out in three stages: (1) a pilot study consisting of informal interviews with possessed individuals, observations of the possession spells, and video recording of possession events; (2) a case–control study comparing the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders in women who had and had not experienced possession; and (3) a follow-up study with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with possessed and non-possessed men and women, and key informants. Quantitative results indicated that possessed women reported higher rates of traumatic events and higher levels of symptoms of mental disorder compared to non-possessed women (Anxiety 68 vs. 18 %, Depression 41 vs. 19 %, and PTSD 27 vs. 0 %). However, qualitative interviews with possessed individuals, family members, and traditional healers indicated that they did not associate possession states with mental illness. Spirit possession was viewed as an affliction that provided a unique mode of communication between humans and spirits. As such, it functioned as an idiom of distress that allowed individuals to express suffering related to mental illness, socio-political violence, traumatic events, and the oppression of women. The study results clearly indicate that spirit possession is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that cannot be mapped onto any single psychiatric or psychological diagnostic category or construct. Clinical and public health efforts to address spirit possession must take the socio-cultural context and systemic dynamics into account to avoid creating iatrogenic illness, undermining coping strategies, and exacerbating underlying social problems.","Conversion disorder, Idioms of distress, Nepal, Social contagion, Spirit possession","Sapkota, R. P., Gurung, D., Neupane, D., Shah, S. K., Kienzler, H., Kirmayer, L. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4786,"A village possessed by ""witches"": a mixed-methods case-control study of possession and common mental disorders in rural Nepal","In Nepal, spirit possession is a common phenomenon occurring both in individuals and in groups. To identify the cultural contexts and psychosocial correlates of spirit possession, we conducted a mixed-method study in a village in central Nepal experiencing a cluster of spirit possession events. The study was carried out in three stages: (1) a pilot study consisting of informal interviews with possessed individuals, observations of the possession spells, and video recording of possession events; (2) a case-control study comparing the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders in women who had and had not experienced possession; and (3) a follow-up study with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with possessed and non-possessed men and women, and key informants. Quantitative results indicated that possessed women reported higher rates of traumatic events and higher levels of symptoms of mental disorder compared to non-possessed women (Anxiety 68 vs. 18 %, Depression 41 vs. 19 %, and PTSD 27 vs. 0 %). However, qualitative interviews with possessed individuals, family members, and traditional healers indicated that they did not associate possession states with mental illness. Spirit possession was viewed as an affliction that provided a unique mode of communication between humans and spirits. As such, it functioned as an idiom of distress that allowed individuals to express suffering related to mental illness, socio-political violence, traumatic events, and the oppression of women. The study results clearly indicate that spirit possession is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that cannot be mapped onto any single psychiatric or psychological diagnostic category or construct. Clinical and public health efforts to address spirit possession must take the socio-cultural context and systemic dynamics into account to avoid creating iatrogenic illness, undermining coping strategies, and exacerbating underlying social problems.",,"Sapkota, R. P., Gurung, D., Neupane, D., Shah, S. K., Kienzler, H., Kirmayer, L. J.",2014.0,Dec,10.1007/s11013-014-9393-8,0,0,4785
4787,Experiences of Possession and Paranormal Phenomena Among Women in the General Population: Are They Related to Traumatic Stress and Dissociation?,"This study sought to determine the prevalence of experiences of possession and paranormal phenomena (PNP) in the general population and their possible relations to each other and to traumatic stress and dissociation. The study was conducted on a representative female sample recruited from a town in central eastern Turkey. The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder sections of the Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV Axis-I and Personality Disorders, and the Childhood Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire were administered to 628 women. Of these, 127 (20.2%) women reported at least 1 type of PNP and 13 (2.1%) women reported possession. Women with a dissociative disorder reported all types of possession and PNP (except telepathy) more frequently than those without. Whereas women with a trauma history in childhood and adulthood or PTSD reported possession more frequently than those without, PNP were associated with childhood trauma only. Factor analysis yielded 4 dimensions: possession by and/or contact with nonhuman entities, extrasensory communications, possession by a human entity, and precognition. These factors correlated with number of secondary features of dissociative identity disorder and Schneiderian symptoms. Latent class analysis identified 3 groups. The most traumatized group, with predominantly dissociative and trauma-related disorders, had the highest scores on all factors. Notwithstanding their presence in healthy individuals, possession and PNP were associated with trauma and dissociation in a subgroup of affected participants. Both types of experience seem to be normal human capacities of experiencing that may be involved in response to traumatic stress. Given the small numbers, this study should be considered preliminary. Copyright (copyright) Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","adult, adulthood, article, behavior disorder, borderline state, controlled study, disease association, dissociative disorder, Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, DSM-IV, female, human, major clinical study, multiple personality, paranormal phenomena, parapsychology, Personality Disorders and the Childhood Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire, possession, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychologic test","Sar, V., Alioglu, F., Akyuz, G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4788,Experiences of Possession and Paranormal Phenomena Among Women in the General Population: Are They Related to Traumatic Stress and Dissociation?,"This study sought to determine the prevalence of experiences of possession and paranormal phenomena (PNP) in the general population and their possible relations to each other and to traumatic stress and dissociation. The study was conducted on a representative female sample recruited from a town in central eastern Turkey. The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder sections of the Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV Axis-I and Personality Disorders, and the Childhood Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire were administered to 628 women. Of these, 127 (20.2%) women reported at least 1 type of PNP and 13 (2.1%) women reported possession. Women with a dissociative disorder reported all types of possession and PNP (except telepathy) more frequently than those without. Whereas women with a trauma history in childhood and adulthood or PTSD reported possession more frequently than those without, PNP were associated with childhood trauma only. Factor analysis yielded 4 dimensions: possession by and/or contact with nonhuman entities, extrasensory communications, possession by a human entity, and precognition. These factors correlated with number of secondary features of dissociative identity disorder and Schneiderian symptoms. Latent class analysis identified 3 groups. The most traumatized group, with predominantly dissociative and trauma-related disorders, had the highest scores on all factors. Notwithstanding their presence in healthy individuals, possession and PNP were associated with trauma and dissociation in a subgroup of affected participants. Both types of experience seem to be normal human capacities of experiencing that may be involved in response to traumatic stress. Given the small numbers, this study should be considered preliminary. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","childhood trauma, dissociation, epidemiology, paranormal, possession, posttraumatic stress disorder","Sar, V., Alioǧlu, F., Akyüz, G.",2014.0,,,0,0,4787
4789,Genetic markers for PTSD risk and resilience among survivors of the World Trade Center attacks,"We have previously reported the differential expression of 17 probe sets in survivors of the 9/11 attacks with current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to similarly exposed survivors with no lifetime PTSD. The current study presents an expanded analysis of these subjects, including genotype at FKBP5, a modulator of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity. It includes data from additional subjects who developed PTSD following 9/11 but then recovered, distinguishing expression profiles associated with risk for developing PTSD, resilience, and symptom recovery. 40 Caucasians (20 with and 20 without PTSD, matched for exposure, age, and gender) were selected from a population- representative sample of persons exposed to the 9/11 attacks from which longitudinal data had been collected in four previous waves. Whole blood gene expression and cortisol levels were obtained and genome-wide gene expression was analyzed. 25 probe sets were differentially expressed in PTSD. Identified genes were generally involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, signal transduction, or in brain and immune cell function. STAT5B, a direct inhibitor of GR, and nuclear factor I/A, both showed reduced expression in PTSD. Comparison of lifetime versus current PTSD identified overlapping genes with altered expression suggesting enduring markers, while some markers present only in current PTSD may reflect state measures. As a follow-up, direct comparisons of expression in current PTSD, lifetime-only PTSD, and control groups identified FKBP5 and MHC Class II as state markers, and also identified several trait markers. An analysis of indirect effects revealed that homozygosity for any of 4 PTSD risk-related polymorphisms at FKBP5 predicted FKBP5 expression, which mediated indirect effects of genotype on plasma cortisol and PTSD severity. © 2011 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.","childhood trauma, cortisol, FKBP5 protein, gene expression, genotype, human, post-traumatic, September 11 terrorist attacks, Stress disorders","Sarapas, C., Cai, G., Bierer, L. M., Golier, J. A., Galea, S., Ising, M., Rein, T., Schmeidler, J., Müller-Myhsok, B., Uhr, M., Holsboer, F., Buxbaum, J. D., Yehuda, R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4790,Psychopathological profile of battered women according to age,"In this paper, differential psychopathological consequences in battered women according to age were analysed in a sample of 148 victims seeking psychological treatment in a Family Violence Centre. The younger victims exposed to intimate partner violence suffered more often from physical violence and were at higher risk for their lives than the older ones. The prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was higher (42%) in the younger victims than in the older ones (27%). Likewise, younger victims were affected by more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem than the older ones. The severity of PTSD in the younger victims was related to the presence of forced sexual relationship but in the older ones, it was related to the perceived threat to their lives. Implications of this study for clinical practice and future research in this field are commented upon. Copyright (copyright) 2007 Psicothema.","adolescent, adult, age distribution, battered woman, female, human, mental disease, patient attitude, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, review, statistics","Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., Echeburua, E., De Corral, P.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4791,Psychopathological profile of battered women according to age,"In this paper, differential psychopathological consequences in battered women according to age were analysed in a sample of 148 victims seeking psychological treatment in a Family Violence Centre. The younger victims exposed to intimate partner violence suffered more often from physical violence and were at higher risk for their lives than the older ones. The prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was higher (42%) in the younger victims than in the older ones (27%). Likewise, younger victims were affected by more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem than the older ones. The severity of PTSD in the younger victims was related to the presence of forced sexual relationship but in the older ones, it was related to the perceived threat to their lives. Implications of this study for clinical practice and future research in this field are commented upon. Copyright © 2007 Psicothema.",,"Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., Echeburúa, E., De Corral, P.",2007.0,,,0,0,4790
4792,[Psychopathological profile of battered women according to age],"In this paper, differential psychopathological consequences in battered women according to age were analysed in a sample of 148 victims seeking psychological treatment in a Family Violence Centre. The younger victims exposed to intimate partner violence suffered more often from physical violence and were at higher risk for their lives than the older ones. The prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was higher (42%) in the younger victims than in the older ones (27%). Likewise, younger victims were affected by more depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem than the older ones. The severity of PTSD in the younger victims was related to the presence of forced sexual relationship but in the older ones, it was related to the perceived threat to their lives. Implications of this study for clinical practice and future research in this field are commented upon.","Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Battered Women/*psychology, Female, Humans, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology/therapy, Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology/therapy","Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., Echeburua, E., Del Corral, P.",2007.0,Aug,,0,0,4790
4793,Psychopathological comorbidities in medication-overuse headache: A multicentre clinical study,"Background and purpose: In medication-overuse headache (MOH) patients, the presence of psychopathological disturbances may be a predictor of relapse and poor response to treatment. This multicentre study aimed to assess the occurrence of psychopathological disorders in MOH patients by comparing the incidence of psychopathological disturbances with episodic migraine (EM) patients and healthy controls (HC). Methods: The psychopathological assessment of patients and HC involved the administrations of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Modified Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M-MINI), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire. Results: The MOH, EM and HC groups (88, 129 and 102 subjects, respectively) differed significantly from each other for the presence of moderate/severe anxiety, whereas mood disorder and depression were revealed in similar proportions for both MOH and EM patients. By stratifying the M-MINI questionnaire results according to the number of psychiatric disorders, it was found that MOH patients had a more complex profile of psychiatric comorbidity. Furthermore, clinically relevant obsessive-compulsive disturbances for abused drugs assessed by Y-BOCS appeared to be more represented in the MOH group, whilst the prevalence of this trait in the EM group was comparable to that of HC (12.5%, 0.8% and 0%, respectively). Conclusions: Our study indicates the multiple presence of psychopathological comorbidities in patients with MOH. In light of this, it is recommended that the assessment of the psychopathological profile be included in an evaluation of MOH patients, allowing the clinician to more rapidly start an appropriate behavioural treatment, which would greatly improve MOH management.","placebo, valproic acid, adult, agoraphobia, alcoholism, anorexia, anxiety disorder, article, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, bulimia, case control study, comorbidity, controlled study, drug dependence, drug induced headache, dysthymia, episodic migraine, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hypomania, incidence, Leeds Dependence Questionnaire, major clinical study, major depression, male, mania, mental disease, mental disease assessment, mini international neuropsychiatric interview, mood disorder, multicenter study, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, sex difference, social phobia, substance abuse, suicidal ideation, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","Sarchielli, P., Corbelli, I., Messina, P., Cupini, L. M., Bernardi, G., Bono, G., Di Piero, V., Petolicchio, B., Livrea, P., Prudenzano, M. P., Pini, L. A., Sandrini, G., Allena, M., Tedeschi, G., Russo, A., Caproni, S., Beghi, E., Calabresi, P.",2016.0,,,0,0,
4794,"Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment","During the last 30 years, there has been a substantial increase in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several high-profile traumatic events, such as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center, have led to a greater public interest in the risk and protective factors for PTSD. In this In Review paper, I discuss some of the important advances in PTSD. The paper provides a concise review of the evolution of PTSD diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, impact of PTSD in the community, an overview of the established risk factors for developing PTSD, and assessment and treatment. Throughout the paper, controversies and clinical implications are discussed.","Antidepressants, Cognitive-behavioural therapy, Combat exposure, Comorbidity, Epidemiology, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Prazosin, Prolonged exposure, Sexual trauma, Traumatic brain injury","Sareen, J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4795,Adverse childhood experiences in relation to mood and anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of active military personnel,,,"Sareen, J., Henriksen, C. A., Bolton, S. L., Afifi, T. O., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J. G.",2013.0,,10.1017/S003329171200102X,0,0,
4796,Effects of melatonin on anxiety- like behaviors induced by post–traumatic stress disorder in rat,"Introduction: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of multiple injections of melatonin on anxiety like behaviors induced by PTSD. Materials and methods: PTSD induced in 60 male wistar rats, by combining the shock and single-prolonged stress method (S&SPS). Animals received electric shock (1 mA, 2s) for 5 days, and then on the day 6 they underwent three stages of SPS (restrained for 2 hours, forced swimming for 20 minutes and anesthetized by diethyl ether for 15 minutes). Seven days after PTSD induction, elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field tests were performed to measure anxiety profile. Animals received multiple subcutaneous injections of melatonin (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) or saline, within the 7 days after PTSD. Results: The control (saline) and treated (melatonin) groups showed significant differences in the percentage of time spent in open arms of the EPM. Melatonin, at dose of 15mg/kg, significantly increased the time spent in open arms of the EPM than the corresponding control group. Animals who received 10mg/kg melatonin showed a significant increase in crossing behavior in open field test than the corresponding control group. Conclusion: Our study showed that melatonin is able to reduce PTSD-induced anxiety-like behaviors in rats.","melatonin, animal experiment, animal model, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, disease association, electric shock, elevated plus maze test, forced swim test, male, nonhuman, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, rat","Sargolzehi, A., Abrari, K., Salmani, M. E., Goudarzi, I.",2016.0,,,0,0,
4797,Evolution of secure services for women in England,"Patients detained at high and medium security reveal significant gender differences in the presentation of psychopathology, mental disorder and social and offending profiles. However, secure mental health services in England, like prisons, generally fail to recognise the core importance of the differing biopsychosocial development in women and the impact of life experiences on women's subsequent biopsychosocial functioning. As a consequence, women are often inadequately provided for in services dictated by the identified needs, risks and responsiveness of men. The lack of clinically appropriate facilities for women may account for the increased frequency with which women are readmitted to medium security and for their longer admissions to both high and medium secure care. New tertiary services are developing as a result of the lessons learnt while providing gender-blind care. However, further development is required to ensure that women receive services of the same quality, range and nature of those received by men.",,"Sarkar, J., Di Lustro, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4798,Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors,"Psychological resilience is important in sport because athletes must utilise and optimise a range of mental qualities to withstand the pressures that they experience. In this article, we discuss psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands. It is hoped that synthesising what is known in these areas will help researchers gain a deeper profundity of resilience in sport, and also provide a rigorous and robust foundation for the development of a sport-specific measure of resilience. With these points in mind, we divided the narrative into two main sections. In the first section, we review the different types of stressors encountered by sport performers under three main categories: competitive, organisational and personal. Based on our recent research examining psychological resilience in Olympics champions, in the second section we discuss the five main families of psychological factors (viz. positive personality, motivation, confidence, focus, perceived social support) that protect the best athletes from the potential negative effect of stressors. It is anticipated that this review will help sport psychology researchers examine the interplay between stressors and protective factors, which will, in turn, focus the analytical lens on the processes underlying psychological resilience in athletes. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","athletes, demands, pressures, psychological characteristics, resilient qualities, sport performance","Sarkar, M., Fletcher, D.",2014.0,,10.1080/02640414.2014.901551,0,0,
4799,Childhood sexual abuse and its impact on woman's health,"Objective: This study focused on the impact of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) on woman's health. Materials and methods: Data were extracted from the literature for last seven years using MEDLINE database service. The articles, reviews, clinical and community based investigations and studies pertinent to the theme of this article were considered for this review. CSA included non-consensual touching of private parts, forced sex, and sexual perversion. Results: The perpetrators were either familiar or stranger to the victim. About 25% of them were members of victim's family -father or stepfather, thereby indicating disintegration of relationship bonds in the fabric of the family and community. CSA was associated with parental conflict, disrupted home, or poverty and was significantly correlated with sexually transmitted infections and severe perimenstrual symptoms in their adulthood. Women with CSA underwent more subsequent sexual assaults, physical affronts, or incidences of self-inflicted harm. Psychological risk profiles of sexually abused girls were associated with feelings of hopelessness, suicidal ideation, dating violence, heavy smoking, or drug use before sex. Victims' coping with CSA was dynamic and occurred through processes of psychological escape, cognitive appraisal and positive reframing strategies in the due course of time. Conclusion: CSA being a serious social health problem needs to be addressed, perhaps targeting offenders, with an initiative to promote healthy relationship patterns. © 2010 Japan International Cultural Exchange Foundation.","Depression, PTSD, Rape, Sexual assault, STI","Sarkar, N. N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4800,Current approaches to post-traumatic stress disorder among children: A biblimetric analysis,"Very little attention has been paid by researchers to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)in the pediatric population. Not until 1987 the fact that child reaction to trauma may differ from adult reaction is reflected in diagnostic criteria. Bearing these differences in mind with regard to the PTSD semiology, we may think that planning of assessment and intervention must differ in the case of children. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to follow the evolution of literature during the last 10 years, and to establish the current state of the art of PTSD in children. Deficiencies and needs will be remarked in order to develop future research lines. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Pediatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, Attention, Emotional Trauma","Sarmiento, Pilar Bas, Guitierrez, Martina Fernandez, Vicario, Ainhoa Barbacil, Vazquez, Celia-Victoria Guitierrez",2006.0,,,0,0,
4801,Neurodevelopment and behavior after transcatheter versus surgical closure of secundum type atrial septal defect,"Objective: To assess the neuropsychological and behavioral profiles of school-aged children treated for atrial septal defect, secundum type (ASD-II) with open-heart surgery or catheterization. Study design: Patients (n = 48; mean age, 9 years, 3 months) and a matched healthy group (mean age, 9 years, 2 months) were evaluated with a shortened intelligence scale (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, third edition, Dutch version) and a developmental neuropsychological test battery (Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, second edition, Dutch version). Parents completed behavioral checklists (Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist for Children aged 6-18). Hospitalization variables were retrieved from medical files for studying associations with long-term neurodevelopment. Results: Compared with the healthy matched controls, patients treated for ASD-II had significantly lower scores on subtasks underlying such Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, second edition, Dutch version domains as Attention and Executive Functioning, Language, Working Memory, Sensorimotor Functioning, Social Cognition, and Visuospatial Information Processing. Only subtle differences, mainly in Visuospatial Information Processing, were found between the surgical repair and transcatheter repair groups. Socioeconomic status, longer hospital stay, and larger defect size were associated with neurocognitive outcome measures. Parents of patients reported more thought problems, posttraumatic stress problems, and lower school performance compared with parents of healthy peers. Conclusion: After treatment for ASD-II, children display a range of neuropsychologic difficulties that may increase their risk for learning problems and academic underachievement. Differences related to treatment were not found. Our results suggest that neurodevelopmental and behavioral follow-up at school age is warranted in this group. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist for children aged 6-18, ASD-II, Atrial septal defect, CBCL-6/18, CHD, Congenital heart disease, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Secundum type, SES, Socioeconomic status","Sarrechia, I., De Wolf, D., Miatton, M., Franc¸ois, K., Gewillig, M., Meyns, B., Vingerhoets, G.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.039,0,0,
4802,"Common heritable contributions to low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression","Context: Understanding the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) is critical to developing etiologic models of these conditions and their co-occurrence. Objectives: To quantify heritable influences on low-risk trauma, high-risk trauma, PTSD, and MDD and to estimate the degree of overlap between genetic and environmental sources of variance in these 4 phenotypes. Design: Adult twins and their siblings were ascertained from a large population-based sample of female and male twin pairs on the basis of screening items for childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse obtained in a previous assessment of this cohort. Setting: Structured psychiatric telephone interviews. Participants: Total sample size of 2591: 996 female and 536 male twins; 625 female and 434 male nontwin siblings. Main Outcome Measure: Lifetime low- and high risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD. Results: In the best-fitting genetic model, 47% of the variance in low-risk trauma exposure and 60% of the variance in high-risk trauma exposure was attributable to additive genetic factors. Heritable influences accounted for 46% of the variance in PTSD and 27% of the variance in MDD. An extremely high degree of genetic overlap was observed between high-risk trauma exposure and both PTSD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99) and MDD (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98). Complete correlation of genetic factors contributing to PTSD and to MDD (r = 1.00) was observed. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that almost all the heritable influences on high-risk trauma exposure, PTSD, and MDD, can be traced to the same sources; that is, genetic risk is not disorder specific. Individuals with a positive family history of either PTSD or MDD are at elevated risk for both disorders and should be closely monitored after a traumatic experience for symptoms of PTSD and MDD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, Environment, Genetics, Phenotypes","Sartor, Carolyn E., Grant, Julia D., Lynskey, Michael T., McCutcheon, Vivia V., Waldron, Mary, Statham, Dixie J., Bucholz, Kathleen K., Madden, Pamela A. F., Heath, Andrew C., Martin, Nicholas G., Nelson, Elliot C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4803,Common genetic and environmental contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence in young women,"Background: The few genetically informative studies to examine post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol dependence (AD), all of which are based on a male veteran sample, suggest that the co-morbidity between PTSD and AD may be attributable in part to overlapping genetic influences, but this issue has yet to be addressed in females. Method: Data were derived from an all-female twin sample (n = 3768) ranging in age from 18 to 29 years. A tnvariate genetic model that included trauma exposure as a separate phenotype was fitted to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to PTSD and the degree to which they overlap with those that contribute to AD, after accounting for potential confounding effects of heritable influences on trauma exposure. Results: Additive genetic influences (A) accounted for 72% of the variance in PTSD; individual-specific environmental (E) factors accounted for the remainder. An AE model also provided the best fit for AD, for which heritability was estimated to be 71 %. The genetic correlation between PTSD and AD was 0.54. Conclusions: The heritability estimate for PTSD in our sample is higher than estimates reported in earlier studies based almost exclusively on an all-male sample in which combat exposure was the precipitating traumatic event However, our findings are consistent with the absence of evidence for shared environmental influences on PTSD and, most importantly, the substantial overlap in genetic influences on PTSD and AD reported in these investigations. Additional research addressing potential distinctions by gender in the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on PTSD is merited. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcoholism, *Environmental Effects, *Genetics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Sartor, C. E., McCutcheon, V. V., Pommer, N. E., Nelson, E. C., Grant, J. D., Duncan, A. E., Waldron, M., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4804,Prostatic Epithelial Polyp Diagnosed in a Bladder Wash,"Prostatic epithelial polyps, also known as adenomatous polyps or papillary adenomas with prostatic type epithelium, are uncommon lesions. These lesions typically involve the adult male urethra, trigone, or bladder dome. Diagnosis is usually made by biopsy. Presence of clusters of benign columnar cells in urine cytologic material can suggest the presence of such polyps and must be included in the differential diagnosis. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Cytology, Prostatic epithelial polyp, Urine","Sarwar, S. F., Lorusso, G. D., Sarma, D. P.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4805,A diathesis-stress approach to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms associated with an HIV diagnosis: Implications for medication non-adherence,"Introduction. We fit a diathesis-stress model with childhood trauma and neuroticism as predictors of depressive and HIV-related PTSD symptomatology in a sample of HIV+ Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). We then examined the impact of depressive and HIV-related PTSD symptomatology on medication adherence. We hypothesized the primary stressor from the diathesis-stress model to be symptoms of dissociation at the time of being diagnosed with HIV. Method. We sampled 149 Latino adult MSM living with HIV at a local HIV treatment clinic in El Paso, Texas. We administered all surveys in paper-and-pencil form, with viral loads and CD4 cell counts extracted from medical charts. Specifically, data were collected on self-reported histories of childhood abuse, trait levels of neuroticism, acculturation to non-Latino culture, accumulated life stressors, depression, HIV and non HIV-related post-traumatic stress symptoms, resilience, functional impairment and medication adherence. All participants were interviewed in either English or Spanish and paid $30 for their participation. Interviews lasted approximately two hours. Results. We observed high levels of childhood sexual abuse (22%) and trauma overall, as well as high rates of mild-to-moderate symptoms of depression (30%). Self-reported medication adherence was high across all measures. We found support for our hypothesized path model as a test of the theoretical structure proposed by the diathesis-stress model. All fit indices were indicative of good model fit. In addition, we found support for the diathesis-stress interaction with dissociation symptoms at the time of diagnosis moderating the relationship between childhood trauma and HIV-related PTSD symptoms. As hypothesized, our regression analyses revealed depression to be negatively correlated with adherence. PTSD symptoms related to HIV were positively associated with adherence, the opposite direction of that hypothesized. Conclusion. The diathesis-stress framework adequately models the relationship among childhood trauma, current levels of psychological distress, and the stress of being diagnosed with HIV. Furthermore, psychological distress is negatively associated with adherence and overall quality of life. Implications for interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *HIV, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Symptoms, Trauma","Sauceda, John Andrew",2014.0,,,0,0,
4806,Generalization of contextual fear depends on associative rather than non-associative memory components,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the presence of three major symptom clusters: persistent fear memories, hyperarousal, and avoidance. With a passage of time after the trauma, PTSD patients show an increase in unspecific fear and avoidance, a phenomenon termed "" fear generalization"" It is not clear whether fear generalization arises from the time-dependent growth of hyperarousal or changes in associative fear. The present study investigated behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates of non-associative and associative fear memory one week vs. one month after a trauma in a mouse model of PTSD with immediate vs. delayed foot shock application. The immediate shock procedure led to a lower contextual fear, but did not influence the hyperarousal (i.e. increased acoustic startle responses) assessed within the first week after the trauma. Only delayed shocked mice demonstrated generalization of contextual fear and an increase in generalized avoidance behavior, with no changes in hyperarousal one month after trauma. We observed the same increase in c-Fos expression following delayed and immediate shock presentation within the lateral, basolateral, central amygdala and CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus, suggesting that all of these structures contribute to the development of hyperarousal. Only basolateral amygdala and dentate gyrus appeared to be additionally involved in encoding of contextual information. In summary, our results demonstrate the independence of associative and non-associative trauma-related fear. They support the hypothesis that generalized fear emerges in consequence of forgetting specific stimulus attributes associated with the shock context. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Amygdala, C-Fos, Hippocampus, Hyperarousal, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Sauerhöfer, E., Pamplona, F. A., Bedenk, B., Moll, G. H., Dawirs, R. R., von Hörsten, S., Wotjak, C. T., Golub, Y.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4807,Posttraumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: A comparison of survivors in two settings,"This study sought to develop a profile of posttraumatic stress symptoms experienced by battered women and to explore differences among subsamples. Two groups of survivors from five states were compared: 159 who had obtained help at domestic violence programs (DVP) and 33 who had obtained help at other types of programs (NDVP). They completed three self-report measures of posttraumatic stress and a fear questionnaire. Sixty percent of the women in the DVP group and 62% in the NDVP group met criteria for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most common symptoms were: nightmares intrusive memories of the abuse, avoiding reminders of it, and hyperarousal, and nightmares. DVP women experienced a variety of symptoms more frequently. Group differences in PTSD symptomatology were not present after statistically controlling for severity and frequency of the violence and length of time since the abusive relationship.","adult, article, avoidance behavior, battered woman, clinical feature, disease duration, disease severity, family violence, fear, female, human, major clinical study, memory consolidation, nightmare, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, recall, self help, self report, therapy, victim","Saunders, D. G.",1994.0,,,0,0,
4808,Rorschach indicators of chronic childhood sexual abuse in female borderline inpatients,"Recent research indicates a high incidence of childhood sexual abuse and incest among female patients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The author investigated the detection and long-term aftereffects of this abuse using a constellation of Rorschach scores that were predicted to occur more frequently in borderline patients with extended sexual victimization before age 14. Sixty-two subjects were divided into two groups (33 with and 29 without such a history) and compared on the following features: color-dominated percepts, primary-process content, confabulation, activity versus passivity, and two new scores related to dissociative symptoms. Some subjects were also administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the DSM-III Structured Clinical Interview for posttraumatic stress disorder. The sexually abused group had significantly higher scores both on the Rorschach features and on the clinical measures. The author contends that the identified Rorschach constellation reflects symptoms associated with these trauma-related syndromes, which are more central to the profile of BPD, both on psychological tests and clinically, than is generally recognized.","Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder/diagnosis/*psychology, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual/diagnosis/*psychology, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, *Rorschach Test","Saunders, E. A.",1991.0,Winter,,0,0,
4809,"Use of a frequency-modulated system for veterans with blast exposure, perceived hearing problems, and normal hearing sensitivity","Traumatic brain injury can impact the central auditory system leading to poor auditory recall and increased difficulties hearing in poor acoustic environments. In recent years, audiologists have increasingly encountered blast-exposed veterans who report speech understanding problems that are disproportionate to their essentially normal hearing sensitivity, and thus are thought to have an auditory processing disorder. In light of studies showing frequency-modulated (FM) systems to be effective rehabilitation for auditory processing difficulties, we examined the use of an FM system intervention for blast-exposed veterans with functional hearing problems in the presence of normal hearing sensitivity. The outcomes for three veterans who were provided with an FM system as part of a multisite randomized clinical trial are described. Data indicate that FM systems are beneficial for some patients reporting hearing problems in the presence of normal hearing sensitivity but factors other than audiometric profile and reported complaints influence outcome. These include understanding of speech in noise, patient communication demands, auditory lifestyle, and the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder or other mental health factors. Furthermore, education (and reeducation if necessary) of the patient and their spouse or family is critical to successful outcome. © 2014 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.","assistive devices, auditory processing disorder, case reports, rehabilitation, Traumatic brain injury","Saunders, G. H., Frederick, M. T., Chisolm, T. H., Silverman, S., Arnold, M., Myers, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4810,Working memory training with tDCS improves behavioral and neurophysiological symptoms in pilot group with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and with poor working memory,"This pilot study investigated the feasibility of treating people suffering from both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and poor working memory by employing a combination of computerized working memory training and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). After treatment, all four participants showed clinically significant improvements on a range of cognitive and emotional performance measures. Moreover, these improvements were accompanied by theoretically significant neurophysiological changes between pre- and post-treatment electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Specifically, the P3a component of participants' event related potentials (ERP) in response to novelty stimuli, characteristically abnormal in this clinical population, shifted significantly toward database norms. So, participants' initially slow alpha peak frequency (APF), theorized to underlie impaired cognitive processing abilities, also increased in both frequency and amplitude as a result of treatment. On the basis of these promising results, more extensive controlled studies are warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Memory Training, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Short Term Memory","Saunders, Nerida, Downham, Russell, Turman, Bulent, Kropotov, Juri, Clark, Richard, Yumash, Rustam, Szatmary, Arielle",2015.0,,,0,0,
4811,Review of A clinical handbook/practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Reviews the book, A clinical handbook/practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by Donald Meichenbaum (see record 1995-97286-000). This text is a much needed addition in the burgeoning field that is coming to be called ""psychotraumatology,"" including critical incident debriefing and related phenomena. Few fields of psychopathology have been fortunate enough to attract the attention of practitioners with the level of skill that Don Meichenbaum shows in this Manual, and his sobering, careful analysis of the traumatology literature in several very controversial areas deserves kudos. The reality is that this Handbook/Manual is in fact both a relatively comprehensive overview of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder literature, as well as a guidebook for treatment intervention strategies. Moreover, it is replete with appropriate cautions about variables that can interfere with treatment progress, together with strategic suggestions for overcoming that interference. The Manual is not only tremendously diverse, but is exceptional in its standards of scholarship and its careful application of those scholarly standards even to the most controversial topics. The author is also extremely credible in his treatment of potential harm from clinical techniques, and the Manual is replete with several examples of documented pitfalls, whether from comorbidity, relapse with substance-abusing populations, or the potential for harm to some individuals from simple repetitions of traumatic experiences. All in all, the reviewer strongly encourages Psychotherapy readers to avail themselves of this extremely well-written and thoughtful text. Both the book itself and the topic of PTSD deserve the excellent coverage devoted to them by this outstanding psychotherapy clinician and researcher. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Intervention, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Psychological Assessment, Psychotherapy, Treatment Guidelines","Saunders, T. Richard",1995.0,,,0,0,
4812,Posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in β-endorphin dynamics,"A disturbed beta-endorphin system can be a part of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression allostasis. Study subjects (N=392) included those with PTSD and/or (stress-induced) depression, and healthy controls with and without traumas. The aim of the study was to examine the network of relations centered around plasma beta-endorphin. The network included anxiety (as a personality trait), traumatic events, pain, aggressiveness, depressive symptoms, and three clusters of PTSD symptoms: intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Beta-endorphin was represented by individual mean from 13 time points (BEmean), reflecting the total amount of the peripherally secreted hormone, and the coefficient of variation (BEvar), calculated as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean, reflecting the hormone's dynamics. BEvar correlated with all other variables, BEmean had no correlations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine all interrelations (including their directions) of BEvar and the state/trait variables in the context of their entirety. The model revealed that hyperarousal and anxiety were the only direct agents of peripheral beta-endorphin fluctuations, mediating the effects of other variables. Traumatic events and intrusions act on BEvar via hyperarousal, while depressive symptoms, avoidance, and pain act via anxiety. Hyperarousal should be emphasized as the main agent not only because its effect on BEvar is larger than that of anxiety, but also because it increases anxiety itself (via avoidance and pain). All influences on BEvar are positive and they indicate long-term (sensitizing) effects (as opposed to direct stimulation, for example, by acute pain, anger, etc.). Relations apart from beta-endorphin are also discussed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Beta-endorphin, Depression, Hyperarousal, PTSD, Structural equation modeling","Savic, D., Knezevic, G., Matic, G., Damjanovic, S., Spiric, Z.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.063,0,0,
4813,"The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and cardiovascular disease in an American Indian tribe","Background: Empirical findings suggest that psychiatric illness is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to compare the strength of the association of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lifetime major depression on CVD among Northern Plains American Indians. Method: A total of 1414 participants aged 18-57 years completed a structured interview that assessed psychiatric diagnoses, alcohol abuse/dependence, self-reported CVD, and traditional CVD risk factors including age, sex, education, diabetes, high blood pressure, and smoking. Logistic regression analyses compared the odds ratios of CVD in participants with and without diagnosed PTSD or major depression. Results: The rates of lifetime PTSD and major depression were 15% and 8% respectively. CVD was more commonly reported by participants with PTSD than by those without PTSD (12% v. 5%, p<0.01). Likewise, more participants with major depression reported CVD than did their non-depressed counterparts (14% v. 6%, p<0.05). PTSD was significantly associated with CVD even after controlling for traditional CVD risk factors and major depression (odds ratio 2.0, confidence interval 1.1-3.8). In contrast, the association of major depression with CVD was not significant after accounting for both traditional risk factors and PTSD. Conclusions: Rates of PTSD are high in American Indian communities. Rising CVD rates in this population may be better understood if PTSD is considered along with other traditional risk factors. Future research should examine the association and mechanisms of PTSD and CVD prospectively. Such data could lead to more effective CVD prevention efforts for American Indians. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*American Indians, *Cardiovascular Disorders, *Comorbidity, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Client Characteristics, Risk Factors, Tribes","Sawchuk, Craig N., Roy-Byrne, Peter, Goldberg, Jack, Manson, Spero, Noonan, Carolyn, Beals, Janette, Buchwald, Dedra",2005.0,,,0,0,
4814,Post-traumatic growth in women after childbirth,"Childbirth is a complex event that leads to a variety of psychological outcomes. This cross-sectional study examined post-traumatic growth in women following childbirth (N = 219) using an online questionnaire, and explored associations between growth, support and control during birth, coping after birth and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At least moderate degrees of growth were reported by 50.2% of women and average levels of growth were similar to those reported following accidents and assaults. Growth was positively related to approach coping and the avoidant strategy of seeking alternative rewards, but was unrelated to support and control during birth, other avoidant coping strategies after birth, and PTSD symptoms. It is concluded that growth does occur following childbirth. Further research is needed to clarify factors associated with growth in women following childbirth and to determine if growth is associated with psychological benefits in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth, *Coping Behavior, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Sawyer, Alexandra, Ayers, Susan",2009.0,,,0,0,
4815,Longitudinal Study of Headache Trajectories in the Year After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms,"OBJECTIVE: To examine headache trajectories among persons with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) in the year after injury and the relation of headache trajectory to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 1 year postinjury. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study. SETTING: Participants were recruited through a university medical center and participated in follow-up assessments by telephone. PARTICIPANTS: Prospectively enrolled individuals (N=212) within 1 week of MTBI who were hospitalized for observation or other system injuries. Participants were assessed at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants rated average headache pain intensity using the 0 to 10 numerical rating scale at each assessment period. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version was completed at 12 months postinjury. RESULTS: Latent class growth analysis produced a 4-trajectory group model, with groups labeled resolved, worsening, improving, and chronic. Multivariate regression modeling revealed that younger age and premorbid headache correlated with membership in the worse trajectory groups (worsening and chronic; P<.001). Univariate regression revealed a significant association between PTSD and membership in the worse trajectory groups (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Headache is common in the year after MTBI, with younger people, persons who previously had headaches, and persons with PTSD more likely to report chronic or worsening headache. Further research is needed to examine whether PTSD symptoms exacerbate headaches or whether problematic headache symptoms exacerbate PTSD.","Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Injuries/*epidemiology, Female, Headache/*epidemiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, Trauma Centers, Young Adult, Headache, Rehabilitation, Stress disorders, post-traumatic","Sawyer, K., Bell, K. R., Ehde, D. M., Temkin, N., Dikmen, S., Williams, R. M., Dillworth, T., Hoffman, J. M.",2015.0,Nov,10.1016/j.apmr.2015.07.006,0,1,
4816,Traumatic brain injury and its neuropsychiatric sequelae in war veterans,"The post-September 11, 2001 wars in and around Afghanistan and Iraq have increased awareness of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly blast-induced mild TBI. This article provides an overview of TBI and its neuropsychiatric sequelae in U.S. war veterans who participated in the current operations in and around Afghanistan and Iraq, with particular emphasis on blast-related mild TBI. Psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder, pain, and sensory impairments are prevalent in war veterans with TBI. Research is needed to more definitively characterize the epidemiology of TBI-related functional difficulties, the effects of blasts compared with other mechanisms of injury, recovery trajectories, and treatment outcomes in this population.","*Afghan Campaign 2001-, *Brain Injuries/epidemiology/physiopathology/rehabilitation, Humans, Incidence, *Iraq War, 2003-2011, Prevalence, Recovery of Function/*physiology, Risk Factors, Veterans/*statistics & numerical data","Sayer, N. A.",2012.0,,10.1146/annurev-med-061610-154046,0,0,123
4817,Reintegration Challenges in U.S. service members and veterans following combat deployment,"Although the majority of combat veterans reintegrate into civilian life without long-lasting problems, a sizable minority return from deployment with psychiatric or physical injuries that warrant medical attention. Even in the absence of diagnosable disorders, many experience functional problems that impede full reintegration into civilian life. Considerable resources have been allocated to studying, diagnosing, treating, and compensating combat-related disorders. This important work has resulted in significant improvements in healthcare for those with deployment-related difficulties. Nevertheless, many service members and veterans with reintegration difficulty may not receive needed help. Based on our review, we argue that in addition to treatment and compensation for diagnosable postdeployment problems, a comprehensive approach to reintegration is needed that includes partnership between the government, private sector, and the public. Published [2014]. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., Frazier, P. A.",2014.0,,10.1111/sipr.12001,0,0,
4818,Randomized Controlled Trial of Online Expressive Writing to Address Readjustment Difficulties Among U.S. Afghanistan and Iraq War Veterans,"We examined the efficacy of a brief, accessible, nonstigmatizing online intervention-writing expressively about transitioning to civilian life. U.S. Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans with self-reported reintegration difficulty (N = 1,292, 39.3% female, M = 36.87, SD = 9.78 years) were randomly assigned to expressive writing (n = 508), factual control writing (n = 507), or no writing (n = 277). Using intention to treat, generalized linear mixed models demonstrated that 6-months postintervention, veterans who wrote expressively experienced greater reductions in physical complaints, anger, and distress compared with veterans who wrote factually (ds = 0.13 to 0.20; ps <.05) and greater reductions in PTSD symptoms, distress, anger, physical complaints, and reintegration difficulty compared with veterans who did not write at all (ds = 0.22 to 0.35; ps ≤.001). Veterans who wrote expressively also experienced greater improvement in social support compared to those who did not write (d = 0.17). Relative to both control conditions, expressive writing did not lead to improved life satisfaction. Secondary analyses also found beneficial effects of expressive writing on clinically significant distress, PTSD screening, and employment status. Online expressive writing holds promise for improving health and functioning among veterans experiencing reintegration difficulty, albeit with small effect sizes. © 2015 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Sayer, N. A., Noorbaloochi, S., Frazier, P. A., Pennebaker, J. W., Orazem, R. J., Schnurr, P. P., Murdoch, M., Carlson, K. F., Gravely, A., Litz, B. T.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.22047,0,0,
4819,Post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview and its relationship to closed head injuries,"While exposure to traumatic psychological and physical trauma can produce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), multiple factors determine whether a person will develop PTSD following trauma exposure. PTSD has a high rate of comorbidity with psychiatric, substance abuse, and somatization disorders. Persons with PTSD experience profound and persistent alterations in their physiological reactivity to internal and external stimuli which prevents them from utilizing their emotions to process incoming information. These patients have chronically high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity and low levels of glucocorticoids to cope with stress and modulate their catecholamine levels. Neuropsychological assessment of patients with PTSD depends to a large degree on the sensitivity of the measures which are utilized and a pre-existing history of learning disabilities, head trauma, and/or neurological disorders. While closed head injuries (CHI) are unlikely to produce PTSD symptoms, persons with CHI are likely to develop PTSD symptoms if they are exposed to trauma prior to the onset of retrograde amnesia or after the resolution of post-traumatic amnesia. If the traumatic event occurs while the patient with CHI is amnestic or unconscious, they are unlikely to develop PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Head Injuries, *Neuropsychological Assessment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Risk Factors","Sbordone, Robert J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4820,Re-examination of the controversial coexistence of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: Misdiagnosis and self-report measures,"The coexistence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a controversial issue in the literature. To address this controversy, we focused primarily on the civilian-related literature of TBI and PTSD. Some investigators have argued that individuals who had been rendered unconscious or suffered amnesia due to a TBI are unable to develop PTSD because they would be unable to consciously experience the symptoms of fear, helplessness, and horror associated with the development of PTSD. Other investigators have reported that individuals who sustain TBI, regardless of its severity, can develop PTSD even in the context of prolonged unconsciousness. A careful review of the methodologies employed in these studies reveals that investigators who relied on clinical interviews of TBI patients to diagnose PTSD found little or no evidence of PTSD. In contrast, investigators who relied on PTSD questionnaires to diagnose PTSD found considerable evidence of PTSD. Further analysis revealed that many of the TBI patients who were initially diagnosed with PTSD according to self-report questionnaires did not meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD upon completion of a clinical interview. In particular, patients with severe TBI were often misdiagnosed with PTSD. A number of investigators found that many of the severe TBI patients failed to follow the questionnaire instructions and erroneously endorsed PTSD symptoms because of their cognitive difficulties. Because PTSD questionnaires are not designed to discriminate between PTSD and TBI symptoms or determine whether a patient's responses are accurate or exaggerated, studies that rely on self-report questionnaires to evaluate PTSD in TBI patients are at risk of misdiagnosing PTSD. Further research should evaluate the degree to which misdiagnosis of PTSD occurs in individuals who have sustained mild TBI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Misdiagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Report, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Sbordone, Robert J., Ruff, Ronald M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4821,Psychiatric disorders in patientswho underwent video eeg,"Purpose: Drug Resistant Epilepsy (DRE) and Psychogenic Non Epileptic Seizures (PNES) present high comorbidity with psychiatric disorders. The aims of this study were to analyze psychiatric diagnoses, and compare the psychiatric profile and trauma history, between DRE and PNES group of patients who underwent Video EEG at Epilepsy Center of Ramos Mejia Hospital.We included patients aged 18-65 years, with pure PNES and compared with patients with DRE, both groups diagnosed by Video EEG. All patients underwent psychiatric interviews using DSM IV criteria. Variables analyzed and compared between the two groups: Age, gender, current psychotropic medication, psychiatric diagnoses, trauma history and global assessment of functioning. Student's t test was performed to compare the quantitative variables and chi square test or Fisher's exact test to compare qualitative variables. SPSS for Windows was used for statistical analysis. A p value of at least 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Eighty-four patients were evaluated, 49 DRE (42% men 58% women) and 35 PNES (20% men 80%women). Axis I psychiatric diagnoses were found in 33 DRE (67%) and 33 PNES (94%) (p < 0.05), with significant differences in anxiety disorders (n = 14, 40%) (p < 0.05) and PTSD (n = 8, 22%) (p < 0.05) for the PNES and more psychosis in DRE (n = 10, 20%) (p < 0.05). PNES presented more axis II diagnoses (n = 25, 71%) than DRE (n = 27, 55%) (p < 0.05) being cluster B disorders the most diagnosed (n = 15, 42.85%) (p < 0.05). Trauma was reported by 17 PNES (48.5%) and 12 DRE (24.5%) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both groups of patients present a different psychiatric profile: PNES patients are mostly women, with more axis I disorders (specially PTSD and other anxiety disorders) axis II cluster B disorders and report more history of psychic trauma than DRE patients, while DRE have similar depression rates and more psychosis than PNES patients.","nitrogen 15, videorecording, epilepsy, mental disease, human, patient, female, psychiatric diagnosis, diseases, injury, male, psychosis, anxiety disorder, gender, statistical analysis, interview, chi square test, comorbidity, electroencephalogram, Student t test, statistical significance, psychotrauma, psychogenic nonepileptic seizure, diagnosis, drug therapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, Fisher exact test","Scevola, L., ""DAlessio, L."", Oddo, S., Consalvo, D., Centurion, E., Kochen, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4822,Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and drug-resistant epilepsy: A study of an Argentine population,"Epidemiological data show that up to 20-30% of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs), resembling drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), are referred to tertiary epilepsy centers. Furthermore, both disorders present high psychiatric comorbidity, and video-EEG is the gold standard to make differential diagnoses. In this study, we described and compared the clinical presentation and the frequency of psychiatric disorders codified in DSM IV in two groups of patients, one with PNESs and the other with DRE, admitted in a tertiary care epilepsy center of Buenos Aires, Argentina.We included 35 patients with PNESs and 49 with DRE; all were admitted in the video-EEG unit in order to confirm an epilepsy diagnosis and determine surgical treatment possibilities. All patients underwent a neurological and psychiatric assessment, according to standardized protocol (SCID I and II; DSM IV criteria). Student's t test was performed to compare continuous variables and Chi square test to compare qualitative variables.In this study, 33 (67%) patients with DRE and 35 (100%) patients with PNESs met criteria for at least one disorder codified in Axis I of DSM IV (p= 0.003). Differences in the frequency of psychiatric disorder presentation were found between groups. Anxiety disorders (16.32% vs 40%; p= 0.015), trauma history (24.5% vs 48.57%; p= 0.02), posttraumatic stress disorder (4.08% vs 22.85%; p= 0.009), and personality cluster B disorders (18.37% vs 42.86%; p= 0.02) were more frequent in the group with PNESs. Psychotic disorders were more frequent in the group with DRE (20.4% vs 2.85%; p= 0.019). Depression was equally prevalent in both groups.Standardized psychiatric assessment provides information that could be used by the mental health professional who receives the referral in order to improve quality of care and smooth transitions to proper PNES treatment, which should include a multidisciplinary approach including neurology and psychiatry. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Conversion disorder, Dissociative disorder, Epilepsy, Hispanic, Personality disorders, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Trauma, Video-electroencephalography","Scévola, L., Teitelbaum, J., Oddo, S., Centurión, E., Loidl, C. F., Kochen, S., Dd́Alessio, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4823,Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and drug-resistant epilepsy: a study of an Argentine population,"Epidemiological data show that up to 20-30% of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs), resembling drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), are referred to tertiary epilepsy centers. Furthermore, both disorders present high psychiatric comorbidity, and video-EEG is the gold standard to make differential diagnoses. In this study, we described and compared the clinical presentation and the frequency of psychiatric disorders codified in DSM IV in two groups of patients, one with PNESs and the other with DRE, admitted in a tertiary care epilepsy center of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We included 35 patients with PNESs and 49 with DRE; all were admitted in the video-EEG unit in order to confirm an epilepsy diagnosis and determine surgical treatment possibilities. All patients underwent a neurological and psychiatric assessment, according to standardized protocol (SCID I and II; DSM IV criteria). Student's t test was performed to compare continuous variables and Chi square test to compare qualitative variables. In this study, 33 (67%) patients with DRE and 35 (100%) patients with PNESs met criteria for at least one disorder codified in Axis I of DSM IV (p=0.003). Differences in the frequency of psychiatric disorder presentation were found between groups. Anxiety disorders (16.32% vs 40%; p=0.015), trauma history (24.5% vs 48.57%; p=0.02), posttraumatic stress disorder (4.08% vs 22.85%; p=0.009), and personality cluster B disorders (18.37% vs 42.86%; p=0.02) were more frequent in the group with PNESs. Psychotic disorders were more frequent in the group with DRE (20.4% vs 2.85%; p=0.019). Depression was equally prevalent in both groups. Standardized psychiatric assessment provides information that could be used by the mental health professional who receives the referral in order to improve quality of care and smooth transitions to proper PNES treatment, which should include a multidisciplinary approach including neurology and psychiatry.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Argentina/epidemiology, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*psychology, Female, Humans, Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, Male, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychophysiologic Disorders/*epidemiology, Somatoform Disorders/*epidemiology, Video Recording, Young Adult, Conversion disorder, Dre, Dissociative disorder, Drug-resistant epilepsy, Epilepsy, Hispanic, PNESs, Personality disorders, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Trauma, Video-electroencephalography","Scevola, L., Teitelbaum, J., Oddo, S., Centurion, E., Loidl, C. F., Kochen, S., L, D. Alessio",2013.0,Oct,10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.07.012,0,0,4822
4824,Psychiatric disorders in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and drug-resistant epilepsy: A study of an Argentine population,"Epidemiological data show that up to 20-30% of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs), resembling drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), are referred to tertiary epilepsy centers. Furthermore, both disorders present high psychiatric comorbidity, and video-EEG is the gold standard to make differential diagnoses. In this study, we described and compared the clinical presentation and the frequency of psychiatric disorders codified in DSM IV in two groups of patients, one with PNESs and the other with DRE, admitted in a tertiary care epilepsy center of Buenos Aires, Argentina.We included 35 patients with PNESs and 49 with DRE; all were admitted in the video-EEG unit in order to confirm an epilepsy diagnosis and determine surgical treatment possibilities. All patients underwent a neurological and psychiatric assessment, according to standardized protocol (SCID I and II; DSM IV criteria). Student's t test was performed to compare continuous variables and Chi square test to compare qualitative variables.In this study, 33 (67%) patients with DRE and 35 (100%) patients with PNESs met criteria for at least one disorder codified in Axis I of DSM IV (p= 0.003). Differences in the frequency of psychiatric disorder presentation were found between groups. Anxiety disorders (16.32% vs 40%; p= 0.015), trauma history (24.5% vs 48.57%; p= 0.02), posttraumatic stress disorder (4.08% vs 22.85%; p= 0.009), and personality cluster B disorders (18.37% vs 42.86%; p= 0.02) were more frequent in the group with PNESs. Psychotic disorders were more frequent in the group with DRE (20.4% vs 2.85%; p= 0.019). Depression was equally prevalent in both groups.Standardized psychiatric assessment provides information that could be used by the mental health professional who receives the referral in order to improve quality of care and smooth transitions to proper PNES treatment, which should include a multidisciplinary approach including neurology and psychiatry. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier Inc.","anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, atypical antipsychotic agent, adult, anxiety disorder, article, bipolar disorder, dementia, depression, dissociative disorder, drug resistant epilepsy, DSM-IV, eating disorder, electroencephalogram, electroencephalography, epilepsy, female, hospital admission, human, intermittent explosive disorder, major clinical study, male, malingering, mental disease, patient assessment, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychogenic nonepileptic seizure, psychosis, somatization, tertiary health care, videorecording","Scevola, L., Teitelbaum, J., Oddo, S., Centurion, E., Loidl, C. F., Kochen, S., L, D. DAlessio",2013.0,,,0,0,4822
4825,"Associations Between Prolonged Grief Disorder, Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Anxiety in Rwandan Genocide Survivors","A number of studies have demonstrated that symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) represent a symptom cluster distinct from bereavement-related depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the present study was to confirm and extend these findings using the most recent criteria defining PGD. The authors interviewed a total of 400 orphaned or widowed survivors of the Rwandan genocide. The syndromes were strongly linked to each other with a high comorbidity. Principal axis factoring resulted in the emergence of 4 different factors. The symptoms of depression, along with the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms of PGD, loaded on the first factor, symptoms of anxiety on the second factor, symptoms of PTSD on the third factor, and the separation distress symptoms of PGD on the fourth factor. This indicates that the concept of PGD includes symptoms that are conceptually related to depression. However, the symptom cluster of separation distress presents a grief-specific dimension that may surface unrelated to depressive symptoms. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Schaal, S., Dusingizemungu, J. P., Jacob, N., Neuner, F., Elbert, T.",2012.0,,,0,1,
4826,Ten years after the genocide: Trauma confrontation and posttraumatic stress in Rwandan adolescents,"A decade after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, we interviewed a total of 68 Rwandan orphans about their war experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The two samples comprised youth living either in a child-headed household (CHH) or in an orphanage. All had been exposed to extreme levels of violence and 41 % had witnessed the murder of their own mother or father. Of the sample, 44% had PTSD. PTSD vulnerability was greater for youth who at the time of the study lived in CHH than those in an orphanage; it was also higher in those aged 8 to 13 during the outbreak of the genocide than those aged 3 to 7 at the time. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the number of traumatic experiences and subsequent stress responses. © 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Schaal, S., Elbert, T.",2006.0,,10.1002/jts.20104,0,0,
4827,Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with psychosis: Clinical challenges and emerging treatments,"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the current literature on childhood trauma and emerging treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of its most prevalent consequences, in patients with psychotic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Of patients with psychosis, 40-50% report either childhood sexual abuse or childhood physical abuse, and 11-46% fulfil a diagnosis of PTSD. About one-third of patients report childhood emotional abuse in the absence of other forms of childhood trauma. More robust evidence is mounting to support the role of childhood trauma in the aetiology of psychosis, but more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. Patients with a history of childhood trauma and/or PTSD have a more severe clinical profile compared with those without these experiences, worse overall functioning, and lower remission rates. Research suggests that instruments assessing childhood trauma and PTSD developed for the general population are also appropriate for use among people with psychosis, and trauma-focussed treatments can be used safely and effectively in this group. SUMMARY: Childhood trauma and its consequences are highly prevalent among patients with psychosis and severely affect the course and outcome. Treatment approaches appropriate for this population need to be further evaluated and implemented into routine practice. (copyright) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","bipolar disorder, child sexual abuse, childhood injury, cognition, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, coping behavior, delusion, emotional disorder, follow up, hallucination, human, mental patient, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychosis, psychotherapy, remission, research, review, schizophrenia, social adaptation, substance abuse, treatment outcome","Schafer, I., Fisher, H. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4828,Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with psychosis: Clinical challenges and emerging treatments,"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the current literature on childhood trauma and emerging treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of its most prevalent consequences, in patients with psychotic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Of patients with psychosis, 40-50% report either childhood sexual abuse or childhood physical abuse, and 11-46% fulfil a diagnosis of PTSD. About one-third of patients report childhood emotional abuse in the absence of other forms of childhood trauma. More robust evidence is mounting to support the role of childhood trauma in the aetiology of psychosis, but more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. Patients with a history of childhood trauma and/or PTSD have a more severe clinical profile compared with those without these experiences, worse overall functioning, and lower remission rates. Research suggests that instruments assessing childhood trauma and PTSD developed for the general population are also appropriate for use among people with psychosis, and trauma-focussed treatments can be used safely and effectively in this group. SUMMARY: Childhood trauma and its consequences are highly prevalent among patients with psychosis and severely affect the course and outcome. Treatment approaches appropriate for this population need to be further evaluated and implemented into routine practice. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",,"Schäfer, I., Fisher, H. L.",2011.0,,,0,0,4827
4829,"Childhood trauma and dissociation in patients with alcohol dependence, drug dependence, or both-A multi-center study","Background: The aims of this study were to examine the level of dissociative symptoms in patients with different substance related disorders (alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and combined alcohol and drug dependence), and to investigate the influence of potentially traumatic events in childhood, age, gender, and posttraumatic stress disorder on the relationship between dissociative symptoms and type of substance abuse. Methods: Of the 459 participants (59.7% male) 182 (39.7%) were alcohol-dependent (A), 154 (33.6%) were drug-dependent (D), and 123 (26.8%) were dependent on both, alcohol and drugs (AD) based on the DSM-IV criteria for a current diagnosis. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). The International Diagnostics Checklist (IDCL) was administered to diagnose PTSD. Results: Higher levels of dissociation were observed in patients with drug dependence as compared to patients with mere alcohol dependence (mean DES group A: 9.9 (plus or minus) 8.8; group D: 12.9 (plus or minus) 11.7; group AD: 15.1 (plus or minus) 11.3). However, when severity of potentially traumatic events in childhood, PTSD, age and gender were included in the analysis, the influence of the type of substance abuse did not prove to be statistically significant. The variable most strongly related to dissociative symptoms was severity of potentially traumatic events in childhood, in particular emotional abuse, even after controlling for PTSD and other potential confounders. Conclusions: It seems appropriate to screen SUD patients for dissociative symptoms, especially those with a more complex risk profile including (additional) drug abuse, female gender, younger age and most importantly a history of childhood trauma. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","adult, age, alcoholism, article, child abuse, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, controlled study, dissociative disorder, Dissociative Experiences Scale, drug dependence, female, gender bias, human, International Diagnostics Checklist, major clinical study, male, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, priority journal","Schafer, I., Langeland, W., Hissbach, J., Luedecke, C., Ohlmeier, M. D., Chodzinski, C., Kemper, U., Keiper, P., Wedekind, D., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Teunissen, S., Weirich, S., Driessen, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4830,"Childhood trauma and dissociation in patients with alcohol dependence, drug dependence, or both-A multi-center study","Background: The aims of this study were to examine the level of dissociative symptoms in patients with different substance related disorders (alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and combined alcohol and drug dependence), and to investigate the influence of potentially traumatic events in childhood, age, gender, and posttraumatic stress disorder on the relationship between dissociative symptoms and type of substance abuse. Methods: Of the 459 participants (59.7% male) 182 (39.7%) were alcohol-dependent (A), 154 (33.6%) were drug-dependent (D), and 123 (26.8%) were dependent on both, alcohol and drugs (AD) based on the DSM-IV criteria for a current diagnosis. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). The International Diagnostics Checklist (IDCL) was administered to diagnose PTSD. Results: Higher levels of dissociation were observed in patients with drug dependence as compared to patients with mere alcohol dependence (mean DES group A: 9.9 ± 8.8; group D: 12.9 ± 11.7; group AD: 15.1 ± 11.3). However, when severity of potentially traumatic events in childhood, PTSD, age and gender were included in the analysis, the influence of the type of substance abuse did not prove to be statistically significant. The variable most strongly related to dissociative symptoms was severity of potentially traumatic events in childhood, in particular emotional abuse, even after controlling for PTSD and other potential confounders. Conclusions: It seems appropriate to screen SUD patients for dissociative symptoms, especially those with a more complex risk profile including (additional) drug abuse, female gender, younger age and most importantly a history of childhood trauma. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Addiction, Childhood trauma, Dissociation, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Substance abuse","Schäfer, I., Langeland, W., Hissbach, J., Luedecke, C., Ohlmeier, M. D., Chodzinski, C., Kemper, U., Keiper, P., Wedekind, D., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Teunissen, S., Weirich, S., Driessen, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,4829
4831,Clinical challenges in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse,"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review the current literature on co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with an emphasis on clinical aspects and emerging treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: In clinical populations (focusing on either disorder), about 25-50% have a lifetime dual diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder. Patients with both disorders have a more severe clinical profile than those with either disorder alone, lower functioning, poorer well being, and worse outcomes across a variety of measures. In recent years, several promising treatment programs have been developed specifically for co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with one model having been established as effective thus far. SUMMARY: Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder/substance-use disorder is a frequent diagnosis in clinical populations that severely affects course and outcome. Treatment approaches appropriate for this vulnerable population need to be evaluated further and implemented in routine practice. (copyright) 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","disulfiram, naltrexone, sertraline, alcoholism, clinical assessment, clinical feature, clinical practice, cocaine dependence, comorbidity, diagnostic approach route, disability, disease predisposition, functional status, health status, high risk patient, human, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychotherapy, review, safety, substance abuse, treatment outcome","Schafer, I., Najavits, L. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4832,Clinical challenges in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse,"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review the current literature on co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with an emphasis on clinical aspects and emerging treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: In clinical populations (focusing on either disorder), about 25-50% have a lifetime dual diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder. Patients with both disorders have a more severe clinical profile than those with either disorder alone, lower functioning, poorer well being, and worse outcomes across a variety of measures. In recent years, several promising treatment programs have been developed specifically for co-occuring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-use disorder, with one model having been established as effective thus far. SUMMARY: Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder/substance-use disorder is a frequent diagnosis in clinical populations that severely affects course and outcome. Treatment approaches appropriate for this vulnerable population need to be evaluated further and implemented in routine practice. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","Comorbidity, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Substance-use disorder, Treatment","Schäfer, I., Najavits, L. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,4831
4833,Missing data: Our view of the state of the art,"Statistical procedures for missing data have vastly improved, yet misconception and unsound practice still abound. The authors frame the missing-data problem, review methods offer advice, and raise issues that remain unresolved. They clear up common misunderstandings regarding the missing at random (MAR) concept. They summarize the evidence against older procedures and, with few exceptions, discourage their use. They present, in both technical and practical language, 2 general approaches that come highly recommended: maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian multiple imputation (MI). Newer developments are discussed, including some for dealing with missing data that are not MAR. Although not yet in the mainstream, these procedures may eventually extend the ML and MI methods that currently represent the state of the art.",,"Schafer, J. L., Graham, J. W.",2002.0,,10.1037//1082-989X.7.2.147,0,0,
4834,Rapid emotional processing in relation to trauma-related symptoms as revealed by magnetic source imaging,"Background: Traumatic stress leads to functional reorganization in the brain and may trigger an alarm response. However, when the traumatic event produces severe helplessness, the predominant peri-traumatic response may instead be marked by a dissociative shutdown reaction. The neural correlates of this dissociative shutdown were investigated by presenting rapidly presented affective pictures to female participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and comparing responses to a Non-PTSD control group.Methods: Event-related-magnetic-fields were recorded during rapid visual serial presentation of emotionally arousing stimuli (unpleasant or pleasant), which alternated with pictures with low affective content (neutral). Neural sources, based on the L2-surface-minimum-norm, correlated with the severity of the symptom clusters: PTSD, depression and shutdown dissociation.Results: For the early cortical response (60 to 110 ms), dissociation and PTSD symptom severity show similar spatial distributions of correlates for unpleasant stimuli. Cortical networks that could be involved in the relationships seem to be widespread.Conclusion: We conclude that shutdown dissociation, PTSD and depression all have distinct effects on early processing of emotional stimuli. © 2014 Schalinski et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Depression, Dissociation, IAPS, MEG, PTSD, Shutdown","Schalinski, I., Moran, J., Schauer, M., Elbert, T.",2014.0,,10.1186/1471-244X-14-193,0,0,
4835,A longitudinal comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among military service components,,,"Schaller, E. K., Woodall, K. A., Lemus, H., Proctor, S. P., Russell, D. W., Crum-Cianflone, N. F.",2014.0,,10.1037/mil0000034,0,1,
4836,Reconsideration of harm's way: Onsets and comorbidity patterns of disorders in preschool children and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina,"This study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid disorders in 70 preschool children (ages 3-6) and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina. Children's rate of PTSD was 50.0% using age-modified criteria. The rate of PTSD was 62.5% for those who stayed in the city and 43.5% in those who evacuated. Of those with PTSD, 88.6% had at least one comorbid disorder, with oppositional defiant disorder and separation anxiety disorder being most common. Caregivers' rate of PTSD was 35.6%, of which 47.6% was new post-Katrina. No children and only 2 caregivers developed new non-PTSD disorders in the absence of new PTSD symptoms. Differences by race and gender were largely nonsignificant. Children's new PTSD symptoms correlated more strongly to caregivers with new symptoms compared to caregivers with old or no symptoms.",,"Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H.",2008.0,,10.1080/15374410802148178,0,0,
4837,PTSD in children and adolescents: Toward an empirically based algorithm a,"In considering potential revisions for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), describing developmental influences on symptomatic expression is a high priority. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. Research conducted in the past 15 years is reviewed that pertains to expressions of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in preschool and school age children and in adolescents. This research has attempted to determine the usefulness of the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD in children and adolescents. Based on the studies of preschool children, evidence supports two sets of suggestions: first, we suggest that developmental manifestations are warranted in A-D criteria of PTSD; and second, we suggest that a developmental preschool PTSD subtype is warranted that lowers the C threshold from three to one symptom. For school-age children and young adolescents, the evidence is more limited. Nevertheless, there is also evidence suggesting that modifications in PTSD criteria A-D, including fewer Cluster C symptoms, may facilitate accurate diagnosis in this age group. Depression and Anxiety, 2011.© 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","adolescents, children, classification, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool children, taxonomy","Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Cohen, J. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4838,New findings on alternative criteria for PTSD in preschool children,"Objective: An alternative set of criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for preschool children was analyzed for validity. Method: Sixty-two traumatized children and 63 healthy controls, aged 20 months through 6 years, were assessed. The traumatic experiences included motor vehicle collisions, accidental injuries, abuse, and witnessing violence. The number of symptoms required for clusters C and D and the utility of proposed symptoms were systematically analyzed. Results: No cases met the DSM-IV algorithm for PTSD. Cluster B was endorsed 67.9% of the time. The proportion of cases meeting the cluster C threshold was 2% when three symptoms were required, 11% when two symptoms were required, and 39% when one symptom was required. The rate of cluster D was 45% when two symptoms were required and 73% when one symptom was required. Four novel symptoms did not substantially add to the diagnostic validity of the criteria. The optimal algorithm (one cluster B symptom, one cluster C symptom, and two cluster D symptoms) diagnosed PTSD at a rate of 26%. Measures of comorbid symptoms concurrently provided convergent validation to support this revised algorithm. Conclusion: Revisions to the DSM-IV PTSD criteria continue to be supported so that highly symptomatic young children can be diagnosed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2003, 42(5):561-570.","accident, algorithm, article, child abuse, child psychiatry, clinical feature, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, experience, human, injury, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, traffic accident, validation process, violence","Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Myers, L., Putnam, F. W.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4839,All Symptoms Are Not Created Equal: The Prominent Role of Hyperarousal in the Natural Course of Posttraumatic Psychological Distress,"This 3-wave longitudinal study examined the natural course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using data collected from young adult survivors of community violence. Three key findings emerged. 1. Mean levels of distress for each symptom cluster decreased over time, with reexperiencing decreasing most rapidly. 2. Cross-lagged panel analysis revealed that hyperarousal strongly influences, but is not generally influenced by, other symptoms clusters. 3. Trajectory analysis demonstrated that respondents for whom hyperarousal was the most pronounced baseline symptom showed lower overall symptom improvement relative to trauma exposed counterparts for whom hyperarousal was a less prominent early symptom. Implications for theory, research, and clinical practice are discussed.","adult, arousal, article, clinical practice, cluster analysis, cross lagged panel analysis, disease course, distress syndrome, female, human, hyperarousal, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, sensitivity analysis, statistical analysis, violence","Schell, T. L., Marshall, G. N., Jaycox, L. H.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4840,Effects of stress hormones on traumatic memory formation and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in critically ill patients,"Studied the relationship between stress hormones, traumatic memories, and the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in long-term survivors of intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. Results demonstrate a clear and vivid recall of different categories of traumatic memory such as nightmares, anxiety, respiratory distress, or pain with little or no recall of factual events. The number of categories of traumatic memory recalled increased with the total administered dosages of stress hormones and the evaluation of these categories at different time points after discharge from the ICU showed better memory consolidation with higher dosages of stress hormones administered. However, the administration of stress doses of cortisol to critically ill patients resulted in more complex findings as it caused a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms measured after recovery. This effect can possibly be explained by a differential influence of cortisol on memory. Findings indicate that stress hormones influence the development of PTSD through complex and simultaneous interactions on memory formation and retrieval. The author's studies also demonstrate that animal models of aversive learning are useful in analyzing and predicting clinical findings in critically ill humans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Therapy, *Hormones, *Intensive Care, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Schelling, Gustav",2002.0,,,0,0,
4841,Surviving the ICU does not mean that the war is over,,,"Schelling, G., Kapfhammer, H. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4842,"Stress Doses of Hydrocortisone, Traumatic Memories, and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Study","Traumatic experiences associated with cardiac surgery (CS) can result in traumatic memories and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because it is known that subjects who develop PTSD often show sustained reductions in circulating cortisol concentrations, we performed a prospective, randomized study to examine whether exogenously administered stress doses of hydrocortisone during the perioperative period of CS reduces the long-term incidence of chronic stress and PTSD symptoms. Patients were prospectively randomized to receive either stress doses of hydrocortisone or standard treatment during the perioperative period of CS. Of 48 available patients at 6 months after CS, 26 had received stress doses of hydrocortisone and 22 standard treatment. Traumatic memories and PTSD symptoms were diagnosed with previously validated questionnaires. As compared with patients after standard therapy, patients from the hydrocortisone group had significantly lower chronic stress symptom scores. There was no significant difference regarding the number or type of traumatic memories between the hydrocortisone and the standard treatment groups. Stress doses of hydrocortisone in patients undergoing CS are associated with a lower intensity of chronic stress and PTSD symptoms at 6 months after CS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Heart Surgery, *Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Chronic Illness, Drug Therapy, Memory","Schelling, Gustav, Kilger, Erich, Roozendaal, Benno, de Quervain, Dominique J. F., Briegel, Josef, Dagge, Alexander, Rothenhausler, Hans-Bernd, Krauseneck, Till, Nollert, Georg, Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter",2004.0,,,0,0,
4843,Exposure to high stress in the intensive care unit may have negative effects on health-related quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery,"OBJECTIVE: Up to 20% of patients do not show improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQL) after cardiac surgery, despite apparently successful surgical procedures. We sought to determine whether failed improvements in HRQL after cardiac surgery are associated with the development of traumatic memories and chronic stress states as a result of high perioperative stress exposure. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A 10-bed cardiovascular intensive care unit of a tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 148 cardiac surgical patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The patients were evaluated for traumatic memories from postoperative treatment in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (defined as the subjective recollection of pain, respiratory distress, anxiety/panic, and nightmares), symptoms of chronic stress, including those of posttraumatic stress disorder, and HRQL preoperatively (at baseline) and at 6 months after cardiac surgery. A state of chronic stress was defined as the development of posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after surgery. Factors predicting the decline in HRQL were determined by multivariable linear regression. Twenty-seven patients (18.2%) had posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after cardiac surgery; seven of these patients (4.8%) had evidence of preexisting posttraumatic stress disorder before undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients with new posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after cardiac surgery had a significantly higher number of traumatic memories from postoperative treatment in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (p =.01). A multiple regression model included the number of traumatic memories from the intensive care unit and stress symptom scores at 6 months after heart surgery as predictors for variations in physical HRQL outcome scores (R2 =.30, p <.04). Stress symptom scores were the most significant predictors of mental health HRQL outcomes (R2 =.52, p <.01). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to high stress in the cardiovascular intensive care unit can have negative effects on HRQL outcomes of cardiac surgery.","Aged, Cohort Studies, Coronary Artery Bypass/*psychology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Germany, Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/*psychology, Hospitals, University, Humans, Intensive Care/*psychology, Intensive Care Units, Linear Models, Male, Mental Recall, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data, Postoperative Complications/diagnosis/*psychology, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Quality of Life/*psychology, Sick Role, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*psychology, Stress, Psychological/*complications","Schelling, G., Richter, M., Roozendaal, B., Rothenhausler, H. B., Krauseneck, T., Stoll, C., Nollert, G., Schmidt, M., Kapfhammer, H. P.",2003.0,Jul,10.1097/01.ccm.0000069512.10544.40,0,0,
4844,Exposure to high stress in the intensive care unit may have negative effects on health-related quality-of-life outcomes after cardiac surgery,"Objective: Up to 20% of patients do not show improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQL) after cardiac surgery, despite apparently successful surgical procedures. We sought to determine whether failed improvements in HRQL after cardiac surgery are associated with the development of traumatic memories and chronic stress states as a result of high perioperative stress exposure. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: A 10-bed cardiovascular intensive care unit of a tertiary care university hospital. Patients: A total of 148 cardiac surgical patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The patients were evaluated for traumatic memories from postoperative treatment in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (defined as the subjective recollection of pain, respiratory distress, anxiety/panic, and nightmares), symptoms of chronic stress, including those of posttraumatic stress disorder, and HRQL preoperatively (at baseline) and at 6 months after cardiac surgery. A state of chronic stress was defined as the development of posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after surgery. Factors predicting the decline in HRQL were determined by multivariable linear regression. Twenty-seven patients (18.2%) had posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after cardiac surgery; seven of these patients (4.8%) had evidence of preexisting posttraumatic stress disorder before undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients with new posttraumatic stress disorder at 6 months after cardiac surgery had a significantly higher number of traumatic memories from postoperative treatment in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (p = .01). A multiple regression model included the number of traumatic memories from the intensive care unit and stress symptom scores at 6 months after heart surgery as predictors for variations in physical HRQL outcome scores (R2 = .30, p &lt; .04). Stress symptom scores were the most significant predictors of mental health HRQL outcomes (R2 = .52, p &lt; .01). Conclusions: Exposure to high stress in the cardiovascular intensive care unit can have negative effects on HRQL outcomes of cardiac surgery.","Cardiac surgery, Epinephrine, Glucocorticoids, Health-related quality of life, Hydrocortisone, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress","Schelling, G., Richter, M., Roozendaal, B., Rothenhäusler, H. B., Krauseneck, T., Stoll, C., Nollert, G., Schmidt, M., Kapfhammer, H. P.",2003.0,,,0,0,4843
4845,The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in three female trauma samples: A comparison of interview and self-report measures,"Empirical research increasingly suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comprised of four factors: re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal. Nonetheless, there remains some inconsistency in the findings of factor analyses that form the bulk of this empirical literature. One source of such inconsistency may be assessment measure idiosyncrasies. To examine this issue, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses of interview and self-report data across three trauma samples. Analyses of the interview data indicated a good fit for a four-factor model across all samples; analyses of the self-report data indicated an adequate fit in two of three samples. Overall, findings suggest that measure idiosyncrasies may account for some of the inconsistency in previous factor analyses of PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Report, *Symptoms","Scher, Christine D., McCreary, Donald R., Asmundson, Gordon J. G., Resick, Patricia A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4846,Resilience in the Context of Chronic Stress and Health in Adults,"Over the past several decades, stress research has experienced a broadening of its pathologic focus to encompass the concept of resilience. There is a wealth of research on resilience but no general consensus regarding its conceptualization. Some define resilience as attaining eventual favorable outcomes following exposure to adversity. Others define it as specific relatively short-term responses characterized by a return to homeostasis after initial disruption due to a stressor, and still others refer to resilience as resources that enable the individual to withstand or recover from major stressors. Many of the existing conceptualizations of resilience are not applicable in the context of chronic stress which is particularly harmful to health. How do adults who experience chronic stress survive, manage, and thrive, and what resources enable them to do so? In this paper, we consider these questions by reviewing traditions of research and definitions of resilience in order to inform an understanding of resilience in general, and for the study of chronic stress in adults. Based on a review of the literature, we developed a taxonomy of resilience resources that can be applied broadly, and guide future research. © 2011 The Authors. Social and Personality Psychology Compass © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.",,"Schetter, C. D., Dolbier, C.",2011.0,,10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00379.x,0,0,
4847,Being ashamed of oneself. Interest of arts psychotherapies for the rehabilitation of people in social exclusion,"In the context of a multi-annual research project, aiming at exploring the relations between traumatic biographic events since childhood and the structural functioning of personality at adult age, the results of a prospective longitudinal study will be analyzed. Context of the study: Following an exploratory study with n= 206 people suffering from exclusion and marginalization and a confirmatory study with a new sample of n=. 195 people, the third stage of the research project was focused on the assessment of arts psychotherapeutic interventions. We present a longitudinal study on the efficiency of arts psychotherapies with n=. 34 people living in great precariousness and suffering from severe posttraumatic syndromes. The research population was encountered in shelters for homeless people. Clinical and experimental results: The clients assisted weekly group sessions during six months to one year. The sessions were directed by experienced psychologists (Master in clinical and health psychology) who had acquired a second Master degree in arts psychotherapies. The exploration of the therapeutic process is based on original rating scales allowing using the pictorial and literary production as a tool of research and computing correlations between psychometric scales, projective tests and expressive tests. In a previous study, 96 % of the pictures drawn during arts psychotherapeutic sessions by people suffering from exclusion and marginalization could be classified into the following typology: (1) type 1: Desire for the Lost Paradise; (2) type 2: Fascination by Evil and Death; (3) type 3: Graphics and Ornamentation; (4) type 4: Description and Banalization; (5) type 5: Fragmentation and Dislocation of Forms. The inspection of the table of frequencies showed a similar distribution of types in the sample of the present study. The analysis of this distribution allowed making a meaningful psychological interpretation at the light of current clinical literature. In order to explore the parallel evolution in the pictorial and literary expression during the psychotherapeutic sessions, rank correlations (Spearman's Rho) were computed between the delta values (post-test-pretest) of the rating scales for the pictures and for the stories written under musical induction. The matrix of correlations indicated a parallel evolution on formal and content values in the two kinds of artistic expressions, pointing towards a progress in the underlying capacity of imaginary and symbolic elaboration. Four representative clinical vignettes are meant to illustrate the peculiar being-in-the world and the existential anxiety of people who feel marginalized, discriminated and uprooted and whose self-esteem is very low. Discussion and conclusion: The discussion is focused on the pertinence of the results of this study in the context of the current literature related to psycho-trauma, great precariousness, and discrimination, as well as to the possibility to draw from the evolution of the artistic production some indications related to a resumption of the blocked process of subjectivation. The limits of arts therapies and arts psychotherapies with this kind of population are linked, among others, to the irreversible effects of long term psychological stress on the hippocampal area of the brain, as well as to the toxic effects of inveterated alcohol and drug addiction. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Art therapy, Discrimination, Homelessness, Integrated quantitative and qualitative research design, Precariousness, Psycho-trauma, Social alienation","Schiltz, L., Ciccarello, A., Ricci-Boyer, L.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.amp.2014.07.014,0,0,
4848,When the foundations of life have been upset... An integrated clinical and experimental study with refugees and asylum seekers,"Aim: Recent research results in clinical psychology, health psychology and neurobiology underline the relationship between dissociative states, complex posttraumatic syndromes and borderline functioning [11]. Our study is meant to investigate the traumatic hypothesis of borderline functioning and to develop appropriate psychotherapeutic measures based on artistic mediations. Material and Methods.To: estimate the effect of traumatic events, from the beginning of life up to recent stressors, linked to natural catastrophes, war, political persecution and migration, we undertook an integrated clinical and experimental study with a sample of 73 refugees and asylum seekers. In a second stage, those who suffered from PTSD or complex post-traumatic states were offered to attend arts psychotherapeutic sessions.. To investigate the personality functioning at the structural level, we used a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology, combining a semi-structured biographical interview, a projective test, i.e. the Sentences Completion Test, for which we developed a new manner of interpretation, and psychometric scales, i.e. the HADS and the Index of Wellbeing. Furthermore, we analysed the artistic production (pictures, stories written under musical induction) with the help of rating scales constructed in the phenomenological and structural tradition. Results: With the help of non parametric multidimensional statistics, we extracted two profiles of personality functioning, linked either to repeated breaks, negligence and maltreatment from the beginning of life, or either to a recent external catastrophe, interrupting a continuous life course. Through the evaluation of the arts therapeutic sessions, we could note the first signs of resumption of the blocked process of subjectivation. Discussion: The results of the study support the traumatogenic hypothesis of borderline functioning, as well as current clinical considerations concerning the defensive role of dissociation in complex posttraumatic states. Conclusion: The study opens tracks for future research concerning an in depth investigation of the arts therapeutic process with traumatized people.","Arts psychotherapies, Complex post traumatic states, Expressive tests, Integrated quantitative and qualitative research methodology, Non parametric statistical procedures, Rating scales","Schiltz, L., Schiltz, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4849,Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic distress and depressive symptoms following a traumatic event: A test of three models,"Background: Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly co-morbid following a traumatic event. Nevertheless, decisive evidence regarding the direction of the relationship between these clinical entities is missing. Method: The aim of the present study was to examine the nature of this relationship by comparing a synchronous change model (PTSD and depression are time synchronous, possibly stemming from a third common factor) with a demoralization model (i.e. PTSD symptoms causing depression) and a depressogenic model (i.e. depressive symptoms causing PTSD symptoms). Israeli adult victims of single-event traumas (n = 156) were assessed on measures of PTSD and depression at 2, 4 and 12 weeks post-event. Results: A cross-lagged structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis provided results consistent with the synchronous change model and the depressogenic model. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms may play an important role in the development of post-traumatic symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Emotional Trauma, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Models, Stress","Schindel-Allon, I., Aderka, I. M., Shahar, G., Stein, M., Gilboa-Schechtman, E.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4850,Best Practices for Missing Data Management in Counseling Psychology,,,"Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., Card, N. A.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0018082,0,0,
4851,An examination of relations between cognitive functioning and alcohol use and craving among veterans with alcohol use disorder and trauma exposure,"Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed among individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and is, in turn, associated with worse treatment outcomes. Accordingly, disruptions in cognitive functioning may be conceptualized as a trans-disease phenomenon representing a potential high-yield target for intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine relations between different cognitive functions and alcohol use and craving among U.S. military Veterans with AUD and trauma exposure. Participants were 68 male and female Veterans with AUD (SCID DSM-IV) and trauma exposure (Life Events Checklist) entering treatment to reduce alcohol use. Participants completed measures assessing alcohol use (Timeline Follow Back) and craving (Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale), PTSD symptom severity (PCL), and cognitive functioning (executive functioning [Trail Making Test B], risk-taking/impulsivity [Balloon Analogue Risk Task], and verbal learning and memory [Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised]). Three step-wise regressions were performed to assess variance explained by PTSD symptoms and cognitive functions in quantity and frequency of alcohol use and alcohol craving. Alcohol craving and quantity of alcohol consumption, but not frequency, were positively correlated with PTSD symptom severity and symptom clusters. In addition, higher risk-taking/impulsivity was associated with greater PTSD symptom severity and cluster C symptoms (avoidance and numbing). After controlling for PTSD symptom severity, poorer learning and memory was associated with higher quantity and frequency alcohol consumption in the 90 days prior to treatment and risk-taking/ impulsivity was positively associated with alcohol craving. Findings suggest that interventions to strengthen cognitive functioning might be used as a preparatory step to augment empirically supported treatments for AUD. Clinicians are also encouraged to consider a standard assessment of cognitive functioning, in addition to PTSD severity, in treatment planning and delivery for this vulnerable and high-risk population.","alcohol, alcohol consumption, withdrawal syndrome, veteran, human, alcohol use disorder, injury, exposure, society, alcoholism, examination, risk, posttraumatic stress disorder, learning, cognition, memory, manager, checklist, cognitive defect, life event, DSM-IV, drinking, psychologic test, male, female, high risk population, impulsiveness, army, United States, learning test, treatment planning, treatment outcome","Schmeling, B., Heinz, A. J., Pennington, D. L., Cohen, N., Lasher, B. A., Schrodek, E., Yohannes, S., McDonald, J., Wong, T., Batki, S. L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4852,Having a loved one in the ICU: The forgotten family,"Purpose of review An appreciation of the post-ICU burden for family members, as well as the ways to prevent and minimize their symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Recent findings The long-term consequences of critical illness are growing in importance as the aging population increases its demand for critical care, and as the short-term mortality after critical illness decreases. Recently, postintensive care syndrome family was proposed as a new term for this cluster of psychological complications. Critical care providers are now recognizing the need to also address the psychological needs of the relatives earlier after ICU admission. Summary A high proportion of family members present with symptoms of anxiety (70%) and depression (35%). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related symptoms are also common. These symptoms are significantly more frequent when the relative is a spouse, or in bereaved family members. Few long-term data are available. However, in family members of dying patients, 1 year after the loss, up to 40% of them present with criteria for psychiatric illness such as generalized anxiety, major depressive disorders, or complicated grief. Prevention of post-ICU burden, mostly based on communication strategies, has been proposed to assist relatives. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Communication, Critical illness, Family, ICU","Schmidt, M., Azoulay, E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4853,Sleepless nights in the ICU: The awaken family,"Having a loved-one in the ICU is a traumatic experience for family members that can lead to a cluster of psychological complications, recently defined as post-intensive care family syndrome. In a previous issue of Critical Care, Day and colleagues stressed the severe sleep disturbance and fatigue experienced by a majority of ICU patient family members. However, despite this burden being well characterised, the best preventive coping strategy remains undetermined. © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Schmidt, M., Azoulay, E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4854,The PRESERVE mortality risk score and analysis of long-term outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome,"PURPOSE: This study was designed to identify factors associated with death by 6 months post-intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and to develop a practical mortality risk score for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-treated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. We also assessed long-term survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQL), respiratory symptoms, and anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequencies. METHODS: Data from 140 ECMO-treated ARDS patients admitted to three French ICUs (2008-2012) were analyzed. ICU survivors contacted >6 months post-ICU discharge were assessed for HRQL, psychological and PTSD status. RESULTS: Main ARDS etiologies were bacterial (45%), influenza A[H(1)N(1)] (26%) and post-operative (17%) pneumonias. Six months post-ICU discharge, 84 (60%) patients were still alive. Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, the PRESERVE (PRedicting dEath for SEvere ARDS on VV-ECMO) score (0-14 points) was constructed with eight pre-ECMO parameters, i.e. age, body mass index, immunocompromised status, prone positioning, days of mechanical ventilation, sepsis-related organ failure assessment, plateau pressure andpositive end-expiratory pressure. Six-month post-ECMO initiation cumulative probabilities of survival were 97, 79, 54 and 16% for PRESERVE classes 0-2, 3-4, 5-6 and >/=7 (p < 0.001), respectively. HRQL evaluation in 80% of the 6-month survivors revealed satisfactory mental health but persistent physical and emotional-related difficulties, with anxiety, depression or PTSD symptoms reported, by 34, 25 or 16%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The PRESERVE score might help ICU physicians select appropriate candidates for ECMO among severe ARDS patients. Future studies should also focus on physical and psychosocial rehabilitation that could lead to improved HRQL in this population.","Adult, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects/psychology/*statistics &, numerical data, Female, France, Humans, Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, *Quality of Life, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult/complications/*mortality/psychology/therapy, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment/methods, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*etiology, Survivors/*psychology/statistics & numerical data","Schmidt, M., Zogheib, E., Roze, H., Repesse, X., Lebreton, G., Luyt, C. E., Trouillet, J. L., Brechot, N., Nieszkowska, A., Dupont, H., Ouattara, A., Leprince, P., Chastre, J., Combes, A.",2013.0,Oct,10.1007/s00134-013-3037-2,0,0,
4855,The PRESERVE mortality risk score and analysis of long-term outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome,"Purpose: This study was designed to identify factors associated with death by 6 months post-intensive care unit (ICU) discharge and to develop a practical mortality risk score for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-treated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. We also assessed long-term survivors' health-related quality of life (HRQL), respiratory symptoms, and anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequencies. Methods: Data from 140 ECMO-treated ARDS patients admitted to three French ICUs (2008-2012) were analyzed. ICU survivors contacted &gt;6 months post-ICU discharge were assessed for HRQL, psychological and PTSD status. Results: Main ARDS etiologies were bacterial (45 %), influenza A[H1N1] (26 %) and post-operative (17 %) pneumonias. Six months post-ICU discharge, 84 (60 %) patients were still alive. Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, the PRESERVE (PRedicting dEath for SEvere ARDS on VV-ECMO) score (0-14 points) was constructed with eight pre-ECMO parameters, i.e. age, body mass index, immunocompromised status, prone positioning, days of mechanical ventilation, sepsis-related organ failure assessment, plateau pressure andpositive end-expiratory pressure. Six-month post-ECMO initiation cumulative probabilities of survival were 97, 79, 54 and 16 % for PRESERVE classes 0-2, 3-4, 5-6 and ≥7 (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. HRQL evaluation in 80 % of the 6-month survivors revealed satisfactory mental health but persistent physical and emotional-related difficulties, with anxiety, depression or PTSD symptoms reported, by 34, 25 or 16 %, respectively. Conclusions: The PRESERVE score might help ICU physicians select appropriate candidates for ECMO among severe ARDS patients. Future studies should also focus on physical and psychosocial rehabilitation that could lead to improved HRQL in this population. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and ESICM.","Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Long-term quality of life, Outcome assessment","Schmidt, M., Zogheib, E., Rozé, H., Repesse, X., Lebreton, G., Luyt, C. E., Trouillet, J. L., Bréchot, N., Nieszkowska, A., Dupont, H., Ouattara, A., Leprince, P., Chastre, J., Combes, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,4854
4856,Therapeutic action of fluoxetine is associated with a reduction in prefrontal cortical miR-1971 expression levels in a mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder,"MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have recently emerged as epigenetic modulators of gene expression in psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and major depression. So far, miRNAs have neither been studied in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) nor in PTSD animal models. Here, we present the first study exploring the connection between miRNAs and PTSD. Employing our previously established PTSD mouse model, we assessed miRNA profiles in prefrontal cortices (PFCs) dissected from either fluoxetine or control-treated wildtype C57BL/6N mice 74 days after their subjection to either a single traumatic electric footshock or mock-treatment. Fluoxetine is an antidepressant known to be effective both in PTSD patients and in mice suffering from a PTSD-like syndrome. Screening for differences in the relative expression levels of all potential miRNA target sequences of miRBase 18.0 by pairwise comparison of the PFC miRNA profiles of the four mouse groups mentioned resulted in identification of five miRNA candidate molecules. Validation of these miRNA candidates by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that the therapeutic action of fluoxetine in shocked mice is associated with a significant reduction in mmu-miR-1971 expression. Furthermore, our findings suggest that traumatic stress and fluoxetine interact to cause distinct alterations in the mouse PFC miRNA signature in the long-term. ©2013 Schmidt, Herrmann, Hagl, Novak, Huber, Holsboer, Wotjak and Buell.","Mir-1971, Mir-33, Mirna, Prefrontal cortex, PTSD, PTSD mouse model, SSRI","Schmidt, U., Herrmann, L., Hagl, K., Novak, B., Huber, C., Holsboer, F., Wotjak, C. T., Buell, D. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4857,Epigenetic aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Development of psychiatric diseases such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) invokes, as with most complex diseases, both genetic and environmental factors. The era of genome-wide high throughput technologies has sparked the initiation of genotype screenings in large cohorts of diseased and control individuals, but had limited success in identification of disease causing genetic variants. It has become evident that these efforts at the genomic level need to be complemented with endeavours in elucidating the proteome, transcriptome and epigenetic profiles. Epigenetics is attractive in particular because there is accumulating evidence that the lasting impact of adverse life events is reflected in certain covalent modifications of the chromatin. In this review, we outline the characteristics of PTSD as a stress-related disease and survey recent developments revealing epigenetic aspects of stress-related disorders in general. There is also increasing direct evidence for gene programming and epigenetic components in PTSD. Finally, we discuss treatment options in the light of recent discoveries of epigenetic mechanisms of psychotropic drugs. © 2011 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.",,"Schmidt, U., Holsboer, F., Rein, T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4858,The Long-Term Impact of Physical and Emotional Trauma: The Station Nightclub Fire,"Background: Survivors of physical and emotional trauma experience enduring occupational, psychological and quality of life impairments. Examining survivors from a large fire provides a unique opportunity to distinguish the impact of physical and emotional trauma on long-term outcomes. The objective is to detail the multi-dimensional long-term effects of a large fire on its survivor population and assess differences in outcomes between survivors with and without physical injury. Methods and Findings: This is a survey-based cross-sectional study of survivors of The Station fire on February 20, 2003. The relationships between functional outcomes and physical injury were evaluated with multivariate regression models adjusted for pre-injury characteristics and post-injury outcomes. Outcome measures include quality of life (Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief), employment (time off work), post-traumatic stress symptoms (Impact of Event Scale-Revised) and depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory). 104 fire survivors completed the survey; 47% experienced a burn injury. There was a 42% to 72% response rate range. Although depression and quality of life were associated with burn injury in univariate analyses (p<0.05), adjusted analyses showed no significant relationship between burn injury and these outcomes (p = 0.91; p =. 51). Post-traumatic stress symptoms were not associated with burn injury in the univariate (p = 0.13) or adjusted analyses (p = 0.79). Time off work was the only outcome in which physical injury remained significant in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Survivors of this large fire experienced significant life disruption, including occupational, psychological and quality of life sequelae. The findings suggest that quality of life, depression and post-traumatic stress outcomes are related to emotional trauma, not physical injury. However, physical injury is correlated with employment outcomes. The long-term impact of this traumatic event underscores the importance of longitudinal and mental health care for trauma survivors, with attention to those with and without physical injuries. © 2012 Schneider et al.",,"Schneider, J. C., Trinh, N. H., Selleck, E., Fregni, F., Salles, S. S., Ryan, C. M., Stein, J.",2012.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0047339,0,0,
4859,Coping Style Use Predicts Posttraumatic Stress and Complicated Grief Symptom Severity Among College Students Reporting a Traumatic Loss,,,"Schnider, K. R., Elhai, J. D., Gray, M. J.",2007.0,,10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.344,0,0,
4860,Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial,,,"Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., Resick, P. A., Thurston, V., Orsillo, S. M., Haug, R., Turner, C., Bernardy, N.",2007.0,,10.1001/jama.297.8.820,0,0,
4861,Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between symptoms and quality of life in veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder,This study examined how change in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms relates to change in quality of life. The sample consisted of 325 male Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD who participated in a randomized trial of group psychotherapy. Latent growth modeling was used to test for synchronous effects of PTSD symptom change on psychosocial and physical health-related quality of life within the same time period and lagged effects of initial PTSD symptom change on later change in quality of life. PTSD symptoms were associated with reduced quality of life before treatment. There were synchronous effects of symptom change on change in quality of life but no significant lagged effects. Results indicate the importance of measuring quality of life in future investigations of PTSD treatment.,"adult, aged, article, clinical trial, group therapy, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, outcome assessment, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosocial environment, quality of life, symptom, time, United States, veteran, war","Schnurr, P. P., Hayes, A. F., Lunney, C. A., McFall, M., Uddo, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4862,Work-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among female veterans,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can have pervasive, negative effects on multiple aspects of quality of life. We investigated the relationship between PTSD symptom clusters and work-related quality of life among female veterans. Although prior studies have shown that PTSD symptom clusters are differentially related to work-related quality of life, no study has assessed these relationships in women specifically. Participants were 253 female veterans with current PTSD. We assessed three components of work-related quality of life (employment status, clinician-rated occupational impairment, and self-rated occupational satisfaction) and performed analyses with and without adjusting for self-reported depression symptoms. None of the PTSD symptom clusters were associated with employment status. All PTSD symptom clusters had significant independent associations with occupational impairment. All PTSD symptom clusters except avoidance were significantly associated with lower occupational satisfaction, but none had independent associations with occupational satisfaction. No single PTSD symptom cluster emerged as most strongly associated with occupational outcomes. Symptoms of depression had substantial associations across all occupational outcomes, independent of PTSD symptoms. Knowledge about how PTSD relates to occupational outcomes in women veterans is important for addressing the needs of this growing segment of the VA patient population, in which PTSD is a prevalent condition. Because PTSD had differential relationships with the three components of work-related quality of life, measuring only one component, or using an aggregate measure, may obscure important distinctions. Resolving depression symptoms also may be integral to achieving meaningful recovery. Published by Elsevier Inc.",,"Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4863,Differential Effects of Prolonged Exposure on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Female Veterans,"Objective: We compared the effect of Prolonged Exposure (PE) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters and individual symptoms relative to a nonspecific comparison therapy (present-centered therapy; PCT) to identify the unique benefits of PE. We used data from a 12-site randomized clinical trial that found PE to be more effective than PCT for reducing PTSD symptom severity. Method: Participants were 284 female veterans and active duty soldiers with PTSD (M age = 44.8 years, range = 22-78; 45.4% non-White). Participants were randomized to 10 weekly sessions of PE or PCT and assessed before and after treatment and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The primary measure of PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Weathers et al., 2001) but we also assessed self-reported PTSD using the PTSD Checklist-Specific Version (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993). Results: Almost all clinician-rated and self-reported symptoms improved from pre- to posttreatment in both conditions. In the analyses of clinician-rated PTSD, PE had greater benefit than PCT on avoidance and numbing clusters. PE also had greater benefit on most individual symptoms in these clusters as well as on distress related to reminders. In the analyses of self-reported PTSD, PE had greater benefit than PCT on all clusters and on most individual symptoms. Conclusion: PE may be especially helpful for individuals with significant avoidance and numbing. Giving patients information about how a treatment can help with the symptoms that create the greatest burden can facilitate choosing the treatment that is best for them. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved).","Cognitive-behavioral therapy, PTSD, Veterans, Women","Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A.",2015.0,,10.1037/ccp0000031,0,0,
4864,Sexual function outcomes in women treated for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: This study examined dysfunctional sexual behavior and sexual concerns in women treated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There were three objectives: to characterize the relationship between symptoms of PTSD and sexual outcomes, to examine the effect of treatment on sexual outcomes, and to examine the relationship between change in PTSD and change in sexual outcomes. Methods: Female veterans and active duty personnel with PTSD (n=242), 93% of whom had experienced sexual trauma, were randomly assigned to receive 10 weekly sessions of either Prolonged Exposure or Present-Centered Therapy. PTSD and sexual outcomes were assessed before and after treatment and then 3 and 6 months later. Results: At baseline, the reexperiencing, numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters were related to one or both sexual outcomes. Although prior analyses had shown that Prolonged Exposure resulted in better PTSD outcomes, there were no differences between treatments for either dysfunctional sexual behavior or sexual concerns. However, loss of PTSD diagnosis was associated with improvements in sexual concerns. Conclusions: The findings suggest that clinically meaningful improvements in PTSD are necessary in order to reduce sexual problems in traumatized women. © 2009, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A., Forshay, E., Thurston, V. L., Chow, B. K., Resick, P. A., Foa, E. B.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4865,Risk Factors for the Development Versus Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"This study examined risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans: 68 women and 414 men of whom 88 were White, 63 Black, 80 Hispanic, 90 Native Hawaiian, and 93 Japanese American. Continuation ratio logistic regression was used to compare the predictive power of risk factors for the development versus maintenance of full or partial PTSD. The development of PTSD was related to premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors. The maintenance of PTSD was related primarily to military and postmilitary factors. Multivariate analyses identified different models for development and maintenance. We conclude that development of PTSD is related to factors that occur before, during, and after a traumatic event, whereas failure to recover is related primarily to factors that occur during and after the event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Risk Factors, Blacks, Hawaii Natives, Indigenous Populations, Japanese Americans, Racial and Ethnic Differences, Stress, Whites, Latinos/Latinas","Schnurr, Paula P., Lunney, Carole A., Sengupta, Anjana",2004.0,,,0,0,
4866,A longitudinal study of retirement in older male veterans,"In this study, the authors examined the effect of retirement on psychological and physical symptoms in 404 older male veterans who were taking part in an ongoing longitudinal study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze symptom trajectories from preretirement, peri-retirement, and postretirement periods in veterans with either lifetime full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure only, or no traumatic exposure. As expected, the PTSD group experienced greater increases in psychological and physical symptoms during retirement, relative to the other groups. Retirement due to poor health in the PTSD group did not account for the findings regarding physical symptoms. Results indicate that clinicians should recognize and address the potential for older individuals with PTSD to experience difficulties during retirement.","Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires, Retirement/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology, Veterans/*psychology/*statistics & numerical data","Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A., Sengupta, A., Spiro, A., 3rd",2005.0,Jun,10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.561,0,0,
4867,A Descriptive Analysis of PTSD Chronicity in Vietnam Veterans,"This study examined the chronicity of PTSD in 530 male and female Vietnam veterans who were drawn from 2 large, ethnically diverse samples. Delayed onset was common, as was a failure to fully remit: 78% of the 239 veterans with full or partial lifetime PTSD were symptomatic in the 3 months prior to assessment. Cluster analysis identified 4 subtypes of posttraumatic response, with women most likely to be in a delayed onset cluster, and minority men most likely to be in a severe chronic cluster. The extent of chronicity observed in this sample underscores the need for treatments that address the persistence of posttraumatic symptoms.","adult, aged, article, chronic disease, cluster analysis, ethnic group, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, scoring system, sex difference, soldier, Viet Nam","Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A., Sengupta, A., Waelde, L. C.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4868,A longitudinal study of retirement in older male veterans,"In this study, the authors examined the effect of retirement on psychological and physical symptoms in 404 older male veterans who were taking part in an ongoing longitudinal study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze symptom trajectories from preretirement, peri-retirement, and postretirement periods in veterans with either lifetime full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure only, or no traumatic exposure. As expected, the PTSD group experienced greater increases in psychological and physical symptoms during retirement, relative to the other groups. Retirement due to poor health in the PTSD group did not account for the findings regarding physical symptoms. Results indicate that clinicians should recognize and address the potential for older individuals with PTSD to experience difficulties during retirement.","aged, article, controlled study, human, longitudinal study, male, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, retirement, soldier","Schnurr, P. P., Sengupta, A., Lunney, C. A., Spiro, Iii A.",2005.0,,,0,0,4866
4869,A longitudinal study of retirement in older male veterans,"In this study, the authors examined the effect of retirement on psychological and physical symptoms in 404 older male veterans who were taking part in an ongoing longitudinal study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze symptom trajectories from preretirement, peri-retirement, and postretirement periods in veterans with either lifetime full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure only, or no traumatic exposure. As expected, the PTSD group experienced greater increases in psychological and physical symptoms during retirement, relative to the other groups. Retirement due to poor health in the PTSD group did not account for the findings regarding physical symptoms. Results indicate that clinicians should recognize and address the potential for older individuals with PTSD to experience difficulties during retirement.",,"Schnurr, P. P., Sengupta, A., Lunney, C. A., Spiro Iii, A.",2005.0,,,0,0,4866
4870,Physical symptom trajectories following trauma exposure: longitudinal findings from the normative aging study,"This study modeled physical symptom trajectories from ages 30 to 75 in 1079 older male military veterans who were assessed every 3 to 5 years since the 1960s. Combat exposure and noncombat trauma were used to define four groups: no trauma (N = 249), noncombat trauma only (N = 333), combat only (N = 152), and both combat and noncombat trauma (N = 345). Number of symptoms on the Cornell Medical Index physical symptom scale increased 29% per decade. Men who had experienced either combat or noncombat trauma did not differ from nonexposed men, but those who had experienced both combat and noncombat trauma had 16% more symptoms across all ages. There were no differences in age-related trajectories as a function of trauma history. In cross-sectional analysis, men with combat and noncombat trauma had more posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, but not more depression symptoms, than men with either no trauma or noncombat trauma only. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering physical as well as psychological outcomes of exposure to traumatic events.","Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging/*psychology, Combat Disorders/diagnosis/psychology, Cornell Medical Index, *Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Veterans/psychology","Schnurr, P. P., Spiro, A., 3rd, Aldwin, C. M., Stukel, T. A.",1998.0,Sep,,0,0,
4871,Physical symptom trajectories following trauma exposure: Longitudinal findings from the normative aging study,"This study modeled physical symptom trajectories from ages 30 to 75 in 1079 older male military veterans who were assessed every 3 to 5 years since the 1960s. Combat exposure and noncombat trauma were used to define four groups: no trauma (N = 249), noncombat trauma only (N = 333), combat only (N = 152), and both combat and noncombat trauma (N = 345). Number of symptoms on the Cornell Medical Index physical symptom scale increased 29% per decade. Men who had experienced either combat or noncombat trauma did not differ from nonexposed men, but those who had experienced both combat and noncombat trauma had 16% more symptoms across all ages. There were no differences in age-related trajectories as a function of trauma history. In cross-sectional analysis, men with combat and noncombat trauma had more posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, but not more depression symptoms, than men with either no trauma or noncombat trauma only. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering physical as well as psychological outcomes of exposure to traumatic events.","adult, aged, aging, article, clinical feature, health status, human, injury, major clinical study, risk factor, soldier, war","Schnurr, P. P., Spiro, Iii A., Aldwin, C. M., Stukel, T. A.",1998.0,,,0,0,4870
4872,Physical symptom trajectories following trauma exposure: Longitudinal findings from the normative aging study,"This study modeled physical symptom trajectories from ages 30 to 75 in 1079 older male military veterans who were assessed every 3 to 5 years since the 1960s. Combat exposure and noncombat trauma were used to define four groups: no trauma (N = 249), noncombat trauma only (N = 333), combat only (N = 152), and both combat and noncombat trauma (N = 345). Number of symptoms on the Cornell Medical Index physical symptom scale increased 29% per decade. Men who had experienced either combat or noncombat trauma did not differ from nonexposed men, but those who had experienced both combat and noncombat trauma had 16% more symptoms across all ages. There were no differences in age-related trajectories as a function of trauma history. In cross-sectional analysis, men with combat and noncombat trauma had more posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, but not more depression symptoms, than men with either no trauma or noncombat trauma only. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering physical as well as psychological outcomes of exposure to traumatic events.",,"Schnurr, P. P., Spiro Iii, A., Aldwin, C. M., Stukel, T. A.",1998.0,,,0,0,4870
4873,Incidence and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in severely injured accident victims,,,"Schnyder, U., Moergeli, H., Klaghofer, R., Buddeberg, C.",2001.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.594,0,0,
4874,Symptoms of the anxiety disorders in a perinatal psychiatric sample,"Aims: Anxiety disorders are common during the perinatal period (Heron et al., 2004). Further, despite that the perinatal phase is characterized by increased interfacing with the medical system, rates of detection of psychiatric distress remain alarmingly low (Goodman et al., 2010). Encouragingly, there are increasingly efforts made to specifically target this population and provide accessible treatment during this time. One such example is the Women and Infants' Day Hospital (DH) program, a unique mother-baby day treatment facility that provides integrated psychiatric care for pregnant and postpartum women who present with psychiatric disorders during the perinatal period (Howard et al., 2006). The current study aimed to evaluate the profile of diagnoses assigned to women who were admitted to this program. Methods: Given the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a perinatal psychiatric population has not been fully characterized, this study focused on both self-reported symptoms of anxiety and the assignment of anxiety disorder diagnoses by clinicians. We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of 334 perinatal women enrolled in the DH. Results: Initial analyses revealed a high level of anxiety symptoms within both pregnant and postpartum women in the sample based upon responses on a self-report screening questionnaire. Over half of women reported some symptoms of Social Phobia (57 %), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (76.6 %), or Panic Disorder (71.3 %). While many of these women may have not experienced sufficiently high symptoms and impairment to warrant a full psychiatric diagnosis, it was notable that these diagnoses are rarely assigned following an intake assessment (patients were assigned these diagnoses 0.6 %, 1.5 %, and 4.5 % of the time, respectively). Self-reported symptoms of obsessions (36.7 %) and compulsions (30 %) were also notable, though a diagnosis of OCD was also assigned relatively rarely (3.8 % of patients). In contrast, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was diagnosed more frequently: whereas 38.7 % of women self-reported struggling with distress related to a traumatic experience, 9.9 % were assigned a diagnosis of PTSD. Conclusion: Anxiety disorders are common among perinatal women seeking psychiatric treatment. We will discuss the value of assessing anxiety within the context of treatment and discharge-planning, considering impact of undetected anxiety on the prognosis of mood disorders.","society, childbirth, anxiety disorder, human, female, diagnosis, anxiety, population, perinatal period, patient, posttraumatic stress disorder, mental health care, screening, baby, self report, mother, day hospital, prognosis, prevalence, hospital discharge, questionnaire, social phobia, psychiatric treatment, compulsion, obsession, psychiatric diagnosis, panic, generalized anxiety disorder, mental disease, mood disorder, infant","Schofield, C. A., Battle, C. L., Howard, M., Ortiz-Hernandez, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4875,Symptoms of the anxiety disorders in a perinatal psychiatric sample: A chart review,"Symptoms of anxiety are a central feature of perinatal mental health, yet the anxiety disorders have received considerably less attention than depression in both perinatal research and practice. The present investigation involved a retrospective review of the clinical records of 334 patients seen at a psychiatric day hospital program serving pregnant and postpartum women. We examined the frequency with which the patients in this setting reported symptoms of anxiety, clinical correlates of elevated anxiety, and patterns of diagnosis in the clinical record. The results suggest that anxiety symptoms are very common in this population and that the presence of anxiety is associated with a more severe clinical profile, including higher rates of suicidality and increased use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy and postpartum. Although anxiety symptom levels were markedly elevated in this sample, anxiety disorders were diagnosed at relatively low rates. Implications for clinical practice, including discharge and treatment planning, are discussed.©2014 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Antidepressants, Anxiety, Depression, Pregnancy and postpartum","Schofield, C. A., Battle, C. L., Howard, M., Ortiz-Hernandez, S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4876,Mental health symptoms following war and repression in eastern Afghanistan,"CONTEXT: Decades of armed conflict, suppression, and displacement resulted in a high prevalence of mental health symptoms throughout Afghanistan. Its Eastern province of Nangarhar is part of the region that originated the Taliban movement. This may have had a distinct impact on the living circumstances and mental health condition of the province's population. OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of exposure to traumatic events; estimate prevalence rates of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety; identify resources used for emotional support and risk factors for mental health symptoms; and assess the present coverage of basic needs in Nangarhar province, Afghanistan. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional multicluster sample survey of 1011 respondents aged 15 years or older, conducted in Nangarhar province during January and March 2003; 362 households were represented with a mean of 2.8 respondents per household (72% participation rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and traumatic events using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; depression and general anxiety symptoms using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist; and resources for emotional support through a locally informed questionnaire. RESULTS: During the past 10 years, 432 respondents (43.7%) experienced between 8 and 10 traumatic events; 141 respondents (14.1%) experienced 11 or more. High rates of symptoms of depression were reported by 391 respondents (38.5%); anxiety, 524 (51.8%); and PTSD, 207 (20.4%). Symptoms were more prevalent in women than in men (depression: odds ratio [OR], 7.3 [95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4-9.8]; anxiety: OR, 12.8 [95% CI, 9.0-18.1]; PTSD: OR, 5.8 [95% CI, 3.8-8.9]). Higher rates of symptoms were associated with higher numbers of traumas experienced. The main resources for emotional support were religion and family. Medical care was reported to be insufficient by 228 respondents (22.6%). CONCLUSIONS: In this survey of inhabitants of Nangarhar province, Afghanistan, prevalence rates of having experienced multiple traumatic events and having symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD were high. These findings suggest that mental health symptoms in this region should be addressed at the population and primary health care level.","Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan/epidemiology, Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology, Cluster Analysis, Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology, Female, *Health Services Research, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data, *Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Sampling Studies, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, Violence/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, *War","Scholte, W. F., Olff, M., Ventevogel, P., de Vries, G. J., Jansveld, E., Cardozo, B. L., Crawford, C. A.",2004.0,Aug 4,10.1001/jama.292.5.585,0,0,
4877,Mental health symptoms following war and repression in Eastern Afghanistan,"Context: Decades of armed conflict, suppression, and displacement resulted in a high prevalence of mental health symptoms throughout Afghanistan. Its Eastern province of Nangarhar is part of the region that originated the Taliban movement. This may have had a distinct impact on the living circumstances and mental health condition of the province's population. Objectives: To determine the rate of exposure to traumatic events; estimate prevalence rates of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety; identify resources used for emotional support and risk factors for mental health symptoms; and assess the present coverage of basic needs in Nangarhar province, Afghanistan. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional multicluster sample survey of 1011 respondents aged 15 years or older, conducted in Nangarhar province during January and March 2003; 362 households were represented with a mean of 2.8 respondents per household (72% participation rate). Main Outcome Measures: Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and traumatic events using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; depression and general anxiety symptoms using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist; and resources for emotional support through a locally informed questionnaire. Results: During the past 10 years, 432 respondents (43.7%) experienced between 8 and 10 traumatic events; 141 respondents (14.1%) experienced 11 or more. High rates of symptoms of depression were reported by 391 respondents (38.5%); anxiety, 524 (51.8%); and PTSD, 207 (20.4%). Symptoms were more prevalent in women than in men (depression: odds ratio [OR], 7.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.4-9.8]; anxiety: OR, 12.8 [95% CI, 9.0-18.1]; PTSD: OR, 5.8 [95% CI, 3.8-8.9]). Higher rates of symptoms were associated with higher numbers of traumas experienced. The main resources for emotional support were religion and family. Medical care was reported to be insufficient by 228 respondents (22.6%). Conclusions: In this survey of inhabitants of Nangarhar province, Afghanistan, prevalence rates of having experienced multiple traumatic events and having symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD were high. These findings suggest that mental health symptoms in this region should be addressed at the population and primary health care level.",,"Scholte, W. F., Olff, M., Ventevogel, P., De Vries, G. J., Jansveld, E., Lopes Cardozo, B., Gotway Crawford, C. A.",2004.0,,,0,0,4876
4878,Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies,,,"Scholten-Peeters, G. G. M., Verhagen, A. P., Bekkering, G. E., Van Der Windt, D. A. W. M., Barnsley, L., Oostendorp, R. A. B., Hendriks, E. J. M.",2003.0,,10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00050-2,0,0,
4879,Neonaticide: A classification of female perpetrators in an east-west comparison,"Background: The term neonaticide describes the act of killing a newborn child by a parent (mostly by the mother) within 24 h after birth. The aim of this study was to establish a classification of female perpetrators using psychopathological, mental, social and biographical characteristics and to make a comparison of the frequency between the old and new federal states in Germany. Material and methods: In this study a total of 63 female German perpetrators who killed at least one newborn between 1986 and 2009 are portrayed and classified by epidemiological and psychopathological characteristics and personality profiles. After obtaining consent from the public prosecutors responsible, data were collected from forensic psychiatric expert opinions and legally valid court verdicts. A questionnaire was established to answer the questions on the psychopathological, e.g. do the women suffer from a mental disease when killing their newborn(s), mental, e.g. can personality accentuations be elicited, social, e.g. are the women unemployed and biographical characteristics of the women, e.g. how old are the women? Finally, an investigation was carried out using significance tests to find out if there was a significant statistical difference in the frequency of neonaticide between the eastern and western federal states. Results: A cluster analysis based on the descriptive analysis was developed. The cluster analysis provided a foundation for a dichotomous classification of the perpetrators depending on five criteria. The first category contained 32 perpetrators who were on average 21 years old, who were primiparous and who hid, ignored or did not perceive their pregnancy. Most of them still lived with their parents. The perpetrators either did not have a mental disease or suffered from an acute stress disorder. The second category contained 31 perpetrators who were on average 25 years old, who were pluriparous, who hid their pregnancy and who lived with their partner. These women either did not have a mental disease or suffer from a personality disorder. A statistically significant higher incidence was found in the eastern federal states of Germany. Conclusion: The presented categorization of female perpetrators into two groups, where the features only show a small degree of overlap, should be taken into consideration in the assessment of the reasons for neonaticide. The typology of female perpetrators is more heterogeneous than previously assumed. The presented typologies and knowledge of conditional constellations involved in neonaticide achieve better prerequisites to be able to recognize persons at risk earlier and to instigate preventive measures. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Classification, Denial of pregnancy, Forensic psychiatry, Infanticide, Women offenders","Schöne, M., Peter, E., Dobrowolny, H., Bogerts, B.",2015.0,,10.1007/s00115-014-4205-5,0,1,
4880,Providing psychosocial support to children and families in the aftermath of disasters and crises,"Disasters have the potential to cause short- and long-term effects on the psychological functioning, emotional adjustment, health, and developmental trajectory of children. This clinical report provides practical suggestions on how to identify common adjustment difficulties in children in the aftermath of a disaster and to promote effective coping strategies to mitigate the impact of the disaster as well as any associated bereavement and secondary stressors. This information can serve as a guide to pediatricians as they offer anticipatory guidance to families or consultation to schools, child care centers, and other child congregate care sites. Knowledge of risk factors for adjustment difficulties can serve as the basis for mental health triage. The importance of basic supportive services, psychological first aid, and professional self-care are discussed. Stress is intrinsic to many major life events that children and families face, including the experience of significant illness and its treatment. The information provided in this clinical report may, therefore, be relevant for a broad range of patient encounters, even outside the context of a disaster. Most pediatricians enter the profession because of a heartfelt desire to help children and families most in need. If adequately prepared and supported, pediatricians who are able to draw on their skills to assist children, families, and communities to recover after a disaster will find the work to be particularly rewarding. Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.",,"Schonfeld, D. J., Demaria, T.",2015.0,,10.1542/peds.2015-2861,0,0,
4881,"Mindfulness skills, anxiety sensitivity, and cognitive reactivity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","In trauma-exposed individuals, those with relatively high levels of mindfulness skills tend to have lower levels of symptoms. Mindfulness has also been associated with decreased anxiety sensitivity and cognitive reactivity, and vulnerability factors related to posttraumatic and depressive symptom severity. In this cross-sectional study, our aim was to further investigate the associations among mindfulness skills, anxiety sensitivity, cognitive reactivity, and symptom severity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Outpatients with PTSD (N = 101) filled out questionnaires. All facets of mindfulness correlated negatively with reactivity measures and with symptom severity, except for the facet observe. In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, describe, non-judgment, and non-reactivity predicted PTSD symptom severity above and beyond anxiety sensitivity and trauma exposure severity. Describe, act with awareness, and non-judgment also predicted depressive symptom severity above and beyond cognitive reactivity and number of experienced traumatic events. In conclusion, mindfulness skills were indeed uniquely related to symptom severity and cognitive reactivity measures. Our results furthermore support a five-facet model of mindfulness. In addition, the outcomes are a cross-cultural contribution to research on the relevance of mindfulness skills in the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Schoorl, Maartje, Mil-Klinkenberg, Linda, Does, Willem",2014.0,,,0,0,
4882,Dysregulation of the right brain: A fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: This review integrates recent advances in attachment theory, affective neuroscience, developmental stress research, and infant psychiatry in order to delineate the developmental precursors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Method: Existing attachment, stress physiology, trauma, and neuroscience literatures were collected using Index Medicus/Medline and Psychological Abstracts. This converging interdisciplinary data was used as a theoretical base for modelling the effects of early relational trauma on the developing central and autonomic nervous system activities that drive attachment functions. Results: Current trends that integrate neuropsychiatry, infant psychiatry, and clinical psychiatry are generating more powerful models of the early genesis of a predisposition to psychiatric disorders, including PTSD. Data are presented which suggest that traumatic attachments, expressed in episodes of hyperarousal and dissociation, are imprinted into the developing limbic and autonomic nervous systems of the early maturing right brain. These enduring structural changes lead to the inefficient stress coping mechanisms that lie at the core of infant, child, and adult posttraumatic stress disorders. Conclusions: Disorganised-disoriented insecure attachment, a pattern common in infants abused in the first 2 years of life, is psychologically manifest as an inability to generate a coherent strategy for coping with relational stress. Early abuse negatively impacts the developmental trajectory of the right brain, dominant for attachment, affect regulation, and stress modulation, thereby setting a template for the coping deficits of both mind and body that characterise PTSD symptomatology. These data suggest that early intervention programs can significantly alter the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorders.","Attachment, Child abuse, Dissociation, Right brain, Trauma","Schore, A. N.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4883,Code triage: Integrating the national children's disaster mental health concept of operations across health care systems,"This article describes the National Children's Disaster Mental Health Concept of Operations (""CONOPS"") model as a method to address discrepancies between research advances that have been made and the typical methods of providing mental health services to children after disasters. Three key CONOPS strategies are described: (1) the PsySTART Disaster Mental Health Triage System, (2) a child-focused Incident Action Plan (IAP), and (3) a continuum of risk stepped-care model that matches the level of evidence-based treatment interventions with the level of identified risk using a stepped-care framework. Together, these strategies provide an integrated ""disaster systems of care"" method for the needs of children. With the goal to strengthen the resilience of children, the CONOPS provides clear operational strategies to facilitate mental health care addressing the full continuum of risk and resilience in the child population. Adapting this tool to health care systems is a vital step to improving mental health services and resilience outcomes for children after a disaster. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.","Child, CONOPS, Disaster, Emergency physicians, Mental health, Rapid triage","Schreiber, M., Shields, S., Formanski, S., Cohen, J. A., Sims, L. V.",2014.0,,ss1016/j.cpem.2014.09.002,0,0,
4884,Holocaust survivors coping with open heart surgery decades later: Posttraumatic symptoms and quality of life,"History of prolonged traumatization has been associated with reduced quality of life (QoL) and difficulties in coping with major life-threatening conditions. We assessed the association between the impact of Holocaust experience (posttraumatic symptoms) and QoL of patients before and after an open heart surgery. Sixty-three Holocaust survivors were interviewed before open heart surgery (at admission), 52 at follow-up at 1 week, and 58 at follow-up at 6 months. The interview included background data, Impact of Event Scale (IES), Mastery scale, and QoL measured by the Nottingham Health Profile. Medical data were retrieved from the patients' charts. The total IES score indicate a high level of posttraumatic symptoms at all the time points (close to a mean of 18), but there was a clear trend of changes in the avoidance subscale: At admission, the patients manifested lower avoidance compared with the levels after the surgery and at the follow-up. No significant differences in IES were found by Holocaust experiences. Significant improvements in most components of QoL were found at the follow-up. In multivariate analyses at each time point, the findings show that those with higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms are more at risk for problems in pain and mobility domains of QoL at admission, for emotional reaction after the surgery, and at the follow-up, these associations are only at trend level, while lower sense of mastery became significant. The improvement in QoL despite persistence of the impact of the Holocaust may indicate that past severe prolonged traumatization does not necessarily reduce the survivors' ability to cope with and regain physical and psychosocial functioning after a severe life-threatening medical condition. This may be further generalized to other significant crisis situations in life, such as prolonged periods of stress, suffered by many populations throughout the world. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, avoidance behavior, clinical feature, controlled study, coping behavior, crime, emotion, follow up, hospital admission, human, interview, major clinical study, medical record, multivariate analysis, open heart surgery, pain, patient mobility, postoperative period, posttraumatic stress disorder, preoperative period, quality of life, rating scale, review, risk factor, scoring system, survival","Schreiber, S., Soskolne, V., Kozohovitch, H., Deviri, E.",2004.0,,,0,0,
4885,Incubation of conditioning-specific reflex modification: Implications for post traumatic stress disorder,"Incubation of fear has been used to account for the delayed manifestation of symptoms of fear and anxiety including the delayed onset of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We have shown the utility of classical conditioning-specific modification of the rabbit nictitating membrane response (NMR) as a model of PTSD. This modification includes an exaggeration in the size and a change in the timing of the unconditioned NMR after several days of classical conditioning. To assess the effects of incubation on conditioning-specific modification, we measured changes in responding as a function of the time between classical conditioning and NMR testing. After just one day of classical conditioning resulting in modest levels of learning, increases in response size were an inverted-U shaped function of days of incubation with little if any change occurring one and ten days after training but significant change occurring after six days. The incubation effect persisted for a week. An unpaired control group showed no change in the size of the response confirming the incubation effect was associative. The results bear a striking resemblance to symptoms of PTSD that do not always occur immediately after trauma and become exacerbated over time and then persist. They point to a window when incubation can exacerbate symptoms and speak to the vulnerability of re-experiencing trauma too soon. This could be a serious problem for military or emergency personnel recalled to combat or a disaster site without sufficient time to deal with the effects of their initial experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Conditioned Responses, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Rabbits, Reflexes","Schreurs, Bernard G., Smith-Bell, Carrie A., Burhans, Lauren B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4886,Functional correlates of military sexual assault in male veterans,"Despite research findings that similar numbers of male and female veterans are affected by military sexual trauma (MST), there has been considerably less research on the effects of MST specific to male veterans. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary data describing functional correlates of military sexual assault (MSA) among male Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans to identify potential health care needs for this population. We evaluated the following functional correlates: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression symptoms, alcohol use, drug use, suicidality, social support, violent behavior in the past 30 days, incarceration, disability eligibility status, and use of outpatient mental health treatment. We compared 3 groups: (a) male veterans who endorsed a history of MSA (n = 39), (b) a general non-MSA sample (n = 2,003), and (c) a matched non-MSA sample (n = 39) identified by matching algorithms on the basis of factors (e.g., age, education, adult premilitary sexual trauma history, childhood sexual and physical trauma history, and race) that could increase veterans' vulnerability to the functional correlates examined. MSA in men was associated with greater PTSD symptom severity, greater depression symptom severity, higher suicidality, and higher outpatient mental health treatment, above and beyond the effects of vulnerability factors. These findings suggest that, for male veterans, MSA may result in a severe and enduring overall symptom profile requiring ongoing clinical management.",,"Schry, A. R., Hibberd, R., Wagner, H. R., Turchik, J. A., Kimbrel, N. A., Wong, M., Elbogen, E. E., Strauss, J. L., Brancu, M.",2015.0,Nov,10.1037/ser0000053,0,0,
4887,Posttraumatic growth in populations with posttraumatic stress disorder-a systematic review on growth-related psychological constructs and biological variables,"Posttraumatic growth (PTG) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are possible consequences of trauma. PTG is supposed to emerge from cognitive processes and can have functional and dysfunctional aspects. This systematic review aims to identify and evaluate publications assessing PTG in adults diagnosed with PTSD in order to analyse the relationship between both constructs, how PTG is related to specific psychological variables and if there are biological variables linked to PTG. This extended review evaluates the quality of measures applied and is the first to study PTG only in populations meeting full PTSD criteria. In addition, the relationship between PTG and other relevant constructs, such as openness, optimism and social support, is explored. Our systematic literature search identified 140 studies of which 19 fulfilled our inclusion criteria; most of them used the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. Results indicate that trauma survivors with PTSD exhibit more PTG than those without PTSD and that PTG can be intensified during the therapeutic process whereat it is unclear whether PTG is a desirable outcome of PTSD therapy. Positive correlations between PTG and PTSD are reported. For diagnosed populations, we could not find strong evidence of a quadratic relationship between PTG and PTSD, although some studies support this hypothesis. Findings regarding the association of PTG with psychological variables are heterogeneous. Only one study focused on PTG as well as on biological variables (salivary cortisol) but did not discuss possible links between these two so far unconnected research fields in PTSD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Trauma survivors with PTSD develop more PTG than those without PTSD, it remains unclear whether PTSD and PTG are curvilinearly related. PTG can be enhanced through PTSD therapy, nevertheless one must not assume that PTG is a favorable treatment outcome since we do not know if the development of PTG during therapy promotes the reduction of PTSD symptoms. It is unclear whether PTG in PTSD sufferers is a constructive outcome of cognitive processes or a positive illusion in favor of avoidance and denial. Results regarding the association of personality factors, social support and PTG are inconsistent, studies on biological aspects of PTG are lacking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Schubert, Christine F., Schmidt, Ulrike, Rosner, Rita",2015.0,,,0,0,
4888,"Posttraumatic growth: Behavioral, cognitive, and demographic predictors","Recent trauma research argues trauma results in distinct positive and negative consequences, however; many trauma variables positively correlate with both outcomes. This study examined posttraumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as positive and negative trauma outcomes. Behavioral, cognitive, and demographic correlates and predictors were assessed to help clarify differences between the two outcomes. While several behavioral factors were common to both PTG and PTSD symptoms, centrality of event and problem focused coping were the strongest PTG predictors, whereas centrality of event and avoidant coping were the strongest PTSD predictors. These findings indicate while greater incorporation of a trauma/stressful event into one's identity is a key component of both PTG and PTSD development, behavioral response may be a determining factor between growth or debilitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction, *Trauma","Schuettler, Darnell",2013.0,,,0,0,
4889,Advances in the treatment of headache,,"analgesic agent, article, cluster headache, female, headache, human, male, migraine, oxygen therapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, vascular headache","Schulman, E. A., Silberstein, S. D., Kudrow, L., Saper, J., Rapoport, A.",1987.0,,,0,0,
4890,Spatial Typologies of Care: Understanding the Implications of the Spatial Distribution of Off-Base Civilian Behavioral Health Providers Who Accept TRICARE Prime to Service Persons and Their Dependents,"Over the last decade, demand for services from military treatment facilities (MTFs) has frequently exceeded capacity resulting in increased usage of off-base civilian Tricare providers (OCTP). This capacity shortage has been particularly acute for mental health care. At many installations, OCTPs are the main source of mental health care for military personnel and their families. Utilizing data on the location of mental health OCTPs and demographic data, we examine the spatial accessibility of mental health OCTPs around five military installations. Variation exists in the spatial accessibility of mental health OCTPs depending on the geographic context of an installation. There is a mild correlation between the number of mental health OTCPs proximate to a base and the beneficiaries enrolled in an MTF. There is a strong correlation between the size of the general population proximate to an installation and the number of mental health OCTMPs present. Installations located in densely populated areas had high ratios of mental health OCTPs to the MTF beneficiary population but not when the civilian demand on these providers was accounted for. This study's findings open several avenues for future research and policy aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the mental health OCTP network.",,"Schultheis, E., Glasmeier, A.",2015.0,Sep,10.7205/milmed-d-14-00229,0,0,
4891,Cultural protection against traumatic stress: Traditional support of children exposed to the ritual of female genital cutting,"This study explores the factors addressed in folk psychology in The Gambia for protecting the girl-child from the potential traumatic stress of female genital cutting (FGC). The type and quality of the psychological care was analyzed and compared with research on traumatic stress and principles for crisis and trauma intervention. Thirty-three qualitative indepth interviews were conducted with mothers who had supervised their daughters' FGC, women who had been circumcised, and professional circumcisers. The findings indicate that the girls have largely managed to handle the potentially traumatic event of FGC. The event is placed in a meaningful system of understanding, and the stress is dealt with in a traditional way that to a great extent follows empirically-based and evidence-based principles of crisis intervention. However, the approach tends to be culturally encoded, based on the local cultural belief system. This puts circumcised individuals in a potentially vulnerable position if they are living outside the homeland's supportive cultural context, with consequences for psychological and culturally competent FGC health care in exile. © 2014 Schultz and Lien.","Cultural psychology, Female genital cutting, Trauma-informed care, Traumatic stress","Schultz, J. H., Lien, I. L.",2014.0,,10.2147/IJWH.S51988,0,0,
4892,"Predictors of decline in overall mental health, PTSD and alcohol use in OEF/OIF veterans","This study identified predictors of worsening mental health (including PTSD and alcohol use) over a 6-month period following return from deployment to Iraq (OIF) or Afghanistan (OIF). Using a national sample of 512 OEF/OIF veterans surveyed within 12 months of return from deployment (T1), and 6 months later (T2), we obtained demographic and deployment characteristics, risk and resilience factors, mental health status, PTSD and alcohol abuse. We performed logistic regression analyses to identify predictors of worse mental health, PTSD or alcohol use between T1 and T2, controlling for initial levels. Of the sample, 14-25% showed clinically worse mental health, PTSD or alcohol use. Each outcome was associated with some shared and some unique predictors. For example, younger age and recent medical care were both associated with worse alcohol use. Lack of adequate deployment training was uniquely associated with worse PTSD symptoms.",,"Schultz, M., Glickman, M. E., Eisen, S. V.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.003,0,0,
4893,End-of-Life Care and the Effects of Bereavement on Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia,,,"Schulz, R., Mendelsohn, A. B., Haley, W. E., Mahoney, D., Allen, R. S., Zhang, S., Thompson, L., Belle, S. H.",2003.0,,10.1056/NEJMsa035373,0,0,
4894,Alcohol and stress in the military,"Although research has independently linked stress experienced by military personnelto both alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder, more recently researchers havenoted that there also is a significant overlap between stress reactions and alcohol usein veterans and active-duty service members. This overlap seems to be mostunderstood in individuals who have experienced combat or military sexual trauma.This article will provide a brief review of some potential causal mechanisms underlyingthis relationship, including self-medication and genetic vulnerability models. It alsoaddresses the possible implications for assessment and treatment of militarypersonnel with co-occurring disorders.","Active military, Alcohol consumption, Alcohol useand abuse, Causal pathways, Co-occurring disorders, Combat, Genetic vulnerability, Military personnel, Military sexualtrauma, Posttraumatic stressdisorder, Problematic alcohol use, Self-medication, Stress, Stress reaction, Veteran","Schumm, J. A., Chard, K. M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4895,Latent class differences explain variability in PTSD symptom changes during cognitive processing therapy for veterans,"Despite demonstrated effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there is limited research on the trajectory of PTSD symptom change during the course of these therapies. In addition, existent findings are mixed, making it difficult to know how individuals' PTSD symptoms will change from week to week during psychotherapy. The study presented here uses general growth mixture modeling (GGMM) to test the hypothesis that multiple latent classes will explain individual differences in PTSD symptom change during the course of cognitive processing therapy (CPT). Participants were 207 U.S. military veterans with PTSD who received CPT through an outpatient Veterans Affairs PTSD treatment program. Participants were mostly male (89%), White (81%), and averaged 42 years old. The PTSD Checklist (PCL), Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were administered at pre- and posttreatment; the PCL was also administered weekly to assess PTSD symptom changes during CPT. GGMM showed that a quadratic growth model with three distinct latent classes best explained the trajectory of PTSD symptom reductions during CPT. The following variables significantly predicted latent class membership: age; ethnicity; having combat as the worst trauma; and pretreatment PCL, CAPS, and BDI-II scores. In turn, class membership significantly predicted posttreatment PCL, BDI-II, and CAPS scores. This study is novel in showing that latent class differences in PTSD symptom reductions are useful in explaining why individuals exhibit variable rates of PTSD symptom change during psychotherapy and differing outcomes after psychotherapy. These findings may improve the ability to more accurately anticipate individual differences in PTSD symptom changes and responses to psychotherapy. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","cognitive processing therapy, cognitivebehavioral therapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, treatment outcome","Schumm, J. A., Walter, K. H., Chard, K. M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4896,Feeling bad in more ways than one: Comorbidity patterns of medically unexplained and psychiatric conditions,"BACKGROUND: Considerable overlap in symptoms and disease comorbidity has been noted among medically unexplained and psychiatric conditions seen in the primary care setting, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, low back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic tension headache, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint disorder, major depression, panic attacks, and posttraumatic stress disorder. OBJECTIVE: To examine interrelationships among these 9 conditions. DESIGN: Using data from a cross-sectional survey, we described associations and used latent class analysis to investigate complex interrelationships. PARTICIPANTS: 3,982 twins from the University of Washington Twin Registry. MEASUREMENTS: Twins self-reported a doctor's diagnosis of the conditions. RESULTS: Comorbidity among these 9 conditions far exceeded chance expectations; 31 of 36 associations were significant. Latent class analysis yielded a 4-class solution. Class I (2% prevalence) had high frequencies of each of the 9 conditions. Class II (8% prevalence) had high proportions of multiple psychiatric diagnoses. Class III (17% prevalence) participants reported high proportions of depression, low back pain, and headache. Participants in class IV (73% prevalence) were generally healthy. Class I participants had the poorest markers of health status. CONCLUSIONS: These results support theories suggesting that medically unexplained conditions share a common etiology. Understanding patterns of comorbidity can help clinicians care for challenging patients. (copyright) 2007 Society of General Internal Medicine.","adult, article, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic tension headache, comorbidity, controlled study, cross-sectional study, disease registry, female, fibromyalgia, health status, health survey, human, irritable colon, low back pain, major clinical study, major depression, male, panic, patient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, self report, temporomandibular joint disorder","Schur, E. A., Afari, N., Furberg, H., Olarte, M., Goldberg, J., Sullivan, P. F., Buchwald, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4897,"Prior trauma and PTSD among homeless mothers: Effects on subsequent stress appraisals, coping, posttraumatic growth, and health outcomes","There is much evidence that the experience of trauma is related to poorer subsequent outcomes, including mental health symptoms, poor physical health, and substance abuse. A high number of previous lifetime traumas and/or the experience of PTSD symptoms may contribute to difficulties adjusting to future life stress. However, some factors may protect individuals from the effects of posttraumatic stress and mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and adjustment outcomes. For instance, stress appraisals and coping behaviors may affect how an individual responds to stressful experiences. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in the potential for positive change following stressful life events (i.e., ""posttraumatic growth"" (PTG)). This longitudinal study investigated the effect of prior trauma history and PTSD symptoms on subsequent mental health, physical health, substance use, and posttraumatic growth in a sample of 70 homeless mothers. Participants' appraisals and coping behaviors with regard to a future life stressor and the contribution of these factors on adjustment outcomes were examined. The potential moderating effect of social support on appraisals, coping, and subsequent outcomes was also tested. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of the proposed predictors on each adjustment outcome separately. Results indicated that the sample reported moderate to high levels of posttraumatic growth as a result of a recent life stressor. This is the first study to demonstrate that this phenomenon is observed in homeless mothers. Higher levels of PTSD symptomatology (but not number of prior traumas) and use of avoidant coping predicted greater subsequent mental health symptoms. Appraisals of a stressor as threatening and use of active coping contributed to posttraumatic growth. The examined variables did not significantly predict physical health or substance use outcomes in this sample. No significant moderating effect of social support on any of the outcomes was found. Implications for future research and for the development of interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of trauma and facilitating posttraumatic growth in homeless women are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Appraisal, *Coping Behavior, *Emotional Trauma, *Health Behavior, *Homeless, Drug Abuse, Mental Health, Mothers, Physical Health, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress, Posttraumatic Growth","Schuster, Jennifer Lynn",2008.0,,,0,0,
4898,Prediction of PTSD in police officers after six months - A prospective study,"The aim of this prospective study was to explore the predictors for the development of PTSD in police officers six months after encountering situations of a potentially traumatic nature. Fifty-nine police officers were studied immediately after the event (Tl) and six months later (T2). At T2 PTSD was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). PTSD was predicted by intrusions (Impact of Event Scale-Revised; IES-R), the impairment scale (is), global assessment of functioning scale (GAF), gender, age and sense of coherence scale (SOC). The diagnosis of an acute stress disorder (ASD) at Tl had a high specificity for identifying PTSD at T2. The strongest predictor for the development of PTSD was found to be the factor intrusions. Contrary to our expectations, age was not a significant predictive factor for PTSD. Thus, acute stress disorder (ASD) and a high degree of intrusions experienced immediately after a traumatic incident helped to identify early police officers at risk of developing chronic PTSD. Copyright 2012 by The Spanish Journal of Psychology.","Police, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Schütte, N., Bär, O., Weiss, U., Heuft, G.",2012.0,,10.5209/rev-SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39419,0,0,
4899,Does language of retrieval affect the remembering of trauma?,"Semantic and episodic bilingual memory has been extensively researched. Research has also been conducted in the area of autobiographical memory. This study investigated traumatic bilingual memories. This study was a preliminary exploration of possible differences in the reporting of the intensity of 3 clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and 5 specific characteristics of traumatic memory in the first versus second languages of bilingual (Spanish-English) individuals who sustained traumatic experiences in childhood. Participants were 19 Spanish-English coordinate bilingual individuals. A repeated measures design examined the prediction that, regardless of the order in which language was presented (whether Spanish-English or English-Spanish), bilingual participants would rate the intensity of specific symptoms and characteristics of traumatic memory higher in their first language. It is hypothesized that the first language is most closely connected to early experience between the self and the first other. Additionally, the relation between affect and first language is different from the relation between affect and second language. P. Janet (1919/1925) and current trauma research suggest that traumatic memories may be encoded differently from ordinary memories. Matching language at the time that traumatic memories were experienced with the later language of retrieval may significantly facilitate the healing process by allowing unique access to traumatic memories through the first language. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Bilingual trauma memory, Language, Trauma remembering","Schwanberg, J. S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4900,Review of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Sertraline (Zoloft(trademark), Pfizer) is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) with proven efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a serious, complex and often chronic mental illness that may follow exposure to a traumatic event. The high prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD in the general population and the resulting distress and dysfunction present a need for the systematic study of the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments for PTSD. Sertraline offers advantages over the older antidepressants, including demonstrated efficacy in PTSD, improved tolerability and low risk of lethality in overdose. Sertraline's efficacy, favourable tolerability profile and relatively weak effect on the cytochrome P450 system are factors that contribute to make it a first-line agent of choice in the treatment of PTSD.","antidepressant agent, cytochrome P450, cytochrome P450 1A2, cytochrome P450 2C19, cytochrome P450 2C9, cytochrome P450 2D6, cytochrome P450 3A4, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, area under the curve, article, controlled study, drug absorption, drug bioavailability, drug clearance, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug half life, drug overdose, drug structure, drug tolerability, emotional stress, enzyme inhibition, female, gastrointestinal disease, headache, human, insomnia, lethality, life satisfaction, male, medical decision making, mental disease, nausea, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychotrauma, quality of life, restlessness, risk assessment, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, tremor, vertigo, xerostomia, zoloft","Schwartz, A. C., Rothbaum, B. O.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4901,Behavioral inhibition in childhood predicts smaller hippocampal volume in adolescent offspring of parents with panic disorder,"Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a genetically influenced behavioral profile seen in 15-20% of 2-year-old children. Children with BI are timid with people, objects and situations that are novel or unfamiliar, and are more reactive physiologically to these challenges as evidenced by higher heart rate, pupillary dilation, vocal cord tension and higher levels of cortisol. BI predisposes to the later development of anxiety, depression and substance abuse. Reduced hippocampal volumes have been observed in anxiety disorders, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Animal models have demonstrated that chronic stress can damage the hippocampal formation and implicated cortisol in these effects. We, therefore, hypothesized that the hippocampi of late adolescents who had been behaviorally inhibited as children would be smaller compared with those who had not been inhibited. Hippocampal volume was measured with high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging in 43 females and 40 males at 17 years of age who were determined to be BI+ or BI- based on behaviors observed in the laboratory as young children. BI in childhood predicted reduced hippocampal volumes in the adolescents who were offspring of parents with panic disorder, or panic disorder with comorbid major depression. We discuss genetic and environmental factors emanating from both child and parent that may explain these findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between the most extensively studied form of temperamentally based human trait anxiety, BI, and hippocampal structure. The reduction in hippocampal volume, as reported by us, suggests a role for the hippocampus in human trait anxiety and anxiety disorder that warrants further investigation.",,"Schwartz, C. E., Kunwar, P. S., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Henin, A., Vangel, M. G., Rauch, S. L., Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F.",2015.0,,10.1038/tp.2015.95,0,0,
4902,Utilizing pharmacodynamic properties of second-generation antipsychotics to guide treatment,"Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are used for the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar depression, bipolar mania, autism and major depressive disorder. Additionally, their off-label use has been expanding to include other disorders as well, including post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, eating disorders and personality disorders. All SGAs share common properties; however, each individual SGA has a unique pharmacodynamic profile that may be utilized to guide and individualize treatment. Copyright © 2012 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.","Antipsychotics, Atypical antipsychotics, Dosing strategies, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics","Schwartz, T., Bedynerman, K.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4903,Commentary: Stalking risk profile,"Paul Mullen and his colleagues have developed a Stalking Risk Profile that is the latest model for assessing and managing stalkers. The model includes an assessment of the nature of the relationship between the stalker and his victim; the stalker's motivations; the general psychological, psychopathological, and social realities of the stalker; the circumstances of the victim, and the legal and mental health context. The model is not an actuarial scale, but rather an assessment to be used on a case-by-case basis. It recommends certain standardized tests as part of the assessment. The Stalker Risk Profile is the most thorough risk assessment to date. It includes victim variables and provides specifics for assessment and specifics for treatment of the stalker.","chronic disease, clinical feature, cognitive therapy, drug abuse, empathy, forensic psychiatry, general pathological parameters, health survey, homicide, human, intervention study, medical assessment, medical research, medicolegal aspect, mental disease, motivation, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, review, risk assessment, social psychology, stalking, standardization, victim, violence","Schwartz-Watts, D. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4904,Malignant memories: PTSD in children and adults after a school shooting,"Sixty-four children and 66 adults were screened for post-traumatic stress disorder 6 to 14 months after a school shooting. Although there were no differences in overall frequencies of DSM-III-R diagnoses or cluster endorsements, there were developmental influences. Post-traumatic stress disorder was associated more with emotional states recalled from the disaster than with proximity. Emotional states mediated the formation of malignant memories leading to symptomatology, suggesting that postdisaster intervention be offered on the basis of degree of emotional reaction as well as proximity.","adult, article, child, clinical article, disaster, emotion, female, human, male, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder","Schwarz, E. D., Kowalski, J. M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
4905,"Posttraumatic stress disorder after a school shooting: Effects of symptom threshold selection and diagnosis by DSM-III, DSM-III-R, or proposed DSM-IV","Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of symptom threshold and criteria set selections on the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children exposed to a man-made disaster and determine how well DSM-III and its successors agree. Method: Data gathered in the course of a voluntary clinical screening for PTSD in 66 adults and 64 children 6 to 14 months after exposure to a school shooting were analyzed according to DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and proposed DSM-IV criteria for PTSD diagnosis and cluster endorsement using liberal (occurring at least a little of the time), moderate (occurring at least some of the time), and conservative (occurring at least much or most of the time) symptom thresholds. Results: Within DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and proposed DSM-IV, selection of liberal, moderate, and conservative symptom thresholds had robust effects on rates of diagnoses; liberal thresholds allowed the greatest frequencies of diagnosis. Compared with DSM-III and proposed DSM-IV, DSM-III-R generally diagnosed the fewest cases. Agreements between DSM-III-R and proposed DSM-IV were good, while agreements between DSM-III and its successors varied for children and adults. Conclusions: Diagnostic rates and agreements were complexly influenced by interactions among thresholds and revisions in symptom clusters. The present study suggests that attempts to refine PTSD classification consider specification of symptom threshold intensity and supports the view that modification of criteria sets be undertaken with caution.","adult, child, conference paper, female, homicide, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, school, threat","Schwarz, E. D., Kowalski, J. M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
4906,The trauma response of children and adolescents: Future directions in research,"Although trauma research in children lags behind that of adults and is often preliminary or unreplicated, current work promises rich understanding of the neurobiologic and psychologic mechanisms underlying the trauma response of the young. Epidemiologic and longitudinal, prospective, controlled studies sensitive to cultural and developmental differences are needed to illuminate the natural history of posttraumatic stress disorder and to show how trauma and its response interact with family, school, and community factors. Promising profound implications for society, such data would enable mental health professionals, educators, and policy makers to develop standards for prevention, detection, and intervention to optimize children's developmental trajectory.",,"Schwarz, E. D., McNally, R. J., Yeh, L. C.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4907,Estimating the dimension of a model,,,"Schwarz, G.",1978.0,,,0,0,
4908,"The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and Korean versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale",,,"Schwarzer, R., Born, A., Iwawaki, S., Lee, Y. M., Saito, E., Yue, X.",1997.0,1997,,0,0,
4909,Acclimatory-phase specificity of gene expression during the course of heat acclimation and superimposed hypohydration in the rat hypothalamus,"The induction of the heat-acclimated phenotype involves reprogramming the expression of genes encoding both constitutive and inducible proteins. In this investigation, we studied the global genomic response in the hypothalamus during heat acclimation, with and without combined hypohydration stress. Rats were acclimated for 2 days (STHA) or for 30 days (LTHA) at 34° C. Hypohydration (10% decrease in body weight) was attained by water deprivation. 32P-labeled RNA samples from the hypothalamus were hybridized onto cDNA Atlas array (Clontech no. 1.2) membranes. Clustering and functional analyses of the expression profile of a battery of genes representing various central regulatory functions of body homeostasis demonstrated a biphasic acclimation profile with a transient upregulation of genes encoding ion channels, transporters, and transmitter signaling upon STHA. After LTHA, most genes returned to their preacclimation expression levels. In both STHA and LTHA, genes encoding hormones and neuropeptides, linked with metabolic rate and food intake, were downregulated. This genomic profile, demonstrating an enhanced transcription of genes linked with neuronal excitability during STHA and enhanced metabolic efficiency upon LTHA, is consistent with our previously established integrative acclimation model. The response to hypohydration was characterized by an upregulation of a large number of genes primarily associated with the regulation of ion channels, cell volume, and neuronal excitability. During STHA, the response was transiently desensitized, recovering upon LTHA. We conclude that hypohydration overrides the heat acclimatory status. It is notable that STHA and hypohydration gene profiles are analogous with the physiological profile described in the response to various types of brain injury. Copyright © 2006 the American Physiological Society.","Ion channels, Microarray, Molecular signaling","Schwimmer, H., Eli-Berchoer, L., Horowitz, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4910,Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis,,,"Sclove, S. L.",1987.0,,10.1007/BF02294360,0,0,
4911,Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Substance-Using Women Entering Cook County Jail,"In the United States, the number of incarcerated women continues to rise each year, with African American women having the highest incarceration rates. Many women enter prisons and jails with an extensive trauma history, though little is known about the percentage of these individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and specific trauma exposures they have had based on factors such as homelessness, degree of substance problems, and race. The present study examines a largely African American substance-using population of incarcerated women to determine the impact of various factors on specific traumas reported. We found that individuals reporting symptoms meeting criteria for PTSD had experienced the highest average number of traumas, and those who had ever been homeless also experienced many and varied trauma exposures compared with those who had never been homeless. Higher substance problems were also associated with more trauma exposure. Fewer than 10 percent of the sample met full criteria for PTSD, though those reporting having ever been homeless and those with higher substance problems were significantly more likely to meet all criteria. Results indicate a need to assess previous homelessness as a method for identifying additional trauma exposures and guiding treatment to women's specific needs and trauma profiles. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","African American women, incarceration, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use, trauma","Scott, C. K., Coleman-Cowger, V. H., Funk, R. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4912,A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Neurocognitive Functioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with regional alterations in brain structure and function that are hypothesized to contribute to symptoms and cognitive deficits associated with the disorder. We present here the first systematic meta-analysis of neurocognitive outcomes associated with PTSD to examine a broad range of cognitive domains and describe the profile of cognitive deficits, as well as modifying clinical factors and study characteristics. This report is based on data from 60 studies totaling 4,108 participants, including 1,779 with PTSD, 1,446 trauma-exposed comparison participants, and 895 healthy comparison participants without trauma exposure. Effect-size estimates were calculated using a mixed-effects meta-analysis for 9 cognitive domains: attention/working memory, executive functions, verbal learning, verbal memory, visual learning, visual memory, language, speed of information processing, and visuospatial abilities. Analyses revealed significant neurocognitive effects associated with PTSD, although these ranged widely in magnitude, with the largest effect sizes in verbal learning (d = -.62), speed of information processing (d = -.59), attention/working memory (d = -.50), and verbal memory (d =-.46). Effect-size estimates were significantly larger in treatment-seeking than community samples and in studies that did not exclude participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and effect sizes were affected by between-group IQ discrepancies and the gender composition of the PTSD groups. Our findings indicate that consideration of neuropsychological functioning in attention, verbal memory, and speed of information processing may have important implications for the effective clinical management of persons with PTSD. Results are further discussed in the context of cognitive models of PTSD and the limitations of this literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).",,"Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Schweinsburg, B. C.",2014.0,Nov 3,10.1037/a0038039,0,0,
4913,Gender differences in the correlates of hazardous drinking among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans,"Background: Despite increasing numbers of women veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, few studies have examined hazardous drinking in this group. The present study examined the prevalence of and risk and protective factors for hazardous drinking in a community-based sample of men and women veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). Methods: Veterans completed a structured survey that assessed hazardous drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and a broad range of demographic, life history, and psychopathology variables. Correlations and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine risk and protective factors associated with hazardous drinking. Results: A total 30.2% of male veterans and 16.3% of female veterans screened positive for hazardous drinking. In a multivariate analysis in male veterans, younger age, lifetime exposure to assaultive trauma, and conflict in interpersonal relationships were independently associated with hazardous drinking (p< .05). Among women veterans, younger age and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were independently associated with hazardous drinking in a multivariate analysis (p< .05). Secondary analyses of PTSD symptom clusters revealed that emotional numbing symptoms were independently related to hazardous drinking in women veterans (p< .05). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that hazardous drinking is prevalent in both men and women OEF/OIF/OND veterans and is more likely to occur at younger ages. In addition, results indicate gender differences in the association between hazardous drinking and lifetime trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and interpersonal conflict, which may have important implications for the treatment of alcohol problems in men and women veterans. © 2012.","Alcohol abuse, Hazardous alcohol use, Protective factor, Risk factor, Sex differences, Veteran","Scott, J. C., Pietrzak, R. H., Mattocks, K., Southwick, S. M., Brandt, C., Haskell, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4914,Counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the cover) This book provides clear, detailed guidelines for the counselling of clients with PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder] and will be of importance to all counsellors encountering clients who have suffered major trauma, whether that trauma be recent or many years ago. Mike Scott and Steve Stradling begin with a description of the hallmarks of PTSD-intrusive imagery, avoidance of anything reminiscent of the trauma, and uncharacteristic irritability-and discuss the factors which make an individual vulnerable to PTSD, along with those which serve to maintain the disorder. They argue that PTSD manifests in two ways: the first involving a single, dramatic trauma such as a natural disaster; the second, and probably more common manifestation, as a result of extreme enduring circumstances, such as persistent maltreatment at work. The authors outline a range of techniques, illustrated by case examples, which can be applied to help sufferers presenting with symptoms of both types of PTSD, and they highlight the different methods needed for the effective treatment of acute and chronic cases. They go on to emphasize the importance of recognizing that PTSD rarely occurs by itself, often appearing in conjunction with depression and anxiety, and that the irritability component of PTSD often causes major problems in relationships. Chapters are devoted to the appropriate counselling responses to these difficulties. A practical, accessible guide, it is unique in covering the whole spectrum of trauma that may initiate PTSD., (from the preface) This book outlines and illustrates a range of predominantly cognitive-behavioural techniques for dealing with the three main symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-intrusive thoughts or images, avoidance behaviour, and disordered arousal, especially irritability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Counseling","Scott, Michael J., Stradling, Stephen G.",1992.0,,,0,0,
4915,Post-traumatic stress disorder without the trauma,"Examples are reported of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases showing full symptomatology (intrusive imagery, avoidance behavior, disordered arousal) in the absence of a single, acute, dramatic trauma of the kind required by the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) definition. Such trauma is thus not a necessary condition for PTSD, and other evidence shows it to be not a sufficient condition. It is suggested that the DSM-III-R Axis IV distinction between acute and enduring psychosocial stressors be incorporated into the definition to distinguish 2 pathways to stress disorder, post-traumatic and prolonged duress. Differential treatment implications of the 2 routes are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment","Scott, Michael J., Stradling, Stephen G.",1994.0,,,0,0,
4916,Determining the cognitive ports of entry amongst the post-traumatic states: Treatment implications,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of a range of trauma responses and has claimed the most therapeutic attention, but other post-traumatic states are probably, collectively, as common and produce a comparable level of functional impairment. It is suggested that in accordance with the cognitive theory of emotional disorders (Alford & Beck, 1997) the post-traumatic states are distinguished by differing cognitive content. Further, it is suggested that PTSD clients have particular information processing biases and those with a chronic form of the condition have a cognitive profile similar to those with a personality disorder. The differing cognitive architecture amongst the post-traumatic states suggests different treatment focii (Scott & Stradling, 2001).","article, cognitive therapy, functional assessment, human, information processing, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological theory, treatment planning","Scott, M. J., Stradling, S. G.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4917,A lifespan perspective on terrorism: Age differences in trajectories of response to 9/11,"A terrorist attack is an adverse event characterized by both an event-specific stressor and concern about future threats. Little is known about age differences in responses to terrorism. This longitudinal study examined generalized distress, posttraumatic stress responses, and fear of future attacks following the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks among a large U.S. national sample of adults (N = 2,240) aged 18-101 years. Individuals completed Web-based surveys up to 6 times over 3 years post 9/11. Multilevel models revealed different age-related patterns for distress, posttraumatic stress, and ongoing fear of future attacks. Specifically, older age was associated with lower overall levels of general distress, a steeper decline in posttraumatic stress over time, and less change in fear of future terrorist attacks over the 3 years. Understanding age differences in response to the stress of terrorism adds to the growing body of work on age differences in reactions to adversity. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Distress, Fear, Lifespan, Posttraumatic stress, Terrorism","Scott, S. B., Poulin, M. J., Silver, R. C.",2013.0,,,0,1,
4918,"The natural history of recovery for the healthcare provider ""second victim"" after adverse patient events","Background: When patients experience unexpected events, some health professionals become ""second victims"". These care givers feel as though they have failed the patient, second guessing clinical skills, knowledge base and career choice. Although some information exists, a complete understanding of this phenomenon is essential to design and test supportive interventions that achieve a healthy recovery. Methods: The purpose of this article is to report interview findings with 31 second victims. After institutional review board approval, second victim volunteers representing different professional groups were solicited for private, hourlong interviews. The semistructured interview covered demographics, participant recount of event, symptoms experienced and recommendations for improving institutional support. After interviews, transcripts were analyzed independently for themes, followed by group deliberation and reflective use with current victims. Results: Participants experienced various symptoms that did not differ by sex or professional group. Our analysis identified six stages that delineate the natural history of the second victim phenomenon. These are (1) chaos and accident response, (2) intrusive reflections, (3) restoring personal integrity, (4) enduring the inquisition, (5) obtaining emotional first aid and (6) moving on. We defined the characteristics and typical questions second victims are desperate to have answered during these stages. Several reported that involvement in improvement work or patient safety advocacy helped them to once again enjoy their work. Conclusions: We now believe the post-event trajectory is largely predictable. Institutional programs could be developed to successfully screen at-risk professionals immediately after an event, and appropriate support could be deployed to expedite recovery and mitigate adverse career outcomes.",,"Scott, S. D., Hirschinger, L. E., Cox, K. R., McCoig, M., Brandt, J., Hall, L. W.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4919,Multiple traumatic experiences and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study assesses the differential and combined impacts of multiple lifetime stressors in the development and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. One hundred and four clinical and 64 nonclinical participants were assessed for their exposure to four types of interpersonal trauma: physical and sexual abuse in childhood, lifetime community violence, and domestic violence in adulthood. PTSD symptomatology was assessed using the Los Angeles Symptom Checklist (LASC). Results indicated that exposure to lifetime multiple traumatic experiences was positively correlated with severity of PTSD symptoms. Clinical participants had experienced significantly more multiple traumas and had a higher rate of PTSD than the nonclinical participants. Results also suggested that adults who had experienced childhood sexual abuse were at higher risk for the development of PTSD related to interpersonal violence than adults who were not sexually abused as children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Child Abuse, *Emotional Trauma, *Life Experiences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Severity (Disorders), Early Experience, Sexual Abuse, Stress, Symptoms","Scott, Sheryn T.",2007.0,,,0,0,
4920,Feigning Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on the PAI,"Multiscale personality inventories have been used to detect dissimulation of PTSD. The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a self-report inventory which has validity indicators that may be used to detect dishonest or biased self-report. The accuracy of these validity indicators was tested by comparing non-traumatized individuals instructed to fake PTSD with patients diagnosed as having PTSD and normal controls. Twenty-five individuals completed the PAI with the instruction to feign PTSD. The PAI results of these participants were compared to a cohort of 19 patients diagnosed as suffering from PTSD and 21 controls. Eleven of the 25 individuals instructed to fake PTSD on the PAI produced a profile consistent with this diagnosis. However, more than half of the faked profiles were correctly identified as feigned by the validity indicators. Specificity of the validity indicators was very high. The results of this study indicate that the PAI can be one useful source of information for the clinician when assessing for the possible distortion of PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",,"Scragg, P., Bor, R., Mendham, M. C.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4921,Taking Care of Staff: A Comprehensive Model of Support for Paramedics and Emergency Medical Dispatchers,"Following a brief overview of alternative Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), this article proposes a comprehensive model of care for emergency service personnel. The pivotal element of the multilayered model is the Peer Support Officer (PSO) component providing early support to ambulance personnel following exposure to potentially traumatic events. After initial recruit training, peer supporters engage in professional supervision and annual psychological first aid education and counseling skill development workshops. The model is embedded within the workforce and is available to personnel for both work-related and personal matters. The success of the EAP relies on collaboration between the employer, professional counselors, and the trained peer support officers as well as extensive education and resilience building for employees. This article proposes that the model outlined offers high-profile, well-trained, and well-supervised peer support officers as an effective alternative to the more common approaches of the past, such as debriefing. Self-report, usage, and archival data collected across 18 years indicate the model offers significant benefits to employees and to their family members. © SAGE Publications 2011.","debriefing, emergency medical dispatchers, paramedics, peer support officers, PTSD, trauma","Scully, P. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4922,Ask not for whom the bell tolls: Controversy in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment outcome findings for war veterans,"Reviews and analyzes two national studies of the efficacy of treatment for war veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An analysis of the studies conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Center reveals conceptual, methodological, and design flaws in the research, which reports minimal treatment efficacy for PTSD. Based on this limited, if not biased, data, the results were used for policy purposes to dismantle inpatient PTSD hospital units and trauma-focus treatments. A critique is offered as a review to suggest how future studies might be conducted, designed, and evaluated, including the need for independent, ""outside"" peer reviews inasmuch as the issue of treatment outcomes generalizes to many non-military populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, *War","Scurfield, Raymond M., Wilson, John P.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4923,"Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using department of Veterans Affairs Health Care, 2002-2008",,,"Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., Marmar, C. R.",2009.0,,10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284,0,0,
4924,Understanding implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks and storms: Medical and psychosocial considerations for research and clinical care,"The experience of shock is the distinguishing feature for patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and is associated with diminished psychological functioning and quality of life. Multiple shocks and ICD storm are a relatively common event among patients with ICDs (10-20%) and may present specific challenging medical and psychological management for the attending health care providers. This paper examines the medical and psychological aspects of ICD shocks and storms and describes a model of biopsychosocial management for patients following the experience of ICD storm. Successful management of patients post shock includes the use of antiarrhythmic medications and careful attention to the causality of the shocks via stored electrograms. The psychological management includes specific attention to debriefing post-shock feelings and attributions, preventing avoidance behavior, and facilitating positive ""return to life"" actions. Preliminary research examining formal psychosocial treatment supports a cognitive behavioral strategy to reduce psychological distress and facilitate quality of life. Collectively, these data suggest that interdisciplinary management of patients with multiple ICD shocks or the experience of ICD storm is advised, and routine psychological consultation may be indicated for the patient post ICD storm to reduce the possibility of symptoms of post-traumatic stress.","ICD storm, Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Psychosocial, Shock management, Traumatic stress","Sears Jr, S. F., Conti, J. B.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4925,Understanding implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks and storms: medical and psychosocial considerations for research and clinical care,"The experience of shock is the distinguishing feature for patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and is associated with diminished psychological functioning and quality of life. Multiple shocks and ICD storm are a relatively common event among patients with ICDs (10-20%) and may present specific challenging medical and psychological management for the attending health care providers. This paper examines the medical and psychological aspects of ICD shocks and storms and describes a model of biopsychosocial management for patients following the experience of ICD storm. Successful management of patients post shock includes the use of antiarrhythmic medications and careful attention to the causality of the shocks via stored electrograms. The psychological management includes specific attention to debriefing post-shock feelings and attributions, preventing avoidance behavior, and facilitating positive ""return to life"" actions. Preliminary research examining formal psychosocial treatment supports a cognitive behavioral strategy to reduce psychological distress and facilitate quality of life. Collectively, these data suggest that interdisciplinary management of patients with multiple ICD shocks or the experience of ICD storm is advised, and routine psychological consultation may be indicated for the patient post ICD storm to reduce the possibility of symptoms of post-traumatic stress.","Adaptation, Psychological, Defibrillators, Implantable/*adverse effects, Electrocardiography, Electroshock/adverse effects, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Monitoring, Physiologic/*methods, Psychology, *Quality of Life, Recurrence, Research, Risk Assessment, Shock, Sickness Impact Profile, Time Factors, Ventricular Fibrillation/diagnosis/*therapy","Sears, S. E., Jr., Conti, J. B.",2003.0,Mar,,0,0,4924
4926,Children and disasters: Understanding impact and enabling agency,,,"Seballos, T., Tanner, M., Gallegos, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4927,Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: Epidemiological and treatment issues,"Although women are exposed to proportionately fewer traumatic events in their lifetime than men, they have a higher lifetime risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition to gender-differential rates of rape and sexual assault, including greater exposure to intimate partner violence, the preponderance of PTSD in women may be attributable to factors other than trauma type, such as sensitisation of stress hormone systems in response to early adverse experiences, inherent neuroendocrine factors, subjective interpretation of the event, and peritraumatic dissociation. Women with PTSD arguably experience a greater symptom burden, longer course of illness and have worse quality-of-life outcomes than men. An expanding knowledge base of the psychobiological alterations in PTSD is providing stimulus for the development of improved pharmacological and psychosocial treatment options. Recent randomised controlled studies conducted in large samples of women with chronic PTSD indicate that: (i) SSRIs have efficacy on all three symptom clusters of PTSD and should be used as first-line pharmacotherapy; and (ii) cognitive behavioural strategies (e.g. prolonged exposure treatment and cognitive processing) are effective in sexually and non-sexually assaulted women. Studies also suggest that female gender may be associated with better response rates to pharmacotherapy. Emerging empirical data on the potential usefulness of antiadrenergic agents and preventive cognitive behavioural treatments in managing acute trauma reactions and stemming the emergence of PTSD are paving the way for further work in this area. However, additional innovative treatments are needed for traumatised women and for female children/adolescents presenting with acute stress reactions and PTSD. © 2005 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.",,"Seedat, S., Stein, D. J., Carey, P. D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4928,Open trial of citalopram in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with highly potent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibition, may be a useful agent for treating the intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms that characterize posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 14 Ss with PTSD (aged 20-52 yrs) were entered into an 8 wk, open-label, fixed-dose trial of citalopram, commencing with 20 mg/d, and increasing to 40 mg/d after 2 weeks. 11 Ss completed the 8 week treatment and were included in the data analysis. Based on the Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS-2), there was significant reduction in all core PTSD symptoms (re-experiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance) by week 8. Nine of the 11 completers were classified as 'responders' on Clinical Global Impression Improvement scores. Secondary measures of depression and anxiety also improved significantly by week 8. Citalopram was tolerated well, and there were no dropouts due to adverse effects. Data from this preliminary open trial suggests that citalopram may be effective for reducing the key symptoms of PTSD, however, these findings need confirmation in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Citalopram, *Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Seedat, Soraya, Stein, Dan J., Emsley, Robin A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
4929,"Comparison of response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in children, adolescents, and adults with posttraumatic stress disorder","Background: Although the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered multifactorial, empirical evidence suggests that serotonergic dysregulation may characterize the disorder. The efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating essential symptoms (re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, hyperarousal) in both adults and children is likely to involve potentiation of this neurotransmitter. Objective: This study compared outcome in an 8-week open trial of citalopram (an SSRI) in children/adolescents and adults with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) diagnosis of PTSD. Methods: Twenty-four children/adolescents and 14 adults assessed for PTSD severity at baseline were followed up on citalopram treatment (20-40 mg/day) at two-weekly intervals over 8 weeks. The Clinician-Adminstered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Clinical Global Improvement Scale (CGI) were used as outcome measures. Results: Although there were no significant differences in outcome measures between children/adolescents (n = 24) and adults (n = 14), both groups had significant reductions in mean CAPS total scores, symptom cluster scores, and CGI ratings at endpoint. Conclusion: Although the SSRIs have established efficacy and safety in the treatment of adult PTSD, literature on their use in child and adolescent PTSD is sparse. Controlled data are needed to support the clinical perception that SSRIs are agents of choice in the treatment of pediatric PTSD.","amitriptyline, citalopram, fluoxetine, imipramine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tricyclic antidepressant agent, adolescent, adult, akathisia, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, child psychiatry, clinical article, clinical trial, disease severity, drowsiness, drug activity, drug choice, drug efficacy, drug safety, face pain, female, follow up, headache, human, insomnia, male, neurotransmitter release, outcomes research, paresthesia, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, risk factor, school child, serotonin release, sweating, symptom, tremor, vertigo, yawning","Seedat, S., Stein, D. J., Ziervogel, C., Middleton, T., Kaminer, D., Emsley, R. A., Rossouw, W.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4930,Plasma cortisol and neuropeptide Y in female victims of intimate partner violence,"Background: The experience of intimate partner violence (physical and sexual violence) has been linked to psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, yet data on the neuroendocrine profile in this population is sparse. This study sought to examine baseline plasma cortisol and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods: Morning plasma samples were collected for cortisol and NPY determination in 22 women with histories of IPV (10 with current PTSD, 12 without current or lifetime PTSD) and 16 non-abused controls. Results: Mean cortisol levels were significantly lower in IPV subjects compared with controls, but did not distinguish IPV subjects with and without PTSD. There were no significant differences in mean NPY levels between the groups. Neither cortisol nor NPY levels were significantly correlated with PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that victims of IPV, like women traumatized by childhood abuse, may be characterized by alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, however, further study is needed to identify specific stress system disturbances in this group. (copyright) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","hydrocortisone, neuropeptide Y, adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, correlation analysis, female, hormone determination, human, hydrocortisone blood level, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, victim","Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Kennedy, C. M., Hauger, R. L.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4931,The Modeling of Internalizing Disorders on the Basis of Patterns of Lifetime Comorbidity: Associations With Psychosocial Functioning and Psychiatric Disorders Among First-Degree Relatives,"Two broadband latent factors-internalizing and externalizing-have frequently been identified in studies of the hierarchical structure of psychopathology. In the present research, 3 competing measurement models of putative internalizing disorders (i.e., a parsimonious single-factor model, a model based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994], and an alternative model proposed by Krueger, 1999, and Watson, 2005) were evaluated in terms of their ability to account for lifetime patterns of diagnostic comorbidity. Four diagnostic assessments were performed on an age-based cohort of 816 persons over a 15-year interval. Each of the 3 measurement models demonstrated adequate or good fit to the data and similar approximating abilities. Additional analyses, however, suggested that nonspecific aspects of lifetime mood/anxiety or distress/fear disorders (i.e., general negative affect) largely accounted for indicators of psychosocial functioning at age 30 as well as densities of specific psychiatric disorders among the 1st-degree relatives of probands. The relevance of these findings for theoretical and descriptive models of internalizing disorders is discussed. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Anxiety disorders, Internalizing disorders, Measurement model, Mood disorders, Psychosocial functioning","Seeley, J. R., Kosty, D. B., Farmer, R. F., Lewinsohn, P. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4932,Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent anxiety disorder marked by behavioral, physiologic, and hormonal alterations. PTSD is disabling and commonly follows a chronic course. The etiology of PTSD is unknown, although exposure to a traumatic event constitutes a necessary, but not sufficient, factor. A twin study of Vietnam veterans has shown significant genetic contribution to PTSD. The fact that PTSD's underlying genotypic vulnerability is only expressed following trauma exposure limits the usefulness of family-based linkage approaches. In contrast to the other major psychiatric disorders, large studies for the search of underlying genes have not been described in PTSD to date. Complementary approaches for locating involved genes include association-based studies employing case-control or parental genotypes for transmission dysequilibrium analysis and quantitative trait loci studies in animal models. Identification of susceptibility genes will increase our understanding of traumatic stress disorders and help to elucidate their molecular basis. The current review provides an up-to-date outline of progress in the field of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Etiology, *Genetic Linkage, *Genetics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Transgenerational Patterns","Segman, Ronnen H., Shalev, Arieh Y.",2003.0,,,0,0,
4933,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles identify emergent post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors,"Trauma survivors show marked differences in the severity and persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Early symptoms subside in most, but persist as acute and chronic PTSD in a significant minority. The underlying molecular mechanisms or outcome predictors determining these differences are not known. Molecular markers for identifying any mental disorder are currently lacking. Gene expression profiling during the triggering and development of PTSD may be informative of its onset and course. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to measure peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression of trauma survivors at the emergency room and 4 months later. Gene expression signatures at both time points distinguished survivors who met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD at 1 and 4 months, from those who met no PTSD criterion. Expression signatures at both time points correlated with the severity of each of the three PTSD symptom clusters assessed 4 months following exposure among all survivors. Results demonstrate a general reduction in PBMCs' expression of transcription activators among psychologically affected trauma survivors. Several differentiating genes were previously described as having a role in stress response. These findings provide initial evidence that peripheral gene expression signatures following trauma identify an evolving neuropsychiatric disorder and are informative of its key clinical features and outcome. Replications in larger samples, as well as studies focusing on specific markers within the signatures discovered, are warranted to confirm and extend the diagnostic utility and pathogenetic implications of our results. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved.","Gene expression, Microarray, Mononuclear, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Segman, R. H., Shefi, N., Goltser-Dubner, T., Friedman, N., Kaminski, N., Shalev, A. Y.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4934,The association between childhood physical and sexual abuse and functioning and psychiatric symptoms in a sample of U.S. Army soldiers,,,"Seifert, A. E., Polusny, M. A., Murdoch, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4935,Posttraumatic headache: A review,"There has been intense controversy about postconcussion syndrome (PCS) since Erichsen's publication in 1866 on railway brain and spine. Headache as a result of trauma is one of the most common secondary headache types. Posttraumatic headache (PTH) remains a very controversial disorder, particularly with relation to chronic PTH following mild closed-head injury. PTH is one of several symptoms of PCS, and therefore may be accompanied by additional cognitive, behavioral, and somatic problems. PTH also is an important public health issue due to its associated disability and often refractory clinical course. While current awareness of PTH has become more prominent due to increased scrutiny given to both combatrelated and sports-related head injuries, directed treatment remains a difficult challenge for physicians. Because of the frequently associated medicolegal aspects, PTH is one of physicians' least favorite types to treat. The article reviews both PCS and PTH. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.","Combat-related headache, Postconcussion syndrome, Posttraumatic headache, Sports-related headache, Traumatic brain injury (TBI)","Seifert, T. D., Evans, R. W.",2010.0,,,0,0,
4936,White matter microstructural changes as vulnerability factors and acquired signs of post-earthquake distress,"Many survivors of severe disasters need psychological support, even those not suffering post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The critical issue in understanding the psychological response after experiencing severe disasters is to distinguish neurological microstructural underpinnings as vulnerability factors from signs of emotional distress acquired soon after the stressful life event. We collected diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) data from a group of healthy adolescents before the Great East Japan Earthquake and re-examined the DTIs and anxiety levels of 30 non-PTSD subjects from this group 3-4 months after the earthquake using voxel-based analyses in a longitudinal DTI study before and after the earthquake. We found that the state anxiety level after the earthquake was negatively associated with fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right anterior cingulum (Cg) before the earthquake (r = -0.61, voxel level p<0.0025, cluster level p<0.05 corrected), and positively associated with increased FA changes from before to after the earthquake in the left anterior Cg (r = 0.70, voxel level p<0.0025, cluster level p<0.05 corrected) and uncinate fasciculus (Uf) (r = 0.65, voxel level p<0.0025, cluster level p<0.05 corrected). The results demonstrated that lower FA in the right anterior Cg was a vulnerability factor and increased FA in the left anterior Cg and Uf was an acquired sign of state anxiety after the earthquake. We postulate that subjects with dysfunctions in processing fear and anxiety before the disaster were likely to have higher anxiety levels requiring frequent emotional regulation after the disaster. These findings provide new evidence of psychophysiological responses at the neural network level soon after a stressful life event and might contribute to the development of effective methods to prevent PTSD. © 2014 Sekiguchi et al.",,"Sekiguchi, A., Sugiura, M., Taki, Y., Kotozaki, Y., Nouchi, R., Takeuchi, H., Araki, T., Hanawa, S., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., Sakuma, A., Kawashima, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4937,Which symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are associated with suicide attempts?,"Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder are at increased risk for suicide attempts. The present study aimed to determine which of the specific DSM-IV symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are independently associated with suicide attempts. Data came from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The NESARC has a sample size of N = 34653. The full sample size included in analyses was 2322 individuals with PTSD. Among individuals with lifetime PTSD, after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, as well as any mood, substance, personality, or anxiety disorder (excluding PTSD), increasing numbers of re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms were significantly correlated with suicide attempts. Of the specific symptoms, having physical reactions by reminders of the trauma, being unable to recall some part of it, and having the sense of a foreshortened future, were all associated with suicide attempts. These findings will help extend our understanding of the elevated risk for suicide attempts in individuals with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Attempted Suicide, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Anxiety","Selaman, Zeynep M. H., Chartrand, Hayley K., Bolton, James M., Sareen, Jitender",2014.0,,,0,0,
4938,Initial psychophysiological responses and development of post traumatic stress disorder in crime victims,"Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified frequently in victims of crime. Factors present at the time of the assault may be related to the development of this disorder. In order to investigate this issue, thirty victims of robbery and aggravated assault completed two telephone interviews regarding the following aspects of their experience: Their initial reactions at the time of the assault as measured by the Initial Subjective Reactions Scale (IRS); the characteristics of the crime; their current distress as measured by the Los Angeles Symptoms Checklist (LASC). Thirteen subjects met the criteria for PTSD seven to eight weeks post-assault. Significant positive correlations were found between initial self-reported psychophysiological responses and PTSD symptoms three to four weeks post-assault. Significant correlations between these same variables did not persist at seven to eight weeks post-assault, however. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Crime Victims, *Physiological Correlates, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Theft, Violence","Selden, Catherine Renee",1997.0,,,0,0,
4939,Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories following Hurricane Katrina: An initial examination of the impact of maternal trajectories on the well-being of disaster-exposed youth,"Objectives: This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in impoverished mothers impacted by Hurricane Katrina, as well as how predictive the maternal trajectories were for youth posttraumatic stress symptoms 2 years post-Katrina. Results: Latent Class Growth Analysis demonstrated three primary trajectories emerged among females impacted by Katrina, namely, (1) chronic (4 %), (2) recovering (30 %), and (3) resilient (66 %), respectively. These trajectories were significantly impacted by prior trauma history, but not hurricane exposure. Additionally, data indicated that children whose parents fell into the chronic PTS trajectory also reported high levels of PTS symptoms. Methods: 360 mother participants displaced by Hurricane Katrina completed self-report measures across four time points related to Hurricane exposure, trauma history, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Additionally, the youth offspring completed a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: This study identified three main trajectories typical of female PTS symptoms following disaster and was the first known study to document associations between PTS outcomes among adults and their offspring impacted by a large natural disaster. Future research is warranted and should explore additional risk and protective factors that impact both the parental and child outcomes.","Children, Disasters, Growth mixture modeling, Parents, Posttraumatic stress symptoms, Trajectories","Self-Brown, S., Lai, B. S., Harbin, S., Kelley, M. L.",2014.0,,,1,1,
4940,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories in Hurricane Katrina affected youth,"Objective: This study examined trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Hurricane Katrina affected youth. Method: A total of 426 youth (51% female; 8-16 years old; mean age=11 years; 75% minorities) completed assessments at 4 time points post-disaster. Measures included Hurricane impact variables (initial loss/disruption and perceived life threat); history of family and community violence exposure, parent and peer social support, and post-disaster posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results: Latent class growth analysis demonstrated that there were three distinct trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms identified for this sample of youth (resilient, recovering, and chronic, respectively). Youth trajectories were associated with Hurricane-related initial loss/disruption, community violence, and peer social support. Conclusions: The results suggest that youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina have variable posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories. Significant risk and protective factors were identified. Specifically, youth Hurricane and community violence exposure increased risk for a more problematic posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectory, while peer social support served as a protective factor for these youth. Identification of these factors suggests directions for future research as well as potential target areas for screening and intervention with disaster exposed youth. Limitations: The convenience sample limits the external validity of the findings to other disaster exposed youth, and the self-report data is susceptible to response bias. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Children, Disasters, Growth mixture modeling, Posttraumatic stress symptoms","Self-Brown, S., Lai, B. S., Thompson, J. E., McGill, T., Kelley, M. L.",2013.0,,,1,1,
4941,Relations among emotion regulation and DSM-5 symptom clusters of PTSD,"Emotion regulation has been implicated as a risk and maintaining factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three aspects of emotion regulation have demonstrated the strongest relations with PTSD symptoms: experiential avoidance, rumination, and thought suppression. Given that emotion regulation has demonstrated differential relations with DSM-IV PTSD symptom clusters, the current study sought to examine these relations with the DSM-5 symptom clusters of PTSD. Participants were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 403). All participants endorsed trauma exposure. Measures included the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), the negative affect scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-NA; included as a control variable), the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), and the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). A path analysis model in Mplus indicated that the AAQ-II demonstrated large effects with all four PTSD symptom clusters. Of those relations, the largest was observed for the AAQ-II and the Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood cluster of PTSD. Results suggest that individual variation in PTSD symptoms may have implications for the salience of particular emotion regulation strategies. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.","Emotion regulation, PTSD, Trauma","Seligowski, A. V., Rogers, A. P., Orcutt, H. K.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.032,0,0,
4942,"Expression of intracellular cytokines, HSP72, and apoptosis in monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals","This study examined intracellular cytokine, heat shock protein (HSP) 72, and cellular apoptosis in classic and inflammatory CD14+ monocyte subsets during exertional heat stress (EHS). Subjects were divided into endurance-trained [TR; n = 12, peak aerobic power (V̇O2peak) = 70 ± 2 ml·kg lean body mass (LBM)-1·min -1] and sedentary-untrained (UT; n = 11, V̇O2peak = 50 ± 1 ml·kg LBM-1·min-1) groups before walking at 4.5 km/h with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40°C, 30% relative humidity) wearing protective clothing until exhaustion (Exh). Venous blood samples at baseline and 0.5°C rectal temperature increments (38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, and 40.0°C/Exh) were analyzed for cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-1ra, and IL-10) in CD14++CD16 -/CD14+CD16+ and HSP72/apoptosis in CD14 Bri/CD14Dim subsets. In addition, serum levels of extracellular (e)HSP72 were also examined. Baseline and Exh samples were separately stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) or heat shocked (42°C) and cultured in vitro for 2 h. A greater temperature-dependent increase in CD14 +CD16+ cells was observed in TR compared with UT subjects as well as a greater LPS tolerance following in vitro LPS stimulation. TNF-α and IL-1β cytokine expression was elevated in CD14 +CD16+ but not in CD14++CD16- cells. A greater induction of intracellular HSP72 and eHSP72 was observed in TR compared with UT subjects, which coincided with reduced apoptosis at Exh and following in vitro heat shock. Induced HSP in vitro was not uniform across CD14+ subsets. Findings suggest that circulating CD14 +CD16+, but not CD14++CD16- monocytes, contribute to the proinflammatory cytokine profiles observed during EHS. In addition, the enhanced HSP72 response in endurance-trained individuals may confer improved heat tolerance through both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 the American Physiological Society.","Cardiovascular/thermoregulatory strain, Flow cytometry, Heat shock protein, Immune function","Selkirk, G. A., McLellan, T. M., Wright, H. E., Rhind, S. G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4943,Identifying PTSD personality subtypes in a workplace trauma sample,"The authors sought to identify personality clusters derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Personality Psychopathology Five Scales in a sample of workplace claimants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three clusters--low pathology, internalizing, and externalizing were recovered similar to those obtained by M. W. Miller and colleagues (2003, 2004, 2007) in samples of combat veterans and sexual assault victims. Internalizers and externalizers scored comparably on measures of PTSD symptom severity, general distress, and negative affect. Internalizers were uniquely characterized by anhedonia and depressed mood; externalizers by antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and anger/aggression.","adult, article, Canada, cluster analysis, comorbidity, female, human, male, mental disease, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, occupational disease, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect","Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4944,Differentiating PTSD symptomatology with the MMPI-2-RF (Restructured Form) in a forensic disability sample,"The current study was designed to explore models of assessing various forms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology that incorporate both broad and more narrowly focused affective markers. We used broader markers of demoralization, negative activation, positive activation, and aberrant experiences to predict global PTSD scores, whereas more narrowly focused markers of positive and negative affect were used to differentiate between PTSD symptom clusters. A disability sample consisting of 347 individuals undergoing medico-legal psychological evaluations was used for this study. All participants completed symptom measures of PTSD and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (from which MMPI-2-RF scores were derived). The results indicated that demoralization was the best individual predictor of PTSD globally, and that more narrowly focused MMPI-2-RF Specific Problems scales provided a differential prediction of PTSD symptom clusters. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed within contemporary frameworks of internalizing personality and psychopathology. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Assessment, MMPI-2-RF, Personality, PTSD, Temperament","Sellbom, M., Lee, T. T. C., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Arbisi, P. A., Gervais, R. O.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4945,Impact of age on long-term cognitive function after traumatic brain injury,,,"Senathi-Raja, D., Ponsford, J., Schönberger, M.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0018239,0,0,
4946,Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with complications of pregnancy. (childbearing),"Lifetime prevalence of posttraumatic: stress disorder (PTSD) is 12% in the general population of women and higher among those who have been raped (46%) or sexually molested (27%), according to the National Comorbidity Study. PTSD is often chronic. No research has yet been done to determine whether and how PTSD may be affecting childbearing. Physiological and behavioral sequelae of traumatic stress may play a role in several complications of pregnancy. Interventions that address PTSD might be effective in treating these problems. This study was an exploratory analysis of a state Medicaid paid claims database using records from 1994 through 1996. All women with a PTSD diagnosis who also had a pregnancy during that timeframe were selected, as was a randomly chosen comparison group of women with no psychiatric diagnoses who also had a pregnancy. Obstetric variables were specified based on current theories about traumatic stress related behavioral and neuroendocrine alterations, from a review of relevant literature on stress and pregnancy, and from review of the limited clinical and research literature relating to childhood sexual abuse or PTSD and childbearing. Physical problems hypothesized to occur more with PTSD included ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, hyperemesis, preterm contractions, abnormal fetal growth, prolonged pregnancy, dysfunctional labor, failed lactation, and postpartum mood disorders. Bivariate comparisons were done by chi square tests. A logistic regression model of the complications' association with PTSD was estimated using demographic, psychosocial, and obstetric variables. Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, hyperemesis, preterm contractions, and excessive fetal growth were associated with being in the PTSD-diagnosed group. The PTSD-diagnosed and comparison groups did not differ on any obstetric problem not specified in the model. The groups did not differ with regard to labor diagnoses. Data were insufficient to test for differences in lactation problems or postpartum mood disorders. Further research is warranted to verify these associations prospectively and among privately insured women, to study labor and postpartum problems with more detailed data, and to explore effects of PTSD on psychological and interpersonal aspects of childbearing. Qualitative studies are needed to understand client perspectives. Clinical trials should be done which apply PTSD-related interventions for the associated problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Obstetrical Complications, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Pregnancy, *Complications (Disorders), Human Females","Seng, Julia Schwartz",1999.0,,,0,0,
4947,Complex mental health sequelae of psychological trauma among women in prenatal care,"Pregnancy is a critical time to identify and address maternal mental health problems, for the health of both mother and child. Pregnant women with histories of exposure to interpersonal psychological trauma may experience a range of mental health problems including but not limited to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a community sample of 1,581 pregnant women, 25% reported symptoms consistent with at least one of six syndromes, including PTSD, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or clinically significant dissociation, somatization, or affect dysregulation. Six subgroups with distinct mental health problem profiles were identified by cluster analysis. Controlling for sociodemographic risk factors, women with histories of interpersonal trauma were overrepresented in four subgroups characterized by: (1) PTSD comorbid with depression (childhood sexual abuse); (2) PTSD comorbid with affect/interpersonal dysregulation (childhood physical or emotional abuse); (3) somatization (adult abuse); and (4) generalized anxiety disorder (foster/adoptive placement). Findings suggest risk relationships warranting further study between different types of interpersonal trauma exposure and psychiatric outcomes in pregnant women, including PTSD with two types of comorbidity. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Depression, Dissociation, PTSD, Somatization, Women","Seng, J. S., ""DAndrea, W."", Ford, J. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4948,Cortisol level and perinatal outcome in pregnant women with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 12% of women in the United States and could affect childbearing via behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms. This pilot study collected preliminary data about the extent to which the low cortisol profile found in patients with PTSD also occurs in the hormonal context of pregnancy, as well as the association between PTSD and less optimal processes and outcomes of pregnancy. Standardized psychiatric diagnostic telephone interviews, salivary cortisol assays, and medical records review were evaluated in a community sample of 25 women pregnant with their first child. Higher PTSD symptom counts correlated with worse overall perinatal outcomes summarized by an Optimality Index Score (n = 22; r = -.725; P < .001). The women whose symptoms met diagnostic criteria for PTSD or partial PTSD had lower peak basal salivary cortisol concentrations (n = 14; mean = .4584 versus .8123; P = .010). Further research on the effects of PTSD on pregnancy processes and outcomes is warranted. Differences in cortisol levels were consistent with the pattern seen in nonpregnant women with PTSD. This finding suggests that salivary cortisol would be a useful biological measure to include in perinatal research on PTSD and childbearing. (copyright) 2005 by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.","hydrocortisone, adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, female, human, hydrocortisone blood level, medical record, medical research, perinatal morbidity, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy complication, priority journal, saliva analysis","Seng, J. S., Low, L. K., Ben-Ami, D., Liberzon, I.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4949,Exploring posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profile among pregnant women,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more prevalent in perinatal than general samples of women (6-8% vs. 4-5%). To explore potential causes, we examined the symptom profiles of women belonging to two separate samples: a perinatal clinic sample (n = 1581) and a subsample of women in a similar age range from the U. S. National Women's Study (NWS) (n = 2000). Within the perinatal sample, risk ratios were higher for all 17 PTSD symptoms among women with current PTSD compared with unaffected women, suggesting that higher rates are not likely due to measurement error. The younger age and greater social disadvantage in the perinatal clinic sample contributed only a small proportion of variance in symptom levels compared with extent of trauma exposure and pre-existing PTSD. Compared with the national study sample's symptom profile, the perinatal sample had higher rates of occurrence of five symptoms: detachment, loss of interest, anger and irritability, trouble sleeping, and nightmares. This analysis confirms that PTSD rates are higher in perinatal samples, which is likely due to exacerbation of pre-existing PTSD among women of a younger age and greater social disadvantage. Further elucidation is warranted, including identifying triggers and determining if there are needs for pregnancy-specific interventions.","Adult, Chi-Square Distribution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Odds Ratio, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology","Seng, J. S., Rauch, S. A., Resnick, H., Reed, C. D., King, A., Low, L. K., McPherson, M., Muzik, M., Abelson, J., Liberzon, I.",2010.0,Sep,10.3109/0167482x.2010.486453,0,0,
4950,Exploring posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profile among pregnant women,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more prevalent in perinatal than general samples of women (68 vs. 45). To explore potential causes, we examined the symptom profiles of women belonging to two separate samples: a perinatal clinic sample (n1581) and a subsample of women in a similar age range from the U. S. National Women's Study (NWS) (n2000). Within the perinatal sample, risk ratios were higher for all 17 PTSD symptoms among women with current PTSD compared with unaffected women, suggesting that higher rates are not likely due to measurement error. The younger age and greater social disadvantage in the perinatal clinic sample contributed only a small proportion of variance in symptom levels compared with extent of trauma exposure and pre-existing PTSD. Compared with the national study sample's symptom profile, the perinatal sample had higher rates of occurrence of five symptoms: detachment, loss of interest, anger and irritability, trouble sleeping, and nightmares. This analysis confirms that PTSD rates are higher in perinatal samples, which is likely due to exacerbation of pre-existing PTSD among women of a younger age and greater social disadvantage. Further elucidation is warranted, including identifying triggers and determining if there are needs for pregnancy-specific interventions. (copyright) 2010 Informa UK, Ltd.","adult, article, clinical feature, female, groups by age, human, irritability, major clinical study, nightmare, perinatal care, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnant woman, risk factor, sleep disorder, social behavior","Seng, J. S., Rauch, S. A. M., Resnick, H., Reed, C. D., King, A., Low, L. K., McPherson, M., Muzik, M., Abelson, J., Liberzon, I.",2010.0,,,0,0,4949
4951,"Mental Health, Demographic, and Risk Behavior Profiles of Pregnant Survivors of Childhood and Adult Abuse","Our objective was to address the gap in knowledge about the extent to which perinatal mental health and risk behaviors are associated with childhood and adult experiences of abuse that arises because of barriers to screening and disclosure about past and current abuse. Survey data from an ongoing study of the effects of posttraumatic stress on childbearing were used to describe four groups of nulliparous women: those with no abuse history, adult abuse only, childhood abuse only, and abuse that occurred during both periods. The rates of abuse history disclosure were higher in the research context than in the clinical settings. Mental health morbidity and risk behaviors occurred in a dose-response pattern with cumulative abuse exposure. Rates of current posttraumatic stress disorder ranged from 4.1% among those never abused to 11.4% (adult only), 16.0% (childhood only), and 39.2% (both periods). Women abused during both periods also were more likely to be using tobacco (21.5%) and drugs (16.5%) during pregnancy. We conclude that mental health and behavioral risk sequelae affect a significant portion of both childhood and adult abuse survivors in prenatal care. The integration into the maternity setting of existing evidence-based interventions for the mental health and behavioral sequelae of abuse is needed. © 2008 American College of Nurse-Midwives.","childhood abuse, intimate partner violence, perinatal mental health, posttraumatic stress, screening","Seng, J. S., Sperlich, M., Low, L. K.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4952,Before and after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake: Traumatic events and depressive symptoms in an older population,"Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can have deleterious consequences for physical and psychological health. In this study, we investigate variability in resilience to depressive symptoms in the aftermath of a massive earthquake that struck Taiwan in 1999. We analyze data on 1160 older individuals from a national, longitudinal survey with interviews before and after the earthquake. This survey contains extensive information on physical and cognitive function, depressive symptoms, socio-demographic characteristics and earthquake-related exposure and experiences. We estimate regression models to identify risk factors associated with the presence of depressive symptoms after the disaster, controlling for health status and the presence of depressive symptoms beforehand. We pay special attention to how socio-demographic factors moderate the psychological impact of the earthquake. Results indicate that persons of low socioeconomic status (SES), socially isolated individuals, and women reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than their respective counterparts, as did persons who experienced damage to their homes. The psychological effects of damage were strongest among those aged 54-70. The findings suggest that people who experience damage to their home during a disaster are at risk of experiencing depressive symptoms, with the elderly being more resilient than the near-elderly. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Age, Depressive symptoms, Earthquake, Socioeconomic status, Taiwan","Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., Lin, Y. H.",2006.0,,,0,0,
4953,"Demographic, psychological and behavioral characteristics of child and adolescent victims of sexual abuse","Background: There is a well known relationship between sexual abuse in children and mental health disorders, which is seen both in clinical practice as in the scientific literature. Objective: To describe demographic profile as well as behavioral and emotional features of a cohort of children and adolescents sexually abused. Metodo: 205 children and adolescent, ranging from 6 to 14 years old, 130 girls (age 9.6 (plus or minus) 3.4 yo) and 75 boys (age 7.2 (plus or minus) 2.9 yo) were evaluated due to being victims of sexual abuse between the years 2005 and 2009. Gender, age, relationship with the perpetrator, psychological and psychiatric symptoms, behavioral and affective-emotional features (blame, shame, fearfulness, male and female figures image and self perception) were all properly evaluated. Results: Girls were the main victims (63.4%). The riskier age ranging from 7 to 10 yo (48.5%) among then, and from 3 to 6 yo (54.6%) for the boys. Fathers are the major perpetrators (38%) followed by step-fathers (29%). Boys and girls show high risk for depression and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Girls tend to be more sexualized whilst boys tend to isolate themselves. Discussion: This research allowed to identify an important set of psychological, psychiatric and behavioral characteristics that affect the normal emotional development of children and adolescents.","adolescent, age distribution, article, child, child behavior, child psychiatry, child psychology, child sexual abuse, demography, depression, disease association, father, female, forensic psychiatry, high risk patient, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, sex difference, sex ratio, sexuality, victim","Serafim, A. P., Saffi, F., Acha, M. F. F., de Barros, D. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4954,"Demographic, psychological and behavioral characteristics of child and adolescent victims of sexual abuse","Background: There is a well known relationship between sexual abuse in children and mental health disorders, which is seen both in clinical practice as in the scientific literature. Objective: To describe demographic profile as well as behavioral and emotional features of a cohort of children and adolescents sexually abused. Método: 205 children and adolescent, ranging from 6 to 14 years old, 130 girls (age 9.6 ± 3.4 yo) and 75 boys (age 7.2 ± 2.9 yo) were evaluated due to being victims of sexual abuse between the years 2005 and 2009. Gender, age, relationship with the perpetrator, psychological and psychiatric symptoms, behavioral and affective-emotional features (blame, shame, fearfulness, male and female figures image and self perception) were all properly evaluated. Results: Girls were the main victims (63.4%). The riskier age ranging from 7 to 10 yo (48.5%) among then, and from 3 to 6 yo (54.6%) for the boys. Fathers are the major perpetrators (38%) followed by step-fathers (29%). Boys and girls show high risk for depression and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Girls tend to be more sexualized whilst boys tend to isolate themselves. Discussion: This research allowed to identify an important set of psychological, psychiatric and behavioral characteristics that affect the normal emotional development of children and adolescents.","Adolescence, Infancy, Mental disorders, Sexual abuse","Serafim, A. P., Saffi, F., Achá, M. F. F., de Barros, D. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,4953
4955,Evaluation of a Bayesian approach to estimating nonlinear mixed-effects mixture models,"The growth mixture model has become increasingly popular, given the willingness to acknowledge developmental heterogeneity in populations. Typically, linear growth mixture models, based on polynomials or piecewise functions, are used in substantive applications and evaluated quantitatively through simulation. Growth mixture models that follow inherently nonlinear trajectories, referred to as nonlinear mixed-effects mixture models, have received comparatively little attention-likely due to estimation complexity. Previous work on the estimation of these models has involved multistep routines (Kelley, 2008), maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) via the E-M algorithm (Harring, 2005, 2012), Taylor series expansion and MLE within the structural equation modeling framework (Grimm, Ram, & Estabrook, 2010), and MLE by adaptive Gauss-Hermite quadrature (Codd & Cudeck, 2014). This article proposes and evaluates the use of Bayesian estimation with OpenBUGS (Lunn, Spiegelhalter, Thomas, & Best, 2009), a free program, and compares its performance with the Taylor series expansion approach. Finally, these estimation routines are used to evaluate the need for multiple latent classes to account for between-child differences in the development of reading ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Statistical Estimation, *Statistical Probability, *Structural Equation Modeling, *Computational Modeling","Serang, Sarfaraz, Zhang, Zhiyong, Helm, Jonathan, Steele, Joel S., Grimm, Kevin J.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4956,"The impact of political violence on the moral development, the potential for antisocial behavior, and the incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of adolescents","This ex-post facto, quasi-experimental study looked at the effects of political violence on moral judgment, potential for antisocial behavior, and incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adolescents. Moral judgment was measured by the P and D indexes of the Defining Issues Test (DIT). Potential for antisocial behavior was measured by the AI and the SMS of the Jesness Inventory (JI). PTSD was measured by the PTSD scale of the DICA-A. Exposure to political violence was measured by an adapted version of the CWTQ. The sample under study consisted of 186 male and female adolescents. One hundred and one participants came from an area with no political violence; 85 were from a civil war affected region. Results of the univariate analyses (ANOVAS) indicated that the war exposed participants had significantly lower moral judgment and a significantly higher potential for antisocial behavior than did their counterparts with no war exposure. Results of the Chi-square analyses indicate that the war exposed youth had a significantly higher incidence of PTSD than the youth who had not been exposed to political violence. The most significant difference between the means of the two groups appeared on incidence of PTSD (p <01). No significant relationship was found between existence of PTSD and moral judgment. However, results from the univariate tests indicate a positive relationship between existence of PTSD and potential for antisocial behavior as measured by the SMS and the AI of the JI. Adolescents suffering from PTSD had a higher potential for antisocial behavior than did those without a PTSD diagnosis. Significant differences between the means of the two groups (SMS and AI) were both found at p. <2. Results of a discriminant analysis on the total sample indicated that 85% of the participants could be correctly classified based on PTSD, the P index of the DIT, the SMS of the JI, and the AI of the JI. In conclusion, the war-exposed and unexposed adolescen (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Antisocial Behavior, *Moral Development, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Violence, *War, At Risk Populations, Life Experiences","Sermeno, Selena E.",1995.0,,,0,0,
4957,"An overview of SSR149415, a selective nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist for the treatment of stress-related disorders","Vasopressin (AVP) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are key mediators in the organism's neuro-adaptive response to stress. Through pituitary and central vasopressin V1b receptors, AVP participates in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and is involved in various emotional processes. SSR149415 is the first selective, orally active vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist yet described. It is a competitive antagonist with nanomolar affinity for animal and human V 1b receptors and displays a highly selective profile with regard to a large number of receptors or enzymes. In vitro, SSR149415 potently antagonizes functional cellular events associated with V1b receptor activation by AVP, such as intracellular Ca2+ increase or proliferation in various cell systems. Pharmacological studies, performed by measuring ACTH secretion induced by various stimulants such as hormones (AVP or AVP + CRF) or physical stress (restraint or forced swimming stress and dehydration) in conscious rats or mice, confirm the antagonist profile of SSR149415 and its efficacy in normalizing ACTH secretion in vivo. SSR149415 is active by the oral route, at doses from 3 mg/kg, it potentiates CRF effect and displays a long-lasting oral effect in the different models. At 10 mg/kg p.o. its duration of action is longer than 4 h. This molecule also decreases anxiety and exerts marked antidepressant-like activity in several predictive animal models. The anxiolytic effects of SSR149415 have been demonstrated in various Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD) models (four-plate, punished drinking, elevated plus-maze, light dark, mouse defense test battery, fear-potentiated startle and social interaction tests). It is as effective as the benzodiazepine diazepam in the acute stress exposure test. SSR149415 has similar efficacy to the reference antidepressant drug, fluoxetine, in acute (forced-swimming) and chronic (chronic mild stress and subordination stress) situations in rodents. SSR149415 also reduces offensive aggression in the resident-intruder model in mice and hamsters. Depending on the model, the minimal effective doses are in the range of 1-10 mg/kg i.p. or 3-10 mg/kg p.o.. SSR149415 is devoid of adverse effects on motor activity, sedation, memory or cognitive functions and produces no tachyphylaxis when administered repeatedly. It is well-tolerated in animals and humans and exhibits an adequate ADME profile. Thus, SSR149415 is a new dual anxiolytic/antidepressant compound, which appears to be free of the known side effects of classical anxiolytic/antidepressant drugs. Clinical trials are in progress, they will hopefully demonstrate its therapeutical potential for treating stress-related disorders. (copyright) 2005 Neva Press.","nelivaptan, 1 5 chloro 1 (2,4 dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl 3 (2 methoxyphenyl) 2 oxo 2,3 dihydro 1h indol 3 yl 4 hydroxy n,n dimethyl 2 pyrrolidine carboxamide, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, benzodiazepine derivative, corticotropin, corticotropin releasing factor, desipramine, diazepam, flumazenil, fluoxetine, imipramine, relcovaptan, unclassified drug, vasopressin, vasopressin receptor antagonist, vasopressin V1 receptor, venlafaxine, acute stress disorder, calcium cell level, corticotropin release, dose response, drug antagonism, drug bioavailability, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug receptor binding, drug safety, drug selectivity, drug structure, drug synthesis, drug tolerability, human, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, nonhuman, receptor affinity, review, side effect, stress, ssr 149415","Serradeil-Le Gal, C., Wagnon, J., Tonnerre, B., Roux, R., Garcia, G., Griebel, G., Aulombard, A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
4958,Functional outcome and quality of life in victims of terrorist explosions as compared to conventional trauma,"Background: Following trauma, the number of preventable deaths is low. Outcome should also be measured in terms of quality of life (QoL). Studies analyzing QoL in trauma patients have been published, but little is known about the long term QoL of victims of terrorist attacks. Methods: This is a case-control study of casualties of the March 11, 2004 attacks in Madrid. Patients treated for other trauma with similar age and Injury Severity Score (ISS), served as controls. Patients were assessed using the POLO-Chart (VAS, SF-36 and TOP). Results: Fifty-eight patients were included, 32 casualties admitted following the March 11, 2004 attacks and 26 controls. Both groups were comparable in age (average = 37), ISS (average = 23) and time from trauma (average = 1,770 days). Subjects demonstrated lower scores for the VAS, and the SF-36 clusters social functioning, role emotional and mental health. There was a tendency towards higher prevalence of symptoms associated to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in subjects (p = 0.056). Subjects suffered from higher residual pain in the head region (p = 0.032). Strong association was found between the presence of symptoms associated to depression, anxiety and PTSD and worse QoL (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Subjects present more emotional distortions, residual pain in the head region and a tendency towards a worsened perception of their own health and wellness. They also present symptoms associated to PTSD more frequently. The presence of symptoms associated to PTSD, depression or anxiety was an independent variable related to lower QoL in both groups. © 2010 Urban & Vogel.","QoL, Quality life, Quality management, Terrorist, Trauma","Serralta-Colsa, D., Camarero-Mulas, C., García-Marín, A. M., Martin-Gil, J., España-Chamorro, E., Turegano-Fuentes, F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4959,The impact of adverse life events on clinical features and interaction with gene variants in mood disorder patients,"Background: Adverse life events are precipitating and maintenance factors for mood and anxiety disorders. However, the impact of such events on clinical features and treatment response is still unclear. Sampling and Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate whether specific adverse events (early parental loss and physical abuse) influence clinical features in a sample of 1,336 mood disorder patients, and whether genetic parameters interact with adverse events to influence treatment outcomes in a subsample of 252 subjects. Participants were collected in the context of a European multicenter study and treated with antidepressants at adequate doses for at least 4 weeks. We focused on two genes (BDNF and CREB1) due to prior evidence of association with treatment outcomes in the same sample. Results: Patients with a history of physical abuse had higher suicidal risk (including history of attempts), comorbid panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence compared to non-abused patients. Experience of early parental loss was a less detrimental type of life stressor. Treatment response was not affected by adverse events. No gene-environment interaction was found with genetic variations, using a corrected significance level. Conclusions: A limitation of the present study is that the subsample is too small for detecting gene-environment interactions. The clinical message of our findings is that mood disorder patients with a history of physical abuse showed a worse clinical profile, characterized by higher comorbid Axis I psychopathology and increased suicidal behavior. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Depression, Early parental loss, Physical abuse","Serretti, A., Souery, D., Antypa, N., Calati, R., Sentissi, O., Amital, D., Moser, U., Kasper, S., Zohar, J., Mendlewicz, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4960,Shaping the renaissance of psychedelic research,,,"Sessa, B.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4961,Turn on and tune in to evidence-based psychedelic research,,"3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, psilocybine, psychedelic agent, alcoholics anonymous, anxiety disorder, cluster headache, cognition, depression, evidence based practice, follow up, functional magnetic resonance imaging, government, growth, development and aging, health care organization, human, magnetoencephalography, mental disease, meta analysis (topic), note, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, psychotherapy, religion, theory of mind","Sessa, B.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4962,A constructivist perspective on post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents,"(from the chapter) It is clear from the extant literature that different types of trauma exposure can differentially impact children at different stages of development, and that professionals must take into account the full range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms that so often co-occur with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although symptom management and reduction are often a critical component of treatment, we agree with the propositions by Wood and colleagues that (1) trauma exposure and subsequent responses are best understood via a social/ecological framework, and (2) it is critical to conceptualize the exposure, reaction, and response as primarily disruptions to a child's sense of self-efficacy. Consistent with these propositions, we utilize a framework for approaching post-traumatic stress in children that allows the symptoms to be targeted while simultaneously addressing the child's disrupted identity and social embeddedness. In this chapter, we will present a constructivist framework for understanding and intervening with post-traumatic stress reactions in childhood and adolescence. Although we base much of our thinking on traditional personal construct psychology, the perspective has been extended and reformulated by other constructivist scholars, including ourselves. We will begin with a consideration of how personal constructs and personal identity develop in childhood. Next, we will consider adolescent development from a constructivist perspective. Then, we will turn attention to how traumatic experiences can serve to disrupt identity and personal functioning across these two developmental periods. Finally, we will present a constructivist approach to assisting children and adolescents in adapting to life after a traumatic disruption. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adolescent Development, *Childhood Development, *Constructivism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Concept, Self Efficacy, Stress, Symptoms, Trauma","Sewell, Kenneth W., Cruise, Keith R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4963,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in children and in adolescents,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents has been the main issue of several studies. These studies are usually based on populations at risk, such as child and adolescent victims of natural disaster (fire, earthquake, volcanic eruption) and human violence and conflicts (torture, inter parental violence, rape and sexual abuse, war, concentration camps, ethnic cleanings and genocide). With regard to empirical evidences, the prevalence rate of PTSD symptoms in that age group is considerable, in contrast with the naive belief that children may be too young to be affected by traumatic events. Compared to natural disasters, research has shown that the impact of war and genocide on children and adolescents is more severe, due to the intensity and consequences of such events. Besides the horror of a war situation, children and adolescents exposed to it have to adapt to dramatic changes in their every-day life (displaced, refugees, orphans). Thus, special attention to such events should be given in order to protect young people from long-lasting effects. With an emphasis on symptomatic description, diagnosis, epidemiological prevalence and etiological factors, this article reviews the existing literature related to PTSD among children and adolescents groups. Substantially, the role of human violence and conflicts in the onset and development of severe and long-lasting PTSD disturbances among children and adolescents is outlined in this article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Development, *Childhood Development, *Genocide, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, At Risk Populations, Natural Disasters","Sezibera, Vincent, Dewulf, Anne-Cecile, Philippot, Pierre",2005.0,,,0,0,
4964,PTSD Symptoms in intellectually disabled victims of sexual assault,"The high rates of sexual violence in the country suggest that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are likely to be sexually victimised. Rape and sexual assault have negative consequences for survivors, with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) being the most common psychiatric diagnosis used to capture the reaction to this trauma. This study sought to investigate the presence of PTSD symptoms in a group of people with ID who had been sexually abused. The Child PTSD Checklist was administered to 54 individuals with ID- 27 with and 27 without a known history of sexual abuse. The Checklist was also administered to the care-givers of those who had been sexually abused. Higher rates of a PTSD diagnosis and a higher intensity of PTSD symptoms were found in the group with than in the group without a history of sexual abuse. There were no significant differences between self and care-giver reports with respect to the prevalence of a PTSD diagnosis, but there were differences on the different symptom clusters. The results indicate that survivors with ID should be asked directly about their internal subjective experiences, with care-giver reports being used as collateral information, and that therapeutic interventions following sexual abuse should be offered. © Psychological Society of South Africa.","Care-giver reports, Intellectual disability, PTSD, Rape, Sexual assault, Trauma","Shabalala, N., Jasson, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
4965,Posttraumatic stress disorder and impaired autonomic modulation in male twins,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to increased morbidity. An inflexibility of the autonomic nervous system might be the underlying mechanism. We aimed to assess whether PTSD and combat trauma exposure are associated with lower heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic function and a predictor of death. Methods: We measured HRV by power spectral analysis on 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram in 459 middle-aged veteran male twins. Combat trauma was assessed with the combat exposure scale, and current and remitted PTSD was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Psychiatry Disorders. Mixed-effects regression models were used to test associations of PTSD and HRV between and within twin pairs. Results: Of all twins, 211 had combat exposure, 31 had current PTSD, and 43 had remitted PTSD. Current PTSD was inversely associated with very-low-frequency and low-frequency HRV both in individual twins and within 20 pairs discordant for current PTSD. Twins with current PTSD had a 49% lower low-frequency HRV than their brothers without PTSD (p < .001). Remitted PTSD was not associated with HRV. Results were robust to adjustment for depression and other risk factors. Combat exposure was inversely associated with most HRV frequencies, but this association mostly diminished after adjustment for current PTSD. Conclusion: In middle-aged veteran men, combat exposure and current PTSD are associated with measures of autonomic inflexibility previously shown to have prognostic significance. The negative health impact of combat exposure on autonomic function is mediated largely through PTSD and might reverse with remission of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Trauma, Twins, Morbidity","Shah, Amit J., Lampert, Rachel, Goldberg, Jack, Veledar, Emir, Bremner, J. Douglas, Vaccarino, Viola",2013.0,,,0,0,
4966,Clinical aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"(from the chapter) Describes various aspects of clinical presentation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its similarities and differences with other disorders. Recent clinical and research literature on PTSD in children and adolescents provides an idea of the different types of traumatic events and other contributory factors that influence the development of PTSD. Types of traumatic events that may influence PTSD are combat (war); natural disaster; exposure to civilian violence, assaults and murders; accidents, rape and incest. The event involves actual or threatened death or serious physical injury to self and others, or loss of self-esteem. The person may have either experienced or witnessed the event. Contributory factors in the development of PTSD includes the risk of exposure to traumatic events, perception and evaluation of the event, availability of support, and life events in the subsequent period. The authors also list essential and associated features (symptom profile) of PTSD and a variety of psychiatric co-morbidity usually found to be associated in children and adolescents. The authors note that studies have followed children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events and have reaffirmed the need for longitudinal studies, as there may be a delayed onset or chronic persistences of symptoms of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Child Psychiatry, *Emotional Trauma, *Etiology, *Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Susceptibility (Disorders)","Shah, Nilesh, Mudholkar, Santoshkumar",2000.0,,,0,0,
4967,Profile of psychiatric patients presenting to a tertiary care emergency department of Karachi,"This study reviewed the presentations of psychiatric patients admitted through the Emergency Department (ED), The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Psychiatric patients admitted through the ED to the psychiatry ward were compared to those admitted through the same units other than the psychiatry ward, from 2006 to 2010 using medical records. Psychiatric patients were defined as those in whom psychiatry consult was generated and 1127 cases were included in study. There were 550 (48.8%) female patients. Most common presentations in the ED were sleep-related problems (n=205, 15.9%) followed by aggressive behavior (n=191, 14.8%). Depression was the most common diagnosis made in the ED (n=331, 29.3%) and at the time of discharge from the hospital (n=354, 29.5%). Psychiatric patients presenting to the ED had signs and symptoms which one generally disregards. However, these minor indicators can lead to major events in a patient's life.","Care, Emergency department, Minor psychiatric indicators, Psychiatric patients","Shahid, M., Khan, M. Z., Ejaz, K., Nakeer, R., Iftikhar, S.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4968,Temporal analysis of heart rate variability as a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder in road traffic accidents survivors,"Background: Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are most probably the leading cause of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in developed countries. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) disturbances, due to psychological trauma, are part of the pathophysiology of PTSD. The aim of the present study was to determine whether early heart rate variability (HRV) measurement, a biomarker of the ANS function, could act as a predictor of PTSD development after a RTA. Methods: We prospectively investigated 35 survivors of RTA with both physical injury and psychological trauma. HRV data were obtained from 24-h Holter ECG monitoring, which was performed on the second day after the accident. Time domain analysis was applied to the inter-beat (RR) interval time series to calculate the various parameters of HRV. PTSD status was assessed 2 and 6 months after RTA. Results: There was a global diminution of HRV measurements in the PTSD group at both 2 and 6 months. The variability index was the best predictor of PTSD with the area under the receiveroperating curve for discriminating PTSD at 6 months at 0.92 (95% CI: 0.785; 1.046). A cut-off at 2.19% yielded a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 81.8% for PTSD. Positive and negative predictive values were respectively 75% and 90%. However, initial heart rate (HR) data were relevant at 2 months but not at 6 months. Conclusion: RTA survivors exhibiting lower parasympathetic modulation of HR, indexed by temporal analysis of HRV, are more susceptible to developing PTSD as a short and long-term outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Heart Rate, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, Temporal Frequency","Shaikh al arab, Abeer, Guedon-Moreau, Laurence, Ducrocq, Francois, Molenda, Sylvie, Duhem, Stephane, Salleron, Julia, Chaudieu, Isabelle, Bert, Dina, Libersa, Christian, Vaiva, Guillaume",2012.0,,,0,0,
4969,A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic distress disorder,"Traumatic experiences can have a powerful impact on individuals and communities but the relationship between perceptions of beneficial and pathological outcomes are not known. Therefore, this meta-analysis examined both the strength and the linearity of the relationship between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perceptions of posttraumatic growth (PTG) as well as identifying the potential moderating roles of trauma type and age. Literature searches of all languages were conducted using the ProQuest, Wiley Interscience, ScienceDirect, Informaworld and Web of Science databases. Linear and quadratic (curvilinear) rs as well as s were analysed. Forty-two studies (N = 11,469) that examined both PTG and symptoms of PTSD were included in meta-analytic calculations. The combined studies yielded a significant linear relationship between PTG and PTSD symptoms (r = 0.315, CI = 0.299, 0.331), but also a significantly stronger (as tested by Fisher's transformation) curvilinear relationship (r = 0.372, CI = 0.353, 0.391). The strength and linearity of these relationships differed according to trauma type and age. The results remind those working with traumatised people that positive and negative post-trauma outcomes can co-occur. A focus only on PTSD symptoms may limit or slow recovery and mask the potential for growth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Age Differences","Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lurie-Beck, Janine",2014.0,,,0,0,
4970,Post-traumatic stress disorder: A biopsychological perspective,"Biological models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) pertain to dysregulation of opioid neuromodulation, imprinting and consolidation of memories, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. Psychological theories include learned conditioning, skewed cognitive schemata, inappropriate use of dissociation and repression, incapacity to deny human mortality, and distorted sense of human affiliation. Three metaphors of psychodynamic formulation include damage to a component of the mental apparatus, loss of affective modulation, and incomplete processing of traumatic experiences similar to pathological mourning. Treatment techniques that aim to undo etiological mechanisms should be reconsidered in favor of more realistic goals of managing depressed mood and hyperarousal, vocational rehabilitation, family education, and preventing adverse health practices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Biopsychosocial Approach, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Etiology, Treatment","Shalev, Arieh Y.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4971,What is posttraumatic stress disorder?,"Our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has increased significantly over the last 2 decades. Although the cause of the condition is usually easy to determine in individual patients, the symptoms of PTSD are diverse and a mixture of psychological processes are involved. This article presents a broad overview of PTSD, including its definition according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, and its clinical course with reference to its association with depression and other mental disorders. The article also briefly reviews the assessment of patients and considers physiologic features such as responses to startle stimuli that appear to be useful in diagnosing PTSD and in differentiating it from other anxiety disorders and depression. Finally, a brief overview of the treatment of PTSD is given, including psychological and biological treatment options.","article, depression, differential diagnosis, disease association, human, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal","Shalev, A. Y.",2001.0,,,0,0,
4972,"Boundaries to secondary prevention of PTSD: Outlining a non-remitting, treatment resistant phenotype","Despite decades of basic research, strong theoretical models, and extensive clinical investigations, the prevention of PTSD remains elusive. Pharmacological interventions have repeatedly failed, and early cognitive behavioral interventions, while efficient in clinical trials and systematically disseminated, have not reduced the prevalence of PTSD or the incidence of new cases. Understanding these translational and clinical gaps is essential. This presentation will review the various attempts to translate insights from animal models to preventive interventions in humans, discuss their limitations, and outline lessons learned and future promises. Data from the author's and others' early interventions studies will illustrate barriers to clinical prevention and delineate a replicated human and animal finding of a non-remitting, treatment refractory, traumatic stress disorder. To match the disorder complex complex, multicausal and equifinal etiology, forthcoming studies must transcend the limitations of aggregate-based, centraltendency statistics. Data illustrating the use and the promise of machine learning approaches to forecasting disease trajectories will illustrate ways in which current, group-level recommendations might be replaced by personalized prevention.","secondary prevention, society, psychiatry, phenotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevention, human, prevalence, theoretical model, basic research, animal model, early intervention, etiology, diseases, clinical trial (topic), statistics, machine learning, forecasting","Shalev, A. Y.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4973,Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder by early treatment: Results from the Jerusalem trauma outreach and prevention study,,,"Shalev, A. Y., Ankri, Y., Israeli-Shalev, Y., Peleg, T., Adessky, R., Freedman, S.",2012.0,,10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.127,0,0,
4974,Barriers to receiving early care for PTSD: Results from the Jerusalem trauma outreach and prevention study,,,"Shalev, A. Y., Ankri, Y. L. E., Peleg, T., Israeli-Shalev, Y., Freedman, S.",2011.0,,10.1176/appi.ps.62.7.765,0,0,
4975,Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma,,,"Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K.",1998.0,,,0,0,
4976,Psychophysiologic assessment of traumatic imagery in Israeli civilian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Assessed physiologic responses of 26 Israeli survivors of noncombat traumas forming 2 groups: the current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) group and the non-PTSD group. 30-sec scripts describing each S's personal traumatic event and other events were prepared. In the laboratory, scripts were read to each S, who then imagined each event portrayed as vividly as possible, while heart rate, skin conductance, and left lateral frontalis EMG levels were measured. The physiologic responses of PTSD Ss during imagery of their personal traumatic experiences were significantly greater than those of non-PTSD Ss. A physiologic discriminant function, derived from previously studied (e.g., S. P. Orr et al; see record 1990-28445-001) Vietnam veterans, correctly classified 9 PTSD Ss and 10 non-PTSD Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Imagery, *Physiological Correlates, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Shalev, Arieh Y., Orr, Scott P., Pitman, Roger K.",1993.0,,,0,0,
4977,Auditory startle response in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective study,,,"Shalev, A. Y., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Freedman, S., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K.",2000.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.255,0,0,
4978,Predictors of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study,,,"Shalev, A. Y., Peri, T., Canetti, L., Schreiber, S.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4979,Psychophysiologic assessment of mental imagery of stressful events in Israeli civilian posttraumatic stress disorder patients,"Explored the physiological responses of 12 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients to reminders of a stressful event that had preceded the onset of their illness and was not related to its cause: the SCUD missile alarms of the Gulf War. A mental imagery technique using 3 30-sec audiotapes including (1) the Gulf War's missile alarm, (2) a radio announcement of a terrorist attack, and (3) a standardized relaxing scene were presented to 12 PTSD outpatients, 11 panic disorder patients, 9 survivors of traumatic events who had not developed PTSD, and 19 mentally healthy Ss with no lifetime history of major trauma. Ss were instructed to imagine each event as vividly as possible while heart rate, skin conductance (SKC), and left lateral frontalis EMG responses were measured. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for the 3 physiological measures showed a significant group difference during imagery of the Gulf War alarm, with PTSD Ss showing higher SKC and EMG responses than the others. When age, level of distress during the war, and concurrent anxiety were controlled for, the differences remained significant. It is concluded that PTSD patients may either acquire and maintain prolonged conditioned responses to various stressors during their life span or become sensitized to reminders of past traumata following the onset of their illness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Imagery, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychophysiology, *Stress, Outpatients, Panic Disorder","Shalev, Arieh Y., Peri, Tuvia, Gelpin, Euvgenia, Orr, Scott P., Pitman, Roger K.",1997.0,,,0,0,
4980,A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Physiological arousal during traumatic events may trigger the neurobiological processes that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study prospectively examined the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure recorded immediately following a traumatic event and the subsequent development of PTSD. Methods: Eighty-six trauma survivors who presented at the emergency department of a general hospital were followed up for 4 months. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded on arrival at the emergency department. Heart rate, anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms were assessed 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months later. The clinician-administered PTSD scale defined PTSD status at 4 months. Results: Twenty subjects (23%) met PTSD diagnostic criteria at the 4-month assessment (PTSD group), and 66 (77%) did not (non-PTSD group). Subjects who developed PTSD had higher heart rates at the emergency department (95.5±13.9 vs 83.3±10.9 beats per minute, t=4.4, P<.001) and 1 week later (77.8±11.9 vs 72.0±9.5 beats per minute, t=2.25, P<.03), but not after 1 and 4 months. The groups did not differ in initial blood pressure measurement. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for heart rate showed a significant group effect (P<.02), time effect (P<.001), and group X time interaction (P<.001). The time effect and group x time interaction remained significant when adjusted for sex, age, trauma severity, immediate response, and dissociation during the traumatic event. Conclusion: Elevated heart rate shortly after trauma is associated with the later development of PTSD.",,"Shalev, A. Y., Sahar, T., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Glick, N., Brandes, D., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K.",1998.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.55.6.553,0,0,
4981,"Internalizing disorders and leukocyte telomere erosion: A prospective study of depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder","There is evidence that persistent psychiatric disorders lead to age-related disease and premature mortality. Telomere length has emerged as a promising biomarker in studies that test the hypothesis that internalizing psychiatric disorders are associated with accumulating cellular damage. We tested the association between the persistence of internalizing disorders (depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder) and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in the prospective longitudinal Dunedin Study (n = 1037). Analyses showed that the persistence of internalizing disorders across repeated assessments from ages 11 to 38 years predicted shorter LTL at age 38 years in a dose-response manner, specifically in men (beta = -0.137, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.232, -0.042, P = 0.005). This association was not accounted for by alternative explanatory factors, including childhood maltreatment, tobacco smoking, substance dependence, psychiatric medication use, poor physical health or low socioeconomic status. Additional analyses using DNA from blood collected at two time points (ages 26 and 38 years) showed that LTL erosion was accelerated among men who were diagnosed with internalizing disorder in the interim (beta = - 0.111,95% CI: -0.184, -0.037, P = 0.003). No significant associations were found among women in any analysis, highlighting potential sex differences in internalizing-related telomere biology. These findings point to a potential mechanism linking internalizing disorders to accelerated biological aging in the first half of the life course, particularly in men. Because internalizing disorders are treatable, the findings suggest the hypothesis that treating psychiatric disorders in the first half of the life course may reduce the population burden of age-related disease and extend health expectancy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Generalized Anxiety Disorder, *Human Sex Differences, *Leucocytes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety","Shalev, I., Moffitt, T. E., Braithwaite, A. W., Danese, A., Fleming, N. l, Goldman-Mellor, S., Harrington, H. L., Houts, R. M., Israel, S., Poulton, R., Robertson, S. P., Sugden, K., Williams, B., Caspi, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4982,"Exposure to war traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among nurses in gaza","Accessible summary What is known on the subject? This study builds on existing research on war-related factors that may affect health-care staff by particularly focusing on trauma exposure in both professional and everyday life, as well as on correlates of later positive psychological changes. What this paper adds to existing knowledge? It shows that one in five nursing staff working in Gaza experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms within the clinical range, 2 years after an incursion on Gaza and after being exposed to substantial trauma during this period. Participants appeared to develop a variety of post-traumatic growth responses following trauma exposure. Although nurses experienced traumatic events both as civilians and in their health-care capacity, personal exposure was strongly associated with PTSD symptoms. What are the implications for practice? Support to nursing and other health-care professionals in war situations should entail different levels, remain available well after an acute conflict, and take into consideration both personal and practice-related traumatic events. Mental health nursing practitioners can play a pivotal role in this. Abstract Aim To establish the association between war traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and post-traumatic growth among nurses in the Gaza Strip, 2 years after an incursion on Gaza, and during a period of ongoing trauma exposure. This study builds on existing evidence by considering exposure to personal and work-related traumatic events, and on factors associated with later positive psychological adaptation. Methods The sample consisted of 274 randomly selected nurses in Gaza who completed the Gaza Traumatic Events Checklist, PTSD Checklist, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Results Of the nurses, 19.7% reported full PTSD. There was a significant relationship between traumatic events and PTSD scores; as well as between community-related traumatic events and post-traumatic growth. Participants reported a range of traumatic events, but PTSD and post-traumatic growth scores were more strongly associated with community rather than work-related traumas. Discussion Nursing professionals experienced high levels of distress 2 years following an acute period of conflict, both as civilians and in their health-care capacity. Implications for Practice There is need for different levels of support for health-care staff in war-affected areas. Mental health nursing professionals have a central role in training, counselling and support to other health-care colleagues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Shamia, N. A., Thabet, A. A. M., Vostanis, P.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4983,Correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationships among demographic, medical, and psychosocial factors and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in oncology populations. Method: A systematic search identified k = 116 relevant studies published between 1990 and 2012. Meta-analyses synthesized results from studies that reported data on correlates of PTSS (k = 26) or PTG (k = 48). A meta-analysis was performed for k = 5 studies reporting the correlation between PTSS and PTG. Results: Post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with depression (r = 0.56), anxiety (r = 0.65), distress (r = 0.62), social support (r = -0.33), and physical quality of life (r = -0.44). PTG was associated with age (r = -0.08), gender (r = -0.15), distress (r = -0.16), depression (r = -0.06), social support (r = 0.30), optimism (r = 0.27), positive reappraisal (r = 0.46), spirituality (r = 0.33), and religious coping (r = 0.36). There was a small positive relationship between PTSS and PTG (r = 0.13). Conclusions: Post-traumatic stress symptoms and PTG appear to be independent constructs, rather than opposite ends of a single dimension. This is reflected in a small relationship between these variables and different psychosocial correlates. PTSS were strongly associated with variables reflecting a general state of negative affect. Optimism, spirituality, and positive coping styles were associated with PTG. It remains unclear how they are associated with PTSS, given the lack of relevant studies. Longitudinal research is required to examine how psychosocial factors influence the relationship between PTSS and PTG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Oncology, *Posttraumatic Growth, Coping Behavior, Major Depression, Psychosocial Factors, Social Support, Symptoms","Shand, Lyndel K., Cowlishaw, Sean, Brooker, Joanne E., Burney, Sue, Ricciardelli, Lina A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
4984,Neuropsychological effects of self-reported deployment-related mild TBI and current PTSD in OIF/OEF veterans,"Current combat veterans are exposed to many incidents that may result in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While there is literature on the neuropsychological consequences of PTSD only (PTSD-o) and mTBI alone (mTBI-o), less has been done to explore their combined (mTBI+PTSD) effect. The goal of this study was to determine whether Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) veterans with mTBI+PTSD have poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes than veterans with PTSD-o, mTBI-o, or combat exposure-only. The final sample included 20 OIF/OEF veterans with histories of self-reported deployment mTBI (mTBI-o), 19 with current PTSD (PTSD-o), 21 with PTSD and self-reported mTBI (mTBI+PTSD), and 21 combat controls (CC) (no PTSD and no reported mTBI). Groups were formed using structured interviews for mTBI and PTSD. All participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing, including neurocognitive and psychiatric feigning tests. Results of cognitive tests revealed significant differences in performance in the mTBI+PTSD and PTSD-o groups relative to mTBI-o and CC. Consistent with previous PTSD literature, significant differences were found on executive (switching) tasks, verbal fluency, and verbal memory. Effect sizes tended to be large in both groups with PTSD. Thus, PTSD seems to be an important variable affecting neuropsychological profiles in the post-deployment time period. Consistent with literature on civilian mTBI, the current study did not find evidence that combat-related mTBI in and of itself contributes to objective cognitive impairment in the late stage of injury. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","Assessment, Concussion, Mild TBI, PTSD, Veterans","Shandera-Ochsner, A. L., Berry, D. T. R., Harp, J. P., Edmundson, M., Graue, L. O., Roach, A., High Jr, W. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
4985,Children exposed to disaster: I. epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles,"Objective: To determine the range and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms exhibited by children after exposure to a natural disaster. Method: Three months after Hurricane Hugo struck Berkeley County, South Carolina, 5,687 school-aged children were surveyed about their experiences and reactions related to the storm. Self-reports of PTSD symptoms were obtained by use of a PTSD Reaction Index. Results: Significant variation in the prevalence of PTSD symptoms was found across race, gender, and age groups. Self-reported symptoms were used to derive a post-traumatic stress syndrome classification according to DSM-III-R guidelines for the diagnosis of PTSD. More than 5% of the sample reported sufficient symptoms to be classified as exhibiting this post-traumatic stress syndrome. Females and younger children were more likely to receive this classification. At the symptom level, females reported more symptoms associated with emotional processing and emotional reaction to the trauma. Males were more likely to report symptoms related to cognitive and behavioral factors. Younger children were more likely to report symptoms overall. Conclusions: Children exposed to a high magnitude natural disaster report sufficient symptoms to establish a DSM-III-R derived classification of a PTSD syndrome. Differences between gender, age, and race groups appear to be related to differential risk of exposure, reporting biases, as well as a differential risk for developing post- traumatic symptoms. © 1994 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","Disaster, PTSD, School- aged children, Trauma","Shannon, M. P., Lonigan, C. J., Finch, A. J., Taylor, C. M.",1994.0,,,0,0,
4986,Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles,"Objective: To determine the range and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms exhibited by children after exposure to a natural disaster. Method: Three months after Hurricane Hugo struck Berkeley County, South Carolina, 5,687 school-aged children were surveyed about their experiences and reactions related to the storm. Self-reports of PTSD symptoms were obtained by use of a PTSD Reaction Index. Results: Significant variation in the prevalence of PTSD symptoms was found across race, gender, and age groups. Self-reported symptoms were used to derive a post-traumatic stress syndrome classification according to DSM-III-R guidelines for the diagnosis of PTSD. More than 5% of the sample reported sufficient symptoms to be classified as exhibiting this post-traumatic stress syndrome. Females and younger children were more likely to receive this classification. At the symptom level, females reported more symptoms associated with emotional processing and emotional reaction to the trauma. Males were more likely to report symptoms related to cognitive and behavioral factors. Younger children were more likely to report symptoms overall. Conclusions: Children exposed to a high magnitude natural disaster report sufficient symptoms to establish a DSM-III-R derived classification of a PTSD syndrome. Differences between gender, age, and race groups appear to be related to differential risk of exposure, reporting biases, as well as a differential risk for developing post-traumatic symptoms.","disaster, PTSD, school-aged children, trauma","Shannon, M. P., Lonigan, C. J., Finch Jr, A. J., Taylor, C. M.",1994.0,,,0,0,4985
4987,Bootstrap for imputed survey data,,,"Shao, J., Sitter, R. R.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4988,Behavioral markers of coping and psychiatric symptoms among sexually abused children,"The current study examined coping and psychiatric symptoms in a longitudinal sample of sexually abused children. Coping was behaviorally coded from children's forensic interviews in the aftermath of sexual abuse. Using principal components analysis, coping behaviors were found to cluster into 3 categories: avoidant, expressive, and positive affective coping. Avoidant coping had predictive utility for a range of psychiatric symptoms, including depressive, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and dissociative symptoms as well as aggression and attention problems measured 8-36 months following the forensic interview. Specific behaviors, namely fidgetiness and distractibility, were also found to be associated with future symptoms. These findings suggest the predictive utility of avoidant behaviors in general, and fidgetiness and distractibility in particular, among sexually abused children. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Shapiro, D. N., Kaplow, J. B., Amaya-Jackson, L., Dodge, K. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4989,Coping with Gulf War combat stress: Mediating and moderating effects,,,"Sharkansky, E. J., King, D. W., King, L. A., Wolfe, J., Erickson, D. J., Stokes, L. R.",2000.0,,10.1037//0021-843X.109.2.188,0,0,
4990,Missed bipolarity and psychiatric comorbidity in women with postpartum depression,"Objective: To investigate the diagnostic profile of women referred for postpartum depression. Methods: Fifty-six women seen consecutively withthe referral diagnosis of postpartum depression were administered structured instruments to gather information about their DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses. Results: In terms of frequency of occurrence, the primary diagnoses in this sample were: major depressive disorder (46%), bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (29%), bipolar II disorder (23%), and bipolar I disorder (2%). A current comorbid disorder, with no lifetime comorbidity, occurred among 32% of the sample; by contrast, lifetime comorbidity alone (i.e., with no currently comorbid disorder) was found among 27%. Both a lifetime and a current comorbidity were found among 18% of the women, and 23% had no comorbid disorder. The most frequently occurring current comorbid disorder was an anxiety disorder (46%), with obsessive-compulsive disorder (62%) being the most common type of anxiety disorder. For lifetime comorbidity, substance use (20%) and anxiety disorders (12%) were the two most common. Over 80% of patients who scored positive on either the Highs Scale or the Mood Disorder Questionnaire met the diagnostic criteria for a bipolar disorder. Conclusions: The results suggest that postpartum depression is a heterogeneous entity and that misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in the postpartum period may be quite common. The findings have important clinical implications, which include the need for early detection of bipolarity through the use of reliable and valid assessment instruments, and implementation of appropriate prevention and treatment strategies. (copyright) 2008 The Authors Journal compilation (copyright) 2008 Blackwell Munksgaard.","adult, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, article, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, childbirth, comorbidity, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnostic error, dysthymia, early diagnosis, eating disorder, female, human, major clinical study, major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, patient referral, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, puerperal depression, questionnaire, rating scale, reliability, scoring system, somatoform disorder, structured interview, substance abuse","Sharma, V., Khan, M., Corpse, C., Sharma, P.",2008.0,,,0,0,
4991,Patterns in blame attributions in maltreated youth: Association with psychopathology and interpersonal functioning,"This investigation explored patterns of blame attributions in 128 youth, primarily (87%) female, with maltreatment histories. Second, the study also evaluated the relative variance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, emotional distress, and interpersonal functioning outcomes, accounted for by age, abuse characteristics, and blame attribution patterns. Cluster analyses revealed distinctive blame profiles: high perpetrator blame, moderate perpetrator blame, high self-blame, high perpetrator/high self-blame, and low perpetrator/low self-blame. Regression analyses yielded significant models, accounting for 15% to 34% of the variance of outcomes. Most notably, youth endorsing a high perpetrator/high self-blame (i.e., compounded blame) attribution pattern reported poorer outcomes as compared to youth presenting with other blame profiles. Maltreatment type and age differences were not demonstrated across clusters. Implications and limitations are discussed. © Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","assessment/evaluation, maltreatment, physical abuse, sexual abuse","Sharma-Patel, K., Filton, B., Tebbett, A., Tahilani, K., Swiecicki, C. L., Brown, E. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
4992,Profiles of connectedness: Processes of resilience and growth in children with cancer,"Objective Identified patterns of connectedness in youth with cancer and demographically similar healthy peers. Method Participants included 153 youth with a history of cancer and 101 youth without a history of serious illness (8-19 years). Children completed measures of connectedness, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and benefit-finding. Parents also reported on children's PTSS. Results Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: high connectedness (45%), low connectedness (6%), connectedness primarily to parents (40%), and connectedness primarily to peers (9%). These profiles did not differ by history of cancer. However, profiles differed on PTSS and benefit-finding. Children highly connected across domains displayed the lowest PTSS and highest benefit-finding, while those with the lowest connectedness had the highest PTSS, with moderate PTSS and benefit-finding for the parent and peer profiles. Conclusion Children with cancer demonstrate patterns of connectedness similar to their healthy peers. Findings support connectedness as a possible mechanism facilitating resilience and growth. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved.","adjustment, cancer, children, connectedness, resilience","Sharp, K. M. H., Willard, V. W., Okado, Y., Tillery, R., Barnes, S., Long, A., Phipps, S.",2014.0,,10.1093/jpepsy/jsv036,0,1,2480
4993,Nefazodone in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder occurs in patients who have undergone a traumatic experience and manifests itself through a cluster of symptoms, including re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Post-traumatic stress disorder is commonly found among veterans of war and victims of sexual trauma, natural disasters and accidents. Nefazodone is a medication that has an FDA-approved indication for treating depression. Nefazodone has also been reported to be efficacious in treating post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite recent reports of hepatotoxicity, when used appropriately, nefazodone is generally as well-tolerated as the medications currently FDA-indicated for post-traumatic stress disorder, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Through its mechanism inhibiting neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and as a potent postsynaptic serotonergic antagonist, nefazodene has proven to be effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder in several open-label trials. The results of such trials warrant its study in larger, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.","2,4 thiazolidinedione derivative, alprazolam, atorvastatin, benzodiazepine derivative, carbamazepine, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nefazodone, noradrenalin, paroxetine, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, serotonin, serotonin 2 receptor, serotonin antagonist, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, simvastatin, triazolam, accident, asthenia, clinical trial, depression, disaster, dose response, dose time effect relation, drug absorption, drug competition, drug distribution, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug indication, drug induced disease, drug mechanism, drug metabolism, drug safety, drug tolerability, eye disease, gastrointestinal symptom, headache, human, infection, liver toxicity, neurologic disease, pharyngitis, postmarketing surveillance, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacotherapy, review, sexual abuse, soldier, symptomatology, tinnitus, treatment outcome","Sharpe, R. H., Voris, J. C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
4994,Twenty-one-month follow-up study of school-age children exposed to Hurricane Andrew,"Objective: To explore the 21-month course of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) and psychological morbidity in 30 school-age children (7 to 13 years) after exposure to Hurricane Andrew. Method: Pynoos' Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index and Achenbach's Teacher's Report Form were administered at 8 and 21 months after Hurricane Andrew. Results: At 21 months 70% of the children endorsed moderate-severe PTSS. The reduction in PTSS was greater for boys than girls. Psychopathology as measured by the Teacher's Report Form increased over the 19-month period. Boys demonstrated significant increases in internalizing symptoms and in Withdrawn, Anxious/Depressed, Social Problems, and Attention Problems scales, and girls showed a significant increase in the Anxious/Depressed scale. Conclusions: Twenty-one months after exposure to Hurricane Andrew, there were continuing high levels of PTSS and evidence of increasing emotional and behavioral problems. While girls sustained higher levels of PTSS, boys demonstrated higher indices of other psychopathology. The enduring effects of disaster associated with secondary stressors and 'traumatic reminders' continue to be etiologically important for continuing psychological morbidity.","children, disaster, psychopathology","Shaw, J. A., Applegate, B., Schorr, C.",1996.0,,,0,0,
4995,Functional connectivity reveals inefficient working memory systems in post-traumatic stress disorder,"We applied a covariance-based multivariate analysis to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to investigate abnormalities in working memory (WM) systems in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients (n = 13) and matched controls (n = 12) were scanned with fMRI while updating or maintaining trauma-neutral verbal stimuli in WM. A multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate large-scale brain networks associated with these experimental tasks. For the control group, the first network reflected brain activity associated with WM updating and principally involved bilateral prefrontal and bilateral parietal cortex. Controls' second network was associated with WM maintenance and involved regions typically activated during storage and rehearsal of verbal material, including lateral premotor and inferior parietal cortex. In contrast, PTSD patients appeared to activate a single fronto-parietal network for both updating and maintenance tasks. This is indicative of abnormally elevated activity during WM maintenance and suggests inefficient allocation of resources for differential task demands. A second network in PTSD, which was not activated in controls, showed regions differentially activated between WM tasks, including the anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex, fusiform and supplementary motor area. These activations may be linked to hyperarousal and abnormal reactivity, which are characteristic of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Short Term Memory, *Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Patients","Shaw, Marnie E., Moores, Kathryn A., Clark, Richard C., McFarlane, Alexander C., Strother, Stephen C., Bryant, Richard A., Brown, Greg C., Taylor, James D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
4996,Posttraumatic stress symptoms in the intensive care unit: Longitudinal course and effects of treatment intervention,"Objective: Although it is well established that posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) occur in patients following ICU admission, the natural prospective history of these symptoms has not been studied. There is little data on intervention studies designed to target PTSS. We report longitudinal data on the evolution of PTSS over a one-year period and examine the efficacy of a brief intervention designed to reduce trauma symptoms. Method: We examined 50 consecutive patients (mean=60.0 years SD=7.5; 60% female) admitted to an ICU for treatment of acute respiratory failure. Subjects were assessed at 8 weeks (T1), 6 months (T2) and one year (T3) after admission. After giving informed consent, subjects completed self-report measures: the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C), the HAM-D and HAM-A to assess depression and anxiety, and the GHQ-28 to assess psychiatric caseness. 25 Intervention subjects received a CD to teach progressive muscle relaxation, and instructions to do expressive writing about their ICU experience. All subjects were offered psychological support through a telephone hotline to a nurse specialist, although no subjects utilized this service. 25 Control subjects received usual care. Results: Mean scores for all subjects at T1 scored were above the clinical cut off for PTSD (>28) on the PCL-C. Subjects continued to endorse trauma symptoms at T2 and T3, Overall, intervention subjects had significantly lower scores on the GHQ, indicating more functionality, and the HAM-D/HAM-A throughout the one year study indicating an effect of the intervention. Survival analyses showed a significant difference of symptom trajectories by treatment received (P<0.05), although effect sizes of the intervention were modest (.2-.3). Conclusion: The results confirm the psychological impact of ICU admission in the aftermath of respiratory failure. Our results are in line with our previously reported high prevalence of psychopathology, specifically PTSS, but extend on this literature to show the persistence of these symptoms over time. Results also suggest that simple, brief psychological interventions may be useful to help reduce symptoms of generalized anxiety and depression in the ICU setting, however effect sizes are limited, suggesting that more targeted and intensive interventions are needed to address trauma symptoms and restore psychological functioning.","intensive care unit, American, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, injury, anxiety, effect size, patient, telephone, informed consent, self report, writing, intervention study, prevalence, General Health Questionnaire, respiratory failure, nurse, muscle relaxation, checklist, survival, medical specialist, acute respiratory failure, mental disease, female","Shaw, R. J., Harvey, J., Soar, J., Gregory, S., Morris, M., Gunary, R., Sabharwal, S., Huemer, J., Steiner, H.",2012.0,,,0,0,
4997,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and functional impairment among OEF and OIF National Guard and Reserve veterans,"The aims of the present investigation were (a) to examine associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; diagnosis and symptoms) and different aspects of functioning, severity, and subjective distress among Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom National Guard and Reserve veterans, and (b) to examine the unique contribution of PTSD symptom clusters to different aspects of functioning and distress. Participants were 124 veterans who had returned from war-zone deployment. A PTSD diagnosis and PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with nearly all of the psychosocial functioning and distress measures, controlling for Axis I disorders and other covariates. Of the PTSD symptom clusters, numbing/avoidance symptoms were the strongest predictors of interpersonal and social functioning, and hyperarousal symptoms were the strongest predictors of overall severity and distress. © 2010 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Shea, M. T., Vujanovic, A. A., Mansfield, A. K., Sevin, E., Liu, F.",2010.0,,,0,1,
4998,Commonality and specificity of personality disorder profiles in subjects with trauma histories,"Recently, attention has been drawn to a range of disturbances in personality functioning that commonly characterize individuals with a history of severe or prolonged trauma. Many of these features overlap with criteria for some of the Axis II personality disorders. The current study investigated the similarity of personality disorder features in different samples of patients with trauma histories, and specificity of such features compared to other psychiatric samples. Profiles of Axis II features, based on relative frequencies of individual disorder 'diagnoses' derived from a common measure (Personality Diagnostic Question-Revised), were compared in three trauma samples: male Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD, female inpatients with a history of childhood sexual abuse, and female outpatients with a history of childhood sexual abuse. The PDQ-R derived profiles in each of the three trauma samples were then compared with similar PDQ-R derived profiles in published reports of psychiatric samples selected for other diagnoses. Each of the three Spearman rank correlations among the three trauma samples were significant, ranging from .72 to .94. There was a clear pattern of higher correlations within the trauma samples (average correlation of .81) than between the trauma and nontrauma samples (average correlations of. 11, .36, and .25 between the nontrauma samples and the combat sample, inpatient sexual abuse sample, and outpatient sexual abuse sample, respectively). The findings suggest that a pattern of personality disorder features may be distinctly associated with individuals with trauma histories, at least of the type examined here. Future studies using more clinically valid measures of personality features and including other types of trauma samples are needed to determine the generalizability of the current findings. Also needed are studies with longitudinal designs to address questions of causal pathways that may underlie such associations.",,"Shea, M. T., Zlotnick, C., Weisberg, R. B.",1999.0,,,0,0,
4999,Short-term psychiatric adjustment of children and their parents following meningococcal disease,"OBJECTIVE: To assess short-term changes in child and parent psychiatric status following meningococcal disease. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study; 3-month follow-up using parent, teacher, and child questionnaires. SETTING: Hospital admissions to three pediatric intensive care units and 19 general pediatric wards. PATIENTS: Sixty children aged 3-6 yrs, 60 mothers, and 45 fathers. INTERVENTIONS: We administered measures of illness severity (Glasgow Meningococcal Septicaemia Prognostic Score, days in hospital) and psychiatric morbidity (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires, parent and teacher versions; Impact of Event scales; General Health Questionnaire-28). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In children admitted to pediatric intensive care units, parental reports at 3-month follow-up showed a significant increase in emotional and hyperactivity symptoms and in related impairment; symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were present in four of 26 (15%) children >8 yrs old. Regarding the parents, 26 of 60 (43%) mothers in the total sample had questionnaire scores indicative of high risk for psychiatric disorder and 22 of 58 (48%) for posttraumatic stress disorder. In fathers there was high risk for psychiatric disorder in 11 of 45 (24%) and for posttraumatic stress disorder in 8 of 43 (19%). Severity of the child's physical condition on admission was significantly associated with hyperactivity and conduct symptoms at follow-up. Length of hospital admission was associated with psychiatric symptoms in the child and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in parents. There were also significant associations between psychiatric symptoms in children and parents. CONCLUSIONS: Admission of children to pediatric intensive care units for meningococcal disease is associated with an increase in and high levels of psychiatric and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in children and parents. Length of admission is associated with psychiatric symptoms in children and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in parents. Pediatric follow-up should explore psychiatric as well as physical sequelae in children and parents.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adolescent, Hospitalized/*psychology, Child, Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology/etiology, Child, Hospitalized/*psychology, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Pediatric, London/epidemiology, Male, Meningococcal Infections/diagnosis/physiopathology/*psychology, Parent-Child Relations, Parents/psychology, Patient Discharge, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Shock, Septic/etiology/psychology, *Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology, Time Factors","Shears, D., Nadel, S., Gledhill, J., Garralda, M. E.",2005.0,Jan,10.1097/01.pcc.0000144705.81825.ee,0,0,
5000,Regularized finite mixture models for probability trajectories,"Finite mixture models are widely used in the analysis of growth trajectory data to discover subgroups of individuals exhibiting similar patterns of behavior over time. In practice, trajectories are usually modeled as polynomials, which may fail to capture important features of the longitudinal pattern. Focusing on dichotomous response measures, we propose a likelihood penalization approach for parameter estimation that is able to capture a variety of nonlinear class mean trajectory shapes with higher precision than maximum likelihood estimates. We show how parameter estimation and inference for whether trajectories are time-invariant, linear time-varying, or nonlinear time-varying can be carried out for such models. To illustrate the method, we use simulation studies and data from a long-term longitudinal study of children at high risk for substance abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Models, *Statistical Analysis, *Statistical Estimation, *Statistical Probability, At Risk Populations, Pediatrics","Shedden, Kerby, Zucker, Robert A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5001,An evidence-based review of the clinical use of sertraline in mood and anxiety disorders,"Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that has been used and studied extensively throughout the world and found to be safe and well tolerated in numerous patient populations, including those with either psychiatric and/or medical comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials have shown that it is an effective treatment for depressive and anxiety disorders and its efficacy is unaffected by psychiatric comorbidity. In noncomorbid patients, sertraline is effective for the acute treatment of major depressive disorders and prevention of relapse or recurrence. It is effective for acute treatment and longer-term management of social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. In adults and in pediatric patients, it is an effective short-term and long-term treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder. Sertraline has a good tolerability profile and has low fatal toxicity. In summary, sertraline is as effective as other antidepressants over a wide range of indications but may offer tolerability benefits as well as efficacy in patients with psychiatric and/or medical comorbidities and certain subtypes of depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4:43-60. (copyright) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","amisulpride, amitriptyline, citalopram, desipramine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, venlafaxine, agitation, Alzheimer disease, bulimia, clinical trial, comorbidity, constipation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diarrhea, dizziness, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug half life, drug metabolism, drug tolerability, drug use, drug withdrawal, dyspepsia, dysthymia, evidence based practice, fatigue, food and drug administration, gastrointestinal symptom, generalized anxiety disorder, headache, human, insomnia, libido, long term care, major depression, micturition disorder, nausea, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, pediatrics, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, priority journal, recommended drug dose, recurrent disease, relapse, review, short course therapy, side effect, skin manifestation, social phobia, somnolence, treatment indication, tremor, unspecified side effect, weight reduction, xerostomia","Sheehan, D. V., Kamijima, K.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5002,The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10,,,"Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., Dunbar, G. C.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5003,"Psycho-trauma, psychosocial adjustment, and symptomatic post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced persons in Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria","Background: In April 2011, a post election violent conflict in Northern Nigeria led to resettlement of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in a camp in Kaduna, the worst affected state. We set out to determine prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among IDPs.We also determined types of psycho-trauma experienced by the IDPs and their psychosocial adjustment. Methods: Cross-sectional systematic random sampling was used to select 258 adults IDPs.We used Harvard trauma questionnaire to diagnose ""symptomatic PTSD,"" composite international diagnostic interview(CIDI) for diagnosis of depression, and communal trauma event inventory to determine exposure to psycho-trauma.We assessed social adjustment using social provision scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of PTSD. Results: Of the 258 IDPs, 109 (42.2%) had a diagnosis of PTSD, 204 (79.1%) had poor living conditions, and only 12 (4.7%) had poor social provision. The most frequent psychotraumas were destruction of personal property (96.1%), been evacuated from their town (96%) and witnessing violence (88%). More than half (58%) of IDPs had experienced 11- 15 of the 19 traumatic events. Independent predictors of PTSD among respondents were having a CIDI diagnosis of depression (adjusted odds ratios 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.7-7.5; p = 0.001) and witnessing death of a family member (3.7, 1.2-11.5; p = 0.0259). Conclusion:We concluded that exposure to psycho-trauma among IDPs in Kaduna led to post conflict PTSD. Death of a family member and co-morbid depression were independent predictors of PTSD among IDPs.Though their living condition was poor, the IDPs had good psychosocial adjustment.We recommended a structured psychosocial intervention among the IDP targeted at improving living condition and dealing with the psychological consequences of psycho-trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adjustment, *Emotional Trauma, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Conflict, Psychosocial Factors, Trauma","Sheikh, Taiwo Lateef, Mohammed, Abdulaziz, Agunbiade, Samuel, Ike, Joseph, Ebiti, William N., Adekeye, Oluwatosin",2014.0,,,0,0,
5004,Summary of a National Institute of Mental Health workshop: Developing animal models of anxiety disorders,"Rationale: There exists a wide range of animal models and measures designed to assess anxiety or fearfulness. However, the relationship between these models and clinical anxiety symptoms and syndromes is unclear. The National Institute of Mental Health convened a workshop to discuss the relationship between existing behavioral models of anxiety and the clinical profile of anxiety disorders. A second goal of this workshop was to outline various approaches towards modeling components of anxiety disorders. Objectives: To briefly describe epidemiological and behavioral manifestations of clinical anxiety syndromes and how they relate to commonly employed animal models of anxiety. To describe approaches and considerations for developing, improving, and adapting anxiety models to better understand the neurobiology of anxiety. Methods: Clinicians, psychiatrists and clinical and basic neuroscientists presented data exemplifying different approaches towards understanding anxiety and the role of animal models. Panel members outlined what they considered to be critical issues in developing and employing animal models of anxiety. Results: This review summarizes the discussions and conclusions of the workshop including recommendations for improving upon existing models and strategies for developing novel models. Conclusions: The probability of developing comprehensive animal models that accurately reflect the relative influences of factors contributing to anxiety disorder syndromes is quite low. However, ample opportunity remains to better define and extend existing models and behavioral measures related to specific processes that may be disrupted in anxiety disorders and to develop new models that consider the impact of combined factors in determining anxious behaviors.","alprazolam, anorexigenic agent, antidepressant agent, anxiolytic agent, benzodiazepine, clonazepam, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, neuroleptic agent, serotonin receptor, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, age, animal model, anxiety neurosis, behavior, biochemistry, clinical feature, clinical trial, data analysis, disease classification, experimental model, fear, gender, genetic risk, human, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, neurobiology, obsession, panic, phenomenology, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, review, risk factor, social phobia, startle reflex","Shekhar, A., McCann, U. D., Meaney, M. J., Blanchard, D. C., Davis, M., Frey, K. A., Liberzon, I., Overall, K. L., Shear, M. K., Tecott, L. H., Winsky, L.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5005,Mismatch of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and DSM-IV symptom clusters in a cancer sample: exploratory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version,"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994a) conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes three symptom clusters: reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) corresponds to the DSM-IV PTSD symptoms. In the current study, we conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the PCL-C with two aims: (a) to examine whether the PCL-C evidenced the three-factor solution implied by the DSM-IV symptom clusters, and (b) to identify a factor solution for the PCL-C in a cancer sample. Women (N = 148) with Stage II or III breast cancer completed the PCL-C after completion of cancer treatment. We extracted two-, three-, four-, and five-factor solutions using EFA. Our data did not support the DSM-IV PTSD symptom clusters. Instead, EFA identified a four-factor solution including reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and arousal factors. Four symptom items, which may be confounded with illness and cancer treatment-related symptoms, exhibited poor factor loadings. Using these symptom items in cancer samples may lead to overdiagnosis of PTSD and inflated rates of PTSD symptoms.","Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cluster Analysis, *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/*psychology, *Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology","Shelby, R. A., Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Andersen, B. L.",2005.0,Aug,10.1002/jts.20033,0,0,
5006,Post-traumatic stress disorder and illness perceptions over time following myocardial infarction and subarachnoid haemorrhage,"Objectives: This study investigated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and illness perceptions in people who suffered the acute medical trauma of a myocardial infarction (MI) or a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The study tested hypotheses regarding changes in PTSD symptoms and illness perceptions over time, associations between PTSD and illness perceptions and cognitive predictors of PTSD. Design and method: The study employed a longitudinal design and measured the illness perceptions and PTSD symptoms of an MI group (N = 17) and a SAH group (N = 27). Data were collected within 2 weeks of admission (T1), 6 weeks after admission (T2) and 3 months after admission (T3). Statistical analysis was undertaken to examine associations between illness perceptions and PTSD and to examine cognitive predictors of PTSD. Results: The prevalence of PTSD within the total acute medical trauma sample was 16% at 2 weeks, 35% at 6 weeks and 16% at 3 months. Illness perception factors of identity, timeline (acute/chronic), consequences and emotional representation were strongly correlated with PTSD at all three time points. PTSD symptoms and illness perceptions were shown to have changed over time. The results also showed that several illness perception factors are significant predictors of PTSD. Conclusions: Both PTSD symptoms and illness perceptions changed significantly over time following an MI or SAH. Illness perception factors are significant predictors of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cerebral Hemorrhage, *Myocardial Infarctions, *Physical Illness (Attitudes Toward), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","Sheldrick, Russell, Tarrier, Nicholas, Berry, Elisabeth, Kincey, John",2006.0,,,0,0,
5007,The role of endogenous opioids in the placebo effect in post-traumatic stress disorder,"The concept of the placebo effect has received a considerable attention over the past several decades. The placebo effect has been observed in different psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a chronic and severe disorder precipitated by exposure to a psychologically distressing event. The placebo response rates in patients with PTSD range from 19% to 62%. A considerable number of research publications suggest that endogenous opioids are involved in the mechanisms of the placebo effect. Endogenous opioid peptides play an important role in stress response and in the pathophysiology of PTSD. Therefore, endogenous opioids may be involved in the neurobiology of the placebo effect in PTSD. Possibly, the endogenous opioid system mediates the effect of placebo on all 3 PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance and numbing, and physiologic arousal). The placebo effect-related activation of the endogenous opioid system may result in an improvement in intrusive symptomatology and symptoms of increased arousal because the administration of exogenous opioids improve these symptoms. The placebo effect-related activation of the endogenous opioid system may have a mood-enhancing effect, and, consequently, diminish avoidance and numbing. Multiple neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine pathways may be involved in the mechanisms of the placebo effect in PTSD. Further studies of the neurobiology of the placebo effect on patients with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders may produce interesting and important results. © 2004 S. Karger GmbH.","Endorphins, Placebo effect, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Sher, L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5008,Neurobiology of suicidal behavior in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a frequent and severe disorder that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event. People with PTSD suffer from a range of symptoms that interfere with their capacities to enjoy normal life. Post-traumatic stress disorder is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Multiple lines of evidence suggest an important relationship between PTSD and suicidal behavior. This association has been observed both in clinical and in general population samples, and is irrespective of the type of trauma that led to PTSD. High rates of suicidal behavior have been found among PTSD patients exposed to combat trauma, physical or sexual abuse, intimate partner violence and natural disasters. Neurobiological changes observed in PTSD include alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increased noradrenergic activity, and changes in the serotonergic and other neurotransmitter systems. Further studies of the role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of PTSD may help to develop new modalities to treat PTSD and suicidal behavior in persons with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Attempted Suicide, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicidal Ideation","Sher, Leo",2010.0,,,0,0,
5009,Higher cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels in depressed patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder,"Major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often comorbid, resulting in more impairment compared than with either diagnosis alone. Both major depression and PTSD are thought to be associated with monoamine transmitter abnormalities. This study compared clinical features and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolites in drug-free depressed subjects with a current major depressive episode (MDE) without comorbid PTSD, subjects with a current MDE and comorbid PTSD, and healthy volunteers. Depressed subjects with comorbid PTSD had higher CSF homovanillic acid (HVA) levels compared with depressed subjects without comorbid PTSD or healthy volunteers. Higher HVA was present after adjustment for sex, lifetime aggression severity and depression scores, alcoholism, tobacco smoking, comorbid cluster B personality disorder, reported childhood abuse, and psychosis. We found no group difference in CSF 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels. Higher dopaminergic activity may contribute to alterations in memory and other cognitive functions, anhedonia, and hypervigilance observed in PTSD. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.","4 hydroxy 3 methoxyphenylethylene glycol, 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, adult, aggressiveness, alcoholism, anhedonia, article, blood level, cerebrospinal fluid, child abuse, clinical article, clinical feature, cognition, comorbidity, comparative study, controlled study, depression, dopaminergic activity, female, human, major depression, male, memory disorder, metabolite, monoamine metabolism, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosis, smoking","Sher, L., Oquendo, M. A., Li, S., Burke, A. K., Grunebaum, M. F., Zalsman, G., Huang, Y. Y., Mann, J. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5010,Post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian populations: A quantitative review,"This study quantitatively reviewed the proportion of individuals who develop post-traumatic stress disorder as defined by the DSM and ICD classification system in non-treatment seeking civilian samples following exposure to three categories of events with differing aetiology: events that are human in origin, technologically based events, and events that are health related. One hundred and ten studies met inclusion criteria. The results showed that the event type was significant in predicting the proportion of individuals who develop PTSD. A number of moderating variables were examined, and we found that certain variables were important only in specific events. Two important themes emerge from this study: (1) event type is a significant predictor of PTSD status even when controlling for the effects of several moderating variables. (2) Specific variables such as gender were only important in accounting for the variance associated with the proportion of individuals who develop PTSD in certain events. This suggests the need for caution in attempts to generate global vulnerability models for the prediction of who is likely to develop PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Etiology, *Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Shercliffe, Regan Jeffery",2004.0,,,0,0,
5011,MMPI-2 profiles in civilian PTSD: An examination of differential responses between victims of crime and industrial accidents,"The authors studied MMPI-2 profiles of workers (N = 83) diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a control group comprising workers with chronic pain (N = 40). Significant differences were seen in profiles between the PTSD groups and the control group, and the authors compared the PTSD profiles according to exposure to two different kinds of traumatic incidents: industrial accidents or criminal events. They found differences in profile elevations based on the type of event: The level of distress and fear is greater in PTSD victims of crime, and the results also suggest that victims of crime are more suspicious and guarded compared with accident victims. Theoretically based reasons for the differences in profile elevations between the two PTSD groups are discussed. (copyright) 2009 Sage Publications.","adaptive behavior, adult, article, case control study, female, hospitalization, human, male, middle aged, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, occupational accident, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, quality of life, reproducibility, victim, violence","Shercliffe, R. J., Colotla, V.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5012,Early cognitive status and productivity outcome after traumatic brain injury: Findings from the TBI model systems,,,"Sherer, M., Sander, A. M., Nick, T. G., High Jr, W. M., Malec, J. F., Rosenthal, M.",2002.0,,10.1053/apmr.2002.28802,0,0,
5013,Post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with orofacial pain,"Aims: To examine the presence and impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of patients seeking treatment for orofacial pain. Methods: One hundred forty-one consecutive patients with an array of orofacial pain conditions were screened using a structured clinical interview for PTSD and the PTSD Symptom Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL), a brief PTSD self-report inventory. Additionally, participants received a clinical examination and self-report questionnaires to assess pain, coping styles, and presence of post-traumatic symptoms. Results: Thirty-three (23%) patients received a full lifetime or current PTSD diagnosis, with an additional 11 patients receiving a partial PTSD diagnosis. Only 5 of these 44 patients had ever been previously diagnosed with PTSD. PTSD symptoms were associated with higher pain scores (P < .05) and affective distress (P < .01). Furthermore, discriminant function analyses suggested that the PCL accurately classified 89% of these cases (sensitivity = .85, specificity - .90, postive predictive power = 74%, negative predictive power = 95%). Conclusion: These results suggest that PTSD is prevalent in the orofacial pain setting and that PTSD symptomatology is associated with increased pain and affective distress that may complicate clinical presentation. Furthermore, PTSD can be accurately and efficiently assessed using a brief, self-report inventory.","adaptive behavior, adult, analysis of variance, article, behavior, cross-sectional study, discriminant analysis, face pain, female, human, male, pain assessment, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic test, psychological aspect, questionnaire, self evaluation, sensitivity and specificity, validation study","Sherman, J. J., Carlson, C. R., Wilson, J. F., Okeson, J. P., McCubbin, J. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5014,Prevalence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms on patients with fibromyalgia syndrome,"Objective: Traumatic events can result in a set of symptoms including nightmares, recurrent and intrusive recollections, avoidance of thoughts or activities associated with the traumatic event, and symptoms of increased arousal such as insomnia and hypervigilance. These posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms are frequently observed in persons with chronic pain syndromes. Little is known about how these two phenomena interact with one another. The present study evaluated PTSD-like symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and examined the relation between PTSD-like symptoms and problems associated with FMS. Design: Ninety-three consecutive patients underwent a comprehensive FMS evaluation and completed self-report questionnaires measuring PTSD-like symptoms, disability, and psychosocial responses to their pain condition. Subjects were divided in two groups based on level of self-reported PTSD-like symptoms. Results: Approximately 56% of the sample reported clinically significant levels of PTSD-like symptoms (PTSD+). The PTSD+ patients reported significantly greater levels of pain (p &lt; 0.01), emotional distress (p &lt; 0.01), life interference (p &lt; 0.01), and disability (p &lt; 0.01) than did the patients without clinically significant levels of PTSD-like symptoms (PTSD-). Over 85% of the PTSD+ patients compared with 50% of the PTSD- patients demonstrated significant disability. Based on response to the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, a significantly smaller percentage of PTSD+ patients were classified as adaptive copers (15%) compared with the PTSD- group (48.2%). Conclusions: Results suggest that PTSD-like symptoms are prevalent in FMS patients and may influence adaptation to this chronic illness. Clinicians should assess the presence of these symptoms, as the failure to attend to them in treatment may impede successful outcomes.","Coping-Fibromyalgia syndrome, Multidimensional pain inventory, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychosocial profiles, Trauma","Sherman, J. J., Turk, D. C., Okifuji, A.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5015,Clinical approaches to addressing spiritual struggle in veterans with PTSD,"Trauma survivors often face difficult spiritual challenges as they attempt to reconcile the experience of trauma with their spiritual/religious beliefs. Spirituality has been found to be associated with a range of indices of well-being, and it is a component of many clients' coping skills and treatment strategies. However, many clinicians do not routinely assess or incorporate this domain of functioning in psychological services. This article describes a model for conceptualizing how trauma can impact spirituality by reviewing the possible consequences of each posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom cluster on clients' belief systems and spiritual practices. Specific implications for treatment are described for each symptom cluster. A case study highlights many of the spirituality issues and intervention options described in this model. Ethical issues surrounding addressing spiritual factors in trauma survivors are considered, and clinicians are encouraged to further explore this domain with their clients. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Mental health treatment, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Spirituality, Trauma, Veterans","Sherman, M. D., Irene Harris, J., Erbes, C.",2015.0,,10.1037/pro0000020,0,0,
5016,Broadening the Focus in Supporting Reintegrating Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans: Six Key Domains of Functioning,"As the major ground troop presence in the Middle East is reduced, it is time to reflect, maximize lessons learned, and look forward to what lies ahead for the nearly 2.6 million service members of the United States military who have deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn. A systematic review of the literature on postdeployment functioning of Iraq and Afghanistan troops was conducted. Findings are described and contextualized in terms of service members' ongoing strengths, needs, and challenges. The corpus of research on deployed personnel indicates that service members demonstrate resilience in the face of war-related stressors. However, postdeployment impairment in 6 functional domains emerged in the literature review, including mental health, social and role functioning, relationship functioning and family life, spirituality, physical health, and financial well-being. Although risk factors and future trajectories vary across these domains, psychiatric difficulties are a consistent predictor of a worsened course. Implications for clinical practice are described based on the review findings. To promote wellbeing in the years ahead, it is important that service members are supported in their various roles (such as in the classroom, the workforce, and the family). In addition, routine assessment of functioning across domains is highly recommended for postdeployment service members. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved).","Community reintegration, PTSD, Reintegration, Service member, Veteran","Sherman, M. D., Larsen, J., Borden, L. M.",2015.0,,10.1037/pro0000043,0,0,
5017,Key elements in couples therapy with veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"If a client dealing with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents for psychotherapy, should you consider including his or her partner in treatment? How could couples therapy be beneficial? What framework do you have to conceptualize the relational issues and potential treatment? Although clinicians have long been encouraged to include families in the treatment of combat-related PTSD, few specific couple-family therapies exist, and outcome research is scarce. Because of the adverse effects of PTSD on relationships, couples therapy can be a powerful adjunct treatment; however, few receive this service. A new framework for conceptualizing couples therapy organizes treatment around the 3 PTSD symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal). Relationship consequences of each symptom cluster are summarized, followed by useful treatment interventions and a case study.","Couples-family psychotherapy, Military combat, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Trauma, Veterans","Sherman, M. D., Zanotti, D. K., Jones, D. E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5018,HIV infection associated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth-A systematic review,"The phenomenon of post-traumatic stress has been well documented in the literature as a lasting mental health condition associated with exposure to traumatic life events. The diagnosis and experience of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease may be such a trauma. On the other hand, the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth (PTG) has been described, whereby people show positive mental health growth in the face of such trauma. This systematic review was set out to explore post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTG in people with HIV to monitor prevalence, measurement and efficacy of interventions to reduce stress and/or promote growth. Standardised review techniques were used to track reports on both PTSD and PTG. A total of 206 papers were retrieved from the PTSD and HIV searches, and 13 from the PTG and HIV searches. After reviewing the papers for inclusion according to adequacy and relevance criteria and to remove duplicates, 33 PTSD papers and three PTG were available for full coding. Prevalence of PTSD in HIV ranged from 5% to 74%, which were much greater than the 7-10% in the general population. Seven studies showed a relation between trauma and PTSD, while six showed a link between PTSD diagnosis and reduced antiretroviral treatment adherence. Women were more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD. Only three intervention reports were identified that fitted our inclusion criteria. All of these reported on psychological interventions for HIV+ individuals with trauma. The interventions utilised HIV education, training in coping techniques and support groups. Only coping interventions were shown to be effective. PTG was under researched but showed a promising avenue of study. There needs to be harmonised measurement and the evidence base would need strengthening in order to build on the understanding of the impact of PTSD and PTG over the course of HIV disease. There is good evidence to associate HIV diagnosis and experiences during the course of illness as traumatic. PTSD has been shown to be prevalent and there seems to be good evidence to incorporate standardised measures to track the course of the disorder. There is extremely limited evidence that interventions may affect the course of symptom experience. The evidence and insight into PTG show promise but is currently inadequate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*HIV, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Mental Health","Sherr, Lorraine, Nagra, Navneet, Kulubya, Grace, Catalan, Jose, Clucas, Claudine, Harding, Richard",2011.0,,,0,0,
5019,Public health consequences of terrorism on maternal-child health in New York City and Madrid,"Past research provides evidence for trajectories of health and wellness among individuals following disasters that follow specific pathways of resilience, resistance, recovery, or continued dysfunction. These individual responses are influenced by event type and pre-event capacities. This study was designed to utilize the trajectories of health model to determine if it translates to population health. We identified terrorist attacks that could potentially impact population health rather than only selected individuals within the areas of the attacks. We chose to examine a time series of population birth outcomes before and after the terrorist events of the New York City (NYC) World Trade Center (WTC) attacks of 2001 and the Madrid, Spain train bombings of 2004 to determine if the events affected maternal-child health of those cities and, if so, for how long. For percentages of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm births, we found no significant effects from the WTC attacks in NYC and transient but significant effects on rates of LBW and preterm births following the bombings in Madrid. We did find a significant positive and sustained effect on infant mortality rate in NYC following the WTC attacks but no similar effect in Madrid. There were no effects on any of the indicator variables in the comparison regions of New York state and the remainder of Spain. Thus, population maternal-health in New York and Madrid showed unique adverse effects after the terrorist attacks in those cities. Short-term effects on LBW and preterm birth rates in Madrid and long-term effects on infant mortality rates in NYC were found when quarterly data were analyzed from 1990 through 2008/2009. These findings raise questions about chronic changes in the population's quality of life following catastrophic terrorist attacks. Public health should be monitored and interventions designed to address chronic stress, environmental, and socioeconomic threats beyond the acute aftermath of events. © 2012 The New York Academy of Medicine.","Birth outcomes, Infant mortality rate, Terrorism","Sherrieb, K., Norris, F. H.",2013.0,,10.1007/s11524-012-9769-4,0,0,
5020,Adapted character styles of vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"A total of 189 male Vietnam veterans who were admitted to a specialized inpatient treatment program were evaluated using the Millon Clinical Multiphasic Personality Inventory to assess character styles. The veterans were assessed for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by using a subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and 72% of the patients were classified as having Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The character styles of passive-aggressive, schizoid, avoidant, and borderline were significantly associated with these patients. The most common 2-point profile was passive-aggressive and avoidant (8-2 or 2-8) and was significantly related to the diagnosis. While drug and alcohol abuse were common problem areas for the entire sample, the profile of patients with Posttraumatic Stress was different from those of substance abusers. These results indicate that treating Vietnam veterans with this disorder requires adopting strategies which include a character style focus as well as a symptom focus.","adult, aggression, article, avoidance behavior, borderline state, character, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, schizoidism","Sherwood, R. J., Funari, D. J., Piekarski, A. M.",1990.0,,,0,0,
5021,Evidence for a psychotic posttraumatic stress disorder subtype based on the National Comorbidity Survey,"Purpose This study assessed the distribution of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and psychosis indicators among a large sample of individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD. The identification of a psychotic PTSD subtype was also predicted. Method Using data from the National Comorbidity Survey a latent class analysis was conducted on the PTSD symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal and the psychosis hallucination and delusion indicators. Results Results indicated four latent classes, two of which had relatively high probabilities of endorsing the hallucination and delusion indicators. These classes were associated with a broad range of traumatic experiences. One particular class had high probabilities of endorsing both the psychosis indicators and the PTSD symptoms and was associated with a broad range of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Conclusion There was a candidate class that met the characteristics expected to be evident in a psychotic PTSD subtype. © Springer-Verlag 2010.","Community sample, Latent class analysis, Psychotic PTSD","Shevlin, M., Armour, C., Murphy, J., Houston, J. E., Adamson, G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5022,A latent class analysis of adolescent adverse life events based on a Danish national youth probability sample,"The aim of this study was to determine if there are meaningful clusters of individuals with similar experiences of adverse life events in a nationally representative sample of Danish adolescents. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify such clusters or latent classes. In addition, the relationships between the latent classes and living arrangements and diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were estimated. A four-class solution was found to be the best description of multiple adverse life events, and the classes were labelled ""Low Risk"", ""Intermediate Risk"", ""Pregnancy"" and ""High Risk"". Compared with the Low Risk class, the other classes were found to be significantly more likely to have a diagnosis PTSD and live with only one parent. This paper demonstrated how trauma research can focus on the individual as the unit of analysis rather than traumatic events.","adolescent, article, child psychiatry, cluster analysis, controlled study, demography, Denmark, female, high risk population, human, life event, major clinical study, male, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, probability sample, psychotrauma, risk assessment, sex difference","Shevlin, M., Elklit, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5023,The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Different models or different populations?,"Factor analytic studies of the structure of self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have consistently supported two 4-factor models; the ""Dysphoria"" and the ""Emotional Numbing"" model. The fit of both models has been satisfactory; however, it has been difficult to unequivocally determine which model is best. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that there is no single ""correct"" model, but rather that the models represent different subpopulations. A confirmatory factor 2-class mixture model was specified with the Dysphoria model in one class and the Emotional Numbing model in the other. This model was tested using data from participants from 4 trauma groups. This model fitted the data better than 1 and 2-class models of the Dysphoria, Emotional Numbing, and cross-factor loading model. It was concluded that the search for the ""correct"" model of PTSD based on the assumption of a single homogenous population may not be a worthwhile research endeavor. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Confirmatory factor mixture model, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Shevlin, M., Elklit, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5024,Different Profiles of Acute Stress Disorder Differentially Predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Large Sample of Female Victims of Sexual Trauma,"This study aimed to test the dimensional structure of acute stress disorder (ASD). Latent profile analysis was conducted on scores from the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (Bryant, Moulds, & Guthrie, 2000) using a large sample of female victims of sexual trauma. Four distinct classes were found. Two of the classes represented high and low levels of ASD, and the high ASD class was associated with a high probability of subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There were 2 intermediate classes that were differentiated by the number of arousal symptoms, and the class with high levels of arousal symptoms had a higher risk of PTSD. The results suggested that ASD is best described by qualitatively and quantitatively differing subgroups in this sample, whereas previous research has assumed ASD to be dimensional. This may explain the limited success of using ASD to predict subsequent PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (copyright) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).","posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, victim, injury, female, heart atrium septum defect, arousal, data base, PsycINFO, risk","Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Elklit, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5025,Subjective evaluation of life events associated with the self-rated health in military personnel in high altitude area,"Aim: To investigate the subjective evaluation on life events and explore its relationship with the self-rated health in military personnel in high altitude area. Methods: With random cluster sampling, 490 male soldiers in high altitude area were selected from July to August 2004 and assessed with Life Event Scale and Self-rated Health Measurement Scale. The Self-rated Health Measurement Scale was complicated by Xu Jun, which consisted of 10 dimensions, 48 items including physiological, psychological and social subscales. Life Event Scale was composed of 26 items, each item was classified from without effect to severe effect, and 5-grading system (0-4 grade) was adopted. After factor analysis, the adaptive events, interrelationship events, emergent events, and events from work and environment were selected. The high mean scores in the life event scale indicated the great effects of the life events. All the subjects completed the test independently. The scores of adaptive events, interrelationship events, emergent events, and events from work and environment and the total mean scores in the life event scale were recorded. The subjects were grouped according to different subjective evaluations: The degree of the effect of life event on mind (mild, moderate and severe). The total scores of self-rated health scale and the scores of the three subscales of the soldiers with different subjective evaluations were compared and the correlation between subjective evaluation on life events and self-rated health was analyzed. Results: Totally 490 questionnaires were sent out and 485 qualified ones were retrieved with the efficient rate of 99.0%. (1) The main factors influencing military personnel were adaptive events, interrelationship events, and events from work and environment (1.32(plus or minus)0.72), (1.07(plus or minus)0.86), (1.02(plus or minus)0.73) scores. (2) There were significant differences in the scores of the subscales of self-rated health and the total scores among the three groups with different evaluation on events influence [Physiological health: (7.00(plus or minus)1.40), (5.85(plus or minus)1.43), (5.52(plus or minus)1.28), F=42.610, P=0.000; Social health: (7.00(plus or minus)1.39), (6.63(plus or minus)1.40), (6.53(plus or minus)1.88), F=9.288, P=0.000; Total scores: (7.44(plus or minus)1.00), (6.71(plus or minus)1.00), (6.57(plus or minus)0.93), F=32.728, P=0.000]. (3) The scores of perceived life events were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of three subscales and total scores of the self-rated health in military personnel in high altitude area (r=-0.235 to -0.445, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The adaptive events, interrelationship events, and events from work and environment have great influence upon the military personnel in high altitude area; the subjective evaluation on life events of the soldiers significantly influence the self-rated health, and we can improve their health level through transforming their cognition.","altitude, article, cluster analysis, cognition, correlation analysis, factorial analysis, health status, human, life event, Life Events Scale, major clinical study, male, occupational health, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, randomization, scoring system, self evaluation, social aspect, soldier, work environment","Shi, M. C., Ren, Z. W., Xie, Y. N., Zhao, J. B., Liang, D. F., Li, H. B., Luo, H.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5026,Post-traumatic stress disorder and related factors following the severe acute respiratory syndrome,"Aim: To investigate the effects on psychology by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in relevant suffers and medical staffs, especially the occurrence of Post-traumatic stress disorder and involved factors, and further provide theoretical evidences for crisis intervene for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: Between December 2003 and January 2004, cluster-sampling was used to select patients with SARS, medical staffs as well as the medical university students in Liaoning province, who were all involved in SARS crisis or whose life were directly influenced by SARS under different condition, including 4 patients with SARS from Liaoning province, 60 medical staffs caring directly for SARS patients, 50 medical staffs working in the fever clinic or ward to screen SARS patients, 30 medical staffs working in ordinary ward and 30 university students who were isolated during SARS outbreak. All the subjects had no psychological disorder history aged from 20-40 years. The questionnaire, assessment tools were employed, which included: Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version, clinician-administered post-traumatic stress disorder scale, symptom checklist-90, Eysenck personality questionnaire, coping style questionnaire and the self-designed general questionnaire sheets. After compiling and coding the qualified information from sampled subjects, the database was established and data processing was carried out by the way of statistic methods with SPSS 10.0 software. Results: The 174 data were sorted, 12 invalid questionnaires were deleted, and 162 valid ones were obtained, the effective rate was 93.1%. The post-traumatic stress disorder morbidity rate was 5.56%. Further correlation analysis to scale of post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version, the post-traumatic stress disorder related danger factors could be identified as the followings: individual characters, stress strength, response manner and mental health etc. 1 The correlation analysis between post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version and Eysenck personality questionnaire showed that higher points were found in neurotic and psychopathic individual, lower points in concealing individual. The correlation analysis between post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version for non-post-traumatic stress disorder and symptom checklist-90 showed that point of post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version was obviously related with level of psychology health, and influenced by comprehensive aspects of psychology health rather than certain aspect. The correlation analysis between post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version and coping style questionnaire showed that the point of post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version was negatively correlated with active activity and positive correlation with inactive activity, such as higher post-traumatic stress disorder checklist - civilian version point was found in more active people. 2 Correlation analysis between post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version and stress strength showed: During time of SARS, the studied subjects existed post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version differences with reference to the working environment, SARS suffering or not (F=3.416, P=0.020), different working cities (F=5.393, P=0.006), and with stress strength increasing, the higher point of post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version was obtained. 3 The multi-element regress analysis showed: the point of post-traumatic stress disorder checklist - civilian version was positively correlated with the elements in symptom checklist-90 including: compulsion, somatization, sensitivity of human relation, factor of inactive response, suffered and treated during SARS. The multi-element Logistic regress analysis showed that people with higher point of post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version, more family members, and being isolated during SARS was apt to be post-traumatic stress disorder Conclusion: The identified relevant risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder are the character and intensity of stress events and the degree of physical and mental health, and the factors that affect the post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-civilian version were personality characteristics (neuroticism, psychoticism), higher stress intensity, negative coping style, psychological health status (compulsion-obsession, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity), etc.","adult, article, China, clinical assessment tool, cluster analysis, compulsion, Coping Strategy Questionnaire, correlation analysis, data analysis, disease association, disease severity, epidemic, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, female, General Health Questionnaire, human, human relation, major clinical study, male, medical staff, medical student, mental health, morbidity, multiple linear regression analysis, neurosis, patient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, rating scale, risk assessment, risk factor, sampling, sensitivity analysis, severe acute respiratory syndrome, somatization, Symptom Checklist 90, validity, work environment","Shi, T. Y., Jiang, C., Jia, S. H., Liu, Q. G., Zhang, J., Qi, X. Y.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5027,Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist following SARS,"Aim: To study the feasibility of applying Post-traumatic Stress Disorder checklist-Civilian Version in China designed by American Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Research Center. Methods: Cluster-sampling was used to select patients with SARS, medical staffs as well as the medical university students in Liaoning Province during the spring time of 2003, from December 2003 to January 2004. There were 5 groups: SARS patients group (4 alive SARS patients, 3 from Dalian and 1 from Huludao), first medical staff group (60 medical staffs treating and caring directly for SARS patients), second medical staff group (50 medical staffs working in the fever clinic or ward to screen SARS patients), common medical staff group (30 medical staffs working in ordinary ward), and undergraduate group (30 university students who were isolated during SARS outbreak). The questionnaire, assessment tools were employed, which included: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder checklist-Civilian Version, Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale For DSM-IV, and the self-designed fundamental questionnaire sheets to perform face-to-face talking, psychological measure and record. After compiling and coding the qualified information from sampled subjects, the SPSS 10.0 database was established and data processing was carried out by rank sum test and Spearman correlation analysis, etc. Results: 162 qualified questionnair es were involved in the result analysis. The correlation analysis in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder checklist-Civilian Version and Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale For DSM-IV, with description of post-traumatic stress disorder and non-post-traumatic stress disorder, showed nearly normal distribution pattern, and when using Spearman correlation analysis, the correlation between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder checklist-Civilian Version and Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale For DSM-IV showed highly positive correlation between the post-traumatic stress disorder group and non-post-traumatic stress disorder group. The scope of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder checklist-Civilian Version was 17-42 with omission rate of 10%, and the total diagnosing matching rate was 91.3%. Conclusion: The Post-traumati c Stress Disorder checklist-Civilian Version can be used as clinical application tool for post-traumatic stress disorder inside, and its reference scope is 17 to 42.","adult, article, China, cluster analysis, controlled study, correlation analysis, data base, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, human, intermethod comparison, major clinical study, medical record, medical staff, methodology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, questionnaire, rank sum test, severe acute respiratory syndrome, spring, university student","Shi, T. Y., Jiang, C., Jia, S. H., Liu, Q. G., Zhang, J., Qi, X. Y.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5028,"Alternate forms of adjustment in adult women survivors of CSA: The relationship between wellness, resilience, and post-traumatic growth","Women disproportionately experience victimization as children, with at least one in five women reporting a history of child sexual abuse. The short and long term effects, both physical and emotional, are significant, negative, and pervasive, making CSA a critical physical and mental health issue for a significant portion of women in the United States. However, while many survivors experience negative long-term effects, a significant portion do not. This study addressed the need for greater attention to factors which depathologize this population, particularly the experiences of survivorship and how these are expressed in terms of wellness, resilience and post-traumatic growth (PTG). A sample of 163 adult women survivors completed an online survey comprised of instruments measuring wellness, resilience, PTG, and post-traumatic stress. A series of correlations revealed positive relationships between wellness factors and resilience, and wellness factors and PTG. Negative correlations were found between PTS symptoms and Resilience, and PTS symptoms and Wellness. Resilience and PTG were negatively correlated, a finding contrary to the conceptualization in the literature. A MANOVA and a series of linear regressions analyzed factors that might contribute to the variance in the major constructs. The results of the MANOVA indicated that the relationship to the perpetrator only affected PTS symptoms: women abused by a relative had significantly higher PTS symptoms. The results of the linear regressions indicated that the variables (current age, additional childhood maltreatment, reported current impact of CSA, CSA severity, and age at onset of abuse) accounted for a very small percentage of the variance in Wellness (16%) and Resilience (10%), and a greater amount of variance in total PTS symptoms (39%). The variables did not account for a significant amount of variance in PTG. The largest contributor of the variance in Wellness, Resilience, and PTS symptoms was the current impact of CSA while CSA severity was a significant contributor to PTS symptoms. A series of t-tests were conducted to analyze the difference between the wellness of this sample and the wellness reported by the normative group. Results indicated that the women in this sample had significantly lower Creative Self, Social Self, and Essential Self wellness but had significantly higher Physical Self wellness. No significant difference was found for Total Wellness and Coping Self wellness. The results of the final analysis, a hierarchical linear regression, indicated that above and beyond demographic variables, Resilience by far, and PTG, to a much smaller degree, were significant predictors of the variance in wellness factors. Additional research is necessary in order to further explore the relationships between wellness factors, resilience, and PTG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adjustment, *Child Abuse, *Sexual Abuse, *Victimization, Health, Human Females, Survivors","Shilling, Elizabeth Hodges",2013.0,,,0,0,
5029,Temporal pattern of cochlear nerve degeneration following compression injury: A quantitative experimental observation,"Object. It has been empirically recognized that the cochlear nerve is highly vulnerable to traumatic stress resulting from surgical procedures; therefore, careful manipulation of the cochlear nerve is mandatory in preventing trauma-induced hearing loss during cerebellopontine angle (CPA) surgery. There is, however, no precise knowledge about the temporal pattern of cochlear nerve degeneration following trauma. This study was performed to determine the temporal pattern of injury that occurs after cochlear nerve trauma, knowledge of which is indispensable not only to neurosurgeons but also to all those who manage lesions involving the cochlear nerve. Methods. Right suboccipital craniectomies were performed in groups of rats with the aid of a surgical microscope, and the seventh and eighth cranial nerve trunks were identified at the internal auditory meatus. The cochlear nerve was quantifiably compressed while compound action potentials of the cochlear nerve were monitored and recorded. Following injury, one group of rats was killed for histological examination at the end of each week for 4 weeks. Data from this study disclosed that the degeneration of the compressed cochlear nerve progressed in a relatively rapid manner and was complete within 1 week after the insult. The main pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for cochlear neuronal death in this experimental setting appeared to be necrosis, and an apoptotic mechanism seemed to play a subsidiary role. Conclusions. Accurate knowledge about the temporal profile of trauma-induced cochlear nerve degeneration is closely linked with the problem of the therapeutic time window. The results of the present study indicated that any measures to ameliorate cochlear nerve degeneration following trauma should be started as early as possible (within 1 week) after an injury.","action potential, animal model, animal tissue, apoptosis, article, cell survival, cochlear nerve, controlled study, evoked brain stem auditory response, male, necrosis, nerve cell, nerve compression, nerve degeneration, nerve injury, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, spiral ganglion","Shimamura, N., Sekiya, T., Yagihashi, A., Suzuki, S.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5030,Avoidance symptoms and delayed verbal memory are associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms in female victims of sexual violence,"Background: Victimization by sexual violence is strongly associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While several psychological and cognitive factors are known to be associated with PTSD prognosis, multivariable analysis is scarce. This study examined factors affecting the severity of PTSD symptoms in early stage of traumatic experience of sexual violence, including initial post-traumatic symptoms and cognitive characteristics. Methods: Participants were recruited from the center for women and children victims of violence in a university hospital. Thirty-four sexual assault victims were assessed at the baseline and the second visit one to five months after the baseline. At the baseline, an array of posttraumatic symptoms and cognitive functions were measured: at follow-up, PTSD symptoms were determined by Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Results: Stepwise multiple regression showed that avoidance symptoms (beta = 0.551, P < 0.01) and delayed verbal memory (beta = -0.331, P < 0.05) at early stage of trauma predicted the severity of PTSD symptoms one to five month later. The regression model, factoring in avoidance and delayed verbal memory, showed a 34.9% explanatory power regarding the PTSD symptom severity. Conclusion: This study suggests that avoidance symptoms and verbal memory at the early stage of trauma are associated with later PTSD symptoms. It is also suggested that early intervention targeting avoidance symptoms may be beneficial in decreasing PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Avoidance, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sexual Abuse, *Verbal Memory, *Victimization, Human Females, Trauma","Shin, Kyoung Min, Chang, Hyoung Yoon, Cho, Sun-Mi, Kim, Nam Hee, Kim, Kyoung Ah, Chung, Young Ki",2015.0,,,0,0,
5031,The amygdala in post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Over the past decade, neuroimaging studies have yielded important insights into the function of the amygdala in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results of these studies are presented here. Because neurocircuitry models of PTSD also emphasize the role of the medial prefrontal cortex, findings regarding that brain region are discussed as well. The reviewed studies suggest that (1) the amygdala is hyperresponsive to both trauma-related and unrelated stimuli in PTSD, (2) amygdala activation is positively correlated with PTSD symptom severity and, in some studies, inversely correlated with medial prefrontal cortex function, (3) symptom reduction after treatment is associated with decreased amygdala activation and increased medial prefrontal cortex activation, and (4) medial prefrontal cortex is hyporesponsive in PTSD, perhaps reflecting diminished inhibitory control over the amygdala. All of this information suggests that the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex play important roles in the pathogenesis or maintenance of this disorder. Limitations and future directions of this research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Amygdala, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neuroimaging, Prefrontal Cortex","Shin, Lisa M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5032,Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia,"BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function in schizophrenic patients was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. METHODS: Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13 schizophrenic patients and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. RESULTS: During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller in schizophrenic patients. During RC task, oxy-Hb in schizophrenic patients tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. CONCLUSIONS: Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed in schizophrenic frontal brain metabolism. These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in investigating frontal lobe dysfunction and evaluating psychopathologic condition in schizophrenic patients.","Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Brain Mapping, Case-Control Studies, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Electric Conductivity, Female, Frontal Lobe/abnormalities/blood supply, Functional Laterality, Hemoglobins/metabolism, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen/metabolism, Oxyhemoglobins/metabolism, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia/diagnosis/metabolism/pathology, Skin/physiopathology, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods, Statistics as Topic, Verbal Behavior","Shinba, T., Nagano, M., Kariya, N., Ogawa, K., Shinozaki, T., Shimosato, S., Hoshi, Y.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5033,[Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and anxiety disorders],"Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV, recent considerations for a reclassification into an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) cluster are gaining prominence. Hollander and colleague indicate that similarities in symptomatology, course of illness, patient population, and neurocircuitry of OCD and OCSD are supported by comorbidity, family, and neurological studies, which also offer a critical re-evaluation of the relationship between OCD and anxiety disorders. In February 2010, as a consequence, members of the DSM-5 Task Force and Work Groups have updated draft DSM-5 and have added many diagnostic-specific severity measures, including the Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive-Related, and Trauma-Related Disorders. Recently, however, there are some results indicated that support the current association of OCD with other anxiety disorders rather than with OCSDs. Thus, controversy surrounds the classification of OCSD symptoms. In this review, we investigated the relationship of OCD, OCSDs, and anxiety disorders to answer the question of where OCD should be located in the diagnostic system.",,"Shioiri, T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5034,Treatment-related reductions in PTSD and changes in physical health symptoms in women,"This study examined the relationship between change in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over the course of PTSD treatment and the association with changes in general physical health symptoms. Both positive health habits (e.g., exercise) and negative (e.g., smoking), were examined to determine if they accounted for the association between changes in PTSD severity over time and changes in physical health. Participants were 150 women seeking treatment for PTSD. Latent growth curve modeling indicated a substantial relationship (R 2 = 34 %) between changes in PTSD and changes in physical health that occurred during and shortly following treatment for PTSD. However, there was no evidence to suggest that changes in health behaviors accounted for this relationship. Thus, PTSD treatment can have beneficial effects on self-reported physical health symptoms, even without direct treatment focus on health per se, and is not accounted for by shifts in health behavior. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York (outside the USA).","Allostatic load, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Health, Health habits, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Shipherd, J. C., Clum, G., Suvak, M., Resick, P. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5035,Similarities between the psychological profiles of complex regional pain syndrome and conversion disorder patients,"The psychological profile of 17 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I (CRPS) and 20 Conversion Disorder (CD) patients were compared, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and standardized, semistructured psychological interviews. Both groups presented abnormally high somatization scores. Low anxiety scores in both groups indicate that somatization may have served as a defense mechanism to bind anxiety. Depression was apparent in both groups, indicating that psychological distress accompany these syndromes. About one third of the participants in both groups presented comorbid Axis I disorders, mostly depression and PTSD. CRPS patients have traditionally been looked upon as suffering from mainly organic symptoms, whereas CD patients have been labeled as psychiatric patients. These results may indicate the need to reexamine the traditional classifications in respect to disorders that involve ""body and mind"".","amitriptyline, brotizolam, carbamazepine, celecoxib, clonazepam, clorazepate dipotassium, codeine phosphate, dextropropoxyphene, diazepam, dipyrone, etodolac, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine maleate, ibuprofen, mexiletine, naproxen, nimesulide, oxycodone, paracetamol, pentazocine, salcatonin, adult, anxiety, article, clinical article, comorbidity, complex regional pain syndrome, controlled study, conversion disorder, defense mechanism, depression, disease classification, distress syndrome, female, human, interview, male, mental patient, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, pain assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, psychological aspect, scoring system, self report, somatization, symptom, visual analog scale","Shiri, S., Tsenter, J., Livai, R., Schwartz, I., Vatine, J. J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5036,Trajectories of depressive symptomatology among people living with hiv/aids: A growth mixture model analysis,"For three decades HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) has remained a major public health crisis in the United States. With the advent of Highly Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in 1997, people are now living longer with the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, and HIV/AIDS now considered a chronic disease. However, with increased longevity, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have to contend with other challenges such as depression in addition to compromised physical health. This study applied Growth Mixture Modeling to explore the structure of the depressive symptomatology among a group of HIV-positive population (N = 946), and used Pseudo-Class Draws techniques and multivariable multinomial regression to test the relationship between these trajectories of depressive symptomatology and key demographic, biological-clinical, and psychosocial factors. The selection of the key demographic, biological-clinical, and psychosocial factors was driven by stress and coping theory and developmental psychopathology theory. The results showed that there were three distinct trajectories of depressive symptomatology among this group of PLWHA, including Low-Depression, Chronic High-Recovery, and Decrease-Relapse groups. A few baseline demographic and biological-clinical factors were significantly related to the trajectory groups, including participants' sexual orientation, substance use, incarceration during study, strengths of the immunity, and number of HIV related symptoms. More importantly, when PLWHA had higher levels of perceived stress at the beginning, they were more likely to follow the two trajectories characterized by high levels of depressive symptomatology. However, when they had higher levels of perceived stress during the following months they would only have higher probability to have the Decrease-Relapse trajectory. Additionally when PLWHA had higher emotion-focused coping efficacy at the beginning, they had lower probability for the two less favorable depressive trajectories. In contrast, the initial levels of problem-focused coping efficacy were not associated with the depressive trajectories, but the subsequent changes in the levels of coping efficacy did relate to the trajectories of depressive symptomatology. Implications for clinical social work practice will also be discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*AIDS, *Crises, Coping Behavior, Major Depression, Public Health, Stress","Shiu, ChengShi",2014.0,,,0,0,
5037,"Traumatic brain injury, shell shock, and posttraumatic stress disorder in the military-past, present, and future","With preferential use of high explosives in modern warfare, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a common injury for troops. Most TBIs are classified as ""mild,"" although military personnel with these injuries can have persistent symptoms such as headache, memory impairment, and behavioral changes. During World War I, soldiers in the trenches, undergoing unrelenting artillery bombardment, suffered from similar symptoms, designated at the time as ""shell shock."" Dr Frederick Mott proposed studying the brains of deceased soldiers to elucidate the neuropathology of this clinical entity. Subsequent to a British government enquiry after World War I, the term ""shell shock"" was banned and further investigation into a possible organic cause for these symptoms was discontinued. Nevertheless, similar clinical entities, such as combat or battle fatigue and posttraumatic stress disorder, continue to be encountered by combatants in subsequent military conflicts. To this day, there exists a paucity of neuropathology studies investigating the effects of high explosives on the human brain. By analogy, studies have recently revealed that athletes with repeated head trauma can develop a neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, who present with similar clinical features. Given current circumstance, we propose completing the work envisioned by Dr Mott almost 100 years ago. Copyright © 2012 Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.","chronic traumatic encephalopathy, improvised explosive device, military, neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangle, neuropathology, posttraumatic stress disorder, shell shock, tau, traumatic brain injury","Shively, S. B., Perl, D. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5038,"Traumatic brain injury, shell shock, and posttraumatic stress disorder in the military--past, present, and future","With preferential use of high explosives in modern warfare, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a common injury for troops. Most TBIs are classified as ""mild,"" although military personnel with these injuries can have persistent symptoms such as headache, memory impairment, and behavioral changes. During World War I, soldiers in the trenches, undergoing unrelenting artillery bombardment, suffered from similar symptoms, designated at the time as ""shell shock."" Dr Frederick Mott proposed studying the brains of deceased soldiers to elucidate the neuropathology of this clinical entity. Subsequent to a British government enquiry after World War I, the term ""shell shock"" was banned and further investigation into a possible organic cause for these symptoms was discontinued. Nevertheless, similar clinical entities, such as combat or battle fatigue and posttraumatic stress disorder, continue to be encountered by combatants in subsequent military conflicts. To this day, there exists a paucity of neuropathology studies investigating the effects of high explosives on the human brain. By analogy, studies have recently revealed that athletes with repeated head trauma can develop a neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, who present with similar clinical features. Given current circumstance, we propose completing the work envisioned by Dr Mott almost 100 years ago.","Blast Injuries/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy, Brain Injuries/*diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy, Chronic Disease, Combat Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Incidence, Injury Severity Score, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Male, Military Personnel/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, *Quality of Life, Risk Assessment, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy, United States/epidemiology, *War, World War I","Shively, S. B., Perl, D. P.",2012.0,May-Jun,10.1097/HTR.0b013e318250e9dd,0,0,5037
5039,Associations Between Functioning and PTSD Symptom Clusters in a Dismantling Trial of Cognitive Processing Therapy in Female Interpersonal Violence Survivors,"This study conducted secondary analyses of a published trial and sought to determine if different domains of psychosocial functioning (e.g., daily living, work, nonfamily relationships) improved following trauma-focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive processing therapy (CPT), an empirically supported treatment that involves evaluating trauma-related beliefs and written trauma accounts, was compared to its components: CPT without the written accounts or written accounts only in a sample of 78 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence. Overall and individual domains of functioning significantly improved with treatment and results were similar across treatment groups, Fs (2, 150) ≥ 11.87, ps < .001. Additionally, we investigated whether changes in different PTSD symptom clusters were associated with outcomes in domains of psychosocial functioning, after collapsing across treatment condition. Multiple hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that overall clinician-assessed PTSD symptom reduction was associated with outcomes in all domains of functioning, βs = .44 to .68, ps < .001. Additionally, improvements in the emotional numbing symptom cluster were associated with outcomes in the nonfamily relationships domain, β = .42, p < .001, and improvements in the hyperarousal symptom cluster were associated with outcomes in the overall, daily living, and household tasks domains, βs = .34 to .39, ps < .01. Results suggest that it may be important to monitor improvements in emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms throughout treatment to increase the likelihood of changes in psychosocial functioning.",,"Shnaider, P., Vorstenbosch, V., Macdonald, A., Wells, S. Y., Monson, C. M., Resick, P. A.",,,,0,0,
5040,Associations between functioning and PTSD symptom clusters in a dismantling trial of cognitive processing therapy in female interpersonal violence survivors,"This study conducted secondary analyses of a published trial and sought to determine if different domains of psychosocial functioning (e.g., daily living, work, nonfamily relationships) improved following trauma-focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive processing therapy (CPT), an empirically supported treatment that involves evaluating trauma-related beliefs and written trauma accounts, was compared to its components: CPT without the written accounts or written accounts only in a sample of 78 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence. Overall and individual domains of functioning significantly improved with treatment and results were similar across treatment groups, Fs (2, 150) >/= 11.87, ps < .001. Additionally, we investigated whether changes in different PTSD symptom clusters were associated with outcomes in domains of psychosocial functioning, after collapsing across treatment condition. Multiple hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that overall clinician-assessed PTSD symptom reduction was associated with outcomes in all domains of functioning, betas = .44 to .68, ps < .001. Additionally, improvements in the emotional numbing symptom cluster were associated with outcomes in the nonfamily relationships domain, beta = .42, p < .001, and improvements in the hyperarousal symptom cluster were associated with outcomes in the overall, daily living, and household tasks domains, betas = .34 to .39, ps < .01. Results suggest that it may be important to monitor improvements in emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms throughout treatment to increase the likelihood of changes in psychosocial functioning.",,"Shnaider, P., Vorstenbosch, V., Macdonald, A., Wells, S. Y., Monson, C. M., Resick, P. A.",2014.0,Oct,10.1002/jts.21954,0,0,5039
5041,Novel approach to the role of NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury,"For more than two decades the intensive research effort on the role of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebral ischemia (stroke) was led by the observations that extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate are elevated after the insult and play a major role in brain pathologies. Indeed, NMDAR antagonists were shown to improve post-injury recovery in animal models and subsequently, large scale placebo-controlled clinical trials in TBI and stroke were performed with NMDAR antagonists. However, all these trials have demonstrated either no benefit or even deleterious effects. The discrepancy between the animal and human studies prompted us to investigate the temporal changes of the NMDAR after brain insult in TBI and stroke mouse models. We found that the early hyperactivation of the NMDAR is followed by loss of functional NMDAR which persists for weeks. Such dynamic changes could well explain the discrepancies between the preclinical and clinical experience as well as suggest alternative modes of treatment, namely, activation, rather than blockade of the NMDAR in the sub-acute period after TBI and stroke. Stimulation of the glycine modulatory site of the glycine/NMDAR by the partial agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) when given at least 24 hrs after TBI or stroke was shown to improve recovery of neurobehavioral and cognitive functions. It was also shown to restore impaired hippocampal Long-Term potentiation (LTP) and induce expression of Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in a TBI model and to improve somatosensory and cognitive function in a stroke model. Experiments to optimize the DCS treatment paradigm showed that similar benefits were demonstrated in TBI mice whether the drug was given as a single injection at 24 or 72 hrs post injury, or as double (24 and 48 hrs) or triple (24, 48 and 72 hrs) doses. Interestingly, beneficial effects of DCS were reported in a range of animal models of human diseases as well as in several clinical indications thought to involve disruptions in NMDAR function, such as drug addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease, aging and psychiatric disorders. As DCS has a good safety profile, and is already in use in humans in several different indications, and based on studies with DCS in the mouse TBI model, a multi-center prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, aiming to assess the effect of a single dose of DCS on cognitive outcome in patients with moderate TBI has recently begun. © 2014 Bentham Science Publishers.","Cognitive enhancer, D-cycloserine, Glutamate receptors, Stroke","Shohami, E., Biegon, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5042,"Recent trends in the sociodemographic, clinical profile and psychiatric comorbidity associated with posttraumatic stress disorder: A study from Kashmir, India","Objective: To estimate the Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) among adults in field practise areas of Government Medical College, Srinagar, India. Methodology: The present study was cross-sectional in nature and was conducted in field practice areas of Government Medical College Srinagar. Three blocks of field practise areas of Government Medical College, Srinagar comprising of various villages were selected. Further 10 per cent of these villages were selected by the method of randomization sampling and then 10 per cent of household were taken again by systemic random sampling. In the selected household all adult population (18 years and above) were selected and screened by using General health questionnaires(GHQ). The patients who screened positive for PTSD (post-traumatic stress Disorders) were assessed and diagnosed. From the line listing the positive cases, the prevalence rates were calculated. Results: Of the total 3400 subjects (age≥18 years), the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorders among general population was found to be 3.76%. Prevalence was found to be more in females (Chi-square test=2.086, p>0.05 (Insignificant). Most of cases were found to be in the age group 0-40 years. Most of the cases were unmarried, illiterate and belong to lower socioeconomic class. Death of near one comprised the major traumatic event. Acute onset Posttraumatic stress disorder was the commonest type, previous history of psychiatric illness was found in 12 % of patients and drug abuse was present in 22.6%. Conclusion: Our findings clearly indicates that posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) is a prevalent disorder in the developing world, especially in disaster prone regions and in areas of political unrest. Resilience to various traumatic events in Kashmir has developed over the years and this might explains the lower prevalence of Post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) in our study.","Kashmir, Posttraumatic stress disorders, Prevalence","Shoib, S., Mushtaq, R., Jeelani, S., Ahmad, J., Dar, M. M., Shah, T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5043,"The relationship between anxiety and depression: A clinical comparison of generalized anxiety disorder, dysthymic disorder, panic disorder, and major depressive disorder","This study examined the relationship between the chronic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and dysthymic disorder (DD), and the more acute disorders, panic disorder (PD) and major depressive disorders, panic disorder (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in 110 psychiatric outpatients with diagnoses of either PD, MDD, GAD, or DD. Pure, mixed, and early-/late-onset forms of the chronic disorders were compared with each other and then with PD and MDD on clinical measures and psychiatric history. Minimal differences were found between pure GAD and mixed GAD or between pure DD and mixed DD. The chronic disorders, DD and GAD, had distinct clinical symptom profiles when compared with each other and appeared more closely related to their parent disorders than to each other. However, despite these similarities, there were significant differences between DD and MDD in contrast to the minimal differences between GAD and PD, providing less support for GAD as a valid diagnostic category separate from PD. Comparisons of early-/late-onset DD and GAD showed more severe symptoms in late-onset DD, in contrast to more severe symptoms in early-onset GAD. These varying patterns of symptom severity may warrant study for further syndromal delineation. © 1992.",,"Shores, M. M., Glubin, T., Cowley, D. S., Dager, S. R., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Dunner, D. L.",1992.0,,,0,0,
5044,Resilience: A psychobiological construct for psychiatric disorders,"Understanding of psychopathology of mental disorder is evolving, particularly with availability of newer insight from the field of genetics, epigenetics, social, and environmental pathology. It is now becoming clear how biological factors are contributing to development of an illness in the face of a number of psychosocial factors. Resilience is a psychobiological factor which determines individual's response to adverse life events. Resilience is a human capacity to adapt swiftly and successfully to stressful/traumatic events and manage to revert to a positive state. It is fundamental for growth of positive psychology which deals with satisfaction, adaptability, contentment, and optimism in people's life. Of late, there has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of resilience in context of stress risk vulnerability dimension. It is a neurobiological construct with significant neurobehavioral and emotional features which plays important role in deconstructing mechanism of biopsychosocial model of mental disorders. Resilience is a protective factor against development of mental disorder and a risk factor for a number of clinical conditions, e.g. suicide. Available information from scientific studies points out that resilience is modifiable factor which opens up avenues for a number of newer psychosocial as well as biological therapies. Early identification of vulnerable candidates and effectiveness of resilience-based intervention may offer more clarity in possibility of prevention. Future research may be crucial for preventive psychiatry. In this study, we aim to examine whether resilience is a psychopathological construct for mental disorder.","Clinical, neurobiology, psychiatric disorders, psychosocial, resilience","Shrivastava, A., Desousa, A.",2016.0,,10.4103/0019-5545.174365,0,0,
5045,Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability,,,"Shrout, P. E., Fleiss, J. L.",1979.0,,10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420,0,0,
5046,Veterans with ptsd after combat-related concussion exhibit altered posterior cingulate activity while appraising facial emotions,"Background. Over twenty-five percent of military personnel who experience mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) during combat in Operations Enduring or Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comorbid PTSD exacerbates social impairment in veterans with mTBI. Social impairment in neuropsychiatric populations, e.g., major depression, schizophrenia, involves abnormal brain activity in areas responsible for appraising potentially-threatening stimuli, including the mental states of self or others. These areas include medial frontal, anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate cortices (MFC, ACC, PCC). However, whether such abnormalities occur in veterans with PTSD after mTBI during appraisal of socially-salient stimuli has not been directly examined. Approach. We hypothesized that, compared to veterans with mTBI only, veterans who develop PTSD after mTBI would exhibit altered brain activity in these areas during social appraisal. To test this hypothesis, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) in 32 OEF/OIF veterans (16 mTBI only; 16 mTBI+PTSD) during the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET), a validated social appraisal task that requires subjects to match words for higher-order mental states with images of eyes cropped from photographs of human faces. Results. Behaviorally, no group differences in accuracy were observed. Electrophysiologically, mTBI+PTSD veterans exhibited ERP changes, including greater N300/P300 amplitudes. Greater N300 negativity (at Cz) correlated with greater PTSD severity (p < 0.01). Independent brain components contributing maximally to N300/P300 source localized to 4 primary clusters: bilateral occipital, medial occipital, PCC and dorsal cingulate. Only the PCC cluster reproduced greater N300/P300 amplitudes in mTBI+PTSD versus mTBI only veterans. Furthermore, greater PCC N300/P300 amplitudes correlated with greater PTSD severity. Conclusion. Consistent with our hypothesis, these results demonstrate that veterans with PTSD after mTBI exhibit altered brain activity in areas responsible for appraising the feelings of others. These changes may suggest veterans with mTBI+PTSD experience the expression of others as more threatening, which could contribute to social impairment in this population.","human, concussion, posterior cingulate, emotion, psychosomatics, society, veteran, posttraumatic stress disorder, electroencephalogram, mental health, hypothesis, stimulus, population, eye, electroencephalography, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, anterior cingulate, photography, reading, major depression, face, brain, soldier","Shu, I. W., Matthews, S. C., Onton, J. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5047,Increased mid-cingulate responses to inhibitory stimuli in veterans with ptsd after combat-related concussion,"Background. Over twenty-five percent of military personnel who experience mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) during combat in Operations Enduring or Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In veterans with mTBI, comorbid PTSD is associated with increased risk of cognitive, mood and medical problems including alcohol or substance use and suicide. Symptoms of PTSD include hyperarousal, which has been associated with overactive brain activity, especially in response to emotional stimuli. Over-active areas include the dorsal cingulate, an area responsible for selecting optimal motor and mental responses to salient stimuli. Approach. We hypothesized that, compared to veterans with mTBI only, veterans who develop PTSD after mTBI would exhibit altered dorsal cingulate activity during response inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) in 33 OEF/OIF veterans (16 mTBI only; 17 mTBI+PTSD) during the Stop Task, a validated inhibitory control task requiring inhibition of initiated motor responses. Results. Behaviorally, no group differences in accuracy were observed. In the 150-250 ms window after onset of the Stop Signal (auditory beep), all veterans exhibited the N200, an event-related potential (ERP) associated with conflict monitoring and response inhibition, that consistently source localizes to the dorsal cingulate. Compared to mTBI only veterans, veterans with mTBI+PTSD exhibited greater peak N200 amplitudes (p < 0.001). Greater N200 negativity (at Cz) correlated with greater PTSD severity (p < 0.005). Independent brain components contributing maximally to N200 source localized to 3 primary clusters: mid-cingulate (MCC), parietal and occipital cortex. Only the MCC cluster reproduced greater N200 amplitudes in mTBI+PTSD versus mTBI only veterans. Furthermore, greater MCC N200 amplitudes correlated with greater PTSD severity. Conclusion. Consistent with our hypothesis, these results demonstrate that veterans with PTSD after mTBI exhibit altered brain activity in dorsal cingulate areas responsible for optimal response selection. These changes may suggest the hypothesis that cognitive, mood and medical disabilities in veterans with mTBI+PTSD arise, at least in part, from abnormal mid-cingulate responses during processing of salient stimuli.","alcohol, veteran, human, concussion, psychosomatics, society, stimulus, posttraumatic stress disorder, hypothesis, electroencephalogram, mood, traumatic brain injury, electroencephalography, risk, event related potential, soldier, suicide, disability, brain, monitoring, occipital cortex, processing","Shu, I. W., Onton, J. A., Matthews, S. C.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5048,Combat veterans with PTSD after mild TBI exhibit greater ERPs from posterior-medial cortical areas while appraising facial features,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) worsens prognosis following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Combat personnel with histories of mTBI exhibit abnormal activation of distributed brain networks - including emotion processing and default mode networks. How developing PTSD further affects these abnormalities has not been directly examined. We recorded electroencephalography in combat veterans with histories of mTBI, but without active PTSD (mTBI only, n=16) and combat veterans who developed PTSD after mTBI (mTBI+PTSD, n=16) - during the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a validated test of empathy requiring emotional appraisal of facial features. Task-related event related potentials (ERPs) were identified, decomposed using independent component analysis (ICA) and localized anatomically using dipole modeling. We observed larger emotional face processing ERPs in veterans with mTBI+PTSD, including greater N300 negativity. Furthermore, greater N300 negativity correlated with greater PTSD severity, especially avoidance/numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters. This correlation was dependent on contributions from the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Our results support a model where, in combat veterans with histories of mTBI, larger ERPs from over-active posterior-medial cortical areas may be specific to PTSD, and is likely related to negative self-referential activity.","Biomarker, Mild TBI, N300, Posterior cingulate cortex, Precuneus, PTSD","Shu, I. W., Onton, J. A., Prabhakar, N., ""OConnell, R. M."", Simmons, A. N., Matthews, S. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5049,Trauma signature analysis of the great East Japan disaster: guidance for psychological consequences,"OBJECTIVES: On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the largest earthquake in its history. The undersea earthquake launched a tsunami that inundated much of Japan's eastern coastline and damaged nuclear power plants, precipitating multiple reactor meltdowns. We examined open-source disaster situation reports, news accounts, and disaster-monitoring websites to gather event-specific data to conduct a trauma signature analysis of the event. METHODS: The trauma signature analysis included a review of disaster situation reports; the construction of a hazard profile for the earthquake, tsunami, and radiation threats; enumeration of disaster stressors by disaster phase; identification of salient evidence-based psychological risk factors; summation of the trauma signature based on exposure to hazards, loss, and change; and review of the mental health and psychosocial support responses in relation to the analysis. RESULTS: Exposure to this triple-hazard event resulted in extensive damage, significant loss of life, and massive population displacement. Many citizens were exposed to multiple hazards. The extremity of these exposures was partially mitigated by Japan's timely, expert-coordinated, and unified activation of an evidence-based mental health response. CONCLUSIONS: The eastern Japan disaster was notable for its unique constellation of compounding exposures. Examination of the trauma signature of this event provided insights and guidance regarding optimal mental health and psychosocial responses. Japan orchestrated a model response that reinforced community resilience.","disaster planning, earthquake, Fukushima nuclear accident, health status, human, Japan, mental disease, mental health, organization and management, tsunami, injury","Shultz, J. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5050,Trauma signature analysis of the great East Japan disaster: guidance for psychological consequences,"OBJECTIVES: On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the largest earthquake in its history. The undersea earthquake launched a tsunami that inundated much of Japan's eastern coastline and damaged nuclear power plants, precipitating multiple reactor meltdowns. We examined open-source disaster situation reports, news accounts, and disaster-monitoring websites to gather event-specific data to conduct a trauma signature analysis of the event. METHODS: The trauma signature analysis included a review of disaster situation reports; the construction of a hazard profile for the earthquake, tsunami, and radiation threats; enumeration of disaster stressors by disaster phase; identification of salient evidence-based psychological risk factors; summation of the trauma signature based on exposure to hazards, loss, and change; and review of the mental health and psychosocial support responses in relation to the analysis. RESULTS: Exposure to this triple-hazard event resulted in extensive damage, significant loss of life, and massive population displacement. Many citizens were exposed to multiple hazards. The extremity of these exposures was partially mitigated by Japan's timely, expert-coordinated, and unified activation of an evidence-based mental health response. CONCLUSIONS: The eastern Japan disaster was notable for its unique constellation of compounding exposures. Examination of the trauma signature of this event provided insights and guidance regarding optimal mental health and psychosocial responses. Japan orchestrated a model response that reinforced community resilience.",,"Shultz, J. M., Forbes, D., Wald, D., Kelly, F., Solo-Gabriele, H. M., Rosen, A., Espinel, Z., McLean, A., Bernal, O., Neria, Y.",2013.0,Apr,10.1017/dmp.2013.21,0,0,5049
5051,Multiple Vantage Points on the Mental Health Effects of Mass Shootings,"The phenomenon of mass shootings has emerged over the past 50 years. A high proportion of rampage shootings have occurred in the United States, and secondarily, in European nations with otherwise low firearm homicide rates; yet, paradoxically, shooting massacres are not prominent in the Latin American nations with the highest firearm homicide rates in the world. A review of the scientific literature from 2010 to early 2014 reveals that, at the individual level, mental health effects include psychological distress and clinically significant elevations in posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in relation to the degree of physical exposure and social proximity to the shooting incident. Psychological repercussions extend to the surrounding affected community. In the aftermath of the deadliest mass shooting on record, Norway has been in the vanguard of intervention research focusing on rapid delivery of psychological support and services to survivors of the “Oslo Terror.” Grounded on a detailed review of the clinical literature on the mental health effects of mass shootings, this paper also incorporates wide-ranging co-author expertise to delineate: 1) the patterning of mass shootings within the international context of firearm homicides, 2) the effects of shooting rampages on children and adolescents, 3) the psychological effects for wounded victims and the emergency healthcare personnel who care for them, 4) the disaster behavioral health considerations for preparedness and response, and 5) the media “framing” of mass shooting incidents in relation to the portrayal of mental health themes. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Firearm violence, Firearms, Gun control, Guns, Gunshot wounds, Homicide, Mass shooting, Media framing, Mental disorders, Mental health, PTSD, Rampage shooting, Shooting, Shooting massacre, Stress disorders/post-traumatic, Violence, Weapons, Workplace violence","Shultz, J. M., Thoresen, S., Flynn, B. W., Muschert, G. W., Shaw, J. A., Espinel, Z., Walter, F. G., Gaither, J. B., Garcia-Barcena, Y., O’Keefe, K., Cohen, A. M.",2014.0,,10.1007/s11920-014-0469-5,0,0,
5052,Rationale for iloperidone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Multiple controlled efficacy studies are available to support the use of psychotropic medications in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Iloperidone, a recently approved atypical antipsychotic, has yet to be evaluated in such a manner. This unique agent has the highest affinity of all antipsychotics toward alpha-1 receptors. Antagonism of central nervous system alpha-1 receptors has been implicated in certain aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder, as evidenced by the beneficial role of prazosin in treating nightmares. Additional reduction in hypervigilance may occur through blockade of dopamine receptor D2 and serotonin receptors in the 5-HT2 family. Further investigation of iloperidone is warranted in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to its unique receptor binding profile.","Antidepressants, Antipsychotic, iloperidone, posttraumatic stress disorder, pre-pulse inhibition","Shuman, M. D., McGrane, I. R.",2014.0,May,,0,0,
5053,"Alzheimer's Disease prevalence, costs, and prevention for military personnel and veterans","By 2050, more than 13 million Americans of all ages are estimated to be living with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the aggregate costs of care will swell to approximately $1.2 trillion. The rapidly climbing number of those affected with AD includes a growing population of aging military veterans affected who may have an added risk for the disease as a consequence of traumatic brain injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and/or service-related injuries. The increasing number of individuals, the long duration of disability, and the rising cost of care for AD and other dementia to our society are important public health challenges facing many older adults. These challenges are further compounded by a burgeoning military veteran population that is much younger, with an increased risk of AD and other dementia, and who may experience decades-long periods of disability and care. This outlook underscores the critical need for investments in research at the federal and international levels to accelerate the pace of progress in developing breakthrough discoveries that will change the trajectory of AD and related dementia. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Alzheimer's Association.","""Alzheimers disease"", Healthcare costs, Military medicine, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Traumatic brain injury","Sibener, L., Zaganjor, I., Snyder, H. M., Bain, L. J., Egge, R., Carrillo, M. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5054,Post-traumatic stress disorder and coronary heart disease,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that occurs relatively commonly in people exposed to situations that cause severe psychological stress, such as natural disasters, combat, or physical attack. In this issue of the Journal, Vaccarino et al. (1) report that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was more than double in twins from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry who had PTSD compared with those without PTSD. Moreover, they showed that PTSD was associated with significantly lower myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve as assessed by positron emission tomography. © 2013 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation Published by Elsevier Inc.","cardiovascular diseases, epidemiology, risk factors, stress","Sidney, S.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.005,0,0,
5055,Identifying longitudinal trajectories of emotional distress symptoms 5 years after traumatic brain injury,"Primary objective: To evaluate longitudinal trajectories of emotional distress symptoms after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research design: Longitudinal study. Methods and procedures: Patients with mild-to-severe TBI, 118 patients participated at 3 months, 109 attended at 1-year and 89 attended the 5-year follow-up. Emotional distress was measured with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Patients were also assessed for coping style, anxiety, depression, substance abuse and trauma severity. Main outcomes and results: Based on growth mixture modelling, four trajectories of emotional distress symptoms were identified: 73.5% of patients were characterized by a pattern of resilience, 6.8% by a pattern of delayed distress, 14.6% by recovery and 5.1% by chronic distress. Relative to the resilience trajectory, avoidant-coping style and psychiatric problems were related to recovery and chronic trajectories. The delayed trajectory was similar to the resilience trajectory, except for elevated depressive and anxiety symptoms at 1- and 5-years. Demographics and injury-related variables were not significantly associated with emotional distress trajectories. Conclusions: Resilience was the most common trajectory following TBI. Patients characterized by recovery and chronic trajectories required attention and long-term clinical monitoring of their symptoms. Future research would benefit from longitudinal studies to analyse emotional distress symptoms and the strength of resilience over time.","Coping, Distress, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Resilience, Trauma, Traumatic brain injury","Sigurdardottir, S., Andelic, N., Roe, C., Schanke, A. K.",2014.0,,,1,1,
5056,"Depressive symptoms and psychological distress during the first five years after traumatic brain injury: Relationship with psychosocial stressors, fatigue and pain",,,"Sigurdardottir, S., Andelic, N., Røe, C., Schanke, A. K.",2013.0,,10.2340/16501977-1156,0,0,
5057,The role of injury and trauma-related variables in the onset and course of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects a minority of trauma-exposed persons and is associated with significant impairment. This longitudinal study examined risk factors for PTSD. We tested whether the presence of injuries resulting from trauma exposure predicted the course of PTSD symptoms. In addition, we tested whether gender, trauma type, perceived life threat, and peritraumatic dissociation predicted the onset of PTSD symptoms. 236 trauma-exposed civilians were assessed for PTSD symptoms with a structured interview at four occasions during 6 months posttrauma. Path analysis showed that a model in which the female gender, assault, perceived life threat, and peritraumatic dissociation predicted PTSD severity at 1 week, and injury predicted PTSD severity 8 weeks after the traumatic event showed the best fit. However, a similar model without injury showed comparable fit. It is concluded that injuries have a negligible effect on the course of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disease Course, *Injuries, *Onset (Disorders), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Risk Factors, Threat","Sijbrandij, Marit, Engelhard, Iris M., de Vries, Giel-Jan, Luitse, Jan S. K., Carlier, Ingrid V. E., Gersons, Berthold P. R., Olff, Miranda",2013.0,,,0,0,
5058,Impaired fear inhibition learning predicts the persistence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Recent cross-sectional studies have shown that the inability to suppress fear under safe conditions is a key problem in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current longitudinal study examined whether individual differences in fear inhibition predict the persistence of PTSD symptoms. Approximately 2 months after deployment to Afghanistan, 144 trauma-exposed Dutch soldiers were administered a conditional discrimination task (AX+/BX-). In this paradigm, A, B, and X are neutral stimuli. X combined with A is paired with a shock (AX+ trials); X combined with B is not (BX- trials). Fear inhibition was measured (AB trials). Startle electromyogram responses and shock expectancy ratings were recorded. PTSD symptoms were measured at 2 months and at 9 months after deployment. Results showed that greater startle responses during AB trials in individuals who discriminated between danger (AX+) and safety (BX-) during conditioning, predicted higher PTSD symptoms at 2 months and 9 months post-deployment. The predictive effect at 9 months remained significant after controlling for critical incidents during previous deployments and PTSD symptoms at 2 months. Responses to AX+ or BX- trials, or discrimination learning (AX+ minus BX-) did not predict PTSD symptoms. It is concluded that impaired fear inhibition learning seems to be involved in the persistence of PTSD symptoms. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Acoustic startle, Classical conditioning, Conditional discrimination, Fear inhibition, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Sijbrandij, M., Engelhard, I. M., Lommen, M. J. J., Leer, A., Baas, J. M. P.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.008,0,0,
5059,Pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis,"[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 2(7) of The Lancet Psychiatry (see record 2015-57571-010). In figure 1 of this Article, a box describing the number of full-text papers considered for inclusion has been added, and the numbers in the list of exclusions have been corrected. In the text, the number of full-text papers considered for inclusion has been corrected. These corrections have been made to the online version.] Background: An increasing number of studies have investigated the pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD). This is the first systematic review to examine the effects of pharmacotherapies (eg, beta blockers, hydrocortisone, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) given within the first month after a traumatic or aversive event to prevent PTSD or ASD compared with no pharmacotherapy or placebo control. Methods: A systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane database of randomised trials was done. Studies included randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and cohort studies; their overall quality was low to moderate. We computed the pooled incidence risk ratio (IRR): the risk of incidence of PTSD or ASD in the pharmacotherapy groups relative to the incidence of PTSD or ASD in the control groups. Additionally, we computed Hedges'g effect sizes for PTSD or ASD continuous outcomes. Findings: 15 studies met inclusion criteria (1765 individuals). Pharmacotherapy was more effective in preventing PTSD or ASD than placebo or no intervention (14 studies, 1705 individuals, IRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55-0.78; number needed to treat 11.36), although no effect was found when only randomised controlled trials were included (ten studies, 300 individuals, IRR 0.69, 95% CI 0.40-1.21). Hydrocortisone showed a large effect in reducing the risk of PTSD (five studies, 164 individuals, IRR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.92). Interpretation: No firm evidence was found for the efficacy of all early pharmacotherapies in the prevention of PTSD or ASD, but hydrocortisone reduced the risk of developing PTSD. The small number of studies and their limited methodological quality cast uncertainty about the effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Pharmacology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Side Effects (Drug)","Sijbrandij, Marit, Kleiboer, Annet, Bisson, Jonathan I., Barbui, Corrado, Cuijpers, Pim",2015.0,,,0,0,
5060,"""Pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"": Correction","Reports an error in ""Pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"" by Marit Sijbrandij, Annet Kleiboer, Jonathan I. Bisson, Corrado Barbui and Pim Cuijpers (The Lancet Psychiatry, 2015[May], Vol 2[5], 413-421). In figure 1 of this Article, a box describing the number of full-text papers considered for inclusion has been added, and the numbers in the list of exclusions have been corrected. In the text, the number of full-text papers considered for inclusion has been corrected. These corrections have been made to the online version. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2015-57589-028). Background: An increasing number of studies have investigated the pharmacological prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD). This is the first systematic review to examine the effects of pharmacotherapies (eg, beta blockers, hydrocortisone, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) given within the first month after a traumatic or aversive event to prevent PTSD or ASD compared with no pharmacotherapy or placebo control. Methods: A systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane database of randomised trials was done. Studies included randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and cohort studies; their overall quality was low to moderate. We computed the pooled incidence risk ratio (IRR): the risk of incidence of PTSD or ASD in the pharmacotherapy groups relative to the incidence of PTSD or ASD in the control groups. Additionally, we computed Hedges'g effect sizes for PTSD or ASD continuous outcomes. Findings: 15 studies met inclusion criteria (1765 individuals). Pharmacotherapy was more effective in preventing PTSD or ASD than placebo or no intervention (14 studies, 1705 individuals, IRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55-0.78; number needed to treat 11.36), although no effect was found when only randomised controlled trials were included (ten studies, 300 individuals, IRR 0.69, 95% CI 0.40-1.21). Hydrocortisone showed a large effect in reducing the risk of PTSD (five studies, 164 individuals, IRR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.92). Interpretation: No firm evidence was found for the efficacy of all early pharmacotherapies in the prevention of PTSD or ASD, but hydrocortisone reduced the risk of developing PTSD. The small number of studies and their limited methodological quality cast uncertainty about the effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Pharmacology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Side Effects (Drug)","Sijbrandij, Marit, Kleiboer, Annet, Bisson, Jonathan I., Barbui, Corrado, Cuijpers, Pim",2015.0,,,0,0,
5061,Reductions in traumatic stress following a coping intervention were mediated by decreases in avoidant coping for people living with HIV/AIDS and childhood sexual abuse,"To examine whether (a) Living in the Face of Trauma (LIFT), a group intervention to address coping with HIV and childhood sexual abuse (CSA), significantly reduced traumatic stress over a 1-year follow-up period more than an attention-matched support group comparison intervention; and (b) reductions in avoidant coping over time mediated reductions in traumatic stress. In a randomized controlled trial, 247 participants completed measures of traumatic stress and avoidant coping at pre- and post intervention, and at 4-, 8-, and 12-month follow-ups. Latent growth curve modeling examined changes over the 5 time points; standardized path coefficients provide estimates of effects. As compared with the support intervention, the coping intervention led to a reduction in traumatic stress over time (b = -.20, p < .02). Participants in the coping intervention also reduced their use of avoidant coping strategies more than did participants in the support intervention (b = -.22, p < .05). Mediation analyses showed reductions in avoidant coping related to reductions in traumatic stress (b = 1.45, p < .001), and the direct effect of the intervention on traumatic stress was no longer significant (b = .04, ns), suggesting that changes in avoidant coping completely mediated intervention effects on traumatic stress. The LIFT intervention significantly reduced traumatic stress over time, and changes in avoidant coping strategies mediated this effect, suggesting a focus on current stressors and coping skills improvement are important components in addressing traumatic stress for adults living with HIV and CSA.",,"Sikkema, K. J., Ranby, K. W., Meade, C. S., Hansen, N. B., Wilson, P. A., Kochman, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5062,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in parental dyads of children diagnosed with cancer: A longitudinal analysis,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are a common reaction in parents to their child's cancer diagnosis. However, little is known about how parents' PTSS develop during the course of the disease and about how fathers' and mothers' symptom trajectories are related. The present study had two aims: (1) examine the change in parents' PTSS and (2) examine the dynamic longitudinal relationship between fathers' and mothers' PTSS, exploring the phenomenon of interdependent emotional systems in this population. METHOD: Participants of this study were 91 parental dyads whose children were diagnosed with cancer. Mothers and fathers completed the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C; Weathers et al., 1993) via telephone after the moment of diagnosis, during treatment and after the end of successful treatment or transplantation. The latent difference score (LDS) modelling framework was applied to the data collected at six assessments. The framework of LDS modelling represents an alternative method for the structural modelling of longitudinal data combining features of latent growth curve models and cross-lagged regression models. The models were fit using Mplus (Muthen & Muthen, 1998- 2010). RESULTS: Results generally indicated that fathers' and mothers' PTSS decreased proportionally to their previous symptom levels. Further, LDS analyses revealed that change in fathers' PTSS was proportional to previous symptom levels in corresponding mothers after the end of successful treatment or transplantation, respectively. That is, mothers with high levels of PTSS put fathers at risk for stagnating or even increased symptoms over time. Reversely, when fathers suffered from high levels of PTSS, mothers with low symptom levels had a protective effect. For mothers, however, change in symptoms was not significantly associated with fathers' previous levels of PTSS. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, crucial processes in parental dyads may be overlooked when mothers and fathers are examined as 2 separate units. Previous studies are limited with regard to investigating how parents' PTSS are dyamically related over time. The findings of this study demonstrate that one parent may act as a risk or, conversely, as a protective factor in terms of the other parent's development of PTSS. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: The present analyses of coupled change in PTSS were mainly exploratory, aiming at identifying the phenomenon of interdependent emotional systems. Since the results indicate that parents actually react as an emotional system rather than as 2 separate units, theoretical models of mechanisms by which parental dyads influence each other in symptom development are desirable. On that basis, refined research questions can be addressed in future studies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Future psychosocial strategies may be based on the unique needs of the parental dyad. A more efficient and rapid route to symptom reduction in one parent may involve considering the role of the other parent. It may be important to buffer the endangering effect of a highly affected other parent, or foster the protective potential of a less affected other parent, respectively. Psychosocial care addressing both parents may strengthen the relationship between mothers and fathers.","oncology, human, neoplasm, child, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, parent, mother, female, male, father, model, risk, transplantation, weather, psychosocial care, checklist, theoretical model, growth curve, population, diagnosis, telephone, cancer diagnosis","Silberleitner, N., Essen, L., Cernvall, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
5063,Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 validity patterns: An elucidation of Gulf War syndrome,"The potential effects of psychological distress on physical symptoms observed in Persian Gulf War veterans were evaluated in 48 veterans using neuropsychological evaluation that included personality assessment (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2). Cluster analysis of the validity scales resulted in a solution with two viable subgroups. Members of cluster I had significantly higher scores on five Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 clinical scales, a measure of trait anxiety, and a number of subjective complaints, as well as lower scores on a task of attention. Neuropsychological functioning did not otherwise differ between the groups. Contributions of personality style in coping with physical and mental health stressors were indicated. Experience of distress appeared to be attributable to individual differences rather than factors that have been associated with the elusive Gulf War syndrome. Persian Gulf War veterans' emotional reactions to clinical laboratory findings, perceptions of exposure risks, war experience, and stress may represent a variation of posttraumatic stress disorder.","adult, anxiety, article, clinical article, controlled study, human, male, mental stress, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Persian Gulf syndrome, psychologic assessment, reliability","Sillanpaa, M. C., Agar, L. M., Axelrod, B. N.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5064,Explosive anger as a response to human rights violations in post-conflict Timor-Leste,"Over several decades, clinicians have documented a pattern of explosive anger amongst survivors of gross human rights violations. Yet there is a dearth of epidemiological research investigating explosive anger in post-conflict countries. In the present study undertaken in Timor-Leste between March and November 2004, we identified an indigenous descriptor for explosive anger, including this index in the East Timor Mental Health Epidemiological Needs Study, a small area total population survey of 1544 adults living in an urban and a rural area. Other measures included indices of past trauma events, post-traumatic stress and general psychological distress, and socio-demographic variables. We found that 38% of the population reached the defined threshold of one attack of explosive anger a month (average = 1 episode every 2-3 days). Only a minority of persons with explosive anger reached threshold scores for post-traumatic stress and general psychological distress. High levels of trauma exposure represented the strongest predictor of explosive anger. Latent class analysis identified three sub-groups with explosive anger: young trauma-affected adults living in the capital city who were unemployed; an older group, predominantly men, who had experienced extensive violence, including combat, assault and torture; and a less well characterized group of women. The findings offer support for a sequential model of explosive anger in which experiences of past persecution are compounded by frustrations in the post-conflict environment. The data provide a foundation for exploring further the role of trauma-induced anger in the cycles of violence that are prevalent in post-conflict countries. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","adult, anger, article, battle injury, controlled study, distress syndrome, female, health survey, human, human rights abuse, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, socioeconomics, Timor-Leste, violence","Silove, D., Brooks, R., Bateman Steel, C. R., Steel, Z., Hewage, K., Rodger, J., Soosay, I.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5065,Clustering of symptoms of mental disorder in the medium-term following conflict: An epidemiological study in Timor-Leste,"It is important to define subpopulations with mental health and psychosocial reactions in the medium-term following conflict to ensure that an appropriate array of services are provided to meet the diversity of needs. We conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) on epidemiological data drawn from an urban and rural sample of 1221 adults (581 men and 640 women, response 82%) in post-conflict Timor Leste 4 years after the cessation of violence. The prevalence of PTSD was 4.9%; severe distress 4.8%; anger attacks 38.3%; and paranoid-like symptoms 10.9%. The best fitting LCA yielded three classes comprising those with no or minimal symptoms (86%), a class with anger-paranoia (13%) and a comorbid mental disorder class (1.5%) characterized by PTSD (100%) and severe distress (98%). The comorbid mental disorder class had an over-representation of men, the unemployed, residents in the urban area and persons with the greatest exposure to human rights trauma, murder and health stress. The anger-paranoia class experienced moderate levels of trauma and had an over-representation of urban dwellers, women, and those with higher levels of education. The analysis assists in clarifying the populations with mental disorder and adverse psychosocial reactions in need of intervention in the medium-term following conflict. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Conflict and mental disorder, Identification of at-risk populations, Latent class analysis, Posttraumatic stress","Silove, D., Ivancic, L., Rees, S., Bateman-Steel, C., Steel, Z.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5066,The impact of torture on post-traumatic stress symptoms in war-affected Tamil refugees and immigrants,"The present study examines the effect of torture in generating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms by comparing its impact with that of the traumas suffered by a war-affected sample of Tamil living in Australia. Traumatic predictors of PTSD were examined among a subsample of 107 Tamils (mean age 42 yrs old, consisting of refugees, asylum seekers, and voluntary immigrants) who had endorsed at least one trauma category on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded 5 trauma factors that were applied to predicting PTSD scores. Tamils exposed to torture returned statistically higher PTSD scores than other war trauma survivors after controlling for overall levels of trauma exposure. The torture factor identified by the PCA was found to be the main predictor of PTSD in a multiple regression analysis. Although limited by sampling constraints and retrospective measurement, the present study provides support for the identification of torture as a particularly traumatic event, even when the impact of other war-related trauma is taken into account. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Torture, *War, Emotional Trauma, Survivors, Victimization","Silove, Derrick, Steel, Zachary, McGorry, Patrick, Miles, Vanessa, Drobny, Juliette",2002.0,,,0,0,
5067,"The impact of the refugee decision on the trajectory of PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among asylum seekers: a longitudinal study","OBJECTIVE: To examine prospectively the trajectory of trauma-related psychiatric symptoms and disability amongst asylum seekers over the course of the refugee determination process. To identify the direct impact of the refugee decision on psychiatric symptoms by adjusting for other variables, namely sociodemographic characteristics, past trauma, and ongoing postmigration stresses. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of asylum seekers recruited from a random sample of immigration agents in Sydney, Australia. SETTING: Consecutive asylum seekers were referred for interview by immigration agents. Interviews were undertaken after the initial application and on average, 3.8 months after the refugee decision. MEASURES: Measures assessed premigration trauma and postmigration stressors. Mental health status was assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Functional impairment was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form 12. RESULTS: Sixty-two of 73 asylum seekers were retained at follow-up. The accepted (16) and rejected (46) groups did not differ on premigration trauma or baseline psychiatric symptoms. Postdecision, the accepted group showed substantial improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and in mental health functioning, whereas the rejected group maintained high levels of symptoms on all psychiatric indices. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing secure residency status for asylum seekers may be important to their recovery from trauma-related psychiatric symptoms. The practical and theoretical implications are discussed.",,"Silove, D., Steel, Z., Susljik, I., Frommer, N., Loneragan, C., Chey, T., Brooks, R., le Touze, D., Ceollo, M., Smith, M., Harris, E., Bryant, R.",2007.0,,,0,1,
5068,The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic,"Background: Adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) has been identified recently, but there is a paucity of data about its prevalence and associated characteristics amongst anxiety patients. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factor profile associated with ASAD in an anxiety clinic.Methods: Clinical psychologists assigned 520 consecutive patients to DSM-IV adult anxiety subcategories using the SCID. We also measured demographic factors and reports of early separation anxiety (the Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory and a retrospective diagnosis of childhood separation anxiety disorder). Other self-report measures included the Adult Separation Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (ASA-27), the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS-21), personality traits measured by the NEO PI-R and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. These measures were included in three models examining for overall differences and then by gender: Model 1 compared the conventional SCID anxiety subtypes (excluding PTSD and OCD because of insufficient numbers); Model 2 divided the sample into those with and without ASAD; Model 3 compared those with ASAD with the individual anxiety subtypes in the residual group.Results: Patients with ASAD had elevated early separation anxiety scores but this association was unique in females only. Except for social phobia in relation to some comparisons, those with ASAD recorded more severe symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, higher neuroticism scores, and greater levels of disability.Conclusions: Patients with ASAD attending an anxiety clinic are highly symptomatic and disabled. The findings have implications for the classification, clinical identification and treatment of adult anxiety disorders. (copyright) 2010 Silove et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, demography, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disability severity, disease classification, disease severity, emotional stress, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental hospital, neurosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychologist, questionnaire, rating scale, risk factor, scoring system, semi structured interview, separation anxiety, sex difference, social adaptation, social phobia, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders","Silove, D. M., Marnane, C. L., Wagner, R., Manicavasagar, V. L., Rees, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5069,Chronic kidney disease in Central American agricultural communities: Challenges for epidemiology and public health,"This paper contextualizes the chronic kidney disease epidemic and related burden of disease affecting Central American farming communities. It summarizes the two main causal hypotheses (heat stress and agrochemicals), draws attention to the consequences of dichotomous reasoning concerning causality, and warns of potential conflicts of interest and their role in ""manufacturing doubt."" It describes some methodological errors that compromise past study findings and cautions against delaying public health actions until a conclusive understanding is reached about the epidemic's causes and underlying mechanisms. It makes the case for a comprehensive approach to the historical, social and epidemiological facts of the epidemic, for critically assessing existing studies and for enhanced rigor in new research.","Agriculture, Agrochemicals, Causality, Central America, Chronic kidney disease, Environment, Epidemic, Epidemiology, Heat stress, Pesticides, Public health, Social determinants of health","Silva, L. C., Orduń̃ez, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5070,Pathways for psychological adjustment in breast cancer: A longitudinal study on coping strategies and posttraumatic growth,"This longitudinal study examined the role of coping strategies and posttraumatic growth (PTG) on the psychological adjustment to breast cancer trajectory. The participants were 50 women assessed at the time of surgery (T1), during adjuvant treatment (T2) and six months after the end of treatment (T3). Women completed questionnaires assessing coping strategies, PTG and psychological adjustment (psychological quality of life, anxiety and depression). Results showed that the greatest impact of breast cancer on women's adjustment occurred at T1, when patients were significantly more anxious than in the other phases of the disease. The type of surgery and adjuvant treatment did not account for the course of PTG and adjustment. Coping through seeking social support and using cognitive strategies at T1 were linked to psychological quality of life and depression at T3 via PTG dimension of personal resources and skills at T2. Findings emphasise the value of promoting adaptive coping strategies and PTG in order to improve psychological adjustment in breast cancer patients. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","anxiety, breast cancer, coping, depression, posttraumatic growth, quality of life","Silva, S. M., Crespo, C., Canavarro, M. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5071,A study of the MMPI clinical and research scales for post-traumatic stress disorder diagnostic utility,"Controversy exists as to the utility of the MMPI in diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies of an empirically developed PTSD Subscale for the MMPI have had conflicting results. In this study 84 MMPI clinical and research scales, including the PTSD Subscale, of 234 Vietnam War veterans (+PTSD=117, -PTSD=117) were compared to determine the clinical usefulness of the scales for differential diagnosis of PTSD. The veterans were all inpatients applying for admission to a PTSD treatment program. The MMPI clinical profile for PTSD was corroborated, though it had little statistically significant difference than the average profile of the -PTSD group. The PTSD Subscale was slightly better than chance in classifying veterans. A number of research scales were found to be as or more accurate than the PTSD Subscale in terms of true hit rates. © 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","MMPI, PTSD, veterans","Silver, S. M., Salamone-Genovese, L.",1991.0,,,0,0,
5072,Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in Haitian students,"The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in undergraduate students after the Haiti earthquake on January 12, 2010, as well as to identify the risk factors involved in the development of PTSD symptoms in this sample. Evaluations concerning depression, anxiety, risk and protective factors, and PTSD symptoms were conducted in 246 Haitian undergraduate students enrolled in a Dominican private university. Results indicate a prevalence of 36% for PTSD 2 years after the earthquake, with a high prevalence also of depression (31.7%) and anxiety (21.1%). Some of the risk factors identified are being female, a history of psychiatric treatment, and the amount of personal and material losses. The instauration of crisis management and follow-up protocols after traumatic events was deemed to be needed. Further research is necessary to study the long-term effects of this tragedy, not only in undergraduate students, but also in the working class Haitian immigrants living in the Dominican Republic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, College Students","Silvestre, Gretel, Anacreon, Pascale, Theodore, Michele, Silvestre, Emmanuel, Garcia-Dubus, Eugenia",2014.0,,,0,0,
5073,Gulf War illness: A view from Australia,"Australia sent a small, mostly naval, deployment to the 1991 Gulf War. When papers and media concerns arose about unexplained Gulf War illnesses in Gulf War troops from other countries, Australia decided to undertake its own study of Australian veterans. Undertaking a later study, more than 10 years after the Gulf War, allowed us to incorporate some methodological improvements on previous research, such as the inclusion of a face-to-face health assessment where more objective health data could be collected in addition to using a postal questionnaire. Despite the different Gulf War experience for the mostly naval Australian group, there were remarkable consistencies in the patterns of multiple symptom reporting found in overseas studies, including the fact that no unique symptom clusters were identified. In general, this excess symptom reporting was not found to occur with excesses in more objective measures of physical health. These objective physical measures included a wide range of haematological, biochemical and serological markers, a physical examination, spirometry and a step test of fatigability. In contrast, several psychological disorders, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and substance abuse, were found to occur in excess in the Australian Gulf War group and were associated with Gulf War psychological stressors. These findings have helped raise awareness in Australia of psychological health problems in deployed military personnel. © 2006 The Royal Society.","Epidemiology, Gulf War veterans, Methodology, Symptoms","Sim, M., Kelsall, H.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5074,Relationships between dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) A review of the relationship between dissociation and PTSD is discussed by Simeon in Chapter 4. She suggests that four models can be identified to account for the association. The first model (comorbidity) views PTSD and dissociation as separate entities that may co-occur because of the nosological link to a common etiological factor (i.e., traumatic stress). The second model (shared risk factors) suggests that the link between PTSD and dissociation is through a common psychological and/or biological vulnerability (i.e., a diathesis). The third model (shared pathogenesis) posits that PTSD and dissociation have common pathogenetic mechanisms that are activated by trauma. The final model (same disorder) suggests that PTSD and dissociation are inseparable, with the current nosology unnecessarily creating artificial distinctions between them. While acknowledging that no model effectively accounts for the relationship between PTSD and dissociation, Simeon concludes that the first model, comorbidity, best captures the current data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Dissociation, *Etiology, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Risk Factors","Simeon, Daphne",2007.0,,,0,0,
5075,Development of a depersonalization severity scale,"Our aim was to develop a clinician-rated scale assessing depersonalization severity for use in clinical trials of Depersonalization Disorder and trauma-related disorders in general. The 6-item Depersonalization Severity Scale (DSS) was administered to 63 participants with DSM-IV Depersonalization Disorder as diagnosed by the SCID-D, and its psychometric properties were examined. The sensitivity of the DSS and of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to treatment change was assessed in blinded, controlled settings. Individual items were widely distributed across the severity range. Interrater reliability was excellent and internal consistency was moderate. The DSS had high convergent and discriminant validity and was sensitive to treatment change. The DES was also sensitive to treatment change. We recommend piloting the DSS in future treatment trials of trauma-spectrum disorders.","adult, article, depersonalization, discriminant analysis, disease severity, female, human, hysteria, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, psychometry, reliability, validation process","Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5076,Military Resilience: A Concept Analysis,"Background: Since the events surrounding September 11, 2011, and natural disasters, research on resilience has shifted from children to adult resilience. The military began to embrace the concept in 2008 in an effort to decrease the number of military service member (SM) suicides. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explain resilience as it relates to military SMs using the process for concept analysis outlined by Walker and Avant. Findings: Adaptive coping, personal control, hardiness, and social support are the attributes that characterize psychological resilience in SMs. Antecedents for resilience are life events such as serious accidents, prior deployments where death is witnessed, and combat involvement. Consequences of high resilience include decreased mental health symptoms and career and personal success, while consequences of low resilience include increased mental health symptoms and participating in high-risk behaviors. Practice Implications: Understanding resilience as it relates to SMs is critical. Nurses must be able to assess SMs and be equipped to refer them or their family members to the most appropriate care. As more is learned about resilience in the military community, there may be broader implications to the civilian community. Improved understanding of psychological resilience may lead to improved interventions appropriate for both civilians and military SMs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Concept analysis, Military resilience, Psychological resilience, Resilience, Soldier resilience","Simmons, A., Yoder, L.",2013.0,,10.1111/nuf.12007,0,0,
5077,Real-World Barriers to Assessing and Treating Mental Health Problems With IPV Survivors: A Qualitative Study,"Barriers to assessing and treating mental health problems with intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors were identified with qualitative responses from 62 IPV helping professionals who participated in an online survey question. Data were analyzed using a concept mapping approach, which resulted in following eight distinct clusters: (a) unsure, (b) limited IPV specific resources, (c) barriers to access, (d) systems-taboos, (e) immediate crisis needs, (f) fear-stigma, (g) offender’s control and (h) cultural concerns. The opinions expressed in these clusters help to better explain logistic, relational, and intrapersonal obstacles that can limit women IPV survivors’ ability to receive care for mental health conditions. Extending previous quantitative work by the authors (Simmons, Whalley, & Beck, 2014), the current portion of this project generates new ways of looking at barriers to service delivery, which can be used to develop theory and guide further research. © The Author(s) 2014","assessment, battered women, domestic violence, mental health and violence, PTSD","Simmons, C. A., Lindsey, L., Delaney, M. J., Whalley, A., Beck, J. G.",2015.0,,10.1177/0886260514552275,0,0,
5078,Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf war,"Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare 6 models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, ranging from 1 to 4 factors, in a sample of 3,695 deployed Gulf War veterans (N = 1,896) and nondeployed controls (N = 1,799). The 4 correlated factors-intrusions, avoidance, hyperarousal, and dysphoria-provided the best fit. The dysphoria factor combined traditional markers of numbing and hyperarousal. Model superiority was cross-validated in multiple subsamples, including a subset of deployed participants who were exposed to traumatic combat stressors. Moreover, convergent and discriminant validity correlations suggested that intrusions may be relatively specific to PTSD, whereas dysphoria may represent a nonspecific component of many disorders. Results are discussed in the context of hierarchical models of anxiety and depression.","anxiety, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, battle injury, controlled study, correlation analysis, depression, discriminant analysis, dysphoria, emotional disorder, factorial analysis, female, human, major clinical study, male, memory, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier, stress, symptom, validation process, war","Simms, L. J., Watson, D., Doebbeling, B. N.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5079,Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War,"Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare 6 models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, ranging from 1 to 4 factors, in a sample of 3,695 deployed Gulf War veterans (N = 1,896) and nondeployed controls (N = 1,799). The 4 correlated factors-intrusions, avoidance, hyperarousal, and dysphoria-provided the best fit. The dysphoria factor combined traditional markers of numbing and hyperarousal. Model superiority was cross-validated in multiple subsamples, including a subset of deployed participants who were exposed to traumatic combat stressors. Moreover, convergent and discriminant validity correlations suggested that intrusions may be relatively specific to PTSD, whereas dysphoria may represent a nonspecific component of many disorders. Results are discussed in the context of hierarchical models of anxiety and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Military Veterans","Simms, Leonard J., Watson, David, Doebbelling, Bradley N.",2002.0,,,0,0,5078
5080,Informing the symptom profile of complicated grief,"Background: Complicated Grief (CG) is under consideration as a new diagnosis in DSM5. We sought to add empirical support to the current dialogue by examining the commonly used Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) scale completed by 782 bereaved individuals. Methods: We employed IRT analyses, factor analyses, and sensitivity and specificity analyses utilizing our full sample (n = 782), and also compared confirmed CG cases (n = 288) to noncases (n = 377). Confirmed CG cases were defined as individuals bereaved at least 6 months who were seeking care for CG, had an ICGâ ¥30, and received a structured clinical interview for CG by a certified clinician confirming CG as their primary illness. Noncases were bereaved individuals who did not present with CG as a primary complaint (including those with depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and controls) and had an ICG<25. Results: IRT analyses provided guidance about the most informative individual items and their association with CG severity. Factor analyses demonstrated a single factor solution when the full sample was considered, but within CG cases, six symptom clusters emerged: (1) yearning and preoccupation with the deceased, (2) anger and bitterness, (3) shock and disbelief, (4) estrangement from others, (5) hallucinations of the deceased, and (6) behavior change, including avoidance and proximity seeking. The presence of at least one symptom from three different symptom clusters optimized sensitivity (94.8%) and specificity (98.1%). Conclusions: These data, derived from a diverse and predominantly clinical help seeking population, add an important perspective to existing suggestions for DSM5 criteria for CG. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","complicated grief, diagnostic criteria, DSM, factor analyses, grief, IRT, loss, symptoms","Simon, N. M., Wall, M. M., Keshaviah, A., Dryman, M. T., Leblanc, N. J., Shear, M. K.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5081,An open-label study of levetiracetam for the treatment of social anxiety disorder,"OBJECTIVE: Social anxiety disorder is a disabling condition characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of social and performance situations. While a variety of effective pharmacotherapies exists, many patients do not fully respond to or tolerate available agents. Preclinical and early clinical experience with levetiracetam, a novel anticonvulsant agent, suggests that levetiracetam has anxiolytic properties and a favorable adverse event profile. Levetiracetam thus warrants systematic evaluation as a treatment option for anxiety disorders. METHOD: Twenty adult outpatients who were recruited through advertisement and clinical referral and who met DSM-IV criteria for social anxiety disorder, generalized type, participated in this 8-week open-label, flexible-dose study from November 2002 to December 2003. Participants were required to have scores of >/= 50 on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and >/= 4 on the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale (CGI-S) at baseline. The presence of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders were permitted as long as social anxiety disorder was the primary disorder. Levetiracetam was initiated at 250 mg/day for the first week and flexibly titrated up to a maximum of 3000 mg/day (1500 mg b.i.d.). The primary outcome measure was change in the LSAS score at endpoint. RESULTS: There was a clinically significant 20.5-point decrease in LSAS scores in the intent-to-treat, last-observation-carried-forward analysis (t = 3.1; p <.01, N = 20). There were also significant reductions in CGI-S (p <.01) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (p <.02) scores. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study supports the safety and potential efficacy of a novel agent, levetiracetam, for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Larger controlled trials are warranted to confirm these results.","anticonvulsive agent, drug derivative, etiracetam, piracetam, adult, ambulatory care, article, clinical trial, comparative study, drug administration, female, hospitalization, human, male, phobia, pilot study, prospective study, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, treatment outcome","Simon, N. M., Worthington, J. J., Doyle, A. C., Hoge, E. A., Kinrys, G., Fischmann, D., Link, N., Pollack, M. H.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5082,Distinguishing trauma-associated narcissistic symptoms from posttraumatic stress disorder: A diagnostic challenge,"Individuals with trauma-associated narcissistic symptoms (referred to in this paper by the acronym TANS for simplicity) display a discrete cluster of psychological symptoms that can closely mimic those of PTSD. In TANS, the underlying vulnerability to traumatic stress usually stems from a narcissistic personality disorder or narcissistic personality traits. However, narcissistic symptoms associated with an external traumatic event may be reflexively and erroneously attributed to PTSD, no matter how small or insignificant the traumatic stressor. Mistaking TANS for PTSD usually results in treatment failure. In litigation, distinguishing between TANS and PTSD assists the trier of fact in determining causation and assessing damages.","adult, case report, depression, diagnostic error, emotional stress, human, irritability, law suit, male, narcissism, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychosocial withdrawal, psychotherapy, rage, review, shame, symptom, treatment failure","Simon, R. I.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5083,Influence of the mild TBI on the chronic course of the Posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Long-term follow-up of the patients suffering of combat-related traumatic stress revealed that co-occurence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries ( TBI) proved to be nullthe rule rather then exceptionnull. The aim of the paper was to determine the possible influence of the mild TBI on the severity and on the duration of the PTSD. Method: Totaly 60 patients suffering of PTSD were assessed and divided in two groups: with mild TBI and without the history of head trauma. The presence and the severity of the PTSD and TBI were assesed using following instruments: The Clinician-Administrated PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS-DX) and Glasgow Coma Scale, respectively.The differences between groups were evaluated using Student t test Results obtained showed that two groups differed significantly on the following items of the CAPS score: total severity, severity of the D cluster, functional deficits, and duration of symptoms. Conclusion: Mild TBI might influence on the clinical course and severity of the PTSD, by diminishing the capacity to employ cognitive resources that would normally be engaged in problem-solving and regulationg emotions after trauma and leaving the individual more helpless and susceptible to persistent trauma related psychopathology.","posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, patient, injury, disease course, problem solving, head injury, mental disease, follow up, traumatic brain injury, Glasgow coma scale, Student t test, emotion","Simonovic, M., Radisavljevic, M., Milenkovic, T., Grbesa, G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5084,Fear and avoidance of internal experiences among patients with substance use disorders and PTSD: The centrality of anxiety sensitivity,"This study evaluated anxiety sensitivity, cognitive avoidance, and alexithymia and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use indices concurrently and prospectively in an outpatient substance abuse treatment sample that screened positive for PTSD (N = 58). Anxiety sensitivity accounted for substantial variance in the PTSD clusters, reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal, both concurrently and prospectively. Cognitive avoidance accounted for additional variance with concurrent PTSD avoidance symptoms. Anxiety sensitivity and cognitive avoidance were largely not associated with alcohol use indices. Alexithymia was largely redundant with cognitive avoidance and was, therefore, not included in the regression analyses. Theoretical and treatment implications of these findings are discussed in the context of individuals with dually diagnosed PTSD and substance abuse disorders. © 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Simpson, T., Jakupcak, M., Luterek, J. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5085,Comparing the diagnosis of PTSD when assessing worst versus multiple traumatic events in a chronically mentally ill sample,"Despite interest in the nature of the traumatic event required to meet Criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), little attention has been paid to the diagnostic ramifications of linking PTSD symptoms to a single traumatic event in the context of multiple trauma exposures. In this study, 67 dually diagnosed clients with at least 2 potential Criterion A traumatic events completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale twice, in counterbalanced order: once regarding their worst event and once regarding all events. When responding regarding their worst trauma, 53.7% met probable PTSD criteria. This rose to 67.2% when considering all traumas. Although preliminary, these results suggest that linking PTSD symptoms to a single traumatic event excludes a meaningful number of cases who are otherwise indistinguishable based on symptom profile. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Simpson, T. L., Anne Comtois, K., Moore, S. A., Kaysen, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5086,Comparing the diagnosis of PTSD when assessing worst versus multiple traumatic events in a chronically mentally ill sample,"Despite interest in the nature of the traumatic event required to meet Criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), little attention has been paid to the diagnostic ramifications of linking PTSD symptoms to a single traumatic event in the context of multiple trauma exposures. In this study, 67 dually diagnosed clients with at least 2 potential Criterion A traumatic events completed the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale twice, in counterbalanced order: once regarding their worst event and once regarding all events. When responding regarding their worst trauma, 53.7% met probable PTSD criteria. This rose to 67.2% when considering all traumas. Although preliminary, these results suggest that linking PTSD symptoms to a single traumatic event excludes a meaningful number of cases who are otherwise indistinguishable based on symptom profile. Copyright (copyright) 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adult, article, chronic disease, comparative study, female, hospitalization, human, male, mental disease, middle aged, multiple trauma, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, self report, United States","Simpson, T. L., Comtois, K. A., Moore, S. A., Kaysen, D.",2011.0,,,0,0,5085
5087,"Prevalence and predictors of mental disorders among women in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey","BackgroundMental health is one of the most important public health issues because of major contributor to the global burden of disease. In this study, we examined the prevalence and predictors of mental disorders among married women from 15 to 49 years of age and the need for mental health services in the primary health care settings.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 270 women were selected using probability cluster sampling method at 95 confidence interval (91.5 response rate). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) and women socio-demographic information form were used to collect data.ResultsAlthough the prevalence of mental disorder was 25.9 (8.5 with one diagnosis; 17.4 were two or more diagnoses), 4.7 of these women had contacted a carer in the last year for psychological reasons. According to the SCID-I assessment, the most prevalent diagnoses were major depressive disorder (7.3), phobic disorder (4.8) and posttraumatic stress disorder (3.6). In this study, comorbid diagnoses were present in 67.2 of patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that domestic violence, history of previous trauma, anemia and cutaneous leishmaniasis were significant predictors of any mental disorders (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings highlight the need for systematic development of community-based mental health services in conjunction with primary health care services for the screening, early identification and treatment of women suffering from mental disorders, and the improvement of anemia and cutaneous leishmaniasis control programme. (copyright) The Author 2008, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved.","adolescent, adult, article, cross-sectional study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, female, health service, human, mental disease, mental health service, middle aged, prevalence, risk factor, statistical model, Turkey (republic), ""womens health""","Simsek, Z., Ak, D., Altindag, A., Gunes, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5088,"Prevalence and predictors of mental disorders among women in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey","BackgroundMental health is one of the most important public health issues because of major contributor to the global burden of disease. In this study, we examined the prevalence and predictors of mental disorders among married women from 15 to 49 years of age and the need for mental health services in the primary health care settings.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 270 women were selected using probability cluster sampling method at 95 confidence interval (91.5 response rate). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) and women socio-demographic information form were used to collect data.ResultsAlthough the prevalence of mental disorder was 25.9 (8.5 with one diagnosis; 17.4 were two or more diagnoses), 4.7 of these women had contacted a carer in the last year for psychological reasons. According to the SCID-I assessment, the most prevalent diagnoses were major depressive disorder (7.3), phobic disorder (4.8) and posttraumatic stress disorder (3.6). In this study, comorbid diagnoses were present in 67.2 of patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that domestic violence, history of previous trauma, anemia and cutaneous leishmaniasis were significant predictors of any mental disorders (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings highlight the need for systematic development of community-based mental health services in conjunction with primary health care services for the screening, early identification and treatment of women suffering from mental disorders, and the improvement of anemia and cutaneous leishmaniasis control programme. © The Author 2008, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved.","Community mental health services, Comorbidity, Mental disorders, Women","Simsek, Z., Ak, D., Altindag, A., Günes, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,5087
5089,Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in first-episode psychosis,"Background: Psychosis can be considered one of the most severe stressors that an individual may face. Previous studies have suggested that the traumatic experience of psychotic symptoms and hospitalization may provoke a post-traumatic type reaction. Aim: The aim of this study was to establish the point prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among patients recovering from a first-episode of psychosis in Singapore, and to elucidate the factors associated with it. Methods: Patients from the Early Psychosis Intervention Programme in Singapore, who were recovering from their first psychotic episode, participated in this study. Diagnoses were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)-Text Revised Axis I Disorders. The Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale, an interviewer-rated semi-structured interview,was used to diagnose PTSD. Results: Sixty-one patients (30 males, 31 females) were recruited. Twelve (19.7%) patients were diagnosed with PTSD. Hospitalization for treatment, whether compulsory or otherwise, did not increase the rate of PTSD. The Chinese ethnic group had lower risk of developing PTSD (adjusted odds ratio 0.14, P = 0.018). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of PTSD in patients recovering from their first psychotic episode. This study raises awareness among clinicians and hopes to promote early recognition and treatment of PTSD so as to potentially improve outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosis, *Risk Factors, *Stress","Sin, Gwen-Li, Abdin, Edimansyah, Lee, Jimmy, Poon, Lye-Yin, Verma, Swapna, Chong, Siow-Ann",2010.0,,,0,0,
5090,Offenders as victims: post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder among male prisoners,"Background: Comorbid substance use disorder(s) and post-traumatic stress disorder (SUD-PTSD) is common among prisoners and linked to an increased risk of criminal recidivism; however, little is known about the characteristics of prisoners with this comorbidity. Aim: This study provides a preliminary examination of the clinical and criminal profile of male inmates with symptoms of SUD-PTSD, and examines whether this profile differs according to whether a person has experienced a trauma while in prison. Methods: Thirty male inmates from two correctional centres in Sydney, Australia, were recruited and assessed using a structured interview. Results: The sample reported extensive criminal, substance use and trauma histories. A history of substance dependence was almost universal (90%) and 56.7% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD with the remainder experiencing sub-threshold symptoms. Forty-three per cent reported a traumatic event while in prison. Those who had experienced trauma in prison, compared to those who had not, were more likely to nominate heroin as their main drug of concern and to be receiving drug treatment in prison. There was also a trend toward inmates who had experienced a trauma in prison being more likely than inmates who had no prison trauma to have experienced a physical assault. Conclusion: Male prisoners with SUD-PTSD are a high-needs group yet treatment responses are poor. Further research examining treatment options for this comorbidity may improve prisoner well-being and reduce recidivism. © 2014 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","post-traumatic stress disorder, prison, substance use disorder, trauma, victimisation, violence","Sindicich, N., Mills, K. L., Barrett, E. L., Indig, D., Sunjic, S., Sannibale, C., Rosenfeld, J., Najavits, L. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5091,Impact of metabolic syndrome on cardiovascular and mental diseases in a VA population,"Purpose of Study: Metabolic syndrome (METS) is a cluster of conditions that confer greater cardiovascular (CV) risk and may be associated with certain mental disorders. A quarter of US population is currently affected by METS and the prevalence increases with age. We sought to examine the prevalence of METS and to determine the impact of METS on CV and psychiatric diseases in a VA population. Methods Used: Demographics and clinical data on diagnosis, labs and medication profiles were collected from 17,466 patients in this cross-sectional study. METS was defined by modified NCEP criteria. T -test and Chi square test were used for demographic and risk comparison between those with and without METS. Chi square test and ANOVA were used for risk comparison among groups with increasing number of METS components. Logistic regression model was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios. Summary of Results: Mean age was 67 years with 96 % males. Prevalence of METS was 58%. Although numbers of patients who ever smoked tobacco between the two groups were similar (P>0.05), there were significantly less current smokers in METS+ group (P<0.001). Among patients with METS, there were significantly higher mean FS and increased prevalence of PCI, MI, CABG, PVD, ED CKD, depression, PTSD (P<0.001), CVA/TIA, and anxiety (P<0.002). TC and LDL were lower while non-HDL cholesterol was higher in METS+ group, consistent with more atherogenic lipid profiles. There was significantly proportional increase in a number of CV and mental diseases with increasing number of METS components. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, and statin use by logistic regression model, METS remained significantly associated with MI, CABG, PVD, CKD, anxiety and PTSD. Conclusions: There are more than double cases of METS in this study compared to US general population. METS is significantly associated with certain CV and mental diseases and the degree of this association becomes stronger with increasing number of individual METS components. More aggressive intervention targeting multiple CV risk factors is particularly important for this high-risk patient population. Our results also suggest the need to reduce concomitant CV risk in the long-term management of depression, anxiety, and PTSD.","high density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid, statin (protein), low density lipoprotein, population, mental disease, medical research, metabolic syndrome X, risk, prevalence, posttraumatic stress disorder, patient, human, anxiety, diagnosis, chi square test, model, logistic regression analysis, analysis of variance, cardiovascular risk, male, high risk patient, risk factor, clinical study, cross-sectional study, Student t test, drug therapy, tobacco, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus","Singh, M., Gu, W., Mallios, R., McFarland, S., Fong, J., Huang, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5092,Longitudinal trajectories of World Trade Center (WTC)-related PTSD symptoms in police and non-traditional WTC responders,"Background: Tens of thousands of traditional and non-traditional first responders were involved in rescue and recovery operations following the September 11th terrorist attacks. These responders endured unprecedented hazardous working conditions and psychological stressors while working at Ground Zero and/or the Staten Island landfill. Previous cross-sectional studies have examined the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in WTC responders; however, little is known about longitudinal trajectories of PTSD symptoms in this population. In this study, we evaluated longitudinal trajectories of World Trade Center (WTC)-related PTSD symptoms in more than 10,000 police and non-traditional WTC responders; we then identified pre-, peri-, and post-9/11 determinants of these trajectories. Methods: Latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM) was utilized to characterize the nature of WTC-related PTSD symptom trajectories amongst 10,835 WTC responders, including 4,035 police responders and 6,800 nontraditional responders, who attended monitoring visits at the CDCestablished WTC Health Program (WTC-HP) an average of 3, 6, and 8 years post-9/11. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were then conducted to assess determinants of the WTC-related PTSD symptom trajectories. Results: LGMM analyses revealed that a 4-class solution optimally characterized longitudinal PTSD symptoms in police WTC responders: resistant (77.8%), delayed-onset (8.5%), recovering (8.4%), and severe chronic (5.3%). In non-traditional WTC responders, a 6-class solution was optimal: resistant (58.0%), recovering (12.3%), severe chronic (9.5%), subsyndromal increasing (7.3%), delayed-onset (6.7%), and moderate chronic (6.2%). A greater proportion of police responders manifested a resilient trajectory (77.8%) compared to non-traditional responders (58.0%). In both police and non-traditional responder groups, increased severity of WTC exposure, prior psychiatric history, greater number of WTC-related medical conditions, and Hispanic ethnicity were strongly associated with symptomatic PTSD trajectories. Family and work social support while working at the WTC site was a protective factor for both groups, while early arrival was protective among nontraditional responders. Conclusion: This study is the first of which we are aware to examine longitudinal trajectories of WTC-related PTSD trajectories in WTC responders. A greater proportion of police responders manifested a resilient trajectory compared to non-traditional responders, which is likely attributable to their greater training and disaster preparedness. These results suggest that greater training in disaster preparedness, as well as peri-disaster familial and work support may help protect against deleterious psychological outcomes in disaster responders, particularly those with risk factors such as prior psychiatric history, Hispanic ethnicity, greater severity of traumatic exposure, and any disaster-related medical co-morbidities.","police, human, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, Hispanic, ethnicity, exposure, island (geological), logistic regression analysis, cross-sectional study, prevalence, work environment, model, landfill, population, monitoring, health program, morbidity, risk factor, social support, terrorism","Singh, R., Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Schechter, C. B., Barron, J. L., Southwick, S. M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
5093,Primary and secondary capacities in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients in terms of positive psychotherapy,"The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between primary and secondary capacities with the Wiesbaden Positive Therapy and Family Therapy Inventory (WIPPF-2) among people having Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Participants of this study consisted of 50 volunteers, PTSD patients, who were observed in the Psychiatry Department of Gulhane Military Hospital in Ankara, Turkey, as an in-patient or out-patient. A control group consists of 50 volunteers with an absence of any specific psychiatric diagnosis. All participants were asked to answer the self-evaluation scale Wiesbaden Positive Psychotherapy and Family ?Therapy Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Impact of Event Scale (Revised). According to the analysis, there was a negative relationship between the depression inventory scores of patients who were diagnosed with PTSD and their secondary and primary capacities. It was observed that PTSD patients show less levels of primary capacities than secondary capacities. Since primary capacities tend to be more related to emotional needs and emotional relations, these capabilities seemed to be more affected by PTSD and less developed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, Inventories, Major Depression, Psychological Assessment","Sinici, Ebru, Sari, Tugba, Maden, Ozgur",2014.0,,,0,0,
5094,MMPI scores of female victims,"Samples of MMPIs of women who were victims of abuse or manifested a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder were drawn from two private practice settings, one urban and one in a small town. Each PTSD sample included 21 persons. For comparison, two contrast samples of 15 persons each were drawn from the same populations. A cut-off point of T = 65 for PK yielded a 69% hit rate for classifying PTSD and contrast subjects. Since scores on PS and PK were so highly correlated, no independent analyses were warranted. Although the PTSD group yielded a more elevated mean profile, there were no characteristic 2-point codes. Therefore, PK is more useful in identifying Posttraumatic Stress Disorder than either profile elevation or configuration.","adult, article, female, human, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, reproducibility, statistics","Sinnett, E. R., Holen, M. C., Albott, W. L.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5095,Longitudinal epigenetic variation of DNA methyltransferase genes is associated with vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Epigenetic differences exist between trauma-exposed individuals with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is unclear whether these epigenetic differences pre-exist, or arise following, trauma and PTSD onset. Method: In pre- and post-trauma samples from a subset of Detroit Neighborhood Health Study participants, DNA methylation (DNAm) was measured at DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT3A, DNMT3B and DNMT3L. Pre-trauma DNAm differences and changes in DNAm from pre- to post-trauma were assessed between and within PTSD cases (n = 30) and age-, gender- and trauma exposure-matched controls (n = 30). Pre-trauma DNAm was tested for association with post-trauma symptom severity (PTSS) change. Potential functional consequences of DNAm differences were explored via bioinformatic search for putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). Results: DNMT1 DNAm increased following trauma in PTSD cases (p = 0.001), but not controls (p = 0.067). DNMT3A and DNMT3B DNAm increased following trauma in both cases (DNMT3A: p = 0.009; DNMT3B: p < 0.001) and controls (DNMT3A: p = 0.002; DNMT3B: p < 0.001). In cases only, pre-trauma DNAm was lower at a DNMT3B CpG site that overlaps with a TFBS involved in epigenetic regulation (p = 0.001); lower pre-trauma DNMT3B DNAm at this site was predictive of worsening of PTSS post-trauma (p = 0.034). Some effects were attenuated following correction for multiple hypothesis testing. Conclusions: DNAm among trauma-exposed individuals shows both longitudinal changes and pre-existing epigenetic states that differentiate individuals who are resilient versus susceptible to PTSD. These distinctive DNAm differences within DNMT loci may contribute to genome-wide epigenetic profiles of PTSD. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014.","DNA methylation, epidemiology, epigenetics, longitudinal studies, post-traumatic stress disorder","Sipahi, L., Wildman, D. E., Aiello, A. E., Koenen, K. C., Galea, S., Abbas, A., Uddin, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5096,Changes in mental disorder prevalence among conflict-affected populations: a prospective study in Sri Lanka (COMRAID-R),"BACKGROUND: Longitudinal data are lacking on mental health trajectories following conflict resolution and return migration. COMRAID-R is a follow-up study of Muslims displaced by conflict from Northern Sri Lanka 20 years ago who are now beginning to return. METHODS: Of 450 participants in displacement interviewed in 2011, 338 (75.1%) were re-interviewed a year later, and a supplementary random sample (n = 228) was drawn from return migrants with a comparable displacement history. Common mental disorder (CMD; Patient Health Questionnaire) and post-traumatic stress disorder (CIDI-subscale) were measured. RESULTS: A CMD prevalence of 18.8% (95%CI 15.2-22.5) at baseline had reduced to 8.6% (5.6-11.7) at follow-up in those remaining in displacement, and was 10.3% (6.5-14.1) in return migrants. PTSD prevalences were 2.4%, 0.3% and 1.6% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a substantial decrease in CMD prevalence in this population over a short period, which may reflect the prospect of return migration and associated optimism following conflict resolution.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, *Conflict (Psychology), *Emigration and Immigration, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Islam/psychology, Male, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/psychology, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Sri Lanka/epidemiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, Transients and Migrants/psychology, Young Adult","Siriwardhana, C., Adikari, A., Pannala, G., Roberts, B., Siribaddana, S., Abas, M., Sumathipala, A., Stewart, R.",2015.0,,10.1186/s12888-015-0424-y,0,0,
5097,Premorbid combat related PTSD in Huntington's disease: Case report,"Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative, autosomal dominant disease that manifests with a triad of symptom clusters including movement disorder, cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. We present a patient with HD who, prior to developing neurological signs and symptoms, had been exposed to war trauma and had developed posttraumatic stress disorder. Fifteen years later he manifested with dysarthria, difficulties with swallowing and involuntary movement. What brought him to psychiatrist was a heteroanamnestically noticed change in personality with irritable mood, impulsivity, aggressive outbursts in behavior and delusional ideation. Therapy was stared with haloperidol, but patient developed severe extrapiramidal side effects. Subsequent treatment with olanzapine, diazepam and omega 3 fatty acids lead to mood stabilization and better impulse control with even some improvement in motoric symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first case report on combat related PTSD as psychiatric disorder manifested prior to HD. We discuss a possible influence of psychological stress disorder on severity of psychiatric symptoms in the HD. The importance of personalized approach in both psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutical treatment of patients with HD is emphasized. If the influence of environmental stress on the psychiatric phenotype of the disease should be confirmed by clinical trials and further studies, both screening methods and interventions aimed to reduce psychological stress in carriers of Huntington gene could be considered. © Medicinska naklada.","""Huntingtons disease"", Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychopharmacology","Skočić, M., Dujmović, J., Jevtović, S., Jakovljević, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5098,Stress-Induced Lipocalin-2 Controls Dendritic Spine Formation and Neuronal Activity in the Amygdala,"Behavioural adaptation to psychological stress is dependent on neuronal plasticity and dysfunction at this cellular level may underlie the pathogenesis of affective disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Taking advantage of genome-wide microarray assay, we performed detailed studies of stress-affected transcripts in the amygdala - an area which forms part of the innate fear circuit in mammals. Having previously demonstrated the role of lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2) in promoting stress-induced changes in dendritic spine morphology/function and neuronal excitability in the mouse hippocampus, we show here that the Lcn-2 gene is one of the most highly upregulated transcripts detected by microarray analysis in the amygdala after acute restraint-induced psychological stress. This is associated with increased Lcn-2 protein synthesis, which is found on immunohistochemistry to be predominantly localised to neurons. Stress-naïve Lcn-2-/- mice show a higher spine density in the basolateral amygdala and a 2-fold higher rate of neuronal firing rate compared to wild-type mice. Unlike their wild-type counterparts, Lcn-2-/- mice did not show an increase in dendritic spine density in response to stress but did show a distinct pattern of spine morphology. Thus, amygdala-specific neuronal responses to Lcn-2 may represent a mechanism for behavioural adaptation to psychological stress. © 2013 Skrzypiec et al.",,"Skrzypiec, A. E., Shah, R. S., Schiavon, E., Baker, E., Skene, N., Pawlak, R., Mucha, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5099,The descriptive epidemiology of internalizing and externalizing psychiatric dimensions,"Background: There is a growing recognition that comorbidity among individual mental disorders is best explained by the broad, psychiatric dimensions of internalization (sub-divided into distress and fear) and externalization. The aims of the current study were to examine the descriptive epidemiology of these psychiatric dimensions. Methods: Continuous measures of distress, fear and externalization dimensions were obtained from principal components analysis of 11 common ICD-10 mental disorders in a large (N = 10,641) community sample. The relationships between these three dimensions and sociodemographic, physical illness and personality disorder characteristics were determined using multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: The results suggest that the distress dimension is more strongly related to disadvantageous sociodemographic characteristics and physical health conditions than either the fear or externalizing dimensions. The results also demonstrate some specificity in profiles particularly with regard to the personality disorders. Conclusions: Greater emphasis should be placed on continuous psychiatric dimensions that are thought to underlie the expression of putatively independent mental disorders. © Springer-Verlag 2007.","Classification, Diagnosis, DSM-IV, ICD-10, Personality","Slade, T.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5100,Changes in pain catastrophizing following physical therapy for musculoskeletal injury: The influence of depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms,"Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors that influence the change in pain catastrophizing during the course of a physical therapy intervention for musculoskeletal injury. Methods: 187 clients enrolled in a 7-week physical therapy intervention were divided into four mutually exclusive groups on the basis of a pre-treatment assessment: (1) clients whose pre-treatment catastrophizing scores and measures of mental health problems were below clinical threshold, (2) clients whose pre-treatment catastrophizing scores were above clinical threshold but who scores on measures of mental health problems were below clinical threshold, (3) clients whose pre-treatment catastrophizing scores were above clinical threshold and whose scores on measures of mental health problems were also above clinical threshold, and (4) clients whose pre-treatment catastrophizing scores were below clinical threshold but whose scores on measures of mental health problems were above clinical threshold. Results: The most prevalent risk profile consisted of clients with high levels of pain catastrophizing and high mental health problems (37 %), followed by the low catastrophizing and low mental health problems profile (35 %), the high catastrophizing and low mental health problems profile (16 %), and low catastrophizing and high mental health problems profile (10 %). Clients were considered non-responders if their post-treatment catastrophizing score remained above clinical threshold following treatment. Chi square analyses revealed a significantly higher proportion of non-responders in the high catastrophizing and mental health problem group than in any other group. Conclusions: The presence of mental health symptoms markedly reduces the effectiveness of physical therapy for reducing catastrophizing scores. The 'risk value' of high catastrophizing scores thus appears to vary as a function of the presence or absence of mental health symptoms. The findings argue for the inclusion of measures of mental health problems in the routine screening of individuals treated in physical therapy. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Depression, Mental health problems, Musculoskeletal pain, Pain catastrophizing, Physical therapy, Post-traumatic stress symptoms","Slepian, P., Bernier, E., Scott, W., Niederstrasser, N. G., Wideman, T., Sullivan, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5101,Efficacy of group treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis,"This study conducted a meta-analysis of published randomized clinical group trials for adult survivors of trauma to examine the efficacy of the group format. Effect sizes for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity outcome were examined. Sixteen studies were included, with a total of 1686 participants. Results of a random effects model meta-analysis indicated that group treatments are associated with significant pre- to posttreatment reduction in PTSD symptom severity (within treatment d = .71, 95% CI [.51, .91]), and result in superior treatment effects relative to a wait list comparison condition (d = .56, 95% CI [.31, .82]). However, no significant findings were obtained for group interventions relative to active treatment comparison conditions (d = .09, 95% CI [-.03, .22]). Moderator analyses also indicated that gender and type of trauma moderated treatment effects for PTSD outcome, with smaller effect sizes associated with males relative to females and combined gender samples, and smaller effect sizes for combat and child sexual assault trauma samples relative to mixed-trauma sample studies. Taken together, group treatment for trauma symptoms is better than no treatment but not better relative to comparison conditions that control for nonspecific benefits of therapy. Additional work is needed to identify effective group treatments for PTSD, especially for patients with repeated or chronic traumatization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Group Psychotherapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, Symptoms, Trauma, Group Intervention","Sloan, Denise M., Feinstein, Brian A., Gallagher, Matthew W., Beck, J. Gayle, Keane, Terence M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5102,Trauma amid 'culture of avoidance': Symptom profile of PTSD in Bedouin members of the Israel Defense Forces,"The appropriateness and cultural relevance of the construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been questioned by previous studies of non-Western populations. The current study examined the symptom profile of PTSD in an ethnic minority group of Bedouin members of the Israel Defense Forces (N=317). Comparing individuals with PTSD to traumatized individuals without PTSD, we identified a pattern of symptoms that differed between the groups: while symptoms from the re-experiencing cluster were those most frequently reported by the PTSD group, avoidance symptoms were the most frequently reported by the traumatized group without PTSD. Our findings highlight the role of sociocultural considerations in the development of trauma-related problems and the special meaning of avoidant strategies for traumatized individuals from non-Western backgrounds. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.","avoidance, Bedouin, IDF, PTSD, trauma","Slobodin, O., Caspi, Y., Klein, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5103,Military trauma and its sequel in families of Bedouin servicemen,"Posttraumatic responses of veterans have an adverse impact on the family unit. These impacts include a variety of psychiatric, emotional, and behavioral problems in the veteran's partner and children. Despite the increased attention given today to the central role of the family in the aftermath of trauma, studies in families of non-Western minority servicemen almost do not exist. The current study examined the associations between veterans’ posttraumatic symptoms and familial distress in an ethnic minority sample of 112 families of Bedouin members of the Israeli Defense Forces. Specifically, we have studied the relationship between the men's posttraumatic symptoms, wife's psychological symptoms, and maternal reports about children's wellbeing. Results showed that while fathers’ posttraumatic symptoms were related to their wives’ psychological distress, they were not related to maternal reports about children's problems. However, mothers with higher levels of depression and anxiety tended to report more emotional and behavioral problems of their children. This study sheds light on the various trajectories by which military trauma affects different family members in a traditional, non-clinical population, and emphasizes the need to address trauma from a systemic perspective that goes beyond the individualistic approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.","Bedouin, ethnic minority, family, military, trauma","Slobodin, O., Caspi, Y., Klein, E.",2015.0,,10.1080/17542863.2015.1019899,0,0,
5104,Notes on the practice of food justice in the U.S.: Understanding and confronting trauma and inequity,"The lexicon of the U.S. food movement has expanded to include the term 'food justice.' Emerging after approximately two decades of food advocacy, this term frames structural critiques of agri-food systems and calls for radical change. Over those twenty years, practitioners and scholars have argued that the food movement was in danger of creating an 'alternative' food system for the white middle class. Alternative food networks drew on white imaginaries of an idyllic communal past, promoted consumer-oriented, market-driven change, and left yawning silences in the areas of gendered work, migrant labor, and racial inequality. Justice was often beside the point. Now, among practitioners and scholars we see an enthusiastic surge in the use of the term food justice but a vagueness on the particulars. In scholarship and practice, that vagueness manifests in overly general statements about ending oppression, or morphs into outright conflation of the dominant food movement's work with food justice (see What does it mean to do food justice? Cadieux and Slocum (2015), in this Issue). In this article, we focus on one of the four nodes (trauma/inequity, exchange, land and labor) around which food justice organizing appears to occur: acknowledging and confronting historical, collective trauma and persistent race, gender, and class inequality. We apply what we have learned from our research in U.S. and Canadian agri-food systems to suggest working methods that might guide practitioners as they work toward food justice, and scholars as they seek to study it. In the interests of ensuring accountability to socially just research and action, we suggest that scholars and practitioners need to be more clear on what it means to practice food justice. Towards such clarity and accountability, we urge scholars and practitioners to collaboratively document how groups move toward food justice, what thwarts and what enables them.","Alternative food networks, Antiracism, Food justice, Food movement, Trauma","Slocum, R., Cadieux, K. V.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5105,Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico,"Analyses were conducted to estimate lifetime and current prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for four representative cities of Mexico, to identify variables that influence the probability of MDD, and to further describe depression in Mexican culture. A multistage probability sampling design was used to draw a sample of 2,509 adults in four different regions of Mexico. MDD was assessed according to DSM-IV criteria by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview collected by trained lay interviewers. The prevalence of MDD in these four cities averaged 12.8% for lifetime and 6.1% for the previous 12 months. MDD was highly comorbid with other mental disorders. Women were more likely to have lifetime MDD than were men. Being divorced, separated, or widowed (compared to married or never married) and having experienced childhood trauma were related to higher lifetime prevalence but not to current prevalence. In addition, age and education level were related to current 12-month MDD. Data on the profile of MDD in urban Mexico are provided. This research expands our understanding of MDD across cultures.","adult, aged, article, childhood, comorbidity, developing country, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, divorce, family life, female, human, life event, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, Mexico, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, prevalence, priority journal, probability, psychiatric diagnosis","Slone, L. B., Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., Perilla, J. L., Diaz, D., Gutierrez Rodriguez, F., Gutierrez Rodriguez, J. D. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5106,Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico,"Analyses were conducted to estimate lifetime and current prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for four representative cities of Mexico, to identify variables that influence the probability of MDD, and to further describe depression in Mexican culture. A multistage probability sampling design was used to draw a sample of 2,509 adults in four different regions of Mexico. MDD was assessed according to DSM-IV criteria by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview collected by trained lay interviewers. The prevalence of MDD in these four cities averaged 12.8% for lifetime and 6.1% for the previous 12 months. MDD was highly comorbid with other mental disorders. Women were more likely to have lifetime MDD than were men. Being divorced, separated, or widowed (compared to married or never married) and having experienced childhood trauma were related to higher lifetime prevalence but not to current prevalence. In addition, age and education level were related to current 12-month MDD. Data on the profile of MDD in urban Mexico are provided. This research expands our understanding of MDD across cultures.","CIDI, Depressive disorder, Developing countries, General population, Latino, MDD","Slone, L. B., Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., Perilla, J. L., Diaz, D., Gutiérrez Rodriguez, F., Gutiérrez Rodriguez, J. D. J.",2006.0,,,0,0,5105
5107,Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico,"Analyses were conducted to estimate lifetime and current prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) for four representative cities of Mexico, to identify variables that influence the probability of MDD, and to further describe depression in Mexican culture. A multistage probability sampling design was used to draw a sample of 2,509 adults in four different regions of Mexico. MDD was assessed according to DSM-IV criteria by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview collected by trained lay interviewers. The prevalence of MDD in these four cities averaged 12.8% for lifetime and 6.1% for the previous 12 months. MDD was highly comorbid with other mental disorders. Women were more likely to have lifetime MDD than were men. Being divorced, separated, or widowed (compared to married or never married) and having experienced childhood trauma were related to higher lifetime prevalence but not to current prevalence. In addition, age and education level were related to current 12-month MDD. Data on the profile of MDD in urban Mexico are provided. This research expands our understanding of MDD across cultures.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*ethnology/psychology, *Developing Countries, Ethnic Groups/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Mexico/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Sex Factors, Urban Population/*statistics & numerical data","Slone, L. B., Norris, F. H., Murphy, A. D., Baker, C. K., Perilla, J. L., Diaz, D., Rodriguez, F. G., Gutierrez Rodriguez Jde, J.",2006.0,,10.1002/da.20137,0,0,5105
5108,Factors associated with risk of depression and relevant predictors of screening for depression in clinical practice: A cross-sectional study among HIV-infected individuals in Denmark,"Objectives: Depression and psychiatric disorders are frequent among HIV-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and describe the psychiatric history of HIV-infected individuals in an out-patient clinic in Denmark and to identify factors of clinical importance that may be used to identify patients at risk of depression. Methods: In 2013, 212 HIV-infected patients were included in a questionnaire study. We used the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to assess the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms. Patients with a BDI-II score ≥20 were offered a clinical evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors associated with risk of depression. Results: Symptoms of depression (BDI-II score ≥14) were observed in 75 patients (35%), and symptoms of moderate to major depression (BDI-II score ≥20) in 55 patients (26%). There was also a high prevalence of co-occurring mental illness. In a multivariate model, self-reported stress, self-reported perception that HIV infection affects all aspects of life, self-reported poor health, not being satisfied with one's current life situation, previous alcohol abuse, nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy and previously having sought help because of psychological problems were independently associated with risk of depression. Conclusions: Symptoms of depression and co-occurring mental illness are under-diagnosed and under-treated among HIV-infected individuals. We recommend that screening of depression should be conducted regularly to provide a full psychiatric profile to decrease the risk of depression and improve adherence and quality of life in this population.","adult, alcohol abuse, anxiety, article, Beck Depression Inventory, clinical evaluation, clinical practice, comorbidity, consultation, cross-sectional study, Denmark, depression, disease severity, female, health status, highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV associated dementia, human, Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient, Human immunodeficiency virus infection, life satisfaction, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, mental stress, middle aged, outpatient, perception, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictor variable, priority journal, psychiatrist, quality of life, questionnaire, risk factor, screening, self report, social phobia, treatment refusal","Slot, M., Sodemann, M., Gabel, C., Holmskov, J., Laursen, T., Rodkjaer, L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5109,"Sertralilne, paroxetine and venlafaxine in refugee post traumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms","The authors describe the use of three new antidepressants: Sertralilne, Paroxetine and Venlafaxine in treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and symptoms of Depression in adult Bosnian refugees victims of ethnic cleansing. 32 Bosnian refugees with PTSD and symptoms of Depression presenting for treatment of the mental health consequences of surviving ethnic cleansing, participated in a case series study. All subjects completed open trials of Sertraline (15), Paroxetine (12) or Venlafaxine (5), with standard clinical doses. Overall, Sertraline and Paroxetine yielded statistically significant improvement at 6 weeks in the total PTSD symptom severity, in each symptom cluster, in Beck Depression Inventory and in Global Assessment of Functioning. Venlafaxine produced statistically significant improvement at 6 weeks in the total PTSD symptom severity, in each symptom cluster and in Global Assessment of Functioning but did not yield significant improvement in symptoms of depression and had a high rate of side effects.","antidepressant agent, cyclohexanol derivative, paroxetine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, venlafaxine, adult, article, Bosnia and Herzegovina, comparative study, depression, ethnology, female, human, male, middle aged, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, refugee, United States, war","Smajkic, A., Weine, S., Duric-Bijedic, Z., Boskailo, E., Lewis, J., Pavkovic, I.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5110,"Sertralilne, paroxetine and venlafaxine in refugee post traumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms","The authors describe the use of three new antidepressants: Sertralilne, Paroxetine and Venlafaxine in treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and symptoms of Depression in adult Bosnian refugees victims of ethnic cleansing. 32 Bosnian refugees with PTSD and symptoms of Depression presenting for treatment of the mental health consequences of surviving ethnic cleansing, participated in a case series study. All subjects completed open trials of Sertraline (15), Paroxetine (12) or Venlafaxine (5), with standard clinical doses. Overall, Sertraline and Paroxetine yielded statistically significant improvement at 6 weeks in the total PTSD symptom severity, in each symptom cluster, in Beck Depression Inventory and in Global Assessment of Functioning. Venlafaxine produced statistically significant improvement at 6 weeks in the total PTSD symptom severity, in each symptom cluster and in Global Assessment of Functioning but did not yield significant improvement in symptoms of depression and had a high rate of side effects.",,"Smajkić, A., Weine, S., Durić-Bijedić, Z., Boskailo, E., Lewis, J., Pavković, I.",2001.0,,,0,0,5109
5111,Prenatal reflective functioning in primiparous women with a high-risk profile,"The concept of maternal reflective functioning (RF) has been gaining increasing interest as a possible intermediate mechanism in associations between a wide range of psychosocial risk factors and poor child outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to determine which psychosocial risk factors are linked to prenatal RF in a high-risk (HR) group of primiparous women. Differences in prenatal RF between the HR group and a low-risk (LR) control group also were examined. The sample consisted of 162 women (M = 22.22 years, SD = 2.39; 83 classified as HR). RF was coded from the Pregnancy Interview (A. Slade, 2007a). Risk status was assessed by means of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-plus (M.I.N.I.-plus; D.V. Sheehan et al., 1997) and several questionnaires. HR women demonstrated significantly lower RF quality than did the LR group. Regression analyses indicated that maternal education, size of social support network, and substance use during pregnancy were the strongest predictors of prenatal RF for the HR group. The results suggest that maternal RF potentially could be an important target for those prevention and intervention programs that aim to reduce adverse psychosocial development in offspring of HR mothers.","adult, agoraphobia, alcoholism, article, attention deficit disorder, controlled study, depression, drug dependence, dysthymia, educational status, female, high risk pregnancy, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, maternal behavior, maternal reflective functioning, maternal smoking, mini international neuropsychiatric interview, posttraumatic stress disorder, primipara, priority journal, risk assessment, risk factor, smoking, social network, social phobia, social psychology, social support, substance use, young adult","Smaling, H. J. A., Huijbregts, S. C. J., Suurland, J., Van Der Heijden, K. B., Van Goozen, S. H. M., Swaab, H.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5112,Captive rage,"Providing dental care for the sexual abuse survivor requires a mixture of technical and interpersonal skills. It is often necessary to counteract the effects of long term dental neglect complicated by the psychological aspects of the oral cavity. Feelings of loss of control of an important psychologically and sexually charged area must be dealt with effectively. Dentists must be flexible in their approach to the patient, yet never compromise the standard of care. Examination of case histories provides illustrations and examples.","adult, article, case report, dental procedure, doctor patient relation, female, human, male, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, rage, sexual crime","Small, H., Diamond, C., Davis, F.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5113,"Outcome evaluation of the Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Integrative Health Clinic for chronic pain and stress-related depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder","Objectives: The purpose of this longitudinal outcome research study was to determine the effectiveness of the Integrative Health Clinic and Program (IHCP) and to perform a subgroup analysis investigating patient benefit. The IHCP is an innovative clinical service within the Veterans Affairs Health Care System designed for nonpharmacologic biopsychosocial management of chronic nonmalignant pain and stress-related depression, anxiety, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) utilizing complementary and alternative medicine and mind-body skills. Methods: A post-hoc quasi-experimental design was used and combined with subgroup analysis to determine who benefited the most from the program. Data were collected at intake and up to four follow-up visits over a 2-year time period. Hierarchical linear modeling was used for the statistical analysis. The outcome measures included: Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-36), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Subgroup comparisons included low anxiety (BAI<19, n=82), low depression (BDI<19, n=93), and absence of PTSD (n=102) compared to veterans with high anxiety (BAI>19, n=77), high depression (BDI>19, n=67), and presence of PTSD (n=63). Results: All of the comparison groups demonstrated an improvement in depression and anxiety scores, as well as in some SF-36 categories. The subgroups with the greatest improvement, seen at 6 months, were found in the high anxiety group (Cohen's d=0.52), the high-depression group (Cohen's d=0.46), and the PTSD group (Cohen's d=0.41). Conclusions: The results suggest IHCP is an effective program, improving chronic pain and stress-related depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life. Of particular interest was a significant improvement in anxiety in the PTSD group. The IHCP model offers innovative treatment options that are low risk, low cost, and acceptable to patients and providers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Chronic Pain, *Clinics, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes, Anxiety, Major Depression","Smeeding, Sandra J. W., Bradshaw, David H., Kumpfer, Karol, Trevithick, Susan, Stoddard, Gregory J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5114,Delayed recall of childhood sexual abuse memories and the awakening rise and diurnal pattern of cortisol,"Traumatic stress associated with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may result in chronic alterations of stress-sensitive neurochemical systems (e.g., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic-adrenal medullary activity). Some authors have suggested that these alterations might help explain why some individuals, after a period of inability to remember, demonstrate delayed recall of CSA memories (i.e., ""recovered"" memories). The present study is the first study that explored morning cortisol responses and circadian cortisol profiles among women with recovered (n = 7), repressed (n = 8), or continuous (n = 6) memories of CSA and women without a history of CSA (n = 9). Although there were group differences in current depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms, we found no differences in cortisol awakening response or daytime profile between women reporting recovered, repressed, or continuous memories of CSA as compared to women without a history of CSA. Implications for neurobiological models intended to explain the delayed recall of CSA are discussed. (copyright) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","hydrocortisone, adult, arousal, article, child abuse, circadian rhythm, clinical article, controlled study, depression, female, hormone response, human, hydrocortisone blood level, memory, neurobiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, recall, sexual abuse, sleep, Salivettes","Smeets, T., Geraerts, E., Jelicic, M., Merckelbach, H.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5115,The role of stress sensitization in progression of posttraumatic distress following deployment,"Purpose: Military personnel exposed to combat are at risk for experiencing post-traumatic distress that can progress over time following deployment. We hypothesized that progression of post-traumatic distress may be related to enhanced susceptibility to post-deployment stressors. This study aimed at examining the concept of stress sensitization prospectively in a sample of Dutch military personnel deployed in support of the conflicts in Afghanistan. Method: In a cohort of soldiers (N = 814), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed before deployment as well as 2, 7, 14, and 26 months (N = 433; 53 %) after their return. Data were analyzed using latent growth modeling. Using multiple group analysis, we examined whether high combat stress exposure during deployment moderated the relation between post-deployment stressors and linear change in post-traumatic distress after deployment. Results: A higher baseline level of post-traumatic distress was associated with more early life stressors (standardized regression coefficient = 0.30, p < 0.001). In addition, a stronger increase in posttraumatic distress during deployment was associated with more deployment stressors (standardized coefficient = 0.21, p < 0.001). A steeper linear increase in posttraumatic distress post-deployment (from 2 to 26 months) was predicted by more post-deployment stressors (standardized coefficient = 0.29, p < 0.001) in high combat stress exposed soldiers, but not in a less combat stress exposed group. The group difference in the predictive effect of post-deployment stressors on progression of post-traumatic distress was significant (χ2(1) = 7.85, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Progression of post-traumatic distress following combat exposure may be related to sensitization to the effects of post-deployment stressors during the first year following return from deployment. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Delayed onset, Military deployment, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Stress sensitization","Smid, G. E., Kleber, R. J., Rademaker, A. R., Van Zuiden, M., Vermetten, E.",2013.0,,,0,1,
5116,"Delayed posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic review,meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis of prospective studies","Objective: Prevalence estimates of delayed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have varied widely in the literature. This study is the first to establish the prevalence of delayed PTSD in prospective studies and to evaluate associated factors through meta-analytic techniques. Data sources: Studies were located by an electronic search using the databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Search terms were posttraumatic stress disorder [include all subheadings] AND (delayed OR prospective OR longitudinal OR follow-up). Results were limited to journal articles published between 1980 and April 4, 2008. Study selection: We included longitudinal, prospective studies of humans exposed to a potentially traumatic event that assessed participants at 1 to 6 months after the event, that included a follow-up of at least 12 months after the event, and that specified rates of new onset and remission between assessments in study completers. Data extraction: Data were extracted concerning the study design, demographic features, and event-related characteristics and the number of PTSD cases at first assessment, the number of PTSD cases among study dropouts, and the number of new event-related PTSD cases at each subsequent assessment among study completers. Data from 24 studies were included. Four of these provided additional data on initial subthreshold PTSD and subsequent risk of delayed PTSD. Data synthesis: The proportion of PTSD cases with delayed PTSD was 24.8% (95% CI = 22.6% to 27.2%) after adjusting for differences in study methodology, demographic features, and event-related characteristics. Military combat exposure, Western cultural background, and lower cumulative PTSD incidence were associated with delayed PTSD. Participants with initial subthreshold PTSD were at increased risk of developing delayed PTSD. Conclusions: Delayed PTSD was found among about a quarter of PTSD cases and represents exacerbations of prior symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Remission (Disorders), *Symptoms","Smid, Geert E., Mooren, Trudy T. M., van der Mast, Roos C., Gersons, Berthold P. R., Kleber, Rolf J.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5117,Late-onset posttraumatic stress disorder following a disaster: A longitudinal study,"In disaster survivors, the occurrence of mental health problems beyond the immediate aftermath of the disaster has repeatedly been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the course of symptoms and mental health services (MHS) utilization in late-onset posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) four years following a disaster and to examine whether late-onset PTSD can be explained within a longitudinal framework of PTSD. Residents affected by a fireworks disaster (N = 1083) participated in surveys 2-3 weeks (T1), 18 months (T2), and almost 4 years (T3) following the disaster. PTSD was assessed at T2 and T3. Participants endorsing disaster-related late-onset PTSD (PTSD at T3 only) were compared to participants endorsing persistent PTSD (at both T2 and T3), recovered PTSD (at T2 only), and no PTSD using latent growth modeling and multinomial logistic regression. Participants endorsing late-onset PTSD comprised 4% of the total sample. They reported high initial intrusion and avoidance and experienced progression of avoidance/numbing and hyperarousal symptoms. They were more likely than all other participants to use MHS at T3. Late-onset PTSD was associated with high education level, severe disaster exposure, number of reported stressful life events, and perceived lack of social support. These results suggest that individuals with late-onset PTSD are likely to endorse prodromal distress, but experience clinically relevant symptom progression leading to increased MHS utilization. Stressful life events and perceived lack of social support may contribute to PTSD symptom progression. Foreseeable stressors in the aftermath of a disaster may be a target for secondary prevention of late-onset PTSD. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","disaster, late onset, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk factors","Smid, G. E., Van Der Velden, P. G., Gersons, B. P. R., Kleber, R. J.",2012.0,,,0,1,
5118,Stress sensitization following a disaster: A prospective study,,,"Smid, G. E., Van Der Velden, P. G., Lensvelt-Mulders, G. J. L. M., Knipscheer, J. W., Gersons, B. P. R., Kleber, R. J.",2012.0,,10.1017/S0033291711002765,0,0,
5119,Cytokine production as a putative biological mechanism underlying stress sensitization in high combat exposed soldiers,"Objective: Combat stress exposed soldiers may respond to post-deployment stressful life events (SLE) with increases in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), consistent with a model of stress sensitization. Several lines of research point to sensitization as a model to describe the relations between exposure to traumatic events, subsequent SLE, and symptoms of PTSD. Based on previous findings we hypothesized that immune activation, measured as a high in vitro capacity of leukocytes to produce cytokines upon stimulation, underlies stress sensitization. Methods: We assessed mitogen-induced cytokine production at 1 month, SLE at 1 year, and PTSD symptoms from 1 month up to 2 years post-deployment in soldiers returned from deployment to Afghanistan ( N = 693). Exploratory structural equation modeling as well as latent growth models were applied. Results: The data demonstrated significant three-way interaction effects of combat stress exposure, cytokine production, and post-deployment SLE on linear change in PTSD symptoms over the first 2 years following return from deployment. In soldiers reporting high combat stress exposure, both high mitogen-stimulated T-cell cytokine production and high innate cytokine production were associated with increases in PTSD symptoms in response to post-deployment SLE. In low combat stress exposed soldiers as well as those with low cytokine production, post-deployment SLE were not associated with increases in PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: High stimulated T-cell and innate cytokine production may contribute to stress sensitization in recently deployed, high combat stress exposed soldiers. These findings suggest that detecting and eventually normalizing immune activation may potentially complement future strategies to prevent progression of PTSD symptoms following return from deployment. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Chemokines, Cytokines, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress sensitization","Smid, G. E., van Zuiden, M., Geuze, E., Kavelaars, A., Heijnen, C. J., Vermetten, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5120,Cytokine production as a putative biological mechanism underlying stress sensitization in high combat exposed soldiers,"OBJECTIVE: Combat stress exposed soldiers may respond to post-deployment stressful life events (SLE) with increases in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), consistent with a model of stress sensitization. Several lines of research point to sensitization as a model to describe the relations between exposure to traumatic events, subsequent SLE, and symptoms of PTSD. Based on previous findings we hypothesized that immune activation, measured as a high in vitro capacity of leukocytes to produce cytokines upon stimulation, underlies stress sensitization. METHODS: We assessed mitogen-induced cytokine production at 1 month, SLE at 1 year, and PTSD symptoms from 1 month up to 2 years post-deployment in soldiers returned from deployment to Afghanistan (N=693). Exploratory structural equation modeling as well as latent growth models were applied. RESULTS: The data demonstrated significant three-way interaction effects of combat stress exposure, cytokine production, and post-deployment SLE on linear change in PTSD symptoms over the first 2 years following return from deployment. In soldiers reporting high combat stress exposure, both high mitogen-stimulated T-cell cytokine production and high innate cytokine production were associated with increases in PTSD symptoms in response to post-deployment SLE. In low combat stress exposed soldiers as well as those with low cytokine production, post-deployment SLE were not associated with increases in PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION: High stimulated T-cell and innate cytokine production may contribute to stress sensitization in recently deployed, high combat stress exposed soldiers. These findings suggest that detecting and eventually normalizing immune activation may potentially complement future strategies to prevent progression of PTSD symptoms following return from deployment.","Chemokines, Cytokines, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress sensitization","Smid, G. E., van Zuiden, M., Geuze, E., Kavelaars, A., Heijnen, C. J., Vermetten, E.",2015.0,Jan,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.010,0,0,5119
5121,Anthrax Vaccination in the Millennium Cohort. Validation and Measures of Health,,,"Smith, B., Leard, C. A., Smith, T. C., Reed, R. J., Ryan, M. A. K.",2007.0,,10.1016/j.amepre.2006.12.015,0,0,
5122,Cigarette Smoking and Military Deployment. A Prospective Evaluation,,,"Smith, B., Ryan, M. A. K., Wingard, D. L., Patterson, T. L., Slymen, D. J., Macera, C. A.",2008.0,,10.1016/j.amepre.2008.07.009,0,0,
5123,When epidemiology meets the internet: Web-based surveys in the millennium cohort study,,,"Smith, B., Smith, T. C., Gray, G. C., Ryan, M. A. K.",2007.0,,10.1093/aje/kwm212,0,0,
5124,Posttraumatic stress symptomatology as a mediator of the association between military sexual trauma and post-deployment physical health in women,"This study examined posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PSS) as a mediator of the association between military sexual trauma and post-deployment physical health. Relationships were examined in a sample of 83 female veterans of the first Gulf War (1990-1991) approximately 10 years post-deployment. Participants reported on the frequency of sexual harassment and sexual assault experienced during deployment. Physical health was measured using participants' self-reports of pre-deployment and post-deployment symptoms within 7 body systems. Sexual harassment exposure was not found to be associated with PSS-mediated associations with physical health symptoms. However, sexual assault during deployment was found to be associated with PSS and 4 of the 7 health symptom clusters assessed: gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and neurological symptoms. Furthermore, PSS was found to be a significant mediator of the sexual assault-physical health relationship in each of these domains, with the indirect path accounting for 74% to 100% of the relationship. The findings from the current study indicate that sexual assault has detrimental associations with physical health and that PSS plays a primary role in that relationship. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","Gulf war, Military sexual trauma, Physical health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Posttraumatic stress symptomatology, Sexual assault, Sexual harassment, ""Womens health""","Smith, B. N., Shipherd, J. C., Schuster, J. L., Vogt, D. S., King, L. A., King, D. W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5125,Gulf war illness: symptomatology among veterans 10 years after deployment,"OBJECTIVE: To further elucidate the nature of illness in veterans of the 1990 to 1991 Gulf War (GW) by examining the GW Illness (GWI) definition advanced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which specified caseness as having at least one symptom from two of the three factors: fatigue, mood-cognition, and musculoskeletal. METHODS: A total of 311 male and female GW veterans drawn from across the nation were assessed in a survey-based study approximately 10 years after deployment. RESULTS: A total of 33.8% of the probability-weighted sample met GWI criteria. Multiple symptom profiles were found, with more than half of GWI cases endorsing a symptom on all the three factors, and almost all cases endorsing at least one mood-cognition symptom. CONCLUSION: Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition has some limitations that should be considered, it remains a useful tool for assessing the presence of illness in GW veterans.","Adult, Age Distribution, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.), Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Fatigue/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, *Gulf War, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Persian Gulf Syndrome/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Prevalence, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Sickness Impact Profile, Time Factors, United States, Veterans/psychology/statistics & numerical data","Smith, B. N., Wang, J. M., Vogt, D., Vickers, K., King, D. W., King, L. A.",2013.0,Jan,10.1097/JOM.0b013e318270d709,0,0,
5126,Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for women with PTSD surviving domestic violence,"A modified version of MBSR was employed as a treatment for PTSD with women victims of domestic violence in a mixed methods study design. Twenty-nine women participated in the study with 15 completing the intervention. Quantitative self-report measures, physiological measures, and interviews were used to assess the results. Self-report measures were taken with the Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress (DAPS), Crime-related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (CR-PTSD) scale within the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-29), and Self-compassion Scale (SCS). Physiological measures included blood pressure, and heart rate. Measures taken to assure quality control and treatment integrity included input from the participants and an assessment of the MBSR course instruction. Pre/post within group comparisons using one-sided dependent t tests indicated significant decreases in PTSD symptoms on all related measures and significant increases in measures of mindfulness, self-compassion, and sense of coherence. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate were not significant. The relationships between mindfulness and symptoms of PTSD were examined through regression analysis. The results revealed that the portions of variance accounted for by the MAAS on PTSD symptoms post and change scores did not reach significance. Instead, SOC scores accounted for significant portions of the variability. Interviews were conducted with the participants to learn more about their experiences during the intervention. Six interviews were analyzed from women who demonstrated consistent practice of the MBSR methods and achieved higher and lower effect sizes on the CR-PTSD scale. Axial coding methods, loosely applied, were used to analyze the interviews. The women identified benefits and challenges of the course, and how they coped with PTSD symptoms during the intervention period. Among other benefits, participants indicated greater awareness of their thoughts, body sensations, and the world around them. They identified altered perspectives, changes in their relationships, and recommended the course for others with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Domestic Violence, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Victimization, *Mindfulness, Stress","Smith, Judy D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5127,Anxiety and alcohol use disorders: Comorbidity and treatment considerations,,,"Smith, J. P., Randall, C. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5128,Modulation of stress by imidazoline binding sites: Implications for psychiatric disorders,"In this review, we present evidence for the involvement of imidazoline binding sites (IBS) in modulating responses to stress, through central control of monoaminergic and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Pharmacological and physiological evidence is presented for differential effects of different IBS subtypes on serotoninergic and catecholaminergic pathways involved in control of basal and stress-stimulated HPA axis activity. IBS ligands can modulate behavioural and neuroendocrine responses in animal models of stress, depression and anxiety, and a body of evidence exists for alterations in central IBS expression in psychiatric patients, which can be normalised partially or fully by treatment with antidepressants. Dysfunction in monoaminergic systems and the HPA axis under basal and stress-induced activation has been extensively reported in psychiatric illnesses. On the basis of the literature, we suggest a potential therapeutic role for selective IBS ligands in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. (copyright) Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.","2 (2 imidazolin 2 yl)quinoline, agmatine, antazoline, cirazoline, clonidine, corticotropin, corticotropin releasing factor, desipramine, dizocilpine, efaroxan, glucocorticoid, guanidine derivative, harman, hydrocortisone, idazoxan, imidazoline, iodine, lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, moxonidine, rilmenidine, yohimbine, animal behavior, anxiety disorder, behavior change, bipolar disorder, brain region, cat, catecholaminergic system, chronic inflammation, depression, dexamethasone suppression test, drug antagonism, drug binding site, drug potentiation, forced swim test, horse, human, hydrocortisone blood level, hypothalamus hypophysis system, immunoblotting, maze test, medulla oblongata, mental deficiency, neuroendocrine system, nonhuman, noradrenergic system, panic, pathogenesis, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, rodent, serotoninergic system, stress, suicide, mk 801","Smith, K. L., Jessop, D. S., Finn, D. P.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5129,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters and Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From a U.S. Nationally Representative Sample,"Associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) have not been extensively studied in nonveteran samples. Secondary analysis was conducted using a nationally representative U.S. sample and limited to those who reported being in a relationship in the past year (N = 25,652). This sample was mostly White (72.0%), the majority had completed high school/ general educational development (GED; 87.8%), about half were female (49.2%), and the mean age was 46.44 years (SD = 15.92). We hypothesized that a diagnosis of PTSD in the past year would be associated with greater perpetration of IPV and that the arousal/reactivity and intrusion symptom clusters would evidence the strongest associations with IPV. Consistent with expectations, a PTSD diagnosis in the past year was associated with greater perpetration of IPV, OR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.89, 2.26]. Among those with a PTSD diagnosis in the past year (n = 1,742), arousal/reactivity symptom cluster scores were associated with greater perpetration of IPV for both men and women, AOR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.11, 1.44]; intrusion symptom cluster scores were associated with perpetration of IPV for men only, AOR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.20, 2.04]; whereas negative cognitions/mood symptom cluster scores were only significant among women, AOR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.01, 1.24]. Results suggested that theoretical and empirical work linking PTSD and perpetration of IPV in military samples extends to the general population.",,"Smith, K. Z., Smith, P. H., Violanti, J. M., Bartone, P. T., Homish, G. G.",2015.0,Oct,10.1002/jts.22048,0,0,
5130,WHODAS II Training Manual: A Guide to Administration,,,"Smith, M., Epping-Jordan, J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5131,Bilateral Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Adults With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Structural MRI Studies,"Over the last decade a significant number of studies have reported smaller hippocampal volume in individuals with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relative to control groups, and in some cases hemispheric asymmetries in this effect have been noted. However these reported asymmetries have not been in a consistent direction, and other well-controlled studies have failed to observe any hippocampal volume difference. This paper reports a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in which hippocampal volume was estimated from magnetic resonance images in adult patients with PTSD. After applying a variety of selection criteria intended to minimize potential confounds in pooled effect-size estimates, the meta-analysis included 13 studies of adult patients with PTSD that compared the patients to well-matched control groups, for a total of 215 patients and 325 control subjects. The studies varied with respect to participant age, gender distribution, source of trauma, severity of symptoms, duration of disorder, the nature of the control groups, and the methods employed for volumetric quantification. Despite these differences, pooled effect size calculations across the studies indicated significant volume differences in both hemispheres. On average PTSD patients had a 6.9% smaller left hippocampal volume and a 6.6% smaller right hippocampal volume compared with control subjects. These volume differences were smaller when comparing PTSD patients with control subjects exposed to similar levels of trauma, and larger when comparing PTSD patients to control subjects without significant trauma exposure. Such differences are consistent with the notion that exposure to stressful experiences can lead to hippocampal atrophy, although prospective studies would be necessary to unambiguously establish such a relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cerebral Atrophy, *Cerebral Dominance, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neurochemistry, Symptoms","Smith, Michael E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5132,Validation of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version in survivors of bone marrow transplantation,"Life-threatening illness now qualifies as a precipitating stessor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We examined the validity of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Juska, & Keane, 1993), a brief 17-item inventory of PTSD-like symptoms, in a sample of 111 adults who had undergone bone marrow transplantation an average of 4.04 years previously. Exploratory factor analysis of the PCL-C identified four distinct patterns of symptom responses: Numbing-Hyperarousal, Dreams-Memories of the Cancer Treatment, General Hyperarousal, Responses to Cancer-Related Reminders and Avoidance-Numbing. Respondents meeting PTSD symptom criteria on the PCL-C had significantly lower physical, role, and social functioning, greater distress and anxiety, and significantly more intrusive and avoidant responses than individuals who did not meet PTSD symptom criteria.","Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Attitude to Health, Avoidance Learning, Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects/*psychology, Discriminant Analysis, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain/etiology, Precipitating Factors, Psychometrics, Questionnaires/*standards, Reproducibility of Results, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/etiology/*psychology, Survivors/*psychology","Smith, M. Y., Redd, W., DuHamel, K., Vickberg, S. J., Ricketts, P.",1999.0,Jul,10.1023/a:1024719104351,0,0,
5133,Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"Purpose of Review: We review recent evidence regarding risk factors for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment outcome studies from 2010 to 2012 including dissemination studies, early intervention studies and studies involving preschool children. Recent Findings: Recent large-scale epidemiological surveys confirm that PTSD occurs in a minority of children and young people exposed to trauma. Detailed follow-up studies of trauma-exposed young people have investigated factors that distinguish those who develop a chronic PTSD from those who do not, with recent studies highlighting the importance of cognitive (thoughts, beliefs and memories) and social factors. Such findings are informative in developing treatments for young people with PTSD. Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) confirm that trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) is a highly efficacious treatment for PTSD, although questions remain about effective treatment components. A small number of dissemination studies indicate that TF-CBT can be effective when delivered in school and community settings. One recent RCT shows that TF-CBT is feasible and highly beneficial for very young preschool children. Studies of early intervention show mixed findings. Summary: Various forms of theory-based TF-CBT are highly effective in the treatment of children and adolescents with PTSD. Further work is needed to replicate and extend initial promising outcomes of TF-CBT for very young children. Dissemination studies and early intervention studies show mixed findings and further work is needed. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Children and adolescents, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma, Treatment","Smith, P., Perrin, S., Dalgleish, T., Meiser-Stedman, R., Clark, D. M., Yule, W.",2013.0,,10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835b2c01,0,0,
5134,Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive therapy with children and young people,"(from the cover) Post traumatic stress disorder develops after exposure to one or more terrifying event that has caused, or threatened to cause the sufferer grave physical harm. This book discusses how trauma-focused cognitive therapy can be used to help children and adolescents who suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive therapy is frequently used to treat adults who suffer from PTSD with proven results. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder provides the therapist with instructions on how CT models can be used with children and young people to combat the disorder. Based on research carried out by the authors, this book covers: assessment procedures and measures; formulation and treatment planning; trauma focused cognitive therapy methods; and common hurdles. The authors provide case studies and practical tips, as well as examples of self-report measures and handouts for young people and their parents which will help the practitioner to prepare for working with this difficult client group. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is an accessible, practical, clinically relevant guide for professionals and trainees in child and adolescent mental health service teams who work with traumatized children and young people. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Trauma, Methodology, Models, Psychological Assessment, Treatment Planning","Smith, Patrick, Perrin, Sean, Yule, William, Clark, David M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5135,War exposure and maternal reactions in the psychological adjustment of children from Bosnia-Hercegovina,,,"Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Rabe-Hesketh, S.",2001.0,,10.1017/S0021963001007065,0,0,
5136,Compulsive sexual behavior among male military veterans: prevalence and associated clinical factors,"BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is highly prevalent among men, often co-occurring with psychiatric disorders and traumatic experiences. Psychiatric disorders and trauma are highly prevalent among military veterans, yet there is a paucity of research on CSB among military samples. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with CSB among male military veterans. METHODS: Surveys were administered to veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, or New Dawn at baseline (n = 258), 3 months(n = 194), and 6 months (n = 136). Bivariate analyses and Generalized Estimating Equations were utilized to estimate associations between CSB and the following variables: psychiatric co-morbidity, childhood physical or sexual trauma, pre- and post-deployment experiences, TV/ Internet usage, and sociodemographics. Associations between CSB and specific PTSD symptom clusters were also examined. RESULTS: CSB was reported by 16.7% of the sample at baseline. Several variables were associated with CSB in bivariate analyses; however, only PTSD severity, childhood sexual trauma, and age remained significant in multivariable GEE models. The PTSD symptom cluster re-experiencing was most strongly associated with CSB. DISCUSSION: This exploratory study suggests that CSB is prevalent amongst veterans returning from combat and is associated with childhood trauma and PTSD, particularly re-experiencing. CONCLUSIONS: Further study is needed to identify the mechanisms linking PTSD and CSB, define the context and severity of CSB in veterans, and examine the best ways to assess and treat CSB in VA clinical settings.","Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Age Factors, Child, Child Abuse/*statistics & numerical data, Compulsive Behavior/*epidemiology, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Male, Prevalence, Sexual Behavior/*statistics & numerical data, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology, United States/epidemiology, Veterans/*statistics & numerical data, Ptsd, child abuse, compulsive sexual behavior, military, trauma, veterans","Smith, P. H., Potenza, M. N., Mazure, C. M., McKee, S. A., Park, C. L., Hoff, R. A.",2014.0,Dec,10.1556/jba.3.2014.4.2,0,0,
5137,An investigation of relations between crystal methamphetamine use and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Evidence documents elevated rates of various types of drug use among people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, relatively little research has specifically examined crystal methamphetamine (CM) use among individuals with PTSD. The present study examined the relation between PTSD diagnostic status, PTSD symptom severity within symptom type clusters, and CM use histories among traumatic event-exposed individuals with versus without PTSD. Consistent with expectations, individuals with PTSD were significantly more likely to report CM use than trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD. Additionally, CM users with PTSD reported a longer duration of CM use than trauma-exposed CM users without PTSD. Finally, PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms, but not re-experiencing, were related to CM use. The potential clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Comorbidity, Drug abuse, Posttraumatic stress disorders, PTSD, Substance abuse, Substance use disorders","Smith, R. C., Blumenthal, H., Badour, C., Feldner, M. T.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5138,Post-traumatic stress symptoms in long-term non-Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors: Does time heal?,"Purpose: Little is known about the trajectory of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in cancer survivors, despite the fact that such knowledge can guide treatment. Therefore, this study examined changes in PTSD symptoms among long-term survivors of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and identified demographic, clinical, and psychosocial predictors and correlates of PTSD symptomatology. Patients and Methods: Surveys were mailed to 682 NHL survivors who participated in an earlier survey and now were at least 7 years postdiagnosis. Information was obtained regarding PTSD symptoms, positive and negative perceptions of the cancer experience (ie, impact of cancer), and other potential correlates of PTSD. Results: A total of 566 individuals participated (83% response rate) with a median of 12.9 years since diagnosis; respondents were 52% female and 87% white. Although half (51%) of the respondents reported no PTSD symptoms and 12% reported a resolution of symptoms, more than one-third (37%) reported persistence or worsening of symptoms over 5 years. Survivors who reported a low income, stage ≥ 2 at diagnosis, aggressive lymphoma, having received chemotherapy, and greater impact of cancer (both positive and negative) at the initial survey had more PTSD symptoms at follow-up. In multivariable analysis, income and negative impacts of cancer were independent predictors of PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: More than one-third of long-term NHL survivors experience persisting or worsening PTSD symptoms. Providers should be aware of enduring risk; early identification of those at prolonged risk with standardized measures and treatments that target perceptions of the cancer experience might improve long-term outcomes. © 2011 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.",,"Smith, S. K., Zimmerman, S., Williams, C. S., Benecha, H., Abernethy, A. P., Mayer, D. K., Edwards, L. J., Ganz, P. A.",2011.0,,,0,1,
5139,New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population based US military cohort study,,,"Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Wingard, D. L., Slymen, D. J., Sallis, J. F., Kritz-Silverstein, D.",2008.0,,10.1136/bmj.39430.638241.AE,0,0,
5140,"Reliability of Standard Health Assessment Instruments in a Large, Population-Based Cohort Study",,,"Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Jacobson, I. G., Corbeil, T. E., Ryan, M. A. K.",2007.0,,10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.12.002,0,0,
5141,Prior assault and posttraumatic stress disorder after combat deployment,,,"Smith, T. C., Wingard, D. L., Ryan, M. A. K., Kritz-Silverstein, D., Slymen, D. J., Sallis, J. F.",2008.0,,10.1097/EDE.0b013e31816a9dff,0,0,
5142,Predictors of susceptibility and resilience in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are based on fear conditioning where innocuous cues elicit reactions that originally occur to traumatic events-a core feature of PTSD. Another core feature is hyperarousal-exaggerated reactions to stressful events. One limitation of animal models of PTSD is that group effects do not model the sporadic incidence of PTSD. We developed an animal model of PTSD in which rabbit nictitating membrane responses become exaggerated as a function of classical conditioning to a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a shock unconditioned stimulus (US). Exaggerated responses to the US are a form of hyperarousal termed conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM) and occur in the absence of the CS. Inspecting data across several experiments, we determined 25% of our rabbits exhibit strong CRM despite all subjects having high levels of conditioning. To determine how prone rabbits were to CRM (susceptibility) or how resistant (resilience), we examined data from 135 rabbits analyzing for factors during CS-US pairings and during US prescreening that would predict CRM. We found the magnitude of CRM was correlated with the onset latency and area of conditioned responding during CS-US pairings and with the peak latency of a response during US pretesting. In an animal model of PTSD that more accurately reflects clinical prevalence, we can begin to predict susceptibility not only during responding to a stressful conditioning situation but also during a screening process before the stressful situation takes place. The results suggest relatively innocuous testing may help detect PTSD after trauma and screen for it before trauma occurs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Susceptibility (Disorders), Conditioned Fear, Conditioning, Rabbits","Smith-Bell, Carrie A., Burhans, Lauren B., Schreurs, Bernard G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5143,"Expressive writing and post-traumatic stress disorder: Effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity","Objectives: This study investigates the boundary conditions (feasibility, safety, and efficacy) of an expressive writing intervention for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]. Design: Randomized trial with baseline and 3-month follow-up measures of PTSD severity and symptoms, mood states, post-traumatic growth, and (post-only) cortisol reactivity to trauma-related stress. Methods: Volunteers with a verified diagnosis of PTSD (N=25) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (writing about their traumatic experience) or control group (writing about time management). Results: Expressive writing was acceptable to patients with PTSD and appeared safe to utilize. No changes in PTSD diagnosis or symptoms were observed, but significant improvements in mood and post-traumatic growth were observed in the expressive writing group. Finally, expressive writing greatly attenuated neuroendocrine (cortisol) responses to trauma-related memories. Conclusions: The present study provides insight into several boundary conditions of expressive writing. Writing did not decrease PTSD-related symptom severity. Although patients continue to exhibit the core features of PTSD, their capacity to regulate those responses appears improved following expressive writing. Dysphoric mood decreased after writing and when exposed to traumatic memories, participants' physiological response is reduced and their recovery enhanced. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Creative Writing, *Emotional States, *Hydrocortisone, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Trauma, Symptoms","Smyth, Joshua M., Hockemeyer, Jill R., Tulloch, Heather",2008.0,,,0,0,
5144,Exploring psychology's low epistemological profile in psychology textbooks: Are stress and stress disorders made within disciplinary boundaries?,"Unlike biology textbooks, psychology textbooks do not present autonomous facts of psychology but introduce students to the need for evidence in accounts of psychological knowledge. This paper concerns the range of ways in which textbooks deal with areas where there is knowledge in many sites in addition to academic psychology, using four examples from stress and health. Type A behaviour pattern is presented in detail in textbooks but not as established psychology; coping and health in students are dealt with by a change of genre which allows the readers' concerns and knowledge to be placed outside science; stress is given origins in the psychological laboratory with other origins diminished, and then treated as an established entity; only post-traumatic stress disorder is taken for granted and not questioned, that is, it is given entity status without origins being provided and has no history of making within the textbooks themselves.","Boundary, Fact statements, Latour, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Textbooks","Smyth, M. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5145,The contribution of psychological factors to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury: Is cluster analysis a useful approach?,"Objectives: Outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) vary, with slow or incomplete recovery for a significant minority. This study examines whether groups of cases with shared psychological factors but with different injury outcomes could be identified using cluster analysis. Method: This is a prospective observational study following 147 adults presenting to a hospital-based emergency department or concussion services in Christchurch, New Zealand. This study examined associations between baseline demographic, clinical, psychological variables (distress, injury beliefs and symptom burden) and outcome 6 months later. A two-step approach to cluster analysis was applied (Ward's method to identify clusters, K-means to refine results). Results: Three meaningful clusters emerged (high-adapters, medium-adapters, low-adapters). Baseline cluster-group membership was significantly associated with outcomes over time. High-adapters appeared recovered by 6-weeks and medium-adapters revealed improvements by 6-months. The low-adapters continued to endorse many symptoms, negative recovery expectations and distress, being significantly at risk for poor outcome more than 6-months after injury (OR (good outcome)=0.12; CI=0.03-0.53; p<0.01). Conclusions: Cluster analysis supported the notion that groups could be identified early post-injury based on psychological factors, with group membership associated with differing outcomes over time. Implications for clinical care providers regarding therapy targets and cases that may benefit from different intensities of intervention are discussed.","adult, article, cluster analysis, controlled study, depression, emergency ward, female, follow up, human, major clinical study, male, New Zealand, observational study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, psychological aspect, time, traumatic brain injury","Snell, D. L., Surgenor, L. J., Hay-Smith, E. J. C., Williman, J., Siegert, R. J.",2015.0,,,0,1,
5146,"Normative data for the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and post-concussion symptom profiles among TBI, PTSD, and nonclinical samples","The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) is a self-report measure of symptoms commonly associated with Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) that may emerge after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Despite frequent clinical use, no NSI norms have been developed. Thus, the main objective of this study was to establish NSI normative data using the four NSI factors (i.e., vestibular, somatic, cognitive, and affective) identified by Vanderploeg, Silva, et al. (2014) among nonclinical epidemiological samples of deployed and non-deployed Florida National Guard members as well as a reference sample of Guard members with combat-related mTBI. In addition, NSI subscale profile patterns were compared across four distinct subgroups (i.e., non-deployed-nonclinical, deployed-nonclinical, deployed-mTBI, and deployed-PTSD). The deployed-nonclinical group endorsed greater PCS symptom severity than the non-deployed group, and the mTBI group uniformly endorsed more symptoms than both nonclinical groups. However, the PTSD group endorsed higher symptom severity relative to the other three subgroups. As such, this highlights the non-specificity of PCS symptoms and suggests that PTSD is associated with higher symptom endorsement than mTBI. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.","Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, Normative data, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Traumatic brain injury","Soble, J. R., Silva, M. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Curtiss, G., Belanger, H. G., Donnell, A. J., Scott, S. G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5147,Neuropsychological functioning of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"This study examined the neuropsychological performance of 125 outpatient Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nonacute mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n = 66) and PTSD (n = 59) across multiple cognitive domains to determine whether mild TBI results in greater impairment among those with PTSD. Profile analyses revealed that veterans with PTSD and mild TBI did not differ significantly from those with just PTSD across domains, suggesting that comorbid mild TBI does not result in an additive effect. A norms-based comparison also revealed that neither group demonstrated impaired performance on any of the objective neuropsychological measures examined. However, both groups endorsed moderately elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, indicating that comorbid psychopathology may contribute to subjective cognitive complaints. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","Mild traumatic brain injury, Neuropsychological assessment, Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Soble, J. R., Spanierman, L. B., Fitzgerald Smith, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5148,Neuropsychological functioning of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"This study examined the neuropsychological performance of 125 outpatient Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nonacute mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n = 66) and PTSD (n = 59) across multiple cognitive domains to determine whether mild TBI results in greater impairment among those with PTSD. Profile analyses revealed that veterans with PTSD and mild TBI did not differ significantly from those with just PTSD across domains, suggesting that comorbid mild TBI does not result in an additive effect. A norms-based comparison also revealed that neither group demonstrated impaired performance on any of the objective neuropsychological measures examined. However, both groups endorsed moderately elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety, indicating that comorbid psychopathology may contribute to subjective cognitive complaints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Neurocognition, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Neuropsychological Assessment, Outpatients","Soble, Jason R., Spanierman, Lisa B., Smith, Julie Fitzgerald",2013.0,,,0,0,5147
5149,Traumatic stress after childbirth: The role of obstetric variables,"In a sample of 1550 recently delivered women, traumatic stress after childbirth was studied in relation to obstetric variables. A post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profile and traumatic stress symptoms were assessed by means of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES). Obstetric data comprised delivery mode, duration of the second stage of labor (the time from cervical dilation of 10 cm to partus) and the use of analgesia/anesthesia. Traumatic stress symptoms and having a PTSD symptom profile were both significantly related to the experience of an emergency cesarean section or an instrumental vaginal delivery. It is of clinical importance, however, that most women with a PTSD symptom profile were found in the normal vaginal delivery group (NVD). This implies that a normal vaginal delivery can be experienced as traumatic, just as an emergency cesarian section is not necessarily traumatic. Traumatic stress symptoms were neither substantially correlated to the duration of the second stage of labor, nor to the use of analgesia/anesthesia.","adult, article, cesarean section, childbirth, correlation analysis, disease association, female, human, labor complication, major clinical study, obstetric anesthesia, posttraumatic stress disorder, uterine cervix dilatation, vaginal delivery","Soderquist, J., Wijma, K., Wijma, B.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5150,Traumatic stress after childbirth: The role of obstetric variables,"In a sample of 1550 recently delivered women, traumatic stress after childbirth was studied in relation to obstetric variables. A post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom profile and traumatic stress symptoms were assessed by means of the Traumatic Event Scale (TES). Obstetric data comprised delivery mode, duration of the second stage of labor (the time from cervical dilation of 10 cm to partus) and the use of analgesia/anesthesia. Traumatic stress symptoms and having a PTSD symptom profile were both significantly related to the experience of an emergency cesarean section or an instrumental vaginal delivery. It is of clinical importance, however, that most women with a PTSD symptom profile were found in the normal vaginal delivery group (NVD). This implies that a normal vaginal delivery can be experienced as traumatic, just as an emergency cesarian section is not necessarily traumatic. Traumatic stress symptoms were neither substantially correlated to the duration of the second stage of labor, nor to the use of analgesia/anesthesia.","Childbirth, Delivery mode, Obstetric varibles, PTSD, Traumatic stress","Söderquist, J., Wijma, K., Wijma, B.",2002.0,,,0,0,5149
5151,Comorbid patterns of psychiatric disorders in Korean communities,"Introduction: The aims of our study are 1) to describe the comorbidity patterns of 12-month DSM-IV mental disorder, 2) to analyze socio-demographic factors associated with comorbidity, and 3) to estimate the socioeconomic effects of comorbidity in the general population of Korea using the Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI). Method: Sampling and procedure: Subjects were selected by taking multi-stage, cluster samples of 7,867 adult household residents, 18 to 64 years of age, in ten catchment areas of Korea. Total 78 trained interviewers administered the K-CIDI to the selected respondents, from June 1 to November 30, 2001. Total 6,275 respondents completed the interview. Diagnostic instruments: The KECA study administered the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) to each subject. Statistical analysis: All statistical analyses are based on the weighted data of the respondents. Those factors found to be associated with the disorders were examined using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses. These statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS package. Results: Most mental disorders are comorbid with other mental disorders irrespective of diagnostic categories. Of the separate disorders, dysthymia and major depression had higher rates of comorbidity (72.8% vs. 82.8%). In general, anxiety disorders were highly comorbid. Panic disorder(81.8%), PTSD(66.0%), GAD(64.6%) were the most comorbid anxiety disorders; specific phobia(28.2%) and social phobia(44.7%) were the least. Alcohol dependence was more frequently comorbid with other disorders (49.8%) than alcohol abuse(45.1%). Most somatoform disorders were highly comorbid. Conversion(77.1%) and pain disorder(75.6%) were frequently comorbid with other mental disorders. In general, high associations were found within the separate anxiety disorders and between mood and anxiety disorders. Somatoform disorders highly associated with anxiety disorders and mood disorder. Somatoform comorbid with mood disorder suggest the ethnicity, tendency to somatic expression of mood symptoms. Lowest comorbidity associations were found for specific phobia and alcohol abuse, the disorders with the least functional disabilities. Some demographic risk factors were found according to each comorbid disorders. Associated factors for comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders were female gender, younger age, lower educational level, higher degree of urbanicity, not living with a partner and unemployment. Only younger people were at greater risk for comorbidity of alcohol disorder with mood, anxiety disorders or both. Female gender associates with comorbidities of mood-anxiety disorders, anxietysomatoform disorder, mood-somatoform disorder. Divorced or separated person associated with comorbidities of alcohol-anxiety disorders. Unemployment associated with comorbidities of moodanxiety disorders. Higher degree of urbanicity associated with comorbidities of anxiety-somatoform disorders. Low income associated with alcohol-anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorder had more days of functional disability according to increase of additional diagnosis. Conclusions: Comorbidity causes complexity of treatment, more socio-economic cost, and more functional disability. If we know about predictors of comorbidity, it will be very useful to prevent comorbid mental disorder and to establish mental health plan.","alcohol, mental disease, community, anxiety disorder, comorbidity, mood, diagnosis, somatoform disorder, disability, statistical analysis, interview, Korea, cluster analysis, gender, phobia, alcohol abuse, mood disorder, female, unemployment, multivariate logistic regression analysis, dysthymia, major depression, catchment, panic, lowest income group, social phobia, alcoholism, pain, household, mental health, ethnicity, adult, sampling, risk factor, bivariate analysis, risk, population, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder","Sohn, J. H., Park, Y. W., Chang, S. M., Kim, B. S., Kim, S. K., Cho, M. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5152,Psychosocial stress in Marine Corps officers,"Stress research in military populations has largely been devoted to specialized situations ""at risk"" for high levels of stress, such as combat, recruit training, sea duty, as well as post-traumatic stress in veterans. Though the armed forces continue to train for war during peacetime, military personnel also carry out administrative, executive, and technical job functions not directly related to combat preparations. Little data exists researching stress experienced in military non-combat environments. A study was conducted assessing levels of stress of 900 Marine Corps officers assigned to various headquarters and stations. Randomly selected participants completed the Derogatis Stress Profile (DSP). The study examined stress as a function of rank and the individual officer's perception of stress. Total stress levels of the subjects were compared to those used to norm the DSP.","Adaptation, Psychological, Age Factors, Humans, Male, Military Personnel/*psychology, *Perception, Personality Inventory, Stress, Psychological/*psychology","Solis, S.",1991.0,May,,0,0,
5153,High-lethality status in patients with borderline personality disorder,"Recurrent suicidal behaviors in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are often considered communicative gestures; however, 10% complete suicide. This study seeks to identify risk factors for suicide within a BPD sample by comparing patients with High- and Low-Lethality attempts. BPD attempters (n = 113) were assessed on demographic, diagnostic, and personality variables: clinical symptoms, suicidal behaviors; childhood, family, and treatment histories; social adjustment; and recent life events. Forty-four High-Lethality attempters, defined by a score of 4 or more on Beck's Medical Lethality Scale, were compared to 69 Low-Lethality attempters. Discriminating variables were entered in a multivariate logistic regression model to define predictors of High-Lethality status. High-Lethality attempters were older, with children, less education, and lower socioeconomic class (SES) than Low-Lethality attempters. They were more likely to have Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), co-morbid Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), and family histories of substance abuse. They reported greater intent to die, more lifetime attempts, hospitalizations, and time in the hospital. High-Lethality status was best predicted by low SES, co-morbid ASPD, extensive treatment histories, and greater intent to die. These characteristics resemble profiles of patients who complete suicide, are not specific for BPD, and do not include impulsivity, aggression, or severity of BPD criteria. © 2005 The Guilford Press.",,"Soloff, P. H., Fabio, A., Kelly, T. M., Malone, K. M., Mann, J. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5154,Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder,"A review of the psychosocial treatment research literature indicates that several forms of therapy appear to be useful in reducing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Strongest support is found for the treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques. Hypnosis, psychodynamic, anxiety management, and group therapies may also produce short-term symptom reduction. Still unknown is whether any approach produces lasting effects. Imaginal exposure to trauma memories and hypnosis are techniques most likely to affect the intrusive symptoms of PTSD, whereas cognitive and psychodynamic approaches may better address the numbing and avoidance symptom cluster. Treatment should be tailored to the severity and type of presenting PTSD symptoms, to the type of trauma experience, and to the many likely comorbid diagnoses and adjustment problems.","antidepressant agent, fluoxetine, imipramine, phenelzine, propranolol, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, anxiety neurosis, behavior therapy, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, controlled study, crisis intervention, group therapy, human, hypnosis, mental disease, neurosis, patient counseling, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, review, social support","Solomon, S. D.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5155,A 3-year prospective study of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Israeli combat veterans,"This study attempted to trace the long-term psychiatric sequelae of combat in a large representative sample of combat stress reaction (CSR) Israeli casualties and matched controls. Employing DSM-III criteria for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subjects were assessed 1, 2, and 3 years after their participation in the war. Results show that CSR casualties had dramatically higher rates of PTSD than controls at all three points of time. In both groups a decline in prevalence and breadth of PTSD was observed over time. The passage of time had a differential effect on the symptom profile of the CSR casualties and controls. Theoretical, methodological, and treatment implications are discussed. © 1989 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","combat stress reaction, DSM-III criteria, post-traumatic stress disorder","Solomon, Z.",1989.0,,,0,0,
5156,Guilt among Ex-Prisoners of War,"The article explores guilt and its correlates among Israeli ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) of the 1973 Yom Kippur War (YKW; N = 119) and a matched group of veterans of the same war who were not held captive (N = 97). Results revealed that compared with controls, ex-POWs reported both more posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and more guilt, after adjusting for PTSS. Results also revealed a significant PTSS × Group interaction effect on guilt, wherein the association between PTSS and guilt was stronger among ex-POWs than among controls. Among ex-POWs, results showed that feelings of helplessness when falling captive, inwardly directed active coping, and a sense of loss of control during captivity contributed to the prediction of guilt. Support at homecoming made no contributions to variance, and circumstances of falling into captivity did not predict guilt. Results support the notion that guilt is a significant component of the psychological aftermath of war captivity, and highlight its correlates. Clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","coping, longitudinal data, posttraumatic stress symptoms, war captivity","Solomon, Z., Avidor, S., Mantin, H. G.",2015.0,,10.1080/10926771.2015.1079284,0,0,
5157,Loneliness Trajectories: The Role of Posttraumatic Symptoms and Social Support,"This study prospectively examines the longitudinal course of loneliness, social support, and posttraumatic symptoms (PTS) among Israeli war veterans. Two groups of veterans with and without antecedent combat stress reaction (CSR) were assessed at three points of time during a 20-year period. Veterans with CSR reported higher levels of loneliness compared with veterans without CSR. Loneliness remained stable among veterans with CSR but decreased among veterans without CSR. Baseline level of social support predicted the trajectory of change in loneliness. Finally, higher levels of PTS and lower levels of social support were associated with more loneliness among veterans with CSR. © 2015, © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","combat stress reaction, loneliness, longitudinal study, posttraumatic symptoms, social support","Solomon, Z., Bensimon, M., Greene, T., Horesh, D., Ein-Dor, T.",2015.0,,10.1080/15325024.2013.815055,0,0,
5158,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Issues of co-morbidity,"There is considerable controversy over whether or not post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be considered as a separate diagnostic entity. The present study utilized the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) in order to examine the degree of overlap between PTSD and the related diagnoses of anxiety, depression and obsession-compulsion in a group of Israeli Lebanon War PTSD casualties. We found that the SCL-90 was able both to identify and discriminate between the clinical groups. Multiple discriminant analysis showed that although there is overlap between PTSD and obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD is, in fact, discriminated from all the other patient groups.","accident, adult, affective neurosis, anxiety, article, clinical article, depression, etiology, human, Israel, male, morbidity, posttraumatic stress disorder, stress, symptom","Solomon, Z., Bleich, A., Koslowsky, M., Kron, S., Lerer, B., Waysman, M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
5159,Posttraumatic stress disorder among Israeli ex-prisoners of war 18 and 30 years after release,"Background: The psychological responses to captivity were measured in a sample of former prisoners of war (POWs) 18 and 30 years after release from captivity. Method: 209 Israeli veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War (103 ex-POWs and 106 controls) who had taken part in a previous study conducted in 1991 participated in the current study conducted in 2003. The study assessed current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), changes in PTSD over time, and the contribution of captivity severity (objective and subjective), sociodemographic variables, and psychological appraisal and coping with captivity to predicting PTSD using standardized self-report questionnaires. Results: Twenty-three percent of the ex-POWs met PTSD criteria and were 10 times more likely than controls to experience deterioration in their psychological condition in the 12-year interval between the 2 assessments. Almost 20% of ex-POWs who did not meet PTSD criteria in 1991 met criteria in the current assessment, in comparison to almost 1% of the controls. Current PTSD was predicted by younger age at the time of captivity, by loss of emotional control and higher subjective appraisal of suffering in captivity, and by a greater number of PTSD symptoms in the 1991 assessment. Conclusion: It is important to follow up and offer treatment to former POWs. Special attention should be paid to those who lost emotional control in captivity and to those who felt that the conditions of their captivity were severe.",,"Solomon, Z., Dekel, R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5160,Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli ex-POWs,"In this article, the authors present a prospective study that dealt with pathological (posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD) and salutary (posttraumatic growth; PTG) outcomes of captivity and the correlates of those outcomes among a sample of ex-prisoners of war (POWs) and a control group of combat veterans. Posttraumatic stress disorder and its correlates were assessed in 1991 and 2003, and PTG was assessed in 2003. The results indicate that ex-POWs exhibited higher levels of PTSD and PTG than did the controls. In addition, both linear and quadratic associations between PTSD and PTG were found. The authors discuss some unresolved issues related to assessment of PTG and salutary outcomes, and outline directions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prisoners of War, *Psychological Assessment, Posttraumatic Growth","Solomon, Zahava, Dekel, Rachel",2007.0,,,0,0,
5161,Complex trauma of war captivity: A prospective study of attachment and post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background. Victims of war captivity sometimes suffer from complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a unique form of PTSD that entails various alterations in personality. These alterations may involve changes in attachment orientation. Method. The sample comprised two groups of veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War: 103 ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and 106 comparable control veterans. They were assessed at two points in time, 18 years and 30 years after the war. Results. Ex-POWs suffered from more post-traumatic symptoms than controls at both measurements points and these symptoms increased only among ex-POWs from Time 1 to Time 2. In addition, both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance increased with time among ex-POWs, whereas they decreased slightly or remained stable among controls. Finally, the increases in attachment anxiety and avoidance were positively associated with the increase in post-traumatic symptoms among both study groups. Further analyses indicated that early PTSD symptoms predicted later attachment better than early attachment predicted later PTSD symptoms. Conclusions. The results suggest that: (1) complex traumas are implicated in attachment orientations and PTSD symptoms even many years after captivity; (2) there is an increase in attachment insecurities (anxiety, avoidance) and an increase in PTSD symptoms decades after the captivity; (3) and post-traumatic stress symptoms predict attachment orientations better than attachment orientations predict an increase in PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press.","Attachment, Complex trauma, Post-traumatic symptoms, POWs","Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., Mikulincer, M.",2008.0,,10.1017/S0033291708002808,0,0,
5162,The Relationships Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters and Marital Intimacy Among War Veterans,"This study examined (a) the relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters and marital intimacy among Israeli war veterans and (b) the role of self-disclosure and verbal violence in mediating the effects of PTSD avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms on marital intimacy. The sample consisted of 219 participants divided into 2 groups: ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs; N = 125) and a comparison group of veterans who fought in the same war but were not held in captivity (N = 94). Ex-POWs displayed higher levels of PTSD symptoms and verbal violence and lower levels of self-disclosure than did controls. Although ex-POWs and controls did not differ in level of marital intimacy, they did, however, present a different pattern of relationships between PTSD clusters and intimacy. In ex-POWs, self-disclosure mediated the relations between PTSD avoidance and marital intimacy. Verbal aggression was also found via indirect effect of hyperarousal on marital intimacy. The results point to the importance of self-disclosure and verbal violence as interpersonal mechanisms for the relations between posttraumatic symptoms on marital intimacy of ex-POWs. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","marital intimacy, POWs, PTSD, self-disclosure, verbal violence","Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., Zerach, G.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5163,The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters among war veterans,"Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the long-term trajectories and interrelationships of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters (intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal) in clinical and nonclinical groups of war veterans. Method: Six hundred seventy-five Israeli veterans from the 1982 Lebanon War were assessed. The clinical group consisted of 369 who had combat stress reaction (CSR) during the war, and the nonclinical group consisted of 306 veterans with no antecedent CSR. The 2 groups were matched in age, education, military rank, and assignment. They were prospectively evaluated 1, 2, and 20 years after the war. Results: The clinical group endorsed a higher number of symptoms than the nonclinical group, both cross-sectionally and across time. In both the clinical and nonclinical groups, the clusters of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal were interrelated at any given point in time and across 20 years. In both groups, avoidance was found to be a particularly stable symptom cluster over time. Finally, hyperarousal levels 1 year after the war were found to play an important role in both groups, as they predicted future avoidance and intrusion symptoms. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that PTSD is not a monolithic disorder, as symptom clusters differ in several important aspects. Also, the course and severity of symptoms differ between clinical and nonclinical groups. Finally, practitioners are encouraged to focus on the identification and treatment of early hyperarousal due to its prominent role in the development of other PTSD symptoms. (copyright) Copyright 2009 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.","article, avoidance behavior, controlled study, educational status, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, sleep arousal disorder, veteran, war","Solomon, Z., Horesh, D., Ein-Dor, T.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5164,Predictors of PTSD trajectories following captivity: A 35-year longitudinal study,"Although war captivity is a potent pathogen for psychiatric illness, little is known about the long-term trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among ex-prisoners of wars (ex-POWs). This study aimed to assess the long-term trajectories of PTSD and their predictors following war captivity. Three follow-ups (1991, 2003, 2008) were conducted over 35 years of 164 Israeli ex-POWs and185 comparable combatants from the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Ex-POWs reported higher PTSD rates than controls at all three assessments. Four trajectories of PTSD were identified: chronic PTSD, delayed PTSD, recovery and resilience. The majority of POWs reported delayed PTSD, while the majority of controls were classified as resilient. While PTSD rates remained relatively stable over time among controls, a steep increase in rates was observed among POWs between 1991 and 2003, followed by stabilization in rates between 2003 and 2008. Finally, subjective experience of captivity was the variable that best distinguished between the resilience and PTSD groups of ex-POWs, followed by participation in previous wars and negative life events during childhood. War captivity carries long-lasting psychiatric implications, even decades after release. Aging processes, as well as unique stressors that exist in Israel, may account for the elevated PTSD rates found here. © 2012.","Combat disorders, Epidemiology, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Solomon, Z., Horesh, D., Ein-Dor, T., Ohry, A.",2012.0,,,0,1,
5165,Aftermaths of combat stress reactions: A three-year study,,,"Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M.",1992.0,,,0,0,
5166,Trajectories of PTSD: A 20-year longitudinal study,"Objective: This study assessed the psychopathological effects of combat in veterans with and without combat stress reaction. Method: Veterans (N=214) from the 1982 Lebanon War were assessed in a prospective longitudinal design: 131 suffered from combat stress reaction during the war, and 83 did not. They were evaluated 1, 2, 3, and 20 years after the war. Results: Combat stress reaction is an important vulnerability marker. Veterans with combat stress reaction were 6.6 times more likely to endorse posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at all four measurements, their PTSD was more severe, and they were at increased risk for exacerbation/reactivation. A qualitative analysis of the profile of PTSD symptoms revealed some time-related changes in the symptom configuration of veterans who did not suffer from combat stress reaction. In both groups, the course fluctuated; PTSD rates dropped 3 years postwar and rose again 17 years later; 23% of veterans without combat stress reaction reported delayed PTSD. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the detrimental effects of combat are deep and enduring and follow a complex course, especially in combat stress reaction casualties. The implications of aging and ongoing terror in impeding recovery from the psychological wounds of war are discussed.","adult, aged, article, combat stress reaction, controlled study, disease exacerbation, disease marker, disease severity, evaluation study, high risk patient, human, longitudinal study, major clinical study, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, qualitative analysis, risk factor, veteran","Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M.",2006.0,,,0,1,
5167,"Posttraumatic Intrusion, Avoidance, and Social Functioning: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study","The study assesses posttraumatic intrusion, avoidance, and social functioning among 214 Israeli combat veterans from the first Lebanon War with and without combat stress reaction (CSR) 1, 2, 3, and 20 years after the war. CSR veterans reported higher intrusion and avoidance than did non-CSR veterans. With time, there was a decline in these symptoms. In addition, intrusion and avoidance were associated with problems in social functioning on a given year, and they longitudinally predicted social dysfunction 2, 3, and 20 years after the war. CSR veterans presented stronger temporal covariations between intrusion-avoidance and social functioning. The findings suggest that CSR is a marker for future psychopathology and point to the role of avoidance in social dysfunction. © 2007 American Psychological Association.","epidemiology, military psychiatry, PTSD, social dysfunction, war","Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M.",2007.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.75.2.316,0,0,
5168,"Coping, Locus of Control, Social Support, and Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study",,,"Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., Avitzur, E.",1988.0,,,0,0,
5169,"Locus of control and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: The intervening role of battle intensity, threat appraisal and coping",,,"Solomon, Z., Mikulincer, M., Benbenishty, R.",1989.0,,,0,0,
5170,PTSD among Israeli former prisoners of war and soldiers with combat stress reaction: A longitudinal study,"Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the long-term impact of war captivity and combat stress reaction on rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Israeli veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur war. Method: One hundred sixty-four former prisoners of war (POWs), 112 veterans who had had combat stress reaction, and 184 combat veteran comparison subjects filled out the PTSD Inventory, a self-report scale based on the DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD. The inventory diagnoses past and present PTSD, assesses its intensity, and provides a symptom profile. Results: Thirty-seven percent of the veterans who had had combat stress reaction, 23% of the former POWs, and 14% of the comparison subjects had had diagnosable PTSD at some time in the past. The current rates were 13%, 13%, and 3%, respectively. The results showed different recovery rates over time: almost two-thirds of the veterans with combat stress reaction who had had PTSD in the past recovered, while less than one-half of the POW group showed this improvement. Conclusions: These findings indicate that small but significant proportions of the POWs and veterans with combat stress reaction were still suffering from PTSD almost two decades after the war. The different recovery rates in the two groups may reflect the differences in duration and severity of stressors, the impact of immediate intervention on long-term adjustment, or both.","adult, article, clinical trial, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, stress, war","Solomon, Z., Neria, Y., Ohry, A., Waysman, M., Ginzburg, K.",1994.0,,,0,0,
5171,Risk factors in combat stress reaction - A study of Israeli soldiers in the 1982 Lebanon war,"This study attempts to identify demographic, military and personality factors which might predict combat stress reactions. Comparisons of psychiatric and physical injuries in the 1982 war in Lebanon indicate that not all soldiers are equally vulnerable to combat stress reaction. A composite profile of the soldier at risk has been outlined. Given exposure to severe combat stress the reserve soldier - who is 26 years of age or older, of low military rank and education with low measured suitability to combat - is relatively more vulnerable to combat stress reaction than the younger, higher ranking, more educated soldier whom tests have found suited for combat.",,"Solomon, Z., Noy, S., Bar-On, R.",1986.0,,,0,0,
5172,Reactions to combat stress in Israeli veterans twenty years after the 1982 Lebanon war,"During the war or shortly thereafter, the most common manifestation of combat induced psychopathology is combat stress reaction (CSR). The long-term consequences of CSR have so far received little scientific attention. The aim of this study was to examine whether CSR is a marker for long-term PTSD and other psychiatric comorbidities. Two groups of veterans from the 1982 Lebanon war were assessed 20 years after the war: one comprised 286 CSR casualties and the other comprised 218 matched non-CSR soldiers. Participants were assessed for PTSD, psychiatric symptomatology, social functioning, physical health, and postwar life events. Twenty years after the war, veterans with antecedent CSR reported more PTSD, psychiatric symptomatology and distress, social dysfunction, and health problems than did non-CSR veterans. We conclude that CSR should be seen as a marker for long-term psychiatric distress and impairment. In addition, the implications of combat-related trauma are broad and varied, and go beyond the narrow scope of PTSD. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","Combat stress reaction, Military psychiatry, PTSD","Solomon, Z., Shklar, R., Singer, Y., Mikulincer, M.",2006.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000249060.48248.ba,0,0,
5173,The dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder in South African political ex-detainees,This paper explores the dynamic factors involved in the generation of the classical posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a population of Black South African political ex-detainees. A model is proposed of the evolution of inner psychic events in response to the detention-related trauma which result in the typical symptom cluster.,"adult, clinical article, detention, ethnic or racial aspects, human, legal aspect, life event, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, South Africa","Solomons, K.",1989.0,,,0,0,
5174,Genetic association analysis of 300 genes identifies a risk haplotype in SLC18A2 for post-traumatic stress disorder in two independent samples,"The genetic architecture of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains poorly understood with the vast majority of genetic association studies reporting on single candidate genes. We conducted a large genetic study in trauma-exposed European-American women (N = 2538; 845 PTSD cases, 1693 controls) by testing 3742 SNPs across more than 300 genes and conducting polygenic analyses using results from the Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Studies Consortium (PGC). We tested the association between each SNP and two measures of PTSD, a severity score and diagnosis. We found a significant association between PTSD (diagnosis) and SNPs (top SNP: rs363276, odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, p = 2.1E-05) in SLC18A2 (vesicular monoamine transporter 2). A haplotype analysis of 9 SNPs in SLC18A2, including rs363276, identified a risk haplotype (CGGCGGAAG, p = 0.0046), and the same risk haplotype was associated with PTSD in an independent cohort of trauma-exposed African-Americans (p = 0.049; N = 748, men and women). SLC18A2 is involved in transporting monoamines to synaptic vesicles and has been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression. Eight genes previously associated with PTSD had SNPs with nominally significant associations (p < 0.05). The polygenic analyses suggested that there are SNPs in common between PTSD severity and bipolar disorder. Our data are consistent with a genetic architecture for PTSD that is highly polygenic, influenced by numerous SNPs with weak effects, and may overlap with mood disorders. Genome-wide studies with very large samples sizes are needed to detect these types of effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Genome, *Polymorphism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Haplotype, Genes","Solovieff, Nadia, Roberts, Andrea L., Ratanatharathorn, Andrew, Haloosim, Michelle, De Vivo, Immaculata, King, Anthony P., Liberzon, Israel, Aiello, Allison, Uddin, Monica, Wildman, Derek E., Galea, Sandro, Smoller, Jordan W., Purcell, Shaun M., Koenen, Karestan C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5175,Predictors of response in anxiety disorders,"Anxiety disorder variables such as duration, severity of illness, and comorbidity with other anxiety or mood disorders appear to identify individuals who are at the greatest risk of treatment nonresponse. Conversely, in accord with clinical experience, shorter periods of illness, less severe illness, being treatment naive, and the absence of comorbidity tend to identify patients who are likely to respond robustly to medication management. Symptom clusters in OCD and PTSD are promising as a means of stratifying those more likely to respond to standard pharmacologic treatment. The presence of hoarding or sexual obsessions seems to presage poorer response in OCD, while the presence of dissociative symptoms in PTSD has been linked to high nonspecific treatment response rates to placebo. Genotyping individuals with respect to genes that are thought to have an important role in the underlying disease process, such as the work with the 5HTTL-PR allele, is exciting and is perhaps the first glimmer of using genotyping to identify treatment strategies or to predict the likelihood or speed of response. The use of neuroimaging as a means of identifying individuals who may respond favorably to pharmacologic or neurosurgical intervention is still in its infancy. As a strategy, it may help combine symptom severity and response variables into a clear neurobiologic vulnerability model of illness. In the future, it may be possible to identify specific treatment interventions for specific patterns of abnormal metabolic rates in certain areas of the brain. However, it should be emphasized that such an approach has not been empirically demonstrated in a rigorous experimental context at this time.",,"Solvason, H. B., Ernst, H., Roth, W.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5176,Resting-state fMRI observation on changes of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in burn patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: To explore the changes of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in burn patients with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI). Methods: Totally 16 PTSD patients (PTSD group), 16 Non-PTSD patients (Non-PTSD group) who had been exposed to a severe burn trauma and 16 healthy controls (control group) matched at age, gender and education level were enrolled, who underwent rs-fMRI. ALFF were calculated on rs-fMRI data to measure the discrepancies of spontaneous brain activity. The correlation between ALFF values of abnormal regions found in PTSD group and clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale (CAPS) was analyzed. Results: Compared with control group, increased ALFF was found in PTSD patients in the left inferior frontal gyrus/middle frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus/insula and bilateral parahippocampal gyrus/anterior cingulate/medial frontal gyrus, while decreased ALFF was found in left lingual gyrus, and bilateral posterior cingutate/precuneus, increased ALFF was found in Non-PTSD group in the right cerebellum posterior lobe, middle temporal gyrus, orbital frontal lobe, insula and left parahippocampal gyrus, while non decreased ALFF area was found in Non-PTSD group. In comparison with Non-PTSD group, decreased ALFF was found in right thalamus in PTSD group. The mean ALFF values of right thalamus in PTSD patients negatively correlated with CAPS scores (r=-0.637, P=0.008). Conclusion: Abnormal brain activity exists in burn patients during resting state, which might associate with the complicated response of stress after severe burn trauma. Copyright © 2013 by the Press of Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging Technology.","Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation, Magnetic resonance imaging, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Wounds and injuries","Song, L. H., Zhang, W., Hou, J. M., Li, H. T., He, M., Qu, W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5177,"A 30-month prospective follow-up study of psychological symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses, and their effects on quality of life in children witnessing a single incident of death at school","Objective: We explored the course of trauma-related psychological symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses in 167 children who, as fourth graders, witnessed death at school and assessed the long-term effects of their symptoms on quality of life and their parents' rearing stress. Method: 167 children were evaluated using diverse self-rating symptom scales at 2 days (T1: May 19, 2007), 2 months (T2: July 16, 2007), 6 months (T3: November 12 - 17, 2007), and 30 months (T4: November 16 - 21, 2009) after the accident. All children were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version IV (DISC-IV) at T1. High-risk children were assessed with the DISC-IV at T3 and T4. Children's quality of life and parental stress were assessed in all children and parents using the Parenting Stress Index and the Child Health and Illness Profile at T4. Results: The mean scores and prevalence of severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly over time (P < .001), but depressive symptoms did not. Although the prevalence of DISC-IV-based diverse anxiety disorders decreased significantly over time, 45% of high-risk subjects evaluated with the DISC-IV met criteria for an anxiety or depressive disorder at T4. Linear and logistic regression analyses showed that depressive symptoms at 6 months predicted more severe parental stress (β = 0.51; odds ratio [OR] = 2.88), less satisfaction (β = -0.25; OR = 2.66), and lower achievement (β = -0.41; OR = 1.50) at 30 months. PTSD symptoms were not associated with parental stress or quality of life at T4. Conclusions: This study provides new evidence regarding the long-term course of trauma-related symptoms and diagnostic changes in children exposed to a single trauma. Children's depressive symptoms predicted lower children's quality of life and higher parental rearing stress after 2 years. Careful assessment and management of depressive symptoms can potentially reduce parental stress and improve quality of life of children. © Copyright 2012 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.",,"Song, S. H., Kim, B. N., Choi, N. H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Park, S., Kim, J. W., Hong, S. B., Shin, M. S., Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5178,"Probable posttraumatic stress disorder and disability in Cambodia: associations with perceived justice, desire for revenge, and attitudes toward the Khmer Rouge trials","CONTEXT: Millions of Cambodians suffered profound trauma during the Khmer Rouge era (1975 to 1979). A joint United Nations-Cambodian tribunal (the ""Khmer Rouge trials"") was empanelled in 2006 to prosecute top Khmer Rouge leaders and began substantive hearings in March 2009. OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adult Cambodians and to assess correlates of PTSD symptoms and disability with perceived justice, desire for revenge, and knowledge of and attitudes toward the trials. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A national probability sample of 1017 Cambodians was assembled using a multistage, stratified cluster design, including 813 adults older than 35 years who had been at least 3 years old during the Khmer Rouge era and 204 adults aged 18 to 35 years who had not been exposed to the Khmer Rouge era. Face-to-face interviews were conducted between December 2006 and August 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of probable PTSD using the PTSD Checklist, Civilian version (cutoff score of 44), and mental and physical disability using the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS: The prevalence of current probable PTSD was 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.6%-13.9%) overall and 7.9% (95% CI, 3.8%-12.0%) among the younger group and 14.2% (95% CI, 11.0%-17.3%) in the older group. Probable PTSD was significantly associated with mental disability (40.2% vs 7.9%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 7.80; 95% CI, 3.90-15.60) and physical disability (39.6% vs 20.1%; AOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.26-5.39). Although Cambodians were hopeful that the trials would promote justice, 87.2% (n = 681) of those older than 35 years believed that the trials would create painful memories for them. In multivariate analysis, respondents with high levels of perceived justice for violations during the Khmer Rouge era were less likely to have probable PTSD than those with low levels (7.4% vs 12.7%; AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.86). Respondents with high levels of desire for revenge were more likely to have probable PTSD than those with low levels (12.0% vs 7.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.99-3.11). CONCLUSIONS: Probable PTSD is common and associated with disability in Cambodia. Although Cambodians had positive attitudes toward the trials, most were concerned that the trials would bring back painful memories. Now that the trials have begun, longitudinal research is needed to determine the impact of the trials on Cambodians' mental health.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude, Cambodia/epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disabled Persons/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Female, History, 20th Century, Homicide/*history/*legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights Abuses/history/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychology, Humans, *Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Social Justice/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, Survivors/*psychology, United Nations, Young Adult","Sonis, J., Gibson, J. L., de Jong, J. T., Field, N. P., Hean, S., Komproe, I.",2009.0,Aug 5,10.1001/jama.2009.1085,0,0,
5179,"Probable posttraumatic stress disorder and disability in Cambodia: Associations with perceived justice, desire for revenge, and attitudes toward the khmer rouge trials","Context: Millions of Cambodians suffered profound trauma during the Khmer Rouge era (1975 to 1979). A joint United Nations-Cambodian tribunal (the ""Khmer Rouge trials"") was empanelled in 2006 to prosecute top Khmer Rouge leaders and began substantive hearings in March 2009. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adult Cambodians and to assess correlates of PTSD symptoms and disability with perceived justice, desire for revenge, and knowledge of and attitudes toward the trials. Design, Setting, and Participants: A national probability sample of 1017 Cambodians was assembled using a multistage, stratified cluster design, including 813 adults older than 35 years who had been at least 3 years old during the Khmer Rouge era and 204 adults aged 18 to 35 years who had not been exposed to the Khmer Rouge era. Face-to-face interviews were conducted between December 2006 and August 2007. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of probable PTSD using the PTSD Checklist, Civilian version (cutoff score of 44), and mental and physical disability using the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short Form Health Survey. Results The prevalence of current probable PTSD was 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.6%-13.9%) overall and 7.9% (95% CI, 3.8%-12.0%) among the younger group and 14.2% (95% CI, 11.0%-17.3%) in the older group. Probable PTSD was significantly associated with mental disability (40.2% vs 7.9%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 7.80; 95% CI, 3.90-15.60) and physical disability (39.6% vs 20.1%; AOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.26-5.39). Although Cambodians were hopeful that the trials would promote justice, 87.2% (n=681) of those older than 35 years believed that the trials would create painful memories for them. In multivariate analysis, respondents with high levels of perceived justice for violations during the Khmer Rouge era were less likely to have probable PTSD than those with low levels (7.4% vs 12.7%; AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.86). Respondents with high levels of desire for revenge were more likely to have probable PTSD than those with low levels (12.0% vs 7.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.99-3.11). Conclusions: Probable PTSD is common and associated with disability in Cambodia. Although Cambodians had positive attitudes toward the trials, most were concerned that the trials would bring back painful memories. Now that the trials have begun, longitudinal research is needed to determine the impact of the trials on Cambodians' mental health. (copyright)2009 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","adult, aged, article, attitude, Cambodia, court, demography, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disability, disease association, educational status, female, health survey, human, interview, justice, major clinical study, male, marriage, memory, mental deficiency, mental health, outcome assessment, physical disability, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, religion, research subject, risk factor, Short Form 12, socioeconomics","Sonis, J., Gibson, J. L., De Jong, J. T. V. M., Field, N. P., Hean, S., Komproe, I.",2009.0,,,0,0,5178
5180,Gender Differences in Individuals with Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,"This study investigated gender differences in a sample of outpatient, treatment-seeking individuals (N = 84) with comorbid alcohol dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Male Ss' mean age was 37.0 yrs and female Ss' mean age was 37.2 yrs. Assessments included substance use severity, trauma history, PTSD symptomatology, and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Men reported an earlier age of onset of alcohol dependence, greater alcohol use intensity and craving, and more severe legal problems due to alcohol use. Women reported greater exposure to sexually related traumas, greater frequency and intensity of avoidance of trauma-related thoughts and feelings, and greater social impairment due to PTSD. Women mere more likely than men to demonstrate higher rates of other anxiety disorders and test positive for cocaine at treatment entry. PTSD more often preceded alcohol dependence in women than in men. The results illustrate a number of gender differences that may shed light on etiologic models of comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Alcoholism, *Comorbidity, *Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Sonne, Susan C., Back, Sudie E., Zuniga, Claudia Diaz, Randall, Carrie L., Brady, Kathleen T.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5181,Heterogeneity in the pharmacodynamics of two long-acting methylphenidate formulations for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A growth mixture modelling analysis,"Objectives: To use growth mixture modelling (GMM) to identify subgroups of children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) who have different pharmacodynamic profiles in response to extended release methylphenidate as assessed in a laboratory classroom setting. Methods: GMM analysis was performed on data from the COMACS study (Comparison of Methylphenidates in the Analog Classroom Setting): a large (n = 184) placebo-controlled cross-over study comparing three treatment conditions in the Laboratory School Protocol (with a 1.5-h cycle of attention and deportment assessments). Two orally administered, once-daily methylphenidate (MPH) bioequivalent formulations [Metadate CD/Equasym XL (MCD-EQXL) and Concerta XL (CON)] were compared with placebo (PLA). Results: Three classes of children with distinct severity profiles in the PLA condition were identified. For both MCD-EQXL and CON, the more severe their PLA symptoms the better, the children's response. However, the formulations produced different growth curves by class, with CON having essentially a flat profile for all three classes (i.e. no effect of PLA severity) and MCD-EQXL showing a marked decline in symptoms immediately post-dosing in the two most severe classes compared with the least severe. Comparison of daily doses matched for immediate-release (IR) components accounted for this difference. Conclusion: The results suggest considerable heterogeneity in the pharmacodynamics of MPH response by children with ADHD. When treatment response for near-equal, bioequivalent daily doses the two formulations was compared, marked differences were seen for children in the most severe classes with a strong curvilinear trajectory for MCD-EQXL related to the greater IR component. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, *Drug Therapy, *Methylphenidate, *Treatment Outcomes, Pediatrics, Placebo","Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S., Van Lier, Pol, Swanson, James M., Coghill, David, Wigal, Sharon, Vandenberghe, Mieke, Hatch, Simon",2008.0,,,0,0,
5182,"Trends in probable PTSD in firefighters exposed to the world trade center disaster, 2001-2010","Objective: We present the longest follow-up, to date, of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City firefighters who participated in the rescue/recovery effort. Methods: We examined data from 11 006 WTC-exposed firefighters who completed 40 672 questionnaires and reported estimates of probable PTSD by year from serial cross-sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses, we used separate Cox models with data beginning from October 2, 2001, to identify variables associated with recovery from or delayed onset of probable PTSD. Results: The prevalence of probable PTSD was 7.4% by September 11, 2010, and continued to be associated with early arrival at the WTC towers during every year of analysis. An increasing number of aerodigestive symptoms (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89 per symptom, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-.93) and reporting a decrease in exercise, whether the result of health (HR 0.56 vs no change in exercise, 95% CI 0.41-.78) or other reasons (HR 0.76 vs no change in exercise, 95% CI 0.63-.92), were associated with a lower likelihood of recovery from probable PTSD. Arriving early at the WTC (HR 1.38 vs later WTC arrival, 95% CI 1.12-1.70), an increasing number of aerodigestive symptoms (HR 1.45 per symptom, 95% CI 1.40-1.51), and reporting an increase in alcohol intake since September 11, 2001 (HR 3.43 vs no increase in alcohol intake, 95% CI 2.67-4.43) were associated with delayed onset of probable PTSD. Conclusions: Probable PTSD continues to be associated with early WTC arrival even 9 years after the terrorist attacks. Concurrent conditions and behaviors, such as respiratory symptoms, exercise, and alcohol use also play important roles in contributing to PTSD symptoms. © 2011 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","Firefighters, Mental health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychological symptoms, World Trade Center","Soo, J., Webber, M. P., Gustave, J., Lee, R., Hall, C. B., Cohen, H. W., Kelly, K. J., Prezant, D. J.",2011.0,,10.1001/dmp.2011.48,0,0,
5183,The influence of pre-deployment cognitive ability on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and trajectories: The Danish USPER follow-up study of Afghanistan veterans,"Objective New trajectories of PTSD symptoms have recently been identified in war exposed army veterans. The aim of this army veterans study was to examine whether pre-deployment cognitive ability is associated with the risk of developing PTSD symptoms or non-resilient PTSD trajectories. Method Follow up study in 428 Danish soldiers, deployed to Afghanistan in 2009, who were assessed at six occasions from pre-deployment to three years post-deployment. Pre-deployment vulnerabilities, deployment and homecoming stressors were measured. Pre-deployment cognitive test scores on Børge Priens Prøve (based on logical, verbal, numerical and spatial reasoning) were converted to a mean of 100 and with a standard deviation of 15. Results Higher pre-deployment cognitive ability scores were associated with lower risk of PTSD symptoms as assessed by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) 2.5 years post-deployment (OR=0.97; 95% CI 0.95-1.00) after adjustment for educational length, baseline PCL-C score and perceived war-zone stress. Compared to a resilient trajectory, a non-resilient relieved-worsening trajectory (high baseline mental symptoms, being symptom free during deployment and a drastic increase in PTSD symptoms at the final assessments of PTSD symptoms) had significantly lower cognitive scores by a mean difference of 14.5 (95% CI 4.7-24.3). This trajectory (n=9) comprised 26.5% of soldiers with moderate-severe PTSD symptoms 2.5 years post-deployment. Conclusion We confirmed an inverse association between pre-deployment cognitive ability and risk of PTSD symptoms, and observed significantly lower mean pre-deployment cognitive scores in one non-resilient PTSD trajectory. If replicated, this might inform relevant prevention efforts for soldiers at pre-deployment. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Pre-deployment cognitive ability, Predictors, PTSD symptoms, Soldiers, Trajectories","Sørensen, H. J., Andersen, S. B., Karstoft, K. I., Madsen, T.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.037,0,0,
5184,"Political Violence, Health, and Coping Among Palestinian Women in the West Bank","Political violence poses a considerable threat to the health of individuals. Protective factors, however, may help people to build resilience in the face of political violence. This study examined the influence of lifetime and past 30-day experiences of political violence on the mental and physical health of adult Palestinian women from the West Bank (N = 122). Two hypotheses were examined: (a) Reports of political violence exposure would be related to reports of poorer physical and mental health and (b) several coping variables (proactive coping; self-reliance; reliance on political, family, and religious support; and political or civic engagement) would function as moderators of the effects of political violence, buffering or weakening its effects on physical and mental health outcomes. Both lifetime and past 30-day measures of political violence were positively correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Proactive coping, reliance on self, and political or civic engagement significantly interacted with political violence to affect health in a counterintuitive direction; those with higher scores on these more internalized and individualistic coping strategies demonstrated worse health as political violence increased. Reliance on religious support, and, in particular, support from and participation in activities of religious institutions, emerged as a significant protective factor. Results underscore the importance of looking not only at whether political violence affects health, but also at how the relationships between political violence and health might occur, including the potential protective influence of resources within people's social environments. © 2013 American Orthopsychiatric Association.","Chronic stress, Palestinian women, Political violence, Posttraumatic stress, Proactive coping, Religious support, Resilience, War trauma","Sousa, C. A.",2013.0,,10.1111/ajop.12048,0,0,
5185,Individual and Collective Dimensions of Resilience Within Political Violence,"Research has documented a link between political violence and the functioning of individuals and communities. Yet, despite the hardships that political violence creates, evidence suggests remarkable fortitude and resilience within both individuals and communities. Individual characteristics that appear to build resilience against political violence include demographic factors such as gender and age, and internal resources, such as hope, optimism, determination, and religious convictions. Research has also documented the protective influence of individuals' connection to community and their involvement in work, school, or political action. Additionally, research on political violence and resilience has increasingly focused on communities themselves as a unit of analysis. Community resilience, like individual resilience, is a process supported by various traits, capacities, and emotional orientations toward hardship. This review addresses various findings related to both individual and community resilience within political violence and offers recommendations for research, practice, and policy. © The Author(s) 2013.","cultural contexts, memory and trauma, mental health and violence, violence exposure, war","Sousa, C. A., Haj-Yahia, M. M., Feldman, G., Lee, J.",2013.0,,10.1177/1524838013493520,0,0,
5186,"Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives",,,"Southwick, S., Bonanno, G., Masten, A., Panter-Brick, C., Yehuda, R.",2014.0,2014,,0,0,
5187,Neurobiological models of posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Focuses on two neurobiological systems that are critical for survival-the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Though most neurobiological research in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) concentrates on these two systems, it is asserted that numerous other neurobiological systems are also involved in acute and chronic responses to stress, although far less is known about them as they relate to PTSD. Several new neurobiological models of PTSD are presented in an attempt to understand the current body of trauma-related neurobiological research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Models, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Southwick, Steven, Friedman, Matthew J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5188,Social sharing of Gulf war experiences: Association with trauma-related psychological symptoms,,,"Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., Rosenberg, R.",2000.0,2000,,0,0,
5189,Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of operation desert storm: A 2-year follow-up,,,"Southwick, S. M., Morgan Iii, C. A., Darnell, A., Bremner, D., Nicolaou, A. L., Nagy, L. M., Charney, D. S.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5190,Personality disorders in treatment-seeking combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Many patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to have co-occurring symptoms of character pathology; however, to date there have been no empirical studies of comorbid clinician-rated axis II personality disorders in war veterans with chronic PTSD. The authors' objective was to assess DSM-III-R personality disorders in treatment-seeking combat veterans with PTSD. Method: They used the Personality Disorder Examination, a standardized diagnostic interview for DSM-III-R axis II disorders, to assess DSM-III-R personality disorders in 34 patients with PTSD; 18 of the subjects were inpatients and 16 were outpatients. Results: A high rate of character pathology was observed in both inpatient and outpatient groups. The most frequent disorders for which criteria were met were borderline, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, and paranoid personality disorders. Inpatients had a higher rate of nearly every personality disorder than did outpatients. Inpatients were significantly more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for paranoid, schizotypal, avoidant, and self-defeating personality disorders. Conclusions: War-related PTSD in treatment-seeking Vietnam veterans is often accompanied by diffuse, debilitating, and enduring impairments in character. Subtyping patients with PTSD on the basis of specific axis II profiles may aid in the selection of more specific and effective treatments.",,"Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., Giller Jr, E. L.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5191,Prolonged exposure to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an active substance abuser,"Effective treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been the focus of research studies for many years, with exposure therapy consistently emerging as the leading treatment for this disorder. However, for a variety of reasons most studies exclude individuals suffering from concurrent substance use disorders. In recent years, this omission has been addressed, and the belief that substance dependent individuals cannot benefit from trauma treatment until they are free from substances is losing favor. Early studies have demonstrated that prolonged exposure therapy can be effective for persons suffering from both disorders. The current case study seeks to provide information on the length of time and type of symptom change in an individual suffering from comorbid PTSD-substance abuse (PTSD-SA). Therefore, prolonged exposure was utilized to treat PTSD in an active abuser of both alcohol and marijuana. Pre- and post-treatment assessments demonstrate dramatic reductions in PTSD symptoms, general anxiety, and depression despite continued substance use, with the individual no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for PTSD following eight weeks of treatment. For this particular client, prolonged exposure was effective in treating the PTSD. It is hypothesized that by decreasing the presence of trauma symptoms and depression, the individual can more effectively address the symptoms associated with active substance use, as well as learn healthier coping skills for when they later experience withdrawal symptoms from substances. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Exposure Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcomes","Souza, Theresa M., Spates, C. Richard, Rankin, Cassie",2012.0,,,0,0,
5192,Posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers: A meta-analysis,"A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among peacekeepers. A systematic review was carried out using Medline, Institute for Scientific Information/Web of Science and Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress databases, leading to a total of 12 studies reporting PTSD estimates. Pooled current PTSD prevalence was 5.3%, ranging from 0.05% to 25.8%, and a metaregression was used to investigate the variables that could account for the lack of homogeneity. However, none of the extracted information was capable of explaining the heterogeneity of the estimates. Peacekeeping studies presented different methodologies such as several screening instruments and different times from the deployment to the moment of PTSD assessment. The wide difference found among those estimates highlights the importance of the creation of standards for PTSD evaluation among peacekeepers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Peacekeeping","Souza, Wanderson Fernandes, Figueira, Ivan, Mendlowicz, Mauro V., Volchan, Eliane, Portella, Carla Marques, Mendonca-de-Souza, Ana Carolina Ferraz, Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire",2011.0,,,0,0,
5193,"Post-traumatic stress disorder in Sri Lankan children exposed to war: The roles of culture, the nature of the stressor, temperament, coping strategies, and perceived social support","Although a few studies address post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children exposed to war, there are no studies on PTSD symptomatology in Sri Lankan children and their primary caretakers. This study explored patterns of PTSD symptoms experienced by children (9-16 years old) from two villages on the northern and eastern borders of the war zone in Sri Lanka ( N = 60). PTSD symptom levels self-reported by children and their mothers, and mother reports regarding children, were examined. It was proposed that temperament, coping strategies, perceived social support, and mother trauma would mediate the relationship between war exposure and child PTSD. Children's reports revealed high levels of PTSD symptoms. While children's PTSD reports did not indicate gender differences, mothers reported more Reexperiencing symptom levels in girls than in boys. Further, mothers reported decreasing levels of PTSD symptoms with increasing child age, while children did not. Children and mothers reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms in the context of greater war exposure. The most consistent difference between categories of PTSD symptoms was that Reexperiencing was reported more than Avoidance and Numbing by both children and their mothers. Comparing reports of child PTSD, children reported higher levels than did mothers. Further, mothers reported greater levels of PTSD symptoms about themselves than about children. War exposure was associated with all categories of PTSD symptoms in children. Both war exposure and mother trauma were related to child PTSD. Avoidance Coping was found to be a partial mediator in the relationship between war exposure and child PTSD symptoms. When potential mediators were considered together however, in the whole sample, war exposure, Avoidance Coping, and Parent-Classmate Support each accounted for unique variance in child PTSD symptom levels; in the context of lower war exposure, both war exposure and Parent-Classmate Support each contributed unique variance, while in the context of higher war exposure, none of the phenomena considered contributed unique variance to child PTSD. It appears that coping, perceived social support, and mother trauma may have a greater impact on levels of child PTSD in the context of lower war exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *War","Soysa, Champika Keshini",2002.0,,,0,0,
5194,Effects of neurokinin 1 receptor antagonism on brain response to emotional visual stimuli in comorbid alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Alcoholism is highly co-morbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting the possibility that they share overlapping neural substrates. Specifically, functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the psychopathology associated with PTSD (Bremner, 2007). Similar to PTSD, excessive voluntary alcohol consumption and stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking are also associated with up-regulated amygdala function and altered mPFC function. Previously, we have reported that neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonism significantly decreased insula activation in response to negative sensory input, and also attenuated alcohol cravings and cortisol response to stress in alcohol-dependent patient (George et al, 2008). Since Substance P (SP), together with its preferred NK1R, has been implicated in both stress- and alcohol-related behaviors, we carried out the present study to examine the effects of aprepitant, an oral, brainpenetrant NK1R antagonist on PTSD symptoms, stress- induced alcohol craving and brain response to emotional visual stimuli in alcohol dependent patients with PTSD. Methods: Fifty-three patients with PTSD and alcoholism were admitted for 4 weeks to an experimental medicine unit at the NIH Clinical Center, and randomized to double-blind aprepitant (125 mg/day; based on PET studies reporting >90% central receptor occupancy [RO] at this dose) or placebo. After reaching steady state, subjects were assessed for PTSD symptom severity; behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress and alcohol cues; and fMRI responses to stimuli with positive or negative emotional valence. Results: Aprepitant treatment had no effect on PTSD symptoms or subjective or physiological responses to stress or alcohol cues. However, this treatment robustly potentiated ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) fMRI responses to aversive visual stimuli. In particular, there was a significant main treatment effect on an area including both right and left vmPFC BOLD activation in response to negative IAPS pictures (negative-neutral). The aprepitant group showed significantly higher bilateral activation than the placebo group (whole brain corrected p=0.01; cluster volume: 8null275/1000ml; cluster size: 5). There were no significant effects of treatment on neural activation in response to fearful vs neutral faces, or alcoholic vs non-alcoholic beverages. Conclusions: Neuroimaging studies have generally shown that PTSD patients compared with non-PTSD subjects showed decreased Ventral mPFC activation in response to negative stimuli. Here, we discovered an unexpected effect of NK1 antagonism to activate the vmPFC during exposure to aversive visual stimuli. Because this brain area is critically important for extinction of fear memories and in alcohol craving and relapse risk, our finding suggests that NK1 antagonism, rather than acutely attenuating stress responses, might be a useful pharmacological treatment to enhance the effect of extinction- based therapy. In spite of the activation of vmPFC, we did not detect any signal for a treatment effect on PTSD symptoms and stress-induced alcohol craving. It is possible that pathophysiology of patients with co-morbid PTSD and alcoholism differs from that of patients with alcoholism only, and that stress-induced cravings are induced through different mechanisms in these two populations. Alternatively, the negative findings may be related to the use of an insufficient drug dose. Higher aprepitant doses or more potent NK1 antagonists may merit further evaluation.","neurokinin 1 receptor, alcohol, aprepitant, placebo, hydrocortisone, substance P, alcoholism, posttraumatic stress disorder, visual stimulation, college, brain, psychopharmacology, human, patient, withdrawal syndrome, functional magnetic resonance imaging, relapse, stimulus, amygdaloid nucleus, alcohol consumption, neuroimaging, alcoholic beverage, mental disease, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, sensory stimulation, steady state, insula, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, receptor occupancy, experimental medicine, BOLD signal, population, exposure, fear, memory, pathophysiology, therapy, drug therapy, stress, risk, drug dose, functional neuroimaging","Spagnolo, P., Kwako, L., Momenan, R., Schwandt, M. L., Ramchandani, V. A., Hommer, D. W., George, D. T., Heilig, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5195,"The association between childhood trauma and lipid levels in an adult low-income, minority population","Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the association between childhood trauma and lipid profiles in adults from a highly traumatized population at-risk for cardiovascular disease. Method: We recruited 452 participants, primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, from general medical clinics in a large urban hospital. We performed direct comparisons, univariate analysis of variance and regression analyses together and separated by sex, examining the associations of child abuse, body mass index, lipid lowering drug use, blood pressure, age, and substance use to HDL levels and HDL/LDL ratios. Results: A history of moderate to severe levels of childhood trauma and abuse was associated with a significant decrease in HDL levels (P≤ .01) and HDL/LDL ratios (P≤ .001) relative to males with low levels of abuse. This relationship held when the status of lipid-lowering drugs was considered. When controlling for age, substance abuse, tobacco use, and adult trauma, the effects of childhood trauma remained significant. We found a significant child abuse by sex interaction on HDL/LDL ratios [F(1,369)=13.0, P≤. .0005] consistent with a differential effect of trauma on dyslipidemia in male but not female subjects. Conclusions: Our data suggest that childhood trauma exposure, obtained with self-report measures, may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease by way of stress-mediated alterations of lipid concentration and composition in male, but not female, subjects. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.","African-American, Cardiovascular, Genetic, Lipids, Trauma","Spann, S. J., Gillespie, C. F., Davis, J. S., Brown, A., Schwartz, A., Wingo, A., Habib, L., Ressler, K. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5196,Does injury compensation lead to worse health after whiplash? A systematic review,"One might expect that injury compensation would leave injured parties better off than they would otherwise have been, yet many believe that compensation does more harm than good. This study systematically reviews the evidence on this ""compensation hypothesis"" in relation to compensable whiplash injuries. PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, PsycInfo, CCTR, Lexis, and EconLit were searched from the date of their inception to April 2010 to locate longitudinal studies, published in English, comparing the health outcomes of adults exposed/not exposed to compensation-related factors. Studies concerning serious neck injuries, using claimants only, or using proxy measures of health outcomes were excluded. Eleven studies were included. These examined the effect of lawyer involvement, litigation, claim submission, or previous claims on pain and other health outcomes. Among the 16 results reported were 9 statistically significant negative associations between compensation-related factors and health outcomes. Irrespective of the compensation-related factor involved and the health outcome measured, the quality of these studies was similar to studies that did not find a significant negative association: most took some measures to address selection bias, confounding, and measurement bias, and none resolved the potential for reverse causality bias that arises in the relationship between compensation-related factors and health. Unless ambiguous causal pathways are addressed, one cannot draw conclusions from statistical associations, regardless of their statistical significance and the extent of measures to address other sources of bias. Consequently, there is no clear evidence to support the idea that compensation and its related processes lead to worse health. © 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Association, Causation, Compensation, Health outcomes, Reverse causality, Systematic review, Whiplash","Spearing, N. M., Connelly, L. B., Gargett, S., Sterling, M.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.pain.2012.03.007,0,0,
5197,Research on injury compensation and health outcomes: Ignoring the problem of reverse causality led to a biased conclusion,"Objective: This study highlights the serious consequences of ignoring reverse causality bias in studies on compensation-related factors and health outcomes and demonstrates a technique for resolving this problem of observational data. Study Design and Setting: Data from an English longitudinal study on factors, including claims for compensation, associated with recovery from neck pain (whiplash) after rear-end collisions are used to demonstrate the potential for reverse causality bias. Although it is commonly believed that claiming compensation leads to worse recovery, it is also possible that poor recovery may lead to compensation claims - a point that is seldom considered and never addressed empirically. This pedagogical study compares the association between compensation claiming and recovery when reverse causality bias is ignored and when it is addressed, controlling for the same observable factors. Results: When reverse causality is ignored, claimants appear to have a worse recovery than nonclaimants; however, when reverse causality bias is addressed, claiming compensation appears to have a beneficial effect on recovery, ceteris paribus. Conclusion: To avert biased policy and judicial decisions that might inadvertently disadvantage people with compensable injuries, there is an urgent need for researchers to address reverse causality bias in studies on compensation-related factors and health. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Association, Compensation, Observational studies, Reverse causality, Simultaneity, Whiplash","Spearing, N. M., Connelly, L. B., Nghiem, H. S., Pobereskin, L.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.05.012,0,0,
5198,Are lifestyle behavioral factors associated with health-related quality of life in long-term survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?,"BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to determine whether survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are meeting select American Cancer Society (ACS) health-related guidelines for cancer survivors, as well as to examine relationships between these lifestyle factors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and posttraumatic stress (PTS). METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 566 survivors of NHL was identified from the tumor registries of 2 large academic medical centers. Respondents were surveyed regarding physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, body weight, tobacco use, HRQoL using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, and PTS using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder CheckList-Civilian form. Lifestyle cluster scores were generated based on whether individuals met health guidelines and multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate relationships between lifestyle behaviors and HRQoL scores and PTS scores. RESULTS: Approximately 11% of participants met all 4 ACS health recommendations. Meeting all 4 healthy recommendations was related to better physical and mental QoL (standardized regression coefficient [beta], .57 [P<.0001] and beta, .47 [P = .002]) and to lower PTS scores (beta, -0.41; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of NHL who met more ACS health-related guidelines appeared to have better HRQoL and less PTS. Unfortunately, many survivors are not meeting these guidelines, which could impact their overall well-being and longevity.","Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, *Life Style, Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/*mortality/psychology, Male, Middle Aged, *Quality of Life, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Survivors, health behaviors, health-related quality of life, non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors, physical activity, posttraumatic stress","Spector, D. J., Noonan, D., Mayer, D. K., Benecha, H., Zimmerman, S., Smith, S. K.",2015.0,Sep 15,10.1002/cncr.29490,0,0,
5199,Alterations of the hippocampal-prefrontal pathway in schizophrenia: Effect of antipsychotic drugs,"The neuronal projection of neurons from the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the subiculum to the prefrontal cortex, (H-PFC pathway), is involved in cognition yet is critically stress-dependent, in relationship to the amygdala. Anomalies in H-PFC have been reported in schizophrenia, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, leading to the proposition that this circuit may be a weak link in psychiatric disorders [1]. H-PFC long term potential (LTP), and theta rhythm is antagonized by stress and glucocorticoids and NMDA antagonists, including ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.). Acute or chronic stress may also induce structural anomalies, including changes in dendritic arborisation in these circuits. In the prefrontal cortex the stress paradigms impair the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway: BDNF, TrkB, MEK, MAPK. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) consortium, NEWMEDS, has validated in mice and rats, using electrophysiological approaches, that the H-PFC circuit, is at risk. The effects of ketamine and stress (glucocorticoids) may be partially restored by modulation of AMPA receptors. Antipsychotics have variable effects in reversing H-PFC dysfunction, depending on the receptor profile, but clozapine is the most effective, at 0.3 mg/kg, i.p. in rodent models at which dose it restores frontal theta, a measure of connectivity, and LTP. These paradigms may offer the perspective of new generations of antipsychotic drugs.","neuroleptic agent, ketamine, brain derived neurotrophic factor, glucocorticoid, clozapine, AMPA receptor, receptor, n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor blocking agent, alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid, n methyl dextro aspartic acid, schizophrenia, college, psychopharmacology, prefrontal cortex, theta rhythm, subiculum, mouse, mental disease, hippocampus, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic stress, amygdaloid nucleus, cognition, nerve cell, rat, risk, modulation, rodent model","Spedding, M., Schenker, E., Godsil, B. P., Jay, T. M., Sebban, C., Siok, S. T. Ph F. C., Hajos, M., Bastlund, J., Wicke, K., Artigas, F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5200,The moderating effects of maternal psychopathology on children's adjustment post-Hurricane Katrina,,,"Spell, A. W., Kelley, M. L., Wang, J., Self-Brown, S., Davidson, K. L., Pellegrin, A., Palcic, J. L., Meyer, K., Paasch, V., Baumeister, A.",2008.0,,10.1080/15374410802148210,0,0,
5201,The survivor moms companion: Assessing the effect on posttraumatic stress during pregnancy,"Aims: Childhood maltreatment and previous traumatic reproductive experience are risk factors for active PTSD in pregnancy, which has adverse consequences for women's experience of pregnancy, labour, postpartum mood and mother-infant attachment. Up to 8 % of nulliparous women meet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The nullSurvivor Moms' Companionnull (SMC) is a fully manualised, 10-module, selfstudy and structured listening psycho-educational program for PTSD in pregnancy, implemented by non-psychiatric health professional nulltutorsnull, which is safe and acceptable. A pilot study showed that completion was associated with gains in PTSD symptom management, interpersonal regulation, and affect regulation including anger management but not low mood. The aim of this quasi-experimental extension of the pilot was to assess the effect size of the SMC's influence on postpartum outcomes. Methods: Participants were women aged 18 years or older, less than 28 weeks pregnant, with a history of child abuse or sexual assault, and not engaged in long-term psychotherapy. They participated in the intervention, structured research telephone interviews at enrollment and 6 weeks postpartum. Labor experience, postpartum symptoms of depression and PTSD, and mother-infant bonding were assessed with standardized measures and compared with those collected from a cohort of pregnant women matched in a 1:3 ratio on socioeconomic and lifetime PTSD status who did not receive the intervention. Results: Complete data were available for 64 women (n=42 comparison; n=22 SMC intervention). Despite worse psychiatric status at baseline, including significantly greater trauma history, prior therapy and medication use, pregnancy tobacco and alcohol use, dissociative symptoms and interpersonal difficulties, the intervention group had better scores on 6 outcome variables, with small to medium effect sizes: experience of labor (Cohen's d=0.52), dissociation during labor (d=0.48), perception of care in labor (d=0.43), postpartum motherinfant bonding (d=0.35) postpartum PTSD symptoms (d=0.33) and postpartum depression symptoms (d=0.24). Conclusion: The results indicate that the SMC has the potential to assist these vulnerable women to manage pregnancy, labor and adjustment to motherhood successfully. It may be advisable to combine the SMC with evidence-based programs for prenatal depression. Effect sizes will inform the protocol for a cluster randomized trial to assess the efficacy of the SMC.","posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, society, childbirth, survivor, female, human, effect size, mother, infant, mood, sexual assault, nullipara, child abuse, puerperal depression, evidence based practice, dissociation, outcome variable, alcohol consumption, psychotherapy, tobacco, pilot study, therapy, injury, health practitioner, drug therapy, lifespan, pregnant woman, telephone interview, diagnosis, risk factor, childhood","Sperlich, M., Rowe, H., Cameron, H., Seng, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5202,Impact of evidence-based standardized assessment on the disability clinical interview for diagnosis of service-connected PTSD: A cluster-randomized trial,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the fastest growing compensated medical conditions. The present study compared usual disability examiner practices for PTSD with a standardized assessment that incorporates evidence-based assessments. The design was a multicenter, cluster randomized, parallel-group study involving 33 clinical examiners and 384 veterans at 6 Veterans Affairs medical centers. The standardized group incorporated the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-II into their assessment interview. The main outcome measures were completeness and accuracy of PTSD diagnosis and completeness of functional assessment. The standardized assessments were 85% complete for diagnosis compared to 30% for nonstandardized assessments (p < .001), and, for functional impairment, 76% versus 3% (p < .001). The findings demonstrate that the quality of PTSD disability examination would be improved by using evidence-based assessment. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",,"Speroff, T., Sinnott, P. L., Marx, B., Owen, R. R., Jackson, J. C., Greevy, R., Sayer, N., Murdoch, M., Shane, A. C., Smith, J., Alvarez, J., Nwosu, S. K., Keane, T., Weathers, F., Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5203,MMPI profiles and post-traumatic symptomatology in former prisoners of war,"Results of this study found that prisoners of war (POWs) tend to produce a basic 1, 2, 3 (Hs, D, Hy) configuration on the MMPI which has also been found in other studies. Significant differences were found for different subgroupings on specific scales, but the same basic, 1, 2, 3 configuration was maintained for all groups. Subjects were found to display considerable PTSD symptomatology as depicted by independent psychiatric interviews and performance on an Impact of Events Scale (IES). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms were also found to dissipate over time. Results are discussed in reference to the possible use of somatization as a means of handling stress and how the manifestation of PTSD in this population differ from that seen in Vietnam combat veterans suffering from PTSD. © 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI, post-traumatic stress disorder, POW, Prisoners of War, PTSD","Sperr, E. V., Sperr, S. J., Craft, R. B., Boudewyns, P. A.",1990.0,,,0,0,
5204,Mental illness and housing outcomes among a sample of homeless men in an Australian urban centre,"OBJECTIVE: The over-representation of mental illness among homeless people across the globe is well documented. However, there is a dearth of Australian literature on the mental health needs of homeless individuals. Furthermore, longitudinal research examining the factors that contribute to better housing outcomes among this population is sparse. The aim of this research is to describe the mental illness profile of a sample of homeless men in an Australian urban centre (in Sydney) and examine the factors associated with better housing outcomes at 12-month follow-up. METHODS: A longitudinal survey was administered to 253 homeless men who were involved in the Michael Project: a 3-year initiative which combined existing accommodation support services with assertive case management and access to coordinated additional specialist allied health and support services. A total of 107 participants were followed up 12 months later. The survey examined the demographics of the sample and lifetime mental disorder diagnoses, and also included psychological screeners for current substance use and dependence, psychological distress, psychosis, and post-traumatic stress. RESULTS: Consistent with existing literature, the prevalence of mental illness was significantly greater amongst this sample than the general Australian population. However, mental illness presentation was not associated with housing situation at 12-month follow-up. Instead, type of support service at baseline was the best predictor of housing outcome, wherein participants who received short to medium-term accommodation and support were significantly more likely to be housed in stable, long-term housing at the 12-month follow-up than participants who received outreach or emergency accommodation support. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence to support an innovative support model for homeless people in Australia and contributes to the limited Australian research on mental illness in this population.","homeless, housing, mental illness, prevalence, substance use","Spicer, B., Smith, D. I., Conroy, E., Flatau, P. R., Burns, L.",2014.0,Dec 19,10.1177/0004867414563187,0,0,
5205,Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder,"The authors compared the hypnotizability of 65 Vietnam veteran patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to that of a normal control group and four patient samples using the Hypnotic Induction Profile. The patients with PTSD had significantly higher hypnotizability scores than patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia (N=23); major depression, bipolar disorder-depressed, and dysthymic disorder (N=56); and generalized anxiety disorder (N=18) and the control sample (N=83). This finding supports the hypothesis that dissociative phenomena are mobilized as defenses both during and after traumatic experiences. The literature suggests that spontaneous dissociation, imagery, and hypnotizability are important components of PTSD symptoms.","adult, clinical article, dissociation, human, hypnosis, imagery, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect","Spiegel, D., Hunt, T., Dondershine, H. E.",1988.0,,,0,0,
5206,State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory,,,"Spielberger, C. D.",1988.0,,,0,0,
5207,Cognitive-behavioural interventions for mood and anxiety disorders in HIV: A systematic review,"Background Mood and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and comorbid with HIV/AIDS. However, there is a paucity of research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural interventions (CBI) for common mental disorders in HIV-infected adults. The present study sought to review the existing literature on the use of CBI for depression and anxiety in HIV-positive adults and to assess the effect size of these interventions. Methods We did duplicate searches of databases (from inception to 17-22 May 2012). The following online databases were searched: PubMed, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PsychArticles. Results We identified 20 studies suitable for inclusion. A total of 2886 participants were enroled in these studies, of which 2173 participants completed treatment. The present review of the literature suggests that CBI may be effective in the treatment of depression and anxiety in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Significant reductions in depression and anxiety were reported in intervention studies that directly and indirectly targeted depression and/or anxiety. Effect sizes ranged from 0.02 to 1.02 for depression and 0.04 to 0.70 for anxiety. Limitations Some trials included an immediate postintervention assessment but no follow-up assessments of outcome. This omission makes it difficult to determine whether the intervention effects are sustainable over time. Conclusion The present review of the literature suggests that CBI may have a positive impact on the treatment of depression and anxiety in adults living with HIV/AIDS. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier B.V.","acquired immune deficiency syndrome, anger, anxiety disorder, attitude to health, Beck Depression Inventory, bereavement, burn, CD4 lymphocyte count, cellular immunity, Cochrane Library, cognition, cognitive behavioral stress management, cognitive therapy, confusion, coping behavior, depression, effect size, fatigue, follow up, Hamilton scale, health status, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, human, Human immunodeficiency virus, intervention study, medication compliance, Medline, muscle relaxation, outcome assessment, physical activity, priority journal, Profile of Mood States, PsycINFO, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, review, sample size, self care, sexual behavior, social support, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, structured interview, study design, Symptom Checklist 90, systematic review","Spies, G., Asmal, L., Seedat, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5208,Gender differences in victims of war torture: Types of torture and psychological consequences,"Background/Aim. Torture for political reasons is an extreme violence in interpersonal relations resulting in not only acute psychiatric disorders but also very often in very severe and far reaching negative consequences for the overall psychosocial functioning of a victim. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in types of torture and psychological consequences in subjects who experienced war torture. Methods. A sample (410 men and 76 women) included clients of ""Centre for rehabilitation of torture victims - IAN, Belgrade"" who experienced torture in prisons and concentration camps during civil wars in ex- Yugoslavia 1991-1995 and 1999. Types of Torture Questionnaire with 81 items was used for collecting data about forms of torture. Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90- R) was used for assessing type and intensity of psychological symptoms, and Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to estimate posttraumatic complaints. Results. A gender difference was found for 33 types of torture: 28 more frequent in men, and 5 in women. Factor analysis of torture types revealed three factors explaining 29% of variance: ""common torture"", ""sadistic torture"", and ""sexual torture"". Discriminant analysis revealed significant gender difference concerning the factors. ""Common torture"" and ""sadistic torture"" were more prominent in men, and ""sexual torture"" was more present in women. Higher scores on depression, anxiety, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity and obsessive- compulsive dimensions on SCL-90-R were found in women. General score and scores of subscales (intrusion and avoidance) on IES were significantly higher in women. Conclusion. Women exposed to war torture experienced less torture techniques and shorter inprisonment than men, but had more frequent and severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms. Gender differences in posttraumatic symptomatology can not be explained exclusively by gender differences in types of torture found in this study.","adult, anxiety, article, avoidance behavior, controlled study, depression, discriminant analysis, disease severity, factorial analysis, female, human, Impact of Events Scale, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental function, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prison, questionnaire, sample size, scoring system, sex difference, somatization, Symptom Checklist 90, torture, torture survivor, variance, victim, war, Yugoslavia","Spiric, Z., Opacic, G., Jovic, V., Samardzic, R., Knezevic, G., Mandic-Gajic, G., Todorovic, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5209,Gender differences in victims of war torture: Types of torture and psychological consequences,"Background/Aim. Torture for political reasons is an extreme violence in interpersonal relations resulting in not only acute psychiatric disorders but also very often in very severe and far reaching negative consequences for the overall psychosocial functioning of a victim. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in types of torture and psychological consequences in subjects who experienced war torture. Methods. A sample (410 men and 76 women) included clients of ""Centre for rehabilitation of torture victims - IAN, Belgrade"" who experienced torture in prisons and concentration camps during civil wars in ex- Yugoslavia 1991-1995 and 1999. Types of Torture Questionnaire with 81 items was used for collecting data about forms of torture. Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90- R) was used for assessing type and intensity of psychological symptoms, and Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to estimate posttraumatic complaints. Results. A gender difference was found for 33 types of torture: 28 more frequent in men, and 5 in women. Factor analysis of torture types revealed three factors explaining 29% of variance: ""common torture"", ""sadistic torture"", and ""sexual torture"". Discriminant analysis revealed significant gender difference concerning the factors. ""Common torture"" and ""sadistic torture"" were more prominent in men, and ""sexual torture"" was more present in women. Higher scores on depression, anxiety, somatization, interpersonal sensitivity and obsessive- compulsive dimensions on SCL-90-R were found in women. General score and scores of subscales (intrusion and avoidance) on IES were significantly higher in women. Conclusion. Women exposed to war torture experienced less torture techniques and shorter inprisonment than men, but had more frequent and severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms. Gender differences in posttraumatic symptomatology can not be explained exclusively by gender differences in types of torture found in this study.","Gender identity, Posttraumatic, Psychological tests, Psychopathology, Stress disorders, Torture, War","Špirić, Z., Opačić, G., Jović, V., Samardžić, R., Knežević, G., Mandić-Gajić, G., Todorović, M.",2010.0,,,0,0,5208
5210,Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and mild closed head injury in war veterans: endocrinological and psychological profiles,"AIM: To determine the degree of psychological and endocrinological changes in war veterans with the diagnosis of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) regarding presence/absence of comorbid mild closed head injury (mCHI) caused by explosive devices. METHODS: Two groups of PTSD inpatients, with (n = 37), and without (n = 86) sustained blast trauma followed by mCHI were formed during the psychiatric treatment. Participants were interviewed by experienced clinicians who used the PTSD Interview (PTSD-I). In addition, patients completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Serum levels of ten hormones were assessed: triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and insulin, by radioimmunoassays and hydrocortisone, growth hormone and testosterone by fluoroimmunoassays. RESULTS: Veterans with comorbid mCHI and PTSD showed significantly higher level of amnesia for traumatic event as well as of somatization on the SCL-90-R. Significant differences of hormone levels were not found. CONCLUSION: The results didn't support the hypothesis on specific PTSD subgroup characterized by history of mCHI and consecutive postconcussion syndrome. The absence of differences in levels of hormones indicated the dominant role of psychogenic trauma in the etiology of hormone disbalance in chronic PTSD. Amnesia for traumatic event in war veterans with comorbid PTSD and mCHI was easily explained by neurogenic peritraumatic amnesia due to the blast trauma, but it did not affect either quality of intensity or posttraumatic symptoms as well as endocrinological parameters.",,"Spirić, Z., Samardzić, R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5211,Development of a brief coping checklist for use with pediatric populations,"Although the process of coping and utilization of coping strategies has received widespread attention in the adult literature, there is a relative dearth of information on these processes in children and adolescents. As the importance of assessing and teaching coping strategies becomes apparent in behavioral medicine with adults, such investigations need to be extended to pediatric populations. The present study describes the development of a brief coping checklist. Preliminary psychometric investigations conducted with healthy adolescents demonstrated adequate reliability at 3-day, 7-day, 14-day, and 10-week intervals and concurrent validity with previously established measures of coping. The utility of the checklist with pediatric patients and in particular chronically ill children is also examined. © 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","Adolescents, Children, Chronic illness, Coping","Spirito, A., Stark, L. J., Williams, C.",1988.0,,10.1093/jpepsy/13.4.555,0,0,
5212,Neurobehaviour between birth and 40 weeks' gestation in infants born <30 weeks' gestation and parental psychological wellbeing: Predictors of brain development and child outcomes,"Background: Infants born <30 weeks' gestation are at increased risk of long term neurodevelopmental problems compared with term born peers. The predictive value of neurobehavioural examinations at term equivalent age in very preterm infants has been reported for subsequent impairment. Yet there is little knowledge surrounding earlier neurobehavioural development in preterm infants prior to term equivalent age, and how it relates to perinatal factors, cerebral structure, and later developmental outcomes. In addition, maternal psychological wellbeing has been associated with child development. Given the high rate of psychological distress reported by parents of preterm children, it is vital we understand maternal and paternal wellbeing in the early weeks and months after preterm birth and how this influences the parent-child relationship and children's outcomes. Therefore this study aims to examine how 1) early neurobehaviour and 2) parental mental health relate to developmental outcomes for infants born preterm compared with infants born at term.Methods/Design: This prospective cohort study will describe the neurobehaviour of 150 infants born at <30 weeks' gestational age from birth to term equivalent age, and explore how early neurobehavioural deficits relate to brain growth or injury determined by magnetic resonance imaging, perinatal factors, parental mental health and later developmental outcomes measured using standardised assessment tools at term, one and two years' corrected age. A control group of 150 healthy term-born infants will also be recruited for comparison of outcomes. To examine the effects of parental mental health on developmental outcomes, both parents of preterm and term-born infants will complete standardised questionnaires related to symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress at regular intervals from the first week of their child's birth until their child's second birthday. The parent-child relationship will be assessed at one and two years' corrected age.Discussion: Detailing the trajectory of infant neurobehaviour and parental psychological distress following very preterm birth is important not only to identify infants most at risk, further understand the parental experience and highlight potential times for intervention for the infant and/or parent, but also to gain insight into the effect this has on parent-child interaction and child development. © 2014 Spittle et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Magnetic resonance imaging, Neurobehaviour, Neurodevelopment, Parent mental health, Parent-child interaction, Preterm","Spittle, A. J., Thompson, D. K., Brown, N. C., Treyvaud, K., Cheong, J. L. Y., Lee, K. J., Pace, C. C., Olsen, J., Allinson, L. G., Morgan, A. T., Seal, M., Eeles, A., Judd, F., Doyle, L. W., Anderson, P. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5213,"Alexithymia, traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from the general population","Theoretical models and empirical findings have suggested a relationship between alexithymia, traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, findings are not conclusive and have been based on clinical and specific samples. Considering this, 2098 adults from the general population were administered self-report measures for alexithymia (Toronto-Alexithymia-Scale TAS-20), and current depression (Beck Depression Inventory BDI-II). We also performed the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I). PTSD positive subjects had significantly higher alexithymia scores in all dimensions of the TAS-20 than traumatized individuals without PTSD and non-traumatized adults, even when controlling for potential confounding factors. Taking current depression into account, these associations were not replicated. Our findings are discussed in light of prior research, and with respect to the phenomenological overlap of posttraumatic symptoms such as emotional numbing, alexithymia, and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alexithymia, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Depression (Emotion), Emotional States","Spitzer, Carsten, Schilling, Lisa, John, Ulrich, Volzke, Henry, Appel, Katja, Schulz, Andrea, Barnow, Sven, Freyberger, Harald J., Grabe, Hans-Joergen",2013.0,,,0,0,
5214,Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ Primary Care Study,"Context. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was developed as a screening instrument but its administration time has limited its clinical usefulness. Objective. To determine if the self- administered PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) has validity and utility for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD. Design. Criterion standard study undertaken between May 1997 and November 1998. Setting. Eight primary care clinics in the United States. Participants. Of a total of 3000 adult patients (selected by site-specific methods to avoid sampling bias) assessed by 62 primary care physicians (21 general internal medicine, 41 family practice), 585 patients had an interview with a mental health professional within 48 hours of completing the PHQ. Main Outcome Measures. Patient Health Questionnaire diagnoses compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; health care use; and treatment/referral decisions. Results. A total of 825 (28%) of the 3000 individuals and 170 (29%) of the 585 had a PHQ diagnosis. There was good agreement between PHQ diagnoses and those of independent mental health professionals (for the diagnosis of any 1 or more PHQ disorder, κ = 0.65; overall accuracy, 85%; sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 90%), similar to the original PRIME-MD. Patients with PHQ diagnoses had more functional impairment, disability days, and health care use than did patients without PHQ diagnoses (for all group main effects, P<.001). The average time required of the physician to review the PHQ was far less than to administer the original PRIME-MD (<3 minutes for 85% vs 16% of the cases). Although 80% of the physicians reported that routine use of the PHQ would be useful, new management actions were initiated or planned for only 117 (32%) of the 363 patients with I or more PHQ diagnoses not previously recognized. Conclusion. Our study suggests that the PHQ has diagnostic validity comparable to the original clinician-administered PRIME-MD, and is more efficient to use.",,"Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W.",1999.0,,10.1001/jama.282.18.1737,0,0,
5215,A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7,"Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods: A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. Results: A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. Conclusion: The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research. ©2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., Löwe, B.",2006.0,,10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092,0,0,
5216,"Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining ""whiplash"" and its management",,,"Spitzer, W. O., Skovron, M. L., Salmi, L. R., Cassidy, J. D., Duranceau, J., Suissa, S., Zeiss, E.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5217,Low platelet-poor plasma concentrations of serotonin in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) is associated with a dysregulation of various neurotransmitter systems. Methods: We assessed levels of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT), and 24-hour urinary excretion of NE, dopamine (DA), and homovanillic acid (HVA) in 17 male outpatients with untreated chronic CR- PTSD (age, 33.1 (plus or minus) 7.4 years) and 10 normal control subjects (age, 35.8 (plus or minus) 2.7 years). Results: Compared with the control subjects, the PTSD patients showed significantly lower PPP 5-HT levels, elevated PPP NE levels, and significantly higher mean 24-hour urinary excretion of all three catecholamines (NE, DA, and HVA). The 24-hour urinary HVA values of the CR- PTSD patients correlated significantly and positively with the total Impact of Event Scale scores and the avoidance symptoms cluster scores, and the PPP 5-HT levels correlated negatively with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores. The PPP NE/5-HT ratio was significantly higher in the study group than in the control subjects. Conclusions: We believe this combined enhanced noradrenergic activity and diminished 5-HT activity may be relevant to the neurobiology of CR-PTSD.","catecholamine, dopamine, homovanillic acid, noradrenalin, serotonin, adult, anxiety, article, catecholamine metabolism, clinical article, controlled study, depression, disease severity, high performance liquid chromatography, human, male, mental disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, serotonin blood level, serotoninergic system, stress, war","Spivak, B., Vered, Y., Graff, E., Blum, I., Mester, R., Weizman, A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5218,Shifting the odds of lifelong mental illness through an understanding of the profiles of adolescents and young adults with serious mental health conditions,Every day families and mental health providers are called upon to make tough decisions in determining the best quality of care for adolescents and young adults with serious mental health conditions. This study profiles the behavioral and emotional needs and risk behaviors of adolescents and young adults seeking mental health services based on assessment of strengths and needs at program entry. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.,"Adolescents and young adults, Mental health, Youth profile","Spooner, M., Martinovich, Z.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5219,Survey of domestic violence among young adolescents in Slovenia,"Objective: It has been estimated that domestic violence is wide spread in Slovenia, but the lack of empirical data of domestic violence prevalence and its consequences, aggravate the precise knowledge on the extension of the phenomenon. The aim of the study was to assess the extensiveness and characteristics of domestic violence in the group of Slovenian adolescents. Subjects: 1297 young adolescents (age 13-15 years) from 65 Slovenian primary schools participated in the study. Methods: A questionnaire for domestic violence experience and help seeking screening, McMaster Family Functioning Scale, Buss/Perry Aggression Questionnaire and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children_TM (TSCC_TM) have been applied. Results: 18,7% of participants experienced violence in their own family (38,3% males and 61,7% females). Different patterns of verbal violence, irritability and indirect violence predominated. In the most cases of domestic violence the adolescent's parents were involved as perpetrators and their close relatives (brothers, sisters). Victims displayed a significant profile that could be linked with their violence experience: dysfunctional family environmental, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, anger and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: Presented study confirmed that the phenomenon of domestic violence and abused adolescents is quite widespread in Slovenia and that in the future more attention on research and policy making level should be given to this phenomenon. Particularly the perceived gap between attitudes towards support and the actually given help could be the orientation for developing a better prevention strategies and screening procedures for domestic violence. A proper intervention and protection of the adolescent victims could effectively prevent the outburst of depression, suicide, behavioural problems and, spreading the aggressive behaviour patterns to the future generations. (copyright) Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia.","adolescent, aggression, aggressiveness, anger, anxiety, article, behavior disorder, checklist, child abuse, child psychiatry, childhood injury, controlled study, depression, domestic violence, family life, family violence, female, functional assessment, health care policy, human, irritability, male, medical research, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary school, questionnaire, rating scale, screening test, Slovenia, social support, suicide, symptomatology, verbal hostility","Sprah, L.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5220,Survey of domestic violence among young adolescents in Slovenia,"Objective: It has been estimated that domestic violence is wide spread in Slovenia, but the lack of empirical data of domestic violence prevalence and its consequences, aggravate the precise knowledge on the extension of the phenomenon. The aim of the study was to assess the extensiveness and characteristics of domestic violence in the group of Slovenian adolescents. Subjects: 1297 young adolescents (age 13-15 years) from 65 Slovenian primary schools participated in the study. Methods: A questionnaire for domestic violence experience and help seeking screening, McMaster Family Functioning Scale, Buss/Perry Aggression Questionnaire and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children_TM (TSCC_TM) have been applied. Results: 18,7% of participants experienced violence in their own family (38,3% males and 61,7% females). Different patterns of verbal violence, irritability and indirect violence predominated. In the most cases of domestic violence the adolescent's parents were involved as perpetrators and their close relatives (brothers, sisters). Victims displayed a significant profile that could be linked with their violence experience: dysfunctional family environmental, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, anger and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: Presented study confirmed that the phenomenon of domestic violence and abused adolescents is quite widespread in Slovenia and that in the future more attention on research and policy making level should be given to this phenomenon. Particularly the perceived gap between attitudes towards support and the actually given help could be the orientation for developing a better prevention strategies and screening procedures for domestic violence. A proper intervention and protection of the adolescent victims could effectively prevent the outburst of depression, suicide, behavioural problems and, spreading the aggressive behaviour patterns to the future generations. © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia.","Adolescents, Aggressiveness, Domestic violence, Family functioning, Support services, Victims","Šprah, L.",2008.0,,,0,0,5219
5221,"Post-homicide reactions: Grief, mourning and post-traumatic stress disorder following a drunk driving fatality","Examines the impact of gender, religious beliefs, subjective health status, individuals' past experience with death, social support, and time since the death on the extent of mourning, the extent of grieving, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. It is proposed that the mode of death complicates the nature and course of bereavement after the death of a primary family member in a drunk driving collision. The unnecessary and violent nature of the death of drunk driving victims adds to the depth and extent of the psychological response to trauma. It is proposed that the models of grief utilized to conceptualize the grieving process are inadequate as a sole measure of the response of this type of death. Therefore, the inclusion of PTSD was provided for a more comprehensive understanding of this type of grief response. Survey data were collected on 171 primary family members of drunk driving victims (spouses, parents, siblings, or children) randomly selected from support groups and social service agencies throughout Texas. Results provide a greater understanding of the factors influencing the responses of the surviving family members after a drunk driving fatality and demonstrate that the grief and PTSD response share common predictors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Death and Dying, *Driving Under the Influence, *Family Members, *Grief, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Health, Human Sex Differences, Religious Beliefs, Social Support","Sprang, Ginny, McNeil, John",1998.0,,,0,0,
5222,Correlation between genotypes and behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model simulating aspects of human post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Biologically meaningful correlations between behavioral phenotypes and genotypes are evaluated in a modified 'residentintruder'- type stress on mice. This model was established by housing male C57BL/6 naive subject mice with an SJL aggressor (Agg) mouse without direct contact for 6 h/d for 10 d or 5 d, and then briefly pairing the C57BL/6 mice with the Agg mice for 3x/d. Controls (C), also housed without food/liquid during the 6hr session, did not experience direct physical contact with Agg. At time points of 24 hours or 6 wks after the last exposure, behaviors of C and aggressor-exposed (Agg-E) mice were studied using the partition test, which allows mutual exposure of only sensory cues without physical contact. Behavioral patterns (partition avoidance, freezing) of Agg-E mice suggested fear and social withdrawal, the reported traits of PTSD. Global gene expression profiling of three major stress-relevant brain regions, namely Hippocampus (HC), Amygdala (AY), and Medial Pre-Frontal Cortex (mPFC) shows a clear genotype distribution between the C and Agg-E in AY and not in HC which is a positive correlation with PTSD symptom severity. The cluster pattern of MPFC reflects similarity between the genotype profile and behavioral phenotype. Further comprehensive analysis can potentially lead to identifying diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers that serve as internal indicators of the complex psycho-pathogenesis.","human, mouse, animal model, phenotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, genotype, exposure, fear, freezing, diagnosis, amygdaloid nucleus, housing, brain region, gene expression profiling, psychosocial withdrawal, hippocampus, model, frontal cortex, male, pathogenesis","Srinivasan, S., Sowe, B., Miller, S. A., Muhie, S., Chakraborty, N., Hammamieh, R., Meyerhoff, J., Jett, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5223,Avoidant symptoms in PTSD predict fear circuit activation during multimodal fear extinction,"Convergent evidence suggests that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit exaggerated avoidance behaviors as well as abnormalities in Pavlonian fear conditioning. However, the link between the two features of this disorder is not well understood. In order to probe the brain basis of aberrant extinction learning in PTSD, we administered a multimodal classical fear conditioning/extinction paradigm that incorporated affectively relevant information from two sensory channels (visual and tactile) while participants underwent fMRI scanning. The sample consisted of fifteen OEF/OIF veterans with PTSD. In response to conditioned cues and contextual information, greater avoidance symptomatology was associated with greater activation in amygdala, hippocampus, vmPFC, dmPFC, and insula, during both fear acquisition and fear extinction. Heightened responses to previously conditioned stimuli in individuals with more severe PTSD could indicate a deficiency in safety learning, consistent with PTSD symptomatology. The close link between avoidance symptoms and fear circuit activation suggests that this symptom cluster may be a key component of fear extinction deficits in PTSD and/or may be particularly amenable to change through extinction-based therapies. © 2013 Sripada, Garfinkel and Liberzon.","Amygdala, Avoidance, Fear conditioning, fMRI, Hippocampus, Neuroimaging, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Sripada, R. K., Garfinkel, S. N., Liberzon, I.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5224,Somatic symptoms and health-related quality of life among treatment-seeking Canadian Forces personnel with PTSD,"This study examined the association between somatic complaints and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in treatment-seeking Canadian military personnel with military-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Current and former Canadian Forces (CF) members attending the Parkwood Hospital Operational Stress Injury Clinic in London, Ontario (N=291) were administered self-report questionnaires assessing number and severity of somatic complaints, PTSD and depressive symptom severity, and mental and physical health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) prior to commencing treatment. Regression analyses were used to identify the role of somatic complaints on physical and mental HR-QoL, after controlling for PTSD symptom cluster and depressive symptom severity. Somatic symptom severity accounted for only a small amount of the variance in mental HR-QoL after accounting for PTSD symptom cluster and depressive symptom severity, but accounted for a larger proportion of the variance in physical HR-QoL after accounting for PTSD cluster and depressive symptom severity. Understanding the role of somatization in the symptom-presentation of military personnel with PTSD may provide additional avenues for treatment with this population.","Adult, Canada/epidemiology, Depression/*diagnosis/psychology, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Ontario, Quality of Life/*psychology, Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Self Report, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, Symptom Assessment, Major depressive disorder, Military, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Symptom severity","St Cyr, K., McIntyre-Smith, A., Contractor, A. A., Elhai, J. D., Richardson, J. D.",2014.0,Aug 15,10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.038,0,0,1291
5225,Functional neuroimaging of emotionally intense autobiographical memories in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects regions that support autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval, such as the hippocampus, amygdala and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, it is not well understood how PTSD may impact the neural mechanisms of memory retrieval for the personal past. We used a generic cue method combined with parametric modulation analysis and functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural mechanisms affected by PTSD symptoms during the retrieval of a large sample of emotionally intense AMs. There were three main results. First, the PTSD group showed greater recruitment of the amygdala/hippocampus during the construction of negative versus positive emotionally intense AMs, when compared to controls. Second, across both the construction and elaboration phases of retrieval the PTSD group showed greater recruitment of the ventral medial PFC for negatively intense memories, but less recruitment for positively intense memories. Third, the PTSD group showed greater functional coupling between the ventral medial PFC and the amygdala for negatively intense memories, but less coupling for positively intense memories. In sum, the fMRI data suggest that there was greater recruitment and coupling of emotional brain regions during the retrieval of negatively intense AMs in the PTSD group when compared to controls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Neuroimaging, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, Autobiographical Memory, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","St. Jacques, Peggy L., Botzung, Anne, Miles, Amanda, Rubin, David C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5226,Facial affect recognition in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Three groups of adults were compared on their ability to recognize emotions. One group consisted of 18 subjects diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), another consisted of 18 subjects with no psychiatric diagnoses (Normal Controls), and another consisted of 18 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD (Trauma Controls). The emotional expressions tested were fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise, and happiness. Participants labeled and rated the intensity of photographs of facial expressions from the Ekman and Friesen series of photographs. An analysis of the error rates suggested that PTSD patients made more errors in emotion recognition than Normal Controls. The analysis also indicated that the PTSD group made significantly more errors in recognizing fear than any other emotion. All three groups made the fewest errors to the happy stimuli. There were no group differences in intensity ratings. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional States, *Facial Expressions, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Perception","Sta.Maria, Nelly Lorenzo",2002.0,,,0,0,
5227,Personality factors and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology among fire disaster victims,"The study examined correlations between personality characteristics and intrusion and avoidance symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 107 victims of the October 20, 1991, Oakland-Berkeley fire. The NEO-PI-R was used to assess personality characteristics. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to assess PTSD intrusion and avoidance symptoms. Statistically significant, positive relationships were found between the NEO-PI-R Neuroticism (N) domain scale and the IES Intrusion (p < .01) and Avoidance (p < .05) subscales. A statistically significant, negative relationship was found between the NEO-PI-R Extraversion (E), Openness (O), Agreeableness (A), and Conscientiousness (C) domain scales and the IES Avoidance subscale (p < .05). A statistically significant, negative relationship was found between the NEO-PI-R facet scales of Competence (C1) and Self-discipline (C5) and the IES Intrusion subscale (p<.05). A review of the results suggest that several personality characteristics are significantly related to PTSD intrusion and avoidance symptomatology. Individuals that are more anxious, insecure, and maladjusted are more likely to develop PTSD intrusion and avoidance symptoms. Individuals that are more emotionally stable, well-adjusted, organized, persistent, and able to maintain motivation in the face of obstacles are less likely to develop PTSD intrusion symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Avoidance, *Disasters, *Personality, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Stabbe, Harvey M.",1996.0,,,0,0,
5228,Cognitive therapy for people with post-traumatic stress disorder to multiple events: Working out where to start,"(create) Many people presenting for help with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have re-experiencing symptoms relating to more than one traumatic event and this can be daunting to clinicians. Although there is now a substantial literature on working with single-incident PTSD, less is available to help clinicians working with those with PTSD to multiple events. Despite over 25 years of epidemiological research on the prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD, the proportion of this population with PTSD to more than one event remains unclear. Many clinicians have argued that the psychological effects of isolated traumatic events and repeated trauma are different and require different treatment. Herman (1992) proposed a phased model of treatment for people who have experienced multiple traumatic events. The first priority is ensuring safety. This includes reducing the risk of further trauma (e.g., organizing alternative accommodation for victims of domestic violence), reducing self-harm, improving affect-regulation, and controlling dissociation. The second phase, 'remembrance', involves providing a detailed account of the trauma so that it can be incorporated within an autobiographical narrative. In the third, 'reconnection' phase, a sense of self is (re-)established encompassing more than their identity as a trauma survivor. Most guidance for clinicians working with people with PTSD to multiple events refers to themes likely to be important, such as trust and intimacy, or describes particular treatment approaches, such as testimony or narrative exposure therapy. Advice regarding the order in which to work on memories relates to constructing a hierarchy of trauma memories and collaborative decision-making with clients (Hembree, Rauch, & Foa, 2003). Control over treatment and sensitive pacing of the work are, clearly, essential for clients whose control was taken away during the trauma. However, greater attention to the cognitive factors within the formulation and the relationship between the traumatic events assists with this process. It can help identify which re-experiencing symptoms can be treated most quickly, giving the client an early experience of success, which can hearten them to tackle even more distressing memories. People with PTSD to multiple traumatic events fall into different groups, which tend to have distinct presentations: (1) people with PTSD to multiple events in childhood, often physical or sexual abuse; (2) people with PTSD to multiple events in adulthood, including victims of domestic violence, people in high-risk occupational groups such as emergency personnel, and asylum-seekers and refugees; and (3) people with PTSD to traumatic events in both childhood and adulthood. The two cases presented in this chapter represent differing presentations of this third group. All aspects of treatment needed for PTSD to single events are also required for the treatment of PTSD to multiple events. The emphasis here is on additional elements useful with PTSD to multiple events. There are some issues particular to specific groups-those with histories of childhood abuse are likely to present with more dissociative symptoms, for example-but the same general principles apply across groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Techniques, *Cognitive Therapy, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Client Treatment Matching, Child Abuse, Dissociation, Memory, Models, Victimization, Intrusive Thoughts","Stallworthy, Pippa",2009.0,,,0,0,
5229,Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: A review of the literature,"Posttraumatic stress disorder is often diagnosed with other mental health problems, particularly depression. Although PTSD comorbidity has been associated with more severe and chronic symptomology, relationships among commonly co-occurring disorders are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to review the literature regarding the development of depression comorbid with combat-related PTSD among military personnel. We summarize results of commonly tested hypotheses about the etiology of PTSD and depression comorbidity, including (1) causal hypotheses, (2) common factor hypotheses, and (3) potential confounds. Evidence suggests that PTSD may be a causal risk factor for subsequent depression; however, associations are likely complex, involving bidirectional causality, common risk factors, and common vulnerabilities. The unique nature of PTSD-depression comorbidity in the context of military deployment and combat exposure is emphasized. Implications of our results for clinical practice and future research are discussed. © 2013.","Combat exposure, Comorbidity, Depression, Military service, PTSD, Veterans","Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., Highfill-McRoy, R. M.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002,0,0,
5230,Sleep and anxiety disorders,"Sleep disturbances-particularly insomnia-are highly prevalent in anxiety disorders and complaints such as insomnia or nightmares have even been incorporated in some anxiety disorder definitions, such as generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. In the first part of this review, the relationship between sleep and anxiety is discussed in terms of adaptive response to stress. Recent studies suggested that the corticotropin-releasing hormone system and the locus ceruleus-autonomic nervous system may play major roles in the arousal response to stress. It has been suggested that these systems may be particularly vulnerable to prolonged or repeated stress, further leading to a dysfunctional arousal state and pathological anxiety states. Polysomnographic studies documented limited alteration of sleep in anxiety disorders. There is some indication for alteration in sleep maintenance in generalized anxiety disorder and for both sleep initiation and maintenance in panic disorder; no clear picture emerges for obsessive-compulsive disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. Finally, an unequivocal sleep architecture profile that could specifically relate to a particular anxiety disorder could not be evidenced; in contrast conflicting results are often found for the same disorder. Discrepancies between studies could have been related to illness severity, diagnostic comorbidity, and duration of illness. A brief treatment approach for each anxiety disorder is also suggested with a special focus on sleep. (copyright) 2003, LLS SAS.","antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, buspirone, citalopram, clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, paroxetine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, venlafaxine, agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, arousal, article, behavior therapy, clinical feature, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, generalized anxiety disorder, human, mental stress, neurophysiology, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, polysomnography, posttraumatic stress disorder, side effect, sleep, sleep disorder, sleep waking cycle","Staner, L.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5231,Pharmacologic treatment of impulsive aggression with antiepileptic drugs,"Aggressive behavior is a major concern in mental health and criminal justice settings. Although pharmacotherapy is often used in the treatment of the violent individual, no medication is presently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration specifically for such use. In recent years, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have become increasingly popular for the management of impulsive (reactive) aggressive behavior. The research literature has implicated several neurobiologic deficits associated with impulsive aggression, including reduced central serotonergic functioning, executive dysfunction, and prefrontal deficits. It has been suggested that the neurobiologic deficits specific to impulsive aggressive behavior may serve as indicators of an ineffective behavioral control system. A review of the literature finds that AEDs, particularly those that block sodium channels and/or have GABA-related mechanisms of action, are effective in reducing the frequency and intensity of impulsive aggressive outbursts both when used as the primary agent of treatment and as an adjunct to ongoing pharmacotherapy. Strong evidence for efficacy in impulsive aggression exists from randomized controlled trials for most of the common AEDs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, valproate/ divalproex sodium, topiramate). Additional controlled studies are needed for tiagabine and gabapentin. Of the common AEDs, only levetiracetam has been shown to be ineffective in the treatment of impulsive aggression. It is important to note that the anti-aggressive effects seen with the AEDs appear to be specific to the impulsive form of aggression. Individuals who display premeditated aggression do not seem to benefit from this type of treatment. Clinically, we recommend phenytoin (initial dose 100 mg three times daily) as the AED of first choice for the treatment of impulsive aggressive outbursts. This recommendation is based on this drug's limited side effect profile (compared with the other AEDs) and the large amount of empiric data supporting its clinical efficacy in impulsive aggression. In the event that the impulsive aggressive individual does not respond to pharmacotherapy with phenytoin, carbamazepine (initial dose 150 mg three times daily) and valproate/divalproex sodium (initial dose 250 mg three times daily) have both proved to be effective secondary options. (copyright) Current Medicine Group, LLC 2009.","anticonvulsive agent, carbamazepine, etiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, placebo, tiagabine, topiramate, valproate semisodium, valproic acid, aggression, anger, anxiety, anxiety disorder, assault, behavior control, behavior disorder, borderline state, clinical trial, disease association, drug choice, drug dose comparison, drug dose increase, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug mechanism, drug megadose, epilepsy, escape behavior, human, impulse control disorder, impulsive aggression, intermittent explosive disorder, maladjustment, mental disease, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathy, psychopharmacotherapy, rage, review, task performance, treatment duration","Stanford, M. S., Anderson, N. E., Lake, S. L., Baldridge, R. M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5232,Latent Growth Mixture Models: An Important New Tool for Developmental Researchers,"The manuscript by Connell and Frye (see record 2007-01619-005) provides a clear example of the application of latent growth mixture models (LGMM) to the development of antisocial behaviour in adolescence. The LGMM approach is discussed in the context of this example, and factors influencing the results achieved with these methods are highlighted. Overall, developmental psychologists have much to gain from the use of these new approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adolescent Development, *Antisocial Behavior, *Behavior Problems, *Developmental Psychology, *Models, Individual Differences","Stanger, Catherine",2006.0,,,0,0,
5233,Psychosocial concerns and interventions for cancer survivors,"In light of the increasing population living with a history of cancer in the United States, it is important to attend to quality of life and health in this group, and to develop effective interventions to address psychosocial and physical concerns across the course of the cancer trajectory. The goals of this article are to document the need for attention to psychosocial domains; offer a brief overview of the current status of the empirical literature on effects of psychosocial interventions with cancer survivors, relying on systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted in the last decade; highlight recent examples of randomized, controlled psychosocial intervention trials directed toward cancer survivors after the completion of primary medical treatments (ie, the re-entry phase and beyond); and identify directions for application and research. © 2006 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.",,"Stanton, A. L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5234,"Health Care Utilization by United Nations Peacekeeping Veterans with Co-occurring, Self-Reported, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Symptoms versus Those Without","It remains to be determined whether patients with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression use more health care resources than do those without. United Nations peacekeeping veterans from Canada were divided into four groups, i.e., PTSD alone (n = 23), depression alone (n = 167), comorbid PTSD and depression (n = 119), and neither (n = 164), and compared with respect to total number of visits to any health care professional in the past year. Analysis of variance revealed that the groups significantly differed in total visits. Post hoc analyses indicated that veterans with co-occurring PTSD and depression symptoms had more visits than did those in the other groups and that veterans with PTSD symptoms alone and depression symptoms alone had more visits than did those with neither PTSD nor depression. Additional analyses revealed that veterans with co-occurring PTSD and depression symptoms made more visits to general practitioners, specialists, pharmacists, and mental health professionals than did the others. Future research directions and implications for treatment planning are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Health Care Utilization, *Major Depression, *Peacekeeping, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans","Stapleton, Jennifer A., Asmundson, Gordon J. G., Woods, Meghan, Taylor, Steven, Stein, Murray B.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5235,Issues in the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders,"Objective: To review the most salient issues in the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders. These pertain to means of achieving greater efficacy, accelerating the onset of therapeutic action, improving side-effect profile and tolerability, decreasing the propensity to induce therapeutic dependence and achieving better long-term outcome. Conclusions: By and large, pharmacological agents with greater efficacy in anxiety disorders have yet to be developed. Several strategies have been used with some success to make medications for anxiety disorders work faster and to lessen their side-effect burden. The field of psychopharmacology has yet to find ways of lessening or eliminating the problem of therapeutic drug dependence and, even more so, of minimizing the risk of relapse following the cessation of medication. (copyright) 2005 Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.","alprazolam, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, clomipramine, clonazepam, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, gabapentin, imipramine, mirtazapine, olanzapine, paroxetine, pregabalin, risperidone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tiagabine, venlafaxine, vigabatrin, adjuvant therapy, agitation, anxiety disorder, behavior therapy, body weight disorder, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, disease exacerbation, drug choice, drug dependence, drug efficacy, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, generalized anxiety disorder, human, insomnia, long term care, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacotherapy, recurrence risk, review, risk reduction, sexual dysfunction, side effect, social phobia, therapy resistance, tranquilizing activity, treatment outcome, weight gain","Starcevic, V.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5236,"Post-traumatic stress influences the brain even in the absence of symptoms: A systematic, quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","Stress affects brain function, and may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Considerable empirical data for the neurobiology of PTSD has been derived from neuroimaging studies, although findings have proven inconsistent. We used an activation likelihood estimation analysis to explore differences in brain activity between adults with and without PTSD in response to affective stimuli. We separated studies by type of control group: trauma-exposed and trauma-naive. This revealed distinct patterns of differences in functional activity. Compared to trauma-exposed controls, regions of the basal ganglia were differentially active in PTSD; whereas the comparison with trauma-naive controls revealed differential involvement in the right anterior insula, precuneus, cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices known to be involved in emotional regulation. Changes in activity in the amygdala and parahippocampal cortex distinguished PTSD from both control groups. Results suggest that trauma has a measurable, enduring effect upon the functional dynamics of the brain, even in individuals who experience trauma but do not develop PTSD. These findings contribute to the understanding of whole-brain network activity following trauma, and its transition to clinical PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain, *Neuroimaging, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Amygdala, Trauma, Insula","Stark, E. A., Parsons, C. E., Van Hartevelt, T. J., Charquero-Ballester, M., McManners, H., Ehlers, A., Stein, A., Kringelbach, M. L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5237,"""Transdiagnostic and disorder-specific models of intergenerational transmission of internalizing pathology"": Erratum","Reports an error in ""Transdiagnostic and disorder-specific models of intergenerational transmission of internalizing pathology"" by L. R. Starr, C. C. Conway, C. L. Hammen and P. A. Brennan (Psychological Medicine, 2014[Jan], Vol 44[1], 161-172). In the original article, there were errors in Figure 1. The correct Figure 1 is present in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2013-44252-015). Background: Numerous studies have supported an association between maternal depression and child psychiatric outcomes, but few have controlled for the confounding effects of both maternal and offspring co-morbidity. Thus, it remains unclear whether the correspondence between maternal and offspring depressive and anxiety disorders is better explained by associations between shared features of maternal and offspring internalizing disorders or by specific effects exerted by unique aspects of individual disorders. Method: Pairs of mothers and offspring overselected for maternal depression (n = 815) were assessed at offspring age 15 years for anxiety and depressive disorders; 705 completed a follow-up at offspring age 20 years. For both mothers and offspring, structural equation modeling was used to distinguish transdiagnostic internalizing pathology - representing the overlap among all depressive and anxiety disorders - from diagnosis-specific forms of pathology. To discriminate between general versus specific pathways of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology, we examined (a) the general association between the maternal and offspring internalizing factors and (b) the correlations between maternal and offspring diagnosis-specific pathology for each disorder. Results: For mothers and offspring, a unidimensional latent variable model provided the best fit to the correlations among depressive and anxiety disorders. The maternal transdiagnostic internalizing factor strongly predicted the corresponding factor among offspring. In addition, the unique component of post-traumatic stress disorder among offspring was significantly related to the analogous unique component among mothers, but specific components of other maternal disorders, including depression, did not predict corresponding offspring pathology. Conclusions: Results suggest that intergenerational transmission of internalizing disorders is largely non-specific. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Diagnosis, *Pathology, *Postpartum Depression, Comorbidity, Models, Offspring, Transgenerational Patterns","Starr, L. R., Conway, C. C., Hammen, C. L., Brennan, P. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5238,Chronic Sleep Disruption and the Reexperiencing Cluster of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Are Improved by Olanzapine: Brief Review of the Literature and a Case-Based Series,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in young adults. Early diagnosis and treatment of PTSD are essential to avoid possible long-term neuropsychiatric changes in brain physiology and function. A cardinal symptom of PTSD is chronic sleep disruption, often with recurring nightmares. If untreated, PTSD symptoms often contribute to substance abuse and the development of other comorbid psychiatric disorders. Once PTSD is diagnosed, drug treatment should begin with antidepressant therapy. If antidepressants do not correct the sleep disruption, adjunctive treatment with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine or other agents should be considered. METHOD: This case series reviews 7 cases of patients with PTSD (DSM-IV criteria) seen in primary care clinics who were successfully treated with olanzapine. In most cases, olanzapine therapy was adjunctive and followed failed treatment with antidepressant monotherapy for sleep disturbances. RESULTS: All patients reported improved sleep with decreased or absent nightmares, as well as improvements in other PTSD symptom clusters. CONCLUSION: Further controlled studies are needed to better characterize and validate this therapeutic indication.",,"States, J. H., St Dennis, C. D.",2003.0,Apr,,0,0,
5239,Centrality of positive and negative deployment memories predicts posttraumatic growth in danish veterans,"Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine theoretically motivated predictors for the development of positive changes following potentially traumatic experiences (i.e., posttraumatic growth). Specifically, we wanted to examine the prediction that memories of highly negative and positive deployment events predict subsequent posttraumatic growth. Method: A total of 251 Danish soldiers (7% female, mean age 26.4) deployed to forward operating bases in Afghanistan filled out questionnaires before, during, and after deployment. This allowed us to perform prospective as well as cross-sectional analyses of the data. Results: The main findings were that the centrality of highly emotional memories from deployment predicted growth alongside openness to experience, combat exposure, and social support. Importantly, the centrality of both positive and negative memories predicted growth equally well. Conclusion: The perceived importance of both negative and positive events may play an important part in the development of posttraumatic growth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Centrality of events, Combat exposure, Posttraumatic growth, Prospective study, personality","Staugaard, S. R., Johannessen, K. B., Thomsen, Y. D., Bertelsen, M., Berntsen, D.",2015.0,,10.1002/jclp.22142,0,0,
5240,"Co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and alcohol-related disorders among veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan","Background: Soldiers often return from war with a variety of combat-related mental health conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance-use disorders. Objective: The authors investigated common co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions and patterns of conditions among returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans using the Veterans Administration (VA) healthcare systems. Method: Common clusters of ICD-9 diagnostic-related conditions among returning soldiers (N=293,861) were extracted from the VA data center. Results: Diagnoses involving pain are extremely common among returning veterans seeking health care at the VA. In addition to pain-related conditions, psychiatric disorders rank second most prevalent. Psychiatric disorders, and in particular the multimorbid triad of pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression frequently overlap. Conclusion: As more veterans return from war, there will be greater need for effective services. Given the findings of high rates of comorbidity and multimorbidity, VA services should be reorganized so as to co-locate psychiatric staff in pain centers, simultaneously targeting pain and psychiatric disorders. © 2010 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine.",,"Stecker, T., Fortney, J., Owen, R., McGovern, M. P., Williams, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5241,Psychosocial Interventions and Therapeutic Support as a Standard of Care in Pediatric Oncology,"Research indicates that a subset of youths with childhood cancer and their parents will experience significant psychological distress throughout the course of their illness. Importantly, the existing literature indicates that psychosocial support is beneficial in decreasing symptoms of distress in these families. The aim of the current review is to determine the extent of the evidence to support a standard of psychosocial care for children and their families throughout the cancer trajectory; thus, we examined the research related to psychosocial outcomes in youth with cancer and their parents. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Cancer, Intervention, Pediatric, Psychosocial, Standard of care, Support","Steele, A. C., Mullins, L. L., Mullins, A. J., Muriel, A. C.",2015.0,,10.1002/pbc.25701,0,0,
5242,Patterns of maternal distress among children with cancer and their association with child emotional and somatic distress,,,"Steele, R., Dreyer, M. L., Phipps, S.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,
5243,PTSD symptom presentation across the deployment cycle,"BACKGROUND: Symptom-level variation in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has not yet been examined in the early post-deployment phase, but may be meaningful etiologically, prognostically, and clinically. METHODS: Using latent class analysis (LCA), we examined PTSD symptom heterogeneity in a cohort of participants from the Marine Resiliency Study (MRS), a longitudinal study of combat Marines deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (N=892). Typologies of PTSD symptom presentation were examined at one month pre-deployment and again one, five, and eight months post-deployment. RESULTS: Heterogeneity in PTSD symptom presentation was evident at each assessment point, and the degree of symptom heterogeneity (i.e., the number of classes identified) differed by time point. Symptom patterns stabilized over time from notable symptom fluctuations during the early post-deployment period to high, medium, and low symptom severity by eight months post-deployment. Hypervigilance and exaggerated startle were frequently endorsed by participants in the initial month post-deployment. Flashbacks, amnesia, and foreshortened future were infrequently endorsed. Greater combat exposure, lifespan trauma, and avoidant coping generally predicted worse outcomes. LIMITATIONS: Data were self-report and may have limited generalizability due to our lack of women and inclusion of only combat Marines. Attrition and re-ranging of data resulted in significant missing data and affected the representativeness of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Symptom-level variability is highest in the month following deployment and then stabilizes over time. Should post-deployment assessments occur too soon, they may capture common and transient early post-deployment reactions, particularly anxious arousal.","Adolescent, Adult, *Afghan Campaign 2001-, Humans, *Iraq War, 2003-2011, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Military Personnel/*psychology, Models, Psychological, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/*psychology, *Symptom Assessment, Time Factors, Young Adult, Afghanistan, Combat, Latent class, Military, Ptsd, Symptoms","Steenkamp, M. M., Boasso, A. M., Nash, W. P., Larson, J. L., Lubin, R. E., Litz, B. T.",2015.0,May 1,10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.043,0,1,
5244,Does mental health stigma change across the deployment cycle?,"OBJECTIVES: Prior research on mental health stigma in military personnel has been cross-sectional. We prospectively examined the course of perceived mental health stigma in a cohort of deployed U.S. combat Marines. METHODS: Participants (N = 768) were assessed 1 month before a 7-month deployment to Afghanistan, and again at 1, 5, and 8 months postdeployment. We also examined three predictors of the course of stigma: post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity, vertical and horizontal unit cohesion, and mental health treatment utilization while deployed. RESULTS: Perceptions of stigma remained largely stable across the deployment cycle, with latent growth curve analyses revealing a statistically significant but small decrease in stigma over time. Lower post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and greater perceived vertical and horizontal support predicted decreases in stigma over time, whereas mental health treatment utilization in theater did not predict the course of stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived stigma was low and largely stable over time.",,"Steenkamp, M. M., Boasso, A. M., Nash, W. P., Litz, B. T.",2014.0,Dec,10.7205/milmed-d-14-00188,0,0,
5245,Trajectories of PTSD symptoms following sexual assault: Is resilience the modal outcome?,"Theoretical frameworks positing qualitatively distinct trajectories of posttrauma outcome have received initial empirical support, but have not been investigated in cases of severe interpersonal trauma. To address this limitation, we conducted latent class growth analysis with longitudinal data collected from 119 female sexual assault survivors at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-months postassault. Participants' mean age was 33 years; 63% were White. We hypothesized that given the severity of exposure associated with sexual assault, resilience would not be the modal course of adaptation. Four distinct PTSD growth trajectories, representing unique latent classes of participants, best fit the data: a high chronic trajectory, a moderate chronic trajectory, a moderate recovery trajectory, and a marked recovery trajectory. Contrary to previous studies and recent theoretical models, resilience and resistance trajectories were not observed, as high levels of distress were evident in nearly all participants at 1-month postassault. These results suggest that theoretical models of posttrauma response positing resilience as the modal outcome may not generalize to cases of sexual assault. © 2012 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Steenkamp, M. M., Dickstein, B. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., Hofmann, S. G., Litz, B. T.",2012.0,,,1,1,
5246,What is the typical response to sexual assault? Reply to bonanno (2013),"We respond to Bonanno's (2013) comment on our longitudinal evaluation of sexual assault survivors. Bonanno posits that minor disruption in functioning is the modal response to any stressor or trauma, yet most women we studied had marked initial symptoms in the immediate months following assault, which gradually improved over time. We argue that sexual violence is one example of intentional and malicious victimization, which differs from other experiences studied by Bonanno, such as spinal cord injury. Our study also differed from most previous studies in that it specifically examined the acute reactions period, which is the only period that can distinguish between resilience and recovery: Both trajectories ultimately involve good adaptation, but are distinguished by the degree of initial postevent disruption. We address Bonanno's contention that our results should be dismissed on methodological and statistical grounds. Our findings suggest that prior research about the frequency of resilience may in part be confounded by the degree and type of stress exposure. Copyright © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Dickstein, B. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., Hofmann, S. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5247,What is the typical response to sexual assault?,,,"Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Dickstein, B. D., Salters-Pedneault, K., Hofmann, S. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5248,Post-traumatic stress disorder: Review of the comprehensive soldier fitness program,"Since the start of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military has implemented several population-based initiatives to enhance psychological resilience and prevent psychological morbidity in troops. The largest of these initiatives is the Army's Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program, which has been disseminated to more than 1 million soldiers. However, to date, CSF has not been independently and objectively reviewed, and the degree to which it successfully promotes adaptive outcomes and prevents the development of deployment-related mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is uncertain. This paper critically evaluates the theoretic foundation for and evidence supporting the use of CSF. © 2013 American Journal of Preventive Medicine.",,"Steenkamp, M. M., Nash, W. P., Litz, B. T.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.013,0,0,
5249,Latent Classes of PTSD Symptoms in Vietnam Veterans,"The authors examined heterogeneity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom presentation among veterans (n = 335) participating in the clinical interview subsample of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Latent class analysis was used to identify clinically homogeneous subgroups of Vietnam War combat veterans. Consistent with previous research, three classes emerged from the analysis, namely, veterans with no disturbance (61.4% of the cohort), intermediate disturbance (25.6%), and pervasive disturbance (12.5%). The authors also examined physical injury, war-zone stressor exposure, peritraumatic dissociation, and general dissociation as predictors of class membership. The findings are discussed in the context of recent conceptual frameworks that posit a range of posttraumatic outcomes and highlight the sizable segment of military veterans who suffer from intermediate (subclinical) PTSD symptoms. © The Author(s) 2012.","latent class, PTSD, veterans, Vietnam","Steenkamp, M. M., Nickerson, A., Maguen, S., Dickstein, B. D., Nash, W. P., Litz, B. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5250,What are the disruptive symptoms of behavioral disorders after traumatic brain injury? A systematic review leading to recommendations for good practices,"Behavioral disorders are major sequelae of severe traumatic brain injury. Before considering care management of these disorders, and in the absence of a precise definition for TBI-related behavioral disorder, it is essential to refine, according to the data from the literature, incidence, prevalence, predictive factors of commonly admitted disruptive symptoms. Methods: Systematic review of the literature targeting epidemiological data related to behavioral disorders after traumatic brain injury in order to elaborate good practice recommendations according to the methodology established by the French High Authority for Health. Results: Two hundred and ninety-nine articles were identified. The responsibility of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the onset of behavioral disorders is unequivocal. Globally, behavioral disorders are twice more frequent after TBI than orthopedic trauma without TBI (Masson et al., 1996). These disorders are classified into disruptive primary behaviors by excess (agitation 11-70%, aggression 25-39%, irritability 29-71%, alcohol abuse 7-26% drug abuse 2-20%), disruptive primary behaviors by default (apathy 20-71%), affective disorders - anxiety - psychosis (depression 12-76%, anxiety 0.8-24,5%, posttraumatic stress 11-18%, obsessive-compulsive disorders 1.2-30%, psychosis 0.7%), suicide attempts and suicide 1%. Discussion: The improvement of care management for behavioral disorders goes through a first step of defining a common terminology. Four categories of posttraumatic behavioral clinical symptoms are defined: disruptive primary behaviors by excess, by default, affective disorders-psychosis-anxiety, suicide attempts and suicide. All these symptoms yield a higher prevalence than in the general population. They impact all of life's domains and are sustainable over time. © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Behavioral disorders, Brain injury, Classification, Good practices recommendations","Stéfan, A., Mathé, J. F., Dhenain, M., Blanchard, P., Blondet, E., Mathé, J. F., Dumond, J. J., Guillermou, E., Mazaux, J. M., Onillon, M., Pascale, P. D., Luauté, J., Hamonet, J., Plantier, D., Angélique, S., Wiart, L., Annabelle, A., Aubert, S., Beis, J. M., Blais, L., Cazals, M. C., Destaillats, J. M., Durand, E., Fayol, P., Fieyre, C., Jagot, L., Lermuzeaux, C., Lucas, J. M., Malauzat, D., Montrobert, N., Preziosi, J. A., Prouteau, A., Richard, I., Laurence, T., Allain, P., Atlani, L., Azouvi, P., Bayen, E., Belio, C., Bometon, R., Bonnyaud, C., Ceccaldi, M., Chaignon, R., Chevrillon, E., Chopinaud, D., Croisiaux, C., Debelleix, X., Dherbey, B., Jockic, C., Joyeux, F., Laloua, F., Gall, D. L., Madinier, J., Marquet, A. C., Montreuil, M., Oppenheim-Gluckman, G., Perussel, A., Pollez, B., Raffard, S., Remy, A. J., Rousseau, M., Roussenac, V., Saout, V., Truelle, J. L., Zerbib, Y.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.rehab.2015.11.002,0,0,
5251,Release of gliotransmitters through astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala,"Recent in vitro evidence indicates that astrocytes can modulate synaptic plasticity by releasing neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters). However, whether gliotransmitter release from astrocytes is necessary for higher brain function in vivo, particularly for memory, as well as the contribution of connexin (Cx) hemichannels to gliotransmitter release, remain elusive. Here, we microinfused into the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) TAT-Cx43L2, a peptide that selectively inhibits Cx43-hemichannel opening while maintaining synaptic transmission or interastrocyte gap junctional communication. In vivo blockade of Cx43 hemichannels during memory consolidation induced amnesia for auditory fear conditioning, as assessed 24 h after training, without affecting short-term memory, locomotion, or shock reactivity. The amnesic effect was transitory, specific for memory consolidation, and was confirmed after microinfusion of Gap27, another Cx43-hemichannel blocker. Learning capacity was recovered after coinfusion of TAT-Cx43L2 and a mixture of putative gliotransmitters (glutamate, glutamine, lactate, D-serine, glycine, and ATP). We propose that gliotransmitter release from astrocytes through Cx43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation at the BLA. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate a physiological role for astroglial Cx43 hemichannels in brain function, making these channels a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. (copyright) FASEB.","connexin 43, dextro serine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, lactic acid, neurotransmitter, protein kinase, amnesia, animal cell, animal experiment, animal model, animal tissue, article, basolateral amygdala, brain function, cell communication, cell junction, controlled study, fear, in vivo study, learning, locomotion, macroglia, memory consolidation, neurotransmission, neurotransmitter release, nonhuman, priority journal, rat, short term memory","Stehberg, J., Moraga-Amaro, R., Salazar, C., Becerra, A., Echeverria, C., Orellana, J. A., Bultynck, G., Ponsaerts, R., Leybaert, L., Simon, F., Saez, J. C., Retamal, M. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5252,Release of gliotransmitters through astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala,"Recent in vitro evidence indicates that astrocytes can modulate synaptic plasticity by releasing neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters). However, whether gliotransmitter release from astrocytes is necessary for higher brain function in vivo, particularly for memory, as well as the contribution of connexin (Cx) hemichannels to gliotransmitter release, remain elusive. Here, we microinfused into the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) TAT-Cx43L2, a peptide that selectively inhibits Cx43-hemichannel opening while maintaining synaptic transmission or interastrocyte gap junctional communication. In vivo blockade of Cx43 hemichannels during memory consolidation induced amnesia for auditory fear conditioning, as assessed 24 h after training, without affecting short-term memory, locomotion, or shock reactivity. The amnesic effect was transitory, specific for memory consolidation, and was confirmed after microinfusion of Gap27, another Cx43-hemichannel blocker. Learning capacity was recovered after coinfusion of TAT-Cx43L2 and a mixture of putative gliotransmitters (glutamate, glutamine, lactate, D-serine, glycine, and ATP). We propose that gliotransmitter release from astrocytes through Cx43 hemichannels is necessary for fear memory consolidation at the BLA. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate a physiological role for astroglial Cx43 hemichannels in brain function, making these channels a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. © FASEB.","Amnesia, Astrocyte, Gliotransmitters, Learning","Stehberg, J., Moraga-Amaro, R., Salazar, C., Becerra, A., Echeverría, C., Orellana, J. A., Bultynck, G., Ponsaerts, R., Leybaert, L., Simon, F., Sáez, J. C., Retamal, M. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,5251
5253,Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD,,,"Steil, R., Ehlers, A.",2000.0,2000,,0,0,
5254,Post traumatic stress disorder in a primary health care service,"Introduction: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by the development of symptoms such as the reexperience of traumatic events (nightmares, intrusive thoughts, somatic symptoms associated with the trauma), avoidance (trying to avoid situations, people or behaviors associated with the trauma and having difficulty in dealing with new situations and feelings) and increased arousal (insomnia, irritability, difficulty in concentrating, hypervigilance and exaggerated startle response). Being aware of the frequency of PTSD in poor communities is of paramount importance. Objective: To identify the frequency of PTSD and the presence of depressive symptoms and alcohol abuse in a primary health care service. Methods: The study was carried out at the Divina Providencia Health Care Service, Grupo Hospitalar Conceicao. Patients seen at the service were selected randomly. PTSD, depression, alcohol abuse and the sociodemographic profile of the patients were determined. Results: Of the 54 patients included in the study, 83.3% were female; mean age was 39 years. Severe depressive symptoms were found in 28% of the patients; 59% fulfilled the criteria for PTSD diagnosis, and 12.5% had problems with alcohol. Conclusions: The majority of patients were female, and the prevalence of PTSD was high. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Experiences (Events), *Health Care Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, Avoidance, Emotional Trauma, Insomnia, Major Depression, Nightmares, Physiological Arousal, Poverty, Primary Health Care, Vigilance","Stein, Airton Tetelbom, De Carli, Elisiane, Casanova, Fabricio, Pan, Maria Simone, Pellegrin, Liliana Gomes",2004.0,,,0,0,
5255,Paroxetine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: Pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly understood to be a medical disorder characterised by particular psychobiological dysfunctions that respond to specific treatments. Paroxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor that has been found effective in the treatment of major depression as well as a range of anxiety disorders. This paper reviews data on the use of paroxetine for the treatment of adult PTSD. There have been three 12-week, placebo-controlled studies of paroxetine in PTSD. As these followed a partly similar design, a pooled analysis of the studies is possible and is reported here. Paroxetine is effective in the short-term treatment of PTSD, resulting in significantly better response and remission rates than placebo, improving sleep disturbance and reducing each of the symptom clusters of PTSD, as well as the disability associated with this condition. The medication is effective in both male and female PTSD patients and whether or not there are comorbid disorders such as depression.","Anxiety disorders, Paroxetine, Pharmatherapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors","Stein, D. J., Davidson, J., Seedat, S., Beebe, K.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5256,Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"BACKGROUND: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and disabling disorder. Evidence that PTSD is characterised by specific psychobiological dysfunctions has contributed to a growing interest in the use of medication in its treatment. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of medication for post traumatic stress disorder. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group specialised register (CCDANCTR-Studies) on 18 August 2005, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library issue 4, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2004), PsycINFO (1966 to 2004), and the National PTSD Center Pilots database. Reference lists of retrieved articles were searched for additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmacotherapy for PTSD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two raters independently assessed RCTs for inclusion in the review, collated trial data, and assessed trial quality. Investigators were contacted to obtain missing data. Summary statistics were stratified by medication class, and by medication agent for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Dichotomous and continuous measures were calculated using a random effects model, heterogeneity was assessed, and subgroup/sensitivity analyses were undertaken. MAIN RESULTS: 35 short-term (14 weeks or less) RCTs were included in the analysis (4597 participants). Symptom severity for 17 trials was significantly reduced in the medication groups, relative to placebo (weighted mean difference -5.76, 95% confidence intervals (CI) -8.16 to -3.36, number of participants (N) = 2507). Similarly, summary statistics for responder status from 13 trials demonstrated overall superiority of a variety of medication agents to placebo (relative risk 1.49, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.73, number needed to treat = 4.85, 95% CI 3.85 to 6.25, N = 1272). Medication and placebo response occurred in 59.1% (N = 644) and 38.5% (628) of patients, respectively. Of the medication classes, evidence of treatment efficacy was most convincing for the SSRIs.Medication was superior to placebo in reducing the severity of PTSD symptom clusters, comorbid depression and disability. Medication was also less well tolerated than placebo. A narrative review of 3 maintenance trials suggested that long term medication may be required in treating PTSD. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Medication treatments can be effective in treating PTSD, acting to reduce its core symptoms, as well as associated depression and disability. The findings of this review support the status of SSRIs as first line agents in the pharmacotherapy of PTSD, as well as their value in long-term treatment. However, there remain important gaps in the evidence base, and a continued need for more effective agents in the management of PTSD.",,"Stein, D. J., Ipser, J. C., Seedat, S.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5257,Investigating the psychosocial determinants of child health in Africa: The Drakenstein Child Health Study,"Background: Early life psychobiological and psychosocial factors play a key role in influencing child health outcomes. Longitudinal studies may help elucidate the relevant risk and resilience profiles, and the underlying mechanisms that impact on child health, but there is a paucity of birth cohort data from low and middle-income countries (LMIC). We describe the rationale for and present baseline findings from the psychosocial component of the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS). Methods: We review the psychosocial measures used in the DCHS, a multidisciplinary birth cohort study in a peri-urban area in South Africa, and provide initial data on psychological distress, depression, substance use, and exposure to traumatic stressors and intimate partner violence (IPV). These and other measures will be assessed longitudinally in mothers in order to investigate associations with child neurodevelopmental and health outcomes. Results: Baseline psychosocial data is presented for mothers (n= 634) and fathers (n= 75) who have completed antenatal assessments to date. The sample of pregnant mothers is characterized by multiple psychosocial risk factors, including a high prevalence of psychological distress and depression, high levels of substance use, and high exposure to traumatic stressors and IPV. Discussion: These data are consistent with prior South African studies which have documented a high prevalence of a multitude of risk factors during pregnancy. Further longitudinal assessment of mothers and children may clarify the underlying psychobiological and psychosocial mechanisms which impact on child health, and so inform clinical and public health interventions appropriate to the South African and other LMIC contexts. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Birth cohort, Child health, Depression, Intimate partner violence, South Africa, Substance use","Stein, D. J., Koen, N., Donald, K. A., Adnams, C. M., Koopowitz, S., Lund, C., Marais, A., Myers, B., Roos, A., Sorsdahl, K., Stern, M., Tomlinson, M., van der Westhuizen, C., Vythilingum, B., Myer, L., Barnett, W., Brittain, K., Zar, H. J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.016,0,0,
5258,Onset of activity and time to response on individual CAPS-SX17 items in patients treated for post-traumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine ER: A pooled analysis,"This pooled analysis of data from two randomized, placebo-controlled trials of venlafaxine extended release (ER) assessed onset of activity and time to response on the 17 symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) listed in DSM-IV and measured by the 17-item Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-SX17). The intent-to-treat (ITT) population comprised 687 patients (placebo, n=347; venlafaxine ER, n=340). Significant (p<0.05) separation between venlafaxine ER and placebo was observed on most CAPS-SX17 items, with earliest onset of activity and response (week 2) on items 5 (physiological reactivity on exposure to cues) and 14 (irritability or anger outbursts), and (week 4) items 1 (intrusive recollections) and 4 (psychological distress at exposure to cues). Onset of activity and response occurred later (generally, weeks 6-8) on items 9 (diminished interest/participation in activities), 10 (detachment or estrangement), 11 (restricted range of affect), 12 (sense of foreshortened future), all associated with numbing, 15 (difficulty concentrating), 16 (hypervigilance), 17 (exaggerated startle response), associated with hyperarousal, and 6 (avoidance of thoughts/feelings or conversations). Significant differences between venlafaxine ER and placebo were largely absent throughout the treatment period and at the primary week-12 end-point for items 2 (distressing dreams), 7 (avoidance of activities, places or people), 8 (inability to recall important aspect of trauma) and 13 (difficulty falling/staying asleep). These results indicate that symptoms of physiological reactivity and psychological distress in response to cues, and irritability/anger outbursts show early and robust improvement with venlafaxine ER treatment, while symptoms of numbing and hyperarousal take longer. The early and persistent effect of venlafaxine ER over placebo on anger/irritability is noteworthy in view of the clinical significance of these symptoms in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Venlafaxine","Stein, Dan J., Pedersen, Ron, Rothbaum, Barbara O., Baldwin, David S., Ahmed, Saeeduddin, Musgnung, Jeff, Davidson, Jonathan",2009.0,,,0,0,
5259,A factor analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using data pooled from two venlafaxine extended-release clinical trials,"BACKGROUND: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) three-factor posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria was conducted to determine fit for this patient population. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of alternate symptom structures was planned to identify symptoms that cluster in this population. The response of symptom factors to treatment with venlafaxine extended release (ER) was explored. METHODS: Baseline 17-item Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-SX17) data were pooled from patients enrolled in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. The CFA was conducted using maximum likelihood and weighted, least-squares factor extraction methods. The EFA was performed using a polychoric correlation covariance matrix and Pearson correlation matrix. RESULTS: Data from a pooled population of 685 patients (venlafaxine ER: n = 339; placebo: n = 346) were analyzed. CFA rejected the DSM-IV three-factor structure. The EFA identified a different three-factor structure as the best fit: factor 1 included reexperiencing symptoms, factor 2 included symptoms of altered mood and cognition, whereas factor 3 comprised avoidance and arousal symptoms. All DSM-IV symptom factors and all factors in the identified three-factor model responded positively to venlafaxine ER treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Data are consistent with literature failing to confirm the three-factor structure of DSM-IV PTSD, and they support the DSM-5 inclusion of a symptom cluster addressing altered mood and cognition in PTSD. The efficacy of venlafaxine ER in reducing a range of symptom clusters in PTSD is consistent with its multiple mechanisms of action.","Caps-sx17, Dsm, factor analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, venlafaxine","Stein, D. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Baldwin, D. S., Szumski, A., Pedersen, R., Davidson, J. R.",2013.0,Nov,10.1002/brb3.183,0,0,
5260,A factor analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using data pooled from two venlafaxine extended-release clinical trials,"Background: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) three-factor posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria was conducted to determine fit for this patient population. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of alternate symptom structures was planned to identify symptoms that cluster in this population. The response of symptom factors to treatment with venlafaxine extended release (ER) was explored. Methods: Baseline 17-item Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-SX17) data were pooled from patients enrolled in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. The CFA was conducted using maximum likelihood and weighted, least-squares factor extraction methods. The EFA was performed using a polychoric correlation covariance matrix and Pearson correlation matrix. Results: Data from a pooled population of 685 patients (venlafaxine ER: n = 339; placebo: n = 346) were analyzed. CFA rejected the DSM-IV three-factor structure. The EFA identified a different three-factor structure as the best fit: factor 1 included reexperiencing symptoms, factor 2 included symptoms of altered mood and cognition, whereas factor 3 comprised avoidance and arousal symptoms. All DSM-IV symptom factors and all factors in the identified three-factor model responded positively to venlafaxine ER treatment. Conclusions: Data are consistent with literature failing to confirm the three-factor structure of DSM-IV PTSD, and they support the DSM-5 inclusion of a symptom cluster addressing altered mood and cognition in PTSD. The efficacy of venlafaxine ER in reducing a range of symptom clusters in PTSD is consistent with its multiple mechanisms of action. © 2013 The Authors.","CAPS-SX17, DSM, Factor analysis, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Venlafaxine","Stein, D. J., Rothbaum, B. O., Baldwin, D. S., Szumski, A., Pedersen, R., Davidson, J. R. T.",2013.0,,,0,0,5259
5261,Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,"Examines the diagnosis, assessment, and neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and presents a meta-analysis of trials of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in PTSD. Studies of the pharmacotherapy of PTSD were identified using methods developed by the Cochrane collaboration. Although a range of open trials of different SSRIs in PTSD show promise, there are few controlled pharmacotherapy studies in this disorder. Nevertheless, pharmacotherapy for PTSD appears to have reasonable robust effects, with odds ratios for responder status, defined as 'much improved' or 'very much improved' on the Clinical Global Impression Scale, on drug vs placebo varying from 2.2 to 5.6 in randomized controlled trials of different agents. The SSRIs appear both safe and effective for this indication. Additional research with these agents is necessary to clarify many questions, including predictors of response, duration of treatment, comparison with other agents, and integration with psychotherapy. In the interim, however, the SSRIs can be recommended as a first-line medication for the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopharmacology, *Serotonin, *Reuptake, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Neurobiology, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Trazodone","Stein, Dan J., Seedat, Soraya, van der Linden, Geoffrey J. H., Zungu-Dirwayi, Nompumelelo",2000.0,,,0,0,
5262,Perpetration of gross human rights violations in South Africa: Association with psychiatric disorders,"Background. A nationally representative study of psychiatric disorders in South Africa provided an opportunity to study the association between perpetration of human rights violations (HRVs) during apartheid and psychiatric disorder. Prior work has suggested an association between perpetration and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but this remains controversial. Methods. Subjects reported on their perpetration of human rights violations, purposeful injury, accidental injury and domestic violence. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition) disorders were assessed with Version 3.0 of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Socio-demographic characteristics of these groups were calculated. Odds ratios for the association between the major categories of psychiatric disorders and perpetration were assessed. Results. HRV perpetrators were more likely to be male, black and more educated, while perpetrators of domestic violence (DV) were more likely to be female, older, married, less educated and with lower income. HRV perpetration was associated with lifetime and 12-month anxiety and substance use disorders, particularly PTSD. Purposeful and DV perpetration were associated with lifetime and 12-month history of all categories of disorders, whereas accidental perpetration was associated most strongly with mood disorders. Conclusion. Socio-demographic profiles of perpetrators of HRV and DV in South Africa differ. While the causal relationship between perpetration and psychiatric disorders deserves further study, it is possible that some HRV and DV perpetrators were themselves once victims. The association between accidental perpetration and mood disorder also deserves further attention.",,"Stein, D. J., Williams, S. L., Jackson, P. B., Seedat, S., Myer, L., Herman, A., Williams, D. R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5263,Heritability of social anxiety-related concerns and personality characteristics: A twin study,"Negative evaluation fears figure prominently in the cognitive psychology of patients with social phobia. In this study, we examine the heritability of negative evaluation fears by using a twin sample. The authors also examine the relationships between negative evaluation fears and personality dimensions relevant to social phobia. Scores on the brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) were examined in a sample of 437 (245 monozygotic and 192 dizygotic) twin pairs. Biometrical model fitting was conducted by using standard statistical methods. Genetic and environmental correlations with personality dimensions (from the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire) were also calculated. Broad heritability estimate of the BFNE was 48%. Additive genetic effects and unique environmental effects emerged as the primary influences on negative evaluation fears. Genetic correlations between BFNE scores and the submissiveness, anxiousness, and social avoidance facets of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire were high (rg = .78 to .80). A cognitive dimension central to the phenomenology (and, perhaps, cause) of social phobia, the fear of being negatively evaluated, is moderately heritable. Moreover, the same genes that influence negative evaluation fears appear to influence a cluster of anxiety-related personality characteristics. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.","adult, anxiety neurosis, article, cognition, controlled study, correlation analysis, dizygotic twins, emotion, environmental factor, female, genetic analysis, heredity, human, major clinical study, male, monozygotic twins, personality, prevalence, questionnaire, social phobia","Stein, M. B., Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5264,Influence of RGS2 on sertraline treatment for social anxiety disorder,"Only a minority of patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) has a robust therapeutic response to evidence-based serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. To help improve the personalized medicine approach to psychiatric care, we evaluated several candidate genetic predictors of SSRI response in SAD. At the start of a randomized controlled trial (NCT00282828), 346 patients with SAD at three sites received protocol-driven, open-label treatment with sertraline, up to 200. mg/d over 10 weeks. Efficacy was determined using a continuous measure of outcome (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)) and dichotomous indicators of response (LSAS (less-than or equal to)50) and remission (LSAS (less-than or equal to)30). Predictors of efficacy were examined in multivariate regression models that included eight polymorphic variants in four candidate genes (four in RGS2, two in HTR2A, one in SLC6A2, and one in SLC6A4). Adjusting for genetic ancestral cluster and non-genetic predictors of response, all four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RGS2 predicted change in LSAS over time, at study-wise significance (p=0.00833), with the minor allele associated with less improvement over time. After adjusting for genetic ancestral cluster and non-genetic predictors of remission, two of the four RGS2 SNPs predicted likelihood of remission at or just below study-wise significance (p=0.025): rs4606 (AOR=0.49 (95% CI=0.27-0.90), p=0.022) and rs1819741 (AOR=0.50 (95% CI=0.28-0.92), p=0.027). Variation in RGS2, a gene previously shown to be associated with social anxiety phenotypes and serotonergic neurotransmission, may be a biomarker of the likelihood of substantially benefiting from sertraline among patients with SAD. (copyright) 2014 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.","biological marker, sertraline, adult, allele, article, controlled study, drug efficacy, female, gene, gene cluster, genetic variability, HTR2A gene, human, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, major clinical study, male, multicenter study, neurotransmission, phase 1 clinical trial, phenotype, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, remission, RGS2 gene, serotoninergic system, single nucleotide polymorphism, SLC6A2 gene, SLC6A4 gene, social phobia, treatment response","Stein, M. B., Keshaviah, A., Haddad, S. A., Van Ameringen, M., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., Smoller, J. W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5265,Prospective longitudinal evaluation of the effect of deployment-acquired traumatic brain injury on posttraumatic stress and related disorders: Results from the army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (army STARRS),"Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for deleterious mental health and functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength and specificity of the association between deployment-acquired TBI and subsequent posttraumatic stress and related disorders among U.S. Army personnel. Method: A prospective, longitudinal survey of soldiers in three BrigadeCombat Teams was conducted1-2monthsprior toan average 10-month deployment to Afghanistan (T0), upon redeployment to the United States (T1), approximately 3 months later (T2), and approximately 9 months later (T3). Outcomes of interest were 30-day prevalence postdeployment ofposttraumaticstressdisorder (PTSD), majordepressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, and suicidality, aswell as presence and severity of postdeployment PTSD symptoms. Results: Complete information was available for 4,645 soldiers. Approximately one in five soldiers reported exposure to mild (18.0%) or more-than-mild (1.2%) TBI(s) during the index deployment. Even after adjusting forother risk factors (e.g., predeployment mental health status, severity of deployment stress, prior TBI history), deployment-acquired TBI was associated with elevated adjusted odds of PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder at T2 and T3 and ofmajor depressive episode at T2. Suicidality risk at T2 appeared similarly elevated, but this association did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of surveillance efforts to identify soldiers who have sustained TBIs and are therefore at risk for an array of postdeployment adverse mental health outcomes, including but not limited to PTSD. The mechanism(s) accounting for these associations need to be elucidated to inform development of effective preventive and early intervention programs.",,"Stein, M. B., Kessler, R. C., Heeringa, S. G., Jain, S., Campbell-Sills, L., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., Nock, M. K., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Sun, X., Thomas, M. L., Ursano, R. J.",2015.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121572,0,0,
5266,Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects,"Objective: Increased amygdala reactivity during processing of certain types of emotional stimuli (e.g., fear, anger) has been observed in patients with anxiety disorders such as social phobia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is uncertain whether this heightened amygdala reactivity is specific to treatment-seeking patients with anxiety disorders or is a general feature of individuals with increased anxiety-related temperamental traits. Method: Thirty-two physically healthy subjects 18-21 years old were recruited from a large pool of college students. Of these, 16 were chosen on the basis of scoring in the upper-15th percentile on a measure of trait anxiety (anxiety-prone group), and 16 were chosen on the basis of scoring in the normative range (40th-60th percentile). Subjects participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an emotion face assessment task that has been shown to reliably engage amygdala and associated limbic structures. Results: Anxiety-prone subjects had significantly greater bilateral amygdala and insula activation to emotional faces than did the anxiety-normative comparison subjects. Higher scores on several measures assessing anxiety proneness (e.g., neuroticism, trait anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity) were associated with greater activation of the amygdala (predominantly left-sided) and the anterior insula (bilateral). Conclusions: Increased amygdala and insula reactivity to certain types of emotional processing is seen in young adults with increased anxiety-related temperamental traits. Therefore, this brain emotion-processing profile may be a functional endophenotype for proneness to (certain kinds of) anxiety disorders.","adult, amygdaloid nucleus, anxiety disorder, article, blood oxygenation, brain region, controlled study, electroencephalogram, emotion, functional magnetic resonance imaging, human, insula, priority journal","Stein, M. B., Simmons, A. N., Feinstein, J. S., Paulus, M. P.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5267,Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey,,,"Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., Forde, D. R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5268,Enhanced dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol in adult women traumatized by childhood sexual abuse,"A study was undertaken to determine if female survivors of childhood and/or adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) would exhibit hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities characteristic of patients with combat- related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-i.e., enhanced cortisol suppression to low-dose dexamethasone and increased density of lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors. Nineteen women who reported experiencing severe CSA and 21 nonvictimized women particiPated in a low-dose (0.5 mg) dexamethasone suppression test and donated blood for measurement of lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding. Women with CSA had significantly enhanced suppression of plasma cortisol in response to 0.5 mg dexamethasone compared to the nonvictimized women. These observations are consistent with findings in male veterans with combat-related PTSD. They suggest that this pattern of HPA axis dysfunction may be a characteristic sequel of psychiatric disorders that occur following a range of traumatic experiences. This HPA axis profile is different than that associated with acute stress or with major depressive disorder.","dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, adult, article, child abuse, clinical article, disease association, female, hormone receptor interaction, human, hydrocortisone release, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, sexual abuse","Stein, M. B., Yehuda, R., Koverola, C., Hanna, C.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5269,Trajectories of Response to Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Research on the predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD has often produced inconsistent or ambiguous results. We argue this is in part due to the use of statistical techniques that explore relationships among the entire sample of participants rather than homogeneous subgroups. Using 2 large randomized controlled trials of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), CPT components, and Prolonged Exposure, we employed growth mixture modeling to identify distinct trajectories of treatment response and to determine the predictors of those trajectories. We determined that the participants' trajectories could be best represented by 2 latent classes, which we subsequently labeled responders (87% of the sample) and nonresponders (13% of the sample). Notably, there was not a separate class for partial responders. Assignment to the nonresponder class was associated with receiving the written accounts (WA) component of CPT, a pretreatment diagnosis of major depression (MDD), and more pretreatment hyperarousal symptoms. Thus, it appears that some individuals do not benefit from merely writing about their trauma and processing it with the therapist; they may also need to engage in cognitive restructuring to successfully ameliorate their symptoms. Additionally, those who meet criteria for MDD or have high levels of hyperarousal at the onset of treatment might require additional treatment or support. © 2012.","Cognitive behavior therapy, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trajectories, Treatment outcomes","Stein, N. R., Dickstein, B. D., Schuster, J., Litz, B. T., Resick, P. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5270,The University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index,"Over the past decade, the University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index has been one of the most widely used instruments for the assessment of traumatized children and adolescents. This paper reviews its development and modifications that have been made as the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder have evolved. The paper also provides a description of standard methods of administration, procedures for scoring, and psychometric properties. The Reaction Index has been extensively used across a variety of trauma types, age ranges, settings, and cultures. It has been broadly used across the US and around the world after major disasters and catastrophic violence as an integral component of public mental health response and recovery programs. The Reaction Index forms part of a battery that can be efficiently used to conduct needs assessment, surveillance, screening, clinical evaluation, and treatment outcome evaluation after mass casualty events. Copyright © 2004 by Current Science Inc.",,"Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., Pynoos, R. S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5271,Hazardous alcohol use and treatment outcome in male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The relationship between alcohol problems and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains unclear. Six hundred and eight combat veterans diagnosed with PTSD were assessed for PTSD symptoms and alcohol problems prior to group cognitive-behavioral treatment. They were reassessed 3 and 9 months after treatment. Participants were classified into low-risk and hazardous drinkers at each time point. Drinking status at intake did not predict PTSD symptoms at intake or follow-up. However, drinking status was associated with PTSD symptoms when both were assessed at follow-up. PTSD arousal symptoms were the only symptom cluster to differentiate drinking groups.","adult, alcohol consumption, alcoholism, comorbidity, conference paper, correlation analysis, disease association, follow up, human, major clinical study, male, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier, time series analysis","Steindl, S. R., Young, R. McD, Creamer, M., Crompton, D.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5272,The course of PTSD in naturalistic long-term studies: High variability of outcomes. A systematic review,"Background: With a lifetime prevalence of 8% posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common mental disorders; nevertheless, its longitudinal course is largely unknown. Aims: Our aim was to conduct a systematic review summarizing available findings on the prospective, naturalistic long-term course of PTSD and its predictors. Methods: Databases MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched. Main selection criteria were: 1) naturalistic cohort study with a follow-up period of at least 3 years, 2) adult participants with observer-rated or probable PTSD at baseline. Results: Twenty-four cohorts (25 studies) were retrieved (14 with observer-assessed, 10 with probable PTSD). In total, they comprised about 10,500 participants with PTSD at baseline that were included in the long-term follow-ups. Studies investigating patient populations with observer-assessed PTSD found that between 18% and 50% of patients experienced a stable recovery within 3-7 years; the remaining subjects either facing a recurrent or a more chronic course. Outcomes of community studies and studies investigating probable PTSD varied considerably (remission rates 6-92%). Social factors (e.g. support) as well as comorbid physical or mental health problems seem to be salient predictors of PTSD long-term course and special focus should be laid on these factors in clinical settings. Conclusions: Included studies differed notably with regard to applied methodologies. The resulting large variability of findings is discussed. More standardized systematic follow-up research and more uniformed criteria for remission and chronicity are needed to gain a better insight into the long-term course of PTSD. © 2015 Informa Healthcare.","Course, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Predictors, PTSD, Recovery, Remission","Steinert, C., Hofmann, M., Leichsenring, F., Kruse, J.",2015.0,,10.3109/08039488.2015.1005023,0,0,
5273,"Enduring mental health morbidity and social function impairment in world trade center rescue, recovery, and cleanup workers: The Psychological dimension of an environmental health disaster","Background: The World Trade Center (WTC) attacks exposed thousands of workers to hazardous environmental conditions and psychological trauma. In 2002, to assess the health of these workers, Congress directed the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to establish the WTC Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program. This program has established a large cohort of WTC rescue, recovery, and cleanup workers. We previously documented extensive pulmonary dysfunction in this cohort related to toxic environmental exposures. Objectives: Our objective in this study was to describe mental health outcomes, social function impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity in the WTC worker cohort, as well as perceived symptomatology in workers' children. Methods: Ten to 61 months after the WTC attack, 10,132 WTC workers completed a selfadministered mental health questionnaire. Results: Of the workers who completd the questionnaire, 11.1% met criteria for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 8.8% met criteria for probable depression, 5.0% met criteria for probable panic disorder, and 62% met criteria for substantial stress reaction. PTSD prevalence was comparable to that seen in returning Afghanistan war veterans and was much higher than in the U.S. general population. Point prevalence declined from 13.5% to 9.7% over the 5 years of observation. Comorbidity was extensive and included extremely high risks for impairment of social function. PTSD was significantly associated with loss of family members and friends, disruption of family, work, and social life, and higher rates of behavioral symptoms in children of workers. Conclusions: Working in 9/11 recovery operations is associated with chronic impairment of mental health and social functioning. Psychological distress and psychopathology in WTC workers greatly exceed population norms. Surveillance and treatment programs continue to be needed.","Depression, Disaster workers, Functional impairment, Occupational health, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress, World Trade Center","Stellman, J. M., Smith, R. P., Katz, C. L., Sharma, V., Charney, D. S., Herbert, R., Moline, J., Luft, B. J., Markowitz, S., Udasin, I., Harrison, D., Baron, S., Landrigan, P. J., Levin, S. M., Southwick, S.",2008.0,,10.1289/ehp.11164,0,0,
5274,"Interpersonal victimization, psychological distress, and recurrent headaches in adolescents - The hunt study","Objectives: To examine the relationship between recurrent headache disorders and interpersonal victimization, possibly mediated through psychological distress, in adolescents. Background: Recurrent headache, is a main source of functional impairment in youth and cooccurs commonly with psychological distress, especially if trajectories are chronic and disabling. Traumatic events could represent important precursors. Methods: A cohort of l0 464 adolescents, aged l2-20 years from the midst of Norway, were from 2006 through 2008 invited to participate in a cross-sectional study, encompassing a general health questionnaire, including questions on exposure to traumatic events, psychological distress, and a validated interview on headache (the Young-HUNT3 study). Data from the headache interview served as outcome. Recurrent headache was defined as headache recurring at least monthly during the past year and was further subclassified into monthly, weekly, and daily complaints. Subtypes were classified as tension-type, migraine, and/or 'other' headache. Results: The response rate was 73% (7620). Multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusted for sociodemographics, showed a steady trend of increasing odds for recurrent headache with increasing exposure to PTIEs, which was highly significant in both sexes. The same pattern was reproduced for all frequencies and subtypes of complaints. The direct effect of exposure to PTIEs decreased after the hypothesized mediator, psychological distress, was entered into the regression equation. This attenuation was observed for all recurrent complaints, regardless of the frequency or subtype of headache, suggesting consistent mediation by psychological distress. Also, the strength of mediation through psychological distress increased with increasing exposure to PTIEs and increasing frequency of complaints. Conclusions: The empirical evidence of a strong, cumulative relationship between exposure to traumatic events and recurrent headache, possibly mediated by psychological distress, has implications for the prevention, assessment, and treatment of headache and requires a broader biopsychosocial approach that integrates the somatic and psychological health needs of adolescents. More specifically, regarding the upcoming revisions for the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, our findings suggest an expansion of a recent proposal to map both psychological distress and adverse childhood experiences as part of the general assessment of chronic pediatric headache, to apply to all recurrent headache complaints. Prospective studies are needed. (Table Presented).","headache, society, human, adolescent, distress syndrome, exposure, interview, headache and facial pain, multivariate logistic regression analysis, cross-sectional study, General Health Questionnaire, Norway, migraine, precursor, childhood, classification, logistic regression analysis, health, prevention, attenuation, prospective study, juvenile, functional disease","Stensland, S. O., Dybl, G., Thoresen, S., Larsenl, T., Zwart, J. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5275,"Recurrent headache and interpersonal violence in adolescence: the roles of psychological distress, loneliness and family cohesion: the HUNT study","BACKGROUND: Recurrent headache is the most common and disabling pain condition in adolescence. Co-occurrence of psychosocial adversity is associated with increased risk of chronification and functional impairment. Exposure to interpersonal violence seems to constitute an important etiological factor. Thus, knowledge of the multiple pathways linking interpersonal violence to recurrent headache could help guide preventive and clinical interventions. In the present study we explored a hypothetical causal model where the link between exposure to interpersonal violence and recurrent headache is mediated in parallel through loneliness and psychological distress. Higher level of family cohesion and male sex is hypothesized to buffer the adverse effect of exposure to interpersonal violence on headache. METHODS: The model was assessed using data from the cross-sectional, population-based Young-HUNT 3 study of Norwegian adolescents, conducted from 2006-2008. A cohort of 10 464 adolescents were invited. The response rate was 73% (7620), age ranged from 12 and 20 years, and 50% (3832) were girls. The study comprised self-report measures of exposure to interpersonal violence, loneliness, psychological distress and family cohesion, in addition to a validated interview on headache, meeting the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria. Recurrent headache was defined as headache recurring at least monthly during the past year, and sub-classified into monthly and weekly headache, which served as separate outcomes. RESULTS: In Conditional Process Analysis, loneliness and psychological distress consistently posed as parallel mediating mechanisms, indirectly linking exposure to interpersonal violence to recurrent headache. We found no substantial moderating effect of family cohesion or sex. CONCLUSIONS: Loneliness and psychological distress seem to play crucial roles in the relationship between exposure to interpersonal violence and recurrent headache. To facilitate coping and recovery, it may be helpful to account for these factors in preventive and clinical interventions. Trauma-informed, social relationship-based interventions may represent a major opportunity to alter trajectories of recurrent headache.",,"Stensland, S. O., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Zwart, J. A., Dyb, G.",2014.0,,10.1186/1129-2377-15-35,0,0,
5276,Posttraumatic stress disorder in the New Zealand police: The moderating role of social support following traumatic stress,"It has been consistently demonstrated that social support affects psychological outcomes following the experience of trauma. Information processing theories of traumatic stress and empirical evidence suggest a model of social support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) etiology, in which emotional support and disclosure moderate the effects of trauma. This model was tested using survey data from 527 New Zealand Police officers. The results show that all support variables had significant negative main effects on PTSD symptoms. Trauma was positively related to PTSD symptoms and this relationship was moderated by police officers' attitudes to expressing emotions at work and emotional support from peers. These results have implications for the provision of support for workers whose job places them at risk for experiencing multiple trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Disclosure, *Social Support, Emotional Responses, Employee Attitudes, Models, Peer Relations, Psychiatric Symptoms","Stephens, Christine, Long, Nigel",1999.0,,,0,0,
5277,PTSD as result of flood in 1997 - Occurrence and display of distemper,"Aim: The occurrence and course of PTSD in the countryside environment as the result of flood in 1997 has been described. The research was experimented around four villages by Nysa Klodzka river-basin; the area was affected by disaster unexpectedly and extremely hard. Method: 97 people have been tested as the straightforward witnesses of flood. They had never been treated by a psychiatrist before 1997 and they haven't experienced any other stressful event that might have been an independent reason of the occurrence PTSD. The extent of trauma, risk of shock and the length of time that those examined were in danger was identical. None of the stiudied had received psychological or psychiatrical support after the disaster. The research was carried out by one investigator (psychiatrist) 60-63 months after the flood at the victims' houses (the psychiatrist's visit was preceded by the phone appointment). The research instrument- Composite International Diagnostic Interview CIDI: section A (referred to demographic dates) and section N (referred to PTSD). Results: PTSD diagnosis was made in 30.9% of the examined group. The distempered people are mostly educated at the lowest level (49.9% with the ground education) or unemployed (39.2%). Older people were more susceptible to PTSD. PTSD diagnosis was made more often for men (39.5%) than for women (25.4), what is directly related to the lower education and a worse material status of the examined men. Full symptomatic PTSD, remaining up to 60-63 months after the flood, was confirmed in 15.5% of the studied group. Conclusion: The frequency and profile of PTSD occurrence (lower educated, older and the poor people) in the examined group is consistent with the other studies done. The fact that PTSD diagnosis was more frequent amongst men (39.5% vs. 25.4% in women) has been mentioned and explained above. No person in the group has confirmed the short (lasting only up to one month) term of persistence of the symptoms what is tantamount to no acute stress disorder right after the flood. It might be probably caused by the permanence of flood destruction and the prolonged exposure to the stress factor.","adult, aged, aging, anger, article, composite international diagnostic interview, demography, education, female, flooding, human, injury scale, major clinical study, male, marriage, posttraumatic stress disorder, poverty, psychologic test, river basin, shock, stress, symptomatology, unemployment, witness","Stepien, A., Kantorska-Janiec, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5278,[PTSD as result of the 1997 flood--occurrence and display of distemper],"AIM: The occurrence and course of PTSD in the countryside environment as the result of flood in 1997 has been described. The research was experimented around four villages by Nysa Klodzka river-basin; the area was affected by disaster unexpectedly and extremely hard. METHOD: 97 people have been tested as the straightforward witnesses of flood. They had never been treated by a psychiatrist before 1997 and they haven't experienced any other stressful event that might have been an independent reason of the occurrence PTSD. The extent of trauma, risk of shock and the length of time that those examined were in danger was identical. None of the studied had received psychological or psychiatric support after the disaster. The research was carried out by one investigator (psychiatrist) 60-63 months after the flood at the victims' houses (the psychiatrist's visit was preceded by the phone appointment). The research instrument--Composite International Diagnostic Interview CIDI: section A (referred to demographic dates) and section N (referred to PTSD). RESULTS: PTSD diagnosis was made in 30.9% of the examined group. The distempered people are mostly educated at the lowest level (49.9% with the ground education) or unemployed (39.2%). Older people were more susceptible to PTSD. PTSD diagnosis was made more often for men (39.5%) than for women (25.4), what is directly related to the lower education and a worse material status of the examined men. Full symptomatic PTSD, remaining up to 60-63 months after the flood, was confirmed in 15.5% of the studied group. CONCLUSION: The frequency and profile of PTSD occurrence (lower educated, older and the poor people) in the examined group is consistent with the other studies done. The fact that PTSD diagnosis was more frequent amongst men (39.5% vs. 25.4% in women) has been mentioned and explained above. No person in the group has confirmed the short (lasting only up to one month) term of persistence of the symptoms what is tantamount to no acute stress disorder right after the flood. It might be probably caused by the permanence of flood destruction and the prolonged exposure to the stress factor.","Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Disasters, Female, Humans, *Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Poland/epidemiology, Questionnaires, Rural Population, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*etiology, Stress, Psychological/diagnosis/etiology, Time Factors","Stepien, A., Kantorska-Janiec, M.",2005.0,Jan-Feb,,0,0,
5279,PTSD as result of flood in 1997 - Occurrence and display of distemper,"Aim: The occurrence and course of PTSD in the countryside environment as the result of flood in 1997 has been described. The research was experimented around four villages by Nysa Kłodzka river-basin; the area was affected by disaster unexpectedly and extremely hard. Method: 97 people have been tested as the straightforward witnesses of flood. They had never been treated by a psychiatrist before 1997 and they haven't experienced any other stressful event that might have been an independent reason of the occurrence PTSD. The extent of trauma, risk of shock and the length of time that those examined were in danger was identical. None of the stiudied had received psychological or psychiatrical support after the disaster. The research was carried out by one investigator (psychiatrist) 60-63 months after the flood at the victims' houses (the psychiatrist's visit was preceded by the phone appointment). The research instrument- Composite International Diagnostic Interview CIDI: section A (referred to demographic dates) and section N (referred to PTSD). Results: PTSD diagnosis was made in 30.9% of the examined group. The distempered people are mostly educated at the lowest level (49.9% with the ground education) or unemployed (39.2%). Older people were more susceptible to PTSD. PTSD diagnosis was made more often for men (39.5%) than for women (25.4), what is directly related to the lower education and a worse material status of the examined men. Full symptomatic PTSD, remaining up to 60-63 months after the flood, was confirmed in 15.5% of the studied group. Conclusion: The frequency and profile of PTSD occurrence (lower educated, older and the poor people) in the examined group is consistent with the other studies done. The fact that PTSD diagnosis was more frequent amongst men (39.5% vs. 25.4% in women) has been mentioned and explained above. No person in the group has confirmed the short (lasting only up to one month) term of persistence of the symptoms what is tantamount to no acute stress disorder right after the flood. It might be probably caused by the permanence of flood destruction and the prolonged exposure to the stress factor.","CIDI, Flood, PTSD","Stȩpień, A., Kantorska-Janiec, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,5277
5280,Whiplash-associated disorder: Musculoskeletal pain and related clinical findings,"The aim of this paper was to review the physical and psychological processes associated with whiplashassociated disorders. There is now much scientific data available to indicate the presence of disturbed nociceptive processing, stress system responses, muscle and motor changes as well as psychological factors in both acute and chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Some of these factors seem to be associated with the transition from acute to chronic pain and have demonstrated prognostic capacity. Further investigation is required to determine if these processes can be modified and if modification will lead to improved outcomes for this condition. The burden of whiplash injuries, the high rate of transition to chronicity, and evidence of limited effects of current management on transition rates demand new directions in evaluation and management. The understanding of processes underlying this condition is improving and this lays the foundation for the development of more effective management approaches. © W. S. Maney & Son Ltd 2011.","MCV, Musculoskeletal pain, WAD","Sterling, M.",2011.0,,10.1179/106698111X13129729551949,0,0,
5281,Does knowledge of predictors of recovery and nonrecovery assist outcomes after whiplash injury?,"Study Design. Nonsystematic review. Objective. Review of prognostic indicators for outcome after whiplash injury and the implications for clinical practice and future research. Summary of Background Data. The capacity to predict outcome after whiplash injury is important to guide the management of the condition. There have now been numerous cohort studies and several systematic reviews of prognosis. It is not clear if the current knowledge of prognostic indicators is useful for clinical practice and to improve outcomes after injury. Methods. Nonsystematic review of research investigating the prediction of chronic pain/disability and psychological outcomes after whiplash injury. Results. There remains considerable uncertainty surrounding the identification of clear prognostic indicators after whiplash injury. All systematic reviews note the moderate or lower quality if primary cohort studies and only one systematic review performed meta-analysis. There have been no studies attempting validation of predictive models. At the present time, the knowledge base stands that higher initial pain levels are the most consistent predictor of poor functional recovery. Additional promising factors include physical factors of cold hyperalgesia and loss of neck range of movement, although the latter is inconsistent. Psychological factors of pain catastrophizing, symptoms of post-traumatic stress and recovery perceptions are also prognostic of poor recovery and the presence of depressed mood is inconsistent. Further research is needed to validate predictive models, investigate interactions between factors, and to determine whether modification of predictors is possible and leads to improved outcomes. Conclusion. The understanding of factors predictive of poor recovery after whiplash injury is evolving. Although more research is required to validate predictive models, some factors show consistent predictive capacity and could be used in clinical practice as potential indicators of poor recovery. It is not known if the specific targeting of modifiable prognostic indicators can be achieved or will lead to improved outcomes. © 2011, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Outcome, Prediction, Whiplash","Sterling, M.",2011.0,,10.1097/BRS.0b013e31823881bc,0,0,
5282,Physiotherapy management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD),,"Interdisciplinary management, Physiotherapy, Whiplash-associated disorders","Sterling, M.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.004,0,0,
5283,Prognosis after whiplash injury,"Objective. To summarize the research and identify a research agenda for improving prognostic models after whiplash injury. Study Design. Nonsystematic review and discussion of prognosis after whiplash injury. Summary of Background Data. With up to 50% of individuals failing to fully recover after whiplash injury, the capacity to determine a precise estimate of prognosis will be important. Systematic reviews note inconsistencies and shortcomings of research in this area. Methods. A nonsystematic review and discussion. Results. Most prognostic whiplash studies are phase 1 (exploratory) studies with few confirmatory or validation studies yet available. It is recognized that whiplash is a heterogeneous condition and clinicians require prognostic indicators for clinical use. Although the evidence is not sufficiently strong to make firm recommendations, there are some prognostic factors that have shown consistency across studies and could be considered as preliminary flags or guides to gauge patients potentially at risk of poor recovery. These include pain and/or disability levels, neck range of movement, cold and mechanical hyperalgesia and psychological factors of recovery beliefs/expectations, post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, and pain catastrophizing. It is not known whether these factors can be modified or whether modification will improve outcomes, thus they should not be considered directives for management. Research priorities identified to develop improved predictive models include confirmation and validation of factors identified in phase 1 studies; investigation of the interaction between variables; investigation of the predictive value of changes in variables over time; the inclusion of validated outcomes including measures of pain and disability as well as perceived recovery and psychological outcomes. Conclusion. The current evidence is not sufficiently robust to be able to confidently predict outcome after whiplash injury. A preliminary set of consistent factors has been proposed to assist clinicians in identifying individuals at risk of poor recovery. Directions for the development of improved prognostic models are discussed. Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Prediction, Prognosis, Whiplash-associated disorders","Sterling, M., Carroll, L. J., Kasch, H., Kamper, S. J., Stemper, B.",2011.0,,10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182388523,0,0,
5284,The Course of Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers Following Whiplash Injury and Their Relationship to Sensory and Muscle Measures: A Longitudinal Cohort Study,"Tissue damage or pathological alterations are not detectable in the majority of people with whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Widespread hyperalgisa, morphological muscle changes and psychological distress are common features of WAD. However little is known about the presence of inflammation and its association with symptom persistence or the clinical presentation of WAD. This study aimed to prospectively investigate changes in serum inflammatory biomarker levels from the acute (<3 weeks) to chronic (>3 months) stages of whiplash injury. It also aimed to determine relationships between biomarker levels and hyperalgesia, fatty muscle infiltrates of the cervical extensors identified on MRI and psychological factors. 40 volunteers with acute WAD and 18 healthy controls participated. Participants with WAD were classified at 3 months as recovered/mild disability or having moderate/severe disability using the Neck Disability Index. At baseline both WAD groups showed elevated serum levels of CRP but by 3 months levels remained elevated only in the moderate/severe group. The recovered/mild disability WAD group had higher levels of TNF-α at both time points than both the moderate/severe WAD group and healthy controls. There were no differences found in serum IL-1β. Moderate relationships were found between hyperalgesia and CRP at both time points and between hyperalgesia and IL-1β 3 months post injury. There was a moderate negative correlation between TNF-α and amount of fatty muscle infiltrate and pain intensity at 3 months. Only a weak relationship was found between CRP and pain catastrophising and no relationship between biomarker levels and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The results of the study indicate that inflammatory biomarkers may play a role in outcomes following whiplash injury as well as being associated with hyperalgesia and fatty muscle infiltrate in the cervical extensors. © 2013 sterling et al.",,"Sterling, M., Elliott, J. M., Cabot, P. J.",2013.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0077903,0,0,
5285,Compensation claim lodgement and health outcome developmental trajectories following whiplash injury: A prospective study,"This study aimed to identify distinctive trajectories for pain/disability and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms following whiplash injury and to examine the effect of injury compensation claim lodgement on the trajectories. In a prospective study, 155 individuals with whiplash were assessed at <1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months post injury. Outcomes at each time point were Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Group-based trajectory analytical techniques were used to identify outcome profiles. The analyses were then repeated after including third party compensation claim lodgment as a binary time-changing covariate. Three distinct NDI trajectories were determined: (1) Mild: mild or negligible pain/disability for the entire 12 months (45%), (2) Moderate: initial moderate pain/disability that decreased to mild levels by 3 months (39%) and (3) Chronic-severe: severe pain/disability persisting at moderate/severe levels for 12 months (16%). Three distinct PTSD trajectories were also identified: (1) Resilient: mild symptoms throughout (40%), (2) Recovering: initial moderate symptoms declining to mild levels by 3 months (43%) and (3) Chronic moderate-severe: persistent moderate/severe symptoms throughout 12 months (17%). Claim submission had a detrimental effect on all trajectories (p < 0.001) except for the Chronic-severe NDI trajectory (p = 0.098). Following whiplash injury, there are distinct pathways of recovery for pain/ disability and PTSD symptoms. Management of whiplash should consider the detrimental association of compensation claim with psychological recovery and recovery of those with mild to moderate pain/disability levels. However, claim lodgement has no significant association with a more severe pain and disability trajectory. Crown Copyright (copyright) 2010.","adult, article, chronic pain, compensation, controlled study, disability, disease severity, female, health status, human, illness trajectory, major clinical study, male, outcome assessment, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, symptom, time series analysis, whiplash injury","Sterling, M., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J.",2010.0,,,1,1,
5286,Similar factors predict disability and posttraumatic stress disorder trajectories after whiplash injury,"Distinct developmental trajectories for neck disability and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after whiplash injury have recently been identified. This study aimed to identify baseline predictors of membership to these trajectories and to explore their dual development. In a prospective study, 155 individuals with whiplash were assessed at <1 month, 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. Outcomes at each time point were assessed according to the Neck Disability Index and the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. Baseline predictor variables were age, gender, initial pain (based on a visual analogue scale [VAS]), pressure pain thresholds (PPT), cold pain thresholds (CPT), and sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses. Group-based trajectory analytical techniques were used to parameterise the optimal trajectories and to identify baseline predictors. A dual trajectory analysis was used to explore probabilities of conditional and joint trajectory group membership. CPT ≥ 13°C (OR = 26.320, 95% CI = 4.981-139.09), initial pain level (VAS) (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 4.98-139.1), and age (OR = 1.109, 95% CI = 1.043-1.180) predicted a chronic/severe disability trajectory. The same baseline factors also predicted chronic moderate/severe PTSD (CPT ≥ 13°C, OR = 9.7, 95%CI = 2.22-42.44; initial pain level [VAS]: OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.43-3.17; age: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.14). There was good correspondence of trajectory group for both disability and PTSD. These findings support the proposal of links between the development of chronic neck related disability and PTSD after whiplash injury. Developmental trajectories of disability and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after whiplash injury are mostly in synchrony, and similar factors predict their membership. This suggests links between the development of chronic neck pain-related disability and PTSD. © 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Developmental trajectories, Posttraumatic stress, Prediction, Whiplash injury","Sterling, M., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J.",2011.0,,,0,1,
5287,Assessment and validation of prognostic models for poor functional recovery 12 months after whiplash injury: A multicentre inception cohort study,"Uncertainty surrounds prognostic factors after whiplash injury. Previously we identified a prognostic model for 6-month pain-related disability in a cohort of 80 participants with acute whiplash. Predictors included initial disability, older age, decreased cold pain thresholds, decreased neck rotation movement, posttraumatic stress symptoms and decreased sympathetic vasoconstriction. The objective of this study was to externally validate this model. In a multicentre inception cohort study, 286 participants with acute whiplash (I, II or III) were assessed at &lt;3 weeks and 12 months after injury. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) was the outcome. Observed and predicted NDI scores were generated using the published equation of the original model. Model discrimination between participants with no or mild disability from those with moderate to severe disability was examined by receiver operating characteristic curves. Initial NDI and cold pain threshold predicted current observed 12-month NDI scores (r 2 = 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 0.58). There was a significant site effect, and the estimated marginal mean ± SE of 12-month NDI for Iceland (27.6 ± 1.79%) was higher than the other 3 sites (Melbourne 11.2 ± 5.03%, Canada 16.4 ± 2.36%, Brisbane 16.8 ± 1.17%). After adjusting for site, age and Impact of Events Scale scores regained significance (r2 = 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.64). The tested model was not precise in predicting NDI as a continuous variable. However, it found good accuracy to discriminate participants with moderate to severe disability at 12 months (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.84-0.94], P &lt;.001) which is clinically useful. © 2012 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Inception cohort, Prediction, Validation, Whiplash-associated disorder","Sterling, M., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J., Kristjansson, E., Dumas, J. P., Niere, K., Cote, J., Deserres, S., Rivest, K., Jull, G.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.pain.2012.05.004,0,0,
5288,Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury,,,"Sterling, M., Jull, G., Vicenzino, B., Kenardy, J., Darnell, R.",2005.0,,10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.005,0,0,
5289,Evidence for a dissociative subtype of PTSD by latent profile and confirmatory factor analyses in a civilian sample,"Background Dissociative symptoms are increasingly recognized in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of derealization and depersonalization symptoms via latent profile analyses (LPAs) in a civilian PTSD sample and examine the relationship between PTSD and dissociative symptoms via factor analytic methods. Methods A civilian sample of individuals with PTSD predominantly related to childhood abuse (n = 134) completed a diagnostic interview for PTSD and comorbid psychiatric disorders. LPAs and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed on the severity scores for PTSD, derealization, and depersonalization symptoms. Results LPAs extracted three groups, one of which was uniquely characterized by high derealization and depersonalization symptoms, and accounted for 25% of the sample. Individuals in the dissociative subgroup also showed a higher number of comorbid Axis I disorders and a more significant history of childhood abuse and neglect. CFAs suggested the acceptance of a five factor solution in which dissociative symptoms are distinct from but correlate significantly with the core PTSD symptom clusters. Conclusions The results from LPAs and CFAs are concordant with the concept of a dissociative subtype in patients with PTSD and suggest that symptoms of derealization-depersonalization and the core symptoms of PTSD are positively correlated. Thought should be given to including a dissociative subtype of PTSD in the DSM-5. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","comorbidity, confirmatory factor analysis, dissociation, latent class/profile analysis, PTSD, subtype","Steuwe, C., Lanius, R. A., Frewen, P. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5290,Alert but less alarmed: A pooled analysis of terrorism threat perception in Australia,"Background: Previous Australian research has highlighted disparities in community perceptions of the threat posed by terrorism. A study with a large sample size is needed to examine reported concerns and anticipated responses of community sub-groups and to determine their consistency with existing Australian and international findings. Methods. Representative samples of New South Wales (NSW) adults completed terrorism perception questions as part of computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI) in 2007 (N = 2081) and 2010 (N = 2038). Responses were weighted against the NSW population. Data sets from the two surveys were pooled and multivariate multilevel analyses conducted to identify health and socio-demographic factors associated with higher perceived risk of terrorism and evacuation response intentions, and to examine changes over time. Results: In comparison with 2007, Australians in 2010 were significantly more likely to believe that a terrorist attack would occur in Australia (Adjusted Odd Ratios (AOR) = 1.24, 95%CI:1.06-1.45) but felt less concerned that they would be directly affected by such an incident (AOR = 0.65, 95%CI:0.55-0.75). Higher perceived risk of terrorism and related changes in living were associated with middle age, female gender, lower education and higher reported psychological distress. Australians of migrant background reported significantly lower likelihood of terrorism (AOR = 0.52, 95%CI:0.39-0.70) but significantly higher concern that they would be personally affected by such an incident (AOR = 1.57, 95%CI:1.21-2.04) and having made changes in the way they live due to this threat (AOR = 2.47, 95%CI:1.88-3.25). Willingness to evacuate homes and public places in response to potential incidents increased significantly between 2007 and 2010 (AOR = 1.53, 95%CI:1.33-1.76). Conclusion: While an increased proportion of Australians believe that the national threat of terrorism remains high, concern about being personally affected has moderated and may reflect habituation to this threat. Key sub-groups remain disproportionately concerned, notably those with lower education and migrant groups. The dissonance observed in findings relating to Australians of migrant background appears to reflect wider socio-cultural concerns associated with this issue. Disparities in community concerns regarding terrorism-related threat require active policy consideration and specific initiatives to reduce the vulnerabilities of known risk groups, particularly in the aftermath of future incidents. © 2011 Stevens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","education, ethnicity, habituation, psychological distress, Terrorism, threat perception","Stevens, G., Agho, K., Taylor, M., Jones, A. L., Jacobs, J., Barr, M., Raphael, B.",2011.0,,10.1186/1471-2458-11-797,0,0,
5291,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and family typology: An exploratory correlational study,"A recent trend in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is to include the family in the treatment plan. This dissertation documents this trend and shows the rationale for family therapy based on previous research. This study then explains how Family Adaptation Theory as conceptualized by the Double-T ABCX model of McCubbin and McCubbin (1987, 1989) can be used to map families of veterans who have been diagnosed PTSD. Using the family typologies, as conceptualized in the Double-T ABCX model, a correlational study of 58 veterans was conducted to identify possible relationships between PTSD symptomology and family typologies. The study found significant relationships between PTSD symptomologies and the typologies of family regenerativity and family resiliency. It did not find a relationship between PTSD symptomologies and the typology of family rhythmicity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Family Therapy, *Family, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Taxonomies, Military Veterans","Stevens, Harold Bruce",1996.0,,,0,0,
5292,Validation of the negative sequelae of trauma (NeST) model: A dimensional approach to studying the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress,"Background: Investigation of psychological and behavioral changes in the aftermath of trauma has focused primarily on mechanisms for maintenance and recovery from posttraumatic stress. However, the scope and nature of “core” symptoms is a topic of longstanding debate, resulting in a recent change in diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the DSM-5. Complicating factors include the fact that responses to trauma vary greatly from individual to individual, and often include depressive symptoms. We propose an alternative approach to study responses to trauma that, in contrast with selecting a set of criteria for a particular disorder (e.g., PTSD, depression), accounts for both anxiety and depressive symptoms in a dimensional manner. This approach is consistent with the NIMH Research Domain Criteria approach to the study of mental illness. We examined symptom severity within datadriven symptom clusters derived using principle components analysis (PCA). We then examined individual differences in declarative memory (behavior and neural activation) as a test-case for further study linking continuous symptom clusters with intermediate phenotypes. Methods: N=6248 participants who reported at least one traumatic experience were recruited from the primary care waiting rooms of a public inner-city hospital in Atlanta, GA. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify clusters of post-traumatic anxiety and depression symptoms, as measured by the modified PTSD symptom scale (MPSS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The PCA included 17 items on the MPSS and 21 items on the BDI, and resulted in six components. The components were interpreted as reflecting Negative Affect, Somatic Symptoms, Re-experiencing, Numbing, Hypervigilance, and Impaired Cognition. Relations between these components and psychological outcome measures were examined. A subset of N=47 traumatized women completed an fMRI scan measuring declarative memory encoding of complex scene stimuli and completed a delayed cued recall task, and the effects of the 6 PCs on memory encoding were examined. Results: Individuals who were high on one PC had low scores on the other PCs, suggesting sub-types of trauma responses. Of the 6 components, the Negative Affect component most strongly predicted emotion dysregulation (EDS t=41.6, DERS t=12.9), current drug abuse (DAST t=8.6), and was inversely associated with resilience (CDRISC t=-30.9). The Re-experiencing component most strongly predicted a convergent measure of PTSD severity (CAPS t=12.6) and PTSD-related problem behaviors (PABQ t=7.34). Whereas Negative Affect was most strongly related to childhood trauma (CTQ t=28.7), Re-experiencing was most strongly related to adult trauma (TEI t=21.6). None of the PCs correlated with cued recall performance, ps4.10. In the fMRI analyses, Negative Affect predicted decreased right amygdala activation to images that were subsequently recalled versus not-recalled, whereas Re-experiencing predicted increased bilateral amygdala and hippocampal activation to recalled versus not-recalled items, p<.05, corrected. Conclusions: The current study identified a novel approach to quantifying post-trauma symptoms, which characterized anxiety and depression symptoms without the need to include one or the other as a “control” variable. This datadriven approach identified symptom clusters that included some similarities with DSM-5 symptom clusters but also diverged in important ways. In particular, avoidance symptoms did not form an independent cluster, but loaded onto several PCs. This may reflect the fact that avoidance is a behavioral coping strategy used by individuals experiencing a variety of different types of trauma responses, or may alternately be causal to several types of symptoms. Whereas trauma-related amnesia is clustered with Negative Affect in DSM-5, here it clustered with concentration difficulties in the Impaired Cognition component. Most interestingly, Negative Affect and Re-experiencing appeared to track very different manifestations of p st-traumatic reactions that differed in their neurobiological underpinnings. Further, given that childhood trauma severity was associated with the Negative Affect component, and adult trauma severity was associated with the Re-experiencing component, this analysis points to differential etiology resulting in different clinical and neural signatures. Such transdiagnostic and dimensional approaches are advocated by RDoC and may lead to greater precision in treating the negative sequelae of traumatic experiences.","posttraumatic stress disorder, declarative memory, neurobiology, functional neuroimaging, injury, model, American, college, psychopharmacology, human, anxiety, DSM-5, cognition, functional magnetic resonance imaging, depression, amygdaloid nucleus, recall, childhood, adult, principal component analysis, mental disease, Beck Depression Inventory, amnesia, hospital, diseases, city, waiting room, primary medical care, emotion, diagnosis, drug abuse, memory, behavior change, stimulus, coping behavior, female, etiology, accuracy, phenotype","Stevens, J., Reddy, R., Kim, Y. J., Jovanovic, T., Ressler, K.",2015.0,,,0,1,
5293,Benzodiazepines in clinical practice: Consideration of their long-term use and alternative agents,"Despite increasing focus on the use of antidepressants and other agents for the treatment of anxiety, benzodiazepines have remained a mainstay of anxiolytic pharmacotherapy due to their robust efficacy, rapid onset of therapeutic effect, and generally favorable side effect profile. In this article, we examine issues related to the long-term use of benzodiazepines, including concerns about the development of therapeutic tolerance, dose escalation, and adverse cognitive effects. We also consider currently available alternatives to benzodiazepines and novel mechanisms of action that may prove fruitful in the development of future generations of anxiolytics.","alpha 1 adrenergic receptor blocking agent, alprazolam, anticonvulsive agent, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, brain derived neurotrophic factor receptor, buspirone, chlorpromazine, clonazepam, diazepam, etiracetam, gabapentin, lamotrigine, lorazepam, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, neuroleptic agent, neurotrophic factor, prazosin, propranolol, risperidone, serotonin uptake inhibitor, temazepam, thioridazine, tiagabine, topiramate, tricyclic antidepressant agent, anxiety disorder, ataxia, chronic drug administration, clinical practice, clinical trial, cognitive defect, drug dose escalation, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug megadose, drug tolerance, extrapyramidal symptom, human, low drug dose, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychomotor disorder, psychopharmacotherapy, review, sedation, side effect, tardive dyskinesia, tranquilizing activity, ativan, buspar, gabitril, inderal, innopran, keppra, klonopin, lamictal, minipress, neurontin, restoril, risperdal, sonazine, thorazine, topamax, valium, xanax","Stevens, J. C., Pollack, M. H.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5294,The Use of Transdermal Therapeutic Systems in Psychiatric Care: A Primer on Patches,"Background: Numerous currently available medications that act in the central nervous system can be delivered transdermally. Such medications include cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia, methylphenidate (MPH) for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for depression, dopamine agonists for Parkinson disease and restless leg syndrome, and clonidine for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and impulse-control disorders. Objective: This article aims to review the literature related to transdermal delivery systems from the perspective of clinical practice and research related to their use in the treatment of psychiatric conditions. Results: Most of the currently available transdermal systems have psychotropic properties or utility in the behavioral health arena and, therefore, are of clinical relevance to consultation-liaison psychiatrists or practitioners of psychosomatic medicine. We discuss their efficacy and safety profiles. We provide a table of these agents and their uses. Conclusions: Transdermal delivery (i.e., patches) for medicines with psychotropic properties allows mental health providers to customize therapy for patients by altering the duration of therapy, minimizing first-pass metabolism and the potential for drug-drug interactions, and decreasing the risk for gastrointestinal irritation. © 2015 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine.",,"Stevens, J. R., Justin Coffey, M., Fojtik, M., Kurtz, K., Stern, T. A.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psym.2015.03.007,0,0,
5295,Effects of a behavioral sleep medicine intervention on trauma symptoms in adolescents recently treated for substance abuse,"This study tested whether improvement in sleep by an integrative, behavioral sleep intervention was associated with improvement in traumatic stress (TS) symptoms in a sample of 20 adolescents who were recently treated for substance abuse. Sleep was measured throughout the intervention via daily sleep diaries, and traumatic stress symptoms were assessed by the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) at baseline, post-intervention, 3-months post-intervention, and 12-months post-intervention. Individuals with more time in bed and more total sleep time at the beginning of the intervention had more improvement in TS symptom trajectories across the intervention and at the 12-month follow-up assessment. Interaction trends also emerged indicating that adolescents who, throughout the sleep intervention, went to bed later and fell asleep faster had greater improvements in TS symptoms over time. Overall, these results indicate that stimulus control, a therapy that encourages patients to attempt sleep only when they are sleepy, may be particularly helpful for adolescents with TS symptoms, sleep disturbances, and substance abuse histories. Copyright (copyright) by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","adolescent, adult, article, behavior therapy, clinical article, female, follow up, human, intervention study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotrauma, sleep disorder, sleep pattern, sleep therapy, sleep time, substance abuse, therapy effect","Stevens, S., Haynes, P. L., Ruiz, B., Bootzin, R. R.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5296,Victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless adolescents,"OBJECTIVE: To examine street victimization and posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban homeless adolescents and to test whether emotional numbing and avoidance represent distinct posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters. METHOD: Structured, private interviews were conducted with homeless adolescents (N = 374) in the Seattle metropolitan area (95% response rate) from 1995 to 1998. RESULTS: Eighty-three percent of street youths were physically and/or sexually victimized after leaving home. Approximately 18% of these youths met research criteria for PTSD. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that disaggregating symptoms of avoidance from symptoms of emotional numbing provides a better fit of the data than the current DSM-IV model in which these symptoms are combined in one factor. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual and physical victimization are serious threats for homeless adolescents, and those who are victimized are at risk for PTSD. Results challenge the belief that symptoms of avoidance and numbing represent one unified cluster in this population.","Adolescent, Adult, Child Abuse, Sexual/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Crime Victims/*psychology, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Homeless Youth/*psychology, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*psychology, Violence/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Washington/epidemiology","Stewart, A. J., Steiman, M., Cauce, A. M., Cochran, B. N., Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R.",2004.0,Mar,10.1097/00004583-200403000-00015,0,0,
5297,Victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless adolescents,"Objective: To examine street victimization and posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban homeless adolescents and to test whether emotional numbing and avoidance represent distinct posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters. Method: Structured, private interviews were conducted with homeless adolescents (N = 374) in the Seattle metropolitan area (95% response rate) from 1995 to 1998. Results: Eighty-three percent of street youths were physically and/or sexually victimized after leaving home. Approximately 18% of these youths met research criteria for PTSD. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that disaggregating symptoms of avoidance from symptoms of emotional numbing provides a better fit of the data than the current DSM-IV model in which these symptoms are combined in one factor. Conclusions: Sexual and physical victimization are serious threats for homeless adolescents, and those who are victimized are at risk for PTSD. Results challenge the belief that symptoms of avoidance and numbing represent one unified cluster in this population. (copyright)2004 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","avoidance behavior, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, emotion, factorial analysis, homelessness, human, juvenile, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, risk factor, sexual abuse, urban area, victim","Stewart, A. J., Steiman, M., Cauge, A. M., Cochran, B. N., Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R.",2004.0,,,0,0,5296
5298,Evaluation of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in treatment of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of outcome studies,"A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relative effectiveness of the broad-based treatments for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The analysis includes 13 pharmacotherapy studies and 12 psychotherapy studies obtained from a PsycINFO database search and a reference search. Studies of pharmacotherapy treatment efficacy demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in reducing PTSD symptoms, t (22) = -2.74, p = 0.01, d = 0.05. A random coefficient analysis supports this finding with significance determined at p < 0.001 for the fixed effects in the models. A limited examination of depression as a frequently comorbid disorder indicated pharmacotherapy also demonstrated a significantly greater decrease than psychotherapy in depression symptoms, t (15.77) = -2.26, p = 0.04, d = 0.16. Differences between treatments are discussed as potentially reflective of assignment to treatments and assessment techniques as well as therapeutic effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Stewart, Cheryl L., Wrobel, Thomas A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5299,Risk factors and health profiles of recent migrant women who experienced violence associated with pregnancy,"Background: Violence associated with pregnancy is a major public health concern, but little is known about it in recent migrant women. This study looked at (1) risk factors for violence associated with pregnancy among newly arrived migrant women in Canada and (2) if those who experienced violence associated with pregnancy had a different health profile or use of healthcare services for themselves or their infants during pregnancy and up to 4 months postpartum compared to other childbearing migrant women. Methods: Pregnant migrant women in Canada <5 years were recruited in 12 hospitals in 3 large cities between 2006 and 2009 and followed to 4 months postpartum. Data were collected on maternal background, migration history, violence associated with pregnancy, maternal and infant physical and mental health, and services used. Results: Of a total of 774 pregnant migrant women, 59 (7.6%) women reported violence associated with pregnancy. Migrant women who experienced violence, compared to those who did not, were at increased risk of violence if they lived without a partner, were asylum seekers, migrated <2 years ago, or had less than high school education. Women who reported violence were less likely to have up-to-date vaccinations, take folic acid before pregnancy, more likely to commence prenatal care after 3 months gestation and to not use contraceptives after birth. They were also more likely to have a history of miscarriage and report more postpartum pain and increased bleeding. They were also more likely to have inadequate social support and report more depression, anxiety, somatization, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on standardized tests. No differences were found in the health status of the infants of women who experienced violence compared to those who did not. Conclusions: Clinicians should sensitively ask recent migrant women (asylum seekers, refugees, and nonrefugee immigrants) about violence associated with pregnancy and appropriately assess, treat, and refer them. © 2012 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Stewart, D. E., Gagnon, A. J., Merry, L. A., Dennis, C. L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5300,A Systematic Review of Resilience in the Physically Ill,,,"Stewart, D. E., Yuen, T.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.036,0,0,
5301,The personal politics of disaster: Narratives of survivors of a south african shanty town fire,"Despite the fact that natural disasters occur more commonly in low and middle income countries than in wealthier countries, we know relatively little about how these disasters are experienced in such contexts. South Africa presents an especially telling example in which it is clear that natural events are affected profoundly by sociopolitical factors, including the spatial design of the apartheid city. We report here on interviews with twenty survivors of the biggest shanty town fire in the history of Cape Town, South Africa. The narratives of participants demonstrate that in order to understand the human cost of such disasters it is as important to understand the politics of the precursors of the disaster as well as what occurred subsequent to the disaster. The South African case, like that of Hurricane Katrina, underscores the fact that disaster, far from being an acute event which happens to individuals, is better understood as part of a far longer sociopolitical process affecting individuals, groups, and, indeed, societies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Disaster, Fire, Shanty town, South Africa, sociopolitical factors","Stewart, J., Swartz, L., Ward, C.",2012.0,,10.1002/jcop.20522,0,0,
5302,Are gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder rates attenuated in substance use disorder patients?,"We review 15 studies that examined rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in substance use disorder (SUD) patients to determine whether the typical female-greater-than- male gender difference in PTSD rates is attenuated in SUD samples. Since the majority of studies reviewed did not find a gender difference in PTSD rates, we critically examined methodological factors that might account for this attenuation, but none appeared to completely account for the variability in detection of gender differences across studies. Several factors may contribute to making rates of PTSD among SUD males equivalent to the high rates observed in SUD females: 1) the risky lifestyle associated with men's substance abuse may increase their exposure to traumatic events, 2) a history of more severe trauma characteristics may be apparent among men with SUDs, or 3) attenuated gender differences in rates of other comorbidities that increase PTSD risk (e.g., depression) may exist. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Comorbidity","Stewart, Sherry A., Grant, Valerie V., Ouimette, Paige, Brown, Pamela J.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5303,"Functional associations among trauma, PTSD, and substance-related disorders","This review article presents several potential functional pathways which may explain the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and substance abuse disorders in traumatized individuals. Emerging empirical studies which have examined these potential pathways are reviewed, including studies on relative order of onset, PTSD patients' perceptions of various drug effects, comparisons of PTSD patients with and without comorbid substance use disorders, and correlational studies examining the relations between severity of specific PTSD symptom clusters and substance disorder symptoms. Research on the acute and chronic effects of alcohol and other drugs on cognitive and physiological variables relevant to PTSD intrusion and arousal symptoms is reviewed to highlight ways in which these two sets of PTSD symptoms might be functionally interrelated with substance abuse. Finally, based on these findings, recommendations are made for the treatment of individuals with comorbid PTSD- substance use disorders.",,"Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., Conrod, P. J., Dongier, M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5304,Review of Post-traumatic stress disorder,"Reviews the book, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder edited by Dan J. Stein et al. (see record 2011-21915-000). This is the best current academic book on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that I know of. Its strengths are its evidence-based reviews of nosology, neurobiology, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and disaster mental health. It includes theoretical approaches in biological, developmental, psychological, and psychosocial dimensions. It addresses factors both in vulnerability and in resilience. Each chapter includes commentaries by experts, who give added perspective. The references, from a huge literature, are selective, current, extensive, and excellent. This is a fine book. For those treating patients with PTSD, conducting research, or involved in disaster psychiatry, this is essential reading, and worth owning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Drug Therapy, *Evidence Based Practice, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy","Stoddard, Frederick",2012.0,,,0,0,2113
5305,Young burned children: The course of acute stress and physiological and behavioral responses,"Objective: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are a focus of much research with older children, but little research has been conducted with young children, who account for about 40% of all pediatric burn injuries. This is a longitudinal study of 72 acutely burned children (12-48 months old) that assessed the course of acute posttraumatic symptoms and physiological reactivity. Method: Parents were interviewed shortly after their child was admitted to the hospital and 1 month after discharge. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) module. Nurses recorded the child's physiological data throughout the hospital stay. The child's physical and behavioral responses were assessed in a laboratory at about 1 month after discharge. Results: Reduced social smiling in the children was related to PTSD symptoms, as measured by the DICA, and heart rate at 24 hours and 7 days. Reduced vocalization was related to the child's rating of pain at 24 hours. Smiling and vocalizations were also related to some DICA cluster scores but not avoidance. Conclusions: Preschool children admitted to a burn unit demonstrated PTSD symptoms and physiological reactivity. There was a relation to the frequency of smiles and vocalizations.","acute stress disorder, article, behavior, burn, child hospitalization, childhood disease, diagnostic interview for children and adolescents, disease classification, facial expression, female, heart rate, hospital admission, hospital discharge, hospitalized child, human, interview, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, nurse, pain assessment, physiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, priority journal, scoring system, symptom, United States, vocalization","Stoddard, F. J., Ronfeldt, H., Kagan, J., Drake, J. E., Snidman, N., Murphy, J. M., Saxe, G., Burns, J., Sheridan, R. L.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5306,Preliminary evidence for the effects of morphine on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in one- to four-year-olds with burns,"This study tested the hypothesis that very young children who received more morphine for acute burns would have larger decreases in posttraumatic symptoms 3 to 6 months later. This has never before been studied in very young children, despite the high frequency of burns and trauma in this age group. Seventy 12- to 48-month-old nonvented children with acute burns admitted to a major pediatric burn center and their parents participated. Parents were interviewed at three time points: during their childg(euro)(trademark)s hospitalization, 1 month, and 3 to 6 months after discharge. Measures included the Child Stress Disorders Checklist g(euro)"" Burn Version (CSDC-B). Chart reviews were conducted to obtain childreng(euro)(trademark)s morphine dosages during hospitalization. Mean equivalency dosages of morphine (mg/kg/d) were calculated to combine oral and intravenous administrations. Eleven participants had complete 3 to 6-month data on the CSDC. The correlation between average morphine dose and amount of decrease in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on the CSDC (r (less-than or equal to) g'0.32) was similar to that found in studies with older children. The correlation between morphine dose and amount of decrease in symptoms on the arousal cluster of the CSDC was significant (r (less-than or equal to) g'0.63, P < .05). Findings from the current study suggest that, for young children, management of pain with higher doses of morphine may be associated with a decreasing number of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, especially those of arousal, in the months after major trauma. This extends, with very young children, the previous findings with 6- to 16-year olds. Copyright (copyright) 2009 by the American Burn Association.","morphine, anxiety, arousal, article, body surface, burn, burn unit, child, controlled study, demography, female, follow up, groups by age, hospital admission, hospital discharge, hospitalization, human, infant, interview, major clinical study, male, pain, postoperative period, posttraumatic stress disorder, preschool child, scoring system","Stoddard, F. J., Sorrentino, E. A., Ceranoglu, T. A., Saxe, G., Murphy, J. M., Drake, J. E., Ronfeldt, H., White, G. W., Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Sheridan, R. L., Tompkins, R. G.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5307,Sustained in vivo blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors prevented some of stress-triggered effects on steroidogenic machinery in Leydig cells,"This study was designed to systematically analyze and evaluate the effects of in vivo blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ADRs) on the stress-induced disturbance of steroidogenic machinery in Leydig cells. Parameters followed 1) steroidogenic enzymes/proteins, transcription factors, and cAMP/testosterone production; 2) the main hallmarks of stress (epinephrine, glucocorticoids); and 3) transcription profiles of ADRs and oxidases with high affinity to inactivate glucocorticoids. Results showed that sustained blockade of α1-ADRs prevented stress-induced 1) decrease of the transcripts/proteins for main steroidogenic CYPs (CYP11A1, CYP17A1); 2) decrease of Scarb1 and Hsd3b1 transcripts; 3) decrease of transcript for Nur77, one of the main activator of the steroidogenic expression; and 4) increase of Dax1 and Arr19, the main steroidogenic repressors in Leydig cells. In the same cells, the expression of steroidogenic stimulatory factor Creb1, StAR, and androgen receptor increased. In this signaling scenario, stress-induced stimulation of Adra1a/Adra1b/Adrbk1 and Hsd11b2 (the unidirectional oxidase with high affinity to inactivate glucocorticoids) was not changed. Blockade additionally stimulated stress-increased transcription of the most abundantly expressed ADRs Adra1d/Adrb1/Adrb2 in Leydig cells. In the same cells, stress-decreased testosterone production, the main marker of Leydig cells functionality, was completely prevented, while reduction of cAMP, the main regulator of androgenesis, was partially prevented. Accordingly, the presented data provide a new molecular/transcriptional base for ""fight/adaptation"" of steroidogenic cells and new molecular insights into the role of α1-ADRs in stress-impaired Leydig cell steroidogenesis. The results are important in term of wide use of α1-ADR selective antagonists, alone/in combination, to treat high blood pressure, nightmares associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, and disrupted sexual health. © 2013 the American Physiological Society.","α1-adrenergic receptors, Doxazosin, Steroidogenic machinery, Stress, Testosterone","Stojkov, N. J., Janjic, M. M., Baburski, A. Z., Mihajlovic, A. I., Drljaca, D. M., Sokanovic, S. J., Bjelic, M. M., Kostic, T. S., Andric, S. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5308,Effects of sensory-enhanced yoga on symptoms of combat stress in deployed military personnel,"OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of sensory-enhanced hatha yoga on symptoms of combat stress in deployed military personnel, compared their anxiety and sensory processing with that of stateside civilians, and identified any correlations between the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scales and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile quadrants. METHOD: Seventy military personnel who were deployed to Iraq participated in a randomized controlled trial. Thirty-five received 3 wk (≥9 sessions) of sensory-enhanced hatha yoga, and 35 did not receive any form of yoga. RESULTS: Sensory-enhanced hatha yoga was effective in reducing state and trait anxiety, despite normal pretest scores. Treatment participants showed significantly greater improvement than control participants on 16 of 18 mental health and quality-of-life factors. We found positive correlations between all test measures except sensory seeking. Sensory seeking was negatively correlated with all measures except low registration, which was insignificant. CONCLUSION: The results support using sensory-enhanced hatha yoga for proactive combat stress management.","Anxiety, Combat disorders, Sensation, Sensation disorders, Stress disorders, post-traumatic, Yoga","Stoller, C. C., Greuel, J. H., Cimini, L. S., Fowler, M. S., Koomar, J. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5309,A longitudinal study of the role of cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters,"Background and Objectives: Research examining the role of cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has largely been cross-sectional studies and few studies have examined cortisol in relation to specific symptom clusters. Examining cortisol in relation to specific PTSD symptom clusters could aid in identifying candidates for symptom-specific treatments. Hence, cortisol was examined in relation to specific PTSD symptom clusters including reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms. Design: A repeated-measures longitudinal design was utilized to predict PTSD symptom clusters. Methods: Mothers of children (N = 27) diagnosed with cancer completed a measure of PTSD, and they provided salivary cortisol samples at the time of their child's diagnosis as well as monthly for the following 12 months. Results: Multi-level modeling analyses revealed that higher cortisol levels were significantly related to higher levels of numbing symptoms. Although numbing symptoms declined as cortisol levels declined across 12 months postcancer diagnosis, mothers with higher cortisol levels still reported more numbing symptoms. Reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms were not found to be related to cortisol level across time. Conclusions: The findings offer support for the role of cortisol in the manifestation of numbing symptoms. Further research is recommended with other trauma groups to maximize generalizations.","cortisol, etiology, neurobiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, women","Stoppelbein, L., Greening, L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5310,Early childhood behavior trajectories and the likelihood of experiencing a traumatic event and PTSD by young adulthood,"This study modeled children's trajectories of teacher rated aggressive-disruptive behavior problems assessed at six time points between the ages of 6 and 11 and explored the likelihood of being exposed to DSM-IV qualifying traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 837 urban first graders (71% African American) followed-up for 15 years. Childhood trajectories of chronic high or increasing aggressive-disruptive behavior distinguished males more likely to be exposed to an assaultive violence event as compared to males with a constant course of low behavior problems (ORchronichigh = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3, 6.1 and ORincreasing = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.3, 9.1, respectively). Among females, exposure to traumatic events and vulnerability to PTSD did not vary by behavioral trajectory. The findings illustrate that repeated assessments of disruptive classroom behavior during early school years identifies more fully males at increased risk for PTSD-level traumatic events, than a single measure at school entry does. (copyright) Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt 2009.","adult, African American, aggression, article, assault, behavior disorder, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disruptive behavior, female, follow up, human, life event, major clinical study, male, mental health care, mental stress, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, school admission, school health service, violence","Storr, C. L., Schaeffer, C. M., Petras, H., Ialongo, N. S., Breslau, N.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5311,Longitudinal interactions of pain and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in u.S. Military service members following blast exposure,"Military personnel returning from conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan often endorse pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, either separately or concurrently. Associations between pain and PTSD symptoms may be further complicated by blast exposure from explosive munitions. Although many studies have reported on the prevalence and disability associated with polytraumatic injuries following combat, less is known about symptom maintenance over time. Accordingly, this study examined longitudinal interactive models of co-occurring pain and PTSD symptoms in a sample of 209 military personnel (mean age = 27.4 years, standard deviation = 7.6) who experienced combat-related blast exposure. Autoregressive cross-lagged analysis examined longitudinal associations between self-reported pain and PTSD symptoms over a 1-year period. The best-fitting covariate model indicated that pain and PTSD were significantly associated with one another across all assessment periods, 2 (3) = 3.66, P = .30, Tucker-Lewis index = .98, comparative fit index = 1.00, root mean squared error of approximation = .03. PTSD symptoms had a particularly strong influence on subsequent pain symptoms. The relationship between pain and PTSD symptoms is related to older age, race, and traumatic brain injury characteristics. Results further the understanding of complex injuries among military personnel and highlight the need for comprehensive assessment and rehabilitation efforts addressing the interdependence of pain and co-occurring mental health conditions. PERSPECTIVE: This longitudinal study demonstrates that pain and PTSD symptoms strongly influence one another and interact across time. These findings have the potential to inform the integrative assessment and treatment of military personnel with polytrauma injuries and who are at risk for persistent deployment-related disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Stratton, Kelcey J., Clark, Shaunna L., Hawn, Sage E., Amstadter, Ananda B., Cifu, David X., Walker, William C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5312,Pain descriptors used by military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan following combat-related blast experience,"Pain complaints are highly prevalent among military personnel of the combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, due, in part, to blast-related injuries. Further, pain often co-occurs with conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury, thereby complicating assessment. An accurate understanding of pain characteristics in the context of polytrauma injuries has the potential to improve diagnostic and treatment options. The present study examined the factor structure of the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire in a sample of 209 U.S. military service members and veterans who reported blast experience during combat deployment. Factor analysis yielded a 4-factor solution that included a unique pain profile associated with the descriptors ""aching,"" ""tender,"" and ""splitting."" Individuals reporting head, lower back, and knee pain scored highly on this factor, suggesting that these pain descriptors may be particularly relevant to the types of injuries most frequently sustained by the military personnel in our sample.","Blast injuries, Factor analysis, Military personnel, Pain, Veterans","Stratton, K. J., Wells, B. D., Hawn, S. E., Amstadter, A. B., Cifu, D. X., Walker, W. C.",2015.0,,10.1037/mil0000089,0,0,
5313,Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales,,,"Straus, M. A.",1979.0,,,0,0,
5314,Post-traumatic stress symptoms and trauma exposure in youth with first episode bipolar disorder,"Aims: To examine the prevalence of trauma exposure as well as the rates and effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents with bipolar disorder following a first manic episode. Methods: Adolescents (12-18 years) with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder and experiencing their first manic or mixed episode were recruited. Participants underwent structured diagnostic interviews, completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), and were prospectively evaluated using diagnostic, symptomatic and functional assessments over the course of 12 months. Results: Seventy-six adolescents (14.9 +/- 1.7 years) completed the TSCC and 66% (50 individuals) reported exposure to traumatic events. Two (3%) subjects met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, 11 (14%) had post-traumatic stress t-scores >65, the threshold for clinically significant symptoms. Subjects with and without post-traumatic stress t-scores >65 did not differ in demographic characteristics. When compared by t-score, TSCC subscores of the first episode bipolar adolescents were similar to normative data. Regression models incorporating TSCC subcomponents, did not predict syndromic recovery or recurrence or symptomatic recovery. Conclusions: Rates of PTSD were lower in this sample of bipolar adolescents at the time of their first hospitalization compared with rates in samples of bipolar adults. These differences coupled with the low incidence of PTSD and trauma symptoms in this young sample suggests that bipolar disorder may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD later in the course of illness or following recurrent affective episodes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bipolar Disorder, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms","Strawn, Jeffrey R., Adler, Caleb M., Fleck, David E., Hanseman, Dennis, Maue, Danielle K., Bitter, Samantha, Kraft, Elizabeth M., Geracioti, Thomas D., Strakowski, Stephen M., DelBello, Melissa P.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5315,The factorial version of the PTSD Inventory (PTSD-F): The development of a questionnaire aimed at assessing basic dimensions of post-traumatic stress disorder,"The aim of the study is to present the process of development and psychometric properties of the factorial version of the PTSD Inventory (PTSD-F). The inventory serves for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. The symptoms described by the DSM-IV manual constituted the basis for constructing the inventory. Data on which statistical analyses were performed refer to two samples of flood victims (N=396 and N=281) aged from 13 to 85 years and a group of coal miners (aged from 23 to 54 years) who experienced a mining accident. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in separating two interrelated scales as well as a total scale reflecting the overall PTSD intensity. This version contains 30 items (15 for each scale) and demonstrates very high reliability ( Cronbach) in all samples. Evidence for validity of the PTSD-F Inventory is based on expected correlations with temperament traits as measured by the Formal Characteristics of Behavior-Temperament Inventory and with trait-anxiety assessed by means of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Validity of the inventory has been also supported by demographic variables, objective measures of trauma, and changes in PTSD scores recorded after different periods of experienced disaster. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Industrial Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Questionnaires","Strelau, Jan, Zawadzki, Bogdan, Oniszczenko, Wlodzimierz, Sobolewski, Adam",2002.0,,,0,0,
5316,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Gulf War veterans,,,"Stretch, R. H., Marlowe, D. H., Wright, K. M., Bliese, P. D., Knudson, K. H., Hoover, C. H.",1996.0,,,0,0,
5317,Video testimony of long-term hospitalized psychiatrically ill holocaust survivors,"Objective: Many Holocaust survivors who have both psychotic disorders and residual symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remain chronically hospitalized in psychiatric institutions. This study investigated the clinical benefits of a therapeutic process facilitating a detailed videotaped account of traumatic experience (testimony method) in elderly long-term hospitalized Holocaust survivors. Method: Twenty-four schizophrenia patients (mean age=72.2 years) who were chronically hospitalized in Israeli state psychiatric hospitals underwent assessment by blind rating with a battery of psychiatric rating scales before and 4 months after extensive videotaped interview. The rating scales included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; Clinical Global Impression (CGI); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Form 2; and Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress. Full pre- and postinterview data were available for 21 patients. Results: Thirty-eight percent of the patients met the criteria for PTSD at the first interview, compared with only 19% at the second interview. The patients had significant reductions in functional impairment and in the severity and intensity of all posttraumatic symptom clusters (intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal); the avoidance cluster showed the most reduction. Eleven subjects had an improvement of 30% or more in total posttraumatic severity score. No differences in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, MMSE, Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress, and CGI total scores were noted postinterview or between the two preinterview evaluation batteries in the comparison group. Female patients had a higher prevalence of PTSD symptoms. Total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Form 2, scores and total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores were inversely correlated both at baseline and at follow-up. Conclusions: Study observations suggest clinical benefits of the testimony method in the alleviation of many posttraumatic symptoms, but not psychosis, in a cohort of psychiatrically ill Holocaust survivors, despite an interval of as many as 60 years since the traumatic events. The findings have implications for care and rehabilitation of patients many years after acute traumatic events.","adult, aged, arousal, article, avoidance behavior, clinical article, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale, crime, disease severity, female, follow up, functional assessment, hospitalization, human, Israel, male, mental hospital, Mini Mental State Examination, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychosis, rating scale, schizophrenia, structured interview for disorders of extreme stress, symptomatology, witness","Strous, R. D., Weiss, M., Felsen, I., Finkel, B., Melamed, Y., Bleich, A., Kotler, M., Laub, D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5318,The equivalence of traditional and diagnostic classification model approaches in analyzing empirical and simulated posttraumatic stress disorder data,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a log-linear cognitive diagnosis model (LCDM) as compared to three traditional scoring methods for the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as measured by the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) civilian and military versions. Both civilian (empirical) and military (simulated) data were used in this study. Changes in the measurement and structure of PTSD have occurred over the years, especially as it related to military Veterans. Just recently in 2013, the diagnostic criteria for PTSD was changed to a four-dimensional diagnosis, although this study used the pre-2013 three-dimensional diagnosis due to the time period and instruments used to collect the empirical sample and the original samples used as parameters for the simulated data. Model parameters, respondent estimates, respondent classifications, and rates of agreement between the diagnostic methods were explored for both empirical and simulated data and further for sample size differences with the simulated data. The LCDM structural model was found to be comparable to the CFA model and the average item intercept -.539, showing that roughly 37% of respondents who were not positive for any PTSD clusters endorsed the item as being a problem they experienced. The average main effect parameter was 2.318, the size of which is relative to the size of the intercept where the lower intercepts and higher main effects showed more discrimination between those respondents who were ill or not ill with PTSD. Since posttraumatic stress disorder is both a compensatory and non-compensatory diagnosis the LCDM was evaluated on how well it was able to reflect these dimensions in the respondent estimates and classifications. Overall, the LCDM performed poorly compared to the traditional scoring, with the LCDM performing better at the symptom cluster level than at the diagnostic level. The potential utility of this feedback to a practicing clinician was found to be not yet suitable to clinical practice, but this study shows an opportunity to refine the PCL instrument to perform better in the LCDM framework, or to develop an instrument that is more discriminating and may be useful in differential diagnosis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Struwe, Leeza A.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5319,"Posttraumatic stress and well-being following relationship dissolution: Coping, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms from past trauma, and traumatic growth","This study investigated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and psychological comorbidity following dating relationship dissolution. The roles of coping, posttraumatic growth, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity from past trauma were analyzed. Participants (n = 187) were recruited through an online survey. Emotion-focused coping and PTSD severity from past trauma were positively associated with higher levels of PTSS and psychological comorbidity. Posttraumatic growth was negatively associated with psychological comorbidity; problem-focused coping was negatively associated with PTSS. Emotion-focused coping and PTSD severity from past trauma appeared to be risk factors for psychological outcomes, while posttraumatic growth and problem-focused coping were found to be protective factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Coping Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Relationship Termination, Trauma, Well Being, Posttraumatic Growth","Studley, Bhaveena, Chung, Man Cheung",2015.0,,,0,0,
5320,Recovery from mild traumatic brain injury: A focus on fatigue,,,"Stulemeijer, M., Van Der Werf, S., Bleijenberg, G., Biert, J., Brauer, J., E.vos, P.",2006.0,,10.1007/s00415-006-0156-5,0,0,
5321,A prospective study on paediatric traffic injuries: Health-related quality of life and post-traumatic stress,,,"Sturms, L., van der Sluis, C. K., Stewart, R. E., Groothoff, J. W., ten Duis, H. J., Eisma, W. H.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
5322,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, hypnotizability, and imagery","Twenty-six Vietnam veterans were studied to determine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and hypnotizability. The intensity of their posttraumatic stress disorder was measured by a self-report. Their hypnotizability scores, vividness of imagery scores, and symptomatic profiles were also ascertained. Veterans with low or no posttraumatic stress disorder scores had normal hypnotizability scores and normal imagery scores, whereas those with high posttraumatic stress disorder scores had high hypnotizability scores and high imagery scores. The authors conclude that either combat traumas enhanced hypnotic potential in some veterans or that veterans with excellent hypnotic potential to begin with were more susceptible to posttraumatic stress.",,"Stutman, R. K., Bliss, E. L.",1985.0,,,0,0,
5323,A three-year follow-up study of the psychosocial predictors of delayed and unresolved post-traumatic stress disorder in Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake survivors,"Aims: To predict the longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors three years following a catastrophic earthquake using multivariate data presented six months after the earthquake. Methods: Trained assistants and psychiatrists used the Disaster-related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) to interview earthquake survivors 16 years and older and to assess current and incidental psychopathology. A total of 1756 respondents were surveyed over the three-year follow-up period. Results: A total of 38 (9.1%) of the original 418 PTSD subjects and 40 of the original 1338 (3.0%) non-PTSD subjects were identified as having PTSD at the 3-year post-earthquake follow up. Younger age, significant financial loss, and memory/attention impairment were predictive factors of unresolved PTSD and delayed PTSD. Conclusions: The longitudinal course of PTSD three years after the earthquake could be predicted as early as six months after the earthquake on the basis of demographic data, PTSD-related factors, and putative factors for PTSD. © 2010 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.","Disaster-related Psychological Screening Test, Earthquake survivors, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Su, C. Y., Tsai, K. Y., Chou, F. H. C., Ho, W. W., Liu, R., Lin, W. K.",2010.0,,10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02087.x,0,0,
5324,Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder,"A number of studies have been done to investigate the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study we aimed to test the relationship between plasma BDNF levels and PTSD. We solicited 65 subjects having recently experienced road traffic accidents (RTA) conforming to screening criteria. They were given follow-up examinations after one month, three months, and six months. PTSD was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-R-TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2000) using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). All participants were divided into two groups: a group with PTSD and a group without PTSD. There were no significant differences in plasma BDNF levels between the two groups at either the 48h or six-month examination. Within the PTSD group, no significant differences were found in plasma BDNF levels between the two examinations. BDNF levels in those without PTSD showed a higher trend over time after trauma. Higher BDNF levels may be an important protective factor for the prevention of traumatized subjects from developing PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Nerve Growth Factor, Stress, Trauma, mRNA","Su, Shanshan, Xiao, Zeping, Lin, Zhiguang, Qiu, Yongming, Jin, Yichao, Wang, Zhen",2015.0,,,0,0,
5325,Dysregulated mitochondrial genes and networks with drug targets in postmortem brain of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) revealed by human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with decreased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the brain region that regulates working memory and preparation and selection of fear responses. We investigated gene expression profiles in DLPFC Brodmann area (BA) 46 of postmortem patients with (n=6) and without PTSD (n=6) using human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays. Our study revealed PTSD-specific expression fingerprints of 800 informative mitochondria-focused genes across all of these 12 BA46 samples, and 119 (+/->1.25, p<0.05) and 42 (+/->1.60, p<0.05) dysregulated genes between the PTSD and control samples. Quantitative RT-PCR validated the microarray results. These fingerprints can essentially distinguish the PTSD DLPFC BA46 brains from controls. Of the 119 dysregulated genes (+/-> or =125%, p<0.05), the highest percentages were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (4.8%, p=6.61 x 10(-6)), oxidative phosphorylation (3.8%, p=9.04 x 10(-4)), cell survival-apoptosis (25.2%, p<0.05) and neurological diseases (23.5%, p<0.05). Fifty (50) dysregulated genes were present in the molecular networks that are known to be involved in neuronal function-survival and contain 7 targets for neuropsychiatric drugs. Thirty (30) of the dysregulated genes are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results indicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the PTSD DLPFC BA46 and provide the expression fingerprints that may ultimately serve as biomarkers for PTSD diagnosis and the drugs and molecular targets that may prove useful for development of remedies for prevention and treatment of PTSD.","Adult, Brain/*metabolism, Cluster Analysis, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genes, Mitochondrial/*genetics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/*methods, Postmortem Changes, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*genetics, Biomarker, Brain dorsolateral prefrontal cortex BA46, Canonical pathways, Gene expression pattern, Mitochondria, Molecular networks, Neuropsychiatric drug targets, Ptsd","Su, Y. A., Wu, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Su, D. M., He, P., Wang, B. D., Li, H., Webster, M. J., Rennert, O. M., Ursano, R. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5326,Dysregulated mitochondrial genes and networks with drug targets in postmortem brain of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) revealed by human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with decreased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the brain region that regulates working memory and preparation and selection of fear responses. We investigated gene expression profiles in DLPFC Brodmann area (BA) 46 of postmortem patients with (n=6) and without PTSD (n=6) using human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays. Our study revealed PTSD-specific expression fingerprints of 800 informative mitochondria-focused genes across all of these 12 BA46 samples, and 119 (±&gt;1.25, p&lt;0.05) and 42 (±&gt;1.60, p&lt;0.05) dysregulated genes between the PTSD and control samples. Quantitative RT-PCR validated the microarray results. These fingerprints can essentially distinguish the PTSD DLPFC BA46 brains from controls. Of the 119 dysregulated genes (±≥125%, p&lt;0.05), the highest percentages were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (4.8%, p=6.61×10-6), oxidative phosphorylation (3.8%, p=9.04×10-4), cell survival-apoptosis (25.2%, p&lt;0.05) and neurological diseases (23.5%, p&lt;0.05). Fifty (50) dysregulated genes were present in the molecular networks that are known to be involved in neuronal function-survival and contain 7 targets for neuropsychiatric drugs. Thirty (30) of the dysregulated genes are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results indicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the PTSD DLPFC BA46 and provide the expression fingerprints that may ultimately serve as biomarkers for PTSD diagnosis and the drugs and molecular targets that may prove useful for development of remedies for prevention and treatment of PTSD. © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved.","Biomarker, Brain dorsolateral prefrontal cortex BA46, Canonical pathways, Gene expression pattern, Mitochondria, Molecular networks, Neuropsychiatric drug targets, PTSD","Su, Y. A., Wu, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Su, D. M., He, P., Wang, B. D., Li, H., Webster, M. J., Rennert, O. M., Ursano, R. J., Benedek, D., Holloway, H., Hough, C. J., Duman, R., Friedman, M., Krystal, J., Leskin, G., Meyerhoff, J., Osuch, E.",2008.0,,,0,0,5325
5327,"The association between post-traumatic stress-related symptoms, resilience, current stress and past exposure to violence: A cross sectional study of the survival of Quechua women in the aftermath of the Peruvian armed conflict","Background: The long lasting resilience of individuals and communities affected by mass violence has not been given equal prominence as their suffering. This has often led to psychosocial interventions in post-conflict zones being unresponsive to local realities and ill-equipped to foster local strengths. Responding to the renewed interest in resilience in the field of violence and health, this study examines the resilience and post-traumatic responses of Indigenous Quechua women in the aftermath of the political violence in Peru (1980-2000). Methods. A cross-sectional study examined the relationship between resilience, post-traumatic responses, exposure to violence during the conflict and current life stress on 151 Quechua women participants. Purposive and convenience sampling strategies were used for recruitment in Ayacucho, the area most exposed to violence. The study instruments were translated to Quechua and Spanish and cross-culturally validated. Data was analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. A locally informed trauma questionnaire of local idioms of distress was also included in the analysis. Findings. Sixty percent of women (n = 91) were recruited from Ayacucho city and the rest from three rural villages; the mean age was 45 years old. Despite high levels of exposure to violence, only 9.3% of the sample presented a level of symptoms that indicated possible PTSD. Resilience did not contribute to the overall variance of post-traumatic stress related symptoms, which was predicted by past exposure to violence, current life stress, age, and schooling (R §ssup§ 2 §esup§ =.421). Resilience contributed instead to the variance of avoidance symptoms (Stand β = -.198, t = -2.595, p = 0.010) while not for re-experiencing or arousal symptoms. Conclusions: These findings identified some of the pathways in which resilience and post-traumatic responses interrelate in the aftermath of violence; yet, they also point to the complexity of their relationship, which is not fully explained by linear associations, requiring further examination. Age and gender-sensitive health care is considered critical almost fifteen years after the end of the conflict. The notable resilience of Quechua women - despite exposure to a continuum of violence and social inequalities - also calls for enhanced recognition of women not only as victims of violence but also as complex social actors in the reconstruction of post-conflict societies. © 2013 Suarez; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Peru, Political violence, Posttraumatic stress, Quechua women, Resilience","Suarez, E. B.",2013.0,,10.1186/1752-1505-7-21,0,0,
5328,Traumatic stress and psychopathology: Experiences of a trauma clinic,"Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the profile of individuals referred to the psychiatrist for assessment in terms of their demographic features, trauma experienced, diagnosis according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV), and recommendations made by the psychiatrist. Method: The trauma clinic, a key component of the Victim Empowerment Programme (VEP) of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) in Johannesburg, South Africa is a multidisciplinary unit offering counselling and debriefing services to victims/survivors of violence. The staff consists of trained therapists (clinical, research and educational psychologists), social workers and a psychiatric nurse. Since 1998, a psychiatrist has been consulting at the clinic as well. A retrospective case review of all intake notes and progress notes of the clients was undertaken. The period of the survey was 1999-2002. Results: Of 3668 individuals presenting to the centre, 127 were referred to the resident psychiatrist for assessment. 119 were assessed. The majority were in the age range 15-45, unmarried and unemployed. Children under the age of 15 and refugees constituted 9.9% and 30% respectively. Major Depression was the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric condition (17.6%), with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), diagnosed less than expected (5.9%). Co-morbidity was common. Medication was prescribed for 66.4% of the sample, with a further 5.9% hospitalised. Conclusion: Not all individuals exposed to trauma develop PTSD, with mood disorders possibly being more common.","antidepressant agent, serotonin uptake inhibitor, adolescent, adult, article, borderline state, comorbidity, consultation, controlled study, demography, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ethnic or racial aspects, female, geographic distribution, health survey, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, marriage, medical staff, mental disease, mental health service, mental stress, mood disorder, patient counseling, patient referral, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatrist, refugee, retrospective study, social worker, South Africa, unemployment, victim, violence","Subramaney, U.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5329,"Personality, depressive symptoms and prior trauma exposure of new recruits at two metropolitan police service academies in South Africa","Background. Police officers are predisposed to trauma exposure. The development of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be influenced by personality style, prior exposure to traumatic events and prior depression. Objectives. To describe the personality profiles of new Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) officers, and to determine the association between personality profiles, trauma exposure and depressive symptoms. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 139 new recruits at two MPS academies in South Africa. A questionnaire elucidating traumatic life events and personality profiles was developed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). Results. Almost all subjects (99.3%) had previous trauma exposure, most commonly the unexpected death of a loved one and motor vehicle accidents. Prevalence of clinical depression was low (mean HAMD 3.57; standard deviation ±3.37). Personality characteristics revealed a high prevalence of anxiety (64.7%; 95% CI 56.8 - 72.6), depressive clinical patterns (34.5%; 95% CI 26.6 - 42.2), paranoia (33.1 %; 95% CI 26.6 - 42.2) and major depression (10.3%; 95% CI 5.1 - 15.1). There were no significant associations between any of the traumatic events and depressive symptoms, nor were there any significant associations between any of the personality variables and HAMD score (p>0.05). Conclusion. The presence of depressive symptoms among MPS officers was low, with no significant associations between traumatic events, personality variables and depressive symptoms.",,"Subramaney, U., Libhaber, E., Pitts, N., Vorster, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5330,HPA axis and immune responses in a Metro police cohort susceptible to PTSD,"Police officers represent a special group affected by occupationrelated Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). We conducted a prospective study, following new Metro police recruits for the initial twelve months of employment, to investigate whether several psychological and physiological factors provide early evidence of the development of PTSD. Recruits that volunteered to participate (n = 147) completed a personality profile on entrance to the Metro force. At this time, each subject also provided blood and saliva samples and completed a 24-h collection of urine. At 3-month intervals, each subject completed the Hamilton depression rating (HAM-D) and assessments for PTSD (CAPS and IES-R) and provided further blood, saliva and 24-h urine samples, over five visits (V1 to V5). Since PTSD is associated with altered HPA axis activity, early morning blood and saliva cortisol were measured, while urine samples provided an indication of 24-h HPA activity. Development of psychopathology is also attributed to inflammatory processes, so blood concentrations of Il-6 and TNF were measured at each visit. Plasma cortisol initially declined, then increased significantly from V3 to V5. The 24-h urine cortisol increased progressively from V1 to V5. Important correlations were only seen when the group was divided into LOW and HIGH responders at each visit. Changes in plasma and urine cortisol correlated with HAM-D, IES-R and CAPS scores mainly recorded at previous visits, suggesting an increase of allostatic load.","hydrocortisone, interleukin 6, posttraumatic stress disorder, immune response, psychophysiology, police, society, pathophysiology, prevention, blood, human, saliva, Impact of Events Scale, hydrocortisone urine level, urinalysis, hydrocortisone blood level, plasma, employment, personality, prospective study, mental disease, inflammation, urine","Subramaney, U., Vorster, M., Pitts, N.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5331,"Social support, posttraumatic stress, and postpartum depressive symptomatology among Japanese women","Background: In Japan, 13% of new mothers suffered from elevated postpartum depressive symptomatology (PPDS), and one-third of women had posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms following birth. Western researchers reported that women with elevated PPDS often had more PTS symptoms following birth. Although the importance of social support to alleviate PTS or PPDS has been reported, the role of social support in the relationship between PTS and PPDS is not known. Understanding how social support affects the relationship between PTS and PPDS is necessary to develop effective interventions to prevent elevated PPDS. Purpose: To examine the role of social support in the relationship between PTS and PPDS among Japanese women. Design and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis. The study sample consisted of 207 Japanese women between one and three months after giving birth. Based on the Stress Process Model, two conceptual models (moderation and mediation), consisting of four study concepts (PPDS, PTS, social support, and maternal background factors) were examined, as well as the prediction model to examine the direct effect of each predictor on PPDS. PPDS was measured with the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale Short Form. PTS was measured with two items of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Social support (by a partner/others) was measured with the adaptation of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. Both multiple linear regressions and path analyses were used to examine the proposed models. Results: Ninety-seven (46.9%) women had elevated PPDS. One hundred two (49.3%) women experienced at least one PTS symptom. PTS following birth ( = .24), health promotion behaviors ( = -.31), partner support ( = -.15), others' support ( = - .14), physical health problems ( = .14), and parity ( = -.13) had significant direct effects on PPDS (R2 = .30). However, neither a moderating effect of social support on the relationship between PTS and PPDS nor a mediating effect of PTS on the relationship between social support and PPDS was supported in this study. Conclusions: Mental health care focusing on PTS following birth will contribute to preventing depressive symptoms. From the current study results, alternative moderation and mediation models that include coping or self-concepts are suggested for future study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Birth, *Mothers, *Postpartum Depression, *Social Support, Stress, Symptoms","Sugimoto, Keiko",2014.0,,,0,0,
5332,The role of craniocerebral trauma in the dynamics of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Study aim: To address the question of the dynamics of the clinical signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the strength of their relationship with organic changes in the brain. Materials and methods: A longitudinal observations study of 87 combat veterans during the Karabakh war of 1992-1994 was performed in 2009-2011. Two groups of patients were identified. Group 1 consisted of 45 veterans who had sustained mild combat-related craniocerebral trauma followed by the development of PTSD; group 2 consisted of 42 veterans with organic brain damage of traumatic origin. Full general somatic and neurological investigations of patients were undertaken, along with assessment of the patients' status using a set of psychometric and other scales (including scales for assessment of post-traumatic reactions-the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD). Results and conclusions: Analysis of patients' status during the study and comparison with data relating to the time at which trauma was sustained showed that the groups of patients with PTSD were characterized, despite some reduction in post-traumatic symptomatology, by a higher level of severity of all PTSD symptoms during the whole of the 15-18 years of disease development, with simultaneous increases in organic mental changes. In patients with organic brain lesions, the corresponding symptomatology was more severe immediately after the traumatic event than at the time of the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Brain Damage, Trauma","Sukiasyan, S. G., Tadevosyan, M. Ya",2015.0,,,0,0,
5333,Olanzapine augmentation in alleviating treatment-resistant nightmares and insomnia in patients with combat-related PTSD,"Purpose of the study: Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) is a highly prevalent, yet poorly recognized syndrome characterized by intense reaction (fear, horror, and helplessness) to extreme traumatic stressor and it is a highly prevalent (7.8% lifetime rate) anxiety disorder [1]. Sleep disturbances are hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Subjective reports of sleep disturbance indicate that 70-91% of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have difficulty falling or staying asleep. Nightmares are reported by 19-71% of patients, depending on the severity of their PTSD and their exposure to physical aggression. Studies of PTSD treatment with sertraline [2] provide evidence for its efficacy in reducing symptoms and its favorable profile of side-effects. Nightmares and insomnia in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might be resistant to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines. Sertraline is a potent and selective inhibitor of the neuronal reuptake of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine;5-HT). Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic, classified as a thienobenzodiazepine for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Also in clinical practice is effective for the treatment of PTSD and resistance unipolar depression as augmentation and in relapse prevention. The purpose of present study was to assess efficacy and safety of sertraline with olanzapine augmentation in alleviating treatmentresistant nightmares and insomnia in patients with combat-related PTSD [3]. Methods: Single centre, nonrandomized, open-label, parallel groups, drug interaction study, in 10 outpatients diagnosed as PTSD,according to ICD-10 Classification, received sertraline (50- 200 mg AM.) as monotherapy or in combination with olanzapine (10-20 mg b.t.) Subjects were divided into two groups-sertraline group (4) and sertraline in combination with olanzapine group (6). All subjects were assessed prior to treatment and in 1 month-follow-up and 3 months follow-up using the standardized instruments for assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder: the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impressions scale. Results: A significant improvement in PTSD symptoms was found in all two groups after treatment period,but patients cotreated with olanzapine showed higher response rates at earlier evaluations. Both nightmares and insomnia improved rapidly after olanzapine institution in all of five patients. No adverse events of olanzapine were reported. The subject distribution was in favor in sertraline/olanzapine group who represented 60% of the sample while remaining 40% of the subjects were in sertraline group. A significant improvement in PTSD symptoms was found in all two groups after treatment period,but patients co-treated with olanzapine showed higher response rates at earlier evaluations. The mean reduction of total HAMD score was 39.5% in sertraline group and 41.1% in sertraline/olanzapine group. The results obtained on the Clinical Global Impression Scale indicate that the mean decline was 36.7% (sertraline group) and 39.4% (sertraline/olanzapine group). Conclusions: Sertraline as monotherapy or combined with atypical antipsyhotic is effective and safe in treatment of PTSD. Olanzapine augmentation might be useful in alleviating treatmentresistant nightmares and insomnia in patients with combat-related PTSD.","olanzapine, sertraline, serotonin, atypical antipsychotic agent, benzodiazepine derivative, serotonin uptake inhibitor, human, nightmare, insomnia, patient, European, college, psychopharmacology, posttraumatic stress disorder, Clinical Global Impression scale, follow up, monotherapy, sleep disorder, lifespan, schizophrenia, helplessness, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, fear, classification, outpatient, drug interaction, safety, prevention, side effect, relapse, major depression, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, aggression, clinical practice, bipolar disorder, exposure, anxiety disorder, ICD-10","Sulejmanpasic-Arslanagic, G., Bise Srebrenka, B.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5334,"Cumulative effect of multiple trauma on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in adolescents","Background: Recent literature has indicated that exposure to multiple traumatic events in adults is associated with high levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Against the backdrop of stressful life events and childhood abuse and neglect, we investigated the cumulative effect of multiple trauma exposure on PTSD, anxiety, and depression in an adolescent sample. Method: One thousand one hundred forty 10th-grade learners from 9 Cape Town (South Africa) schools completed questionnaires on stressful life experiences; trauma exposure; and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Our population of interest for this study was adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years who had been exposed to serious, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, qualifying traumatic events. The final sample size was thus 922. Results: Rates of trauma exposure, PTSD, depression, and anxiety were high. Controlling for sex, stressful life experiences in the past year, and childhood adversity, we found an effect of cumulative trauma exposure effect on PTSD and depression, with an increase in the number of traumas linearly associated with an increase in symptoms of PTSD (F(4,912) = 7.60, P &lt; .001) and depression (F(4,912) = 2.77, P &lt; .05). We did not find a cumulative effect on anxiety. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that adolescents exposed to multiple traumas are more likely to experience more severe symptoms of PTSD and depression than those who experience a single event, with this effect independent of childhood adversity and everyday stressful life experiences. Exposure to multiple trauma, however, does not seem to be associated with more severe anxiety symptoms. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Suliman, S., Mkabile, S. G., Fincham, D. S., Ahmed, R., Stein, D. J., Seedat, S.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.06.006,0,0,
5335,DSM-IV personality disorders and their axis I correlates in the South African population,"BACKGROUND: The prevalence of personality disorders (PD) in the South African population is largely unknown. Thus, we undertook to estimate prevalence, demographic correlates, co-morbidity and treatment rates of DSM-IV PD among South Africans. SAMPLING AND METHODS: A three-stage probability sample design was used. Of the 4,433 interviews obtained, based on quality control criteria, 4,315 interviews were retained for analysis. All participants were screened for PD and axis I disorders with the World Health Organisation Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The multiple imputation method was then used to estimate prevalence. RESULTS: The multiple imputation prevalence estimate in the total sample was 6.8%. All three PD clusters were significantly co-morbid with each other and with other axis I disorders. Male gender was the only significant predictor of PD. Of note was the finding that less than one fifth of participants with a possible PD diagnosis had received treatment for a mental health or substance abuse problem in the previous 12 months. CONCLUSION: The high co-morbidity of PD with axis I disorders in South Africa is consistent with previous reports elsewhere. However, more research is indicated to determine the reasons for the higher prevalence of cluster A disorders than of cluster B and C disorders in this population.","Adult, Aged, Comorbidity, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Ethnic Groups/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/ethnology/psychology, Middle Aged, Personality Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/ethnology/psychology, South Africa, Young Adult","Suliman, S., Stein, D. J., Williams, D. R., Seedat, S.",2008.0,,10.1159/000152377; 10.1159/000152377,0,0,
5336,Catastrophizing and perceived injustice: risk factors for the transition to chronicity after whiplash injury,"The article will summarize research that has supported the role of pain catastrophizing and perceived injustice as risk factors for problematic recovery after whiplash injury. This article focuses on two psychological variables that have been shown to impact on recovery trajectories after whiplash injury; namely pain catastrophizing and perceived injustice. Research has shown that psychological variables play a role in determining the trajectory of recovery after whiplash injury. This article will focus on two psychological variables that have been shown to impact on recovery trajectories after whiplash injury; namely pain catastrophizing and perceived injustice. The article will summarize research that has supported the role of pain catastrophizing and perceived injustice as risk factors for problematic recovery after whiplash injury. Several investigations have shown that measures of catastrophizing and perceived injustice prospectively predict problematic trajectories of recovery after whiplash injury. Basic research points to the potential roles of expectancies, attention, coping and endogenous opioid dysregulation as possible avenues through which catastrophizing might heighten the probability of the persistence of pain after whiplash injury. Although research has yet to systematically address the mechanisms by which perceived injustice might contribute to prolonged disability in individuals with whiplash injuries, there are grounds for suggesting the potential contributions of catastrophizing, pain behavior and anger. A challenge for future research will be the development and evaluation of risk factor-targeted interventions aimed at reducing catastrophizing and perceived injustice to improve recovery trajectories after whiplash injury.",,"Sullivan, M. J., Adams, H., Martel, M. O., Scott, W., Wideman, T.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5337,Differential relationships of childhood abuse and neglect subtypes to PTSD symptom clusters among adolescent inpatients,"This article investigates whether childhood abuse and neglect subtypes (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and physical and emotional neglect) differentially predict the severity of individual posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters and overall posttraumatic stress. Eighty-nine patients admitted to the short-term adolescent treatment unit of a psychiatric hospital completed a battery of psychological assessments. Findings of multiple regression analyses showed that emotional and sexual abuse rather than physical abuse, emotional neglect, or physical neglect is related to individual symptom cluster severity and overall posttraumatic stress. Results suggested that a greater level of specificity is necessary when assessing child abuse and posttraumatic stress because each level provides more specific information about how to intervene to reduce the risk of negative outcomes. (copyright) 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","adolescent, adult, child abuse, child neglect, conference paper, controlled study, disease severity, female, hospital admission, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, school child, sexual abuse, symptomatology","Sullivan, T. P., Fehon, D. C., Andres-Hyman, R. C., Lipschitz, D. S., Grilo, C. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5338,PTSD symptom clusters are differentially related to substance use among community women exposed to intimate partner violence,"Women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse compared to women who do not experience IPV. However, the extent to which IPV-related PTSD symptoms are related to women's substance use involvement largely has been unexplored. The current study investigated PTSD symptomatology and substance use in a community sample of 212 IPV-exposed women. Drug-using women reported higher PTSD severity scores compared to women who reported no substance use or alcohol use only. Moreover, the reexperiencing, avoidance and numbing, and arousal clusters demonstrated unique associations with substance use involvement. Findings not only elucidate the associations among IPV-related PTSD symptoms and substance use, but they also can inform community-based preventive interventions. © 2008 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Sullivan, T. P., Holt, L. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5339,The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category,"Describes some of the medical and sociological discussions about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the interplay between them. Topics addressed include: the growth in popularity of the diagnosis; PTSD, concepts of ""personhood,"" and modern life; and problems with defining post-traumatic stress as a psychiatric disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Sociocultural Factors","Summerfield, Derek",2001.0,,,0,0,
5340,Elucidating dimensions of posttraumatic stress symptoms and their functional correlates in disaster-exposed adolescents,"The aim of this study was to elucidate the dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and potential moderators and functional correlates of this structure in disaster-affected adolescents. A population-based sample of 2000 adolescents aged 12-17 years (M=14.5 years; 51% female) completed interviews on post-tornado PTSD symptoms, substance use, and parent-adolescent conflict between 4 and 13 months (M=8.8, SD=2.6) after tornado exposure. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that all models fit well but a 5-factor dysphoric arousal model provided a statistically significantly better representation of adolescent PTSD symptoms compared to 4-factor dysphoria and emotional numbing models. There was evidence of measurement invariance of the dysphoric arousal model across gender and age, although girls and older adolescents aged 15-17 years had higher mean scores than boys and younger adolescents aged 12-14 years, respectively, on some PTSD dimensions. Differential magnitudes of association between PTSD symptom dimensions and functional correlates were observed, with emotional numbing symptoms most strongly positively associated with problematic substance use since the tornado, and dysphoric arousal symptoms most strongly positively associated with parent-adolescent conflict; both correlations were significantly larger than the corresponding correlations with anxious arousal. Taken together, these results suggest that the dimensional structure of tornado-related PTSD symptomatology in adolescents is optimally characterized by five separate clusters of re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal symptoms, which showed unique associations with functional correlates. Findings emphasize that PTSD in disaster-exposed adolescents is not best conceptualized as a homogenous construct and highlight potential differential targets for post-disaster assessment and intervention.","Adolescents, Confirmatory factor analysis, Disasters, Dysphoric arousal model, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Sumner, J. A., Pietrzak, R. H., Danielson, C. K., Adams, Z. W., Ruggiero, K. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5341,Errors in self-report of post-traumatic stress disorder after severe traumatic brain injury,"Assessing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by questionnaire can lead to false positive diagnosis after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sumpter and McMillan, reported quantitative data on 34 people with severe TBI; 59% were PTSD 'cases' by questionnaire assessment, but only 3% using a structured interview. The present paper describes ways in which these individuals made errors on questionnaires. Some did not follow questionnaire instructions because of inattention and concrete thinking or instead reported effects of brain injury. Symptom overlap between TBI and PTSD, including insomnia, irritability and impaired concentration can cause errors. Brain injury can also provoke curiosity about loss of memory (during coma, retrograde and post-traumatic amnesia), decreased participation, social withdrawal and difficulty adjusting to injury that may be mistaken for fear-associated PTSD symptoms. Assessment of PTSD by questionnaire can lead to erroneous conclusions and factors related to brain injury must be carefully considered when investigating PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Misdiagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Self Report, *Structured Clinical Interview, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Questionnaires","Sumpter, R. E., McMillan, T. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5342,Impact of event scale: Psychometric properties,,,"Sundin, E., Horowitz, M.",2002.0,2002,,0,0,
5343,"PTSD after deployment to Iraq: conflicting rates, conflicting claims",,,"Sundin, J., Fear, N. T., Iversen, A., Rona, R. J., Wessely, S.",2010.0,,10.1017/S0033291709990791,0,0,
5344,Gender differences in bipolar disorder type i and II,"Suominen K, Mantere O, Valtonen H, Arvilommi P, Leppamaki S, Isometsa E. Gender differences in bipolar disorder type I and II.Objective: We investigated gender differences in bipolar disorder (BD) type I and II in a representative cohort of secondary care psychiatric in- and out-patients. Method: In the prospective, naturalistic Jorvi Bipolar Study of 191 secondary care psychiatric in- and out-patients, 160 patients (85.1%) could be followed up for 18 months with a life chart. Results: After adjusting for confounders, no marked differences in illness-related characteristics were found. However, female patients with BD had more lifetime comorbid eating disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 5.99, 95% CI 2.12-16.93) but less substance use disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.16-0.56) than males. Median time to recurrence after remission was 3.1 months longer among men than women, female gender carrying a higher hazard of recurrence (P = 0.006, HR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.22-3.27). Conclusion: Men and women with type I and II BD have fairly similar illness-related clinical characteristics, but their profile of comorbid disorders may differ significantly, particularly regarding substance use and eating disorders. In medium-term follow-up, females appear to have a higher hazard of recurrence than males. (copyright) 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","adult, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, anorexia, article, avoidant personality disorder, binge eating disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, borderline state, bulimia, clinical assessment, comorbidity, confidence interval, controlled study, dependent personality disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, drug abuse, drug dependence, dysthymia, eating disorder, female, follow up, histrionic personality disorder, hospital patient, human, lifespan, major clinical study, male, mental hospital, mood disorder, narcissism, obsessive compulsive disorder, onset age, outcome assessment, outpatient, panic, paranoia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, prospective study, psychologic assessment, psychopathy, recurrence risk, remission, risk assessment, schizoidism, schizotypal personality disorder, sex difference, social phobia, somatoform disorder, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, substance abuse","Suominen, K., Mantere, O., Valtonen, H., Arvilommi, P., Leppamaki, S., Isometsa, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5345,Gender differences in bipolar disorder type i and II,"Suominen K, Mantere O, Valtonen H, Arvilommi P, Leppämäki S, Isometsä E. Gender differences in bipolar disorder type I and II.Objective: We investigated gender differences in bipolar disorder (BD) type I and II in a representative cohort of secondary care psychiatric in- and out-patients. Method: In the prospective, naturalistic Jorvi Bipolar Study of 191 secondary care psychiatric in- and out-patients, 160 patients (85.1%) could be followed up for 18 months with a life chart. Results: After adjusting for confounders, no marked differences in illness-related characteristics were found. However, female patients with BD had more lifetime comorbid eating disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 5.99, 95% CI 2.12-16.93) but less substance use disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.16-0.56) than males. Median time to recurrence after remission was 3.1 months longer among men than women, female gender carrying a higher hazard of recurrence (P = 0.006, HR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.22-3.27). Conclusion: Men and women with type I and II BD have fairly similar illness-related clinical characteristics, but their profile of comorbid disorders may differ significantly, particularly regarding substance use and eating disorders. In medium-term follow-up, females appear to have a higher hazard of recurrence than males. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.","Affective disorders, Bipolar disorder, Follow-up, Gender, Mood disorder","Suominen, K., Mantere, O., Valtonen, H., Arvilommi, P., Leppämäki, S., Isometsä, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,5344
5346,Effects of exogenous glucocorticoid on combat-related PTSD symptoms,"BACKGROUND: Very few systematic human studies focus on changing the underlying traumatic memory after posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been established. Evidence from animal and human studies indicates that cortisol can be used to address traumatic memories. This translational pilot study is based on our previous rodent research in which extinction of fear memories was enhanced by glucocorticoids. The current study aims to assess the effectiveness of glucocorticoids in augmenting memory extinction and reducing clinical symptoms in veterans with combat-related PTSD. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, veterans with combat-related PTSD were exposed to a memory reactivation task using well established imagery and psychophysiology assessment technique followed by administration of either glucocorticoid or placebo. RESULTS: One week after glucocorticoid or placebo administration, participants who received the study medication showed significant PTSD-related symptom (cluster C) improvement compared with control participants who received placebo only. However, reduction of symptoms degraded at a 1-month postadministration assessment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with a glucocorticoid-mediated enhancement of extinction to ameliorate PTSD symptoms. The use of traumatic memory reactivation temporally paired with glucocorticoid administration holds potential for developing a viable therapeutic option.","glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, placebo, sodium chloride, absence of side effects, amnesia, article, avoidance behavior, battle injury, clinical article, clinical feature, controlled study, depression, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug safety, human, imagery, male, memory, memory consolidation, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychophysiology, randomized controlled trial, single drug dose, symptom, treatment indication, veteran, visual memory","Suris, A., North, C., Adinoff, B., Powell, C. M., Greene, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5347,Effects of exogenous glucocorticoid on combat-related PTSD symptoms,"BACKGROUND: Very few systematic human studies focus on changing the underlying traumatic memory after posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been established. Evidence from animal and human studies indicates that cortisol can be used to address traumatic memories. This translational pilot study is based on our previous rodent research in which extinction of fear memories was enhanced by glucocorticoids. The current study aims to assess the effectiveness of glucocorticoids in augmenting memory extinction and reducing clinical symptoms in veterans with combat-related PTSD. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, veterans with combat-related PTSD were exposed to a memory reactivation task using well established imagery and psychophysiology assessment technique followed by administration of either glucocorticoid or placebo. RESULTS: One week after glucocorticoid or placebo administration, participants who received the study medication showed significant PTSD-related symptom (cluster C) improvement compared with control participants who received placebo only. However, reduction of symptoms degraded at a 1-month postadministration assessment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with a glucocorticoid-mediated enhancement of extinction to ameliorate PTSD symptoms. The use of traumatic memory reactivation temporally paired with glucocorticoid administration holds potential for developing a viable therapeutic option.","Glucocorticoids, Memory extinction, Pharmacotherapy, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Surís, A., North, C., Adinoff, B., Powell, C. M., Greene, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,5346
5348,Interfering with the reconsolidation of traumatic memory: Sirolimus as a novel agent for treating veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Development of novel treatment approaches for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is critical, given the increasing prevalence of PTSD in veterans returning from war zone deployment. Established preclinical research using protein synthesis inhibitors (such as sirolimus) to interfere with fear memory reconsolidation provides a compelling rationale for investigation in humans. Methods: This double-blind, placebo-controlled translational pilot study examined the effects of pairing reactivation of a trauma memory with a single administration of sirolimus on the frequency and intensity of PTSD symptoms in male combat veterans. Results: Primary analyses found no significant differences between treatment groups on any of the clinical or physiologic outcome measures. In an exploratory analysis of a subsample of post-Vietnam-era veterans who had more recent combat trauma, PTSD symptom scores fell significantly more in these veterans than in controls. Conclusions: The post-Vietnam-era veteran findings suggest that further investigation of this pairing of sirolimus with traumatic memory reactivation may be warranted. Theoretically, interference with the reconsolidation of fear memories could ameliorate military-related psychological trauma symptoms. Future research should focus on veterans of more recent eras whose traumatic memories may be less entrenched and more amenable to pharmacologic modification within this procedure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Memory, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes","Suris, Alina, Smith, Julia, Powell, Craig, North, Carol S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5349,Posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth: Analysis of symptom presentation and sampling,"Background: There is converging evidence that approximately 2% of women fulfill PTSD criteria following childbirth. This study examined the presentation and symptom structure of PTSD after birth and key risk factors in women from internet and community samples. Methods: PTSD was measured in 1423 women after birth recruited via the community (n = 502) or internet (n = 921). Demographic, obstetric, and trauma history variables were also measured. Results: Full PTSD diagnostic criteria were endorsed by 2.5% of women from the community and 21% of women on the internet. Many more endorsed individual PTSD symptom criteria, suggesting this might be inflated by postnatal factors. Samples differed on demographic and obstetric characteristics. Factor analysis found two PTSD symptom clusters of re-experiencing and avoidance (RA) and numbing and arousal (NA). PTSD cases were predicted by parity, delivery type, NA and RA symptoms, and the interaction between sexual trauma and delivery type. This correctly identified 60% of PTSD cases. Limitations: Questionnaire measurement of PTSD means prevalence rates may be over-estimated. Differences between samples suggest that internet samples over represent symptomatic women. Conclusions: Results emphasise the importance of measuring full diagnostic criteria in postnatal samples, as reports of symptoms may be inflated. In addition a few risk factors are identified that could be used to screen for women at risk. Crown Copyright © 2009.","Anxiety, Birth, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Sexual trauma","Susan, A., Harris, R., Sawyer, A., Parfitt, Y., Ford, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5350,Neurobiological effects of prazosin on nrem sleep in veterans with PTSD,"Introduction: Sleep disturbances are a core feature of PTSD. Prazosin has been shown to signiicantly improve sleep in PTSD. We explored how prazosin affects regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose use (rCMRlgc) during NREM relative to wakefulness using 18F-FDG PET sleep neuroimaging methods. Methods: Nine veterans with PTSD were randomized to prazosin treatment (mean age = 29.8 SD = 6.5; 6 men) and 13 to placebo (mean age = 27.2 SD = 6.3; 9 men) for an eight-week RCT. All veterans completed pre- and post-treatment 18F-FDG PET studies during wakefulness and NREM sleep. A State null Time interaction analysis was performed using SPM 8 to determine the change in Wake-NREM rCMRglc changes from pre- to post-treatment. Post-hoc analyses were conducted to examine pre- to post-treatment changes in the NREM and Wake states separately. The corrected signiicance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Results: No signiicant State null Time interaction was detected in the placebo groups. Pre- to post-treatment, prazosin was associated with a greater increase in rCMRglc from wakefulness to NREM sleep in one cluster (7,013 voxels; MNI coordinate = 26, 22, 40; Z = 3.76, pFWE = 0.039) including the right hippocampus and parahippocampus, amygdala, insula, prefrontal and associative temporal and parietal areas. In addition, prazosin was associated with a signiicant decrease in rCMRglc in one cluster (15,586 voxels, coordinate = -36, -74, 0; Z = 3.78, pFWE < 0.001). This included the left putamen, claustrum, posterior cingulate, cerebellum, prefrontal and associative temporal, parietal and occipital areas. Post-hoc analyses revealed that these patterns were attributable to post-treatment changes in rCMRglc during NREM sleep. No changes were detected during wakefulness in the prazosin group. Conclusion: The exploratory indings suggest that prazosin directly impacts rCMRglc during NREM sleep. Its beneits on sleep complaints may result from metabolic changes affecting regions involved in hippocampal- dependent memory contextualization processes.","prazosin, placebo, fluorodeoxyglucose f 18, glucose, sleep, veteran, human, organization, posttraumatic stress disorder, wakefulness, post hoc analysis, male, amygdaloid nucleus, hippocampus, metabolic rate, neuroimaging, insula, putamen, claustrum, sleep disorder, posterior cingulate, memory, cerebellum, data analysis software","Suter, D., Mammen, O., Insana, S., Nofzinger, E., Germain, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5351,The mind does matter: Psychological and physical recovery after musculoskeletal trauma,"BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic psychopathology (PTP) is important to the orthopedic surgeon because it appears to be much more common than might have been suspected and may complicate the recovery from musculoskeletal injury. We have investigated the relationship between physical and psychological recovery in victims of musculoskeletal trauma. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 200 patients with musculoskeletal injuries were studied, correlating development of psychopathology (measured by the General Health Questionnaire) and functional outcome (measured by Short Form-36, Sickness Impact Profile, and Musculoskeletal Function Assessment) 2 and 6 months after their injuries. RESULTS: Pre-existing psychological disturbance was found in 11% of our patients; this figure rose to 46% of patients at 2 months but fell to 22% at 6 months. The posttraumatic disturbance correlated strongly with impaired functional outcome as measured by all three outcomes measures (total and category scores) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The strong correlation of PTP with impaired functional outcome after musculoskeletal trauma stresses that it is a significant problem. Further research is required to determine whether an approach that combines physical and psychological treatment can improve patient outcomes. (copyright) 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, cohort analysis, convalescence, correlation analysis, female, General Health Questionnaire, human, major clinical study, male, medical research, mental disease, musculoskeletal function, musculoskeletal injury, outcome assessment, physical performance, posttraumatic complication, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological aspect, rating scale, Short Form 36, Sickness Impact Profile","Sutherland, A. G., Alexander, D. A., Hutchison, J. D.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5352,Psychological assessment of aviators captured in World War II,"Psychological assessments, including administration of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and structured interviews for Axis I mental disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specifically, were used to describe 33 World War II (WWII) aviators who were held as prisoners of war (POWs) for an average of 14 months. Results showed more elevated MMPI profile patterns than expected given previous research with pilots (Butcher, 1994) and rates of current and lifetime PTSD at 33%, reasoned to derive from POW trauma. Despite this level of psychopathology, WWII aviator POW survivors were found to be more resilient to captivity effects than age-similar nonaviator WWII POW survivors characterized generally by less advantages in education, military rank, and other personal resources. Compared with aviator former POWs of the Vietnam War studied in their mid-life years (Ursano, Boydstun, and Wheatley, 1981), the present sample appeared to be less psychologically robust.","aged, air force, article, human, human experiment, male, normal human, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment","Sutker, P. B., Allain, A. N.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5353,Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-derived psychopathology subtypes among former prisoners of war (POWs): Replication and extension,"Psychopathology and symptom patterns identified among former prisoners of war (POWs) by Sutker, Winstead, Goist, Malow, and Allain (1986) were replicated in an independent sample of 51 former POWs with similar personal backgrounds and military experiences. Data collection instruments included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), self-report measures of anxiety and depression, and a structured clinical interview including a POW Trauma Index. Two prototypic MMPI profile patterns were identified using modal profile analysis (Skinner & Lei, 1980). Both were highly similar in shape and elevation to those reported in the previous investigation. Multiprofile-multisample analysis produced prototypic profile patterns which were accurate representations of profiles identified in separate analyses of the derivation and replication samples (r's ≥.96). Representing unique constellations of clinical features, profile subtypes were associated differentially with confinement stress severity, postservice adjustment, and nature and extent of stress-induced symptomatology. © 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","anxiety, depression, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), posttraumatic stress, prisoners of war (POWs)","Sutker, P. B., Allain, A. N., Motsinger, P. A.",1988.0,,10.1007/BF00962638,0,0,
5354,Clinical Assessment of Long-Term Cognitive and Emotional Sequelae to World War II Prisoner-of-War Confinement: Comparison of Pilot Twins,"Using twin study methodology, we assessed late-life psychological outcomes of World War II flight combat exposure among identical-twin pilots raised, educated, and trained together but discordant for combat exposure and war imprisonment. We hypothesized that the prisoner of war (POW) survivor would exhibit psychopathology attributable, in part, to nonshared environmental events, specifically war trauma. Differences were evident in reported psychological symptoms, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile patterns, psychiatric diagnoses, and intellectual performances. Assigned a lifetime diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, the former POW showed deficits in visuospatial analysis and organization, planning, impulse control, concept formation, and nonverbal memory. Results may be used to enhance understanding of measurement of stress-related symptoms among robust and well-trained servicemen.",,"Sutker, P. B., Allain Jr, A. N., Johnson, J. L.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5355,"War Zone Stress, Personal Resources, and PTSD in Persian Gulf War Returnees",,,"Sutker, P. B., Davis, J. M., Uddo, M., Ditta, S. R.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5356,Psychopathology subtypes and symptom correlates among former prisoners of war,"Psychopathology and symptom patterns were studied in 60 former prisoners-of-war (POWs) by administering standardized tests including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), an adjustment problem checklist, and a structured clinical interview. Most POWs showed marked psychological impairment, but modal profile analysis identified two prototypic MMPI patterns, which differed in pervasiveness and type of psychopathology. Profile subtypes were defined by unique clusters of clinical symptoms and differed in confinement stress severity. The typology of symptoms argues against a homogeneous conceptualization of stress-induced disorders and suggests the need for definition of the severity and subtype of stress phenomena and individual difference factors in responding to trauma. © 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","chronic stress, ex-prisoners of war, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathology","Sutker, P. B., Winstead, D. K., Goist, K. C., Malow, R. M., Allain Jr, A. N.",1986.0,,,0,0,
5357,From prematurity to parenting stress: The mediating role of perinatal post-traumatic stress disorder,"Preterm delivery may lead to the emergence of symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), which may, in turn, affect the quality of the mother-child relationship. The aim of this study is to shed light on the development of parenting stress in mothers of preterm and full-term children. It is hypothesized that PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between preterm/full-term birth and the levels of parenting stress. Perinatal PTSD, parenting stress and social support were assessed in 156 mothers of full-term children and 87 mothers of preterm children. Mothers of preterm children experienced more post-traumatic stress and parenting stress than mothers of full-term children. However, the relationship between preterm delivery and subsequent levels of parenting stress was mediated by PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that the maternal perception of childbirth as a traumatic experience and the subsequent development of PTSD symptoms are pivotal in the emergence of parenting stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Mother Child Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Premature Birth, *Stress, *Parenting, Perinatal Period","Suttora, Chiara, Spinelli, Maria, Monzani, Dario",2014.0,,,0,0,
5358,Considering PTSD from the perspective of brain processes: A psychological construction approach,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric disorder that involves symptoms from various domains that appear to be produced by the combination of several mechanisms. The authors contend that existing neural accounts fail to provide a viable model that explains the emergence and maintenance of PTSD and the associated heterogeneity in the expression of this disorder (cf. Garfinkel & Liberzon, 2009). They introduce a psychological construction approach as a novel framework to probe the brain basis of PTSD, where distributed networks within the human brain are thought to correspond to the basic psychological ingredients of the mind. The authors posit that it is the combination of these ingredients that produces the heterogeneous symptom clusters in PTSD. Their goal is show that a constructionist approach has significant heuristic value in understanding the emergence and maintenance of PTSD symptoms, and leads to different and perhaps more useful conjectures about the origins and maintenance of the syndrome than the traditional hyperreactive fear account. Copyright © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Suvak, M. K., Barrett, L. F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5359,Developing a consensus-based definition of “Kokoro-no Care” or mental health services and psychosocial support: Drawing from experiences of mental health professionals who responded to the Great East Japan Earthquake,"Objectives: In this survey, we aimed to build consensus and gather opinions on ‘Kokoro-no care’ or mental health services and psychosocial support (MHSPSS) after a disaster, among mental health professionals who engaged in care after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Methods: We recruited mental health professionals who engaged in support activities after the Great East Japan Earthquake, which included local health professionals in the affected areas and members of mental health care teams dispatched from outside (n = 131). Adopting the Delphi process, we proposed a definition of ‘Kokoro-no care’, and asked the participants to rate the appropriateness on a 5-point Likert scale. We also solicited free comments based on the participants’ experiences during the disaster. After Round 1, we presented the summary statistics and comments, and asked the participants to re-rate the definition that had been modified based on their comments. This process was repeated twice, until the consensus criterion of ≥ 80% of the participants scoring ≥ 4 on the statement was fulfilled. Results: In Round 1, 68.7% of the respondents rated the proposed definition ≥ 4 for its appropriateness, and 88.4% did so in Round 2. The comments were grouped into categories (and subcategories) based on those related to the definition in general (Appropriate, Continuum of MHSPSS, Cautions in operation, Alternative categorisation of care components, Whether the care component should be categorised according to the professional involved, Ambiguous use of psychology, and Others), to mental health services (Appropriate, More specification within mental health services, More explicit remarks on mental health services, and Others), and to psychosocial support (Whether the care component should be categorised according to the professional involved, Raising concerns about the terms, and Others), and others. Conclusion: We achieved a consensus on the definition of ‘Kokoro-no care’, and systematically obtained suggestions on the concept, and practical advice on operation, based on the participants’ experiences from the Great East Japan Earthquake. This collective knowledge will serve as reference to prepare and respond to future disasters. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All Rights Reserved.",,"Suzuki, Y., Fukasawa, M., Nakajima, S., Narisawa, T., Keiko, A., Kim, Y.",2015.0,,10.1371/currents.dis.cfcbaf509711641ab5951535851e572e,0,0,
5360,Mental health distress and related factors among prefectural public servants seven months after the Great East Japan Earthquake,"Background: To develop an empirically informed support measure for workers, we examined mental health distress and its risk factors among prefectural public servants who were affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and faced a demanding workload in the midterm of the disaster. Methods: We conducted a self-administered health survey of all public servants in the Miyagi prefectural government two and seven months after the Great East Japan Earthquake (3743 workers, 70.6% of all employees). We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mental distress (defined as K6 score ≥10) in the domain of disaster-work-related stressors, work-related stressors, and disaster-related stressors. Results: Among those with better levels of workplace communication, the only factor that increased the risk of mental distress was not taking a non-work day each week (adjusted OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.27-5.14). Among those with poorer levels of workplace communication, in addition to not taking a non-work day each week (adjusted OR 3.93, 95% CI 3.00-5.15), handling residents' complaints (adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.00-2.42), having dead or missing family members (adjusted OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.53-5.38), and living in a shelter more than two months after the disaster (adjusted OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.32-5.95) increased the risk of mental distress. Conclusions: All workers should be encouraged to take a non-work day each week. Among workers with poor workplace communication, special attention should be given to those who handle residents' complaints, have lost a family member(s), and are living in a shelter for a prolonged period of time. © 2014 Yuriko Suzuki et al.","Cross-sectional study, Disaster, Mental health, Risk factors, Worker","Suzuki, Y., Fukasawa, M., Obara, A., Kim, Y.",2014.0,,10.2188/jea.JE20130138,0,0,
5361,An estimate and comparison of MMPI and MMPI-2 concurrent validity: Predicting DSM-III-R diagnoses among college students,"The ability of the MMPI and MMPI-2 to identify persons who were either free or not free from DSM-III-R-defined psychopathology was assessed and compared. University students completed either the MMPI (N = 388) or the MMPI-2 (N = 302) along with a computerized version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, which was scored according to the criteria of the DSM- III-R. MMPI profiles were categorized with several different rules as being within normal limits or not. DSM-III-R status served as the criterion variable, and 189 (27%) study participants met criteria for a current axis I disorder. Although MMPI profiles were more elevated than MMPI-2 profiles, the proportion of profiles categorized as either normal or abnormal did not differ. Both the MMPI and MMPI-2 demonstrated a statistically reliable degree of relation with the broadly applied DSM-III-R standard of current disorder or not. Predictive relationships were modest. The variance in DSM- III-R-measured psychopathology accounted for by MMPI or MMPI-2 categorizations averaged r2 = .12. Contrary to hypotheses, our results did not demonstrate improved MMPI-2 discrimination.",,"Svanum, S., McGrew, J.",1996.0,,,0,0,
5362,Anxio-depressive syndrome - Biopsychosocial model of Supportive Care,"Background: Acute stress in patients experiencing cancer diagnosis and the post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer survivors results in impaired overall quality of life mainly due to associated psychological and physical alterations, including anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunctions, fatigue, pain, cachexia and others. Recent studies revealed a new insight into molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of cancer-related comorbidities. It has been shown that adverse psychosomatic reactions including cancer depression to emotional cancer distress result from neuroendocrinne dysfunctions, disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, serotonin-dopamine interactions and circadian sleep-wake rhythm disruption. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical studies oriented toward elucidation of the hypothesis that cancer-related anxio-depressive syndrome is the major disorder leading to the development of accompanying psychosomatic disruptions. Material and Methods: The data of the biopsychosocial approach in the treatment of cancer presented in the current literature were collecting using appropriate electronic databases and were elaborated in the form of meta-analysis of 24 selected publications. Results: According to relevant clinical studies, psychosocial interventions and psychopharmacological treatment has been shown to reduce cancer symptomatology and to improve the ability of patients to cope with the disease. Thus, one of the key pillars of supportive care in oncology is stress reduction. Cognitive-behavioral interventions and group psychosocial therapies have shown to reduce stress from the diagnosis and treatment, to palliate depression and to help in restoring the circadian rhythm. Psychopharamacological interventions are the most useful approaches in the reduction of stress-induced cancer comorbidities. In the presented study, a plausible role of stress reduction in the protection of cancer patients from posttraumatic and anxio-depressive syndrome, physical and psychical suffering, from decrease of patient's quality of life, ability to cope with the disease and cooperate in cancer treatment has been analyzed. Conclusion: Implementation of the biopsychosocial model of cancer care needs further cooperation between behavioral scientists and clinical oncologists attempted to elucidate further possibilities of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions leading to the regulation of stress-induced alterations of the neurotransmitter system and neuroendocrinne dysfunctions reduction of cancer-related comorbidities and improvement of patients survival time.","anxiety disorder, anxio depressive syndrome, circadian rhythm, comorbidity, depression, human, paraneoplastic syndrome, psychosocial care, quality of life, regulatory mechanism, review, stress management, symptomatology","Švec, J., Švec, P., Bencová, V., Krčméry, V.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5363,A prospective longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories after burn injury,"Background: Psychologic problems are common after burns, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are some of the most prevalent. Risk factors for PTSD have been identified, but little is known about the onset and course of these symptoms. The objective was to investigate whether there are different PTSD symptom trajectories after burns. Methods: Ninety-five adults with burns were enrolled in a prospective study from in-hospital treatment until 12 months after burn. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and scores at 3, 6, and 12 months after the burn were used in a cluster analysis to detect trajectories. The trajectories were compared regarding known risk factors for PTSD using non-parametric analysis of variance. Result: Four clusters were identified: (1) resilient, with low levels of PTSD symptoms that decreased over time; (2) recovery, with high levels of symptoms that gradually decreased; (3) delayed, with moderate symptoms that increased over time; and (4) chronic, with high levels of symptoms over time. The trajectories differed regarding several risk factors for PTSD including life events, premorbid psychiatric morbidity, personality traits, avoidant coping, in-hospital psychologic symptoms, and social support. The resilient trajectory consistently had fewer of the risk factors and differed the most from the chronic trajectory. CONCLUSIONS: There are subgroups among patients with burns that have different patterns of PTSD symptom development. These findings may have implications for clinical practice, such as the timing of assessment and the management of patients who present with these symptoms.Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Burns, Cluster analysis, IES-R, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Sveen, J., Ekselius, L., Gerdin, B., Willebrand, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5364,Validation of a Swedish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in patients with burns,"The Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) are often used as self-report instruments for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are few validations of the IES and the IES-R against structured clinical interviews. In this study the two scales, together with the three subscales of the IES-R, were assessed for their agreement with a diagnosis of PTSD in patients with burns 1 year after injury. Sixty patients with burns were evaluated 1 year after injury using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I (SCID-I) psychiatric disorders and a Swedish version of the IES-R. The total score of the IES-R had the best discriminant ability (0.89) with a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.78. In conclusion, the total IES-R had good properties as a screening tool for PTSD and subsyndromal PTSD 1 year after burn injury. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","adult, aged, article, burn patient, clinical assessment tool, clinical evaluation, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, diagnostic value, discriminant analysis, female, human, Impact of Events Scale, intermethod comparison, length of stay, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, sensitivity and specificity, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, validation study","Sveen, J., Low aili, A., Dyster-Aas, J., Ekselius, L., Willebrand, M., Gerdin, B.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5365,Psychometric properties of the impact of event scale-revised in patients one year after burn injury,,,"Sveen, J., Orwelius, L., Gerdin, B., Huss, F., Sjöberg, F., Willebrand, M.",2010.0,,10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181d0f523,0,0,
5366,Complicated grief: Implications for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in couples,"Complicated grief has many interfaces with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including avoidance, flashbacks and shattered assumptions. Increasing use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) models in grief work are drawing on lessons learned in PTSD treatment. However, models used in grief work, such as attachment, the Dual Process Model (Stroebe & Schut, 1999) and Psychosocial Transition Theory (Parkes, 1993), are less commonly applied to understanding and treating PTSD. This paper gives an overview of how these theories explain complicated grief and PTSD and considers implications they have on treatment of couples, based on literature review and clinical experience. Treatment implications include treating PTSD before traumatic grief, working with intra-couple coping style differences, promoting acceptance and forgiveness and taking a full attachment history. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Grief, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Couples Therapy, Treatment","Swan, Alison Hauenstein, Scott, Carleen",2009.0,,,0,0,
5367,Emotional numbing and brain glucose metabolism in reward-related structures during wake and REM sleep,"Introduction: Emotional numbing (EN) is a core component of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may be related to alterations in neural mechanisms of reward processing. Sleep disturbances (i.e. insomnia and nightmares) are among the most commonly reported symptoms of PTSD, and sleep deprivation in healthy adults has been shown to affect reward processing. Thus, neural function in reward structures may be altered in PTSD across the sleep/wake cycle. This study performed secondary analyses on [18F]-luorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) data obtained from military veterans with PTSD to explore the relationship between EN and neural activity during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in brain structures of the reward system: striatum, amygdala, and orbital frontal cortex (OFC). Methods: Nineteen male and four female veterans (M age=27.9, SD=4.6 years old) with PTSD and sleep disturbances but no other comorbidities completed the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and FDG PET imaging. Polysomnography was used to monitor state stability during the uptake of [18F]-FDG for both Wake and REM scans. PTSD diagnosis and EN severity were determined by the CAPS. SPM8 regressions between EN and relative regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc) were performed in the regions of interest. Signiicance was set at a peak-level voxel p(family-wise error corrected)(less-than or equal to).05 and cluster-level k(greater-than or equal to)10. Results: EN was positively correlated with rCMRglc in the right OFC during REM sleep, after adjusting for age and severity of remaining PTSD symptoms (k=693, Z=4.11, pFWE-corr=0.02). No other signiicant correlations were found during wake or REM in the regions of interest. Conclusion: Increased EN was associated with increased rCMRglc in the right OFC during REM sleep. The OFC is involved in processing the magnitude and expectation of reward and interpreting emotional expressions. Increased glucose metabolism in this brain region during REM may contribute to impaired emotional processing during wakefulness.","glucose, fluorine 18, fluorodeoxyglucose f 18, sleep, glucose metabolism, REM sleep, reward, glucose brain level, organization, posttraumatic stress disorder, processing, human, wakefulness, sleep disorder, veteran, orbit, amygdaloid nucleus, sleep deprivation, brain, nightmare, army, positron emission tomography, corpus striatum, insomnia, frontal cortex, secondary analysis, normal human, polysomnography, imaging, diagnosis, metabolic rate, female, brain region, male","Swanson, M. H., Forbes, E. E., Germain, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5368,A College community's vicarious stress reaction to September 11th Terrorism,"This study examined the effects of vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks in an academic community, just after the three-month period that delineates acute from chronic posttraumatic stress. An entire academic community of 1693 students, faculty, and staff was surveyed electronically regarding their perceived stress symptoms and coping behaviors. The survey yielded a 37 percent response rate. About 76 percent showed one or more substantial symptoms of stress, and 32 percent showed three or more. The most prominent symptom clusters involved persistent avoidance and persistent arousal. Respondents primarily relied on coping through optimism, reassessing priorities and relationships, giving and receiving support, and becoming better informed on terrorism-related topics. Differences in symptoms and coping preferences were found based on sex, group (student, faculty, staff), and exposure to previous crisis. This study indicates that despite time and distance from the site of the terrorism, all segments of a college community continue to experience some degree of distress. Such distress can interfere with academic performance, personal health, and relationship stability. Rather than rely on formal support service delivery, most appear to rely on established interpersonal relationships. This suggests that providing support to vicarious victims in the future might emphasize training for friends and family, rather than relying on established service delivery systems.",,"Swenson, D. X., Henkel-Johnson, G.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5369,Increased response variability as a marker of executive dysfunction in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"The stability of cognitive control processes over time can be indexed by trial-to-trial variability in reaction time (RT). Greater RT variability has been interpreted as an indicator of executive dysfunction, inhibitory inefficiency, and excessive mental noise. Previous studies have demonstrated that combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show substantial impairments in inhibitory control, but no studies have examined response variability in this population. In the current experiment, RT variability in the Go/NoGo response inhibition task was assessed for 45 veterans with PTSD and 34 control veterans using the intra-individual coefficient of variation (ICV) and ex-Gaussian analysis of RT distributions. Despite having mean RTs that were indistinguishable from controls, the PTSD patients had significantly greater RT variability as measured by ICV. More variable RTs were in turn associated with a greater number of false alarm errors in the patients, suggesting that less consistent performers were less successful at inhibiting inappropriate responses. RT variability was also highly correlated with selfreported symptoms of PTSD, depression, and attentional impulsiveness. Furthermore, response variability predicted diagnosis even when controlling for PTSD symptom severity. In turn, PTSD severity was correlated with self-rated attentional impulsiveness. Deficits in the top-down cognitive control processes that cause greater response variability might contribute to the maintenance of PTSD symptomology. Thus, the distractibility issues that cause more variable reaction times might also result in greater distress related to the trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Impulsiveness, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Response Variability, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Cognitive Control, Military Veterans, Response Inhibition","Swick, Diane, Honzel, Nikki, Larsen, Jary, Ashley, Victoria",2013.0,,,0,0,
5370,Impaired response inhibition in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury,"Combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can show impairments in executive control and increases in impulsivity. The current study examined the effects of PTSD on motor response inhibition, a key cognitive control function. A Go/NoGo task was administered to veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD based on semi-structured clinical interview using DSM-IV criteria (n = 40) and age-matched control veterans (n = 33). Participants also completed questionnaires to assess self-reported levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms. Performance measures from the patients (error rates and reaction times) were compared to those from controls. PTSD patients showed a significant deficit in response inhibition, committing more errors on NoGo trials than controls. Higher levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with higher error rates. Of the three symptom clusters, re-experiencing was the strongest predictor of performance. Because the co-morbidity of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and PTSD was high in this population, secondary analyses compared veterans with PTSD+mTBI (n = 30) to veterans with PTSD only (n = 10). Although preliminary, results indicated the two patient groups did not differ on any measure (p >.88). Since cognitive impairments could hinder the effectiveness of standard PTSD therapies, incorporating treatments that strengthen executive functions might be considered in the future. © 2012 The International Neuropsychological Society.","Executive control, Go/NoGo, Impulsivity, Inhibitory control, PTSD, TBI","Swick, D., Honzel, N., Larsen, J., Ashley, V., Justus, T.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5371,Coping with missing data,,,"Switzer, F. S., Roth, P. L.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5372,All in the head? Mapping migraine on the borderland of ptsd & headache,"Objective: This study aims to better understand whether Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is associated with a particular type of headache by describing the prevalence of headache types experienced by a population of asylumseekers diagnosed with PTSD. Background: PTSD and migraine are both disabling conditions with significant implications for individual and public health. Studies have suggested a link between the conditions but relatively little is known about the types of headache experienced by patients with PTSD. The Horizon Centre, a GP surgery for asylum-seekers, offers the rare opportunity to study a substantial population of patients suffering both PTSD and headache. Method: 82 asylum-seekers diagnosed with PTSD and with a registered complaint of headache within the past 12 months were successfully recruited to the study. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding characteristics of their headache. Results were categorised in accordance with the IHS ICHD-II diagnostic criteria to establish the relative frequency of common types of headache. Frequency data was analysed in StatsDirect, using Exact (Clopper-Pearson) 95% Confidence Intervals. Comparisons were drawn using simple linear regression models. Results: 40.2% of the sample reported migraine, 15.85% tension-type headache and 2.43% cluster-like headache. A further 20.7% of respondents satisfied the criteria for probable migraine. Conclusion: Migraine-like headache was the most prevalent headache type in our sample population. Comparison with worldwide prevalence estimates suggests that, among headache sufferers, patients with co-morbid PTSD are more likely to suffer a migraine-like headache. This paper calls for a greater recognition of migraine among patients diagnosed with PTSD.","headache, migraine, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, human, patient, population, prevalence, model, tension headache, public health, surgery, questionnaire, diagnosis, confidence interval, linear regression analysis","Sylvan, A., Farrington, R., Elliot, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5373,Depression subtypes in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease,"Objective: The association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression provides a unique opportunity to understand the relation between systemic inflammation and depressive symptom profiles. Methods: Youth (n=226) ages 9 to 17 years with comorbid IBD and depression underwent psychiatric assessment and evaluation of IBD activity. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified depressive subgroups based on similar responses to the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Demographic factors, depression severity, anxiety, IBD activity, inflammatory markers, IBD-related medications, and illness perception were evaluated as predictors of profile membership. Results: Mean age was 14.3 years; 75% had Crohn disease; 31% were taking systemic corticosteroids. Mean depressive severity was moderate, whereas IBD activity, which reflects inflammation, was mild. LPA identified 3 subgroups: Profile-1 (mild, 75%) had diverse low-grade depressive symptoms and highest quality of life; Profile-2 (somatic, 19%) had severe fatigue, appetite change, anhedonia, decreased motor activity, and depressed mood with concurrent high-dose steroid therapy and the highest IBD activity; and Profile-3 (cognitive, 6%) had the highest rates of self-reported depressive symptoms, ostomy placements, and anxiety with IBD symptoms in the relative absence of inflammation. Conclusions: Evidence was found for 3 depression profiles in youth with IBD and depression. Our analyses determined that patients with predominantly somatic or cognitive symptoms of depression comprised 25% of our cohort. These findings may be used to design subgroup-specific interventions for depression in adolescents with IBD and other physical illnesses associated with systemic inflammation. © 2014 by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.","comorbid psychiatric and physical illness, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, latent profile analysis, pediatric","Szigethy, E. M., Youk, A. O., Benhayon, D., Fairclough, D. L., Newara, M. C., Kirshner, M. A., Bujoreanu, S. I., Mrakotsky, C., Bousvaros, A., Srinath, A. I., Keljo, D. J., Kupfer, D. J., Demaso, D. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5374,Pediatric Adverse Childhood Experiences: Implications for Life Course Health Trajectories,,"adverse childhood experience, article, brain development, child welfare, childhood, developmental psychology, epigenetics, foster care, high risk behavior, human, mental health, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, stress, wellbeing","Szilagyi, M., Halfon, N.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5375,Opioid receptors as potential drug targets for controlling fear responses and preventing post-traumatic stress disorder,"Purpose of the study: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by exaggerated fear and impaired extinction of traumatic memories. Opioids are considered as a potential therapeutic strategy due to their role in regulating pain sensitivity, fear and emotional learning [1,2]. However, there is still a need for efficacious analgesic and anxiolytic outcome without the severe side effects associated with the clinical profile of classical opioids. The main goal of our research is to investigate the contribution of each type of opioid receptors (OR) in fear conditioning [3]. In this study, we aim to analyze influence of aversive stimulus on expression of opioid peptides precursors genes in the brain and to test effectiveness of selective and nonselective OR ligands on behavioral response to stress in mice. Methods: We employed two inbred mouse strains SWR/J and C57BL/6J with diverse behavioral response to fear. We used fear conditioning apparatus in which animals received 5 electrical foot shocks (1 mA, 2 s duration, 1 min interval). Two hours after the shock the animals were sacrificed and brain tissue samples were collected (including amagdalae, due to its critical role in fear memory). The quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using TaqMan probes for prodynorphin (Pdyn), proenkephalin (Penk) and proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) genes. An independent cohort of mice was used to examine behavioral response to fear conditioning one day after foot shocks preceded with i.p. administration of naltrexone (2 mg/kg), cyprodime (2 mg/kg), naltrindole (5 mg/kg), norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI, 10 mg/kg) or saline. All experimental procedures were approved by the local Bioethics Commission at the Institute of Pharmacology, PAS (Krakow, Poland). Results: The qPCR analysis revealed increased levels of Pdyn and Penk transcripts in the amygdalae of fear exposed SWR/J mice (two-tailed t-test, P<0.05, versus control group). We found no alterations in mRNA abundance levels in C57BL/6J. Naive and saline-treated SWR/J mice did not develop fear responses to traumatic context, whereas similarly treated C57BL/6J mice froze for 80% of time spent in the apparatus. However, when injected with non-specific OR antagonist naltrexone, SWR/J mice exhibited high freezing response to apparatus (two-tailed t-test, P<0.001, versus saline-treated animals). Similar shocks-induced effects were observed in these mice after injection of selective delta and kappa OR antagonists, naltrindole and nor-BNI accordingly (one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls post hoc test for drug versus saline, P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively). Mu OR antagonist, cyprodime did not induce any freezing response after stressful event. Conclusions: In mice behaviorally resistant to stress, aversive encounter caused an increase in expression of two opioid peptides precursors genes Pdyn and Penk in the amygdalae. Pharmacological blockage of delta and kappa OR before traumatic stimulus, induced fear responses in these animals.We hypothesize that drugs with agonistic properties at these two receptors might prevent development of anxiety disorders in stress-susceptible individuals.","opiate receptor, sodium chloride, naltrindole, naltrexone, cyprodime, opiate peptide, messenger RNA, norbinaltorphimine, anxiolytic agent, proopiomelanocortin, ligand, analgesic agent, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, receptor, fear, posttraumatic stress disorder, college, psychopharmacology, mouse, Swiss Webster mouse, conditioning, gene, behavior, stimulus, footshock, memory, Student t test, anxiety disorder, freezing, precursor, amygdaloid nucleus, control group, brain tissue, pharmacology, bioethics, procedures, inbred mouse strain, side effect, Poland, learning, nociception, brain, post hoc analysis, injection, analysis of variance","Szklarczyk-Smolana, K., Korostynski, M., Cieslak, P., Wawrzczak-Bargiela, A., Przewlocki, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5376,Dynamic resolution of functionally related gene sets in response to acute heat stress,"Background: Using a gene clustering strategy we determined intracellular pathway relationships within skeletal myotubes in response to an acute heat stress stimuli. Following heat shock, the transcriptome was analyzed by microarray in a temporal fashion to characterize the dynamic relationship of signaling pathways. Results: Bioinformatics analyses exposed coordination of functionally-related gene sets, depicting mechanism-based responses to heat shock. Protein turnover-related pathways were significantly affected including protein folding, pre-mRNA processing, mRNA splicing, proteolysis and proteasome-related pathways. Many responses were transient, tending to normalize within 24 hours. Conclusion: In summary, we show that the transcriptional response to acute cell stress is largely transient and proteosome-centric. © 2007 Szustakowski et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Szustakowski, J. D., Kosinski, P. A., Marrese, C. A., Lee, J. H., Elliman, S. J., Nirmala, N., Kemp, D. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5377,White matter compromise in veterans exposed to primary blast forces,"OBJECTIVE:: Use diffusion tensor imaging to investigate white matter alterations associated with blast exposure with or without acute symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI). PARTICIPANTS:: Forty-five veterans of the recent military conflicts included 23 exposed to primary blast without TBI symptoms, 6 having primary blast with mild TBI, and 16 unexposed to blast. DESIGN:: Cross-sectional case-control study. MAIN MEASURES:: Neuropsychological testing and diffusion tensor imaging metrics that quantified the number of voxel clusters with altered fractional anisotropy (FA) radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity, regardless of their spatial location. RESULTS:: Significantly lower FA and higher radial diffusivity were observed in veterans exposed to primary blast with and without mild TBI relative to blast-unexposed veterans. Voxel clusters of lower FA were spatially dispersed and heterogeneous across affected individuals. CONCLUSION:: These results suggest that lack of clear TBI symptoms following primary blast exposure may not accurately reflect the extent of brain injury. If confirmed, our findings would argue for supplementing the established approach of making diagnoses based purely on clinical history and observable acute symptoms with novel neuroimaging-based diagnostic criteria that ""look below the surface"" for pathology.","diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), military veterans, primary blast, subconcussive blast exposure, white matter","Taber, K. H., Hurley, R. A., Haswell, C. C., Rowland, J. A., Hurt, S. D., Lamar, C. D., Morey, R. A.",2015.0,,10.1097/HTR.0000000000000030,0,0,
5378,Myosin VI expression in response to traumatic stress in murine hippocampus,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by recurrent recalls of bad memories, insomnia with nightmares and emotional withdrawal, all of which are long-lasting. In this study, we have evaluated the underlying mechanisms for PTSD from a viewpoint of adult neurogenesis in mice. Adult male mice were subjected to restraint stress in a metallic cage immersed in water up to the individual clavicle for 3 h as a traumatic experience (WIRS), followed by behavioral tests 14 days later. Stressed mice showed increased spontaneous locomotor activities, exhibiting freezing behaviors in response to a recall flashback signal on the tone fear-conditioning task and forced swimming test. A transient decrease was seen in the incorporation of the 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into the hippocampal dentate gyrus 5 days after WIRS, while a significant decrease was seen in BrdU incorporation in the dentate gyrus 5 days after flashback signals given 9 days after WIRS. Chronic treatment with imipramine significantly improved those abnormalities in the animal behavior and neurogenesis. Moreover, we carried out differential display analysis to profile gene expression changes in the hippocampus obtained 1 day after WIRS. Myosin VI (Myo6) was identified as a gene upregulated in response to traumatic stress in the murine hippocampus. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that WIRS led to a significant but transient increase in the expression of mRNA and protein for Myo6 in the hippocampus 1 day later. These results suggest that Myo6 could play a pivotal role in the mechanism underlying the decreased adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice with traumatic stress.","myosin VI, broxuridine, messenger RNA, protein, water, imipramine, posttraumatic stress disorder, hippocampus, mouse, dentate gyrus, nervous system development, adult, recall, Western blotting, memory, insomnia, nightmare, male, immobilization stress, clavicle, locomotion, freezing, conditioning, forced swim test, long term care, animal behavior, differential display, gene expression, gene, real time polymerase chain reaction, fear","Tachibana, M., Ito, Y., Tamaki, K., Takarada, T., Nakamichi, N., Yoneda, Y.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5379,MOSAIC (mothers' advocates in the community): Protocol and sample description of a cluster randomised trial of mentor mother support to reduce intimate partner violence among pregnant or recent mothers,"Background. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent globally, experienced by a significant minority of women in the early childbearing years and is harmful to the mental and physical health of women and children. There are very few studies with rigorous designs which have tested the effectiveness of IPV interventions to improve the health and wellbeing of abused women. Evidence for the separate benefit to victims of social support, advocacy and non-professional mentoring suggested that a combined model may reduce the levels of violence, the associated mental health damage and may increase a woman's health, safety and connection with her children. This paper describes the development, design and implementation of a trial of mentor mother support set in primary care, including baseline characteristics of participating women. Methods/Design. MOSAIC (MOtherS' Advocates In the Community) was a cluster randomised trial embedded in general practice and maternal and child health (MCH) nursing services in disadvantaged suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Women who were pregnant or with infants, identified as abused or symptomatic of abuse, were referred by IPV-trained GPs and MCH nurses from 24 general practices and eight nurse teams from January 2006 to December 2007. Women in the intervention arm received up to 12 months support from trained and supported non-professional mentor mothers. Vietnamese health professionals also referred Vietnamese women to bilingual mentors in a sub-study. Baseline and follow-up surveys at 12 months measured IPV (CAS), depression (EPDS), general health (SF-36), social support (MOS-SF) and attachment to children (PSI-SF). Significant development and piloting occurred prior to trial commencement. Implementation interviews with MCH nurses, GPs and mentors assisted further refinement of the intervention. In-depth interviews with participants and mentors, and follow-up surveys of MCH nurses and GPs at trial conclusion will shed further light on MOSAIC's impact. Discussion. Despite significant challenges, MOSAIC will make an important contribution to the need for evidence of effective partner violence interventions, the role of non-professional mentors in partner violence support services and the need for more evaluation of effective health professional training and support in caring for abused women and children among their populations. Trial registration. ACTRN12607000010493. © 2009 Taft et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Taft, A. J., Small, R., Hegarty, K. L., Lumley, J., Watson, L. F., Gold, L.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5380,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Physiological Reactivity, Alcohol Problems, and Aggression Among Military Veterans","This study examined the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and aggressive behavior among a sample of male Vietnam veterans (N = 1,328). Results indicated that the hyperarousal PTSD symptom cluster evidenced the strongest positive association with aggression at the bivariate level when compared with the other PTSD symptom clusters. When the PTSD symptom clusters were examined together as predictors, hyperarousal symptoms evidenced a significant positive relationship with aggression, and avoidance/numbing symptoms were negatively associated with aggression. Examination of potential mediators indicated that hyperarousal symptoms were directly associated with aggression and indirectly related to aggression via alcohol problems. Reexperiencing symptoms were associated with aggression only indirectly and through their positive association with physiological reactivity and negative association with alcohol problems. Study results highlight the complexity of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression, and suggest possible mechanisms explaining this association. (copyright) 2007 American Psychological Association.","aggression, alcoholic beverage, article, comorbidity, controlled study, drinking behavior, human, hyperactivity, major clinical study, male, physiological stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, statistical significance, symptomatology, veteran","Taft, C. T., Kaloupek, D. G., Schumm, J. A., Marshall, A. D., Panuzio, J., King, D. W., Keane, T. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5381,Posttraumatic stress disorder and intimate relationship problems: A meta-analysis,"Objective: The authors conducted a meta-analysis of empirical studies investigating associations between indices of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and intimate relationship problems to empirically synthesize this literature. Method: A literature search using PsycINFO, Medline, Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS), and Dissertation Abstracts was performed. The authors identified 31 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Results: True score correlations () revealed medium-sized associations between PTSD and intimate relationship discord ( = .38, N = 7,973, K = 21), intimate relationship physical aggression perpetration ( = .42, N = 4,630, K = 19), and intimate relationship psychological aggression perpetration ( = .36, N = 1,501, K = 10). The strength of the association between PTSD and relationship discord was higher in military (vs. civilian) samples, and when the study was conducted in the United States (vs. other country), and the study represented a doctoral dissertation (vs. published article). The strength of the association between PTSD and physical aggression was higher in military (vs. civilian) samples, males (vs. females), community (vs. clinical) samples, studies examining PTSD symptom severity (vs. diagnosis), when the physical aggression measure focused exclusively on severe violence (vs. a more inclusive measure), and the study was published (vs. dissertation). For the PTSD-psychological aggression association, 98% of the variance was accounted for by methodological artifacts such as sampling and measurement error; consequently, no moderators were examined in this relationship. Conclusions: Findings highlight a need for the examination of models explaining the relationship difficulties associated with PTSD symptomatology and interventions designed to treat problems in both areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Couples, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Relationship Quality, Military Personnel","Taft, Casey T., Watkins, Laura E., Stafford, Jane, Street, Amy E., Monson, Candice M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5382,Social Information Processing in Anger Expression and Partner Violence in Returning U.S. Veterans,"We examined social information processing factors that could represent pathways through which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms relate to anger expression and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in returning U.S. veterans. The sample included 92 male Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans, primarily Caucasian (77.4%), with smaller numbers of African American, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and other minority participants (9.7%, 2.2%, 2.2%, 3.2%, and 5.3% respectively). The average age was 40.37 (SD = 9.63) years. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires (PTSD Checklist, State-Trait Anger Expression Scale, Revised Conflict Tactics Scales) and the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations experimental protocol. Laboratory-based assessment of cognitive biases and hostile attributions were tested as mediators of associations between PTSD symptoms and anger expression and IPV. Among the PTSD symptom clusters, hyperarousal symptoms were most strongly associated with anger expression (r = .50) and IPV perpetration (r = .27). Cognitive biases mediated associations between PTSD total scores and 3 of 4 PTSD cluster scores as well as anger expression. Hostile attribution biases were also associated with IPV perpetration (r = .23). We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding social information processing mechanisms for the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression.",,"Taft, C. T., Weatherill, R. P., Scott, J. P., Thomas, S. A., Kang, H. K., Eckhardt, C. I.",2015.0,Aug,10.1002/jts.22017,0,0,
5383,Trauma related disorders in children and adolescents,"Children and adolescents can present, after violent events as physical or sexual abuse, catastrophes, wars etc., a wide variety of psychopathological features. Posttraumatic stress disorder with its symptoms from three clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and increased arousal) does not summarise the possible clinical presentation and course. Therapeutic interventions have to take into account individual, familial, and cultural dimensions in each situation. © 2003 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits réservés.","Adolescents, Children, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Transcultural psychiatry, Trauma related disorder","Taïeb, O., Baubet, T., Pradère, J., Lévy, K., Revah-Lévy, A., Serre, G., Moro, M. R.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5384,Psychiatric (axis I) and personality (axis II) disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome or atypical facial pain,"Background and aims: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and atypical facial pain (AFP) are often persistent idiopathic pain conditions that mainly affect middle-aged and elderly women. They have both been associated with various psychiatric disorders. This study examined current and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric axis I (symptom-based) and II (personality) disorders in patients with chronic idiopathic orofacial pain, and investigated the temporal relationship of psychiatric disorders and the onset of orofacial pain. Method: Forty patients with BMS and 23 patients with AFP were recruited from Turku university hospital clinics. Mean age of the patients was 62.3 years (range 35-84) and 90% were female. BMS and AFP diagnoses were based on thorough clinical evaluation, and all patients had undergone clinical neurophysiological investigations including blink reflex and thermal quantitative tests. Current and lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses of axis I and II disorders were made on clinical basis with the aid of SCID-I and II-interviews. The detected prevalence rates and their 95% confidence intervals based on binomial distribution were compared to three previous large population-based studies. Results: Of the 63 patients, 26 (41.3%) had had an axis I disorder that preceded the onset of orofacial pain, and 33 (52.4%) had had a lifetime axis I disorder. Rate of current axis I disorders was 36.5%, indicating that only about 16% of lifetime disorders had remitted, and they tended to run chronic course. The most common lifetime axis I disorders were major depression (30.2%), social phobia (15.9%), specific phobia (11.1%), and panic disorder (7.9%). Twelve patients (19.0%) had at least one cluster C personality disorder already before the emergence of orofacial pain. Patients with cluster C personality disorders are characterized as fearful and neurotic. None of the patients had cluster A (characterized as odd and eccentric) or B (characterized as dramatic, emotional or erratic) personality disorders. The most common personality disorders were obsessive-compulsive personality (14.3%), dependent personality (4.8%), and avoidant personality (3.2%). The majority of the patients (54%) had also one or more chronic pain conditions other than orofacial pain. In almost all patients (94%) they were already present at the onset of orofacial pain. Conclusions: Our results suggest that major depression, persistent social phobia, and neurotic, fearful, and obsessive-compulsive personality characteristics are common in patients with chronic idiopathic orofacial pain. Most psychiatric disorders precede the onset of orofacial pain and they tend to run a chronic course. Implications: We propose that the high psychiatric morbidity, and comorbidity to other chronic pain conditions, in chronic idiopathic orofacial pain can be best understood in terms of shared vulnerability to both chronic pain and specific psychiatric disorders, most likely mediated by dysfunctional brain dopamine activity. (copyright) 2011.","adult, aged, alcoholism, article, atypical facial pain, avoidant personality disorder, bipolar I disorder, burning mouth syndrome, chronic pain, clinical evaluation, comorbidity, compulsive personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, depression, disease association, disease course, emotion, eyelid reflex, face pain, fear, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, neurophysiology, neurosis, panic, personality disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, social phobia, specific phobia, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, type A behavior, type B behavior","Taiminen, T., Kuusalo, L., Lehtinen, L., Forssell, H., Hagelberg, N., Tenovuo, O., Luutonen, S., Pertovaara, A., Jaaskelainen, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5385,Psychiatric (axis I) and personality (axis II) disorders in patients with burning mouth syndrome or atypical facial pain,"Background and aims: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and atypical facial pain (AFP) are often persistent idiopathic pain conditions that mainly affect middle-aged and elderly women. They have both been associated with various psychiatric disorders. This study examined current and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric axis I (symptom-based) and II (personality) disorders in patients with chronic idiopathic orofacial pain, and investigated the temporal relationship of psychiatric disorders and the onset of orofacial pain. Method: Forty patients with BMS and 23 patients with AFP were recruited from Turku university hospital clinics. Mean age of the patients was 62.3 years (range 35-84) and 90% were female. BMS and AFP diagnoses were based on thorough clinical evaluation, and all patients had undergone clinical neurophysiological investigations including blink reflex and thermal quantitative tests. Current and lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses of axis I and II disorders were made on clinical basis with the aid of SCID-I and II-interviews. The detected prevalence rates and their 95% confidence intervals based on binomial distribution were compared to three previous large population-based studies. Results: Of the 63 patients, 26 (41.3%) had had an axis I disorder that preceded the onset of orofacial pain, and 33 (52.4%) had had a lifetime axis I disorder. Rate of current axis I disorders was 36.5%, indicating that only about 16% of lifetime disorders had remitted, and they tended to run chronic course. The most common lifetime axis I disorders were major depression (30.2%), social phobia (15.9%), specific phobia (11.1%), and panic disorder (7.9%). Twelve patients (19.0%) had at least one cluster C personality disorder already before the emergence of orofacial pain. Patients with cluster C personality disorders are characterized as fearful and neurotic. None of the patients had cluster A (characterized as odd and eccentric) or B (characterized as dramatic, emotional or erratic) personality disorders. The most common personality disorders were obsessive-compulsive personality (14.3%), dependent personality (4.8%), and avoidant personality (3.2%). The majority of the patients (54%) had also one or more chronic pain conditions other than orofacial pain. In almost all patients (94%) they were already present at the onset of orofacial pain. Conclusions: Our results suggest that major depression, persistent social phobia, and neurotic, fearful, and obsessive-compulsive personality characteristics are common in patients with chronic idiopathic orofacial pain. Most psychiatric disorders precede the onset of orofacial pain and they tend to run a chronic course. Implications: We propose that the high psychiatric morbidity, and comorbidity to other chronic pain conditions, in chronic idiopathic orofacial pain can be best understood in terms of shared vulnerability to both chronic pain and specific psychiatric disorders, most likely mediated by dysfunctional brain dopamine activity. © 2011.","Atypical facial pain, Burning mouth syndrome, Chronic pain, Persistent idiopathic facial pain, Personality disorder, Psychiatric disorder","Taiminen, T., Kuusalo, L., Lehtinen, L., Forssell, H., Hagelberg, N., Tenovuo, O., Luutonen, S., Pertovaara, A., Jääskeläinen, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,5384
5386,Depressive symptoms among firefighters and related factors after the response to Hurricane Katrina,,,"Tak, S., Driscoll, R., Bernard, B., West, C.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
5387,Premenstrual symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder in Japanese high school students 9 months after the great east-Japan earthquake,"On March 11, 2011, the Great East-Japan Earthquake occurred and a massive tsunami hit the northeastern coast of Japan. Catastrophic disasters such as earthquakes and war cause tremendous damage, not only physically but also mentally. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of psychological and somatic symptoms that are limited to the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is considered a severe form of PMS. To determine the relationship between premenstrual symptoms and natural disaster-induced PTSD among Japanese adolescent girls, we conducted a crosssectional study. Overall, 1489 high school students who belong to two high schools in Sendai, the largest city in northeastern Japan, were assessed 9 months after the earthquake. These schools are located inland, far from the seashore, and were not damaged by the tsunami. Premenstrual symptoms were assessed using the Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire, and PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Japanese-language version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, which is a widely used self-assessment questionnaire about PTSD symptoms. We analyzed the data of 1,180 girls who completed the questionnaires and 118 girls (10.0%) were classified as having PTSD. The prevalence rates of PMDD and moderate to severe PMS increased according to the comorbidity of PTSD (p < 0.001), showing a correlation between the severity of PMS/PMDD and natural disaster-induced PTSD. The comorbidity of PMS/PMDD and PTSD may complicate the follow-up of both conditions. © 2013 Tohoku University Medical Press.","Great east-Japan earthquake, High school students, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Premenstrual syndrome","Takeda, T., Tadakawa, M., Koga, S., Nagase, S., Yaegashi, N.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5388,MMPI profiles in PTSD as a function of comorbidity,"A sample of 135 Vietnam veteran inpatients with combat-related PTSD was sorted into three groups, depending upon the presence of concurrent psychiatric disorders: Depression (n = 68), Psychosis (n = 31), and Other (n = 36). Pairwise comparisons were made on the MMPI with respect to the validity indicators, clinical scales, four relevant Harris-Lingoes subscales, the Psychoticism content scale, and the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Results indicate variations in scale elevations as a function of comorbid diagnosis. Various items and scales appear to differentiate the Psychosis group due to greater psychopathology. In general, the results spotlight the heterogeneous aspects that comorbidity brings to PTSD assessment.",,"Talbert, F. S., Albrecht, N. N., Albrecht, J. W., Boudewyns, P. A., Hyer, L. A., Touze, J. H., Lemmon, C. R.",1994.0,,,0,0,
5389,NEO-PI profiles in PTSD as a function of trauma level,"One hundred Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD were administered the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and the Combat Exposure Scale and were sorted into three groups based on trauma exposure level. Results indicate no significant differences among the personality profiles of the three trauma- exposed groups. A normative NEO-PI profile for persons diagnosed with combat- related PTSD is presented, characterized by an extremely high Neuroticism score (T > 75) and an extremely low Agreeableness score (T < 25).","adult, article, character disorder, human, major clinical study, male, neurosis, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier","Talbert, F. S., Braswell, L. C., Albrecht, J. W., Hyer, L. A., Boudewyns, P. A.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5390,"Metabolic risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of sleep in young, healthy adults","Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with indicators of poor physical health and sleep disturbance. This study investigated the relationship between PTSD and metabolic risk factors and examined the role of sleep duration in medically healthy and medication-free adults. Methods: Participants with PTSD (n = 44, mean age = 30.6 years) and control participants free of lifetime psychiatric history (n = 50, mean age = 30.3 years) recorded sleep using sleep diary for 10 nights and actigraphy for 7 nights.We assessed metabolic risk factors including fasting triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as abdominal fat using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: PTSD was associated with shorter sleep duration (based on self-report, not actigraphy) and higher metabolic risks (controlling for body fat percentage), including increased triglycerides (p = .03), total cholesterol (p < .001), LDL cholesterol (p = .006), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = .002), and cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (p = .024). In addition, sleep duration was associated with metabolic risks in PTSD (significant correlations ranged from r = -0.20 to r = -0.40) but did not fully account for the association between PTSD and metabolic measures. Conclusions: Metabolic risk factors are associated with PTSD even in early adulthood, which highlights the need for early intervention. Future longitudinal research should assess whether sleep disturbance in PTSD is a mechanism that contributes to heightened metabolic risk to elucidate the pathway from PTSD to higher rates of medical disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Metabolism, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Sleep, Cholesterol, Stress","Talbot, Lisa S., Rao, Madhu N., Cohen, Beth E., Richards, Anne, Inslicht, Sabra S., ""ODonovan, Aoife"", Maguen, Shira, Metzler, Thomas J., Neylan, Thomas C.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5391,Circulatory response to hyperthermia during acute normovolaemic haemodilution,"Cats anaesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and urethane were exposed to heat stress in two groups. In the first group (n=10) of control animals, the effect of heat stress on haemodynamic variables was recorded at control haematocrit (HCT) of 42.0±1.0%. In a second group, the effect of heat stress was studied after induction of acute normovolaemic haemodilution (HCT of 13.0±1.0%). Haemodilution was induced to a maximum of 60% replacement of blood with dextran (mol.wt. 150000). Heat stress was induced by surface heating and core body temperature was raised from 37° C to 42° C. The effect of heat stress and haemodilution on various haemodynamic variables, viz. left ventricular pressure (LVP), left ventricular contractility (LVdP/dtmax), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), arterial blood pressure (ABP), right atrial pressure (RAP), and arterial blood PO2, PCO2 and pH was examined. Haemodilution produced significant (P&lt;0.05) increases in HR and CO but there were no significant (P&gt;0.05) changes in ABP, RAP, LVdP/dtmax and total peripherial resistance (TPR). Hyperthermia caused a significant fall (P&lt;0.05) in TPR. However, the percentage fall in TPR was higher in the control group. On exposure to heat stress, there were significant (P&lt;0.05I increases in HR and CO in both the groups; however, HR and CO values were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in the haemodiluted group compared to the control. The latter findings could be due either to the higher basal values of these variables with the fall in HCT or to inefficient cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. The lack of efficient regulatory control under such severe stress conditions makes the cardiovascular system of anaemic animals more vulnerable to heat stress. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed deleterious effects of heat stress in both the groups. The higher values of HR and CO in the haemodiluted group may be responsible for circulatory failure at low HCT values, indicating a higher risk in the haemodiluted group as compared to the control group. © ISB 1998.","Anaemia, Haemodilution, Heat stress, Hyperthermia","Talwar, A., Fahim, M.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5392,Dissociative processes and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in Vietnam veterans,"The diagnostic taxonomy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a contentious issue. Commentators are divided as to whether PTSD should remain grouped with the anxiety disorders or conceptualized as a dissociative disorder. This study sought to clarify the issue by investigating the extent to which anxiety and dissociative processes differentially predict the severity of each of the three symptoms clusters in PTSD. Seventy-four Australian veterans of the Vietnam War were assessed on measures of dissociation, trait anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Multiple regression analyses showed that all three symptoms clusters were predicted by anxiety, but the clusters differed in the pattern of their relationship with dissociation variables. The failure of pathological dissociation to predict PTSD symptoms prompts a reconsideration of the point at which dissociative mechanisms may impact on this disorder. The findings are consistent with current classification of combat-related PTSD as an anxiety disorder.","Anxiety/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Australia/epidemiology, Catchment Area (Health), Cluster Analysis, Combat Disorders/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology, Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis/*psychology, Humans, Male, Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Veterans/psychology/*statistics & numerical data, Vietnam, *War","Tampke, A. K., Irwin, H. J.",1999.0,Oct,10.1023/a:1024733621595,0,0,
5393,The synthetic evaluation model for analysis of flooding hazards,"Background: Although many previous epidemiological studies have reported the incidence of diseases, mortality rate and economic losses after natural disasters, none of these studies has been comprehensive enough. Our aim was to establish a synthetic evaluation model (SEM) that can be used to analyze flood hazards. Methods: Initial evaluation indicators were selected using systematic and literature data analysis. These indicators were tested with single or multiple variable analyses. Final evaluation indicators and their weights were determined using the Delphi procedure. We established a SEM of flood hazards using the hierarchy method and tested the model using jack-knife analysis. Results: The SEM on flood hazards consists of 6 first-rank indicators and 24 second-rank indicators. First-rank indicators were: direct casualties (w = 0.2123), the increased incidence and prevalence rate of the disease (w = 0.1715), excess mortality rate (w = 0.1745), mental injury (w = 0.1038), epidemic focus expansion (w = 0.1572) and economic loss (w = 0.1807). The agreement of the model reached 98.2% tested with the jack-knife analysis. Conclusion: A SEM of flood hazards was established with an agreement of 98.2%, which can be used to evaluate the hazards, and assist public health-care workers provide appropriate flood disaster management. © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.","Delphi method, Flood hazards, Jack-knife analysis, Synthetic evaluation","Tan, H., Ping, W., Yang, T., Li, S., Liu, A., Zhou, J., Groves, J., Sun, Z.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5394,Expression profile of mRNAs from rat hippocampus and its application to microarray,"Stress refers to physiological or psychological stimuli that disrupt homeostasis and induce pathophysiological conditions due to maladaptive response, sometimes resulting in mental disorders including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Severe stress has been shown to induce neuronal atrophy and apoptosis, especially in the hippocampus, which is thought to be a region of the brain important in stress-related disorders. We have analyzed gene expression in rat hippocampus comprehensively to clarify the molecular mechanism of stress-related disorders. In the present study, we identified and catalogued 13,660 partial complementary DNA sequences (expressed sequence tags (ESTs)) of randomly selected clones from a cDNA library of rat hippocampus. Sequence analysis showed that these clones cluster into 7173 non-redundant sequences comprising 1794 clusters and 5379 singletons. As a result of nucleotide and peptide database search, 2594 were found to represent known rat sequences. Of the remaining 4579 genes, 599 non-redundant ESTs represent rat homologs of genes identified in other species or new members of structurally related families. In addition, we illustrate the use of these clone sets by constructing a cDNA microarray focused on genes categorized into 'cell/organism defense'. These ESTs and our own microarray thus provide an improved genomic source for molecular studies of animal models of stress-related disorders. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","messenger RNA, animal tissue, article, DNA microarray, DNA sequence, expressed sequence tag, gene cluster, gene expression profiling, gene identification, hippocampus, molecular cloning, nonhuman, nucleic acid database, priority journal, protein database, randomization, rat, sequence analysis, sequence homology, stress","Tanaka, T., Horikawa, Y., Kawamoto, T., Kabe-Sakurai, N., Takeda, J., Mikuni, M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5395,"PTSD and TBI co-morbidity: Scope, clinical presentation and treatment options",,,"Tanev, K. S., Pentel, K. Z., Kredlow, M. A., Charney, M. E.",2014.0,,10.3109/02699052.2013.873821,0,0,
5396,Trajectory of traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of extreme natural disaster: a study of adult thai survivors of the 2004 Southeast Asian earthquake and tsunami,"This study investigated the trajectory of traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of the 2004 Southeast Asian earthquake-tsunami. A total of 265 adult Thai survivors were assessed at 2 weeks and 6 months following the earthquake-tsunami. The percentages of survivors reporting traumatic stress symptoms were 22% at 2 weeks and 30% at 6 months postdisaster. Four trajectories of traumatic stress symptoms were identified: 12% of survivors presented with chronic stress symptoms, 18% had a delayed onset, 10% showed improvement, and the remaining 60% maintained a stable emotional equilibrium. Among survivors, the chronic group was the oldest, the delayed group reported the lowest level of perceived government support, and the resilient group experienced the fewest postdisaster psychiatric symptoms. Results pointed to the need to broaden the conceptualization of postdisaster stress responding as well as to establish disaster psychiatry and related mental health activities in the region.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Asia, Southeastern, Attitude to Health, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Disasters/*statistics & numerical data, Emergency Services, Psychiatric/supply & distribution, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Social Adjustment, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Stress Disorders, Traumatic/*diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Survivors/*psychology/statistics & numerical data, Thailand/epidemiology","Tang, C. S.",2007.0,Jan,10.1097/01.nmd.0000242971.84798.bc,0,1,
5397,Trajectory of traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of extreme natural disaster: A study of adult Thai survivors of the 2004 Southeast Asian earthquake and tsunami,"This study investigated the trajectory of traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of the 2004 Southeast Asian earthquake-tsunami. A total of 265 adult Thai survivors were assessed at 2 weeks and 6 months following the earthquake-tsunami. The percentages of survivors reporting traumatic stress symptoms were 22% at 2 weeks and 30% at 6 months postdisaster. Four trajectories of traumatic stress symptoms were identified: 12% of survivors presented with chronic stress symptoms, 18% had a delayed onset, 10% showed improvement, and the remaining 60% maintained a stable emotional equilibrium. Among survivors, the chronic group was the oldest, the delayed group reported the lowest level of perceived government support, and the resilient group experienced the fewest postdisaster psychiatric symptoms. Results pointed to the need to broaden the conceptualization of postdisaster stress responding as well as to establish disaster psychiatry and related mental health activities in the region. (copyright) 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","adult, aged, article, concept analysis, controlled study, disability, disaster, disease severity, earthquake, emotion, emotionality, female, government, high risk population, human, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, physical capacity, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, psychological balance, Southeast Asia, survivor, Thailand, tsunami","Tang, C. S. K.",2007.0,,,0,1,5396
5398,Trajectories of caregiver depressive symptoms while providing end-of-life care,"Objective The course of caregivers' depressive symptoms may not be homogenous. This study identified trajectories of depressive symptoms among caregivers providing end-of-life care to cancer patients and profiled the unique characteristics of caregivers within each trajectory. Methods Trajectories of depressive symptoms were explored in 447 caregivers who completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale over four periods close to the patient's death (1-30, 31-90, 91-180, and >180 days). Distinct trajectories were identified by latent class analysis. Results Four trajectories were identified as endurance, resilience, moderately symptomatic, and chronically distressed and contained 32.0%, 11.4%, 36.9%, and 19.7% of the sample, respectively. Caregivers in the endurance trajectory were relatively well-adjusted individuals with less education, adequate financial support, and ample psychological resources but provided care to older patients with greater symptom distress. They perceived less subjective caregiving burden than caregivers with moderate or chronic depressive symptoms. Caregivers in the resilience trajectory were in a more vulnerable position than those in other trajectories when they first transitioned into the caregiving role because they were more likely to be the patient's spouse, have greater educational attainment and insufficient finances, provide higher intensity assistance to a younger relative, and have weaker psychological resources. However, they were older, reported greater confidence in caregiving, and perceived less caregiving burden than caregivers in other trajectories. The moderately symptomatic and chronically distressed trajectories were differentiated only by the strength of psychological resources. Conclusions Caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients follow distinct depressive-symptom trajectories while providing end-of-life care. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","cancer, depressive symptoms trajectories, end-of-life care, family caregivers, latent class analysis, longitudinal study, oncology","Tang, S. T., Huang, G. H., Wei, Y. C., Chang, W. C., Chen, J. S., Chou, W. C.",2013.0,,10.1002/pon.3334,0,0,
5399,Genotype-controlled analysis of serum dopamine -hydroxylase activity in civilian post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Norepinephrine (NE) plays a central role in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dopamine -hydroxylase (DH) converts dopamine (DA) to NE and its activity varies widely across individuals. Mustapic et al. (2007) reported a PTSD-associated deficit in serum DH activity in a genotype-controlled analysis of combat veterans. We tested whether such a deficit would occur in a sample of civilians. Methods: The severity of current adult PTSD symptoms and current DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD were determined by the PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS). Adulthood trauma exposure was assessed using the Traumatic Experience Inventory (TEI). Serum DH activity (sDH) was assayed by HPLC with electrochemical detection and genotypes were determined using the Taqman platform. Results: Two hundred and twenty seven African American (AA) subjects were enrolled in this study, with a mean age (+/- SD) of 42.9 (+/- 12.9) years. We found a strong association between rs1611115 genotype and sDH (p < 0.0001). After controlling for adulthood trauma exposure, there were no significant differences of sDH between subjects who met a PTSD diagnosis and those who did not (p > 0.05) in any genotype group. No significant correlations were found between sDH and PTSD severity, but sDH significantly associated with the status of comorbid depression based on the cutoff of HAMD (p = 0.014) in subjects with PTSD. Conclusions: We have replicated in this sample the prior finding that DBH rs1611115 genotype strongly associates with sDH. No associations between sDH and PTSD diagnosis or symptom severity were found in this civilian sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Dopamine, *Genotypes, *Norepinephrine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Hydroxylases","Tang, Yi-lang, Li, Wenbiao, Mercer, Kristina, Bradley, Bekh, Gillespie, Charles F., Bonsall, Robert, Ressler, Kerry J., Cubells, Joseph F.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5400,"Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery",,,"Tanielian, T., Jaycox, L. H.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5401,Role of postsynaptic density protein-95 in the maintenance of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats,"Our previous work has demonstrated that postsynaptic density protein-95, a molecular scaffolding protein that binds and clusters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at neuronal synapses, plays an important role in the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. The current study further investigated the possible involvement of postsynaptic density protein-95 in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were induced within 3 days and maintained for 15 days or longer after unilateral injury to the fifth lumbar spinal nerve. The rats injected intrathecally with postsynaptic density protein-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide every 24 h for 4 days from day 7 to day 10 post-surgery exhibited not only a marked decrease in spinal cord postsynaptic density protein-95 protein expression but also a significant reduction in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia on day 11 post-surgery. The rats injected with sense oligodeoxynucleotide did not display these changes. However, in the rats without nerve injury, postsynaptic density protein-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide given intrathecally every 24 h for 4 days did not affect responses to mechanical and thermal stimulation. In addition, postsynaptic density protein-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide did not change locomotor activity of experimental animals. Our results indicate that the deficiency of postsynaptic density protein-95 protein in the spinal cord significantly attenuates nerve injury-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia during both the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. These results suggest that postsynaptic density protein-95 might be involved in the central mechanisms of chronic neuropathic pain and provide a novel target for development of new pain therapies. © 2003 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Antisense technology, Central sensitization, Hyperalgesia, Intrathecal injection, Spinal cord","Tao, F., Tao, Y. X., Mao, P., Johns, R. A.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5402,Sex-based responses of plasma creatine kinase in broilers to thermoneutral constant and cyclic high temperatures,"1. The plasma creatine kinase (CK) activities of male and female broilers under different temperature regimens were studied to investigate the suitability of plasma CK as an indicator of muscle damage due to heat exposure (HE).2. This study characterises the responses of plasma CK concentration of Arbor Acres broilers to thermoneutral (TN) constant (22°C) or warm cyclic (WC) temperatures (ranging from 27·9°C to 37·9°C).3. The daily mean CK of the females tended to be higher than those of the males, and significant differences in plasma CK were observed between the genders during the first 5-d test period, namely 2-d TN constant and 3-d WC temperatures.4. During a 5-d HE to the WC regimens, CK of both genders fluctuated with HE time but exhibited somewhat different profiles. Specifically, the daily mean CK of the females was significantly higher on d 5 of HE than any other daily means, whereas significant difference in daily CK of the males occurred on d 4 of HE.5. Repetitive blood sampling over 5 d of HE had significant effects on the plasma CK of the females regardless of the number of repeated bleeding times.6. Profiles of the plasma CK for each gender during d 1 of HE were similar to those under the TN condition, implying that heat stress affects the range of broiler plasma CK concentration but with a 1-d lag.7. Plasma CK activities of female and male broilers showed a response to HE. However, both the gender and the time of blood sampling should be taken into account when plasma CK is used as an indicator of HE for market-size broilers. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.",,"Tao, X., Dong, H., Zhang, H., Xin, H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5403,Memory and emotion in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), the hypermnesis linked to the trauma produces various emotional disturbances that result in a state of increased hypersensitivity towards environmental stimuli. Accordingly, memory and emotional functions play a predominant role in the PTSD symptomatology. Through a distinctive approach to the cognitive psychopathology research, the goal of this review is to define the nature of the links between the memory and emotional processes in PTSD. The research conducted in this area, whether on explicit or implicit memory, reveals a memory bias in information specific to the trauma. In determining the workings of the cognitive mechanisms responsible for this traumatic information bias, we hope that this will provide a basis for progress to be made in the understanding of the cognitive mechanisms responsible for the repetitive mnemic symptoms of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Processes, *Emotional States, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Tapia, Geraldine, Clarys, David, Isingrini, Michel, El-Hage, Wissam",2007.0,,,0,0,
5404,Chernobyl clean-up workers' perception of radiation threat,"The goals of this study were: (1) to compare the psychometric profiles of male Chernobyl liquidators who met DSM-III-R criteria for current PTSD with those who did not, and (2) to explore liquidators' perception and assessment of the 'invisible' stressor of the radioactive hazard. Results of t-test comparisons between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups for the various psychometric measures are shown. Both diagnostic groups were similar in regard to their mean ages and education levels. The PTSD group scored significantly higher than the non-PTSD group on all the measures of PTSD and general psychiatric symptomatology, state and trait anxiety, depression. On the whole, results of this study demonstrate the determining role of individual perception and assessment of radioactive hazard in the development of post-traumatic stress and place this problem among the most important in studying the psychological consequences of experiencing radioactive threat. The real working conditions and the level of information also affected workers' estimate of the severity of the radiation hazard in Chernobyl.",,"Tarabrina, N., Lazebnaya, E., Zelenova, M., Lasko, N.",1996.0,,,0,0,
5405,Factors associated with outcome of cognitive-behavioural treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder,"Examined factors that were associated with outcome in the treatment of 57 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A trial of cognitive therapy compared to imaginal exposure of chronic PTSD showed that although clinical improvements were obtained after treatment and at 6 mo follow-up 1 type of treatment was not significantly superior to the other. Characteristics of the patient, the trauma and treatment and of pretreatment clinical measures were investigated as predictors of PTSD outcome. 11 variables were significantly associated with the pre- to post-treatment change in Clinically Administered PTSD Scale (D. Blake, F. Weathers, F. Nogy, D. Kaloupek, G. Klauminzer, D. Charney, & T. Keane, 1990) severity scores. Of these, 3 (duration of therapy, gender and suicide risk) were selected into a step-wise multiple regression equation to explain 36.5% of the outcome. Similarly, 9 variables were significantly associated with the pretreatment to follow-up change with 3 variables (number of missed therapy sessions, residential status and co-morbid general anxiety disorder) being selected into the equation and explaining 36.9% of the outcome. The best predictor of outcome was inconsistent attendance at therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Tarrier, Nicholas, Sommerfield, Claire, Pilgrim, Hazel, Faragher, Brian",2000.0,,,0,0,
5406,Post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder among caregivers of patients with stroke,"Objective: In this study, it has been aimed to investigate prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) among caregivers of stroke patients. Methods: Eighty-six caregivers participated in the study. All caregivers of stroke patients have joined a physical rehabilitation program in Kocaeli University Hospital and a private rehabilitation center between April and June 2013.Sociodemographic form and general health questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) have been used to assess the cases. PTSD and MDD modules of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID- 1) have been used for the diagnose of PTSD and MDD. Results: 37.2% of participants have met the diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV MDD and 20.9% for PTSD. Cluster analysis revealed that caregivers can be divided into two subgroups which are classified by the presence of MDD, PTSD and mean scores of GHQ-12. There was a statistically significant difference between the two caregiver clusters in terms of patients' gender, age, and the duration of the illness, employment, sharing the same house with the patient, the duration of caregiving, history of a psychiatric disorder, history of a psychiatric disorder in first degree relatives, financial burden of medical expenses. Conclusion: Results of this study have shown that there is a substantially high prevalence of PTSD and MDD among caregivers of stroke patients. The high psychopathology rates among caregivers of stroke patients reveal the importance of therapeutic intervention attempts for relatives of these patients.","human, cerebrovascular accident, caregiver, major depression, patient, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacology, injury, stroke patient, mental disease, prevalence, General Health Questionnaire, first degree relative, employment, diseases, cluster analysis, risk factor, diagnosis, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, gender, rehabilitation center, university hospital, rehabilitation","Tas, H. I., Cakir, U., Sade, I., Ulubil, I.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5407,"Profile of an addict, or, beyond the addiction mask","The main purpose of this study was to examine if there is anything that could be correctly described as the ""profile of an addict"", and whether certain personality disorders occur with a higher frequency in substance abuse patients in Serbia today. The other question investigated in this study is how the presence of psychopathology can be evaluated in individuals who have developed addiction compared with those who have not. In addition, factors such as emotional relationships and education have been examined. The sample selected for this inquiry included 79 participants - 42 addicts, and 37 individuals making up a control group. Personality disorders were assessed by applying the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory III (MCMI III), together with a specially constructed data sheet. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to present the model best able to generate distinct personality features that strongly predict drug abuse and determine the essence of an addiction personality profile. Canonical discriminant analysis was also used to explore differences in the presence of psychopathological features between the two groups. A chi-squared analysis examined the differences in emotional status and level of education between groups. Signifcant differences were found between the general population and the substance abuse group in terms of the presence of personality disorders and the level of the pathology presented. Individuals who have developed an Antisocial, a Borderline, a Depressive or a Dependent personal style are those most prone to substance abuse, whereas individuals who have adopted a Histrionic or Compulsive Personality style are those least likely to develop addiction. The study found that addiction is firmly attached to the presence of major Depression, PTSD and Dysthymia. Another significant difference in the levels of pathology between the two groups was documented, in a way that showed that the addiction group had a significantly higher overall level of pathology.","Drug abuse, Drug addiction, Personality disorder, Personality style, Psychopathology level, Substance abuse","Tasic, J. K., Sapic, R., Valkanou, M.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5408,"The unaccompanied foreign minors between trauma and repair interventions. A study on post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and dissociative tendencies in young migrants living in community health centers","Background: The unaccompanied foreign children migrate taking with them traumatic and extremely painful experiences. About the correlation between trauma and subjective psychological state, from a clinical perspective, studies found that the structuring of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or its associated symptoms (anxiety, depression and dissociative tendencies) is one of the dysfunctional outcomes related to the exposure to traumatic events. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the presence of PTSD or symptoms associated with it (anxiety, depression and dissociative tendencies) within a group of unaccompanied minors living in emergency reception centers and residential communities for minors seeking asylum in Bari. The second aim is to verify the presence of statistically significant differences concerning the presence of symptoms related to or associated with PTSD as a function of the residence time in the community, focusing on the therapeutic value of community settings with respect to the symptomatology referred above. Methodology and Results: The data show the presence of symptoms related to PTSD, and the Chi-Square analysis underlines how these are distributed in a statistically significant manner in relation to the time spent in the community. The presence of depressive symptoms changes in relation to the time spent in the community but its distribution is not significant. Finally, there are no change in data about anxiety and dissociative tendencies in the three times considered. Conclusions: The results of the study show the presence of symptoms related to PTSD, anxiety, depression and dissociation in the research sample. These data underline the potentially stressful effect and the psychopathological risk of child migration, confirming the literature about the correlation between the status of unaccompanied foreign children, the traumatic experiences and the development of symptoms related to PTSD. Furthermore, in the sample, the specific symptomatology emerges in those children who live in communities from more than six months but less than a year, and it declines in minors who stay in residential contexts from more than one year. In conclusion, these data underscore the functional role of prolonged educational interventions acted in communities with respect to the specific symptoms examined. In this way, the permanence in communities organized on the model of the global therapeutic environment has therapeutic effects on pathological experiences of the persons involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Dissociation, *Intervention, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Community Services, Health, Human Migration","Taurino, Alessandro, Vergatti, Leonarda Valentina, Colavitto, Maria Teresa, Bastianoni, Paola, Godelli, Silvia, Del Castello, Emanuele",2012.0,,,0,0,
5409,The coherence and correlates of intermittent explosive disorder amongst West Papuan refugees displaced to Papua New Guinea,"Questions remain about the nosological status of intermittent explosive disorder (IED) as a universal diagnosis. Cross-cultural studies are needed to establish whether IED symptoms form a coherent pattern and are distinguishable from other related symptom constellations. A study amongst a refugee population also allows further inquiry of the relationship between exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and other adversities with the IED constellation. In the present study amongst West Papuan refugees residing in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, we apply culturally adapted interview modules to assess symptoms of IED, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression, as well as the potentially traumatic events (PTEs) of conflict and ongoing adversity in the post-migration environment. Latent class analysis yielded a PTSD class (23%), a posttraumatic depressive class (14%), an IED class (12%), and a low/no symptom class (49%). Compared to the low/no-symptom class, the PTSD class had high levels of exposure to all PTE domains including childhood-related adversities, witnessing murder, human rights trauma, and traumatic losses, as well as ongoing adversity relating to displacement and separation from families, safety concerns, and lack of access to basic needs and health care. The posttraumatic depression class had greater exposure to traumatic losses and childhood-related adversities, higher levels of stress relating to material loss and deprivation, as well as to displacement and separation from families. In contrast, the IED class was distinguished only by the ongoing stress of displacement and separation from families in the homeland. Our findings provide support for the phenomenological distinctiveness of IED symptoms in this transcultural setting. Although not exclusive to IED, conditions of long-term displacement and separation appear to be a source of ongoing anger and explosive aggression amongst this population.","Adult, Anger, Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/*epidemiology/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Papua New Guinea/epidemiology, Refugees/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology, Depression, Intermittent explosive disorder, Papua New Guinea, Posttraumatic stress disorder, West Papuan","Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Chen, J., Kareth, M., Silove, D.",2015.0,May 15,10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.009,0,1,
5410,The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder amongst West Papuan refugees,"Background: The validity of applying the construct of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) across cultures has been the subject of contention. Although PTSD symptoms have been identified across multiple cultures, questions remain whether the constellation represents a coherent construct with an interpretable factor structure across diverse populations, especially those naïve to western notions of mental disorder. An important additional question is whether a constellation of Complex-PTSD (C-PTSD) can be identified and if so, whether there are distinctions between that disorder and core PTSD in patterns of antecedent traumatic events. Our study amongst West Papuan refugees in Papua New Guinea (PNG) aimed to examine the factorial structure of PTSD based on the DSM-IV, DSM-5, ICD-10 and ICD-11 definitions, and C-PTSD according to proposed ICD-11 criteria. We also investigated domains of traumatic events (TEs) and broader psychosocial effects of conflict (sense of safety and injustice) associated with the factorial structures identified. Methods: Culturally adapted measures were applied to assess exposure to conflict-related traumatic events (TEs), refugees' sense of safety and justice, and symptoms of PTSD and C-PTSD amongst 230 West Papuan refugees residing in Port Morseby, PNG. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a unitary construct of both ICD-10 and ICD-11 PTSD, comprising the conventional symptom subdomains of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. In contrast, CFA did not identify a unitary construct underlying C-PTSD. The interaction of witnessing murders and sense of injustice was associated with both the intrusion and avoidance domains of PTSD, but not with the unique symptom clusters characterizing C-PTSD. Conclusions: Our findings support the ICD PTSD construct and its three-factor structure in this transcultural refugee population. Traumatic experiences of witnessing murder associated with a sense of injustice were specifically related to the intrusion and avoidance domains of PTSD. The unitary nature of C-PTSD across cultures remains in question. © 2015 Tay et al.","Nosology, PTSD, Refugee, Transcultural psychiatry, Trauma","Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Chen, J., Kareth, M., Silove, D.",2015.0,,10.1186/s12888-015-0480-3,0,0,
5411,"Associations of Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder With Conflict-Related Trauma, Ongoing Adversity, and the Psychosocial Disruptions of Mass Conflict Among West Papuan Refugees","Refugees commonly experience traumatic events that threaten the self and close others, suggesting the possibility that they may experience overlapping symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD). We examine this possibility among West Papua refugees (n = 230) displaced to Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. We also examine associations between the combined PTSD-SAD construct and indices of past trauma exposure, ongoing adversity, and the psychosocial disruptions caused by mass conflict and displacement. We applied culturally adapted interview modules to assess symptoms of PTSD, SAD, traumatic events (TEs), ongoing adversity, and 5 psychosocial dimensions. Latent class analysis identified a PTSD class (23%), a posttraumatic (PT) SAD class (22%), and a low-symptom class (55%). Compared with the low-symptom class, both the PTSD and PT-SAD classes endorsed higher levels of exposure to all domains of TEs (conflict-related trauma, witnessing murder, childhood related adversities, traumatic losses, and health stress) and ongoing adversity (access to health care, displacement/separation, safety in the community, and access to basic needs), but the 2 comorbid groups did not differ on these indices. The PT-SAD class alone scored higher than the low-symptom reference class in relation to disruptions to the psychosocial domains (safety/security, bonds/network, access to justice, roles/identities, existential meaning) and higher than the PTSD class on safety/security, justice and roles/identities. Our findings suggest that the PT-SAD pattern may represent a response to the most severe forms of psychosocial disruptions of mass conflict among refugees. A focus on separation anxiety may enhance psychotherapies designed to treat PTSD in refugees. (PsycINFO Database Record",,"Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Kareth, M., Silove, D.",2016.0,Jan 11,10.1037/ort0000126,0,1,
5412,A Case of Reemergent Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Arrested by Propranolol Intervention: Does a Stitch in Time Save Nine?,"(from the chapter) This case study is of a patient who presented with the classic symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a serious motor vehicle accident. This event was her sixth accident over the past 10 years. Each accident/trauma exposure was followed by successively worse PTSD sequelae and longer recovery phases than the episode before, despite counseling and multiple medication trials. Within 48 hours of the sixth accident, the patient was begun on the beta adrenoceptor blocker propranolol, 60 mg twice daily. She experienced a marked and unprecedented improvement of her PTSD symptoms. Before beginning propranolol, her score on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale was 86, indicative of severe PTSD. Eleven days following propranolol treatment, the severity was reduced to 56, below the scales' diagnostic threshold for PTSD. Propranolol discontinuation at 2 months was followed by a relapse of PTSD symptoms, but discontinuation again at 3 months was followed by continued improvement in her symptoms. This case suggests that propranolol may be an effective preventive measure in the early stages of PTSD. The etiology of PTSD is compared to the medical disease model. The role of the beta-adrenergic system in the consolidation of traumatic memories and the effects of beta adrenergic blockade are discussed in an historical context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adrenergic Receptors, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Propranolol, *Recovery (Disorders), Stress, Symptoms","Taylor, Fletcher",2005.0,,,0,0,
5413,Daytime prazosin reduces psychological distress to trauma specific cues in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) whose trauma-related nightmares improve or resolve with bedtime administration of the alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin often continue to experience PTSD symptoms during the day. This study addressed whether daytime prazosin compared to placebo would alleviate psychological distress provoked experimentally by a trauma-related word list included in the emotional Stroop (E-Stroop) paradigm. Methods: Eleven persons with civilian trauma PTSD who continued to experience daytime PTSD symptoms despite a stable bedtime prazosin dose that suppressed trauma-related nightmares were studied. Prazosin and placebo were administered on two different occasions in the early afternoon followed two hours later by the E-Stroop. Effects of drug on psychological distress were assessed by the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Results: POMS total score and an ""emotional distress"" POMS subscale score following trauma-related words were significantly lower in the prazosin than placebo condition. There were no treatment effects on E-Stroop completion time. In 10 subjects who continued open label daytime prazosin, there was a reduction in global PTSD illness severity at 2-week follow-up. Conclusions: Daytime prazosin pretreatment reduced psychological distress specifically to trauma cues. Adding daytime prazosin to bedtime prazosin may further reduce overall PTSD illness severity and distress. (copyright) 2006 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","atypical antipsychotic agent, benzodiazepine, buspirone, placebo, prazosin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, zolpidem, adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, distress syndrome, emotional stress, female, follow up, human, male, mood change, nightmare, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, symptomatology, word list recall","Taylor, F. B., Lowe, K., Thompson, C., McFall, M. M., Peskind, E. R., Kanter, E. D., Allison, N., Williams, J., Martin, P., Raskind, M. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5414,Influences on first-year recovery from traumatic brain injury in children,,,"Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Wade, S. L., Drotar, D., Klein, S. K., Stancin, T.",1999.0,1999,,0,0,
5415,Prazosin for treatment of nightmares related to posttraumatic stress disorder,"Purpose. The efficacy of prazosin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related nightmares is reviewed. Summary. PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event, such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults. The event that induced PTSD is often relived through nightmares or flashbacks. Sleep disturbances affect approximately 70% of patients with PTSD. Several medications have been evaluated for reducing PTSD-related nightmares, with limited success. Prazosin is a centrally and peripherally acting (alpha)1-adrenergic antagonist whose mechanism of action, favorable adverse-effect profile, and low cost make it a promising agent for the treatment of PTSD. To date, two case reports, two chart reviews, three open-label trials, and two placebo-controlled trials have been published documenting the efficacy and safety of prazosin in the treatment of PTSD-related nightmares. Therapy with prazosin resulted in a reduction in nightmares in patients with both combat-and noncombat-related trauma. A therapeutic benefit occurred with prazosin dosages as low as 1 mg daily, and suppression of nightmare symptoms occurred within one week of prazosin initiation. The most frequently reported adverse event was orthostatic hypotension. The variability in the populations studied (e.g., combat, noncombat, recent traumatic experiences) leaves additional unanswered questions that must be addressed in large, randomized, controlled trials. Conclusion. Prazosin appears to be a promising and well-tolerated agent for the management of PTSD-related nightmares. Further well-designed trials are warranted to establish its place in the treatment of PTSD. Copyright (copyright) 2008, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.","amfebutamone, amitriptyline, atypical antipsychotic agent, benzodiazepine, cyproheptadine, escitalopram, gabapentin, mirtazapine, mood stabilizer, nefazodone, olanzapine, paroxetine, placebo, prazosin, propranolol, psychotropic agent, quetiapine, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, topiramate, trazodone, valproic acid, venlafaxine, zolpidem, anxiety disorder, bedtime dosage, clinical trial, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disaster, dizziness, drug cost, drug dose increase, drug efficacy, drug safety, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, headache, human, lethargy, medical record review, morning dosage, nausea, nightmare, orthostatic hypotension, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, retrospective study, review, scoring system, sinus tachycardia, sleep disorder, unspecified side effect, violence","Taylor, H. R., Freeman, M. K., Cates, M. E.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5416,Driving-related fear: A review,"This article reviews the research on driving-related fear (DRF). Until recently, research has concentrated almost exclusively on the effect of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) on subsequent levels of DRF. However, recent findings have suggested that MVAs are not solely responsible for this fear reaction, and that non-MVA driving fear can be just as strong. Studies of the broader driving-fearful population have encountered difficulty with diagnostic conceptualisation of DRF, although some have investigated a possible typology of DRF. Driving skill has been a neglected issue in the DRF research, and may prove to be a useful part of assessment and remediation of this potentially debilitating problem. Issues of definitional inconsistency are highlighted, and suggestions are made for several directions that future research might profitably take. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Driving-related fear, Review","Taylor, J., Deane, F., Podd, J.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5417,Identifying trajectories of depressive symptoms for women caring for their husbands with dementia,,,"Taylor Jr, D. H., Ezell, M., Kuchibhatla, M., Østbye, T., Clipp, E. C.",2008.0,,10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01558.x,0,0,
5418,Prototypes of student veterans with post traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury among faculty in Illinois public four-year universities,"One of the primary reasons many college students with disabilities, and more specifically college student veterans with disabilities, do not seek support services is due to the stigma associated with disability, especially cognitive and mental health disabilities. The purpose of the present study was to explore how public university faculty in the state of Illinois perceive a college student veteran with the concurrent disabilities of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). This information was gleaned by means of a mixed-method, online survey. Through iterative, comparative, qualitative analysis, characteristics used to describe college student veterans with the PTSD and TBI were classified into six emergent prototypes. These prototypes included (1) the mature independent student; (2) the American hero; (3) the special needs student; (4) the isolated student; (5) the volatile student; and (6) the wounded warrior. Secondary analyses quantitatively examined the relationship between contact with a student veteran and the proportion of positive responses given for each participant as well as the relationship between contact with a student veteran and the proportion of negative responses given for each participant. Pearson correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between prior contact factor scores and the proportion of positive responses given by faculty r(269) = .032, p = .597 nor was there a significant relationship detected between prior contact factor scores and the proportion of negative responses given by faculty r(269) = -.020, p= .745. Tertiary analysis examined the proportion of positive to negative perceptions by faculty. Overall, faculty responses were more negative than positive. Implications for best practices at the administration level as well as for faculty and students were discussed. Limitations to the study were also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*College Students, *Educational Personnel, *Mental Health, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Military Veterans","Taylor, Kathy J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5419,The role of offender profiling in classifying rapists: Implications for counselling,"The offender profiling process is an investigative technique used to identify the major personality and behavioural characteristics of the offender based upon an analysis of the crime(s) he or she has committed. Attempts have been made in both England and America to classify rapists into various subgroups. Instead of definitive groups of offenders a suggestion is made as to the formation of a dimensional typology of rapists. This would allow for the difficulties in defining boundaries for subgroups and accounting for individual differences and heterogeneity of both the rapist and the assault. The various criteria that attempt to distinguish the different types of offender are discussed including behavioural and motivational characteristics of the offender, lay theories of rape and the victim-offender relationship. The implications of the dimensional typology are outlined. There are indications that some factors may contribute to a longer and more complicated recovery process. Macnab (1993) neatly outlines eleven contributory factors: financial stress, various long term stresses, the degree of violence, the use of weapons, the sense of violation, the threat of death, multiple assailants, threats of greater or continuing harm and a later death, medical complications, problems with police, medical and criminal systems and lack of adequate professional and informed support. As well as this, the important issue of self-blame is discussed along with the subsequent problem of post-traumatic stress disorder: the recurring distressing memories, dreams and events and signals that can provoke a further cycle of distress.",,"Taylor, L. M. W.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5420,Theory and Practice: The role of offender profiling in classifying rapists: Implications for counselling,"The offender profiling process is an investigative technique used to identify the major personality and behavioural characteristics of the offender based upon an analysis of the crime (s) he or she has committed (Douglas & Burgess, 1986). Attempts have been made in both England and America to classify rapists into various subgroups. Instead of definitive groups of offenders a suggestion is made as to the formation of a dimensional typology of rapists. This would allow for the difficulties in defining boundaries for subgroups and accounting for individual differences and heterogeneity of both the rapist and the assault. The various criteria that attempt to distinguish the different types of offender are discussed including behavioural and motivational characteristics of the offender, lay theories of rape and the victim-offender relationship. The implications of the dimensional typology are outlined. There are indications that some factors may contribute to a longer and more complicated recovery process. Macnab (1993) neatly outlines eleven contributory factors: financial stress, various long term stresses, the degree of violence, the use of weapons, the sense of violation, the threat of death, multiple assailants, threats of greater or continuing harm and a later death, medical complications, problems with police, medical and criminal systems and lack of adequate professional and informed support. As well as this, the important issue of self-blame is discussed along with the subsequent problem of post-traumatic stress disorder: the recurring distressing memories, dreams and events and signals that can provoke a further cycle of distress. © 1993, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.",,"Taylor, L. M. W.",1993.0,,10.1080/09515079308254126,0,0,
5421,"Psychosocial stress and strategies for managing adversity: Measuring population resilience in New South Wales, Australia","Background: Populations around the world are facing an increasing number of adversities such as the global financial crisis, terrorism, conflict, and climate change. The aim of this paper was to investigate self-reported strategies and sources of support used to get through ""tough times"" in an Australian context and to identify patterns of response in the general population and differences in potentially vulnerable subgroups.Methods: Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of the New South Wales population in Australia. The final sample consisted of 3,995 New South Wales residents aged 16 years and above who responded to the question: ""What are the things that get you through tough times?"". Results: Respondents provided brief comments that were coded into 14 main subject-area categories. The most frequently reported responses were family and self (52%); friends and neighbors (21%); use of positive emotional and philosophical strategies (17%), such as sense of humor, determination, and the belief that things would get better; and religious beliefs (11%). The responses of four population subgroups were compared, based on gender, household income, level of psychological distress, and whether a language other than English was spoken at home. Women reported greater use of friends and neighbors and religious or spiritual beliefs for support, whereas men reported greater use of drinking/smoking and financial supports. Those with lower incomes reported greater reliance on positive emotional and philosophical strategies and on religious or spiritual beliefs. Those with high levels of psychological distress reported greater use of leisure interests and hobbies, drinking/smoking, and less use of positive lifestyle strategies, such as adequate sleep, relaxation, or work/life balance. Those who spoke a language other than English at home were less likely to report relying on self or others (family/friends) or positive emotional and philosophical strategies to get through tough times.Conclusions: Understanding strategies and sources of support used by the population to get through adversity is the first step toward identifying the best approaches to build and support strengths and reduce vulnerabilities. It is also possible to reflect on how large-scale threats such as pandemics, disasters, conflict, bereavement, and loss could impact individual and population resilience. © 2010 Taylor et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,"Taylor, M., Barr, M., Stevens, G., Bryson-Taylor, D., Agho, K., Jacobs, J., Raphael, B.",2010.0,,10.1186/1478-7954-8-28,0,0,
5422,Simple versus complex PTSD: a cluster analytic investigation,"A cluster analytic investigation was conducted on measures of PTSD associated features (e.g., personality pathology, dissociative tendencies) to investigate whether empirically-defined clusters correspond to Herman's [1992, Complex PTSD: a syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391; 1997, Trauma and recovery (Rev. ed.). New York: Basic Books] distinction between simple and complex PTSD. Results from a sample of 60 PTSD patients were broadly consistent with this distinction, although some inconsistencies were observed. Treatment outcome generally did not differ between the two clusters. Implications for classifying and treating PTSD are discussed.","Adult, Behavior Therapy/*methods, Cluster Analysis, Desensitization, Psychologic, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Relaxation Therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*classification/diagnosis/psychology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome","Taylor, S., Asmundson, G. J., Carleton, R. N.",2006.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.04.003,0,0,
5423,Simple versus complex PTSD: A cluster analytic investigation,"A cluster analytic investigation was conducted on measures of PTSD associated features (e.g., personality pathology, dissociative tendencies) to investigate whether empirically-defined clusters correspond to Herman's [1992, Complex PTSD: a syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391; 1997, Trauma and recovery (Rev. ed.). New York: Basic Books] distinction between simple and complex PTSD. Results from a sample of 60 PTSD patients were broadly consistent with this distinction, although some inconsistencies were observed. Treatment outcome generally did not differ between the two clusters. Implications for classifying and treating PTSD are discussed. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","psychotropic agent, adult, anger, anxiety disorder, article, cluster analysis, controlled study, depression, differential diagnosis, disease classification, disease severity, dissociative disorder, female, guilt, human, major clinical study, male, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, relaxation training, somatization, substance abuse, symptomatology","Taylor, S., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carleton, R. N.",2006.0,,,0,0,5422
5424,Posttraumatic stress disorder arising after road traffic collisions: Patterns of response to cognitive-behavior therapy,"Road traffic collisions (RTCs) are common precipitants of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Two preliminary studies suggest that cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is, on average, effective in treating this disorder, although the major patterns of treatment outcome remain to be identified. Such outcomes might include treatment response, partial response, and response followed by relapse. To identify these patterns, 50 people with RTC-PTSD completed a 12-week course of CBT, with outcome assessment extending to 3-month follow up. Dynamic cluster analyses revealed 2 replicable patterns of outcome: one for responders (n = 30) and one for partial responders (n = 20). Partial responders, compared with responders, tended to have more severe pretreatment numbing symptoms and greater anger about their RTC, along with lower global levels of functioning, greater pain severity and interference, and greater depression and were more likely to be taking psychotropic medications. Responders and partial responders did not differ in homework adherence, number of sessions attended, therapist effects, or stressors occurring during therapy or in the presence or absence of RTC-related litigation. Implications for enhancing treatment outcome are discussed.","psychotropic agent, adult, article, behavior therapy, clinical article, cognitive therapy, depression, female, follow up, functional assessment, human, law suit, male, outcomes research, posttraumatic stress disorder, relapse, traffic accident, treatment outcome","Taylor, S., Fedoroff, I. C., Koch, W. J., Thordarson, D. S., Fecteau, G., Nicki, R. M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5425,Possible risk factors for acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder after an industrial explosion,"Introduction: There have been deaths and injuries after an explosion which happened in an industrial region in Ankara in February 2011. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to determine the variables which can be the risk factors for PTSD. Methods: In this study, we included a total of 197 subjects who were present at the factory building and at the four offices nearby when the disaster occurred. All the participants were assessed one month after the explosion and 157 of them were re-assessed six months after the explosion. Socio-demographic information forms were given and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was administered to the participants one month after the explosion. Psychiatric assessments were done using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis-I disorders (SCID-I). The CAPS was re-applied six month after the disaster. Results: At the first-month assessments, ASD was detected in 37.1% of participants and PTSD in 13.7%, whereas PTSD was observed in 16.6% of subjects at the sixth month of the accident. According to the first month data, having any psychiatric disorder before the incident, physical injury, acquaintances among the dead and the injured people, being involved in the incident and seeing dead people were detected as the risk factors for PTSD. At the sixth-month assessment, physical injury, acquaintances among the dead and the injured, being involved in the incident were seen as risk factors for PTSD. Conclusion: ASD and PTSD can be seen after an explosion. Having a previous psychiatric disorder and being directly affected by trauma and being injured are the risk factors for PTSD. This study implies that preventive mental health care services should include the management of current psychiatric condition and employee safety issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Injuries, Stress","Taymur, Ibrahim, Sargin, A. Emre, Ozdel, Kadir, Turkcapar, Hakan M., Calisgan, Lale, Zamki, Erkut, Demirel, Basak",2014.0,,,0,0,
5426,ASSESSMENT OF COMA AND IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS. A Practical Scale,,,"Teasdale, G., Jennett, B.",1974.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0,0,0,
5427,Cognitive transformation as a marker of resilience,"Individuals often report positive, transformative changes in response to adversity. Cognitive transformation involves a turning point in a person's life characterized by: (1) the recognition that coping with adversity resulted in new opportunities; and, (2) the reevaluation of the experience from one that was primarily traumatic or threatening to one that is growth-promoting. Cognitive transformation often signifies enhanced adaptation to adverse circumstances, and thus, is a marker of resilience. The present study examined the relationship of cognitive transformation to indicators of resilience among 35 acutely bereaved young adults and a nonbereaved comparison group. Findings strongly supported the hypothesis that transformation predicts resilience, and may reduce one's risk trajectory to enhance adaptation. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for research on resilience, and on recovery from acute or chronic adverse circumstances, including addiction.","Addiction, Bereavement, Protective factors, Recovery, Resilience, Risk factors, Transformation, Trauma","Tebes, J. K., Irish, J. T., Vasquez, M. J. P., Perkins, D. V.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5428,Pain and quality of life 1 year after admission to the emergency department: Factors associated with pain,"Objectives: This study describes the prevalence of pain in trauma patients 1 year after hospital admission and investigates separately health-related quality of life (QoL) for patients suffering severe pain and for those without pain. Moreover, psychosocial factors are examined for their impact on pain. Methods: Patients were contacted 12 months after admission in order to complete the following questionnaires: Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and additional questions concerning satisfaction, work and financial status. Relevant pain at follow-up was defined as <80 points on the pain subscale of the TOP. Results: Two hundred and twenty patients were included. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) ranged from 1 to 41. Fifty-three percent (53 %) of patients suffered a severe trauma (ISS > 15). One year after injury, 55 % of patients had relevant pain according to the TOP. Patients with pain were older (41.4 vs. 34.4 years, p = 0.003) and had slightly more severe injuries (ISS 17.1 vs. 14.9, p = 0.115). There were significant differences between pain and no-pain patients on all domains of QoL (p < 0.001) and on the BDI, STAI and IES-R (p < 0.001). Pain patients more often experienced a stressful event and job-related and financial difficulties. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the strongest predictor for pain [odds ratio (OR): 4.38, p = 0.015], followed by a stressful life event (OR: 4.08, p = 0.001). Discussion: Pain is strongly associated with psychosocial complaints 1 year after trauma. For the treatment of pain following a traumatic event, social reintegration and emotional regulation by means of occupational rehabilitation and psychotherapy should receive more attention. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Pain, Psychosocial, PTSD, Quality of life, Trauma","Tecic, T., Lefering, R., Althaus, A., Rangger, C., Neugebauer, E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5429,Bullying: A source of chronic post traumatic stress?,"This study surveyed 165 care professionals on their experience of workplace bullying. The results showed that in a 2-year period 40% had been bullied and 68% had observed bullying taking place. Of the 67 care professionals that had been bullied 44% were experiencing high levels of PTSD symptoms based on the general factor of the IES-E. However, when these results were examined further it was found that the symptoms clustered rather differently to those of victims of other forms of trauma. In victims of bullying, the symptoms of arousal and re-experience formed a single cluster of symptoms with avoidance remaining as a separate cluster. These results are challenging in both the classification of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and for the treatment of victims of bullying.",,"Tehrani, N.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5430,Emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide and its association with later symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety in soldiers deployed to Iraq,"Context: The identification of modifiable predeployment vulnerability factors that increase the risk of combat stress reactions among soldiers once deployed to a war zone offers significant potential for the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other combat-related stress disorders. Adults with anxiety disorders display heightened emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide (CO2); however, data investigating prospective linkages between emotional reactivity to CO2 and susceptibility to war-zone stress reactions are lacking. Objective: To investigate the association of soldiers' predeployment emotional reactivity to 35% CO2 challenge with several indices of subsequent war-zone stress symptoms assessed monthly while deployed in Iraq. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective cohort study of 158 soldiers with no history of deployment to a war zone were recruited from the Texas Combat Stress Risk Study between April 2, 2007, and August 28, 2009. Main Outcome Measures: Multilevel regression models were used to investigate the association between emotional reactivity to 35% CO2 challenge (assessed before deployment) and soldiers' reported symptoms of general anxiety/stress, PTSD, and depression while deployed to Iraq. Results: Growth curves of PTSD, depression, and general anxiety/stress symptoms showed a significant curvilinear relationship during the 16-month deployment period. War-zone stressors reported in theater were associated with symptoms of general anxiety/stress, PTSD, and depression. Consistent with the prediction, soldiers' emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% CO2-enriched air before deployment significantly potentiated the effects of war-zone stressors on the subsequent development of PTSD symptoms and general anxiety/ stress symptoms but not on the development of depression, even after accounting for the effects of trait anxiety and the presence of past or current Axis I mental disorders. Conclusion: Soldiers' emotional reactivity to a 35% CO2 challenge may serve as a vulnerability factor for increasing soldiers' risk for PTSD and general anxiety/stress symptoms in response to war-zone stressors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Carbon Dioxide, Emotional Responses, Military Deployment, Symptoms","Telch, Michael J., Rosenfield, David, Lee, Han-Joo, Pai, Anushka",2012.0,,,0,0,
5431,The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis,,,"Telford, J., Cosgrave, J.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00337.x,0,0,
5432,Brief Manual for the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire,,,"Tellegen, A.",1982.0,,,0,0,
5433,"Labeling of the high-affinity vasopressin subtype 1a receptor ligand, AVN778, with carbon-11 and evaluation as a candidate PET radioligand in monkey","Objectives: Elevated brain vasopressin levels have been observed in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and intermittent explosive disorder [1]. Two vasopressin subtype 1a (V1a) receptor antagonists, namely SRX246 and SRX251, are clinical candidates that have recently completed Phase 1 clinical trials [2]. The structurally-related high-affinity and moderately lipophilic (cLogD = 3.49) ligand, AVN778, has been proposed recently for development as a PET V1a receptor radioligand [3]. We aimed to label AVN778 with carbon-11 for evaluation as a candidate PET radioligand in monkey. Methods: Our approach to labeling AVN778 was based on Pd-catalyzed Stille coupling.[4] Thus, [11C]CH3I (~ 18 GBq) was passed into a DMF solution (400 (mu)L) of a prepared trimethylstannyl precursor (1, 1 mg, 1.2 (mu)mol), CuCl (0.1 mg, 1 (mu)mol)-Pd2(dba)3 (0.5 mg, 0.5 (mu)mol)-O-tolylphosphine (5 mg, 16 (mu)mol) and K2CO3 (0.35 mg, 2.5 (mu)mol) and heated at 80 (degrees)C for 5 min. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water (500 (mu)L) and injected onto a Luna C18(2) column (5 (mu)m, 250 null 10 mm) eluted with 0.1% aq. MeCO2H (A) and 0.05% MeCO2H in MeCN (B), with B increasing from 20 to 80% over 15 min at 5 mL/min. [11C]AVN778 (tR = 10.1 min) was collected, taken to dryness and formulated for intravenous injection. The identity, purity and specific activity of the radioligand were assessed with HPLC and LC-MS/MS of associated carrier. PET imaging of brain was performed after intravenous administration of [11C]AVN778 to monkey under baseline and preblock conditions (SRX251; 3 mg/kg, i.v. at 30 min before radioligand). Venous plasma radioactivity composition was assessed with radio-HPLC at 30 and 60 min after radioligand administration. In another PET experiment with [11C]AVN778, P-gp and BCRP were preblocked with elacridar (3 mg/kg, i.v.). (Figure presented) Results: Formulated [11C]AVN778 was obtained within 40 min in 13.5(plus or minus)2% decay-corrected yield from cyclotronproduced [11C]CO2 and with a specific radioactivity of 1191(plus or minus)408 mCi/(mu)mol (n = 8). Radioactivity in monkey brain after injection of [11C]AVN778 was extremely low (SUV < 0.2) under baseline, receptor preblock and efflux transporter pre-block conditions. Radioactivity uptake in the pituitary was high (~ 4.5 SUV) and maintained over the 120-min scan period but was not altered in the receptor preblock experiment. At 30 min after administration of [11C]AVN778, unchanged radioligand represented 17% of the radioactivity in plasma, with the remainder represented by four less lipophilic radiometabolites. [11C]AVN778 represented a similar percentage of plasma radioactivity at 60 min. Conclusions: [11C]AVN778 was obtained in useful activities but showed very low uptake and no receptor specificbinding in monkey brain. The low uptake appears to be due to low passive diffusion as a result of high molecular weight (718 Da) and not efflux transporter substrate behavior. [11C]AVN778 was rapidly metabolized and the generated radiometabolites also appear to enter brain poorly.","vasopressin, receptor, carbon 11, radioligand, radiopharmaceutical agent, ligand, water, elacridar, breast cancer resistance protein, Haplorhini, radioactivity, brain, plasma, effusion, intermittent explosive disorder, anxiety, imaging, posttraumatic stress disorder, identity, human, intravenous drug administration, high performance liquid chromatography, molecular weight, telecommunication, precursor, hypophysis, Stille reaction, injection, diffusion, phase 1 clinical trial","Telu, S., Xu, R., Liow, J. S., Gladding, R. L., Zoghbi, S. S., Guillon, C. D., Fabio, K. M., Lu, S., Heindel, N., Simon, N., Brownstein, M. J., Innis, R. B., Pike, V. W.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5434,Memories of pain after burn injury-the patient's experience,"Pain after burns is a major clinical problem and researchers continue to report that burn pain remains undertreated. Adequate pain management could contribute to the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder and can give a growing sense of patient's self-confidence and strength. Freedom from pain might be unrealistic, but the objective should be to reduce pain as much as possible. The purpose of this study was to describe burn patient's experiences and memories of pain during burn care and to acquire a deeper understanding of how patients cope with the experience. The study method was qualitative and interviews were conducted with 12 adult burn patients (eight men and four women) 6 to 12 months postburn (mean = 7 months). The mean burn size for the group was 10.6% mean of TBSA and the mean stay in hospital was 16 days. The interviews were analyzed using Kvale's method for structuring analysis. The patient's experiences and memories of pain during the trajectory of care were clearly described by the informants during the interviews. Four themes were identified for pain: becoming aware of pain, allowing oneself to feel pain, different pain experiences, and fragile body surface. Four themes were identified for coping: pragmatic coping, allowing someone to care for you, carrying the pain, and perspectives on the trauma. Both good and bad memories were recorded during the care trajectory, and it is evident that the patient has to carry the pain experience by themselves to a large extent. © 2010 by the American Burn Association.",,"Tengvall, O., Wickman, M., Wengström, Y.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5435,The TENTS guidelines for psychosocial care following disasters and majorincidents,,,Tents,2008.0,,,0,0,
5436,Prevalence and co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders 1-4 years after burn,,,"Ter Smitten, M. H., De Graaf, R., Van Loey, N. E.",2011.0,,10.1016/j.burns.2010.12.018,0,0,
5437,Treating psychic trauma in children: A preliminary discussion,"Treatment techniques for psychic trauma in children are as yet at a very preliminary stage. No generally accepted research study has established one certain technique as standard. Possibilities for treatment of childhood post-traumatic stress disorders cluster into family, group, and individual treatments. Among the individual treatment modalities available, play therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and medication hold the most promise. A combination of several of these treatments would, in most cases, be the best program available today. © 1989 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","child psychiatry, child psychotherapy, childhood, play therapy, psychic trauma","Terr, L. C.",1989.0,,,0,0,
5438,Distinct quantitative sensory testing profiles in nonspecific chronic back pain subjects with and without psychological trauma,"Psychological trauma is associated with an increased risk for chronification of nonspecific chronic back pain (nsCLBP) independent of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanisms underlying the role of psychological trauma in nsCLBP are less clear than in PTSD. Therefore, this study considered whether psychological trauma exposure (TE) is accompanied by specific alterations in pain perception. The study included 56 participants with nsCLBP and TE (nsCLBP-TE), 93 participants with nsCLBP without TE (nsCLBP-W-TE), and 31 pain-free controls. All participants underwent a thorough clinical evaluation. The standardized quantitative sensory testing protocol of the ""German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain"" was used to obtain comprehensive profiles on somatosensory functions in painful (back) and non-painful areas (hand). The protocol consisted of thermal and mechanical detection as well as pain thresholds, vibration thresholds, and pain sensitivity to sharp and blunt mechanical stimuli. Psychological trauma was validated by structured clinical interview. Trauma-associated symptom severity, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Differences in somatosensory function were seen only for pressure pain thresholds. Compared with controls, nsCLBP-TE revealed hyperalgesia generalized in space with lower thresholds in painful and non-painful areas, whereas nsCLBP-W-TE demonstrated localized alterations with decreased thresholds only in the pain-affected area of the back (P ≤ 0.006). Our findings suggest an augmented central pain processing in nsCLBP-TE (alterations in painful and non-painful areas), whereas nsCLBP-W-TE show only local changes (alterations only in the painful area) suggesting regional sensitization processes. This finding might explain why TE without PTSD is associated with an increased prevalence of chronic pain.",,"Tesarz, J., Gerhardt, A., Leisner, S., Janke, S., Treede, R. D., Eich, W.",2015.0,,10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460350.30707.8d,0,0,
5439,Psychiatric emergencies (part I): psychiatric disorders causing organic symptoms,"Psychiatric emergencies are conditions that mostly destabilize the already frenetic activity of the Emergency Department. Sometimes the emergency is clearly referable to primitive psychiatric illness. Other times, psychiatric and organic symptoms can independently coexist (comorbidity), or develop together in different conditions of substance abuse, including alcohol and prescription drugs. Differentiating between substance induced and pre-existing psychiatric disorder (dual diagnosis) may be difficult, other than controversial issue. Finally, an organic disease can hide behind a psychiatric disorder (pseudopsychiatric emergency). In this review (part I), psychiatric disorders that occur with organic symptoms are discussed. They include: (1) anxiety, conversion and psychosomatic disorders, and (2) simulated diseases. The physiologic mechanisms of the stress reaction, divided into a dual neuro-hormonal response, are reviewed in this section: (1) activation of the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla with catecholamine production (rapid response), and (2) activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with cortisol production (slow response). The concept of the fight-or-flight response, its adaptive significance and the potential evolution in paralyzing response, well showing by Yerkes-Dodson curve, is explained. Abnormal short- and long-term reactions to stress evolving toward well codified cluster of trauma and stressor-related disorders, including acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, are examined. A brief review of major psychiatric disorder and related behaviour abnormalities, vegetative symptoms and cognitive impairment, according to DMS IV-TR classification, are described. Finally, the reactive psychic symptoms and behavioral responses to acute or chronic organic disease, so called ""somatopsychic disorders"", commonly occurring in elderly and pediatric patients, are presented. The specific conditions of post-operative and intensive care unit patients, and cancer and HIV positive population are emphasized.",,"Testa, A., Giannuzzi, R., Sollazzo, F., Petrongolo, L., Bernardini, L., Daini, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5440,The shaping of vulnerability factors including core cognitive beliefs and their subsequent role in posttraumatic stress disorder and general clinical psychopathology,"The present study examines the role of core beliefs in posttraumatic outcome including the development and maintenance of PTSD and general clinical psychopathology in a non-treatment seeking college-age population. Although trauma and clinical PTSD literatures are replete with references concerning the potential impact that traumatic and/or uncontrollable stressor(s) may have on cognitive schemata and their role in negative posttraumatic adjustment, little empirical research exists that delineates potentially important differences in the nature and quality of core belief systems for which both trauma and PTSD history are controlled. Unique aspects of the present study include: (1) the inclusion of two domains of core belief measures (i.e., early maladaptive schemas via the Schema Questionnaire as proposed by Young (1994) and the three basic personal belief systems as measured by the World Assumptions Scale (WAS) that have been posited by Janoff-Bulman (1985) as centrally related to traumatization experiences; (2) the examination of these broad ranging core belief systems in relation to other factors that have been found or proposed to be significantly related to PTSD development and/or maintenance, including aspects of the traumatic event(s), dissociation, and related areas of clinical symptomatology; and (3) the use of four specific study groups that controlled for both level of traumatization and PTSD symptomatology (no trauma; trauma without past or current PTSD; PTSD in remission; and PTSD current) to enhance conclusions regarding the most potent predictors of PTSD symptomatology by analyzing these factors simultaneously across progressive (i.e., continuous) levels of PTSD symptomatology, as well as between the discrete diagnostic groups. Three main overarching hypotheses were generated in this study, and related to: (1) the detection of general between-group differences between the four study groups on important indices of PTSD severity, core beliefs, and measures of clinical symptomatology; (2) specific core beliefs that would predict PTSD symptomatology to a equal or greater extent than other important factors that have been related to posttraumatic adjustment, irrespective of depression status; and (3) cognitive specificity of core belief systems between major domains of clinical symptomatology (i.e., anxiety and depression) as well as within specific clinical domains (i.e., within types of anxiety). The results largely supported these hypotheses, where specific subtypes of core beliefs were strongly associated with posttraumatic outcome. In particular, the core belief of vulnerability demonstrated a highly consistent relationship with PTSD severity, as well as all domains of anxiety assessed within the study (i.e., state anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and worry). This finding is consistent with Beck's (1967) hypothesis that vulnerability schemata underlie the anxiety disorders. Furthermore, evidence was found both for the specificity of core cognitive beliefs between major domains of clinical symptomatology (i.e., anxiety, depression, dissociation) as well as within a given domain (i.e., between qualitatively different types of anxiety measured in the present study). Collectively, the results offer additional support for the further delineation and direct targeting of both traumacentric and broader underlying core beliefs in etiological models of PTSD, as well as anxiety and depression more generally. Further, preliminary results offer support for disorder and domain specific cognitive schemata that may reflect particularly salient domains for prevention and/or therapeutic intervention programs in both at-risk and general populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Processes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychopathology, *Subtypes (Disorders), *Susceptibility (Disorders), Emotional Trauma","Testa, Sandra M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5441,Characterizing aggression and its association to anger and hostility among male veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"Objectives: The basis for the associations among anger, hostility, aggressive behavior, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains unclear. We suggest classifying aggressive behavior may elucidate the associations among these factors. On the basis of diagnostic and neurobiological similarities between impulsive aggression (IA) and PTSD, we proposed that IA was the predominant form of aggression in PTSD and that anger and hostility would not significantly predict PTSD when IA was also included as a predictor. Methods: We used cross-sectional self-report data obtained from two samples of male veterans ( N = 136). Results: Over 70% of veterans with PTSD reported IA compared to 29% of those without PTSD. IA, not anger, hostility, or premeditated aggression significantly predicted a diagnosis of PTSD. Conclusions: Associations between anger and PTSD may be unique to individuals with IA, and considering impulsive and premeditated aggressors separately may account for the heterogeneity found within samples of aggressive veterans with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Aggressive Behavior, *Anger, *Hostility, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Teten, Andra L., Miller, Lisa A., Stanford, Matthew S., Petersen, Nancy J., Bailey, Sara D., Collins, Robert L., Dunn, Nancy Jo, Kent, Thomas A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5442,"Violence between therapy-seeking veterans and their partners: Prevalence and characteristics of nonviolent, mutually violent, and one-sided violent couples","Among male veterans and their female partners seeking therapy for relationship issues, three violence profiles were identified based on self-reports of physical violence: nonviolent, in which neither partner reported perpetrating physical violence (44%); one-sided violent, in which one partner reported perpetrating violence (30%); and mutually violent, in which both partners reported perpetrating physical violence (26%). Profiles were distinguished based on the veteran's psychiatric diagnosis, woman's age, and both partners' reports of the frequency and severity of violence. Men and women in mutually violent couples reported more verbal and physical aggression than did men or women in any other group. The three groups reported comparable rates of sexual aggression. Appraisals of marital satisfaction and intimacy were not different based on violence profile. No gender differences emerged in the self-reports of frequency and severity of verbal, physical, and sexual aggression. (copyright) 2009 Sage Publications.","adult, aggression, article, comparative study, conflict, cross-sectional study, female, human, human relation, male, middle aged, partner violence, psychological aspect, questionnaire, risk factor, spouse, statistics, United States, veteran, victim","Teten, A. L., Sherman, M. D., Han, X.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5443,Parenting support and PTSD in children of a war zone,"Background: The protective role of parenting factors on the mental well-being of children exposed to war trauma remains an under-researched area. Aim: To establish the relationship between perceived positive parenting support and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children exposed to war trauma. Methods: A random sample of 412 children aged 12-16 years was selected from the Gaza Strip and was assessed using the Gaza Traumatic Events Checklist (GTEC), the SCID (DSM-IV) and the Perceived Parenting Support Scale (PPSS). Results: Palestinian children were exposed to different types of war-traumatic events. The number of exposed traumatic events was independently associated with the severity of post-traumatic symptoms scores or the diagnosis of PTSD, while perceived parenting support was found to act as a protective factor in this association. Conclusions: Interventions in war zones need to ensure the minimal possible disruption to communities and family units, and to involve parents in preventive or treatment programmes for children exposed to trauma. © 2009 SAGE Publications.","Parental support, Parenting, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Trauma, War","Thabet, A. A., Ibraheem, A. N., Shivram, R., Winter, E. A., Vostanis, P.",2009.0,,10.1177/0020764008096100,0,0,
5444,Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study,"Established rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reactions and general mental health problems in children who had experienced war trauma. A longitudinal study in the Gaza strip with 234 children aged 7 to 12 yrs who had experienced war conflict was conducted 1 yr after the initial assessment, that is, during the peace process. Children completed the Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index (CPTS-RI), while the Rutter A2 and B2 scales were completed by parents and teachers. The rate of children who reported moderate to severe PTSD reactions at follow-up had decreased from 40.6% to 10.0% (74 Ss). 49 children (20.9%) were rated above the cut-off for mental health problems on the Rutter A2 (parent) Scales, and 74 children (31.8%) were above the cut-off on the Rutter B2 (teacher) Scales. The total scores on all 3 measures had significantly decreased during the 1-yr period. The total CPTS-RI score at follow-up was best predicted by the number of traumatic experiences recalled at the 1st assessment. PTSD reactions tend to decrease in the absence of further stressors, although a substantial proportion of children still present with a range of emotional and behavioral problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Mental Disorders","Thabet, Abdel Aziz, Vostanis, Panos",2000.0,,,0,0,
5445,Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of war,"The aims of this study were to estimate the rate of post-traumatic stress reactions in Palestinian children who experienced war traumas, and to investigate the relationship between trauma-related factors and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reactions. The sample consisted of 239 children of 6 to 11 years of age. Measures included the Rutter A2 (parent) and B2 (teacher) scales, the Gaza Traumatic Event Checklist, and the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index. Of the sample, 174 children (72.8 %) reported PTSD reactions of at least mild intensity, while 98 (41 %) reported moderate/severe PTSD reactions. Caseness on the Rutter A2 scale was detected in 64 children (26.8 %), which correlated well with detection of PTSD reactions, but not with teacher-detected caseness. The total number of experienced traumas was the best predictor of presence and severity of PTSD. Intervention programmes for post-war children need to be evaluated, taking into account developmental and cultural aspects, as well as characteristics of the communities involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, *War","Thabet, Abdel Aziz Mousa, Vostanis, Panos",1999.0,,,0,0,
5446,Systems biology approach to understanding post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder affecting individuals that have experienced life-changing traumatic events. The symptoms of PTSD experienced by these subjects - including acute anxiety, flashbacks, and hyper-arousal - disrupt their normal functioning. Although PTSD is still categorized as a psychological disorder, recent years have witnessed a multi-directional research effort attempting to understand the biomolecular origins of the disorder. This review begins by providing a brief overview of the known biological underpinnings of the disorder resulting from studies using structural and functional neuroimaging, endocrinology, and genetic and epigenetic assays. Next, we discuss the systems biology approach, which is often used to gain mechanistic insights from the wealth of available high-throughput experimental data. Finally, we provide an overview of the current computational tools used to decipher the heterogeneous types of molecular data collected in the study of PTSD. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.",,"Thakur, G. S., Daigle, B. J., Jr., Dean, K. R., Zhang, Y., Rodriguez-Fernandez, M., Hammamieh, R., Yang, R., Jett, M., Palma, J., Petzold, L. R., Doyle, F. J., III",2015.0,,10.1039/c4mb00404c,0,0,
5447,Persistent pain in adolescents following traumatic brain injury,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of pediatric disability. Although persistent pain has been recognized as a significant postinjury complication, there is a paucity of data concerning the postinjury pain experience of youth. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of persistent pain in adolescents after TBI, identify risk factors for pain, and evaluate the impact of pain on adolescent health-related quality of life. Participants included 144 adolescents with mild to severe TBI who were followed over 36 months after injury. At 3-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month assessments, measures of pain intensity, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and health-related quality of life were completed by adolescents. Findings demonstrated that 24.3% of adolescents reported persistent pain (defined as usual pain intensity ≥3/10) at all assessment points after TBI. Female sex (odds ratio = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-6.63) and higher levels of depressive symptoms at 3 months after injury (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-1.43) were predictors of persistent pain at 36 months. Furthermore, mixed linear models indicated that early pain experience at 3 months following TBI was associated with a significantly poorer long-term health-related quality of life. Perspective This is the first study to examine the prevalence of persistent pain over long-term follow-up in adolescents after TBI and its impact on health-related quality of life. These findings indicate that adolescents with TBI may benefit from timely evaluation and intervention to minimize the development and impact of pain. © 2013 by the American Pain Society.","adolescents, health-related quality of life, longitudinal study, pain, Traumatic brain injury","Tham, S. W., Palermo, T. M., Wang, J., Jaffe, K. M., Temkin, N., Durbin, D., Rivara, F. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5448,Symptomatic and functional assessment of social anxiety disorder in adults,"There are several old and new tools for assessment of generalized SAD but few for nongeneralized SAD. Scales are available in both self-rated and interviewer-rated formats. Self-rated scales vary in appearance in length and specificity for SAD and psychometric properties. The best-studied self-rated scales are the FQ, FNE, SAAD, SPAI, and SPIN. The FQ is an early scale, with a subscale of social phobia with reasonable psychometric properties and has withstood the test of time. The FNE and SAAD are based on cognitive models of SAD but lack assessment of physiologic arousal symptoms--an important symptom cluster of SAD. The SPIN is a relatively new scale and shows potential especially with its three-item screener for generalized SAD. The two interviewer-rated scales, the LSAS and BSPS, are both widely used and demonstrate sound psychometric properties. Either one can be regarded as a satisfactory scale in the assessment of symptom severity and treatment response. The BSPS also measures several physical symptoms common in SAD. There are fewer validated tools available for nongeneralized SAD. It is a prevalent condition that may account for 25% or more of patients with SAD. More research is required on the epidemiology, recognition, assessment, and treatment of nongeneralized SAD. Education of patients and clinicians, and the use of improved and briefer tools in these settings, may help SAD patients to obtain appropriate help and improve their functioning and productivity. Few tools are available that can reliably assess disability due to SAD, and more research in this area is important and required.","Adult, Child, Disability Evaluation, Humans, Interview, Psychological/methods, Personality Inventory/*standards, Phobic Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards, Reproducibility of Results, Severity of Illness Index","Tharwani, H. M., Davidson, J. R.",2001.0,Dec,,0,0,
5449,Symptomatic and functional assessment of social anxiety disorder in adults,"There are several old and new tools for assessment of generalized SAD but few for nongeneralized SAD. Scales are available in both self-rated and interviewer-rated formats. Self-rated scales vary in appearance in length and specificity for SAD and psychometric properties. The best studied self-rated scales are the FQ, FNE, SAAD, SPAI, and SPIN. The FQ is an early scale, with a subscale of social phobia with reasonable psychometric properties and has withstood the test of time. The FNE and SAAD are based on cognitive models of SAD but lack assessment of physiologic arousal symptoms-an important symptom cluster of SAD. The SPIN is a relatively new scale and shows potential especially with its three-item screener for generalized SAD. The two interviewer-rated scales, the LSAS and BSPS, are both widely used and demonstrate sound psychometric properties. Either one can be regarded as a satisfactory scale in the assessment of symptom severity and treatment response. The BSPS also measures several physical symptoms common in SAD. There are fewer validated tools available for nongeneralized SAD. It is a prevalent condition that may account for 25% or more of patients with SAD. More research is required on the epidemiology, recognition, assessment, and treatment of nongeneralized SAD. Education of patients and clinicians, and the use of improved and briefer tools in these settings, may help SAD patients to obtain appropriate help and improve their functioning and productivity. Few tools are available that can reliably assess disability due to SAD, and more research in this area is important and required.","accuracy, anxiety neurosis, clinical research, disease severity, human, patient education, priority journal, psychometry, rating scale, review, screening test, self concept, symptom","Tharwani, H. M., Davidson, J. R. T.",2001.0,,,0,0,5448
5450,Treatment of anxiety disorders with venlafaxine XR,"When venlafaxine was introduced in 1994, it was the first of the newer generation antidepressants to be classified as a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). An extended release (XR) formulation of venlafaxine, introduced in 1997, subsequently received regulatory approval for treatment of three anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Although less extensively studied, venlafaxine XR also appears to have efficacy for two other anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In contrast to the treatment of depression, for which meta-analyses suggest an efficacy advantage relative to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), evidence of differential efficacy has not yet been established for any of the anxiety disorders. The overall tolerability profile of venlafaxine XR is generally comparable to that of the SSRIs, although there is greater incidence of noradrenergically mediated side effects (i.e., dry mouth and constipation), as well as a dose-dependent risk of treatment-emergent high blood pressure. Concerns about safety in overdose have also recently emerged. Despite these caveats, venlafaxine XR is an effective and generally well-tolerated option for treatment of anxiety disorders. (copyright) 2006 Future Drugs Ltd.","alcohol, alprazolam, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, buspirone, citalopram, clomipramine, clonazepam, desipramine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, lithium salt, moclobemide, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, neuroleptic agent, paroxetine, phenelzine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tranylcypromine, tricyclic antidepressant agent, vasopressin, venlafaxine, alcoholism, anorexia, anxiety disorder, asthenia, bleeding, blood brain barrier, blood pressure variability, body weight disorder, capillary resistance, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical trial, constipation, depression, diastolic blood pressure, disease exacerbation, dizziness, dose calculation, drug absorption, drug activity, drug blood level, drug dose reduction, drug effect, drug efficacy, drug elimination, drug fatality, drug formulation, drug half life, drug induced disease, drug metabolism, drug overdose, drug receptor binding, drug research, drug safety, drug surveillance program, drug tolerability, dysphoria, ECG abnormality, flu like syndrome, food and drug administration, generalized anxiety disorder, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, heart infarction, human, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hypomania, hyponatremia, inappropriate vasopressin secretion, insomnia, major depression, mania, mental instability, nausea, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, paresthesia, plasma protein binding, postmarketing surveillance, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological rating scale, remission, review, seizure susceptibility, sexual dysfunction, social phobia, somnolence, steady state, substance abuse, suicidal ideation, suicide, suicide attempt, sustained drug release, systolic blood pressure, tachycardia, thrombocyte aggregation, treatment indication, weight change, withdrawal syndrome, xerostomia, effexor, paxil","Thase, M. E.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5451,Assessing the 'true' effect of active antidepressant therapy v. placebo in major depressive disorder: Use of a mixture model,,,"Thase, M. E., Larsen, K. G., Kennedy, S. H.",2011.0,,10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093336,0,0,
5452,Exploratory factor analysis of two measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a non-clinical sample of college students,"This study investigated the psychometric structure of two widely utilized measures of posttraumatic symptoms in a primarily Caucasian non-clinical sample. Given the prevalence of trauma exposure in non-referred samples, measurement of resulting symptoms is a critical issue. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to assess and compare the factor structure of the Impact of Event Scale [IES; Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218] and the Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Civilian version [MIS-Civ; Vreven, D. L., Gudanowski, D. M., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1995). The Civilian Version of the Mississippi PTSD Scale--a psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 91-109] in a sample of college students reporting exposure to potentially traumatic events. The psychometric structure of the IES was largely consistent with the two-factor structure widely reported in the literature, while the structure of the MIS-Civ varied considerably in this sample. Notably, non-clinical samples tended to report fewer social and occupational dysfunction than clinical samples predominantly utilized in PTSD research. Implications for use of these instruments in screening samples are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*College Students, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Symptoms","Thatcher, Dawn L., Krikorian, Robert",2005.0,,,0,0,
5453,"Evidence based approach to the emergent issues in Asia, fieldwork at Yogyakarta",,,"The University Consortium for Evidence Based Approach to the Emergent Issues in, Asia",2014.0,2014,,0,0,
5454,HIV-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Investigating the traumatic events,"This study examined the relationship between the experience of various HIV-related events (receiving the diagnosis, receiving treatment, experiencing physical symptoms, self-disclosing HIV positive status, and witnessing HIV-related death) and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a sample of 100 gay men living with HIV. Self-report data revealed that 65% met criteria for having experienced a traumatic event in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criterion A. The experience of shame, humiliation, or guilt during an event was measured but not found to be a significant indicator of having been traumatized. A total of 33% qualified for a PTSD diagnosis. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that receiving medical treatment, experiencing physical symptoms, and witnessing HIV-related death were most associated with HIV-related PTSD symptoms. Given that multiple HIV-related events are potentially traumatic, the screening, assessment and treatment for HIV-related PTSD may need to be considered by HIV services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *HIV, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Death and Dying, Death Attitudes, Diagnosis, Grief, Symptoms, Treatment","Theuninck, Anthony C., Lake, Nick, Gibson, Stuart",2010.0,,,0,0,
5455,PTSD and depression among displaced Chinese workers after the World Trade Center attack: a follow-up study,"We conducted a follow-up assessment to assess the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression among Chinese immigrants after the World Trade Center attack. Sixty-five Chinese displaced workers who were originally interviewed in May 2002 were re-interviewed in March 2003. Whereas depression scores decreased over time, average PTSD scores remained unchanged. The trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms was more complex, with an increasing number of individuals who show no or little emotional health problems and another increasing group of individuals with exacerbated posttraumatic stress symptoms. Although the mean values of the re-experiencing and hypervigilance cluster did not change over time, the mean value of the avoidance/numbing cluster increased significantly from time 1 (M= 4.60, SD = 4.98) to time 2 (M= 6.34, SD = 4.24), (F1.61=5.69,P= .02). A higher proportion of subjects met diagnostic criteria of PTSD at time 2 (27%) than at time 1 (21%). The study highlights the importance of ongoing mental health surveillance of diverse cultural and linguistic groups after a major traumatic event.","Adult, Aged, Asian Americans, Depression/diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York City/epidemiology, *September 11 Terrorist Attacks, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology","Thiel de Bocanegra, H., Moskalenko, S., Chan, P.",2005.0,Sep,10.1093/jurban/jti074,0,1,1359
5456,Altered salivary alpha-amylase awakening response in Bosnian War refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder,"In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been suggested. No study so far has investigated diurnal secretion patterns of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) in PTSD, a promising candidate for non-invasive assessment of SNS activity. We compared sAA diurnal profiles between a group of Bosnian War refugees with PTSD and a healthy control group, and further analyzed for associations with psychiatric symptoms and glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity of inflammatory regulation. PTSD patients showed a sAA awakening response profile that was opposite to those seen in healthy controls, i.e. an increase instead of a sharp decrease. Patterns of sAA secretion were further positively associated with psychiatric symptoms of PTSD. Finally, higher sAA awakening responses were associated with higher GC sensitivity of inflammatory cytokine production. These findings are in line with altered SNS function in PTSD, and lend further support for employing assessment of diurnal sAA profiles as non-invasive biomarkers in stress-related disease. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Inflammatory regulation, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, SAA, Salivary alpha-amylase, SNS, Sympathetic nervous system","Thoma, M. V., Joksimovic, L., Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, J. M., Rohleder, N.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5457,Reduced anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal volumes in child abuse-related complex PTSD,"Objective: Classic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with smaller hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volumes. We investigated whether child abuse-related complex PTSD - a severe form of PTSD with affect dysregulation and high comorbidity-showed similar brain volume reductions. Method: We used voxel-based morphometry to measure gray matter concentrations in referred outpatients with child abuse-related complex PTSD (n = 31) compared to matched healthy nontraumatized controls (n = 28). Complex PTSD was diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR and the Structured Clinical Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress. All respondents were scanned on a 1.5-T magnetic resonance system at the VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, between September 2005 and February 2006. Results: As was hypothesized, patients with child abuse-related complex PTSD showed reductions in gray matter concentration in right hippocampus (P SVC corrected = .04) and right dorsal ACC (PSVC corrected = .02) compared to controls. In addition, a reduction in gray matter concentration in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was found. Severity of child abuse and PTSD-hyperarousal correlated negatively with ACC volume. Impulsivity correlated negatively with hippocampus volume, and anger, with hippocampus and OFC volume. Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder - compared to comorbid cluster C personality disorder - accounted for more extensive reductions in the ACC and OFC volume. Conclusions: In complex PTSD, not only the hippocampus and the ACC but also the OFC seem to be affected, even in the absence of comorbid borderline personality disorder. These results suggest that neural correlates of complex PTSD are more severe than those of classic PTSD. (copyright) Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.","adult, alcoholism, anger, anterior cingulate, anxiety disorder, article, borderline state, brain size, child abuse, child sexual abuse, clinical article, clinical assessment, clinical assessment tool, comorbidity, controlled study, correlation analysis, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease association, disease severity, eating disorder, female, gray matter, hippocampus, human, impulsiveness, neuroimaging, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, orbital cortex, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, structured clinical interview for disorders of extreme stress, supplementary motor area, voxel based morphometry","Thomaes, K., Dorrepaal, E., Draijer, N., De Ruiter, M. B., Van Balkom, A. J., Smit, J. H., Veltman, D. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5458,Diagnosis of probable psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in the outpatient clinic: Does gender matter?,"Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) are paroxysmal events of altered behavior that outwardly resemble epilepsy but are caused by psychiatric disease. The diagnosis of probable PNESs can be made in the outpatient clinic prior to video-EEG monitoring by identification of specific PNES predictors and specific elements of seizure semiology from the clinical history. Since psychiatric disease may have distinct mechanisms between women and men, the objective of this study was to determine if gender-specific differences exist in PNES predictors and PNES semiology. Such differences could be used to optimize the accuracy of outpatient diagnosis of probable PNESs. Medical records of male and female patients with video-EEG diagnosis of definite PNESs were retrospectively reviewed for occurrence of PNES predictors. In addition, PNES semiology was analyzed de novo from video-EEG records and categorized into previously established semiology clusters. Eighty-six patients were included in the analysis (59 women and 27 men). We found significantly lower rates of reported physical and sexual abuse, lower rates of previous psychiatric diagnosis, and lower rates of chronic pain in male patients with no significant differences in rates of other PNES predictors. Furthermore, we found no difference in PNES semiology between men and women, with both groups experiencing similar rates of major motor, minor motor, and nonmotor semiology. In conclusion, our results lend support to the idea that distinct risk factor criteria but similar semiology criteria should be used for the diagnosis of probable PNESs in the outpatient clinic in men and women. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.","Gender, Nonepileptic seizures, Risk factors, Semiology","Thomas, A. A., Preston, J., Scott, R. C., Bujarski, K. A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5459,Attention to threat images in individuals with clinical and subthreshold symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Attention to general and trauma-relevant threat was examined in individuals with clinical and subthreshold symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants' eye gaze was tracked and recorded while they viewed sets of four images over a 6-s presentation (one negative, positive, and neutral image, and either a general threat image or a trauma-relevant threat image). Two trauma-exposed groups (a clinical and a subthreshold PTSD symptom group) were compared to a non-trauma-exposed group. Both the clinical and subthreshold PTSD symptom groups attended to trauma-relevant threat images more than the no-trauma-exposure group, whereas there were no group differences for general threat images. A time course analysis of attention to trauma-relevant threat images revealed different attentional profiles for the trauma-exposed groups. Participants with clinical PTSD symptoms exhibited immediate heightened attention to the images relative to participants with no-trauma-exposure, whereas participants with subthreshold PTSD symptoms did not. In addition, participants with subthreshold PTSD symptoms attended to trauma-relevant threat images throughout the 6-s presentation, whereas participants with clinical symptoms of PTSD exhibited evidence of avoidance. The theoretical and clinical implications of these distinct attentional profiles are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Attention, Attentional bias, Eye tracking, PTSD, Subthreshold PTSD, Time course","Thomas, C. L., Goegan, L. D., Newman, K. R., Arndt, J. E., Sears, C. R.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5460,Peritraumatic distress and the course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis,"Objective: To examine how peritraumatic distress modulates the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the timing of the PTSD symptom assessments. Method: A systematic literature review of English- and French-language studies having administered the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) was conducted. Meta-analyses were performed on correlations relating PDI and PTSD symptom scores obtained from the sampled studies. The meta-analyses, which included calculations of regression slopes, took into consideration the time at which PTSD symptoms were assessed following the traumatic event and the timing of the PDI assessment Results: The literature review yielded a total of 22 studies. The meta-analysis performed over all studies resulted in a pooled correlation coefficient of 0.55 between the PDI and PTSD symptom scores. Meta-regression analyses conducted over all data revealed no apparent decrease in the correlations according to the timing of the PTSD symptom assessments. However, there were numerical or statistically significant declines in regression slopes when the meta-regressions were separately conducted on studies having administered the PDI either within, or following, a 1-month period after a traumatic event. Conclusions: While PDI or PTSD symptom score correlations remain generally significant, they tend to decline as time elapses between the traumatic event and the PTSD assessment. This suggests there may be factors other than peritraumatic distress that increasingly account for the long-term trajectory PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disease Course, *Distress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Thomas, Emilie, Saumier, Daniel, Brunet, Alain",2012.0,,,0,0,
5461,Peritraumatic distress and the course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A meta-analysis,"Objective: To examine how peritraumatic distress modulates the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to the timing of the PTSD symptom assessments. Method: A systematic literature review of English- and French-language studies having administered the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) was conducted. Meta-analyses were performed on correlations relating PDI and PTSD symptom scores obtained from the sampled studies. The meta-analyses, which included calculations of regression slopes, took into consideration the time at which PTSD symptoms were assessed following the traumatic event and the timing of the PDI assessment. Results: The literature review yielded a total of 22 studies. The meta-analysis performed over all studies resulted in a pooled correlation coefficient of 0.55 between the PDI and PTSD symptom scores. Meta-regression analyses conducted over all data revealed no apparent decrease in the correlations according to the timing of the PTSD symptom assessments. However, there were numerical or statistically significant declines in regression slopes when the meta-regressions were separately conducted on studies having administered the PDI either within, or following, a 1-month period after a traumatic event. Conclusions: While PDI or PTSD symptom score correlations remain generally significant, they tend to decline as time elapses between the traumatic event and the PTSD assessment. This suggests there may be factors other than peritraumatic distress that increasingly account for the long-term trajectory PTSD symptoms.","Peritraumatic distress, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder risk factor","Thomas, É, Saumier, D., Brunet, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,5460
5462,Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and national guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq,,,"Thomas, J. L., Wilk, J. E., Riviere, L. A., McGurk, D., Castro, C. A., Hoge, C. W.",2010.0,,10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.54,0,0,
5463,Personality heterogeneity in PTSD: distinct temperament and interpersonal typologies,"Researchers examining personality typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have consistently identified 3 groups: low pathology, internalizing, and externalizing. These groups have been found to predict functional severity and psychiatric comorbidity. In this study, we employed Latent Profile Analysis to compare this previously established typology, grounded in temperament traits (negative emotionality; positive emotionality; constraint), to a novel typology rooted in interpersonal traits (dominance; warmth) in a sample of individuals with PTSD (n = 155). Using Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) traits to create latent profiles, the 3-group temperament model was replicated. Using Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC) traits to create latent profiles, we identified a 4-group solution with groups varying in interpersonal style. These models were nonredundant, indicating that the depiction of personality variability in PTSD depends on how personality is assessed. Whereas the temperament model was more effective for distinguishing individuals based on distress and comorbid disorders, the interpersonal model was more effective for predicting the chronicity of PTSD over the 10 year course of the study. We discuss the potential for integrating these complementary temperament and interpersonal typologies in the clinical assessment of PTSD.",,"Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Wright, A. G., Sanislow, C. A., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Ansell, E. B., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Shea, M. T., Markowitz, J. C., Skodol, A. E., Zanarini, M. C., Morey, L. C.",2014.0,Mar,10.1037/a0034318,0,0,
5464,Personality heterogeneity in PTSD: Distinct temperament and interpersonal typologies,"Researchers examining personality typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have consistently identified 3 groups: low pathology, internalizing, and externalizing. These groups have been found to predict functional severity and psychiatric comorbidity. In this study, we employed Latent Profile Analysis to compare this previously established typology, grounded in temperament traits (negative emotionality; positive emotionality; constraint), to a novel typology rooted in interpersonal traits (dominance; warmth) in a sample of individuals with PTSD (n = 155). Using Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) traits to create latent profiles, the 3-group temperament model was replicated. Using Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC) traits to create latent profiles, we identified a 4-group solution with groups varying in interpersonal style. These models were nonredundant, indicating that the depiction of personality variability in PTSD depends on how personality is assessed. Whereas the temperament model was more effective for distinguishing individuals based on distress and comorbid disorders, the interpersonal model was more effective for predicting the chronicity of PTSD over the 10 year course of the study. We discuss the potential for integrating these complementary temperament and interpersonal typologies in the clinical assessment of PTSD. © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Interpersonal pathoplasticity, Latent profile analysis, Personality assessment, PTSD, Temperament","Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Wright, A. G. C., Sanislow, C. A., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Ansell, E. B., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Shea, M. T., Markowitz, J. C., Skodol, A. E., Zanarini, M. C., Morey, L. C.",2014.0,,,0,0,5463
5465,Blunted cortisol production in partners of men with prostate cancer is associated with increased IL-6 and subthreshold ptsd,"Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer diagnosed in men, and it is associated with significant distress in patients as well as their partners. This study examined the relationship of caregiving for a partner with PC to diurnal cortisol output and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in women between the ages of 42 and 75 years old. Participants were women whose spouses/partners had PC (n = 19) and women who were in relationships with men with no diagnosed medical illness (n = 26). Women provided saliva samples (4 times per day over 3 days) in their natural environment. They also provided a blood sample to measure circulating levels of the inflammatory marker, IL-6. To assess for the presence of psychiatric symptoms, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I Disorders was conducted. Prior to conducting analyses, cortisol and IL-6 levels were log transformed to control for significant skewness. Analyses revealed that partners of men with PC had lower daily cortisol output than demographically matched controls across the three days (F=20.72, p<.001). PC Partners also had higher IL-6 levels (F=4.51, p<.05) and were more likely to report sub-threshold PTSD than controls (68.4% versus 23.1%, c2= 11.30, p=.01), which was defined as experiencing intense fear in response to a traumatic event and meeting all criteria for at least one PTSD symptom cluster. Followup analyses revealed that lower cortisol production was associated with higher IL-6 levels (r= -.435, p<.05). Further, post-traumatic stress symptoms explained differences in cortisol production between partners and controls. Women who reported at least sub-threshold PTSD symptoms had lower cortisol production than those with no PTSD symptoms F=5.10, p < .01. Given that this is the first study examining relationships between cancer caregiving, cortisol production, and inflammation in spouses/partners of men with PC, these findings need to be replicated in future research. Nonetheless, these data suggest that partners of men with PC may be at heightened risk for altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and increased inflammation, possibly associated with the presence of posttraumatic stress symptoms. This highlights the importance of developing interventions aimed at reducing risk of psychopathology in partners of men with PC, with potential impacts on biomarkers of disease risk.","hydrocortisone, interleukin 6, marker, male, human, prostate cancer, psychosomatics, society, female, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk, neoplasm, inflammation, mental disease, diseases, blood sampling, environment, saliva, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, follow up, fear, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, patient","Thomas, K. S., Bower, J., Williamson, T., Hoyt, M., Irwin, M., Stanton, A., Wellisch, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5466,Stress disorders following traumatic injury: Assessment and treatment considerations,"Traumatic injury is a relatively common occurrence, with approximately 40 million injury-related visits to emergency departments in the United States per year. Psychiatric complications of physical injury are a public health concern. Approximately 12% to 16% of survivors of traumatic injury are diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD), and 30% to 36% warrant a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 12 months after the traumatic event. Phenomena related to injury, such as blood loss, pain, administration of narcotic analgesics, and traumatic brain injury, as well as high rates of premorbid psychiatric and substance abuse and/or dependence disorders, often overlap with stress-related symptoms of psychological origin. This complicates the assessment of dissociative processes required for the diagnosis of ASD, as well as the three core PTSD symptom clusters (re-experiencing of the trauma, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal). This article reviews specific aspects of stress disorders in the context of traumatic injury, with a focus on aspects of assessment. Psychopharmacologic and behavioral treatment recommendations are also reviewed.",,"Thombs, B. D., Fauerbach, J. A., McCann, U. D.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5467,Stress and Cortisol in Disaster Evacuees: An Exploratory Study on Associations with Social Protective Factors,"Though cumulative emotional and physical effects of disasters may diminish evacuees’ short and long-term mental and physical health, social factors may buffer such consequences. We approached survivors of the October 2007 San Diego, California firestorms. We gathered data during the evacuation and 3 months afterward. Questionnaires measured social support as well as PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Saliva samples were used to assess the stress hormone, cortisol. Analyses, adjusting for age, gender, and socioeconomic status, showed PTSD symptoms were associated with flattening of the diurnal cortisol rhythm during evacuation. Secondary analyses showed those reporting a family emphasis on moral and religious values had lower psychological distress. Though anxiety symptoms had significantly decreased in the overall sample at follow-up, blunted cortisol rhythms persisted among those individuals with continued high anxiety. Results highlight a possible psychological, and perhaps a physiological, benefit of social and existential factors in disaster situations. Future work should explore the role of psychosocial factors and stress physiology in the development of long-term health concerns among individuals exposed to disaster. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Anxiety, Disaster evacuees, Diurnal cortisol rhythm, PTSD, Social protective factor","Thompson, D. J., Weissbecker, I., Cash, E., Simpson, D. M., Daup, M., Sephton, S. E.",2015.0,,10.1007/s10484-015-9270-4,0,0,
5468,An open trial of exposure therapy based on deconditioning for post-traumatic stress disorder,"Conducted a debriefing session followed by 8 weekly sessions of imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure with 23 patients who had experienced a major stressful event. Ss recounted their traumatic experiences aloud, using the first person and the present tense, and included as much detail as possible. This account was audiotaped and Ss were asked to listen to the tape between treatment sessions. There were reductions of 42% on an impact of events scale, of 61% on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), of 38% on the SCL-90, and of 35% on a clinician administered post-traumatic stress scale, all of which were significant. The number of Ss who satisfied the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was halved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapeutic Techniques, *Stress Management","Thompson, J. A., Charlton, P. F. C., Kerry, R., Lee, D.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5469,Early Symptom Predictors of Chronic Distress in Gulf War Veterans,"Although there is evidence that specific early hyperarousal, avoidance, and emotional numbing symptoms are associated with later posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among veterans, little is known about predictors of later non-PTSD-related psychological symptoms. One and 2 years after serving in the Gulf War, 348 military reservists were assessed for severity of war zone stress, PTSD, psychological distress, and stress-mediated physical complaints. Overall PTSD symptomatology and emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters increased over time, whereas re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms showed no change. Emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptoms at 1 year predicted generalized distress, depression, anxiety, hostility, and somatic symptoms at 2 years, whereas re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms did not. Findings highlight the importance of targeting early emotional numbing and hyperarousal symptom clusters to reduce longer-term psychological distress.","Chronic distress, PTSD, Veterans","Thompson, K. E., Vasterling, J. J., Benotsch, E. G., Brailey, K., Constans, J., Uddo, M., Sutker, P. B.",2004.0,,,0,1,
5470,Using Longitudinal Complex Survey Data,"Common features of longitudinal surveys are complex sampling designs, which must be maintained and extended over time; measurement errors, including memory errors; panel conditioning or time-in-sample effects; and dropout or attrition. In the analysis of longitudinal survey data, both the theory of complex samples and the theory of longitudinal data analysis must be combined. This article reviews the purposes of longitudinal surveys and the kinds of analyses that are commonly used to address the questions these surveys are designed to answer. In it, I discuss approaches to incorporating the complex designs in inference, as well as the complications introduced by time-in-sample effects and by nonignorable attrition. I also outline the use and limitations of longitudinal survey data in supporting causal inference and conclude with some summary remarks. © 2015 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Attrition bias, Causal inference, Complex sample design, Time-in-sample effects","Thompson, M. E.",2015.0,,10.1146/annurev-statistics-010814-020403,0,0,
5471,Age Differences in the Psychological Consequences of Hurricane Hugo,"At 12, 18, and 24 months after Hurricane Hugo, 831 adults were interviewed regarding their disaster-related stressors and present psychological state. The study's purposes were to assess whether age influenced one's vulnerability to postdisaster stress and to evaluate four different perspectives on disaster recovery that have been previously used to explain age differences. Regression analyses demonstrated that disaster exposure had substantial and pervasive psychological effects. The analyses also revealed a curvilinear interaction between disaster exposure and age. Younger people exhibited the most distress in the absence of disaster, but middle-aged people did so in its presence. Differential exposure, resources, and inoculation all failed to explain these differences; however, the burden perspective had considerable explanatory power.",,"Thompson, M. P., Norris, F. H., Hanacek, B.",1993.0,,10.1037/0882-7974.8.4.606,0,0,
5472,"Somatoform Disorders and Trauma in Medically-Admitted Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Prevalence Rates and Psychosocial Characteristics","Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe past traumatic experiences in medically-admitted pediatric and young adult patients diagnosed with somatoform disorders and to explore the demographic, diagnostic, and psychosocial differences between those with and without trauma histories. Methods: Retrospective medical record reviews were performed for patients (aged 3-29 years) seen by the Psychiatry Consultation Service (2010-2011) at a pediatric medical hospital and diagnosed with a somatoform disorder. Clinical data collected included demographics, medical history, current physical symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses and history, trauma history, coping styles, family psychiatric and medical history, peer and family factors, psychiatric disposition after discharge, and service utilization. Results: The mean age of the 180 identified patients was 15.1 years. Most patients were girls (75.0%) and White (71.7%). Somatoform diagnoses were primarily pain (51.4%) and conversion disorders (28.9%). Rates of trauma were similar to national norms (29.7%). Trauma history did not correlate with age, sex, race, income, length of hospitalization, or type of somatoform disorders. However, patients with trauma histories had significantly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities (76.0% vs. 50.8%), past psychiatric treatment (81.1% vs. 59.1%), parent mental illness (69.8% vs. 38.6%), and family conflict (52.8% vs. 37.0%) and were more likely to require inpatient psychiatric hospitalization on discharge (18.9% vs. 6.3%). Conclusion: Prevalence of trauma in a sample of medically-admitted pediatric and young adult patients with somatoform diagnoses was similar to national norms. However, patients with a history of trauma had unique psychiatric and psychosocial profiles compared to those without a history of trauma. © 2014 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine.",,"Thomson, K., Randall, E., Ibeziako, P., Bujoreanu, I. S.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.psym.2014.05.006,0,0,
5473,The role of psychosocial factors in the course of pain--a 1-year follow-up study among women living in Sweden,"The understanding of the associations between psychosocial factors and persistent pain and their impact on the course of pain among women is crucial to identify risk populations and prevent long-term pain from developing. The aim of the study was to investigate the course of pain among women and the psychosocial factors associated with it. The study was a 1-year follow-up (FU) among 2,300 women in the general population of Sweden. Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors were analyzed in relation to the course of pain, assessed as the presence of pain during the last 3 months at baseline (BL) and at FU. Thirty-three percent of the women with no pain at BL and 77% of those with pain at BL reported pain at FU. Compared to the pain-free women, those who developed pain at FU reported lower social support and physical quality of life (QoL) and worse mental health. Women with sustained pain were older and reported worse mental health, lack of social support, and lower levels of QoL compared to those who recovered from pain. In the multiple logistic regression analyses, only post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with the development of pain at FU. Number of pain locations and pain duration at BL and physical QoL were associated with sustained pain. Moreover, social support was identified as a protective factor against sustained pain. Pain is persistent or recurrent in a general female population. The results indicate that psychosocial factors do not work as primary predictors in the course of pain and might be better understood through indirect processes by limiting the individual's resources for handling pain in a functional manner.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, *Health Status, Humans, Middle Aged, Pain/*epidemiology/*psychology, Pain Measurement, Quality of Life/*psychology, Sickness Impact Profile, Social Support, Sweden, ""*Womens Health""","Thomten, J., Soares, J. J., Sundin, O.",2011.0,Dec,10.1007/s00737-011-0244-0,0,0,
5474,The role of psychosocial factors in the course of pain-a 1-year follow-up study among women living in Sweden,"The understanding of the associations between psychosocial factors and persistent pain and their impact on the course of pain among women is crucial to identify risk populations and prevent long-term pain from developing. The aim of the study was to investigate the course of pain among women and the psychosocial factors associated with it. The study was a 1-year follow-up (FU) among 2,300 women in the general population of Sweden. Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors were analyzed in relation to the course of pain, assessed as the presence of pain during the last 3 months at baseline (BL) and at FU. Thirtythree percent of the women with no pain at BL and 77% of those with pain at BL reported pain at FU. Compared to the pain-free women, those who developed pain at FU reported lower social support and physical quality of life (QoL) and worse mental health. Women with sustained pain were older and reported worse mental health, lack of social support, and lower levels of QoL compared to those who recovered from pain. In the multiple logistic regression analyses, only post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with the development of pain at FU. Number of pain locations and pain duration at BL and physical QoL were associated with sustained pain. Moreover, social support was identified as a protective factor against sustained pain. Pain is persistent or recurrent in a general female population. The results indicate that psychosocial factors do not work as primary predictors in the course of pain and might be better understood through indirect processes by limiting the individual's resources for handling pain in a functional manner. © Springer-Verlag 2011.","Pain, Post-traumatic symptoms, Prospective, Quality of life, Social support, Women","Thomtén, J., Soares, J. J. F., Sundin, O.",2011.0,,,0,0,5473
5475,Social support barriers and mental health in terrorist attack survivors,"Background To expand our understanding of social support and mental health, we introduce a measure of social support barriers and investigate the relationship between these barriers, social support, mental health and gender in survivors of the terrorist attack on Utøya Island, Norway. Methods Survivors (N=285) were interviewed face to face. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the latent factor structure of the Social Support Barriers Scale and perceived social support (FSSQ), and linear regression analyses to investigate the associations between social support variables and mental health (PTSD-RI and HSCL-8). Results The CFA indicated that social support barriers and perceived social support were two separable latent constructs. Social support barriers were highly associated with posttraumatic stress reactions (adjusted regression coefficient=0.38, 95% CI=0.29-0.47. p<0.001) as well as with psychological distress (adjusted regression coefficient=0.35, 95% CI=0.26-0.43, p<0.001). In contrast, neither perceived social support nor gender was associated with mental health after adjustment for barriers. Limitations Most analyses were based on cross-sectional data. This is the first study to use a quantitative measure of social support barriers. Conclusion Social support barriers may be a new opening to understand the relationship between social support and mental health and may have a role in explaining why women are at increased risk for mental health problems. Clinicians should explore not only perceived social support but also barriers to making use of these resources when consulting young people facing major life adversities. © 2014 The Authors.","Adolescent, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Social support, Social support barriers, Terrorism","Thoresen, S., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Dyb, G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5476,Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: impact of Event Scale-6,"BACKGROUND: The Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R) is one of the most widely used measures of posttraumatic stress reactions. However, for some purposes, such as large epidemiological studies, there is a need for briefer instruments. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an abbreviated version of the IES-R that could capture the three current symptom clusters of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Stepwise multiple regression was applied to abbreviate the IES-R in one sample. The abbreviated version was then tested in three separate samples of individuals exposed to different kinds of potentially traumatic events. Agreement with a reference measure of PTSD, the PTSD checklist (PCL), was calculated for the abbreviated and the full-scale versions of IES. RESULTS: The abbreviation procedure resulted in a subset of six items (the IES-6), which correlated highly (pooled correlation = 0.95) with the IES-R across samples. Correlations between the IES-6 and IES-R subscales were somewhat lower (r = 0.78-0.94). Both the IES-6 and IES-R were in high agreement with the PCL. CONCLUSION: The IES-6 appears to be a robust brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions. It may be useful for research in epidemiological studies, and it may also have a role as a screening instrument in clinical practice.","adolescent, adult, age distribution, aged, article, checklist, cluster analysis, comparative study, disaster, female, human, life event, male, middle aged, occupational exposure, personality test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychometry, questionnaire, regression analysis, reproducibility, statistics","Thoresen, S., Tambs, K., Hussain, A., Heir, T., Johansen, V. A., Bisson, J. I.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5477,"The impact of disaster work on community volunteers: The role of peri-traumatic distress, level of personal affectedness, sleep quality and resource loss, on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and subjective health","Disaster work has shown to cause PTSD symptoms and subjective health complaints in professional emergency personnel. However, very little is known about how disaster work affects community volunteers. This first time longitudinal study examined factors contributing to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) and subjective health complaints in volunteers working in an earthquake setting. At six and eighteen months post disaster, a sample of 506 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and the Subjective Health Complaints Inventory. Factors analyzed in relation to the outcomes included: peri-traumatic distress, level of personal affectedness by the disaster, sleep quality and loss of resources as a consequence of the disaster. At 18 months post-disaster the findings showed high levels of PTSD symptoms and subjective health complaints. Quality of sleep was related to both outcomes but resource loss only to PTSD symptoms. Neither peri-traumatic distress nor level of affectedness by the disaster (external versus directly affected volunteers), were predictive of symptoms. This study indicates that characteristics of disaster work e.g. low quality of sleep, may be an important contributor to PTSD symptoms and subjective health complaints in volunteers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Distress, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sleep Disorders, *Symptoms, Disasters, Health Complaints","Thormar, Sigridur B., Gersons, Berthold P. R., Juen, Barbara, Djakababa, Maria Nelden, Karlsson, Thorlakur, Olff, Miranda",2014.0,,,0,0,
5478,"The impact of disaster work on community volunteers: The role of peri-traumatic distress, level of personal affectedness, sleep quality and resource loss, on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and subjective health",,,"Thormar, S. B., Gersons, B. P. R., Juen, B., Karlsson, T., Djakababa, M. N., Olff, M.",2014.0,2014,,0,0,5477
5479,The mental health impact of volunteering in a disaster setting: A review,,,"Thormar, S. B., Gersons, B. P. R., Juen, B., Marschang, A., Djakababa, M. N., Olff, M.",2010.0,2010,,0,0,
5480,"PTSD Symptom Trajectories in Disaster Volunteers: The Role of Self-Efficacy, Social Acknowledgement, and Tasks Carried Out","Millions of volunteers respond after disasters, with a 24% to 46% risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is unclear which symptom trajectories develop and how they differ between core (volunteering before the disaster) and noncore volunteers (joining after the disaster) and which factors predict trajectories. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed at 6-, 12-, and 18-months postearthquake in 449 volunteers in Indonesia. Demographics, previous mental health service use, self-efficacy, social acknowledgment, and type of tasks were assessed at 6 months. In both core and noncore volunteers, 2 PTSD symptom trajectories emerged: a resilient trajectory (moderate levels of symptoms with a slow decrease over time; 90.9%) and a chronic trajectory (higher levels of symptoms with an increase over time; 9.1%). In both trajectories, core volunteers had fewer symptoms than noncore volunteers. Core volunteers in the chronic trajectory were characterized by having sought prior mental help, reported lower levels of self-efficacy and social acknowledgment, and were more likely to have provided psychosocial support to beneficiaries (Cramer's V = .17 to .27, partial eta2 = .02 to .06). Aid organizations should identify and follow up chronic PTSD trajectories in volunteers, including the noncore, who may be out of sight to the organization after the acute response phase.",,"Thormar, S. B., Sijbrandij, M., Gersons, B. P., Van de Schoot, R., Juen, B., Karlsson, T., Olff, M.",2016.0,Jan 22,10.1002/jts.22073,1,1,
5481,The relationship of peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: Findings in female Vietnam theater veterans,,,"Tichenor, V., Marrnar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., Ronfeldt, H. M.",1996.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.1054,0,0,
5482,Profiles of Resilience and Growth in Youth With Cancer and Healthy Comparisons,"OBJECTIVE : Inconsistent links between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in youth following a stressful life event have been observed in previous literature. Latent profile analysis (LPA) provides a novel approach to examine the heterogeneity of relations between these constructs. METHOD : Participants were 435 youth (cancer group = 253; healthy comparisons = 182) and one parent. Children completed measures of PTS, PTG, and a life-events checklist. Parents reported on their own PTS and PTG. LPA was conducted to identify distinct adjustment classes. RESULTS : LPA revealed three profiles. The majority of youth (83%) fell into two resilient groups differing by levels of PTG. Several factors predicted youth's profile membership. CONCLUSIONS : PTS and PTG appear to be relatively independent constructs, and their relation is dependent on contextual factors. The majority of youth appear to be resilient, and even those who experience significant distress were able to find benefit.","childhood cancer, growth, life events, posttraumatic stress, profiles, resilience","Tillery, R., Howard Sharp, K. M., Okado, Y., Long, A., Phipps, S.",2015.0,Sep 30,10.1093/jpepsy/jsv091,0,1,
5483,Event-related potential patterns associated with hyperarousal in Gulf War illness syndrome groups,"An exaggerated response to emotional stimuli is one of the several symptoms widely reported by veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Many have attributed these symptoms to post-war stress; others have attributed the symptoms to deployment-related exposures and associated damage to cholinergic, dopaminergic, and white matter systems. We collected event-related potential (ERP) data from 20 veterans meeting Haley criteria for Gulf War Syndromes 1-3 and from 8 matched Gulf War veteran controls, who were deployed but not symptomatic, while they performed an auditory three-condition oddball task with gunshot and lion roar sounds as the distractor stimuli. Reports of hyperarousal from the ill veterans were significantly greater than those from the control veterans; different ERP profiles emerged to account for their hyperarousability. Syndromes 2 and 3, who have previously shown brainstem abnormalities, show significantly stronger auditory P1 amplitudes, purported to indicate compromised cholinergic inhibitory gating in the reticular activating system. Syndromes 1 and 2, who have previously shown basal ganglia dysfunction, show significantly weaker P3a response to distractor stimuli, purported to indicate dysfunction of the dopaminergic contribution to their ability to inhibit distraction by irrelevant stimuli. All three syndrome groups showed an attenuated P3b to target stimuli, which could be secondary to both cholinergic and dopaminergic contributions or disruption of white matter integrity. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Cholinergic, Dopaminergic, ERPs, Gulf War Illness, Hyperarousal, P1, P3a, P3b","Tillman, G. D., Calley, C. S., Green, T. A., Buhl, V. I., Biggs, M. M., Spence, J. S., Briggs, R. W., Haley, R. W., Hart, J., Kraut, M. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5484,The roles of spirituality and adult romantic attachment in responses to exposure to trauma and the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in nonclinical military couples,"This study investigated the salutogenic or health-enhancing roles of spiritual orientation and adult romantic attachment in response to traumatic exposure. Mediator and moderator analysis was employed to examine possible causal relationships between (a) traumatic exposure, spiritual orientation, and adult romantic attachment and (b) the relative presence or absence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms following exposure to traumatic events. Hypotheses were derived from theory and research pertaining to spirituality, attachment theory, adult romantic attachment, PTSD, and literature on trauma resilience. An ethnically diverse nonclinical sample of 44 military couples (88 adults) completed the Experience in Close Relationship questionnaire, the Spirituality Orientation Inventory, the Self-Report Inventory for Disorders of Extreme Stress, the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire, the PTSD Checklist, the Traumatic Events Questionnaire, and a demographic questionnaire that inquired about military history, military rank, religious affiliation, religious attendance, and spiritual practice. Statistical analyses found a significant, negative correlation between spiritual orientation and adult romantic attachment. Spiritual orientation was positively related to PTSD symptoms, as was adult romantic attachment. Mediator and moderator analyses were conducted and possible causal models of PTSD resiliency were proposed. Increased spirituality was found to moderate PTSD symptoms after traumatic exposure. Increased adult romantic attachment, specifically secure style, was found to mediate PTSD symptoms after traumatic exposure. Ancillary analyses found that 87.5% of the sample had experienced at least one traumatic event. The lifetime PTSD prevalence for the sample was 6.8%. No gender or ethnicity differences were noted for exposure to trauma or development of PTSD symptoms. Spiritual orientation was significantly higher among women, but no ethnicity differences were observed. Religious importance was not significantly higher for non-Caucasian subjects, and no gender differences were found. These findings suggest that stronger levels of spirituality may mitigate the adverse effects of exposure to trauma and adult romantic attachment secure style. If distressed by traumatic symptoms, couples that have high levels of spirituality and a secure style of attachment may significantly reduce traumatic distress and mitigate the development of PTSD. This study suggests that spirituality be included in models of health, prevention, and treatment strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Couples, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Romance, *Spirituality","Tilus, Michael Ray",2003.0,,,0,0,
5485,"Substance abuse, memory, and post-traumatic stress disorder","A large body of literature demonstrates the effects of abused substances on memory. These effects differ depending on the drug, the pattern of delivery (acute or chronic), and the drug state at the time of learning or assessment. Substance use disorders involving these drugs are often comorbid with anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). When the cognitive effects of these drugs are considered in the context of the treatment of these disorders, it becomes clear that these drugs may play a deleterious role in the development, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD. In this review, we examine the literature evaluating the cognitive effects of three commonly abused drugs: nicotine, cocaine, and alcohol. These three drugs operate through both common and distinct neurobiological mechanisms and alter learning and memory in multiple ways. We consider how the cognitive and affective effects of these drugs interact with the acquisition, consolidation, and extinction of learned fear, and we discuss the potential impediments that substance abuse creates for the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Abuse, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prefrontal Cortex, Amygdala, Memory, Stress","Tipps, Megan E., Raybuck, Jonathan D., Lattal, K. Matthew",2014.0,,,0,0,
5486,"Suicide-nearness assessed with PORT, the percept-genetic object-relation test: A replication and a reliability study","To determine the reliability and validity of a previously identified ""suicide cluster"" in the Percept-genetic Object-Relation Test (PORT), which test documents subliminal perception of objectrelation pictures, 20 suicide attempters and 70 controls were investigated. The correspondence between scores assigned by two judges was 95%-100%.The suicide-cluster signs in PORT, notably ""lack of attachment relationships"" and ""Motor activity,"" were significant. Differences between the results of this and the previous study are discussed as is the role of psychiatric disorder in suicide. © 2011 The Menninger Foundation.",,"Titelman, D., Nilsson, A., Svensson, B., Karlsson, H., Bruchfeld, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5487,Psychological mechanisms of refusal reactions in schizophrenic patients,"The psychological study is based on the clinical typology of refusal reactions (RR) in schizophrenic patients - ""capitulation"", ""avoidance"", ""absenteism"". Seventy patients with RR, mean age 27 years, 25 women, 45 men, were examined with the use of a number of psychological methods. The findings prove the hypothesis on the disturbances of motivation as a psychological mechanism of RR in schizophrenic patients. Deficiency is related to functions of the motivational process: incentive function, goal achievement, sense making and strengthened by trait anxiety and desize to avoid danger. The main factor promoting RR formation is basic motivation deficiency caused by endogenous process (schizophrenia). A mechanism of capitulation reaction formation is closely related to expectation of failure and refusal from acting as an opportunity to preserve self-estimation; avoidance reaction is characterized by significant disturbance of the motivation at the stage of incentive, goal achievement and sense making. Motivation deficiency in patients with absenteism reactions is predominantly associated with an specific individual's sense.","Motivation, Psychology, Refusal reactions, Schizophrenia","Tkhostov, A. Sh, Ilyina, N. A., Kucherova, E. Ya, Rasskazova, E. I., Ikonnikov, D. V.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5488,Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria,"Introduction: Exposure to armed conflict produces biological adaptations oriented to handle the highly stressful conditions in war environments. The special features of The Colombian armed create a special scenario to evaluate the human behavior. Objective: In this study, psychiatric, cognitive and emotional processing characteristics of a group of Colombian armed illegal forces of ex-combatants are described. Methods: Sixty-three ex combatants and 22 controls were assessed with WAIS (IQ), INECO frontal screening (executive functions), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (empathy), emotional features recognition and MINI (psychiatric profile). Results: When compared to the control group, ex-combatants showed higher frequency of antisocial personality disorder (P=.031) and behavioral dissocial disorder (P=.017). In cognitive profile, the ex-combatants showed a lower score in the executive function test (Me =18.50; RQ =4.00), control (Me =23.00; RQ =5.25), with a poor personal distress in emphatic profile (Me =10.00; RQ =5.00) compared to control group (Me =37.00; RQ =7.25). Conclusions: We found differences in cognitive and psychiatric profile in ex-combatants in comparison with controls.","adaptation, antisocial personality disorder, behavior, case study, Colombia, Colombian, control group, diseases, empathy, environment, executive function, executive function test, exposure, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, processing, screening, war, Wechsler adult intelligence scale","Tobón, C., Aguirre-Acevedo, D. C., Velilla, L., Duque, J., Ramos, C. P., Pineda, D.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5489,"Serum cholesterol, uric acid and cholinesterase in victims of the Tokyo subway sarin poisoning: A relation with post-traumatic stress disorder","Cholesterol and uric acid, which might correlate with steroidogenesis and monoamine functions, may change under emotionally stressful conditions and in mental disturbances. However, the issue has not been adequately investigated in other anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study investigated serum cholesterols, uric acid and cholinesterase in victims (aged 21-69 yrs) of the Tokyo subway sarin poisoning, 1995, in a series of 5-yr follow-ups. Cholinesterase was studied, in relevance with serum lipid changes and symptoms of PTSD, and also in light of a biological effect of sarin. Out of 34 victims, 8 developed PTSD and 2 were currently diagnosed with PTSD using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). No significant relationship was observed between PTSD and serum cholesterols or uric acid. Several factors including co-occurrence of other mental disturbances with PTSD, in addition to limited sample size, might have affected the result. In contrast, serum cholinesterase level was significantly reduced in the victims with the development of PTSD, compared with the matched controls. This might partly reflect a longterm remnant effect of sarin intoxication, although an effect of the psychological experience could not be totally excluded. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cholesterol, *Cholinesterase, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Uric Acid, Physiological Correlates, Toxic Disorders, Victimization","Tochigi, Mamoru, Umekage, Tadashi, Otani, Toshiyuki, Kato, Tadafumi, Iwanami, Akira, Asukai, Nozomu, Sasaki, Tsukasa, Kato, Nobumasa",2002.0,,,0,0,
5490,"Current visual scanpath research: A review of investigations into the psychotic, anxiety, and mood disorders","The human visual system is comprised of an array of complex organs, which jointly decode information from visible light to construct a meaningful representation of the surrounding environment. The study of visual scanpaths transpired in a bid to enhance our understanding of the role of eye movements underpinning adaptive functioning as well as psychopathology and was further aided by the advent of modern eye-tracking techniques. This review provides a background to the nature of visual scanpaths, followed by an overview and critique of eye movement studies in specific clinical populations involving the psychotic, anxiety, and mood disorders, and concludes with suggested directions for future research. We performed a Medline and PsycInfo literature search, based on variations of the terms ""visual scanpath,"" ""eye-tracking,"" and ""eye movements,"" in relation to articles published from 1986 to the present. Eye-tracking studies in schizophrenia mostly concurred with the existence of a ""restricted"" scanning strategy, characterized by fewer number of fixations of increased durations, with shorter scanpath lengths, and a marked avoidance of salient features, especially in relation to facial emotion perception. This has been interpreted as likely reflecting dual impairments in configural processing as well as gestalt perception. Findings from the anxiety and mood disorders have conversely failed to yield coherent results, with further research warranted to provide corroborating evidence and overcome identified methodological limitations. Future studies should also look toward applying similar techniques to related disorders as well as conducting parallel neuroimaging investigations to elucidate potential neurobiological correlates. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.",,"Toh, W. L., Rossell, S. L., Castle, D. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5491,The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in patients with cancer,"Objective: The diagnosis and treatment of cancer can be an extremely stressful and traumatic experience. Cancer has been recognized as a traumatic event capable of precipitating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-IV. However, recent researches have showed that many positive and negative psychosocial outcomes might follow cancer diagnosis and treatment. Evidences suggest that cancer might precipitate both PTSD and posttraumatic growth, at times within the same individual. In this study we investigated the prevalence of PTSD and posttraumatic growth in a sample of cancer patients. Method: Hundred patients diagnosed with cancer (53 women and 47 men) who attended to oncology outpatient units were randomly recruited to the study. PTSD is assessed with ""Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-PTSD Module"" and posttraumatic growth is assessed with ""Stress Related Growth Scale"". Findings: Although 19% of the sample met diagnostic criteria for PTSD, there was not any statistical significance between diagnosis of PTSD and sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, and marital status, level of education, occupation, social support, residential area and having a child. Treatment with chemotherapy and PTSD was significantly correlated. Suicidal thoughts were detected in 11% of the patients, although there was no patient with the history of suicide attempt. Mean posttraumatic growth score was 124.1 +/- 22.8 and there was not any significant association between posttraumatic growth score and the ages and gender of the patients. Religious belief either increased or stayed the same in 80% of patients. Most of the survivors indicated that their spirituality and faith assisted them throughout the cancer experience. Discussion: The presence of PTSD in cancer survivors may influence the clinical outcome. Early recognition of PTSD in the patients diagnosed with cancer is important for ensuring timely and appropriate clinical interventions. Nevertheless, many cancer survivors experience positive growth as they adjust to changes brought about by their illness. In particular, religious beliefs and spirituality provide patients diagnosed with cancer with important tools for coping with their illness. Conclusion: Future research is required to develop better clinical interventions in the management of either PTSD or posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Neoplasms, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, *Posttraumatic Growth, Diagnosis, Intervention","Tokgoz, Gul, Yalug, Irem, Ozdemir, Samuray, Yazici, Ayten, Uygun, Kazim, Aker, Tamer",2008.0,,,0,0,
5492,Mediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence,"OBJECTIVE: The authors examined moderators and mediators of a school-based psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence, according to an ecological resilience theoretical framework. METHOD: The authors examined data from a cluster randomized trial, involving children aged 8-13 in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (treatment condition n = 182, waitlist control condition n = 221). Mediators (hope, coping, peer/emotional/play social support) and moderators (gender, age, family connectedness, household size, other forms of social support, exposure to political violence, and displacement) of treatment outcome on posttraumatic stress symptoms and function impairment were examined in parallel process latent growth curve models. RESULTS: Compared with the waitlist group, those receiving treatment showed maintained hope, increased positive coping, maintained peer social support, and increased play social support. Of these putative mediators, only play social support was found to mediate treatment effects, such that increases in play social support were associated with smaller reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Furthermore, the authors identified a number of moderators: Girls showed larger treatment benefits on PTSD symptoms; girls, children in smaller households, and children receiving social support from adults outside the household showed larger treatment benefits on function impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide limited evidence for an ecological resilience theoretical framework. On the basis of these findings, the authors recommend a stronger separation between universal prevention (e.g., resilience promotion through play) and selective/indicated prevention (e.g., interventions aimed at decreasing posttraumatic stress symptoms). Play-based interventions should be careful to exclude children with psychological distress. In addition, treatment effects may be augmented by selecting girls and socially vulnerable children.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Family, Female, Humans, Indonesia, Male, Politics, *Psychotherapy, Questionnaires, *Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology/*therapy, Treatment Outcome, Violence/*psychology","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J., Gross, A. L., Susanty, D., Macy, R. D., de Jong, J. T.",2010.0,Dec,10.1037/a0021348,0,0,
5493,School-based mental health intervention for children in war-affected Burundi: a cluster randomized trial,"BACKGROUND: Armed conflicts are associated with a wide range of impacts on the mental health of children and adolescents. We evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based intervention aimed at reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety (treatment aim); and improving a sense of hope and functioning (preventive aim). METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized trial with 329 children in war-affected Burundi (aged 8 to 17 (mean 12.29 years, standard deviation 1.61); 48% girls). One group of children (n = 153) participated in a 15-session school-based intervention implemented by para-professionals, and the remaining 176 children formed a waitlist control condition. Outcomes were measured before, one week after, and three months after the intervention. RESULTS: No main effects of the intervention were identified. However, longitudinal growth curve analyses showed six favorable and two unfavorable differences in trajectories between study conditions in interaction with several moderators. Children in the intervention condition living in larger households showed decreases on depressive symptoms and function impairment, and those living with both parents showed decreases on posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. The groups of children in the waitlist condition showed increases in depressive symptoms. In addition, younger children and those with low levels of exposure to traumatic events in the intervention condition showed improvements on hope. Children in the waitlist condition who lived on their original or newly bought land showed improvements in hope and function impairment, whereas children in the intervention condition showed deterioration on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Given inconsistent effects across studies, findings do not support this school-based intervention as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms in conflict-affected children. The intervention appears to have more consistent preventive benefits, but these effects are contingent upon individual (for example, age, gender) and contextual (for example, family functioning, state of conflict, displacement) variables. Results suggest the potential benefit of school-based preventive interventions particularly in post-conflict settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered as ISRCTN42284825.",,"Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J., Ndayisaba, A., Ntamutumba, P., Sipsma, H., Smallegange, E. S., Macy, R. D., de Jong, J. T.",2014.0,,10.1186/1741-7015-12-56,0,0,
5494,Outcomes and moderators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention for children affected by war in Sri Lanka: a cluster randomized trial,"We aimed to examine outcomes, moderators and mediators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention implemented by paraprofessionals in a war-affected setting in northern Sri Lanka. A cluster randomized trial was employed. Subsequent to screening 1,370 children in randomly selected schools, 399 children were assigned to an intervention (n=199) or waitlist control condition (n=200). The intervention consisted of 15 manualized sessions over 5 weeks of cognitive behavioral techniques and creative expressive elements. Assessments took place before, 1 week after, and 3 months after the intervention. Primary outcomes included post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, and anxiety symptoms. No main effects on primary outcomes were identified. A main effect in favor of intervention for conduct problems was observed. This effect was stronger for younger children. Furthermore, we found intervention benefits for specific subgroups. Stronger effects were found for boys with regard to PTSD and anxiety symptoms, and for younger children on pro-social behavior. Moreover, we found stronger intervention effects on PTSD, anxiety, and function impairment for children experiencing lower levels of current war-related stressors. Girls in the intervention condition showed smaller reductions on PTSD symptoms than waitlisted girls. We conclude that preventive school-based psychosocial interventions in volatile areas characterized by ongoing war-related stressors may effectively improve indicators of psychological wellbeing and posttraumatic stress-related symptoms in some children. However, they may undermine natural recovery for others. Further research is necessary to examine how gender, age and current war-related experiences contribute to differential intervention effects.","Armed conflict, Sri Lanka, anxiety, depression, political violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, prevention, school-based intervention","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J., Vallipuram, A., Sipsma, H., Sivayokan, S., Macy, R. D., JT, D. E. Jong",2012.0,Jun,,0,0,
5495,Mediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence,"Objective: The authors examined moderators and mediators of a school-based psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence, according to an ecological resilience theoretical framework. Method: The authors examined data from a cluster randomized trial, involving children aged 8-13 in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (treatment condition n = 182, waitlist control condition n = 221). Mediators (hope, coping, peer/emotional/play social support) and moderators (gender, age, family connectedness, household size, other forms of social support, exposure to political violence, and displacement) of treatment outcome on posttraumatic stress symptoms and function impairment were examined in parallel process latent growth curve models. Results: Compared with the waitlist group, those receiving treatment showed maintained hope, increased positive coping, maintained peer social support, and increased play social support. Of these putative mediators, only play social support was found to mediate treatment effects, such that increases in play social support were associated with smaller reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Furthermore, the authors identified a number of moderators: Girls showed larger treatment benefits on PTSD symptoms; girls, children in smaller households, and children receiving social support from adults outside the household showed larger treatment benefits on function impairment. Conclusions: Findings provide limited evidence for an ecological resilience theoretical framework. On the basis of these findings, the authors recommend a stronger separation between universal prevention (e.g., resilience promotion through play) and selective/indicated prevention (e.g., interventions aimed at decreasing posttraumatic stress symptoms). Play-based interventions should be careful to exclude children with psychological distress. In addition, treatment effects may be augmented by selecting girls and socially vulnerable children. (copyright) 2010 American Psychological Association.","adolescent, article, child, clinical trial, comparative study, controlled clinical trial, coping behavior, data analysis, displacement behavior, emotion, family assessment, female, functional disease, growth curve, hope, household, human, major clinical study, male, peer group, play, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosocial care, randomized controlled trial, risk factor, school, school child, sex difference, social support, symptom, therapy effect, treatment outcome, violence","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Gross, A. L., Susanty, D., Mac, Y. R. D., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,5492
5496,Mediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence,"Objective: The authors examined moderators and mediators of a school-based psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence, according to an ecological resilience theoretical framework. Method: The authors examined data from a cluster randomized trial, involving children aged 8-13 in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia (treatment condition n = 182, waitlist control condition n = 221). Mediators (hope, coping, peer/emotional/play social support) and moderators (gender, age, family connectedness, household size, other forms of social support, exposure to political violence, and displacement) of treatment outcome on posttraumatic stress symptoms and function impairment were examined in parallel process latent growth curve models. Results: Compared with the waitlist group, those receiving treatment showed maintained hope, increased positive coping, maintained peer social support, and increased play social support. Of these putative mediators, only play social support was found to mediate treatment effects, such that increases in play social support were associated with smaller reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Furthermore, the authors identified a number of moderators: Girls showed larger treatment benefits on PTSD symptoms; girls, children in smaller households, and children receiving social support from adults outside the household showed larger treatment benefits on function impairment. Conclusions: Findings provide limited evidence for an ecological resilience theoretical framework. On the basis of these findings, the authors recommend a stronger separation between universal prevention (e.g., resilience promotion through play) and selective/indicated prevention (e.g., interventions aimed at decreasing posttraumatic stress symptoms). Play-based interventions should be careful to exclude children with psychological distress. In addition, treatment effects may be augmented by selecting girls and socially vulnerable children. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","function impairment, mediators, moderators, political violence, PTSD","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Gross, A. L., Susanty, D., MacY, R. D., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,5492
5497,School-based mental health intervention for children in war-affected Burundi: A cluster randomized trial,"Background: Armed conflicts are associated with a wide range of impacts on the mental health of children and adolescents. We evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based intervention aimed at reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety (treatment aim); and improving a sense of hope and functioning (preventive aim). Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized trial with 329 children in war-affected Burundi (aged 8 to 17 (mean 12.29 years, standard deviation 1.61); 48% girls). One group of children (n = 153) participated in a 15-session school-based intervention implemented by para-professionals, and the remaining 176 children formed a waitlist control condition. Outcomes were measured before, one week after, and three months after the intervention. Results: No main effects of the intervention were identified. However, longitudinal growth curve analyses showed six favorable and two unfavorable differences in trajectories between study conditions in interaction with several moderators. Children in the intervention condition living in larger households showed decreases on depressive symptoms and function impairment, and those living with both parents showed decreases on posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms. The groups of children in the waitlist condition showed increases in depressive symptoms. In addition, younger children and those with low levels of exposure to traumatic events in the intervention condition showed improvements on hope. Children in the waitlist condition who lived on their original or newly bought land showed improvements in hope and function impairment, whereas children in the intervention condition showed deterioration on these outcomes. Conclusions: Given inconsistent effects across studies, findings do not support this school-based intervention as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms in conflict-affected children. The intervention appears to have more consistent preventive benefits, but these effects are contingent upon individual (for example, age, gender) and contextual (for example, family functioning, state of conflict, displacement) variables. Results suggest the potential benefit of school-based preventive interventions particularly in post-conflict settings. Trial registration: The study was registered as ISRCTN42284825. © 2014 Tol et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.","Children, Depression, Efficacy, Prevention, Psychosocial intervention, PTSD, Treatment, Violence, War","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Ndayisaba, A., Ntamutumba, P., Sipsma, H., Smallegange, E. S., Macy, R. D., de Jong, J. T. V. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,5493
5498,Developing a function impairment measure for children affected by political violence: A mixed methods approach in Indonesia,"Objective. Practitioners in political violence-affected settings would benefit from rating scales that assess child function impairment in a reliable and valid manner when designing and evaluating interventions. We developed a procedure to construct child function impairment rating scales using resources available in low- and middle-income countries. Design. We applied a mixed methods approach. First, rapid ethnographic methods (brief participant observation, collection of diaries and a focus group with children) were used to select daily activities that best represented children's functioning. Second, rating scales based on these activities were examined for their psychometric properties. Construct validity was assessed through a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. Setting. Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Participants. Qualitative data were collected for 53 children and psychometric testing was done with 403 children [average age: 9.9 (SD = 1.21), 49% girls] and 385 parents. Results. Using locally available resources, we developed separate child-rated and parent-rated scales, both containing 11 items. The child-rated scale evidenced good internal, test-retest and inter-rater reliability and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Construct validity was confirmed by fit of the theorized factor structure-a social-ecological clustering of daily activities. Conclusions. The procedure resulted in a reliable and valid rating scale to assess child function impairment in the context of political violence. Practitioners can apply this procedure to develop new locally adequate rating scales to strengthen epidemiological surveys, baseline assessments, monitoring and evaluation and eventually, interventions. Further research should address the importance of gender differences and criterion-related validity. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press in association with the International Society for Quality in Health Care; all rights reserved.","Armed conflict, Evaluation, Function impairment, Indonesia, Measurement, Psy chosocial, Violence","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Susanty, D., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5499,Outcomes and moderators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention for children affected by war in Sri Lanka: A cluster randomized trial,"We aimed to examine outcomes, moderators and mediators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention implemented by paraprofessionals in a war-affected setting in northern Sri Lanka. A cluster randomized trial was employed. Subsequent to screening 1,370 children in randomly selected schools, 399 children were assigned to an intervention (n=199) or waitlist control condition (n=200). The intervention consisted of 15 manualized sessions over 5 weeks of cognitive behavioral techniques and creative expressive elements. Assessments took place before, 1 week after, and 3 months after the intervention. Primary outcomes included post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, and anxiety symptoms. No main effects on primary outcomes were identified. A main effect in favor of intervention for conduct problems was observed. This effect was stronger for younger children. Furthermore, we found intervention benefits for specific subgroups. Stronger effects were found for boys with regard to PTSD and anxiety symptoms, and for younger children on pro-social behavior. Moreover, we found stronger intervention effects on PTSD, anxiety, and function impairment for children experiencing lower levels of current war-related stressors. Girls in the intervention condition showed smaller reductions on PTSD symptoms than waitlisted girls. We conclude that preventive school-based psychosocial interventions in volatile areas characterized by ongoing war-related stressors may effectively improve indicators of psychological wellbeing and posttraumatic stress-related symptoms in some children. However, they may undermine natural recovery for others. Further research is necessary to examine how gender, age and current war-related experiences contribute to differential intervention effects.","anxiety, article, child, cognitive therapy, depression, female, functional disease, health program, human, major clinical study, male, mental health, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, school child, school health service, screening, social behavior, Sri Lanka, treatment outcome, war","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Vallipuram, A., Sipsma, H., Sivayokan, S., Mac, Y. R. D., De Jong, J. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,5494
5500,Outcomes and moderators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention for children affected by war in Sri Lanka: A cluster randomized trial,"We aimed to examine outcomes, moderators and mediators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention implemented by paraprofessionals in a war-affected setting in northern Sri Lanka. A cluster randomized trial was employed. Subsequent to screening 1,370 children in randomly selected schools, 399 children were assigned to an intervention (n=199) or waitlist control condition (n=200). The intervention consisted of 15 manualized sessions over 5 weeks of cognitive behavioral techniques and creative expressive elements. Assessments took place before, 1 week after, and 3 months after the intervention. Primary outcomes included post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, and anxiety symptoms. No main effects on primary outcomes were identified. A main effect in favor of intervention for conduct problems was observed. This effect was stronger for younger children. Furthermore, we found intervention benefits for specific subgroups. Stronger effects were found for boys with regard to PTSD and anxiety symptoms, and for younger children on pro-social behavior. Moreover, we found stronger intervention effects on PTSD, anxiety, and function impairment for children experiencing lower levels of current war-related stressors. Girls in the intervention condition showed smaller reductions on PTSD symptoms than waitlisted girls. We conclude that preventive school-based psychosocial interventions in volatile areas characterized by ongoing war-related stressors may effectively improve indicators of psychological wellbeing and posttraumatic stress-related symptoms in some children. However, they may undermine natural recovery for others. Further research is necessary to examine how gender, age and current war-related experiences contribute to differential intervention effects.","Anxiety, Armed conflict, Depression, Political violence, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prevention, School-based intervention, Sri Lanka","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Jordans, M. J. D., Vallipuram, A., Sipsma, H., Sivayokan, S., MacY, R. D., De Jong, J. T.",2012.0,,,0,0,5494
5501,School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial,"CONTEXT: Little is known about the efficacy of mental health interventions for children exposed to armed conflicts in low- and middle-income settings. Childhood mental health problems are difficult to address in situations of ongoing poverty and political instability. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a school-based intervention designed for conflict-exposed children, implemented in a low-income setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cluster randomized trial involving 495 children (81.4% inclusion rate) who were a mean (SD) age of 9.9 (1.3) years, were attending randomly selected schools in political violence-affected communities in Poso, Indonesia, and were screened for exposure (> or = 1 events), posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety symptoms compared with a wait-listed control group. Nonblinded assessment took place before, 1 week after, and 6 months after treatment between March and December 2006. INTERVENTION: Fifteen sessions, over 5 weeks, of a manualized, school-based group intervention, including trauma-processing activities, cooperative play, and creative-expressive elements, implemented by locally trained paraprofessionals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed psychiatric symptoms using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Scale, Depression Self-Rating Scale, the Self-Report for Anxiety Related Disorders 5-item version, and the Children's Hope Scale, and assessed function impairment as treatment outcomes using standardized symptom checklists and locally developed rating scales. RESULTS: Correcting for clustering of participants within schools, we found significantly more improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (mean change difference, 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 4.53) and maintained hope (mean change difference, -2.21; 95% CI, -3.52 to -0.91) in the treatment group than in the wait-listed group. Changes in traumatic idioms (stress-related physical symptoms) (mean change difference, 0.50; 95% CI, -0.12 to 1.11), depressive symptoms (mean change difference, 0.70; 95% CI, -0.08 to 1.49), anxiety (mean change difference, 0.12; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.56), and functioning (mean change difference, 0.52; 95% CI, -0.43 to 1.46) were not different between the treatment and wait-listed groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of children in violence-affected communities, a school-based intervention reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms and helped maintain hope, but did not reduce traumatic-stress related symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or functional impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN25172408.","Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders/etiology/*therapy, Child, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Indonesia, Male, *Mental Health Services, Politics, Poverty, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, *Psychotherapy, Research Design, *School Health Services, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology/*therapy, Violence/*psychology","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J., Macy, R. D., De Jong, J. T.",2008.0,Aug 13,10.1001/jama.300.6.655,0,0,
5502,School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: A cluster randomized trial,"Context: Little is known about the efficacy of mental health interventions for children exposed to armed conflicts in low- and middle-income settings. Childhood mental health problems are difficult to address in situations of ongoing poverty and political instability. Objective To assess the efficacy of a school-based intervention designed for conflict-exposed children, implemented in a low-income setting. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cluster randomized trial involving 495 children (81.4% inclusion rate) who were a mean (SD) age of 9.9 (1.3) years, were attending randomly selected schools in political violence-affected communities in Poso, Indonesia, and were screened for exposure ((greater-than or equal to)1 events), posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety symptoms compared with a wait-listed control group. Nonblinded assessment took place before, 1 week after, and 6 months after treatment between March and December 2006. Intervention: Fifteen sessions, over 5 weeks, of a manualized, school-based group intervention, including trauma-processing activities, cooperative play, and creative-expressive elements, implemented by locally trained paraprofessionals. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed psychiatric symptoms using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Scale, Depression Self-Rating Scale, the Self-Report for Anxiety Related Disorders 5-item version, and the Children's Hope Scale, and assessed function impairment as treatment outcomes using standardized symptom checklists and locally developed rating scales. Results: Correcting for clustering of participants within schools, we found significantly more improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (mean change difference, 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 4.53) and maintained hope (mean change difference, -2.21; 95% CI, -3.52 to -0.91) in the treatment group than in the wait-listed group. Changes in traumatic idioms (stress-related physical symptoms) (mean change difference, 0.50; 95% CI, -0.12 to 1.11), depressive symptoms (mean change difference, 0.70; 95% CI, -0.08 to 1.49), anxiety (mean change difference, 0.12; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.56), and functioning (mean change difference, 0.52; 95% CI, -0.43 to 1.46) were not different between the treatment and wait-listed groups. Conclusions: In this study of children in violence-affected communities, a school-based intervention reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms and helped maintain hope, but did not reduce traumatic-stress related symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or functional impairment. Trial Registration: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN25172408. (copyright)2008 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","anxiety, article, child health, controlled study, depression, female, human, Indonesia, lowest income group, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, outcome assessment, play, politics, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychometry, psychosomatic disorder, psychotherapy, rating scale, school, school child, screening, treatment outcome, violence","Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J. D., Macy, R. D., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2008.0,,,0,0,5501
5503,"Communal violence and child psychosocial well-being: Qualitative findings from Poso, Indonesia","This exploratory study examined the health care system in relation to communal violence-related psychosocial wellbeing in Poso, Indonesia, as preparation for conducting a cluster randomized trial of a psychosocial intervention. We employed focus groups with children (N = 9), parents (N = 11), and teachers (N = 8), as well as semi-structured interviews with families affected by communal violence (N = 42), and key informants (N = 33). An interrelated set of problems was found that included poverty, an indigenized trauma construct, morally inappropriate behavior, inter-religious tensions, and somatic problems. Participants emphasized social-ecological interactions between concerns at different systemic levels, although problems were mainly addressed through informal care by families. The programmatic and research implications of these findings are discussed. © 2010 The Author(s).","Children, Indonesia, Political violence, Psychosocial, War","Tol, W. A., Reis, R., Susanty, D., De Jong, J. T. V. M.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5504,Annual research review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict - A systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries,"Background Researchers focused on mental health of conflict-affected children are increasingly interested in the concept of resilience. Knowledge on resilience may assist in developing interventions aimed at improving positive outcomes or reducing negative outcomes, termed promotive or protective interventions. Methods We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed qualitative and quantitative studies focused on resilience and mental health in children and adolescents affected by armed conflict in low- and middle-income countries. Results Altogether 53 studies were identified: 15 qualitative and mixed methods studies and 38 quantitative, mostly cross-sectional studies focused on school-aged children and adolescents. Qualitative studies identified variation across socio-cultural settings of relevant resilience outcomes, and report contextually unique processes contributing to such outcomes. Quantitative studies focused on promotive and protective factors at different socio-ecological levels (individual, family-, peer-, school-, and community-levels). Generally, promotive and protective factors showed gender-, symptom-, and phase of conflict-specific effects on mental health outcomes. Conclusions Although limited by its predominantly cross-sectional nature and focus on protective outcomes, this body of knowledge supports a perspective of resilience as a complex dynamic process driven by time- and context-dependent variables, rather than the balance between risk- and protective factors with known impacts on mental health. Given the complexity of findings in this population, we conclude that resilience-focused interventions will need to be highly tailored to specific contexts, rather than the application of a universal model that may be expected to have similar effects on mental health across contexts. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2013 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","Armed conflict, developing countries, psychological resilience, resilience, war","Tol, W. A., Song, S., Jordans, M. J. D.",2013.0,,10.1111/jcpp.12053,0,0,
5505,Cognitive and Physiological Antecedents of Threat and Challenge Appraisal,,,"Tomaka, J., Kibler, J., Blascovich, J., Ernst, J. M.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5506,The phenomenology of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Reviews the history of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD currently refers to a person who has reacted with intense fear, helplessness, or horror to a major (or minor) trauma by developing (1) intrusive, re-experiencing symptoms; (2) avoidance responses to evidence of the trauma and generalized psychological numbing and isolation; and (3) widespread physiologic arousal. Although muted somewhat in its diagnostic impact in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), the stressor the patient endures remains the most important risk factor in the development of PTSD. The intrinsic vulnerability of the patient and the treatment received by the patient after the traumatic event are also important risk factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)",*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Tomb, David A.",1994.0,,,0,0,
5507,Post-traumatic stress disorder in Asian refugees,"This study profiles 127 cases of Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian and Chinese refugee outpatients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traumatic etiologies included victims of wars such as political refugees, concentration camp prisoners and victims of rape, severe personal losses (property or human lives). These traumata were experienced by our subjects during the period between the end of the Vietnam war in April 1975 and recent times, when they finally arrived in the USA. Clinical symptoms of these subjects reflected many influences of their oriental culture background and are characterized by internalization that needs to be overcome for assessment as well as for therapy. Symptomatic treatment with psychopharmacology and supportive therapy are helpful while cultural approaches have been adopted by many patients to reach the inner self pathology that could be of both mental and organic in nature. These facts need to be taken into consideration in the future description of the PTSD clinical picture, Recommendations are made for future PTSD studies in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, and to promote a global movement for prevention of any socio-political situation that may generate PTSD.","Culture background, Global prevention program, Internalization, Mental injury, Organic brain damage, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Refugees","Ton-That, N.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5508,Determining the Relative Importance of Predictors in Logistic Regression: An Extension of Relative Weight Analysis,,,"Tonidandel, S., LeBreton, J. M.",2010.0,,10.1177/1094428109341993,0,0,
5509,Personality profile or postraumatic stress disorder? Personality characteristics in women victim of chronic intimate partner violence,"Objective: To study whether there are personality characteristics that discriminate between IPV women and non-abused control women, taking into account the effect of emotional state (depressive symptoms). Method: A total of 176 women victim of IPV and 193 non-abused control women were assessed with the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP-BQ; Livesley, 1990), the Beck Depression Inventory -II (BDI-II; Beck, 1996), and the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA; Hudson & McIntosh, 1981). Women victim of IPV were recruited from Domestic Violence Centers, and non-abused control women were recruited from Primary Care Centers and Mental Health Services. A two way analysis of variance (IPVnullDepression) were used for detecting differences in personality traits taking into account the effect of depression (BDI (greater-than or equal to) 17). Results: After controlling for depression, IPV victims scored higher than control women in submissiveness (F=6.41; p=0.01), cognitive distortion (F=4.35; p=0.04), intimacy problems (F=27.02; p< 0.001), suspiciousness (F=5.02; p=0.03) and self-harm (F=4.93; p=0.03), and lower in rejection (F=14.66; p< 0.001). Conclusions: IPV victims showed high submission, low hostility, intimacy problems, suspiciousness, tendency to depersonalization or derealization, and suicidal ideation and attempts, as a result of chronic abuse. Some of these aspects could be explained by the presence of PTSD, more than by pre-existing personality characteristics. Traumatic and chronic stress can alter functional aspects of the brain and lead to the development of dysfunctional cognitive and behavioral characteristics that may be considered in the psychotherapeutic approach.","psychiatry, female, personality, victim, partner violence, intimacy, abuse, chronic stress, brain, behavior, depression, pathology, Beck Depression Inventory, domestic violence, primary medical care, mental health service, analysis of variance, hostility, depersonalization, suicidal ideation, posttraumatic stress disorder","Torres, A., Garcia-Esteve, L., Navarro, P., Tarragona, M. J., Imaz, M. L., Gutierrez, F., Santos, C., Ascaso, C., Martin-Santos, R., Subira, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5510,Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia in OCD patients: clinical profile and possible treatment implications,"OBJECTIVE: Panic Disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the correlates of these comorbidities in OCD are fairly unknown. The study aims were to: 1) estimate the prevalence of PD with or without AG (PD), AG without panic (AG) and PD and/or AG (PD/AG) in a large clinical sample of OCD patients and 2) compare the characteristics of individuals with and without these comorbid conditions. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 1001 patients of the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders using several assessment instruments, including the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders. Bivariate analyses were followed by logistic regression models. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of PD was 15.3% (N=153), of AG 4.9% (N=49), and of PD/AG 20.2% (N=202). After logistic regression, hypochondriasis and specific phobia were common correlates of the three study groups. PD comorbidity was also associated with higher levels of anxiety, having children, major depression, bipolar I, generalized anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. Other independent correlates of AG were: dysthymia, bipolar II disorder, social phobia, impulsive-compulsive internet use, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Patients with PD/AG were also more likely to be married and to present high anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, major depression, impulsive-compulsive internet use, generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress and binge eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Some distinct correlates were obtained for PD and AG in OCD patients, indicating the need for more specific and tailored treatment strategies for individuals with each of these clinical profiles.","Adult, Agoraphobia/*epidemiology/therapy, Brazil/epidemiology, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*epidemiology, Panic Disorder/*epidemiology/therapy, Prevalence, Young Adult","Torres, A. R., Ferrao, Y. A., Shavitt, R. G., Diniz, J. B., Costa, D. L., do Rosario, M. C., Miguel, E. C., Fontenelle, L. F.",2014.0,Apr,10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.017,0,0,
5511,Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia in OCD patients: Clinical profile and possible treatment implications,"Objective Panic Disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the correlates of these comorbidities in OCD are fairly unknown. The study aims were to: 1) estimate the prevalence of PD with or without AG (PD), AG without panic (AG) and PD and/or AG (PD/AG) in a large clinical sample of OCD patients and 2) compare the characteristics of individuals with and without these comorbid conditions. Method A cross-sectional study with 1001 patients of the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders using several assessment instruments, including the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders. Bivariate analyses were followed by logistic regression models. Results The lifetime prevalence of PD was 15.3% (N = 153), of AG 4.9% (N = 49), and of PD/AG 20.2% (N = 202). After logistic regression, hypochondriasis and specific phobia were common correlates of the three study groups. PD comorbidity was also associated with higher levels of anxiety, having children, major depression, bipolar I, generalized anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. Other independent correlates of AG were: Dysthymia, bipolar II disorder, social phobia, impulsive-compulsive internet use, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Patients with PD/AG were also more likely to be married and to present high anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, major depression, impulsive-compulsive internet use, generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress and binge eating disorders. Conclusions Some distinct correlates were obtained for PD and AG in OCD patients, indicating the need for more specific and tailored treatment strategies for individuals with each of these clinical profiles. (copyright) 2014 Elsevier Inc.","adult, agoraphobia, anxiety, article, Beck Depression Inventory, binge eating disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, bivariate analysis, bulimia, comorbidity, comparative study, correlation analysis, cross-sectional study, dimesional yale brown obsessive compulsive scale, DSM-IV-TR, dysthymia, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, hypochondriasis, impulsive compulsive internet use, lifespan, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, major depression, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder natural history questionnaire, panic, personality disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, scoring system, sensory phenomena scale, separation anxiety, social phobia, somatization, structured interview, substance use, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, tic, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","Torres, A. R., Ferrao, Y. A., Shavitt, R. G., Diniz, J. B., Costa, D. L. C., Rosario, M. C. D., Miguel, E. C., Fontenelle, L. F.",2014.0,,,0,0,5510
5512,Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia in OCD patients: Clinical profile and possible treatment implications,"Objective Panic Disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the correlates of these comorbidities in OCD are fairly unknown. The study aims were to: 1) estimate the prevalence of PD with or without AG (PD), AG without panic (AG) and PD and/or AG (PD/AG) in a large clinical sample of OCD patients and 2) compare the characteristics of individuals with and without these comorbid conditions. Method A cross-sectional study with 1001 patients of the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders using several assessment instruments, including the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders. Bivariate analyses were followed by logistic regression models. Results The lifetime prevalence of PD was 15.3% (N = 153), of AG 4.9% (N = 49), and of PD/AG 20.2% (N = 202). After logistic regression, hypochondriasis and specific phobia were common correlates of the three study groups. PD comorbidity was also associated with higher levels of anxiety, having children, major depression, bipolar I, generalized anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. Other independent correlates of AG were: Dysthymia, bipolar II disorder, social phobia, impulsive-compulsive internet use, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Patients with PD/AG were also more likely to be married and to present high anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, major depression, impulsive-compulsive internet use, generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress and binge eating disorders. Conclusions Some distinct correlates were obtained for PD and AG in OCD patients, indicating the need for more specific and tailored treatment strategies for individuals with each of these clinical profiles. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.",,"Torres, A. R., Ferrão, Y. A., Shavitt, R. G., Diniz, J. B., Costa, D. L. C., Rosário, M. C. D., Miguel, E. C., Fontenelle, L. F.",2014.0,,,0,0,5510
5513,Effect of maternal heat-stress on follicular growth and oocyte competence in Bos indicus cattle,"The objective was to determine whether exposure of Gir (Bos indicus) cows to heat-stress (HS) causes immediate and delayed deleterious effect on follicular dynamics, hormonal profile and oocyte competence. The cows were kept in tie-stalls for an adaptive thermoneutral period of 28 days (Phase I, Days -28 to -1). In Phase II (Days 0-28) cows were randomly allocated into control (CG, n = 5) and HS (HS, n = 5) treatments. The HS cows were placed in an environmental chamber at 38 °C and 80% relative humidity (RH) during the day and 30 °C, 80% RH during the night for 28 days. The CG group was maintained in shaded tie-stalls (ambient temperature) for 28 days. During Phase III (Days 28-147) animals were placed in tie-stalls (Days 28-42) followed by pasture (Days 42-147) under thermoneutrality. In each phase, weekly ovum pick up (OPU) sessions were to evaluate follicular development, morphology of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), and developmental competence after in vitro maturation, fertilization, and culture. Serum concentrations of progesterone (P4) and cortisol were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Exposure of Gir cows to HS had no immediate effect on reproductive function, but exerted a delayed deleterious effect on ovarian follicular growth, hormone concentrations, and oocyte competence. Heat-stress increased the diameter of the first and second largest follicles from Days 28 to 49. Indeed, HS increased the number of &gt;9 mm follicles (characterized as follicular codominance) during this phase. Cows exposed to HS had longer periods of non-cyclic activity (P4 &lt; 1 ng/mL), as well as shorter estrous cycles. However, HS did not affect cortisol concentration as compared to CG. Although HS had no significant effect on cleavage rate, it reduced blastocyst development during Phase III. In conclusion, long-term exposure of B. indicus cattle to HS had a delayed deleterious effect on ovarian follicular dynamics and oocyte competence. © 2008.","Bos indicus, Gir, Heat-stress, IVF, Oocyte, Ovarian follicle","Torres-Júnior, J. R. d S., Pires, M. d F. A., de Sá, W. F., Ferreira, A. d M., Viana, J. H. M., Camargo, L. S. A., Ramos, A. A., Folhadella, I. M., Polisseni, J., de Freitas, C., Clemente, C. A. A., de Sá Filho, M. F., Paula-Lopes, F. F., Baruselli, P. S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5514,Evaluation of some psychodiagnostic procedures used in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV criteria,"The purpose of this study was to assess differences between two groups of war veterans (police forces), divided according to DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, who had previously been diagnosed as PTSD, using Mississippi scale, Emotions Profile Index Questionnaire (EPI), and MMPI-201. Their validity and ability to predict the diagnosis of PTSD were also evaluated. The study included 439 policemen. Strictly following DMS-IV diagnostic criteria, 331 subjects met the criteria for PTSD, and 108 subjects did not. Analysis of differences between the two groups revealed statistically significant differences (t-test, p<0.01) for almost all subscales applied except for scales L and Ma from MMPI-201. The proportion of each questionnaire and complete battery applied as predictors of accurate PTSD diagnosis was computed using regression analysis. The results obtained indicated that Mississippi scale participated in explaining the variance of criteria with 14% EPI questionnaire with 16%, and MMPI-201 with 14%. When the entire battery applied was included in the analysis, it determined 23% of the variance of criteria. In conclusion, the study results suggested the psychodiagnostic inventory to be useful in the diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria.","adult, article, controlled study, diagnostic accuracy, emotion, human, major clinical study, police, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, questionnaire, regression analysis, validation process, war","Tot, B., Rutic Puz, L.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5515,Evaluation of some psychodiagnostic procedures used in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV criteria,"The purpose of this study was to assess differences between two groups of war veterans (police forces), divided according to DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, who had previously been diagnosed as PTSD, using Mississippi scale, Emotions Profile Index Questionnaire (EPI), and MMPI-201. Their validity and ability to predict the diagnosis of PTSD were also evaluated. The study included 439 policemen. Strictly following DMS-IV diagnostic criteria, 331 subjects met the criteria for PTSD, and 108 subjects did not. Analysis of differences between the two groups revealed statistically significant differences (t-test, p<0.01) for almost all subscales applied except for scales L and Ma from MMPI-201. The proportion of each questionnaire and complete battery applied as predictors of accurate PTSD diagnosis was computed using regression analysis. The results obtained indicated that Mississippi scale participated in explaining the variance of criteria with 14% EPI questionnaire with 16%, and MMPI-201 with 14%. When the entire battery applied was included in the analysis, it determined 23% of the variance of criteria. In conclusion, the study results suggested the psychodiagnostic inventory to be useful in the diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-IV criteria.","Emotions Profile Index, Mississippi, MMPI-201, Policemen war veterans, PTSD diagnosis, Validity","Tot, B., Rutić Puž, L.",2000.0,,,0,0,5514
5516,"Regional economic resilience: Concepts, empirics and a critical review","Regional (economic) resilience and resilient thinking have gained considerable attention in recent years. My aim with this work is to throw light on some of the underlying aspects of regional economic resilience and resilient thinking. In the current study I give an overview of the notion, key concepts, main empirical results and planning tasks concerning regional (economic) resilience as well as outlining some of the criticisms. Finally, I provide some suggestions for studies in resilience and resilient thinking for future research agendas. The main results of the study is my own belief in the concept of regional economic resilience, and an overview and comparison of regional (economic) resilience literature and empirics that lead me to highlight some of the shortcomings of the research topic. © 2015 University of Warsaw - Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies.","critical assessment, overview of concepts, overview of empirics, Regional economic resilience, resilient thinking","Tóth, B. I.",2015.0,,10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0017,0,0,
5517,Forebrain-specific CRF overproduction during development is sufficient to induce enduring anxiety and startle abnormalities in adult mice,"Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) regulates physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Trauma in early life or adulthood is associated with increased CRF in the cerebrospinal fluid and heightened anxiety. Genetic variance in CRF receptors is linked to altered risk for stress disorders. Thus, both heritable differences and environmentally induced changes in CRF neurotransmission across the lifespan may modulate anxiety traits. To test the hypothesis that CRF hypersignaling is sufficient to modify anxiety-related phenotypes (avoidance, startle, and conditioned fear), we induced transient forebrain-specific overexpression of CRF (CRFOE) in mice (1) during development to model early-life stress, (2) in adulthood to model adult-onset stress, or (3) across the entire postnatal lifespan to model heritable increases in CRF signaling. The consequences of these manipulations on CRF peptide levels and behavioral responses were examined in adulthood. We found that transient CRFOE during development decreased startle habituation and prepulse inhibition, and increased avoidance (particularly in females) recapitulating the behavioral effects of lifetime CRFOE despite lower CRF peptide levels at testing. In contrast, CRFOE limited to adulthood reduced contextual fear learning in females and increased startle reactivity in males but did not change avoidance or startle plasticity. These findings suggest that forebrain CRFOE limited to development is sufficient to induce enduring alterations in startle plasticity and anxiety, while forebrain CRFOE during adulthood results in a different phenotype profile. These findings suggest that startle circuits are particularly sensitive to forebrain CRFOE, and that the impact of CRFOE may be dependent on the time of exposure. © 2014 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.","anxiety, CRF overexpression, development, sex differences, startle","Toth, M., Gresack, J. E., Bangasser, D. A., Plona, Z., Valentino, R. J., Flandreau, E. I., Mansuy, I. M., Merlo-Pich, E., Geyer, M. A., Risbrough, V. B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5518,"Five years after the accident, whiplash casualties still have poorer quality of life in the physical domain than other mildly injured casualties: analysis of the ESPARR cohort","Background: This study aims to compare health status and quality of life five years after a road accident between casualties with whiplash versus other mild injuries, to compare evolution of quality of life at 1 and 5 years after the accident, and to explore the relation between initial injury (whiplash vs. other) and quality of life. Methods: The study used data from the ESPARR cohort (a representative cohort of road accident casualties) and included 167 casualties with ""pure"" whiplash and a population of 185 casualties with other mild injuries (MAIS-1). All subjects with lesions classified as cervical contusion (AIS code 310402) or neck sprain (AIS code 640278) were considered as whiplash casualties. Diagnosis was made by physicians, at the outset of hospital care, based on interview, clinical findings and X-ray. Whiplash injuries were then classified following the Quebec classification (grades 1 and 2). Quality of life was assessed on the WHOQoL-Bref questionnaire. Correlations between explanatory variables and quality of life were explored by Poisson regression and variance analysis. Results: Between 1 and 5 years, global QoL improved for both whiplash and non-whiplash casualties; but, considering the two whiplash groups separately, improvement in grade 2 was much less than in grade 1. At 5 years, grade-2 whiplash casualties were more dissatisfied with their health (39.4 %; p < 0.05) than non-whiplash (24.3 %) or grade-1 whiplash casualties (27.0 %). Deteriorated quality of life in the mental, social and environmental domains was mainly related to psychological and socioeconomic factors for both whiplash and other mildly injured road-accident casualties. While PTSD was a major factor for the physical domain, whiplash remained a predictive factor after adjustment on PTSD; unsatisfactory health at 5 years, with deteriorated quality of life in the physical domain, was observed specifically in the whiplash group, pain playing a predominant intermediate role. Conclusions: Deteriorated quality of life in the physical domain remained 5 years after the accident, specifically in the grade-2 whiplash group, pain playing a predominant intermediate role, which may be in line with the hypothesis of neuropathic pain. © 2016 Tournier et al.","5 year follow-up, Comparison, ESPARR Cohort, Mild injury, Prospective study, Quality of life, Road-accident injury, Whiplash","Tournier, C., Hours, M., Charnay, P., Chossegros, L., Tardy, H.",2016.0,,10.1186/s12889-015-2647-8,0,0,
5519,Safety and efficacy of a ketamine protocol for use during burn wound care,"Introduction: Adequate pain control during burn dressing changes is an essential component of burn wound management. Ketamine is a drug that produces profound analgesia and anesthesia with a limited side effect profile. Ketamine administration traditionally falls under conscious sedation guidelines, requiring physician presence for use. The University of Colorado Burn Center developed a protocol for ketamine administration during dressing changes without physician supervision. The protocol includes administration of ketamine 0.5-1 mg/kg IV over 1-2 minutes, followed by 0.25 mg/kg every 5-10 minutes as needed. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and extent of pain control provided by this protocol. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of our experience with ketamine by conducting an audit of medical records for ketamine administration over the past 3 years. Nursing notes, procedure notes, and patient records were reviewed for this information. Statistical analysis included Student's t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: 27 patients received 56 ketamine administrations by CCRNs, with a mean dose of 62mg +/- 27mg per event. The patient population was 74% male with an average age of 39 years, and average TBSA of 24%. 19 patients had >10% TBSA, all 8 patients with <10% TBSA involved burns of the hands and feet. 48% of patients had mental health diagnoses, 22% of which included substance abuse. 1 patient required administration of naloxone due to a fentanyl complication. No other major or minor events (including intubation, nausea, vomiting, delirium and excessive salivation) were recorded (P<0.001). Changes in respiratory rate, blood pressure, and heart rate at 15, 30, and 45 minutes after ketamine administration were not statistically significant (P=0.06-0.79). Benzodiazepine and opiate use decreased, from 3 +/- 9.5mg to 1 +/- 9.8mg versed equivalents (P<0.001) and 250 +/-520mg to 100 +/- 47-mg fentanyl equivalents (P=0.003), respectively, after ketamine use. Pain scores were not adequately recorded for inclusion in this evaluation. Conclusions: The administration of ketamine by CCRNs without physician supervision is safe for burn patients during dressing changes. It is associated with decreased benzodiazepine and opiate use. Patients who should be considered for ketamine use are those with major burns or hand burns. There is a need to prospectively study CCRN-administered ketamine in burn dressing changes to further identify advantages, including changes in pain score, PTSD rates, and changes in adjuvant drug use.","ketamine, fentanyl, opiate, benzodiazepine, naloxone, adjuvant, burn, wound care, safety, human, patient, pain, physician, medical record, burn dressing, statistical analysis, nursing, nausea, intubation, vomiting, delirium, natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, diagnosis, mental health, conscious sedation, population, medical audit, male, side effect, substance abuse, analgesia, rank sum test, Student t test, United States, salivation, blood pressure, breathing rate, heart rate, university, anesthesia, burn patient, hand burn, drug use, posttraumatic stress disorder","Townsend, N., Baumgartner, L., MacLaren, R., Ivashchenko, A., Lindberg, G., Winkelman, K. J., Boyle, C., Schurr, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5520,Impaired psychological recovery in the elderly after the Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake in Japan:a population-based study,"BACKGROUND: An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale struck the Niigata-Chuetsu region of Japan at 5.56 P.M. on the 23rd of October, 2004. The earthquake was followed by sustained occurrence of numerous aftershocks, which delayed reconstruction of community lifelines. Even one year after the earthquake, 9,160 people were living in temporary housing. Such a devastating earthquake and life after the earthquake in an unfamiliar environment should cause psychological distress, especially among the elderly. METHODS: Psychological distress was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in 2,083 subjects (69% response rate) who were living in transient housing five months after the earthquake. GHQ-12 was scored using the original method, Likert scoring and corrected method. The subjects were asked to assess their psychological status before the earthquake, their psychological status at the most stressful time after the earthquake and their psychological status at five months after the earthquake. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to reveal the factor structure of GHQ12. Multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between various background factors and GHQ-12 score and its subscale. RESULTS: GHQ-12 scores were significantly elevated at the most stressful time and they were significantly high even at five months after the earthquake. Factor analysis revealed that a model consisting of two factors (social dysfunction and dysphoria) using corrected GHQ scoring showed a high level of goodness-of-fit. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age of subjects affected GHQ-12 scores. GHQ-12 score as well as its factor 'social dysfunction' scale were increased with increasing age of subjects at five months after the earthquake. CONCLUSION: Impaired psychological recovery was observed even at five months after the Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake in the elderly. The elderly were more affected by matters relating to coping with daily problems.","Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disasters, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Housing, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Japan/epidemiology, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/epidemiology/etiology/rehabilitation, Population Surveillance, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Sickness Impact Profile, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology/rehabilitation, Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology/rehabilitation","Toyabe, S., Shioiri, T., Kuwabara, H., Endoh, T., Tanabe, N., Someya, T., Akazawa, K.",2006.0,,10.1186/1471-2458-6-230,0,0,
5521,Development and Initial Validation of Military Deployment-Related TBI Quality-of-Life Item Banks,"OBJECTIVE:: To investigate unique factors that affect health-related quality of life (QOL) in individuals with military deployment–related traumatic brain injury (MDR-TBI) and to develop appropriate assessment tools, consistent with the TBI-QOL/PROMIS/Neuro-QOL systems. PARTICIPANTS:: Three focus groups from each of the 4 Veterans Administration (VA) Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers, consisting of 20 veterans with mild to severe MDR-TBI, and 36 VA providers were involved in early stage of new item banks development. The item banks were field tested in a sample (N = 485) of veterans enrolled in VA and diagnosed with an MDR-TBI. DESIGN:: Focus groups and survey. OUTCOME MEASURES:: Developed item banks and short forms for Guilt, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/Trauma, and Military-Related Loss. RESULTS:: Three new item banks representing unique domains of MDR-TBI health outcomes were created: 15 new Posttraumatic Stress Disorder items plus 16 SCI-QOL legacy Trauma items, 37 new Military-Related Loss items plus 18 TBI-QOL legacy Grief/Loss items, and 33 new Guilt items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses plus bifactor analysis of the items supported sufficient unidimensionality of the new item pools. Convergent and discriminant analyses results, as well as known group comparisons, provided initial support for the validity and clinical utility of the new item response theory–calibrated item banks and their short forms. CONCLUSION:: This work provides a unique opportunity to identify issues specific to individuals with MDR-TBI and ensure that they are captured in QOL assessment, thus extending the existing TBI-QOL measurement system.",,"Toyinbo, P. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Donnell, A. J., Mutolo, S. A., Cook, K. F., Kisala, P. A., Tulsky, D. S.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5522,Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in crack cocaine users,"Objective: To determine the occurrence of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of women addicted to crack cocaine type. Method: The sample comprised 99 women, between 18 and 52 years admitted to a detoxification unit and extensively assessed by SCID-I and ASI-6. Results: There was a trauma exposure rate of 86.9% among women addicted to crack cocaine type. The rate of PTSD in the sample was 15.1%. The clusters of experiencing and hyper arousal were the most frequent, 24.4% and 20.9% respectively. Among the types of events reported most frequently were suffering assault/physical abuse and witnessing violence to others. Conclusion: The results suggest a frequent exposure to traumatic events. With regard to age of the traumatic experience, it is suggested that users exposed to trauma during childhood and adolescence showed a beginning drug use at earlier ages than those whose trauma occurred in adulthood.","Childhood trauma, Cocaine, Comorbidity, Substance abuse","Tractenberg, S. G., Viola, T. W., Rosa, C. S. O., Donati, J. M., Francke, I. D., Pezzi, J. C., Grassi-Oliveira, R.",2012.0,,,0,1,
5523,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and heavy alcohol use among Chinese Americans: The salience of trauma","The role of trauma as a substantial contributor to mental health and alcohol problems is well documented in the general population. Researchers and clinicians argue that culture and personality may play a part in traumatic reactions and these factors deserve attention. Trauma has rarely been studied in the clinical or research literature focusing on Asian Americans, with the exception of Southeast Asian refugees. The current study examines the rates of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the comorbidity of PTSD with depression and heavy alcohol use among Chinese Americans, the largest Asian American group in the U.S. Further, the study utilizes multivariate models incorporating measures of self-esteem and acculturation to predict PTSD, depression and heavy alcohol use. The data were collected as part of the Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiology Study in Los Angeles County. Using a three stage probability sampling method, a total of 1735 (weighted) Chinese Americans participated. Standardized instruments used in national studies were adapted for the current study, including the National Comorbidity Study PTSD module (Kessler et al., 1995), University of Michigan Revised Composite International Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Kessler et al., 1994), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1962, 1979), and Burnam and colleagues' (1987) acculturation scale. Of the participants, 35.,9% had experienced at least one traumatic event, 14.5% had experienced two or more traumatic events, 1.7% had experienced PTSD at some point in their lifetime, and one percent had persistent current or past year onset PTSD. Depression was comorbid with PTSD, while heavy alcohol use was not. Cumulative trauma increased risk for both lifetime and past year PTSD, depression and heavy alcohol use. Having experienced any trauma increased risk for lifetime and past year depression, and for lifetime heavy alcohol use. Those born in the U.S. were at greater risk for lifetime and past year PTSD and depression than immigrants. High self-esteem was protective against lifetime PTSD and both lifetime and past year depression. Being bicultural was protective against both lifetime and past year PTSD and depression. Females were at increased risk for lifetime PTSD, while males were at increased risk for lifetime and past year heavy alcohol use. The findings suggest that Chinese Americans should be screened for trauma history in social work practice and other health and mental health practice settings, particularly when exhibiting symptoms of PTSD, depression, and alcohol misuse. Depending on the community context, support for traditional cultural values and community and family ties should be encouraged in community prevention and intervention efforts and in social work practice with individuals, families and groups, while assisting with ESL acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Chinese Cultural Groups, *Emotional Trauma, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Tracy, Lisa Cousins",2002.0,,,0,0,
5524,Differences in the determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a mass traumatic event,"Background: Hurricane Ike struck the Galveston Bay area of Texas on September 13, 2008, leaving substantial destruction and a number of deaths in its wake. We assessed differences in the determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression after this event, including the particular hurricane experiences, including postevent nontraumatic stressors, that were associated with these pathologies. Methods: 658 adults who had been living in Galveston and Chambers counties, TX in the month before Hurricane Ike were interviewed 2-5 months after the hurricane. We collected information on experiences during and after Hurricane Ike, PTSD and depressive symptoms in the month before the interview, and socio-demographic characteristics. Results: The prevalence of past month hurricane-related PTSD and depression was 6.1 and 4.9%, respectively. Hurricane experiences, but not socio-demographic characteristics, were associated with Ike-related PTSD. By contrast, lower education and household income, and more lifetime stressors were associated with depression, as were hurricane exposures and hurricane-related stressors. When looking at specific hurricane-related stressors, loss or damage of sentimental possessions was associated with both PTSD and depression; however, health problems related to Ike were associated only with PTSD, whereas financial loss as a result of the hurricane was associated only with depression. Conclusions: PTSD is indeed a disorder of event exposure, whereas risk of depression is more clearly driven by personal vulnerability and exposure to stressors. The role of nontraumatic stressors in shaping risk of both pathologies suggests that alleviating stressors after disasters has clear potential to mitigate the psychological sequelae of these events. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","depression, disasters, life stress, posttraumatic stress disorders, stressful events, trauma","Tracy, M., Norris, F. H., Galea, S.",2011.0,,10.1002/da.20838,0,0,
5525,Evidence-based treatment of anxiety in patients with cancer,"Anxiety is a dynamic response to perceived threat that is common among patients with cancer and fluctuates at critical points in the disease trajectory. A substantial minority of patients may experience clinically significant anxiety resulting from a range of potential etiologic factors. This review summarizes evidence-based recommendations for treatment of anxiety in oncology settings. Recommendations are based on the nature and time course of anxiety and the results of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and individual trials in cancer populations. The evidence-based literature supports the use of psychosocial and psychopharmacologic treatments to prevent or alleviate anxiety symptoms. Conclusions are tempered by study heterogeneity and methodologic limitations and a lack of trials that included patients with clinically significant anxiety. In oncology settings, accessibility and acceptability of evidence-based treatments vary, and patients may seek a variety of resources to manage cancer concerns. Treatment planning should incorporate contributing factors to anxiety and patient preferences for psychiatric care. © 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.",,"Traeger, L., Greer, J. A., Fernandez-Robles, C., Temel, J. S., Pirl, W. F.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5526,Identification and prevalence of PTSD risk factors in ECMO patients: A single centre study,"Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is one of the most invasive rescue therapies for acute heart and/or lung failure. Survivors have high rates of adverse mental health outcomes, such as post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and manifest post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet no study to date has identified and explored PTSD risk factors in these patients. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to determine and explore post-traumatic stress risk factors for patients treated with ECMO. It also aimed to provide a baseline profile for future hypothesis testing with respect to risk factor exposure, level of exposure and post-traumatic stress outcomes in these patients. Methods design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: The study was conducted at the Alfred Hospital Melbourne, Australia. Participants: Patients were selected in 2012 from an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) registry that prospectively included all patients admitted to ICU and treated with ECMO. Data extraction and analysis: Data were extracted from the ICU ECMO registry, ICU and ward charts, progress notes, referrals, drug charts and discharge letters. Data were descriptively analysed. Results: Patients treated with ECMO are exposed to almost all investigated PTSD risk factors. These included psychiatric history (psychiatric comorbidities), admission to ICU and treatment (prolonged ventilation during prolonged ICU stay), and drug therapy (all patients treated with PTSD risk related drugs). Conclusion: ECMO patients are exposed to PTSD risk factors such as young age, mechanical ventilation, drug administration, delirium and agitation. Younger age, heterogeneous conditions, profound illness severity and prolonged ICU stay describe the case complexity of patients and may explain these findings. Patients in ICU are increasingly conscious during active treatment and this may have positive or negative psychological effects. ""Awake"" ECMO in which patients are conscious while on active life support may represent a unique PTSD risk factor in this perspective. © 2014 Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd.","Cohort studies, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Intensive Care Units, Intensive care/methods, Mental health, Retrospective studies, Risk assessment, Stress disorders, post-traumatic","Tramm, R., Hodgson, C., Ilic, D., Sheldrake, J., Pellegrino, V.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5527,"A cross-sectional, randomized cluster sample survey of household vulnerability to extreme heat among slum dwellers in Ahmedabad, India","Extreme heat is a significant public health concern in India; extreme heat hazards are projected to increase in frequency and severity with climate change. Few of the factors driving population heat vulnerability are documented, though poverty is a presumed risk factor. To facilitate public health preparedness, an assessment of factors affecting vulnerability among slum dwellers was conducted in summer 2011 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Indicators of heat exposure, susceptibility to heat illness, and adaptive capacity, all of which feed into heat vulnerability, was assessed through a cross-sectional household survey using randomized multistage cluster sampling. Associations between heat-related morbidity and vulnerability factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to account for clustering effects. Age, preexisting medical conditions, work location, and access to health information and resources were associated with self-reported heat illness. Several of these variables were unique to this study. As sociodemographics, occupational heat exposure, and access to resources were shown to increase vulnerability, future interventions (e.g., health education) might target specific populations among Ahmedabad urban slum dwellers to reduce vulnerability to extreme heat. Surveillance and evaluations of future interventions may also be worthwhile.","Climate change, Heat, India, Vulnerability","Tran, K. V., Azhar, G. S., Nair, R., Knowlton, K., Jaiswal, A., Sheffield, P., Mavalankar, D., Hess, J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5528,"Childhood adversities: Social support, premorbid functioning and social outcome in first-episode psychosis and a matched case-control group","OBJECTIVE: The establishment of childhood adversities as risk factors for non-affective psychosis has derived a need to consider alternative interpretations of several psychosis-related factors. This paper sought to examine premorbid adjustment trajectories and social outcome factors in relation to childhood adversities. Perceived support has been found to decrease the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, and we wished to compare perceived support in people with first-episode psychosis to non-clinical control persons and explore its relation to childhood adversities. METHOD: Every individual presenting with a non-affective first-episode psychosis (F20-29, except F21) in Region Zealand over a 2-year period was approached for participation and the 101 consenting participants were matched to 101 people with no psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive demographic data were collected. Assessment instruments included the Premorbid Assessment Scale, the Global Assessment of Functioning scale and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The latter represented the childhood adversities in addition to parental separation and institutionalization. RESULTS: There were no associations between number of childhood adversities and different social or academic premorbid trajectories. Those with more adversities had lower global functioning the year prior to treatment start and reported lower rates of perceived support during childhood along with less current face-to-face contact with family members. Lack of peer support remained a significant predictor of psychosis when adversities were adjusted for and it diminished the risk of psychosis caused by childhood adversities by 10%. CONCLUSION: Childhood adversities may not predict specific premorbid trajectories, but have an effect on global functioning when the psychosis has begun. Perceived support, especially from peers, may be important in the development of psychosis, and those with more adversities may represent a vulnerable subgroup who need more assistance to increase and maintain supportive networks.","Premorbid adjustment, global functioning, perceived support, schizophrenia, social network","Trauelsen, A. M., Bendall, S., Jansen, J. E., Nielsen, H. L., Pedersen, M. B., Trier, C. H., Haahr, U. H., Simonsen, E.",2016.0,Jan 15,10.1177/0004867415625814,0,0,
5529,Associations between lifetime PTSD symptoms and current substance use disorders using a five-factor model of PTSD,"This paper aimed to extend the existing knowledge on the association between PTSD symptoms, alcohol use disorders (AUD) and nicotine dependence (ND) by distinguishing between anxious and dysphoric arousal PTSD symptoms and by considering the putative contribution of additional comorbidity. Data stem from a cross-sectional study in a stratified, representative sample of 1483 recently deployed soldiers using standardized diagnostic interviews. All lifetime PTSD symptom clusters (occurrence of any symptom and number of symptoms) were associated with current AUD and ND in crude models except that anxious arousal was not related to AUD. Associations were reduced in magnitude when controlling for comorbidity. Current ND was related to the occurrence of any emotional numbing and to the number of re-experiencing symptoms above the contribution of other symptom clusters and comorbidity. In conclusion, associations between PTSD symptoms, AUD and ND may be partially attributable to additional comorbidity. Findings also yield further evidence for a role of emotional numbing and re-experiencing symptoms in the comorbidity between PTSD and ND and for a distinction between dysphoric and anxious arousal PTSD symptoms.","Alcohol use disorders, Hyperarousal, Military, Nicotine dependence, Numbing, Ptsd, Symptom cluster","Trautmann, S., Schonfeld, S., Behrendt, S., Schafer, J., Hofler, M., Zimmermann, P., Wittchen, H.",2014.0,Dec 5,10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.009,0,0,
5530,Associations between lifetime PTSD symptoms and current substance use disorders using a five-factor model of PTSD,"This paper aimed to extend the existing knowledge on the association between PTSD symptoms, alcohol use disorders (AUD) and nicotine dependence (ND) by distinguishing between anxious and dysphoric arousal PTSD symptoms and by considering the putative contribution of additional comorbidity. Data stem from a cross-sectional study in a stratified, representative sample of 1483 recently deployed soldiers using standardized diagnostic interviews. All lifetime PTSD symptom clusters (occurrence of any symptom and number of symptoms) were associated with current AUD and ND in crude models except that anxious arousal was not related to AUD. Associations were reduced in magnitude when controlling for comorbidity. Current ND was related to the occurrence of any emotional numbing and to the number of re-experiencing symptoms above the contribution of other symptom clusters and comorbidity. In conclusion, associations between PTSD symptoms, AUD and ND may be partially attributable to additional comorbidity. Findings also yield further evidence for a role of emotional numbing and re-experiencing symptoms in the comorbidity between PTSD and ND and for a distinction between dysphoric and anxious arousal PTSD symptoms.","alcohol use disorder, army, arousal, comorbidity, cross-sectional study, diagnosis, human, interview, lifespan, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, soldier, substance abuse, tobacco dependence","Trautmann, S., Schönfeld, S., Behrendt, S., Schäfer, J., Höfler, M., Zimmermann, P., Wittchen, H. U.",2015.0,,,0,0,5529
5531,Assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) affects from 9 to 15 percent of the general population, and almost 50 percent of women who have been raped. Although human reactions to trauma have been described for more than a century under various labels, persistent post-traumatic symptoms were introduced into the psychiatric lexicon in 1980 with the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) and have been slightly modified for the current edition of this manual (DSM-IV}. Once established, PTSD symptoms are usually persistent and debilitating. As with any psychological disorder, assessment is an integral and ongoing process in the context of treatment. In this chapter the authors outline goals and the purpose of accurate assessment of PTSD. Next, the authors discuss methods of assessment and review the measures with established psychometric data to support their use. Finally, several common problems are noted in assessment of PTSD and related concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Assessment, Emotional Trauma, Psychodiagnostic Interview, Psychometrics, Stress","Treadwell, Kimberli, Foa, Edna",2004.0,,,0,0,
5532,Post-traumatic stress symptoms among mothers of children with leukemia undergoing treatment: A longitudinal study,"Objective To assess post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in mothers of children over 2 years of leukemia treatment, to identify possible early family and child predictors of this symptomatology and to indicate the temporal trajectory of PTSS. Methods Participants were 76 Italian mothers (mean age = 37.30 years; SD = 6.07) of children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic (n = 69) or myeloid (n = 7) leukemia. Mothers had 12.05 years of education (SD = 3.87), and their incomes were average (52.1%), high (26%) and low (21.9%) for Italian norms, never in poverty. The pediatric patients with leukemia were equally distributed by gender with their mean age of 7.10 years (SD = 4.18). Post-traumatic stress symptoms were measured by a 17-item checklist. Scales assessing anxiety, depression, physical (Brief Symptom Inventory 18) and cognitive functioning (Problem Scale), and life evaluation were also used. There were five assessment points: 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2), 6 months (T3), 12 months (T4) and 24 months post-diagnosis (T5). Results The main results indicated moderate presence of clinical PTSS (≥9 symptoms: 24% at T2, 18% at T3, 16% at T4 and 19% at T5) that remained stable across time points, whereas Brief Symptom Inventory 18 Global score decreased and life evaluation improved. A series of hierarchical regression models identified cognitive functioning early after the diagnosis as the best predictive factor of PTSS across time points. Conclusion Specific psychological interventions could be devised for mothers at risk for short and long-term PTSS just after the diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","cancer, leukemia, longitudinal design, mothers, oncology, PTSS","Tremolada, M., Bonichini, S., Aloisio, D., Schiavo, S., Carli, M., Pillon, M.",2013.0,,,0,1,
5533,Traumatic experiences following childbirth: A review of scientific literature on Perinatal Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Theoretical background: Recent studies suggest that in some women childbirth can lead to a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD was formally listed in DSM-III as an anxiety disorder encompassing symptoms subsequent to exposure to extreme events that were outside the range of usual human experience. In DSM-IV-TR the stressor criterion refers to stressful situations in which a person had experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others. It also includes the subjective response to such events, i.e., feelings of intense fear, helplessness or horror. This definition may well apply to what some women may experience when giving birth to a child. Post-traumatic symptoms or symptomatic patterns meeting criteria for diagnosis of PTSD can occur in relation with difficult deliveries and with ""typical"" situations, without any perinatal complications. Objective: Such contribution is aimed to point up Perinatal PTSD symptomathology, by underlining its parallelisms with the triad of PTSD symptoms described by DSM-IV-TR: reexperiencing (e.g. nightmares about the delivery, recurrent flashbacks of the event), persistent avoidance (e.g., avoiding getting pregnant again, dissociative amnesia for the event) and increased arousal (e.g., irritability, concentration problems). Methodology: The review of scientific literature allowed identifying case studies and quantitative researches in the field of perinatal post-traumatic outcomes. Such review evidenced that Perinatal PTSD is associated to individual vulnerability factors related to personality traits (neuroticism, trait anxiety, external locus of control, lower coping skills towards the pain of labor), previous mental health difficulties, psychosocial risk factors (lack of social support, single motherhood, primiparity) and specific experiences at risk of post-traumatic outcomes (problematic pregnancies, prolonged labors, complications during delivery, instrumental deliveries, infants' health problems after birth, perinatal losses). Critical discussion and conclusions: In spite of methodological and diagnostic limitations evidenced in some quantitative studies, research on Perinatal PTSD appears very promising and in continuous evolution. Perinatal PTSD is an evident risk factor for the development of maternal functioning and for early mother-infant affective exchanges. Such aspects have significant implications for clinical practice, going to stress the need for adequate primary and secondary prevention in the field of maternal-infant health services. Early identification of individual vulnerability factors and of post-traumatic symptoms could respectively allow preventing and containing mothers' psychic suffering, in order to sustain their competencies at parental level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Experiences (Events), *Perinatal Period, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Birth","Trentini, Cristina",2010.0,,,0,0,
5534,Linking abuse and recovery through advocacy: An observational study,"Results. Clinicians receiving the intervention reported significant improvements in domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours at follow-up (p < 0.05). Service users receiving the intervention reported significant reductions in violence (p < 0.001) and unmet needs at follow-up (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Interventions comprising domestic violence training for clinicians and referral to domestic violence advocacy may improve responses of psychiatric services. Low rates of identification among teams not receiving training suggest that future trials using service user outcomes are unlikely to be feasible. Therefore, other methods of evaluation are needed. Methods. Quasi-experimental controlled design within five Community Mental Health Teams (three intervention and two control teams). The intervention comprised domestic violence training for clinicians' and referral to domestic violence advocacy for service users. Clinicians' (n = 29) domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours were assessed before and 6 months post-training. Service users' (n = 34) safety behaviours, unmet needs, quality of life and frequency/severity of abuse were examined at baseline and 3 months follow-up. Process evaluation data were also collected. Aims. High numbers of psychiatric service users experience domestic violence, yet limited interventions exist for these victims. We piloted a domestic violence intervention for community mental health services to explore the feasibility of a future cluster randomized controlled trial.","ISRCTN79430721, adult, adverse outcome, article, attitude to health, bipolar disorder, controlled study, depression, disease severity, domestic violence, female, follow up, health care cost, human, intervention study, male, mental health service, observational study, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, risk reduction, schizophrenia, social interaction, social isolation, staff training","Trevillion, K., Byford, S., Cary, M., Rose, D., Oram, S., Feder, G., Agnew-Davies, R., Howard, L. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5535,Linking abuse and recovery through advocacy: An observational study,"Aims. High numbers of psychiatric service users experience domestic violence, yet limited interventions exist for these victims. We piloted a domestic violence intervention for community mental health services to explore the feasibility of a future cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods. Quasi-experimental controlled design within five Community Mental Health Teams (three intervention and two control teams). The intervention comprised domestic violence training for clinicians' and referral to domestic violence advocacy for service users. Clinicians' (n = 29) domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours were assessed before and 6 months post-training. Service users' (n = 34) safety behaviours, unmet needs, quality of life and frequency/severity of abuse were examined at baseline and 3 months follow-up. Process evaluation data were also collected. Results. Clinicians receiving the intervention reported significant improvements in domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours at follow-up (p < 0.05). Service users receiving the intervention reported significant reductions in violence (p < 0.001) and unmet needs at follow-up (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Interventions comprising domestic violence training for clinicians and referral to domestic violence advocacy may improve responses of psychiatric services. Low rates of identification among teams not receiving training suggest that future trials using service user outcomes are unlikely to be feasible. Therefore, other methods of evaluation are needed. © Cambridge University Press 2013.","Community mental health services, Domestic violence, Intervention studies","Trevillion, K., Byford, S., Cary, M., Rose, D., Oram, S., Feder, G., Agnew-Davies, R., Howard, L. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,5534
5536,Does opiate use in traumatically injured individuals worsen pain and psychological outcomes,"Opiate use for chronic pain is becoming increasingly controversial. There has been a shift away from supporting the use of opiates for treatment of chronic pain. In addition to lack of effectiveness, concerns for adverse clinical outcomes, addiction, and death have provided the impetus for this change. The purpose of this study was to investigate the percent of trauma patients still using opiates, their pain levels, and psychological outcomes 4 months posttrauma. This was a study to evaluate chronic pain at 4 months posttrauma in 101 participants from a single level 1 trauma center. Eighty of the 101 participants developed chronic pain 4 months after their initial traumatic injury (79%). Of those who developed chronic pain, 27 (26%) were still using opiates. Those using narcotics at 4 months posttrauma had significantly more pain, life interference, depression, and anxiety. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not significantly influenced by narcotic use in this analysis. However, the mean associated with those using narcotics was higher and diagnostic for PTSD. Those taking opiates did not have significantly better relief from their pain using treatments or medications than those not using opiates (F = 8, P = .08). These findings bring into question the appropriate use of opiates for chronic pain and the possible exacerbating effects on pain and psychopathology in traumatically injured patients. Perspective: This article identifies data that provide evidence that narcotic pain medication needs to be used carefully in traumatically injured patients with chronic pain, especially in those individuals with comorbid psychological pathology. © 2013 by the American Pain Society.","Chronic pain, Narcotic use, Pain outcomes","Trevino, C. M., De Roon-Cassini, T., Brasel, K.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.016,0,0,
5537,The endocannabinoid system as a possible target to treat both the cognitive and emotional features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder of significant prevalence and morbidity, whose pathogenesis relies on paradoxical changes of emotional memory processing. An ideal treatment would be a drug able to block the pathological over-consolidation and continuous retrieval of the traumatic event, while enhancing its extinction and reducing the anxiety symptoms. While the latter benefit from antidepressant medications, no drug is available to control the cognitive symptomatology. Endocannabinoids regulate affective states and participate in memory consolidation, retrieval, and extinction. Clinical findings showing a relationship between Cannabis use and PTSD, as well as changes in endocannabinoid activity in PTSD patients, further suggest the existence of a link between endocannabinoids and maladaptive brain changes after trauma exposure. Along these lines, we suggest that endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors may be an ideal therapeutic approach to simultaneously treat the emotional and cognitive features of PTSD, avoiding the unwanted psychotropic effects of compounds directly binding cannabinoid receptors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Cannabinoids, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cannabis, Drug Therapy","Trezza, Viviana, Campolongo, Patrizia",2013.0,,,0,0,
5538,Variations in emotional abuse experiences among multiply maltreated young adolescents and relations with developmental outcomes,"Objective: Based on the data obtained through Child Protective Services (CPS) case records abstraction, this study aimed to explore patterns of overlapping types of child maltreatment in a sample of urban, ethnically diverse male and female youth (n= 303) identified as maltreated by a large public child welfare agency. Methods: A cluster analysis was conducted on data for 303 maltreated youth. The overall categorization of four types of abuse (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect) was used to provide a starting point for clustering of the 303 cases and then the subtypes of emotional abuse were broken down in the clusters. The different clusters of child maltreatment were compared on the multiple outcomes such as mental health, behavior problems, self-perception, and cognitive development. Results: In this study, we identified four clusters of child maltreatment experiences. Three patterns involved emotional abuse. One cluster of children experienced all four types. Different clusters were differentially associated with multiple outcome measures. In general, multiply-maltreated youth fared worst, especially when the cluster involved sexual abuse. Also, sex differences were found in these associations. Boys who experienced multiple types of maltreatment showed more difficulties than girls. Conclusion and practice implications: These results reiterate the importance of creating more complex models of child maltreatment. Children who have experienced various types of maltreatment are especially in need of more attention from professionals and resources should be allocated accordingly. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Child maltreatment, Emotional abuse, Young adolescents","Trickett, P. K., Kim, K., Prindle, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5539,A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex and chronic disorder that causes substantial distress and interferes with social and educational functioning. Consequently, identifying the risk factors that make a child more likely to experience traumatic distress is of academic, clinical and social importance. This meta-analysis estimated the population effect sizes of 25 potential risk factors for PTSD in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years across 64 studies (N = 32,238). Medium to large effect sizes were shown for many factors relating to subjective experience of the event and post-trauma variables (low social support, peri-trauma fear, perceived life threat, social withdrawal, comorbid psychological problem, poor family functioning, distraction, PTSD at time 1, and thought suppression); whereas pre-trauma variables and more objective measures of the assumed severity of the event generated small to medium effect sizes. This indicates that subjective peri-trauma factors and post-event factors are likely to have a major role in determining whether a child develops PTSD following exposure to a traumatic event. Such factors could potentially be assessed following a potentially traumatic event in order to screen for those most vulnerable to developing PTSD and target treatment efforts accordingly. The findings support the cognitive model of PTSD as a way of understanding its development and guiding interventions to reduce symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Development, *Childhood Development, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Trickey, David, Siddaway, Andy P., Meiser-Stedman, Richard, Serpell, Lucy, Field, Andy P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5540,Gender differences in a controlled pilot study of psychosocial treatments in substance dependent patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Design considerations and outcomes,"Co-existing substance dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder is a common comorbidity, lacking a standard treatment. This paper reports gender-related findings from an N = 19 controlled clinical trial using methadone maintained and primary-cocaine abusing subjects (aged 22-46 yrs). Treatments contrasted were Substance Dependency-Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Therapy, an integrated, two-phase cognitive-behavioral therapy which uses existing treatment techniques including coping skills treatment for addictions, stress inoculation therapy and in vivo exposure; and Twelve-Step Facilitation Therapy. Female subjects at baseline differed from males in having higher Addiction Severity Index (ASI), psychiatric composite severity scores. No differences were seen between genders at end of treatment or followup. Improvement was observed across the sample in current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity, number of PTSD symptoms, ASI psychiatric, drug composite severity scores and number of days using substances in the past 30 days. The absence of gender-based differences in baseline differences and treatment outcomes suggests that recruitment, assessment and treatment processes were applied equally and were equally effective to both genders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Drug Dependency, *Drug Rehabilitation, *Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cocaine, Comorbidity, Methadone Maintenance, Outpatient Treatment, Psychosocial Factors, Treatment Outcomes","Triffleman, Elisa",2000.0,,,0,0,
5541,Psychological sequelae of the station nightclub fire: Comparing survivors with and without physical injuries using a mixed-methods analysis,"Background: Surveying survivors from a large fire provides an opportunity to explore the impact of emotional trauma on psychological outcomes.Copyright: Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey of survivors of The Station Fire. Primary outcomes were post-traumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale - Revised) and depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) symptoms. Linear regression was used to examine differences in symptom profiles between those with and without physical injuries. The free-response section of the survey was analyzed qualitatively to compare psychological sequelae of survivors with and without physical injuries. Results: 104 participants completed the study survey; 47% experienced a burn injury. There was a 42% to 72% response rate range. The mean age of respondents was 32 years, 62% were male, and 47% experienced a physical injury. No significant relationships were found between physical injury and depressive or post-traumatic stress symptom profiles. In the qualitative analysis, the emotional trauma that survivors experienced was a major, common theme regardless of physical injury. Survivors without physical injuries were more likely to experience survivor guilt, helplessness, self-blame, and bitterness. Despite the post-fire challenges described, most survivors wrote about themes of recovery and renewal. Conclusions: All survivors of this large fire experienced significant psychological sequelae. These findings reinforce the importance of mental health care for all survivors and suggest a need to understand factors influencing positive outcomes.",,"Trinh, N. H. T., Nadler, D. L., Shie, V., Fregni, F., Gilman, S. E., Ryan, C. M., Schneider, J. C., Elhai, J. D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5542,Emotion dysregulation facets as mediators of the relationship between PTSD and alcohol misuse,"INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol misuse, which frequently co-occur among combat veterans, have been linked to emotion dysregulation. Emotion dysregulation may explain the link between PTSD and alcohol misuse, and this investigation tested emotion dysregulation as a mediator of that relationship. METHOD: Correlations between PTSD symptoms and cluster symptoms, emotion dysregulation full and subscales, and alcohol misuse were examined in a sample of 139 combat Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn veterans (45% African American; 89% men). Emotion dysregulation full scale and subscales were examined as mediators of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and alcohol misuse for the full sample and men only. RESULTS: PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters, emotion dysregulation, and alcohol misuse showed positive correlations for the full sample and men only. Neither the full scale of emotion dysregulation nor the facets of emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and alcohol misuse for the full sample; among men, the Impulse Control Difficulties when Upset and Lack of Emotional Clarity subscales were mediators of that relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Impulse control difficulties and lack of emotional clarity may play an important role in the link between PTSD and alcohol misuse for male veterans and should be an important target in treatment for individuals with both disorders. Addressing impulse control difficulties and lack of emotional clarity in those with PTSD and alcohol misuse may improve outcomes by helping individuals identify and describe upsetting emotions and develop healthy coping alternatives to alcohol misuse.","Alcohol misuse, Emotion dysregulation, Ptsd","Tripp, J. C., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E.",2015.0,Aug,10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.013,0,0,
5543,"Military blast exposure, ageing and white matter integrity","Mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, is associated with a range of neural changes including altered white matter structure. There is emerging evidence that blast exposure-one of the most pervasive causes of casualties in the recent overseas conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan-is accompanied by a range of neurobiological events that may result in pathological changes to brain structure and function that occur independently of overt concussion symptoms. The potential effects of brain injury due to blast exposure are of great concern as a history of mild traumatic brain injury has been identified as a risk factor for age-associated neurodegenerative disease. The present study used diffusion tensor imaging to investigate whether military-associated blast exposure influences the association between age and white matter tissue structure integrity in a large sample of veterans of the recent conflicts (n = 190 blast-exposed; 59 without exposure) between the ages of 19 and 62 years. Tract-based spatial statistics revealed a significant blast exposure x age interaction on diffusion parameters with blast-exposed individuals exhibiting a more rapid cross-sectional age trajectory towards reduced tissue integrity. Both distinct and overlapping voxel clusters demonstrating the interaction were observed among the examined diffusion contrast measures (e.g. fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity). The regions showing the effect on fractional anisotropy included voxels both within and beyond the boundaries of the regions exhibiting a significant negative association between fractional anisotropy and age in the entire cohort. The regional effect was sensitive to the degree of blast exposure, suggesting a 'dose-response' relationship between the number of blast exposures and white matter integrity. Additionally, there was an age-independent negative association between fractional anisotropy and years since most severe blast exposure in a subset of the blast-exposed group, suggesting a specific influence of time since exposure on tissue structure, and this effect was also independent of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Overall, these data suggest that blast exposure may negatively affect brain-ageing trajectories at the microstructural tissue level. Additional work examining longitudinal changes in brain tissue integrity in individuals exposed to military blast forces will be an important future direction to the initial findings presented here.","Adult, Age Factors, Blast Injuries/*pathology/physiopathology, Brain Concussion/*pathology/physiopathology, Brain Injuries/*pathology, Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Male, Middle Aged, *Military Personnel, Neuropsychological Tests, White Matter/*pathology/physiopathology, Young Adult, CNS injury, axon degeneration, concussion, imaging, neuropathology, traumatic brain injury","Trotter, B. B., Robinson, M. E., Milberg, W. P., McGlinchey, R. E., Salat, D. H.",2015.0,Aug,10.1093/brain/awv139,0,0,
5544,Behavioural psychopathology of child sexual abuse in schoolgirls referred to a tertiary centre: A North London study,"The sexually abused girls in this study were a sub-sample of a group of girls referred to a Regional Centre for Psychotherapy for the whole of London, North Thames. An inclusion criterion was that they were psychologically symptomatic and so it is likely that they were more problematic cases causing concern in their locality. The control clinical group consisted of referrals to local Child and Family consultation services, were an opt-in matched sample and not a total clinic referral sample. In addition, the reasons for referral covered both child disorder and family problems. It is, therefore, important to bear in mind the differences between these two groups. Certain clear cut findings have emerged from this study. No disorders specific to child sexual abuse in girls were identified but the extent and severity of the disturbance in the sexually abused sample was most striking. In these girls an event (CSA), together with referral because of emotional symptoms, was associated with enhanced severity of disorder and comorbidity particularly with reference to a cluster of disorders comprising post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorders (general and separation), social phobias and reactive attachment disorder. In the community clinic sample the identified disorders were mainly those of separation anxiety disorders and adjustment. Wide comorbidity was common in the sexual abuse sample and also severity of impairment was notable when compared to the clinic sample. However, because of the selected nature of the abuse group the findings are not generalisable beyond the population from which they emerged. The view is advanced that there are strong grounds for exploring the utility of psychodynamic psychotherapy in similar samples of sexually abused girls. These findings are discussed in the light of the current literature.","adolescent, anxiety neurosis, article, child abuse, clinical article, comorbidity, depression, disease severity, emotion, female, human, mental disease, patient referral, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosocial disorder, rating scale, school child, sexual abuse, social phobia","Trowell, J., Ugarte, B., Kolvin, I., Berelowitz, M., Sadowski, H., Le Couteur, A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5545,Effects of heat stress and sex on pacing in marathon runners,"Recent research suggests that women tend to exhibit less of a precipitous decline in run velocity during the latter stages of a marathon than men when the covariates of age and run time are controlled for. The purpose of this study was to examine this sex effect with the added covariate of heat stress on pacing, defined as the mean velocity of the last 12.2 km divided by the mean velocity of the first 30 km. A secondary purpose of this investigation was to compare the pacing profiles of the elite men and women runners and the pacing profiles of the elite and nonelite runners. Subjects included 22,990 men and 13,233 women runners from the 2007 and 2009 Chicago marathons for which the mean ambient temperatures were 26.67°C and 2.77°C, respectively. Each 5-km split time was measured via an electronic chip worn on the participants' shoe. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, sex, heat stress, and overall finish time (p < 0.01 for each) were simultaneous independent elements of pacing. Nonelite women were consistently better pacers than nonelite men in both marathons, and this sex difference was magnified from cold to warm race temperatures. No difference (p < 0.05) in pacing was found between elite men and women runners. Elite men and women had enhanced pacing over their nonelite counterparts. In hotter temperatures, coaches of novice runners should advise their athletes to implement a slower initial velocity to maintain or increase running velocity later in the race. © 2014 National Strength and Conditioning Association.","Ambient temperature, Pace index, Split time, Velocity","Trubee, N. W., Vanderburgh, P. M., Diestelkamp, W. S., Jackson, K. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5546,Findings of mild traumatic brain injury in combat veterans with PTSD and a history of blast concussion,"Veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder were evaluated for a history of blast concussion, controlling for confounding conditions. Electroencephalograms were analysed by discriminant function for traumatic brain injury. A difference was found in discriminant scores between veterans with and without blast concussion. More members of the blast group had attentional sypmtoms and attentional dysfunction. Combat veterans with a remote history of blast injury have persistent electroencephalographic features of traumatic brain injury as well as attentional problems. The authors hypothesize that these constitute a type of chronic postconcussive syndrome that has cognitive and mood symptoms overlapping those of posttraumatic stress disorder.","adult, aged, article, attention deficit disorder, blast injury, brain injury, clinical article, cognitive defect, concussion, discriminant analysis, electroencephalogram, human, male, mood, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, soldier","Trudeau, D. L., Anderson, J., Hansen, L. M., Shagalov, D. N., Schmoller, J., Nugent, S., Barton, S.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5547,Genetics and posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) To suggest that genetic factors are important in the causation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) perhaps flies in the face of intuition. We demonstrate that neither the individual nor the trauma alone explains the development of PTSD. We examine the available literature to determine whether or not there is evidence for genetic factors in the etiology of the disorder. This determination is best made as part of a brief review of extant epidemiological findings which clearly demonstrate traumatic exposures are associated with the development of PTSD, but also show not all persons exposed to trauma become affected. Epidemiological studies have consistently found the number of persons experiencing trauma who become affected are a minority, forcing us to address the question of what factors influence both vulnerability and resilience. Next we focus our present understanding of the environmental and genetic contributions to the individual profile of vulnerability as far as present knowledge may permit. Finally, the hope is to understand further the mechanisms whereby genetic factors, with the stimulus of a trauma, alter important psychophysiological attributes of the individual. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Genetics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","True, William R., Pitman, Roger",1999.0,,,0,0,
5548,A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms,"We studied 4042 Vietnam era veteran monozygotic and dizygotic male twin pairs to determine the effects of heredity, shared environment, and unique environment on the liability for 15 self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms included in the symptom categories of reexperiencing the trauma, avoidance of stimuli related to the trauma, and increased arousal. Quantitative genetic analysis reveals that inheritance has a substantial influence on liability for all symptoms. Symptoms in the reexperiencing cluster and one symptom in the avoidance and numbing cluster are strongly associated with combat exposure, and monozygotic pairs are more highly concordant for combat exposure than dizygotic pairs. By fitting a bivariate genetic model, we show that there are significant genetic influences on symptom liability, even after adjusting for differences in combat exposure; genetic factors account for 13% to 30% of the variance in liability for symptoms in the reexperiencing cluster, 30% to 34% for symptoms in the avoidance cluster, and 28% to 32% for symptoms in the arousal cluster. There is no evidence that shared environment contributes to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.","adult, article, environmental factor, heredity, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, risk factor, self report, symptom, twins, war","True, W. R., Rice, J., Eisen, S. A., Heath, A. C., Goldberg, J., Lyons, M. J., Nowak, J.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5549,Post-traumatic growth among veterans in the USA: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study,"Background: There is increasing recognition that, in addition to negative psychological consequences of trauma such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), some individuals may develop post-traumatic growth (PTG) following such experiences. To date, however, data regarding the prevalence, correlates and functional significance of PTG in population-based samples are lacking. Method: Data were analysed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a contemporary, nationally representative survey of 3157 US veterans. Veterans completed a survey containing measures of sociodemographic, military, health and psychosocial characteristics, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form. Results: We found that 50.1% of all veterans and 72.0% of veterans who screened positive for PTSD reported at least 'moderate' PTG in relation to their worst traumatic event. An inverted U-shaped relationship was found to best explain the relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG. Among veterans with PTSD, those with PTSD reported better mental functioning and general health than those without PTG. Experiencing a life-threatening illness or injury and re-experiencing symptoms were most strongly associated with PTG. In multivariable analysis, greater social connectedness, intrinsic religiosity and purpose in life were independently associated with greater PTG. Conclusions. PTG is prevalent among US veterans, particularly among those who screen positive for PTSD. These results suggest that there may be a 'positive legacy' of trauma that has functional significance for veterans. They further suggest that interventions geared toward helping trauma-exposed US veterans process their re-experiencing symptoms, and to develop greater social connections, sense of purpose and intrinsic religiosity may help promote PTG in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Health, Resilience (Psychological)","Tsai, J., El-Gabalawy, R., Sledge, W. H., Southwick, S. M., Pietrzak, R. H.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5550,Latent class analysis of personality disorders in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions,"Objective:To characterize predominant typologies of co-occurring personality disorders among adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and examine their relation to Axis I comorbidities, health-related quality of life, and course and treatment of PTSD. Method: Latent class analysis was conducted on the 10 DSM-/V personality disorders in a nationally representative sample of 2,463 adults with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD from Wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Results:Three latent classes of personality disorders were identified: a borderline- dysregulated class (11.4%), an obsessive-paranoid class (13.1%), and a no/low personality disorders class (75.5%). The borderline-dysregulated and obsessive-paranoid classes were more likely than the no/low personality disorder class to have a broad range of comorbid Axis I diagnoses and to have ever attempted suicide (ORs= 1.50-8.01), and they reported lower mental health-related quality of life. The borderline-dysregulated class was less likely than the no/low personality disorder class to have experienced remission of their most recent episode of PTSD (OR=0.54; 95% Cl, 0.38-0.75) and was more likely to have been prescribed medication for PTSD (OR= 1.65; 95% Cl, 1.20-2.28) and to have used alcohol and drugs to mitigate their PTSD symptoms (OR = 2.77; 95% Cl, 1.62-4.74). The obsessive-paranoid class was more likely than the no/low personality disorders class to report sexual assault as their worst trauma (OR=2.22; 95% Cl, 1.36-3.61) and had an earlier age at onset of PTSD symptoms compared to the other 2 classes. Conclusions: Among US adults with PTSD, the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders can be classified into 3 ""person-based"" typologies, which are differentially associated with comorbid Axis I disorders, mental health-related quality of life, and clinical and treatment characteristics of this disorder.These results suggest that comprehensive assessment of personality disorders may help inform etiologic models and treatment approaches for PTSD. © Copyright 2014.",,"Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, H., Pilver, C. E., Wolf, E. J., Hoff, R. A., Levy, K. N., Sareen, J., Pietrzak, R. H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5551,Dimensional structure of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study,"OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and factor structure of PTSD symptomatology in a nationally representative sample of US veterans and examine how PTSD symptom clusters are related to depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, hostility, physical and mental health-related functioning, and quality of life. METHOD: Data were analyzed from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a nationally representative survey of 1,484 US veterans conducted from September through October 2013. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the factor structure of PTSD symptoms, and structural equation models were constructed to examine the association between PTSD symptom clusters and external correlates. RESULTS: 12.0% of veterans screened positive for lifetime PTSD and 5.2% for past-month PTSD. A 5-factor dysphoric arousal model and a newly proposed 6-factor model both fit the data significantly better than the 4-factor model of DSM-5. The 6-factor model fit the data best in the full sample, as well as in subsamples of female veterans and veterans with lifetime PTSD. The emotional numbing symptom cluster was more strongly related to depression (P < .001) and worse mental health-related functioning (P < .001) than other symptom clusters, while the externalizing behavior symptom cluster was more strongly related to hostility (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: A total of 5.2% of US veterans screened positive for past-month DSM-5 PTSD. A 6-factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, which builds on extant models and includes a sixth externalizing behavior factor, provides the best dimensional representation of DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and demonstrates validity in assessing health outcomes of interest in this population.",,"Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Armour, C., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Pietrzak, R. H.",2014.0,Nov 11,10.4088/JCP.14m09091,0,0,
5552,Latent class analysis of personality disorders in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,"OBJECTIVE: To characterize predominant typologies of co-occurring personality disorders among adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and examine their relation to Axis I comorbidities, health-related quality of life, and course and treatment of PTSD. METHOD: Latent class analysis was conducted on the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders in a nationally representative sample of 2,463 adults with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD from Wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. RESULTS: Three latent classes of personality disorders were identified: a borderline-dysregulated class (11.4%), an obsessive-paranoid class (13.1%), and a no/low personality disorders class (75.5%). The borderline-dysregulated and obsessive-paranoid classes were more likely than the no/low personality disorder class to have a broad range of comorbid Axis I diagnoses and to have ever attempted suicide (ORs = 1.50-8.01), and they reported lower mental health-related quality of life. The borderline-dysregulated class was less likely than the no/low personality disorder class to have experienced remission of their most recent episode of PTSD (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.75) and was more likely to have been prescribed medication for PTSD (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.20-2.28) and to have used alcohol and drugs to mitigate their PTSD symptoms (OR = 2.77; 95% CI, 1.62-4.74). The obsessive-paranoid class was more likely than the no/low personality disorders class to report sexual assault as their worst trauma (OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.36-3.61) and had an earlier age at onset of PTSD symptoms compared to the other 2 classes. CONCLUSIONS: Among US adults with PTSD, the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders can be classified into 3 ""person-based"" typologies, which are differentially associated with comorbid Axis I disorders, mental health-related quality of life, and clinical and treatment characteristics of this disorder. These results suggest that comprehensive assessment of personality disorders may help inform etiologic models and treatment approaches for PTSD.","Adult, Aged, Alcoholism/*epidemiology, Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology, Comorbidity, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/epidemiology, Personality Disorders/*classification/*epidemiology, Quality of Life, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/etiology, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult","Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Pilver, C. E., Wolf, E. J., Hoff, R. A., Levy, K. N., Sareen, J., Pietrzak, R. H.",2014.0,Mar,10.4088/JCP.13m08466,0,0,5550
5553,Examining the dimensionality of combat-related posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in treatment-seeking OEF/OIF/OND veterans,"Background: This study examined the factor structure of two of the most commonly used screening measures of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in 164 treatment-seeking veterans who served in Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). Methods: Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the dimensionality of items from the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Regression analyses were then conducted to examine associations between factor scores of the resulting factor solution and measures of alcohol use, cognitive coping, psychological resilience, social support, and healthcare utilization. Results: A four-factor solution was found that consisted of clusters of symptoms reflecting reexperiencing/avoidance, detachment/numbing, hopelessness/depression, and bodily disturbance. Scores on the detachment/numbing factor were uniquely related to alcohol use, whereas scores on the hopelessness/depression factor was uniquely associated with emergency room visits. Compared to conventional PCL-M and PHQ-9 total scores, the four-factor solution explained 2 to 10% more variance in scores on measures of alcohol use, cognitive coping, psychological resilience, social support, and healthcare utilization. Limitations: This study was limited by a small sample size and cross-sectional design. Conclusions: Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms in treatment-seeking OEF/OIF/OND veterans may be better conceptualized by four dimensions of reexperiencing/ avoidance, detachment/numbing, hopelessness/depression, and bodily disturbance symptoms. This symptom structure may provide greater utility when examining other outcomes of interest in this population. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Coping, Major depressive disorder, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Substance abuse","Tsai, J., Pietrzak, R. H., Southwick, S. M., Harpaz-Rotem, I.",2011.0,,,0,1,
5554,"Predictors of coping efficacy, negative moods and post-traumatic stress syndrome following major trauma","The purpose of the study was to test relationships among injury appraisals, coping, social support and outcomes of coping efficacy, mood states and post-traumatic stress syndrome. A purposive sample of 152 hospitalized patients a week following major trauma was recruited from two trauma centres. The measures included the modified Ways of Coping Scale; the brief Social Support Questionnaire; the brief Profile of Mood State; the Impact of Event Scale; and selected demographic and injury related variables. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics. The results indicated that perceived controllability, satisfaction with social support, wishful-thinking coping and problem-focused coping were the significant predictors for coping efficacy; perceived stressfulness, problem-focused coping and wishful thinking explained a significant amount of variance in mood states; avoidance coping and wishful-thinking coping were predictors for post-traumatic stress syndrome. The moderating effects of emotion-focused coping at high and medium levels were identified.","adaptive behavior, adult, article, clinical trial, female, human, injury, male, middle aged, mood disorder, multicenter study, multivariate analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, regression analysis, social support, United States","Tsay, S. L., Halstead, M. T., McCrone, S.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5555,Examining the relationship between blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress-related traits,"Emerging evidence suggests that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) resulting from blast exposure may contribute to the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related affective sequelae, such as anxiety and depression. Many studies have used survey techniques to describe blast exposure leading to comorbid mTBI and related persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS) with PTSD in military populations. Despite this, there is a lack of literature that examines possible biological mechanisms by which blast exposure contributes to the development of PTSD sequelae. This Mini-Review addresses the current literature on potential neurophysiological changes that may contribute to PTSD-like traits as a result of a single or multiple exposures to blast events. Evidence from clinical blast-induced mTBI populations and animal models of blast-induced mTBI was evaluated with an emphasis on behavioral and physiological symptoms similar to those seen in PTSD populations and models. From the analysis, we propose potential mechanisms that merit further investigation for better understanding of how blast exposures may produce a higher rate of comorbid PPCS, PTSD, and affective phenomena. An improved understanding of PTSD-like outcomes resulting from blast exposure will ultimately help facilitate the development of future treatments and contribute to a better understanding of PTSD sequelae that develop from physical trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Anxiety, Major Depression","Tschiffely, A. E., Ahlers, S. T., Norris, J. N.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5556,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD),"(from the chapter) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease have many similarities and only some differences. The main similarities are that both disorders have as risk factor a severe traumatic event (100% in PTSD and 80% in AD), the prevalence F/M ratio of PTSD is the same as in AD, (2:1), stress hormones and other neurotransmitters are involved in both diseases, the areas of brain which are involved in both disorders are about the same (hippocampus, amygdale, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulated gyrus) and finally the areas that are activated in fMRI are about the same in both conditions. Perhaps there are some differences in genes, but this area needs more research and the age of onset is the point which is different in vast majority of patients with AD, because the mean age in AD patients is 75 years old. This is the reason which leads to different therapeutic strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","""*Alzheimers Disease"", *Neurotransmitters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Stress","Tsolaki, Magda",2011.0,,,0,0,
5557,Amygdala modulation of memory-related processes in the hippocampus: potential relevance to PTSD,"A key assumption in the study of stress-induced cognitive and neurobiological modifications is that alterations in hippocampal functioning after stress are due to an excessive activity exerted by the amygdala on the hippocampus. Research so far focused on stress-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and memory but an exposure to stress may simultaneously also result in strong emotional memories. In fact, under normal conditions emotionally charged events are better remembered compared with neutral ones. Results indicate that under these conditions there is an increase in activity within the amygdala that may lead to memory of a different quality. Studying the way emotionality activates the amygdala and the functional impact of this activation we found that the amygdala modulates memory-related processes in other brain areas, such as the hippocampus. However, this modulation is complex, involving both enhancing and suppressing effects, depending on the way the amygdala is activated and the hippocampal subregion examined. The current review summarizes our findings and attempts to put them in context with the impact of an exposure to a traumatic experience, in which there is a mixture of a strong memory of some aspects of the experience but impaired memory of other aspects of that experience. Toward that end, we have recently developed an animal model for the induction of predisposition to stress-related disorders, focusing on the consequences of exposure to stressors during juvenility on the ability to cope with stress in adulthood. Exposing juvenile-stressed rats to an additional stressful challenge in adulthood revealed their impairment to cope with stress and resulted in significant elevation of the amygdala. Interestingly, and similar to our electrophysiological findings, differential effects were observed between the impact of the emotional challenge on CA1 and dentate gyrus subregions of the hippocampus. Taken together, the results indicate that long-term alterations within the amygdala contribute to stress-related mnemonic symptoms and suggest that elucidating further these intra-amygdala alterations and their effects on modulating other brain regions is likely to be beneficial for the development of novel approaches to treat stress-related disorders.","Amygdala/*physiology/physiopathology, Animals, Hippocampus/*physiology/physiopathology, Humans, Memory/*physiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*physiopathology","Tsoory, M. M., Vouimba, R. M., Akirav, I., Kavushansky, A., Avital, A., Richter-Levin, G.",2008.0,,10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67003-4,0,0,124
5558,Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood and adolescence. the necessity of prevention,"Introduction: Children and adolescents are commonly exposed to injuries, both as family members as well as members of society and are therefore at an increased risk of developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Although referral to the economic cost is rather usual, the reference to the psychological effects of the traumatic experience of children and adolescents is often omitted. Aim: To announce epidemiological data of PTSD in children and adolescents and to report the causes of its prevalence as well as the factors that effect its severity. An additional purpose was to refer to therapeutic measures that can be taken and to highlight the importance of the role that health professionals have in the recognition of the PTSD symptoms in children as well as young adults. Method: A search was conducted in order to find published articles with studies concerning PTSD in the above population. The databases used were Pubmed, Medline and ScienceDirect, from the years 1997 to 2012. The official search language was English and the keywords were: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, children, adolescents, injury accident, violence, stress. Studies before 1997 were excluded from the search. Results: The prevalence of PTSD during the first month after the accident was between 13-40% while 16,7% of the children still had PTSD symptoms 3-6 months later. The main symptoms reported were stress, agitation and depression, while the most common risk factors were the female gender, the feeling of weakness and fear during the traumatic experience, the lack of supportive environment, the child's pathogenic psychological profile, a positive psychiatric family history, the continuous exposure of the traumatic experience or a similar one to it from the media and the intense death threat after the accident. No significant correlation was observed between PTSD and the type of accident. The pharmacological approach was significant, especially when combined with psychotherapy and the health professionals proved to have an important part in observing PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. Conclusions: The main therapy is achieved by drug administration and is considered ideal when combined with psychotherapy. Intervention by health professionals is considered crucial so to make an early diagnosis, prevent the severity of PTSD symptoms and contribute effectively in its therapy, all in purpose of establishing a normal development of the young victims of the accident.","Accident, Adolescents, Children, Injury, Post traumatic stress disorder, Violence","Tsoukala, D., Tsoumakas, K.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5559,Distinctiveness of prolonged grief disorder symptoms among survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami,"Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) has been proposed for diagnostic classification as an independent psychiatric disorder. Previous research has investigated it in relation to other axis I disorders in order to determine whether it could be considered an independent nosological entity. The distinctiveness of this condition was apparent in cases of ordinary bereavement and in those following human-made disasters. However, this disorder may be expanded to include bereavement resulting from natural disasters. The present study aims to explore the differences between this disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder or major depressive disorder as experienced after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The subjects were 82 hospital workers. Each type of disorder was assessed by means of the Inventory of Complicated Grief, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Exploratory factor analysis showed 3 dimensions, with PGD items independently clustering in the same dimension. Our findings support the uniqueness of PGD even in a post-natural disaster situation in a non-Western culture and warrant grief intervention for high-risk bereaved survivors. © 2014 The Authors.","Complicated grief, Exploratory factor analysis, Major depressive disorder, Natural disaster, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Traumatic grief","Tsutsui, T., Hasegawa, Y., Hiraga, M., Ishiki, M., Asukai, N.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5560,Power analyses for correlations from clustered study designs,"Power analysis constitutes an important component of modern clinical trials and research studies. Although a variety of methods and software packages are available, almost all of them are focused on regression models, with little attention paid to correlation analysis. However, the latter is arguably a simpler and more appropriate approach for modelling concurrent events, especially in psychosocial research. In this paper, we discuss power and sample size estimation for correlation analysis arising from clustered study designs. Our approach is based on the asymptotic distribution of correlated Pearson-type estimates. Although this asymptotic distribution is easy to use in data analysis, the presence of a large number of parameters creates a major problem for power analysis due to the lack of real data to estimate them. By introducing a surrogacy-type assumption, we show that all nuisance parameters can be eliminated, making it possible to perform power analysis based only on the parameters of interest. Simulation results suggest that power and sample size estimates obtained under the proposed approach are robust to this assumption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Asymptotic distribution, Longitudinal study, Repeated measures, Robustness, Surrogacy condition","Tu, X. M., Kowalski, J., Crits-Christoph, P., Gallop, R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5561,Health-related quality of life two years after injury due to terrorism,"During the past few decades, terrorist acts have been an unfortunate reality worldwide. There is a striking paucity of research investigating the multitude of long-term outcomes after severe physical injury due to terrorist attacks, a unique subgroup of trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to provide a profile of the long-term health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) after injury due to terrorist attacks and to explore the relationships between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), occupational status and injury severity with HR-QOL Methods: We included 35 survivors of terrorist attacks living in the community, two years on average after the injury, mean age at follow-up = 32.1 ((plus or minus)13.8), mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) = 27 ((plus or minus)14.2). The subjects were recruited from consecutive admissions to a rehabilitation department in a tertiary care center between September 2000 - June 2004. Most of the subjects suffered multiple trauma. The main outcome measures were the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Post Traumatic Diagnostic Scale and return to work rates. Results: The mean scores on 6/8 of the SF-36 subscales were significantly lower among the survivors compared to normative population norms. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was found in 39% of the sample and 43% did not resume their main occupation two years after the injury. Multivariate analysis of variance of PTSD and occupational status (returned vs. did not return to work) on quality of life scores revealed significant main effects for both PTSD (p=. 000) and occupational status (p=. 005) with no interaction effect (p=. 476). No significant correlations were found between injury severity and the SF-36 scores. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the long-term impact of injury due to terrorism. Results showed independent effects of PTSD and occupational status on health related quality of life, two years after injury. These findings suggest that this group may benefit from intervention focusing on their emotional and occupational status in order to improve their quality of life.","adolescent, adult, aged, article, daily life activity, employment, female, health survey, human, injury scale, Israel, life event, male, middle aged, multiple trauma, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychological rating scale, quality of life, Sickness Impact Profile, survivor, terrorism, treatment outcome","Tuchner, M., Meiner, Z., Parush, S., Hartman-Maeir, A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5562,Paroxetine Treatment of Depression with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Effects on Autonomic Reactivity and Cortisol Secretion,"Effects of paroxetine treatment of comorbid depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on subjective symptoms, autonomic reactivity, and diumal salivary cortisols were assessed prospectively. Cross-sectional baseline psychophysiologic assessments of 22 patients with depression + PTSD, 21 with depression alone, and 20 asymptomatic, previously traumatized controls found that comorbid patients had higher blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to individualized trauma scripts than purely depressed and control groups. On discriminant analyses comparing comorbid patients with each other group, combined autonomic variables correctly classified 55% of comorbid patients (sensitivity) and 75% of traumatized, healthy subjects (specificity) as well as 55% of comorbid patients (sensitivity) and 86% of purely depressed patients (specificity). Although baseline AM and PM salivary cortisol levels were within reference range and did not differ significantly across groups, depression + PTSD patients differed from the other 2 groups in having a flattened diurnal pattern. After 10 weeks of open-label paroxetine, comorbid patients significantly improved in all PTSD symptom evaluations and physiologic reactivity measures but did not change cortisol levels or acquire a robust diurnal cortisol pattern. Ten treated depressed patients did not change in physiologic or cortisol measures. Results demonstrate that sampled comorbid patients had autonomic reactivity patterns similar to PTSD that responded to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment but had diumal cortisol secretion patterns different from depression or that expected for PTSD, which did not change with treatment. Results suggest a complexity in the neurobiology of comorbid PTSD and major depression and its response to treatment.",,"Tucker, P., Beebe, K. L., Burgin, C., Wyatt, D. B., Parker, D. E., Masters, B. K., Nawar, O.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5563,"Can physiologic assessment and side effects tease out differences in PTSD trials? A double-blind comparison of citalopram, sertraline, and placebo","Effects of double-blind treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with 2 SSRIs and placebo on emotional symptoms and autonomic reactivity were assessed prospectively. PTSD subjects received citalopram (n=25), sertraline (n=23), or placebo (n=10) for 10 weeks, with psychophysiologic assessments performed before and after treatment. Intent-to-treat analysis showed that all treatment groups improved significantly in total symptoms of PTSD (as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale), all 3 PTSD symptom clusters, and sleep time. However, subtle differences in improvements in PTSD symptom clusters, physiologic reactivity, and reported adverse events were identified. Citalopram treated subjects significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressures, while sertraline and placebo treated patients significantly lowered only systolic blood pressure reactivity to individualized trauma scripts. The sertraline group showed significantly more improvement in avoidance/numbing symptoms than both other groups. Considering side effects, subjects on sertraline reported more gastrointestinal problems, with early terminators having more insomnia. Early terminators on citalopram reported more fatigue and appetite changes than other treatment groups, with completers reporting more sexual dysfunction. Results support a class effect of SSRIs in treating PTSD symptoms, but suggest a possible differential effect of drugs on symptom clusters, physiologic parameters, and side effects that may have clinical relevance. Implications of symptom reduction noted in the smaller placebo group are discussed relative to recent concerns about increasing placebo response in clinical trials.",,"Tucker, P., Potter-Kimball, R., Wyatt, D. B., Parker, D. E., Burgin, C., Jones, D. E., Masters, B. K.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5564,Fluvoxamine reduces physiologic reactivity to trauma scripts in posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study assessed the effect of open-label fluvoxamine treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, and physiologic arousal to trauma cues. Baseline psychometric ratings and physiologic assessments of heart rate and blood pressure responses to individualized, taped trauma scripts were determined for 16 patients with PTSD and 16 mentally healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects exposed to at least 1 serious trauma. Patients with PTSD had greater autonomic reactivity than control subjects at baseline, with physiologic measures correlating with the severity of the PTSD for the combined groups. Discriminant analyses indicated that systolic blood pressure best classified patients with PTSD (75% sensitivity) and control subjects (100% specificity), with a stepwise discriminant analysis showing that combined physiologic variables correctly classified 75% of patients with PTSD and 100% of control subjects. After 10 weeks of fluvoxamine treatment (100-300 mg/day), patients' PTSD, depression, and physiologic reactivity improved significantly. Medicated patients with PTSD could not be distinguished statistically from untreated control subjects in any physiologic measure. This dampening of autonomic reactivity after drug treatment corroborates subjective measures of improvement, validating the reported efficacy of fluvoxamine in this open trial.","fluvoxamine, adult, article, clinical article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, discriminant analysis, drug efficacy, female, human, human cell, human tissue, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychometry, psychophysiology, randomized controlled trial","Tucker, P., Smith, K. L., Marx, B., Jones, D., Miranda Jr, R., Lensgraf, J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5565,Fluvoxamine reduces physiologic reactivity to trauma scripts in posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study assessed the effect of open-label fluvoxamine treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, and physiologic arousal to trauma cues. Baseline psychometric ratings and physiologic assessments of heart rate and blood pressure responses to individualized, taped trauma scripts were determined for 16 patients with PTSD and 16 mentally healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects exposed to at least 1 serious trauma. Patients with PTSD had greater autonomic reactivity than control subjects at baseline, with physiologic measures correlating with the severity of the PTSD for the combined groups. Discriminant analyses indicated that systolic blood pressure best classified patients with PTSD (75% sensitivity) and control subjects (100% specificity), with a stepwise discriminant analysis showing that combined physiologic variables correctly classified 75% of patients with PTSD and 100% of control subjects. After 10 weeks of fluvoxamine treatment (100-300 mg/day), patients' PTSD, depression, and physiologic reactivity improved significantly. Medicated patients with PTSD could not be distinguished statistically from untreated control subjects in any physiologic measure. This dampening of autonomic reactivity after drug treatment corroborates subjective measures of improvement, validating the reported efficacy of fluvoxamine in this open trial.","Adult, Anti-Anxiety Agents/*therapeutic use, Female, Fluvoxamine/*therapeutic use, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/*therapeutic use, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*drug therapy/*psychology","Tucker, P., Smith, K. L., Marx, B., Jones, D., Miranda, R., Lensgraf, J.",2000.0,Jun,,0,0,5564
5566,"Efficacy and safety of topiramate monotherapy in civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","Objective: This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed efficacy and safety of topiramate monotherapy in civilian posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Outpatients (18-64 years) with DSM-IV non-combat-related PTSD and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores (greater-than or equal to) 50 were eligible. Topiramate was started at 25 mg/day and titrated by 25-50 mg/week to 400 mg/day or maximum tolerated dose. Data were collected between April 26, 2002, and February 4, 2004. Primary efficacy, change in total CAPS score, and secondary efficacy measures were assessed by analysis of covariance in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population with last observation carried forward. Results: The ITT population comprised 38 patients with mean (plus or minus) SD baseline total CAPS scores of 88.3 (plus or minus) 13.8 (topiramate, N = 19) and 91.1 (plus or minus) 13.7 (placebo, N = 19). Although a decrease in total CAPS score was noted (topiramate, -52.7; placebo, -42.0), this difference was not statistically significant (p = .232). Topiramate-treated patients exhibited significant reductions in reexperiencing symptoms (CAPS cluster B: topiramate, 74.9%; placebo, 50.2%; p = .038) and Treatment Outcome PTSD scale (topiramate, 68.0%; placebo, 41.6%; p = .025). Reductions approaching statistical significance, based on a nominal p value, were noted in mean total Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale scores (topiramate, 1.9 (plus or minus) 1.2; placebo, 2.6 (plus or minus) 1.1; p = .055). Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that further, adequately powered studies of topiramate for the treatment of civilian PTSD are warranted.","placebo, topiramate, adult, article, attention disturbance, clinical article, Clinical Global Impression scale, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, covariance, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease exacerbation, double blind procedure, drug dose titration, drug efficacy, drug induced headache, drug safety, drug withdrawal, dyspepsia, fatigue, female, human, hypertension, insomnia, language disability, male, maximum tolerated dose, mental concentration, mental instability, monotherapy, nervousness, outpatient, paresthesia, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, rating scale, rectum hemorrhage, scoring system, side effect, sinusitis, statistical significance, taste disorder, taste perversion, treatment outcome, weight change, topamax","Tucker, P., Trautman, R. P., Wyatt, D. B., Thompson, J., Wu, S. C., Capece, J. A., Rosenthal, N. R.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5567,"Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial","Background: The objective of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in outpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Male and female outpatients 18 years and older who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD and had baseline scores of 50 or greater on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-2) were randomly assigned to treatment with paroxetine (20-50 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variables were the change from baseline to the 12-week endpoint in the CAPS-2 total score and the proportion of responders on the Clinical Global Impressions-Global Improvement scale (CGI-I). Additional key outcome measures were the change from baseline in the reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal scores of the CAPS-2 and in the total scores of the Treatment Outcome PTSD Scale and the patient-rated Davidson Trauma Scale and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. The proportion of patients achieving response and remission was also determined. Results: 307 patients constituted the intent-to-treat population. At week 12, compared with the placebo group (N = 156), the paroxetine group (N = 151) showed significantly greater reduction of PTSD symptoms on both of the primary and all of the secondary outcome measures. Significantly greater improvement on the CAPS-2 total score was observed for paroxetine compared with placebo from week 4 (p < .05), and significantly greater proportions of paroxetine-treated patients achieved response (p < .001) and remission (p = .008) by week 12. The improvement in PTSD symptoms was similar in male and female patients. Functional improvement at the study endpoint was significantly greater (p < .05) in the paroxetine group in all 3 domains of the SDS (work, social life, family life). Treatment with paroxetine was well tolerated, with the frequency and type of adverse events recorded for the paroxetine group corresponding to the known safety profile of this medication. Conclusion: Paroxetine in doses of 20 to 50 mg once daily is effective as a treatment for chronic PTSD. Improvement is obtained for all 3 symptom clusters (reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal) and is associated with significant reduction in disability after 12 weeks of treatment.","alprazolam, amitriptyline, benzodiazepine derivative, brofaromine, clonazepam, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, paroxetine, placebo, serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, adult, aged, article, chronic disease, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, disability, disease severity, drug efficacy, drug induced disease, drug response, drug safety, drug tolerability, family life, female, human, major clinical study, male, outpatient, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychopharmacotherapy, randomized controlled trial, remission, social life, treatment outcome, work","Tucker, P., Zaninelli, R., Yehuda, R., Ruggiero, L., Dillingham, K., Pitts, C. D.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5568,Post-traumatic stress disorder among asylum seekers and refugees in Istanbul may be predicted by torture and loss due to violence,"Background: Turkey is both a source and target for asylum seekers seeking refugee status in countries of European Union. There is a scarcity of research on the mental health issues of asylum seekers and refugees residing in Turkey. Aims: This study aimed: 1) to provide clinical and demographic information on asylum seekers and refugees receiving mental health services from a non-governmental refugee support program in Istanbul between 2005 and 2007, and 2) to evaluate the differences between patients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with those who did not meet criteria. Methods: The study was conducted at the Mental Health Division of the Refugee Advocacy Support Group. Between July 2005 and February 2007, 1209 asylum seekers applied to the support group; 75 of these individuals (6.2%) were referred for psychiatric evaluation while 57 were diagnosed as having a psychopathology. The number of analyzed subjects was 57. Results: PTSD and major depressive disorder were the most common diagnoses (55.2% for both). The most common criteria of PTSD reported were problems in concentration and social isolation (97.3% for both). Suffering torture and losing a significant other due to violence were found to be associated with a diagnosis of PTSD. Conclusions: This study is the first of its kind to be conducted on a mixed refugee population residing in Turkey and focusing on their mental health problems. Our results should be tested within larger samples of refugees residing in different cities of Turkey. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Mental Health Services, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, Torture, Violence","Tufan, Ali Evren, Alkin, Melis, Bosgelmez, Sukriye",2013.0,,,0,0,
5569,"A preliminary examination of the relationships between posttraumatic stress symptoms and crack/cocaine, heroin, and alcohol dependence","High rates of co-occurrence between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and substance use disorders (SUDs) have led to the suggestion that substance use among individuals experiencing PTS symptoms might serve a self-medication function. However, research is still needed to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the unique associations between PTS symptom clusters and substances (licit and illicit) with both anxiolytic/depressant and stimulant properties. Consequently, this study examined the relationship between severity of different PTS symptom clusters and heroin, crack/cocaine, and alcohol dependence among 48 treatment-seeking SUD patients with a history of traumatic exposure. No evidence was found for a relationship between PTS symptom clusters and crack/cocaine or alcohol dependence; however, results suggested a relationship between hyperarousal and avoidance (inversely related) symptoms and heroin dependence. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding motivations underlying the substance of choice among individuals with PTS symptoms, as well as the development of treatments for co-occurring PTS and SUDs. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","Alcohol, Cocaine, Emotion regulation, Heroin, PTSD, Self-medication, Substance use disorders","Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Aklin, W. M., Lejuez, C. W.",2010.0,,,0,1,
5570,Depression and Anxiety Among Coronary Heart Disease Patients: Can Affect Dimensions and Theory Inform Diagnostic Disorder-Based Screening?,"Objectives: To examine the association between low positive affect, somatic anxiety and general distress with affective disorders, anxious misery, and visceral fear among coronary heart disease patients. Participants: Patients awaiting a coronary revascularization procedure (N = 158; 20.9% female; median age = 65, interquartile range 58-73) underwent structured interview with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Patients completed a brief version of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (i.e., Anxiety Depression Distress Inventory-27) and a measure of Type D personality. Results: Somatic anxiety scores yielded an area under the curve (AUC) = .784 and 75.0% sensitivity and 68.5% specificity in relation to panic disorder. Low positive affect yielded AUC = .811 and 70.4% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity for major depression. General distress yielded AUC = .795 and 75.0% sensitivity and 72.5% specificity for generalized anxiety disorder. No affective dimension was optimally associated with the anxious misery or visceral fear cluster. Trait negative affect was not a suitable screener for any disorder. Conclusions: The Anxiety Depression Distress Inventory-27 dimensions of low positive affect and somatic anxiety provided optimal detection of depression and panic disorder, respectively, as hypothesized, supporting discriminant validity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","Coronary heart disease, Depression, Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic disorder, Receiver operating characteristics","Tully, P. J., Penninx, B. W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5571,"Depression, anxiety and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a five year longitudinal cohort study","BACKGROUND: Although depression and anxiety have been implicated in risk for major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a theoretical approach to identifying such putative links is lacking. The objective of this study was to examine the association between theoretical conceptualisations of depression and anxiety with MACCE at the diagnostic and symptom dimension level. METHODS: Before coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, patients (N = 158; 20.9 % female) underwent a structured clinical interview to determine caseness for depression and anxiety disorders. Depression and anxiety disorders were arranged into the distress cluster (major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder) and fear cluster (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia). Patients also completed the self-report Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire, measuring anhedonia, anxious arousal and general distress/negative affect symptom dimensions. Incident MACCE was defined as fatal or non-fatal; myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, repeat revascularization, heart failure, sustained arrhythmia, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, left ventricular failure and mortality due to cardiac causes. Time-to-MACCE was determined by hazard modelling after adjustment for EuroSCORE, smoking, body mass index, hypertension, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease. RESULTS: In the total sample, there were 698 cumulative person years of survival for analysis with a median follow-up of 4.6 years (interquartile range 4.2 to 5.2 years) and 37 MACCE (23.4 % of total). After covariate adjustment, generalized anxiety disorder was associated with MACCE (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.79, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.00-7.80, p = 0.049). The distress disorders were not significantly associated with MACCE risk (HR = 2.14; 95 % CI .92-4.95, p = 0.077) and neither were the fear-disorders (HR = 0.24, 95 % CI .05-1.20, p = 0.083). None of the symptom dimensions were significantly associated with MACCE. CONCLUSIONS: Generalized anxiety disorder was significantly associated with MACCE at follow-up after CABG surgery. The findings encourage further research pertaining to generalized anxiety disorder, and theoretical conceptualizations of depression, general distress and anxiety in persons undergoing CABG surgery.","Cardiovascular disease, Coronary artery bypass grafts, Coronary heart disease, Depression, Generalized anxiety disorder, Prognosis, Survival analysis","Tully, P. J., Winefield, H. R., Baker, R. A., Denollet, J., Pedersen, S. S., Wittert, G. A., Turnbull, D. A.",2015.0,,10.1186/s13030-015-0041-5,0,0,
5572,Post-traumatic stress disorder in young people with intellectual disability,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common and treatable. There is extensive research on people of average intelligence yet little on individuals with developmental disabilities. Methods: We report two people with intellectual disability (ID) who experienced PTSD. The relevance of their developmental difficulties, social and communication profiles, attentional skills, and causes of these, to their presentations is discussed. Results: Both individuals have fragile X syndrome and severe ID. One has Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - 4th Edition (DSM-IV) autistic disorder; the other DSM-IV attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. They experienced developmental and psychological regressions, new challenging behaviours and exacerbations of existing ones coincident with emotional trauma. PTSD symptoms and phenomena were identifiable despite intellectual and communicatory impairments. Conclusion: Presentation of PTSD is influenced by degree and cause of ID, social circumstances, social and communicatory skills, nature and timing of traumatic experience and subsequent management. The paucity of literature suggests it is missed frequently in individuals with ID who risk having problems misattributed to other causes with potential for inappropriate interventions. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Challenging behaviour, Fragile X syndrome, Intellectual disability, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Turk, J., Robbins, I., Woodhead, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5573,Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following a head injury: Does amnesia for the event influence the development of symptoms?,"Background: There is controversy as to whether PTSD can develop following a brain injury with a loss of consciousness. However, no studies have specifically examined the influence of the memories that the individuals may or may not have on the development of symptoms. Aims: To consider how amnesia for the traumatic event effects the development and profile of traumatic stress symptoms. Method: Fifteen hundred case records from an Accident and Emergency Unit were screened to identify 371 individuals with traumatic brain injury who were sent questionnaires by post. The 53 subsequent valid responses yielded three groups: those with no memory (n = 14), untraumatic memories (n = 13) and traumatic memories (n = 26) of the index event. The IES-R was used as a screening measure followed by a structured interview (CAPS-DX) to determine caseness and provide details of symptom profile. Results: Groups with no memories or traumatic memories of the index event reported higher levels of psychological distress than the group with untraumatic memories. Ratings of PTSD symptoms were less severe in the no memory groups compared to those with traumatic memories. Conclusions: Psychological distress was associated with having traumatic or no memories of an index event. Amnesia for the event did not protect against PTSD; however, it does appear to protect against the severity and presence of specific intrusive symptoms.","accident, adjustment, adolescent, adult, aged, amnesia, article, controlled study, disease association, disease severity, distress syndrome, emergency ward, female, head injury, human, interview, major clinical study, male, memory, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, questionnaire, rating scale, screening, symptom, unconsciousness","Turnbull, S. J., Campbell, E. A., Swann, I. J.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5574,The comparative effectiveness of levels of training and years of work experience in firefighters as determining factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been known by other names and not well studied prior to returning Vietnam veterans who suffered psychological dysfunction. However, the term PTSD became part of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders in 1981. Since that time PTSD has been researched extensively in veterans. However, little attention has been given to firefighters who encounter trauma on a daily basis compared to veterans who may have experienced traumatic events during war or intermittently. Since firefighters are vital to society for rescue and recovery, it is salient that they remain mentally as well as physically fit for duty. PTSD can be debilitating and even result in early retirement or the change of occupation. Hence, determining the risk and resilience factors against the development of PTSD in firefighters may prevent premature retirement or job change. Although some form of brief intervention may be offered to firefighters after a traumatic event, more extensive counseling may be necessary. Knowing the risk factors prior to facing a distressful event may prompt additional counseling subsequent to trauma and ultimately prevent severe or chronic PTSD that may interfere with the duties of these emergency workers. This research compared levels of training and work experience in 127 male firefighters who ranged in age from 21 to 57 who were primarily Caucasian (63.8%). African-Americans comprised 26.8%, Asians 1.6%, Hispanics 1.6%, and Puerto Rican 0.8%. The researcher investigated the relationship between levels of training and work experience on self-efficacy and ultimately the effect self-efficacy has on the manifestation of PTSD symptoms. This study extends previous research that shows when self-efficacy increases, psychological dysfunctioning decreases (Heinrichs, Wagner, Schoch, Soravia, Hellhammer, & Ehlert, 2005). A retrospective causal-comparative design also referred to as an ex post facto design was employed to examine years of training and work experience and their association to self-efficacy. Next, self-efficacy was investigated to look at its effects on symptoms of PTSD. Findings from the study found no significant difference in the relationships between levels of training and self-efficacy or between years of work experience and self-efficacy. However, the study did support prior research that showed a statistical negative correlation between self-efficacy and symptoms of PTSD. Hence, when self-efficacy increased, symptoms of PTSD decreased. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Fire Fighters, *Job Experience Level, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Training","Turner, Melva W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5575,Distinct intrinsic network connectivity patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters,"Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered a multidimensional disorder, with distinct symptom clusters including re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal, and most recently depersonalization/derealization. However, the extent of differing intrinsic network connectivity underlying these symptoms has not been fully investigated. We therefore investigated the degree of association between resting connectivity of the salience (SN), default mode (DMN), and central executive (CEN) networks and PTSD symptom severity. Method: Using resting-state functional MRI data from PTSD participants (n = 21), we conducted multivariate analyses to test whether connectivity of extracted independent components varied as a function of re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal, and depersonalization/derealization. Results: Hyperarousal symptoms were associated with reduced connectivity of posterior insula/superior temporal gyrus within SN [peak Montréal Neurological Institute (MNI): -44, -8, 0, t = -4.2512, k = 40]. Depersonalization/derealization severity was associated with decreased connectivity of perigenual anterior cingulate/ventromedial prefrontal cortex within ventral anterior DMN (peak MNI: 8, 40, -4; t = -3.8501; k = 15) and altered synchrony between two DMN components and between DMN and CEN. Conclusion: Our results are consistent with prior research showing intrinsic network disruptions in PTSD and imply heterogeneous connectivity patterns underlying PTSD symptom dimensions. These findings suggest possible biomarkers for PTSD and its dissociative subtype. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Adult survivors of child abuse, Functional neuroimaging, Multivariate analysis, Post-traumatic stress disorders","Tursich, M., Ros, T., Frewen, P. A., Kluetsch, R. C., Calhoun, V. D., Lanius, R. A.",2015.0,,10.1111/acps.12387,0,0,
5576,Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) approach in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity,"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the first treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to be supported in controlled research, and it is now increasingly extended to other psychological disorders. The present study was designed to compare the effects of muscle relaxation and EMDR procedures in the treatment of anxiety sensitivity. Nineteen undergraduate students responded on the Anxiety Sensitivity Profile (asp) which was a standardized, self-report measure with four subscales. They were randomly assigned to two groups (treatment condition; muscle relaxation and EMDR); and they were filled out the ASP scale before, five days, and four months after the intervention (intervention time; pre and post intervention and follow up). Results showed that EMDR treatment produced a significant decline in fear of respiratory symptoms subscale score, and this decline appeared to continue after a four month follow-up. In addition fear of the cardiac symptoms too decreased in EMDR condition after a four month follow-up. The findings support the notion that EMDR can be a more effective treatment than the muscle relaxation for those who have an anxiety sensitivity with a trauma related etiology and also who experience anxiety'sensitivity in certain circumstances. Consistency of the findings with the literature was discussed.","Anxiety sensitivity, Applied muscle relaxation, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)","Tutarel-Kişlak, Ş",2004.0,,,0,0,
5577,Religious meaning-making at the community level: The forced relocation from the Gaza Strip,"The purpose of the current study was to describe the process of religious coping in a religious community that underwent a forced relocation. Whereas previous work on meaning-making processes has looked at individuals, we sought to understand what happens to the process of religious coping when an entire community experiences a shared stressful event. Using Park's (2005) model of religion as a meaning-making framework, we analyzed open-ended narratives of 230 former residents of Gush Katif who wrote about the ways in which they coped with their relocation, 8 to 10 months after it took place. The primary finding was that participants referred to the impact of the relocation on their religious beliefs and referred to it not only as individuals but also, and perhaps mostly, as members of a community. Analyzing the content of these answers revealed four pathways of religious coping: resilient (no change in religious belief), strengthening of belief, weakening of belief, and open crisis. The findings suggest that in collective events, and especially in communities, meaning-making processes take place at both individual and collective levels. We discuss the findings in light of existing theories of religious coping. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2013 American Psychological Association.","Collective trauma, Forced relocation, Meaning-making, Religious coping","Tuval-Mashiach, R., Dekel, R.",2014.0,,10.1037/a0033917,0,0,
5578,Cognitive impairment and functioning in PTSD related to intimate partner violence,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with neuropsychological impairments across multiple domains, but consensus regarding the cognitive profile of PTSD has not been reached. In this study of women with PTSD related to intimate partner violence (n = 55) and healthy, demographically similar comparison participants (NCs; n = 20), we attempted to control for many potential confounds in PTSD samples. All participants were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery emphasizing executive functioning, including inhibition, switching, and abstraction. NCs outperformed PTSD participants on most neuropsychological measures, but the differences were significant only on speeded tasks (with and without executive functioning components). The PTSD group's mean performance was within the average range on all neuropsychological tests. Within the PTSD group, more severe PTSD symptoms were associated with slower processing speed, and more severe dissociative symptoms were associated with poorer reasoning performance. These results suggest that women with PTSD related to intimate partner violence demonstrate slower than normal processing speed, which is associated with the severity of psychiatric symptoms. We speculate that the cognitive slowing seen in PTSD may be attributable to reduced attention due to a need to allocate resources to cope with psychological distress or unpleasant internal experiences. (copyright) INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2009.","adult, attention disturbance, brain function, cognitive defect, conference paper, controlled study, disease association, disease severity, distress syndrome, female, human, information processing, inhibition (psychology), major clinical study, neuropsychological test, partner violence, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychologic assessment, task performance, unpleasant sensation","Twamley, E. W., Allard, C. B., Thorp, S. R., Norman, S. B., Cissell, S. H., Berardi, K. H., Grimes, E. M., Stein, M. B.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5579,Cognitive impairment and functioning in PTSD related to intimate partner violence,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with neuropsychological impairments across multiple domains, but consensus regarding the cognitive profile of PTSD has not been reached. In this study of women with PTSD related to intimate partner violence (n = 55) and healthy, demographically similar comparison participants (NCs; n = 20), we attempted to control for many potential confounds in PTSD samples. All participants were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery emphasizing executive functioning, including inhibition, switching, and abstraction. NCs outperformed PTSD participants on most neuropsychological measures, but the differences were significant only on speeded tasks (with and without executive functioning components). The PTSD group's mean performance was within the average range on all neuropsychological tests. Within the PTSD group, more severe PTSD symptoms were associated with slower processing speed, and more severe dissociative symptoms were associated with poorer reasoning performance. These results suggest that women with PTSD related to intimate partner violence demonstrate slower than normal processing speed, which is associated with the severity of psychiatric symptoms. We speculate that the cognitive slowing seen in PTSD may be attributable to reduced attention due to a need to allocate resources to cope with psychological distress or unpleasant internal experiences.","Adult, Cognition Disorders/*etiology, Crime Victims/*psychology, Executive Function/physiology, Female, Humans, Inhibition (Psychology), Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*complications, Violence/*psychology","Twamley, E. W., Allard, C. B., Thorp, S. R., Norman, S. B., Hami Cissell, S., Hughes Berardi, K., Grimes, E. M., Stein, M. B.",2009.0,Nov,10.1017/s135561770999049x,0,0,5578
5580,Classifying developmental trajectories over time should be done with great caution: A comparison between methods,"Objective: In the analysis of data from longitudinal cohort studies, there is a growing interest in the analysis of developmental trajectories in subpopulations of the cohort under study. There are different advanced statistical methods available to analyze these trajectories, but in the epidemiologic literature, most of those are never used. The purpose of the present study is to compare five statistical methods to detect developmental trajectories in a longitudinal epidemiological data set. Study Design and Setting: All five statistical methods (K-means clustering, a ""two-step"" approach with mixed modeling and K-means clustering, latent class analysis [LCA], latent class growth analysis [LCGA], and latent class growth mixture modeling [LCGMM]) were performed on a real-life data set and two manipulated data sets. The first manipulated data set contained four different linear developments over time, whereas the second contained two linear and two quadratic developments. Results: For the real-life data set, all five classification methods revealed comparable trajectories. Regarding the manipulated data sets, LCGA performed best in detecting linear trajectories, whereas none of the methods performed well in detecting a combination of linear and quadratic trajectories. Furthermore, the optimal solution for LCA and LCGA contained more classes compared with LCGMM. Conclusion: Although LCGA and LCGMM seem to be preferable above the more simple methods, all classification methods should be applied with great caution. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Cluster analysis, Developmental trajectories, Epidemiological methods, Growth mixture modeling, Latent class growth analysis, Longitudinal studies","Twisk, J., Hoekstra, T.",2012.0,,10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.04.010,0,0,
5581,Preclinical perspectives on posttraumatic stress disorder criteria in DSM-5,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) now sits within the newly created ""Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders"" section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition; DSM-5). Through the refinement and expansion of diagnostic criteria, the DSM-5 version better clarifies the broad and pervasive effects of trauma on functioning, as well as the impact of development on trauma reactions. Aggressive and dissociative symptoms are more thoroughly characterized, reflecting increasing evidence that reactions to trauma often reach beyond the domains of fear and anxiety (these latter domains were emphasized in DSM-IV). These revised criteria are supported by decades of preclinical and clinical research quantifying traumatic stress-induced changes in neurobiological and behavioral function. Several features of the DSM-5 PTSD criteria are similarly and consistently represented in preclinical animal models and humans following exposure to extreme stress. In rodent models, for example, increases in anxiety-like, helplessness, or aggressive behavior, along with disruptions in circadian/neurovegetative function, are typically induced by severe, inescapable, and uncontrollable stress. These abnormalities are prominent features of PTSD and can help us in understanding the pathophysiology of this and other stress-associated psychiatric disorders. In this article we examine some of the changes to the diagnostic criteria of PTSD in the context of trauma-related neurobiological dysfunction, and discuss implications for how preclinical data can be useful in current and future clinical conceptualizations of trauma and trauma-related psychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Animal Models, Neural Plasticity, Stress, Trauma","Tye, Susannah, Van Voorhees, Elizabeth, Hu, Chunling, Lineberry, Timothy",2015.0,,,0,0,
5582,Blood-based gene-expression biomarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder among deployed marines: A pilot study,"The etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) likely involves the interaction of numerous genes and environmental factors. Similarly, gene-expression levels in peripheral blood are influenced by both genes and environment, and expression levels of many genes show good correspondence between peripheral blood and brain tissues. In that context, this pilot study sought to test the following hypotheses: (1) post-trauma expression levels of a gene subset in peripheral blood would differ between Marines with and without PTSD; (2) a diagnostic biomarker panel of PTSD among high-risk individuals could be developed based on gene-expression in readily assessable peripheral blood cells; and (3) a diagnostic panel based on expression of individual exons would surpass the accuracy of a model based on expression of full-length gene transcripts. Gene-expression levels in peripheral blood samples from 50 U.S. Marines (25 PTSD cases and 25 non-PTSD comparison subjects) were determined by microarray following their return from deployment to war-zones in Iraq or Afghanistan. The original sample was carved into training and test subsets for construction of support vector machine classifiers. The panel of peripheral blood biomarkers achieved 80% prediction accuracy in the test subset based on the expression of just two full-length transcripts (GSTM1 and GSTM2). A biomarker panel based on 20 exons attained an improved 90% accuracy in the test subset. Though further refinement and replication of these biomarker profiles are required, these preliminary results provide proof-of-principle for the diagnostic utility of blood-based mRNA-expression in PTSD among trauma-exposed individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Genes, *Military Deployment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Blood, Etiology, Lymphocytes","Tylee, Daniel S., Chandler, Sharon D., Nievergelt, Caroline M., Liu, Xiaohua, Pazol, Joel, Woelk, Christopher H., Lohr, James B., Kremen, William S., Baker, Dewleen G., Glatt, Stephen J., Tsuang, Ming T.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5583,Blood-based gene-expression biomarkers of post-traumatic stress disorder among deployed marines: A pilot study,"The etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) likely involves the interaction of numerous genes and environmental factors. Similarly, gene-expression levels in peripheral blood are influenced by both genes and environment, and expression levels of many genes show good correspondence between peripheral blood and brain tissues. In that context, this pilot study sought to test the following hypotheses: (1) post-trauma expression levels of a gene subset in peripheral blood would differ between Marines with and without PTSD; (2) a diagnostic biomarker panel of PTSD among high-risk individuals could be developed based on gene-expression in readily assessable peripheral blood cells; and (3) a diagnostic panel based on expression of individual exons would surpass the accuracy of a model based on expression of full-length gene transcripts. Gene-expression levels in peripheral blood samples from 50 U.S. Marines (25 PTSD cases and 25 non-PTSD comparison subjects) were determined by microarray following their return from deployment to war-zones in Iraq or Afghanistan. The original sample was carved into training and test subsets for construction of support vector machine classifiers. The panel of peripheral blood biomarkers achieved 80% prediction accuracy in the test subset based on the expression of just two full-length transcripts (. GSTM1 and GSTM2). A biomarker panel based on 20 exons attained an improved 90% accuracy in the test subset. Though further refinement and replication of these biomarker profiles are required, these preliminary results provide proof-of-principle for the diagnostic utility of blood-based mRNA-expression in PTSD among trauma-exposed individuals. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Alternative splicing, Antioxidant, Biomarker, Diagnosis, Microarray, MRNA, Oxidative stress, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Transcriptome, Trauma","Tylee, D. S., Chandler, S. D., Nievergelt, C. M., Liu, X., Pazol, J., Woelk, C. H., Lohr, J. B., Kremen, W. S., Baker, D. G., Glatt, S. J., Tsuang, M. T., Litz, B. T., Nash, W. P., Geyer, M. A., Hammer, P. S., Larsen, G. E., ""OConnor, D. T."", Risbrough, V. B., Schork, N. J., Vasterling, J. J., Webb-Murphy, J. A.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.024,0,0,5582
5584,The concept of nomogenic disorders,"The term 'nomogenic disorders' has been coined for psychopathological conditions created, enhanced, and perpetuated by the law and its application, and for the psychological and social consequences of the law and the way it affects the course of the disease process. Questions are raised regarding the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of this cluster of disorders. Conditions paradigmatic of nomogenic disorder are presented. Emphasis is placed on the historical development of traumatic neuroses, as they are at present the most frequently encountered nomogenic condition. The clinical and theoretical importance of the concept of nomogenesis is discussed.",,"Tyndel, M., Egit, M.",1988.0,,,0,0,
5585,Medico-social aspects of workplace psychological terror,"The content of psychological terror at the work place, known as mobbing is introduced. It means systematical prolonged hostile inethical communication and maltreatment of an individual by one or more persons resulting in considerable psychological, psychosomatic and social disorders, work expulsion. The article regards mobbing in the context of medical and psychological stress research. Typology of harassment activities is presented according to the effects on the victims. Consequences for society, organization and the individual, developing post-traumatic stress syndrome are analyzed. Based on representative Swedish epidemiological studies work organization and poor conflict management are discussed and conclusions for prevention drawn.",,"Tzenova, B.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5586,Epigenetic and immune function profiles associated with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The biologic underpinnings of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not been fully elucidated. Previous work suggests that alterations in the immune system are characteristic of the disorder. Identifying the biologic mechanisms by which such alterations occur could provide fundamental insights into the etiology and treatment of PTSD. Here we identify specific epigenetic profiles underlying immune system changes associated with PTSD. Using blood samples (n = 100) obtained froman ongoing, prospective epidemiologic study in Detroit, theDetroit Neighborhood Health Study, we applied methylation microarrays to assay CpG sites from more than 14,000 genes among 23 PTSD-affected and 77 PTSD-unaffected individuals. We show that immune system functions are significantly over represented among the annotations associated with genes uniquely unmethylated among those with PTSD. We further demonstrate that genes whose methylation levels are significantly and negatively correlated with traumatic burden show a similar strong signal of immune function among the PTSD affected. The observed epigenetic variability in immune function by PTSD is corroborated using an independent biologic marker of immune response to infection, CMV - a typically latent herpes virus whose activity was significantly higher among those with PTSD. This report of peripheral epigenomic and CMV profiles associated with mental illness suggests a biologic model of PTSD etiology in which an externally experienced traumatic event induces down stream alterations in immune function by reducing methylation levels of immune-related genes.","Cumulative trauma, Cytomegalovirus, Epidemiology, Methylation, Psychiatry","Uddin, M., Aiello, A. E., Wildman, D. E., Koenen, K. C., Pawelec, G., De Los Santos, R., Goldmann, E., Galea, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5587,Epigenetic signatures may explain the relationship between socioeconomic position and risk of mental illness: Preliminary findings from an urban community-based sample,"Low socioeconomic position (SEP) has previously been linked to a number of negative health indicators, including poor mental health. The biologic mechanisms linking SEP and mental health remain poorly understood. Recent work suggests that social exposures influence DNA methylation in a manner salient to mental health. We conducted a pilot investigation to assess whether SEP, measured as educational attainment, modifies the association between genomic methylation profiles and traumatic stress in a trauma-exposed sample. Results show that methylation × SEP interactions occur preferentially in genes pertaining to nervous system function, suggesting a plausible biological pathway by which SEP may enhance sensitivity to stress and, in turn, risk of posttraumatic stress disorder.[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Biodemography and Social Biology for the following free supplemental resource: Supplementary tables of full model and functional annotation clustering results.] Copyright © Society for Biodemography and Social Biology.",,"Uddin, M., Galea, S., Chang, S. C., Koenen, K. C., Goldmann, E., Wildman, D. E., Aiello, A. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5588,Epigenetic profiles associated with psychopathology in a community-based epidemiologic sample,"Background: Recent work suggests epigenetic differences may contribute to the etiology of psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate whether methylation profiles can distinguish between individuals with and without lifetime psychopathology in a community-based epidemiologic sample. Methods: Using whole blood-derived genomic DNA from a subset (n = 100) of participants in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study, we assessed genome-wide methylation microarray profiles in individuals affected by lifetime PTSD (n = 23) and lifetime depression (n = 33), respectively. Bioinformatic analyses were performed on the genes uniquely methylated and unmethylated in each group. Results: Individuals with PTSD showed epigenomic profiles characterized by decreased methylation in immune system-related genes and increased methylation in gene clusters involved in neurogenesis and sensory perception of sound. Among individuals with depression, epigenomic profiles were characterized by decreased methylation in lipoprotein-related gene sets and increased methylation in gene sets involved in brain development and tryptophan metabolism. For both disorders, epigenomic profiles were associated with disease classes predominated by psychopathologic conditions among the unmethylated gene sets identified from PTSD-and depression-free individuals, respectively, suggesting that individuals with these conditions possess higher methylation levels in these psychopathology-associated gene sets. Conclusion: Genome-wide methylation profiles distinguish individuals affected by psychopathology in a manner consistent with functions previously implicated in the etiology of these disorders.","lipoprotein, genomic DNA, DNA, mental disease, public health, mental health, community, methylation, gene, lifespan, posttraumatic stress disorder, etiology, genome, immune system, gene cluster, brain development, nervous system development, health, blood, tryptophan metabolism","Uddin, M., Koenen, K. C., Aiello, A. E., Wildman, D. E., De Los Santos, R., Galea, S.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5589,Risk factors for long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: Predictors of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,"Examines risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and its severity and chronicity, in a group of 217 young adults (aged 11-17 yrs) who survived a shipping disaster in adolescence. The survivors were followed up 5-8 years after the disaster. Risk factors examined fell into 3 main categories: pre-disaster child and family vulnerability factors; objective and subjective disaster-related experiences; and post-disaster factors. Developing PTSD following the disaster was significantly associated with being female, with pre-disaster factors of learning and psychological difficulties in the child and violence in the home, with severity of exposure to the disaster, survivors' subjective appraisal of the experience, adjustment in the early post-disaster period, and life events and social supports subsequently. Measures of the degree of exposure to the disaster and of subjective appraisal of life threat, and ratings of anxiety obtained 5 mo post-disaster, best predicted whether survivors developed PTSD. For those survivors who developed PTSD, its duration and severity were best predicted by pre-disaster vulnerability factors of social, physical, and psychological difficulties in childhood together with ratings of depression obtained 5 mo post-disaster. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Risk Factors, *Susceptibility (Disorders), Human Sex Differences, Prediction, Survivors","Udwin, Orlee, Boyle, Stephanie, Yule, William, Bolton, Derek, ""ORyan, Dominic""",2000.0,,,0,0,
5590,Early and delayed onset of response to antidepressants in individual trajectories of change during treatment of major depression: A secondary analysis of data from the genome-based therapeutic drugs for depression (GENDEP) study,,,"Uher, R., Mors, O., Rietschel, M., Rajewska-Rager, A., Petrovic, A., Zobel, A., Henigsberg, N., Mendlewicz, J., Aitchison, K. J., Farmer, A., McGuffin, P.",2011.0,,10.4088/JCP.10m06419,0,0,
5591,The association between latent depression subtypes and remission after treatment with citalopram: A latent class analysis with distal outcome,"BACKGROUND: The objectives were to characterize latent depression subtypes by symptoms, evaluate sex differences in and examine correlates of these subtypes, and examine the association between subtype and symptom remission after citalopram treatment. METHODS: Latent class analysis was applied to baseline data from 2772 participants in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression trial. Indicators were from the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Separate multinomial logistic models identified correlates of subtypes and the association between subtype and the distal outcome of remission. RESULTS: Four latent subtypes were identified: Mild (men: 37%, women: 27%), Moderate (men: 24%, women: 21%), Severe with Increased Appetite (men: 13%, women: 22%), and Severe with Insomnia (men: 26%, women: 31%). Generalized anxiety disorder, bulimia, and social phobia were correlated with Severe with Increased Appetite and generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social phobia with Severe with Insomnia. Relative to those with the Mild subtype, those with Severe with Increased Appetite (odds ratiomen (OR): 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-0.92; OR women: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.86) and those with Severe Depression with Insomnia (ORmen: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.41-1.02; ORwomen: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.32-0.64) were less likely to achieve remission. LIMITATIONS: The sample size limited exploration of higher order interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia and increased appetite distinguished latent subtypes. Sex and psychiatric comorbidities differed between the subtypes. Remission was less likely for those with the severe depression subtypes. Sleep disturbances, appetite changes, and other mental disorders may play a role in the etiology and treatment of depression.","Clinical trials, Latent class analysis with distal outcome, Major depression, Subgroups","Ulbricht, C. M., Rothschild, A. J., Lapane, K. L.",2015.0,Dec 1,10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.039,0,0,
5592,Subgroups of depression in the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR∗D) study: A latent class analysis,"Background: Major depression varies widely. This is likely partially explained by non-specific symptomatology and variability in severity and trajectory of depression. Understanding this heterogeneity and delineating subgroups of depression is necessary to identify predictors of response and ultimately to provide precision medicine for depression. Objectives: The study aimed to characterize the subtypes of major depression, evaluate gender differences in subtypes, and examine sociodemographic and clinical correlates of each subtype. Methods: Latent class analysis was applied to baseline data from 2861 participants in Level 1 of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR∗D) trial. Individual DSM-IV criterion symptoms for major depression from the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16) were used as indicators of the latent depression subtype variable. Multinomial logistic models identified the correlates of latent classes (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)). Results: Four latent classes were identified: mild (women: 38%, men: 27%, p<0.01), moderate (women: 20%, men: 24%, p=0.10), severe with increased appetite (men: 12%, women: 22%, p<0.01), and severe with insomnia (women: 31%, men: 26%, p=0.01). Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (aORwomen: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.06-2.85), bulimia (aORwomen: 5.44; 95%CI: 3.28-9.03; aORmen: 12.60; 95%CI: 5.40-29.43), and social phobia (aORwomen: 3.70; 95%CI: 2.36-5.80; aORmen: 3.29; 95%CI: 1.74-6.23) were correlated with severe with increased appetite. Generalized anxiety disorder (aORwomen: 2.89; 95%CI: 1.91-4.39; aORmen: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.22-3.42), post-traumatic stress disorder (aORwomen: 2.29; 95%CI: 1.50-3.49; aORmen: 1.94; 95%CI: 1.20-3.13), and social phobia (aORwomen: 2.43; 95%CI: 1.61-6.67) were correlated with severe with insomnia. Conclusions: Insomnia and increased appetite distinguished the subtypes of depression. Anxiety disorders and other psychiatric comorbidities also differed between subtypes. These results suggest that sleep disturbances, metabolic changes, and other mental disorders may play a role in the etiology and treatment of depression.","bulimia, clinical trial, comorbidity, confidence interval, DSM-IV, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, increased appetite, insomnia, major clinical study, major depression, male, model, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk, sex difference, social phobia, statistical model","Ulbricht, C. M., Rothschild, A. J., Lapane, K. L.",2015.0,,,0,1,
5593,Emotion regulation profiles in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures,"Background: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are frequently encountered in epilepsy referral centers, yet there is limited understanding of the emotion processing style in this psychiatrically heterogeneous population. Understanding profiles of emotion regulation in PNES will provide further evidence of the psychogenic nature of the disorder and will potentially inform psychotherapeutic interventions. Methods: Fifty-five patients with PNES underwent a neuropsychiatric evaluation and completed self-report questionnaires that measured difficulties in emotion regulation, psychopathology severity and quality of life. Results: Through the use of cluster analysis, two groups were identified; Cluster 1 represented a highly emotion dysregulated group while Cluster 2 represented a low emotion dysregulated group. Additional analyses revealed that each group significantly differed from normative data. Finally, Cluster 1 was significantly associated with several measures of psychiatric symptoms, higher rates of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and impairment in quality of life. Conclusions: These findings suggest that patients with PNES may be subject to high levels of emotion dysregulation, severe psychiatric symptomatology and impaired quality of life, or to low emotion dysregulation characterized by emotional unawareness or avoidance. These profiles clearly differ from normative data regarding emotion regulation and their identification may help tailor psychotherapeutic interventions. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.","Conversion disorder, Emotion regulation, Nonepileptic seizures","Uliaszek, A. A., Prensky, E., Baslet, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5594,"Adult trauma survivors and post-traumatic stress sequelae: An analysis of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal criteria","Conducted a randomized community survey of 2,364 Los Angeles residents from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study to examine the relationship of traumatic events to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III (DSM-III) criteria symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ss were aged 42 yrs on average, and 54% were women. PTSD symptoms were assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed that both demographic factors and the type of traumatic event influenced respondents' reports of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms after the event. Younger adults reported more PTSD symptoms, while women reported more reexperiencing and arousal, suggesting these groups are at greater risk for PTSD. Symptoms were also higher for victims of sexual and physical assault and those with war-related experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Epidemiology","Ullman, Sarah E.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5595,"Child sexual abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use: Predictors of revictimization in adult sexual assault survivors","This study examined the unique effects of child sexual abuse simultaneously with post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, problem drinking, and illicit drug use in relation to sexual revictimization in a community sample of female adult sexual assault victims. Participants (N = 555) completed two surveys a year apart. Child sexual abuse predicted more post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adult sexual assault victims. Post-traumatic stress disorder numbing symptoms directly predicted revictimization, whereas other post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal) were related to problem drinking, which in turn predicted revictimization. Thus, numbing symptoms and problem drinking may be independent risk factors for sexual revictimization in adult sexual assault victims, particularly for women with a history of childhood sexual abuse.","Child sexual abuse, PTSD, Rape, Sexual revictimization, Substance use","Ullman, S. E., Najdowski, C. J., Filipas, H. H.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5596,"Longitudinal Relationships of Social Reactions, PTSD, and Revictimization in Sexual Assault Survivors","Sexual assault survivors receive various positive and negative social reactions to assault disclosures, yet little is known about the directionality of associations of social reactions to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over time. Data from a large, diverse sample of women who had experienced adult sexual assault was analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine how negative and positive reactions relate to PTSD symptoms over 3 years and to test the hypothesis that the relationship between negative social reactions and PTSD symptoms is reciprocal. We found that, as predicted, social reactions predicted subsequent PTSD symptoms, and in turn PTSD symptoms predicted subsequent social reactions. We also investigated the role of sexual revictimization by comparing women who suffered (vs. not) additional sexual victimization during the course of our study. Revictimized women had greater PTSD symptoms and more negative social reactions, but associations of social reactions with PTSD symptoms did not vary according to revictimization status. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2014, © The Author(s) 2014.","longitudinal, PTSD symptoms, revictimization, sexual assault, social reactions","Ullman, S. E., Peter-Hagene, L. C.",2016.0,,10.1177/0886260514564069,0,0,
5597,Possible cultural effects on the increments of somatic symptoms in subjectively resilient depressed patients,"Introduction: While previous literatures have provided substantial evidence on the burden of somatic symptoms and the prognostic value of resilience in the treatment course of depression, little is speculated on the relationship between resilience and somatic symptoms in depressed patients. We aimed to clarify the relationship between resilience and somatic symptoms in depressed patients retrospectively. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-four outpatients with depressive disorders participated in the study and completed self-administered questionnaires regarding demographic, clinical and psychological factors. We divided the patients into four groups based on their scores of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The partial correlation analysis was implemented to show the relationship between somatic symptoms and resilience after controlling for depression, and one-way analysis of variance was conducted to demonstrate the differences in somatization scores of Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised in the aforementioned four groups. Results: After the correlation analysis, somatization was significantly correlated with resilience even after controlling for depressive symptoms. The one-way analysis of vairance and post-hoc analysis revealed statistically significant differences in somatization scores between the four groups, with the high Beck Depression Inventory, high Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale group having the highest somatization scores. Discussion: Striving to be resilient during the peak of depression, cultural factors and positive illusions of depressed patients can result in high resilience scores and high somatization scores in depressed patients, and such clinical implications would help clinicians evaluate resilience and somatization in depressed patients with multidimensional aspects. © 2014 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.","Depression, Psychological resilience, Repression, Somatization","Um, Y. H., Huh, H. J., Kim, S. Y., Chae, J. H.",2014.0,,10.1111/appy.12143,0,0,
5598,"The Effects of Age, Gender, Hopelessness, and Exposure to Violence on Sleep Disorder Symptoms and Daytime Sleepiness Among Adolescents in Impoverished Neighborhoods","Although sleep problems are associated with negative outcomes among adolescents, studies have not focused on sleep disorder symptoms among adolescents living in impoverished neighborhoods and how sleep problems may be related to two factors common in those environments: hopelessness and exposure to violence. This study used data from the longitudinal Mobile Youth Survey (MYS; N = 11,838, 49 % female, 93 % African-American) to examine trajectories of sleep problems by age (10-18 years) among impoverished adolescents as a function of gender, feelings of hopelessness, and exposure to violence. The results indicate that sleep problems associated with traumatic stress decline with age, with four notable distinctions. First, the steepest decline occurs during the early adolescent years. Second, the rate of decline is steeper for males than for females. Third, exposure to violence impedes the rate of decline for all adolescents, but more dramatically for females than for males. Fourth, the rate of decline is smallest for adolescents with feelings of hopelessness who also had been exposed to violence. To explore the generalizability of these results to other types of sleep disorders, we analyzed cross-sectional data collected from a subsample of 14- and 15-year-old MYS participants (N = 263, 49 % female, 100 % African-American) who completed a sleep symptoms questionnaire. Four results from the cross-sectional analysis extend the findings of the longitudinal analysis. First, the cross-sectional results showed that symptoms of apnea, insomnia, nightmares, and restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder (RLS/PLMD), as well as daytime sleepiness, increase as a function of hopelessness. Second, symptoms of insomnia, RLS, and nightmares, as well as daytime sleepiness, increase as function of exposure to violence. Third, symptoms of insomnia and RLS/PLMD are greater under conditions of combined hopelessness and exposure to violence than for either condition alone. Fourth, symptoms of RLS/PLMD are worst for females who have been exposed to violence and experience hopelessness. Overall, the findings suggest that hopelessness and exposure to violence have negative independent and multiplicative effects on adolescent sleep, particularly for females. Understanding the causal factors associated with inadequate sleep in impoverished adolescents is important for three reasons. First, sleep is an important aspect of adolescent development. Second, inadequate sleep has severe consequences for adolescent morbidity, mortality, and overall quality of life. Third, impoverished adolescents are at the most severe risk for poor outcomes, and improvement in their sleep may produce large gains. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Adolescence, Hopelessness, Poverty, Sleep, Stress, Violence","Umlauf, M. G., Bolland, A. C., Bolland, K. A., Tomek, S., Bolland, J. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5599,"Resilience, Trauma, Context, and Culture","This article reviews the relationship between factors associated with resilience, and aspects of the individual's social ecology (environment) that promote and protect against the negative impact of exposure to traumatic events. It is shown that the Environment × Individual interactions related to resilience can be understood using three principles: (1) Resilience is not as much an individual construct as it is a quality of the environment and its capacity to facilitate growth (nurture trumps nature); (2) resilience looks both the same and different within and between populations, with the mechanisms that predict positive growth sensitive to individual, contextual, and cultural variation (differential impact); and (3) the impact that any single factor has on resilience differs by the amount of risk exposure, with the mechanisms that protect against the impact of trauma showing contextual and cultural specificity for particular individuals (cultural variation). A definition of resilience is provided that highlights the need for environments to facilitate the navigations and negotiations of individuals for the resources they need to cope with adversity. The relative nature of resilience is discussed, emphasizing that resilience can manifest as either prosocial behaviors or pathological adaptation depending on the quality of the environment. © The Author(s) 2013.","culture, environment, pathological adaptation, prosociality, resilience, social ecology, trauma","Ungar, M.",2013.0,,10.1177/1524838013487805,0,0,
5600,Post-Acute Polytrauma Rehabilitation and Integrated Care of Returning Veterans: Toward a Holistic Approach,"Throughout the history of war, exposure to combat has been associated with clusters of physical and psychological symptoms labeled in various ways, from ""hysteria"" to ""shell shock"" in World War I to ""polytrauma"" in Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Objective: To describe the historical conceptualizations of combat injury and the ways they are relevant to developing current rehabilitation strategies, discuss the symptom complex presented by OEF/OIF veterans, and describe key elements and principles of holistic, integrated care for post-acute OEF/OIF veterans. Conclusions: A conceptualization of rehabilitation recognizing a final common pathway of functional disability and suffering is proposed, and both systematic and treatment-specific aspects at the core of a veteran-centered holistic approach are discussed. © 2009 American Psychological Association.","brain injuries, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, rehabilitation, stress disorders, war","Uomoto, J. M., Williams, R. M.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5601,Acute and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims,,,"Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Epstein, R. S., Crowley, B., Kao, T. C., Vance, K., Craig, K. J., Dougall, A. L., Baum, A.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5602,Posttraumatic stress disorder and identification in disaster workers,,,"Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Vance, K., Kao, T. C.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5603,"Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs) in children and adolescents: Prescription, efficacy, safety and open questions","Objectives: In children and adolescents, antipsychotics are being used in large and increasing quantities for a wide range of disorders and psychopathology, including psychotic, mood, and disruptive behaviour disorders, as well as to treat irritability associated with autism, tic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and aggression. Both in Europe and in the US, however, the majority of these clinical uses are off-label and they exceed the available database regarding efficacy and safety. Aim of this article is to succinctly review available data on antipsychotic efficacy and adverse effects in children and adolescents and provide a general guide for the evaluation and management of antipsychotic-related efficacy and adverse effects. Methods: Medline and PubMed (1970-2008) databases were searched for articles using keywords like child, adolescent, antipsychotics, clozapine, risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole and the like; English language, humans and clinical trials were used as limits. Papers addressing double-blind studies were firstly considered as main source of information, open label studies and reviews only when appropriate. Results: Currently available evidence indicates an increase in the use of SGAs in paediatric population, with different antipsychotics showing similar efficacies (except clozapine for treatment-resistant early onset schizophrenia) with different tolerability/safetyprofiles (i.e., weight gain and metabolic syndrome with olanzapine, hyperprolactinaemia with risperidone). Although more data are needed, children and adolescents seem generally more susceptible than adults to develop sedation, acute EPSs, withdrawal dyskinesia, hyperprolactinaemia, and age-inappropriate weight gain with related metabolic abnormalities. Given the paucity of data (especially in the long term) it is difficult to conduct a careful risk-benefit assessment when choosing an antipsychotic treatment. Families and patients should be involved in the process of selecting appropriate treatments for each patient. Conclusions: Clinicians and researchers should use age appropriate side effect measures that also take severity and time course of adverse effects into account to help assessing and managing more comprehensively antipsychotic risks and benefits in a given individual. Safety and efficacy data should inform a careful antipsychotic selection that takes general probabilities and patient/family preferences into account. Adverse effects are generally more easily predicted than therapeutic efficacy and differences in efficacy between antipsychotics are generally smaller than those for adverse effects: initial treatment selection should be guided largely by varying adverse effect profiles across medications.","Adolescents, Aggression, Children, Juvenile mania, Pervasive developmental disorders, Schizophrenia, Unmet needs","Usala, T., Lecca, L., Zuddas, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5604,The clinical and cost effectiveness of group art therapy for people with non-psychotic mental health disorders: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis,"Background: The majority of mental health problems are non-psychotic (e.g., depression, anxiety, and phobias). For some people, art therapy may be a more acceptable alternative form of psychological therapy than standard forms of treatment, such as talking therapies. This study was part of a health technology assessment commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research, UK and aimed to systematically appraise the clinical and cost-effective evidence for art therapy for people with non-psychotic mental health disorders. Methods: Comprehensive literature searches for studies examining art therapy in populations with non-psychotic mental health disorders were performed in May 2013. A quantitative systematic review of clinical effectiveness and a systematic review of studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of group art therapy were conducted. Results: Eleven randomised controlled trials were included (533 patients). Meta-analysis was not possible due to clinical heterogeneity and insufficient comparable data on outcome measures across studies. The control groups varied between studies but included: no treatment/wait-list, attention placebo controls and psychological therapy comparators. Art therapy was associated with significant positive changes relative to the control group in mental health symptoms in 7 of the 11 studies. A de novo model was constructed and populated with data identified from the clinical review. Scenario analyses were conducted allowing comparisons of group art therapy with wait-list control and group art therapy with group verbal therapy. Group art-therapy appeared cost-effective compared with wait-list control with high certainty although generalisability to the target population was unclear; group verbal therapy appeared more cost-effective than art therapy but there was considerable uncertainty and a sizeable probability that art therapy was more cost effective. Conclusions: From the limited available evidence art therapy was associated with positive effects compared with control in a number of studies in patients with different clinical profiles. The included trials were generally of poor quality and are therefore likely to be at high risk of bias. Art therapy appeared to be cost-effective versus wait-list but further studies are needed to confirm this finding in the target population. There was insufficient evidence to make an informed comparison of the cost-effectiveness of group art therapy with group verbal therapy. © 2015 Uttley et al.","Art therapy, Cost-effectiveness, Health technology assessment, Mental health disorders, Psychological therapy, Systematic review","Uttley, L., Stevenson, M., Scope, A., Rawdin, A., Sutton, A.",2015.0,,10.1186/s12888-015-0528-4,0,0,
5605,Occurrence of delayed-onset post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies,"Objective Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops according to consensus criteria within the first 1-6 months after a horrifying traumatic event, but it is alleged that PTSD may develop later. The objective was to review the evidence addressing occurrence of PTSD with onset >6 months after a traumatic event (delayed-onset PTSD). Methods Through a systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, we identified 39 studies with prospective ascertainment of PTSD. A meta-analysis was performed in order to obtain a weighted estimate of the average proportion of delayed-onset PTSD cases, and meta-regression was used to examine effects of several characteristics. Results Delayed-onset PTSD was reported in all studies except one, and the average prevalence across all follow-up time was 5.6% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.3-7.3%]. The proportion with delayed-onset PTSD relative to all cases of PTSD was on average 24.5% (95% CI 19.5-30.3%) with large variation across studies. In six studies with sub-threshold symptom data, delayed-onset PTSD seemed most likely an aggravation of early symptoms. The proportion with delayed-onset PTSD was almost twice as high among veterans and other professional groups compared to non-professional victims. Conclusion Descriptive follow-up data suggest that PTSD may manifest itself >6 months after a traumatic event, delayed-onset PTSD most often, if not always, is preceded by sub-threshold PTSD symptoms, and a higher proportion of PTSD cases are delayed among professional groups. Contextual factors and biased recall may inflate reporting of PTSD and a cautious interpretation of prevalence rates seems prudent.","Accident, Catastrophe, Deployment, Disaster, Mental disease, PTSD, Trajectory","Utzon-Frank, N., Breinegaard, N., Bertelsen, M., Borritz, M., Eller, N. H., Nordentoft, M., Olesen, K., Rod, N. H., Rugulies, R., Bonde, J. P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5606,Long-term mental health of Vietnamese refugees in the aftermath of trauma,"Background: There is no long-term prospective study (&gt;20 years) of the mental health of any refugee group. Aims: To investigate the long-term course and predictors of psychological distress among Vietnamese refugees in Norway. Method: Eighty Vietnamese refugees, 57% of the original cohort previously interviewed in 1982 (T 1) and 1985 (T 2), completed a self-report questionnaire prior to a semi-structured interview. Mental health was measured using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Results: The SCL-90-R mean Global Severity Index (GSI) decreased significantly from T 1 to T 3 (2005-6), but there was no significant change in the percentage reaching threshold scores (GSI =1.00). Trauma-related mental disorder on arrival and the trajectory of symptoms over the first 3 years of resettlement predicted mental health after 23 years. Conclusions: Although the self-reported psychological distress decreased significantly over time, a substantial higher proportion of the refugee group still remained reaching threshold scores after 23 years of resettlement compared with the Norwegian population. The data suggest that refugees reaching threshold scores on measures such as the SCL-90-R soon after arrival warrant comprehensive clinical assessment.",,"Vaage, A. B., Thomsen, P. H., Silove, D., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Van Ta, T., Hauff, E.",2010.0,,,0,1,
5607,Psychosocial risk factors in women: Special reference to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Women have a higher susceptibility than men to a set of psychosocial factors that have been linked to increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), such as depression, early life adversities, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this chapter we discuss the notion that these psychosocial risk factors, particularly if they are present at young age, may set a trajectory of increased IHD risk in women, even though clinical events may occur years later Emerging data suggest that young women are uniquely susceptible to the adverse cardiovascular effects psychosocial stress, which can result in earlier onset of IHD or more adverse prognosis if the disease is already manifest. Women's vulnerability to psychosocial stress could also play a role in sex differences in the pathophysiology of IHD; for example it could help explain their higher propensity to abnormal coronary vasomotion and micro-vascular disease, which has been described in women compared with men. Young women are severely under-represented in studies of cardiovascular disease. In future research, it will be crucial to study women earlier in their life to better understand the risk pathways linking psychosocial stress to IHD risk, in order to devise successful preventive and treatment strategies to ameliorate such risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Human Females, Human Sex Differences","Vaccarino, Viola",2015.0,,,0,0,101
5608,Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with higher C-reactive protein levels,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Increased inflammation, through disruption of neuroendocrine systems, could be implicated, but limited data are available on the link between PTSD and inflammation. In a twin study of military veterans we tested the hypothesis that twins with PTSD had higher plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers than their twin brothers without PTSD after adjusting for cardiovascular and behavioral factors. Methods: We examined 510 monozygotic and dizygotic middle-aged male twins (255 pairs), mean age 55 yr (range 47-61) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Analyses were conducted on log-transformed biomarker data using mixed effects regression to account for pair cluster and to separate between- and within-pair effects. Results: Of 510 twins, 69 had a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and 35 had current PTSD. PTSD was associated with increasing CRP levels. Mean CRP levels were lowest in twins with no diagnosis of PTSD (2.5 mg/L) and highest in those with current PTSD (5.1 mg/L); those with lifetime, but no current PTSD, had a intermediate mean CRP level (3.7 mg/L) (p=0.005). Differences were attenuated but remained significant (p=0.02) after adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors, BMI, previous CVD, major depression, and history of substance abuse. Within 29 pairs discordant for current PTSD, after adjusting for the same factors, the twins with current PTSD had 69% higher CRP than their brother without PTSD (p=0.02). Results did not differ significantly by zygosity. There were no differences in IL-6 levels based on PTSD status. Conclusion: PTSD, particularly a current episode, is associated with elevated CRP. Enhanced inflammation may be a mechanism for increased risk of somatic disorders, including CVD, in persons with PTSD.","C reactive protein, interleukin 6, biological marker, posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiology, college, twins, inflammation, lifespan, diagnosis, blood level, army, veteran, hypothesis, middle aged, male, Viet Nam, psychiatric diagnosis, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, cardiovascular risk, risk factor, major depression, substance abuse, zygosity, risk, cardiovascular disease, neuroendocrine system, register","Vaccarino, V., Bremner, J. D., Afzal, N., Veledar, E., Goldberg, J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5609,Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type-2 diabetes: Aprospective twin study,"Growing evidence has linked posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes, but most previous studies were cross-sectional. We examined the association between PTSD and incidence of diabetes in a prospective study of middle-aged male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Lifetime PTSD was diagnosed at baseline with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) according to DSM-III-R criteria. Subthreshold PTSD was defined by meeting some, but not all, criteria for PTSD. A total of 4340 respondents without self-reported diabetes at baseline were included. Of these, 658 reported a new diagnosis of treated diabetes over a median of 19.4 years of follow-up. At baseline, twins with PTSD showed more behavioral and metabolic risk factors such as overweight and hypertension. The age-adjusted cumulative incidence of diabetes was significantly higher in twins with PTSD (18.9%) than those without PTSD (14.4%), [odds ratio (OR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.8], and intermediate in those with subthreshold PTSD (16.4%) (OR=1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.5, p for trend=0.03). Adjustment for military, lifestyle and metabolic factors diminished the association. No significant association was found comparing twin pairs discordant for PTSD. In conclusion, PTSD was prospectively associated with a 40% increased risk of new-onset type-2 diabetes which was partially explained by a cluster of metabolic and behavioral risk factors known to influence insulin resistance. Shared biological or behavioral precursors which occur within families may lead to both PTSD and insulin resistance/diabetes. Thus, PTSD could be a marker of neuroendocrine and metabolic dysregulation which may lead to type-2 diabetes. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Diabetes, Epidemiology, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Stress, Twin studies","Vaccarino, V., Goldberg, J., Magruder, K. M., Forsberg, C. W., Friedman, M. J., Litz, B. T., Heagerty, P. J., Huang, G. D., Gleason, T. C., Smith, N. L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5610,Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of coronary heart disease,"Background. It has long been hypothesized that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) but empirical evidence is limited. Methods. We conducted a prospective study of PTSD and CHD in monozygotic and dizygotic middle-aged male twins part of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Lifetime diagnoses of PTSD and major depression were assessed at baseline in 1990-1991 with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Among twin pairs free of CHD at baseline, we selected three groups: 1) pairs discordant for PTSD, 2) pairs discordant for major depression (which is comorbid with PTSD), 3) pairs without a history of depression or PTSD. These pairs underwent a follow-up clinic visit for outcome assessment at Emory University between 2002-2010 (median follow-up 15 years). Outcomes included a CHD history (previous myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and coronary revascularization) and myocardial perfusion abnormalities by means of [N13] positron emission tomography. Cardiac imaging was done at rest and after adenosine stress; a stress total severity score (STSS) quantified perfusion abnormalities. GEE and mixed models were used to account for pair cluster and to separate between-and within-pair effects. Results. A total of 534 twins (267 pairs) were included. Of these, 112 were discordant for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD at baseline. The mean age at follow-up was 55 yr (range 47-64) and 59 (22%) had developed CHD since baseline. History of ever smoking, depression and substance abuse, and lower levels of physical activity, were more common in twins with PTSD than those without, but other CHD risk factors were similar. The incidence of CHD was doubled in twins with PTSD (18.1%) compared to those without (8.8%), relative risk (RR)=2.1, p=0.004. The association was attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for major depression, ever smoking, substance abuse and other behavioral factors (RR= 1.59, p=0.04). STSS by PET was also higher in twins with PTSD than those without, denoting more perfusion defects. Within pairs, the adjusted mean STSS was 131 in twins without PTSD and 179 in their brothers with PTSD (p=0.01). Conclusions. Among Vietnam era veterans, PTSD is associated with increased risk of CHD and with abnormal myocardial perfusion, an objective measure of CHD.","adenosine, posttraumatic stress disorder, society, psychosomatics, ischemic heart disease, twins, follow up, major depression, diagnosis, risk, Viet Nam, perfusion, risk factor, smoking, substance abuse, lifespan, heart muscle perfusion, heart muscle revascularization, positron emission tomography, cardiac imaging, model, physical activity, veteran, prospective study, middle aged, male, register, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, hospital, outcome assessment, university, heart infarction, unstable angina pectoris","Vaccarino, V., Goldberg, J., Rooks, C., Shah, A., Veledar, E., Smith, N. L., Bremner, J. D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5611,The relative contributions of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression to coronary heart disease risk: A prospective twin study,"Background. Growing evidence suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). PTSD, however, is highly comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD), an established risk factor for CHD. We sought to determine the relative contributions of PTSD and MDD on CHD risk. Methods. We conducted a prospective study of monozygotic and dizygotic middle-aged male twins part of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Lifetime diagnoses of PTSD and MDD were assessed at baseline in 1990-1991 with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Among twin pairs free of CHD at baseline, we selected three groups: 1) pairs discordant for PTSD, 2) pairs discordant for major depression, 3) pairs without a history of depression or PTSD. These pairs underwent a follow-up clinic visit for outcome assessment at Emory University between 2002-2010 (median follow-up 15 years). Outcomes included a CHD history (previous myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and coronary revascularization) and myocardial perfusion abnormalities by means of [N13] positron emission tomography; a stress total severity score (STSS) quantified perfusion abnormalities. GEE and mixed models were used to account for pair cluster and to separate between- and within-pair effects. Results. A total of 540 twins (270 pairs) were included, with mean age at baseline of 41 yr (range 34-48). Of these, 110 were discordant for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and 109 for MDD. The incidence of CHD was higher in twins with PTSD only (23%) or PTSD+MDD (21%), intermediate for those with MDD only (13%) and lowest for those with neither (8%). When PTSD and MDD were included in the same model, after adjusting for demographic and behavioral factors, the RR for PTSD was 1.89 (p=0.01), and for MDD it was 1.33 (p=0.22). Within discordant twin pairs results were similar. PTSD, but not MDD, was also associated with higher STSS, denoting more perfusion defects. Within pairs, the geometric mean STSS was 63.3 in twins with PTSD and 36.2in their brothers without PTSD (p=0.03). Corresponding results for MDD were 23.7 and 22.2 (p=80). Conclusions. Among Vietnam era veterans, PTSD is a more robust risk factor for CHD than MDD. Comorbidity of PTSD and MDD does not increase the risk associated with PTSD alone.","major depression, ischemic heart disease, risk, twins, psychosomatics, society, posttraumatic stress disorder, diagnosis, human, follow up, perfusion, lifespan, risk factor, model, Viet Nam, heart infarction, university, outcome assessment, register, comorbidity, hospital, veteran, unstable angina pectoris, twin discordance, male, heart muscle perfusion, heart muscle revascularization, positron emission tomography, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, middle aged, prospective study","Vaccarino, V., Shah, A., Rooks, C., Goldberg, J., Bremner, J. D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5612,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and incidence of coronary heart disease","Background. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emerging risk factor for CHD, but is comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD), an established CHD risk factor. We sought to determine the relative contributions of PTSD and MDD to CHD risk. Methods. We conducted a prospective study of monozygotic and dizygotic middle-aged male twins of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Lifetime diagnoses of PTSD and MDD were assessed at baseline in 1990-1991 with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Among twin pairs free of CHD at baseline, we selected three groups: 1) pairs discordant for PTSD, 2) pairs discordant for MDD, 3) pairs without a history of PTSD or MDD. These underwent a follow-up clinic visit and [N13]PET myocardial perfusion imaging between 2002-2010 (median follow-up 15 yr). Outcomes included CHD (previous myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and coronary revascularization) and stress total severity score (STSS) quantifying myocardial perfusion abnormalities. GEE and mixed models were used to account for pair cluster and to separate between- and within-pair effects. Results. A total of 540 twins (270 pairs) were included, with mean age at baseline of 41 yr (range 34-48). Of these, 110 pairs were discordant for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and 109 for MDD. The incidence of CHD was higher in twins with PTSD only (23%) or PTSD and MDD (21%), intermediate for those with MDD only (13%) and lowest for those with neither (8%). When PTSD and MDD were included in the same model adjusting for demographic and behavioral factors, the relative risk for PTSD was 1.9 (p=0.01), and for MDD it was 1.3 (p=0.22). Within twin pair results were similar with RRs of 1.8 (p=0.03) for PTSD and 1.2 (p=0.54) for MDD. PTSD, but not MDD, was also associated with higher STSS, denoting more perfusion defects. The mean STSS was 162 in twins with PTSD and 110 in their brothers without PTSD (p=0.01). Corresponding results for MDD were 115 and 131 (p=0.43). Conclusions. Among Vietnam era veterans, PTSD is a more robust risk factor for CHD than MDD. Comorbidity of PTSD and MDD does not increase the risk associated with PTSD alone.","posttraumatic stress disorder, ischemic heart disease, epidemiology, major depression, medical society, twins, risk factor, lifespan, model, Viet Nam, diagnosis, risk, follow up, perfusion, heart muscle revascularization, heart muscle perfusion, hospital, human, veteran, comorbidity, middle aged, male, register, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, prospective study, myocardial perfusion imaging, heart infarction, unstable angina pectoris","Vaccarino, V., Shah, A., Rooks, C., Veledar, E., Bremner, J. D., Goldberg, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5613,"Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression and incidence of coronary heart disease","Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by a persistent maladaptive reaction resulting from exposure to severe psychological stress. It has long been hypothesized that PTSD increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) but empirical evidence is limited. Additionally, few studies have accounted for the confounding effect of major depression, which often concur with PTSD and is an established CHD risk factor. We sought to determine the relative contributions of PTSD and major depression to CHD risk in a prospective study of twins. Methods. Monozygotic and dizygotic middle-aged male twins included in the study were members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Lifetime diagnoses of PTSD and major depression were assessed at baseline in 1992 with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Among twin pairs free of CHD at baseline, we selected three groups: 1) pairs dis cordant for PTSD, 2) pairs discordant for major depression, 3) pairs without a history of PTSD or major depression. These underwent a follow-up clinic visit and [N13]PET myocardial perfusion imaging between 2002-2010 (median follow-up 15 yr). Outcomes included CHD (previous myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and coronary revascularization) and stress total severity score (STSS) quantifying myocardial perfusion abnormalities. GEE and mixed models were used to account for pair cluster and to separate between- and within-pair effects. Results. A total of 540 twins (270 pairs) were included, with mean age at baseline of 41 yr (range 34-48). Of these, 110 pairs were discordant for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and 109 for major depression. The incidence of CHD was higher in twins with PTSD only (23%) or both PTSD and major depression (21%), intermediate for those with major depression only (13%) and lowest for those with neither (8%). When PTSD and major depression were included in the same model adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors, the relative risk for PTSD was 1.9 (p = 0.01), and for major depression it was 1.3 (p = 0.24). Within twin pair results were similar with RRs of 1.8 (p = 0.03) for PTSD and 1.2 (p = 0.52) for major depression. PTSD, but not major depression, was also associated with higher STSS, denoting more perfusion defects. The mean STSS was almost doubled in twins with PTSD (68.9) than in their brothers without PTSD (38.8), p = 0.01. The difference persisted after adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral factors and major depression. Conclusions. Among Vietnam era veterans, PTSD is a significant risk factor for CHD and a stronger predictor of CHD than major depression. Comorbidity of PTSD and major depression does not increase the risk associated with PTSD alone.","major depression, ischemic heart disease, twins, twin pregnancy, posttraumatic stress disorder, risk, risk factor, diagnosis, model, lifespan, Viet Nam, human, follow up, heart infarction, male, myocardial perfusion imaging, hospital, middle aged, mental stress, prospective study, comorbidity, unstable angina pectoris, perfusion, Diagnostic Interview Schedule, heart muscle perfusion, heart muscle revascularization, veteran, register, exposure","Vaccarino, V., Shah, A., Rooks, C., Veledar, E., Bremner, J. D., Goldberg, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,5612
5614,Patterns of comorbidity among mental disorders: A person-centered approach,"Objective: Comorbidity poses a major challenge to conventional methods of diagnostic classification. Although dimensional models of psychopathology have shed some light on this issue, the reason for interrelationships among dimensions is unclear. The current study employed an alternative approach to characterizing patterns of comorbidity among common mental disorders by modeling them instead as clusters by using latent class analysis (LCA). Method: Latent class analyses of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses from two nationally representative epidemiological samples-the National Comorbidity Survey and National Comorbidity Survey-Replication datasets-were undertaken. Results: Within each dataset, LCA yielded 5 latent classes exhibiting distinctive profiles of diagnostic comorbidity: a fear class (all phobias and panic disorder), a distress class (depression, generalized anxiety disorder, dysthymia), an externalizing class (alcohol and drug dependence, conduct disorder), a multimorbid class (highly elevated rates of all disorders), and a few-disorders class (very low probability of all disorders). Whereas some disorders were relatively specific to certain classes, others (major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia) appeared to be evident across all classes. Profiles for the five classes were highly similar across the two samples. When bipolar I disorder was added to the LCA models, in both samples, it occurred almost exclusively in the multimorbid class. Conclusions: Comorbidity among mental disorders in the general population appears to occur in a finite number of distinct patterns. This finding has important implications for efforts to refine existing diagnostic classification schemes, as well as for research directed at elucidating the etiology of mental disorders. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.",,"Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5615,Who is likely to develop PTSD? A person-centered approach to understanding comorbidity in PTSD,"PTSD exhibits substantial comorbidity with other mental disorders. Whereas dimensional models of psychopathology consider it to be a nulldistressnull disorder alongside major depression, dysthymia, and generalized anxiety disorder (eg, Cox, Clara, & Enns, 2002; Slade & Watson, 2006), others have suggested that there may be internalizing and externalizing variants of PTSD based on cluster analyses of personality measures (eg, Miller, Greif, & Smith, 2003; Miller, Kaloupek, Dillon, & Terrence, 2004). The current study reconciled these perspectives by using latent class analysis (LCA) to examine comorbidity among common internalizing and externalizing disorders, including PTSD. LCA of DSM-based diagnoses from 2 separate nationally representative epidemiological data sets-the National Comorbidity Survey (N = 5877) and the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (N = 2980)- was undertaken. Diagnoses used in the LCA included those that are commonly used in dimensional models of psychopathology-specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, conduct disorder, and PTSD. All diagnoses indexed lifetime and nonhierarchical occurrence of a disorder. Analyses took into account the complex survey features of both data sets. Within each data set, a 5-class model was found to fit the data optimally. These 5 classes exhibited distinctive profiles of comorbidity: fear (social phobia, specific phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder); distress (major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder); externalizing (alcohol and drug dependence, conduct disorder); multimorbid (highly elevated rates of all disorders); and a few disorders class (very low probabilities of all disorders). Statistical significance of differences between estimates of class conditional probabilities of being diagnosed with a particular disorder was evaluated by examining overlap in 95% confidence intervals of estimates. PTSD was prevalent at significantly elevated rates in all classes relative to the few disorders class. Notably, in both data sets, the prevalence of PTSD did not differ significantly across the fear, distress, and externalizing classes, although the multimorbid class exceeded all other classes in showing the highest probability of PTSD. These findings suggest that PTSD is a distinct form of psychopathology-one that arises from the confluence of a specific environmental factor (ie, exposure to a traumatic event) in conjunction with a less specific dispositional liability (ie, propensity toward one form of psychopathology or another). This study has significant bearing on predicting who is likely to develop PTSD in the population at large and, more fundamentally, in understanding the definition of PTSD as a disorder.","alcohol, posttraumatic stress disorder, violence, mental disease, comorbidity, injury, human, model, social phobia, major depression, dysthymia, diagnosis, generalized anxiety disorder, drug dependence, agoraphobia, conduct disorder, fear, panic, population, alcoholism, cluster analysis, lifespan, phobia, statistical significance, confidence interval, prevalence, environmental factor, exposure, personality, epidemiological data","Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5616,"Examining the overlap between bipolar disorder, nonaffective psychosis, and common mental disorders using latent class analysis","Background: While dimensional models of psychopathology have delineated two broad factors underlying common mental disorders-internalizing and externalizing-it is unclear where bipolar disorder and nonaffective psychoses fit in relation to this structure and to each other. Given their low prevalence rates in the general population, these disorders generally tend to be excluded from such models. The current study used the person-centered approach of latent class analysis (LCA) to evaluate this question. Sampling and Methods: LCA of diagnostic data from an epidemiological sample, the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 5,877), was undertaken. Diagnoses utilized in analyses included mania, nonaffective psychoses, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and conduct disorder. Results: Results indicated that a 5-class LCA model optimally fit the data. Four of the classes mirrored those found in dimensional models-a class with few disorders, and 3 others with primarily fear, distress, and externalizing disorders. However, the fifth class-which is not evident in dimensional models-was unique in that it was the only one in which individuals demonstrated significant probabilities of both manic episodes and nonaffective psychoses in addition to markedly high levels of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Conclusion: This finding has important implications for nosological classification of psychopathology. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.","Bipolar disorder, Classification, Comorbidity, Epidemiology, Schizophrenia","Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5617,"Examining the overlap between bipolar disorder, nonaffective psychosis, and common mental disorders using latent class analysis","Background: While dimensional models of psychopathology have delineated two broad factors underlying common mental disorders-internalizing and externalizing-it is unclear where bipolar disorder and nonaffective psychoses fit in relation to this structure and to each other. Given their low prevalence rates in the general population, these disorders generally tend to be excluded from such models. The current study used the person-centered approach of latent class analysis (LCA) to evaluate this question. Sampling and Methods: LCA of diagnostic data from an epidemiological sample, the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 5,877), was undertaken. Diagnoses utilized in analyses included mania, nonaffective psychoses, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, major depression, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and conduct disorder. Results: Results indicated that a 5-class LCA model optimally fit the data. Four of the classes mirrored those found in dimensional models-a class with few disorders, and 3 others with primarily fear, distress, and externalizing disorders. However, the fifth class-which is not evident in dimensional models-was unique in that it was the only one in which individuals demonstrated significant probabilities of both manic episodes and nonaffective psychoses in addition to markedly high levels of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Conclusion:This finding has important implications for nosological classification of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Bipolar Disorder, *Mental Disorders, *Psychosis, Psychopathology","Vaidyanathan, Uma, Patrick, Christopher J., lacono, William G.",2012.0,,,0,0,5616
5618,A comparison of the sprint and caps assessment scales for posttraumatic stress disorder,"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS) is a widely used assessment tool for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a shorter assessment tool may be beneficial for clinical work. Here, we compare such a tool, the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT) to the CAPS. We found that the SPRINT rating scale performs similarly to the CAPS rating scale in the assessment of PTSD symptom clusters and total scores, and that the SPRINT takes significantly less time to administer than the CAPS. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.",,"Vaishnavi, S., Payne, V., Connor, K., Davidson, J. R. T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5619,"Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Kazeroon, Islamic Republic of Iran","The aim of this study was to screen for and estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Kazeroon, Iran. In November 2007, multistage cluster sampling was employed to recruit 702 women to participate in the study. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was employed. The prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse against women was 43.7%, 82.6%, and 30.9%, respectively, and there was a significant relationship between IPV and family income, education level, and level of religious commitment in both women and husbands. The study suggests that major strategies for prevention of IPV are empowering women and improving their status in the society by promoting of sexual equality in all rights, especially in employment and education.","adult, article, battered woman, cross-sectional study, ethnology, female, human, Iran, male, mass screening, middle aged, partner violence, perception, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological aspect, rape, religion, risk factor, self disclosure, social psychology, socioeconomics, spouse, statistics, ""womens health""","Vakili, M., Nadrian, H., Fathipoor, M., Boniadi, F., Morowatisharifabad, M. A.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5620,Decentralized outpatient teams in community-based psychiatric care. Comparison of two Bavarian rural catchment areas,"Background. Psychiatric outpatient clinics (PIAs) are an indispensable care service for crisis intervention and multidisciplinary treatment of people suffering from severe and persistent mental disorders. The decentralization of outpatient clinics can be understood as a further step in the deinstitutionalization process. Methods. This cross-sectional study (n=1,663) compared the central outpatient clinic with the decentralized teams for the year 2010 by means of analyses of variance, χ2-tests and robust multivariate regression models. The longitudinal assessment (descriptively and by means of Prais-Winsten regression models for time series) was based on all hospitalizations for the two decentralized teams (n=6,693) according to partial catchment areas for the time period 2002-2010 in order to examine trends after their installation in the year 2007. Results. Decentralized teams were found to be similar with respect to the care profile but cared for relatively more patients suffering from dementia, addictive and mood disorders but not for those suffering from schizophrenia and personality disorders. Decentralized teams showed less outpatient care costs as well as psychopharmacological expenses but a lower contact frequency than the central outpatient clinic. Total expenses for psychiatric care were not significantly different and assessed hospitalization variables (e.g. total number of annual admissions, cumulative length of inpatient-stay and annual hospitalizations per patient) changed slightly 3 years after installation of the decentralized teams. The number of admissions of people suffering from schizophrenia decreased whereas those for mood and stress disorders increased. Discussion. Decentralized outpatient teams seemed to reach patients in rural regions who previously were not reached by the central outpatient clinic. Economic figures indicate advantages for the installation of such teams because care expenses are not higher than for patients treated in centralized outpatient clinics and because hospitalization figures for the whole catchment area did not increase. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.","Community-based psychiatry, Cumulative length of inpatient-stay, Psychiatric admission figures, Psychiatric care expenses, Psychiatric outpatient clinics","Valdes-Stauber, J., Putzhammer, A., Kilian, R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5621,Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Foster Youth Transitioning Into Adulthood: The Roles of Emotion Dysregulation and PTSD,"Foster youth often experience considerable adversity both in and out of foster care, including histories of abuse and/or neglect, and further stressors within the foster system. These adverse experiences often occur at key developmental periods that can compromise emotional functioning and lead to posttraumatic symptomatology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotion dysregulation. In the face of difficult histories and ongoing mental health challenges, youth transitioning into adulthood may be particularly vulnerable to increases in depressive symptoms. We explored the trajectory of depressive symptoms in foster youth from age 17 to 19 using a piecewise linear growth model, examining the effects of PTSD and emotion dysregulation on youth’s depressive symptoms over time. Results revealed depressive symptoms decreased from age 17 to 18 but increased from 18 to 19. PTSD and emotion dysregulation predicted greater baseline depressive symptoms and decreases in symptoms from age 17 to 18, whereas only PTSD predicted increases in depressive symptoms from 18 to 19. Females reported higher levels of depressive symptoms compared to males. Additionally, emotion dysregulation was a stronger predictor of depressive symptoms for females than males. Implications for service delivery for foster youth transitioning into adulthood are discussed.","adulthood transition, depression trajectories, emotion dysregulation, foster youth, PTSD","Valdez, C. E., Bailey, B. E., Santuzzi, A. M., Lilly, M. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5622,Evolutionism and genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder,"The authors discuss, from the evolutionary concept, how flight and fight responses and tonic immobility can lead to a new understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder. Through the analysis of symptom clusters (revivals, avoidance and hyperexcitation), neurobiological and evolutionary findings are correlated. The current discoveries on posttraumatic stress disorder genetics are summarized and analyzed in this evolutionary perspective, using concepts to understand the gene-environment interaction, such as epigenetic. The proposal is that the research of susceptibility factors in posttraumatic stress disorder must be investigated from the factorial point of view, where their interactions increase the risk of developing the disorder, preventing a unique search of the cause of this disorder. The research of candidate genes in posttraumatic stress disorder must take into consideration all the systems associated with processes of stress response, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic axes, mechanisms of learning, formation and extinguishing of declarative memories, neurogenesis and apoptosis, which involve many systems of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neurohormones.","Evolution, Genetics, Neurobiology, Posttraumatic stress disorders","Valente, N. L. M., Fiks, J. P., Vallada, H., De Mello, M. F.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5623,Disgust domains in the prediction of the anxiety disorders,"There is evidence that disgust sensitivity could be implicated in various psychopathological syndromes, particularly in the anxiety disorders. Separated dimensions of disgust have been identified and there might be specific relationships between them and the various anxiety disorders. The goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that elevated levels of disgust characterizes anxiety disorders, and more specifically describes specific phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A sample of participants with a diagnosis of anxiety disorder, representing the six DSM-IV anxiety disorders (i.e., specific phobias, social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder), completed the Multidimensional Disgust Scale (MDS; see Sandin et al.), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988; Sandin et al., 1999) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (Taylor et al., 2007). The MDS is a 30- item self-report measure that assesses a total of five different dimensions of disgust, i.e., hygiene (body products), moral, sexual, body transgression, small-animals, atypical food, and disease. Results from discriminant function analysis and logistic regression analysis showed that the MDS contributes as a significant discriminating variable beyond anxiety sensitivity and negative affectivity. Likewise, the findings indicate that the five domains of disgust do not contribute equally to the discriminative/predictive power of the discriminant and/or regression model. Some specific MDS subscales predict phobias, OCD and combined anxiety syndromes better than other anxiety disorders. The possible role of disgust in the psychopathology of the anxiety disorders is discussed.","disgust, prediction, anxiety disorder, psychiatry, phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic, discriminant analysis, logistic regression analysis, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, social phobia, hygiene, diagnosis, human, morality, food, hypothesis, self report, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, model, mental disease","Valiente, R. M., Chorot, P., Sandin, B., Santed, M. A., Campagne, D. M., Olmedo, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5624,The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects,"Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Cannabis containing high levels of the partial cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1) agonist tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is associated with the induction of psychosis in susceptible subjects and with the development of schizophrenia, whereas the use of cannabis variants with relatively high levels of cannabidiol (CBD) is associated with fewer psychotic experiences. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are full agonists and often more potent than THC. Moreover, in contrast to natural cannabis, SCRAs preparations contain no CBD so that these drugs may have a higher psychosis-inducing potential than cannabis. This paper reviews the general toxicity profile and the adverse effects of SCRAs with special emphasis on their psychosis-inducing risk. The review shows that, compared with the use of natural cannabis, the use of SCRAs may cause more frequent and more severe unwanted negative effects, especially in younger, inexperienced users. Psychosis and psychosis-like conditions seem to occur relatively often following the use of SCRAs, presumably due to their high potency and the absence of CBD in the preparations. Studies on the relative risk of SCRAs compared with natural cannabis to induce or evoke psychosis are urgently needed.","alpha tocopherol, caffeine, cannabidiol, cannabinoid derivative, cannabinoid receptor agonist, cannabis, harmaline, neuroleptic agent, nicotine, o nortramadol, oleamide, acute kidney failure, acute psychosis, agitation, anxiety, apathy, article, attention deficit disorder, cannabis addiction, cardiotoxicity, cognitive defect, convulsion, delusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, drug fatality, drug overdose, drug potency, euphoria, glucose blood level, hallucination, human, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypokalemia, irritability, lethargy, memory disorder, nausea, panic, paranoia, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, psychosis, rhabdomyolysis, risk factor, schizophrenia, seizure, self medication, suicide, tachycardia, unspecified side effect, vomiting","Van Amsterdam, J., Brunt, T., Van Den Brink, W.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5625,The Pseudologia Fantastica Defense in Combat-Determined Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Study of the Nature of this Defense and How to Differentiate it from Malingering,"Pseudologla fantastica (PF) refers to the fabrication of events as a defense against the reexperiencing of psychological trauma. This defense involves primary process thinking and may readily be detected as lying by forensic clinicians. Lying in a compensation and pension (C&P) interview places a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) claimant at risk for misdiagnosis as a malingerer. A diagnostic error of this nature is doubly unfortunate since it deprives the claimant of both compensation and the treatment that he or she requires. This research was undertaken with the purpose of reducing the frequency of such diagnostic errors by developing criteria that differentiate PF from malingering. To this end, 144 C&P examinations for PTSD were reviewed to identify cases of malingering and of PTSD with PF. This review detected 11 cases of malingering and 2 cases of PTSD with PF. Both PF cases are presented, and 1 case of malingering is provided for comparison. The profile of the malingerer was marked by poorly substantiated trauma, exaggerated and internally inconsistent combat narratives, and an invalid psychological test profile. These characteristics were present in the profiles of all 11 malingerers. In comparison, the PF cases were marked by exaggerated combat narratives, well-documented combat exposure, and valid psychological test profiles. These profile characteristics are proposed as criteria for differentiating PTSD claimants with PF from those who are malingering. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Malingering, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Van Atta, Ralph E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5626,Writing assignments about stressful and/or traumatic events do not benefit patients with anxiety disorders,"BACKGROUND: Several studies have indicated that patients with mild anxiety symptoms may benefit from writing about life events that they have, found stressful. However, there is very little research done into the effects of this technique. AIM: To find out whether writing about stressful and/or traumatic events would also benefit patients with severe anxiety disorders. METHOD: Our sample consisted of 32 patients (24 women and 8 men) with anxiety disorders. They were randomly assigned to 2 groups, one being an experimental group, the other a control group. Eighteen patients were asked to write about the most stressful events they had experienced and 14 were asked to write about trivial topics. Each patient completed 4 writing sessions over a 2-week period. A follow-up writing session took place six weeks later. Anxiety symptoms and mood were measured by means of the Symptom Check List, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale and the Profile of Mood State. The immediate effect of writing on mood was scored by means of a simple questionnaire. RESULTS: The mood of the patients in the experimental writing group deteriorated markedly during a short time. Multivariate analyses conducted on repeated measurements did not reveal any significant effects. The interaction between the experimental group and the test scores was not significant either. At follow-up psychic junctioning and mood in the experimental group were no better that in the control group. CONCLUSION: Writing about stressful and/or traumatic events is a very taxing activity for patients (pain). This has often been demonstrated in the past. The results show that simply writing about stressful events is definitely not a successful way of reducing anxiety symptoms (no gain).","Anxiety disorders, Trauma, Writing","Van Bueren, N. L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5627,Fully conditional specification in multivariate imputation,"The use of the Gibbs sampler with fully conditionally specified models, where the distribution of each variable given the other variables is the starting point, has become a popular method to create imputations in incomplete multivariate data. The theoretical weakness of this approach is that the specified conditional densities can be incompatible, and therefore the stationary distribution to which the Gibbs sampler attempts to converge may not exist. This study investigates practical consequences of this problem by means of simulation. Missing data are created under four different missing data mechanisms. Attention is given to the statistical behavior under compatible and incompatible models. The results indicate that multiple imputation produces essentially unbiased estimates with appropriate coverage in the simple cases investigated, even for the incompatible models. Of particular interest is that these results were produced using only five Gibbs iterations starting from a simple draw from observed marginal distributions. It thus appears that, despite the theoretical weaknesses, the actual performance of conditional model specification for multivariate imputation can be quite good, and therefore deserves further study. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.","Distributional compatibility, Gibbs sampling, Multiple imputation, Multivariate missing data, Proper imputation, Simulation","Van Buuren, S., Brand, J. P. L., Groothuis-Oudshoorn, C. G. M., Rubin, D. B.",2006.0,,10.1080/10629360600810434,0,0,
5628,Overgeneral autobiographical memory predicts changes in depression in a community sample,"This study investigated whether overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) predicts the course of symptoms of depression and anxiety in a community sample, after 5, 6, 12 and 18 months. Participants (N = 156) completed the Autobiographical Memory Test and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) at baseline and were subsequently reassessed using the DASS-21 at four time points over a period of 18 months. Using latent growth curve modelling, we found that OGM was associated with a linear increase in depression. We were unable to detect changes over time in anxiety. OGM may be an important marker to identify people at risk for depression in the future, but more research is needed with anxiety. (copyright) 2014 (copyright) 2014 Taylor & Francis.","adult, aged, anxiety, article, autobiographical memory, community sample, controlled study, depression, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, disease course, female, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictive value, priority journal","Van Daele, T., Griffith, J. W., Van den Bergh, O., Hermans, D.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5629,Latent Growth Mixture Models to estimate PTSD trajectories,,,"Van de Schoot, R.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.27503,0,0,
5630,"Latent trajectory studies: the basics, how to interpret the results, and what to report","BACKGROUND: In statistics, tools have been developed to estimate individual change over time. Also, the existence of latent trajectories, where individuals are captured by trajectories that are unobserved (latent), can be evaluated (Muthen & Muthen, 2000). The method used to evaluate such trajectories is called Latent Growth Mixture Modeling (LGMM) or Latent Class Growth Modeling (LCGA). The difference between the two models is whether variance within latent classes is allowed for (Jung & Wickrama, 2008). The default approach most often used when estimating such models begins with estimating a single cluster model, where only a single underlying group is presumed. Next, several additional models are estimated with an increasing number of clusters (latent groups or classes). For each of these models, the software is allowed to estimate all parameters without any restrictions. A final model is chosen based on model comparison tools, for example, using the BIC, the bootstrapped chi-square test, or the Lo-Mendell-Rubin test. METHOD: To ease the use of LGMM/LCGA step by step in this symposium (Van de Schoot, 2015) guidelines are presented which can be used for researchers applying the methods to longitudinal data, for example, the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma (Depaoli, van de Schoot, van Loey, & Sijbrandij, 2015; Galatzer-Levy, 2015). The guidelines include how to use the software Mplus (Muthen & Muthen, 1998-2012) to run the set of models needed to answer the research question: how many latent classes exist in the data? The next step described in the guidelines is how to add covariates/predictors to predict class membership using the three-step approach (Vermunt, 2010). Lastly, it described what essentials to report in the paper. CONCLUSIONS: When applying LGMM/LCGA models for the first time, the guidelines presented can be used to guide what models to run and what to report.","Latent Growth Mixture Modeling, latent growth curve analysis, mixture modeling","van de Schoot, R.",2015.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v6.27514,0,0,
5631,Analyzing small data sets using Bayesian estimation: the case of posttraumatic stress symptoms following mechanical ventilation in burn survivors,,,"van de Schoot, Rens, Broere, Joris J, Perryck, Koen H, Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, Mariëlle, Van Loey, Nancy E",2015.0,,,0,0,
5632,A cross-sectional study of psychological complaints and quality of life in severely injured patients,"The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of psychological complaints and the relationship of these complaints with the quality of life (QOL) and accident- and patient-related factors among severely injured patients after the rehabilitation phase. Patients of 18 years or older with an injury severity score above 15 were included 15-53 months after their accident. Accident and patient characteristics were obtained from questionnaires and the trauma registry. Several questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Impact of Events Scale, and Cognitive Failure Questionnaire) were used to determine the symptoms of psychological problems (anxiety or depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or subjective cognitive complaints, respectively). The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref was used to determine QOL. A reference group of the Dutch general population was used for comparison of QOL scores. The participation rate was 62 % (n = 173). At the time of the study, 30.1 % (n = 52) of the investigated patients had psychological complaints. No relation between psychological complaints and somatic severity or type of injury was found. Patients who were employed before the accident or resumed working reported less psychological complaints. Use of any medication before the accident and treatment for pre-accidental psychological problems were positively related to psychological complaints afterwards. QOL of severely injured patients was impaired in comparison with the general Dutch population, but only for those with psychological complaints. Psychological complaints seem to be an important and underestimated factor for a decreased QOL among severely injured patients.",,"van Delft-Schreurs, C. C., van Bergen, J. J., van de Sande, P., Verhofstad, M. H., de Vries, J., de Jongh, M. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5633,Prolonged exposure vs eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: A randomized clinical trial,"IMPORTANCE: The efficacy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments in psychosis has not been examined in a randomized clinical trial to our knowledge. Psychosis is an exclusion criterion in most PTSD trials. OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy and safety of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in patients with psychotic disorders and comorbid PTSD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A single-blind randomized clinical trial with 3 arms (N = 155), including PE therapy, EMDR therapy, and waiting list (WL) of 13 outpatient mental health services among patients with a lifetime psychotic disorder and current chronic PTSD. Baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up assessments were made. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive 8 weekly 90-minute sessions of PE (n = 53), EMDR (n = 55), or WL (n = 47). Standard protocols were used, and treatment was not preceded by stabilizing psychotherapeutic interventions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinician-rated severity of PTSD symptoms, PTSD diagnosis, and full remission (on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) were primary outcomes. Self-reported PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Data were analyzed as intent to treat with linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations. Participants in the PE and EMDR conditions showed a greater reduction of PTSD symptoms than those in the WL condition. Between-group effect sizes were 0.78 ( P < .001) in PE and 0.65 (P = .001) in EMDR. Participants in the PE condition (56.6%; odds ratio [OR], 3.41; P = .006) or the EMDR condition (60.0%; OR, 3.92; P < .001) were significantly more likely to achieve loss of diagnosis during treatment than those in the WL condition (27.7%). Participants in the PE condition (28.3%; OR, 5.79; P = .01), but not those in the EMDR condition (16.4%; OR, 2.87; P = .10), were more likely to gain full remission than those in the WL condition (6.4%). Treatment effects were maintained at the 6-month follow-up in PE and EMDR. Similar results were obtained regarding secondary outcomes. There were no differences in severe adverse events between conditions (2 in PE, 1 in EMDR, and 4 in WL). The PE therapy and EMDR therapy showed no difference in any of the outcomes and no difference in participant dropout (24.5% in PE and 20.0% in EMDR, P = .57). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Standard PE and EMDR protocols are effective, safe, and feasible in patients with PTSD and severe psychotic disorders, including current symptoms. A priori exclusion of individuals with psychosis from evidence-based PTSD treatments may not be justifiable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Exposure Therapy, *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosis, Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","van den Berg, David P. G., de Bont, Paul A. J. M., van der Vleugel, Berber M., de Roos, Carlijn, de Jongh, Ad, Van Minnen, Agnes, van der Gaag, Mark",2015.0,,,0,1,
5634,Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. A review,"BACKGROUND: It is only in the last few years that there has been a marked increase in the quality and quantity of placebo-controlled pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because in clinical practice a considerable amount of medication is prescribed for patients with PTSD it is very important that those administering the treatment should be acquainted with the scientific literature on the subject. AIM: To review the literature on double-blind placebo-controlled studies relating to pharmacotherapy for PTSD. METHOD: Medline was searched for the relevant literature published up to 1 st June 2003, using as key words 'post traumatic stress disorder' or 'PTSD', together with 'pharmacotherapy' or 'medication'. RESULTS: The search revealed 24 placebo-controlled studies involving a total of 2035 patients. It is difficult to draw comparisons between the studies mainly because of differences in medication, measurement-scales and populations. The drugs studied most frequently were antidepressants, and of these drugs the selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors were the ones investigated the most extensively. In one comprehensive study paroxetine proved much more successful than placebos for the treatment of all three symptom clusters of PTSD. Amitriptyline, imipramine an phenelzine (in smaller studies) and fluoxetine and sertraline (in larger studies) were found to be significantly superior to placebos for the treatment of one or more PTSD symptoms. Mirtazapine and prazosine seem to be effective, but the results were obtained from samples that were too small. There is some evidence that Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD have a lower response than other patients to medication. CONCLUSION: A number of antidepressants are significantly more effective than placebos for the treatment of one or more PTSD symptom clusters. Other types of medication have not been investigated sufficiently in placebo-controlled studies. Neurobiological research and open treatment studies may provide useful information about the best form of treatment for the individual patient.","Drug therapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, Review, Trauma","Van Den Berg, M. P., Jongedijk, R. A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5635,Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: A critical review,,,"van der Hart, O., van Ochten, J. M., van Son, M. J. M., Steele, K., Lensvelt-Mulders, G.",2008.0,,10.1080/15299730802223362,0,0,
5636,The efficacy of a brief internet-based self-help intervention for the bereaved,"Research so far has shown little evidence that written disclosure facilitates recovery from bereavement. There are good reasons to assume that written disclosure may only benefit those bereaved who are at risk for developing problems or who are experiencing significant psychological problems as a result of their loss, and only when appropriate writing instructions are used. Drawing on previous work in the area of post-traumatic stress, a writing intervention was designed to test these assumptions. Bereaved individuals, who were still significantly distressed by their loss, were randomly assigned to the intervention condition (. N = 460) or a waiting-list control condition (. N = 297). Both groups filled in questionnaires online at baseline, and 3 and 6 months later. The intervention was administered via e-mail immediately after baseline measurement. Results showed that writing decreased feelings of emotional loneliness and increased positive mood, in part through its effect on rumination. However, writing did not affect grief or depressive symptoms. Contrary to expectations, effects did not depend on participants' risk profile or baseline distress level. Implications of these findings are discussed. (copyright) 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","adult, aged, article, bereavement, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, distress syndrome, e-mail, female, grief, high risk population, human, Internet, loneliness, male, randomized controlled trial, self help, writing","van der Houwen, K., Schut, H., van den Bout, J., Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5637,Pierre Janet and the breakdown of adaptation in psychological trauma,,,"Van der Kolk, B. A., Van der Hart, O.",1989.0,,,0,0,
5638,Girls' childhood trajectories of disruptive behavior predict adjustment problems in early adolescence,"BACKGROUND: It is widely recognized that early onset of disruptive behavior is linked to a variety of detrimental outcomes in males, later in life. In contrast, little is known about the association between girls' childhood trajectories of disruptive behavior and adjustment problems in early adolescence. METHODS: This study used nine waves of data from the ongoing Pittsburgh Girls Study. A semiparametric group-based model was used to identify trajectories of disruptive behavior in 1,513 girls from age 6 to 12 years. Adjustment problems were characterized by depression, self-harm, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), substance use, interpersonal aggression, sexual behavior, affiliation with delinquent peers, and academic achievement at ages 13 and 14. RESULTS: Three trajectories of childhood disruptive behavior were identified: low, medium, and high. Girls in the high group were at increased risk for depression, self-harm, PTSD, illegal substance use, interpersonal aggression, early and risky sexual behavior, and lower academic achievement. The likelihood of multiple adjustment problems increased with trajectories reflecting higher levels of disruptive behavior. CONCLUSION: Girls following the high childhood trajectory of disruptive behavior require early intervention programs to prevent multiple, adverse outcomes in adolescence and further escalation in adulthood.","Girls, adjustment problems, disruptive behavior, trajectories","van der Molen, E., Blokland, A. A., Hipwell, A. E., Vermeiren, R. R., Doreleijers, T. A., Loeber, R.",2014.0,Oct 10,10.1111/jcpp.12339,0,0,
5639,Girls' childhood trajectories of disruptive behavior predict adjustment problems in early adolescence,"Background It is widely recognized that early onset of disruptive behavior is linked to a variety of detrimental outcomes in males, later in life. In contrast, little is known about the association between girls' childhood trajectories of disruptive behavior and adjustment problems in early adolescence. Methods This study used nine waves of data from the ongoing Pittsburgh Girls Study. A semiparametric group-based model was used to identify trajectories of disruptive behavior in 1,513 girls from age 6 to 12 years. Adjustment problems were characterized by depression, self-harm, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), substance use, interpersonal aggression, sexual behavior, affiliation with delinquent peers, and academic achievement at ages 13 and 14. Results Three trajectories of childhood disruptive behavior were identified: low, medium, and high. Girls in the high group were at increased risk for depression, self-harm, PTSD, illegal substance use, interpersonal aggression, early and risky sexual behavior, and lower academic achievement. The likelihood of multiple adjustment problems increased with trajectories reflecting higher levels of disruptive behavior. Conclusion Girls following the high childhood trajectory of disruptive behavior require early intervention programs to prevent multiple, adverse outcomes in adolescence and further escalation in adulthood. © 2014 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.","adjustment problems, disruptive behavior, Girls, trajectories","Van Der Molen, E., Blokland, A. A. J., Hipwell, A. E., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Loeber, R.",2015.0,,10.1111/jcpp.12339,0,0,5638
5640,Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural writing therapy,"Objectives: This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Writing Therapy (CBWT) in 23 children (age 8-18 years) in the Netherlands, who experienced a range of single and recurrent traumatic experiences. CBWT uses exposure, cognitive restructuring and social sharing. Methods: At pre-test, post-test and follow-up, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, trauma-related cognitions and general behavioural problems were assessed. Results: At post-test there was a significant reduction of all symptoms, and this effect was maintained at 6 months follow-up. The mean amount of treatment sessions needed was 5.5. Conclusions: This study shows that short-term CBWT is a potentially effective intervention for clinically referred traumatized children. There is now a clear need of establishing the effectiveness of CBWT in a randomized, controlled trial. Practice implication: This first study indicates CBWT is a promising treatment, which can easily be used in clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress, Journal Writing","Van der Oord, Saskia, Lucassen, S., Van Emmerik, A. A. P., Emmelkamp, P. M. G.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5641,Functional status after intensive care: A challenge for rehabilitation professionals to improve outcome,"Objective: To examine restrictions in daily functioning from a rehabilitation perspective in patients one year after discharge from the intensive care unit, and to identify prognostic factors for functional status. Design: Cross-sectional design. Patients: Consecutive patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit for more than 48 h (n=255). Methods: One year after intensive care, functional status (Sickness Impact Profile) as primary outcome, and Quality of Life (SF-36), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Impact of Events Scale) were evaluated. Results: Fifty-four percent of the patients had restrictions in daily functioning. Walking and social activities were most frequently restricted (30-60% of the patients). Quality of life was lower than the general Dutch population. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were found in 14%, and post-traumatic stress disorder in 18%. Severity of illness at admission and length of stay in the intensive care unit were identified as prognostic factors, although they explained only 10% of functional status. Conclusion: The high prevalence of long-lasting restrictions in physical, social and psychological functioning among patients who stayed in the intensive care unit for at least 2 days implies that these patients are a potential target population for rehabilitation medicine. Multidisciplinary therapies need to be developed and evaluated in order to improve outcome. (copyright) 2009 The Authors. Journal Compilation (copyright) 2009 Foundation of Rehabilitation Information.","adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, cross-sectional study, daily life activity, depression, disease severity, female, functional status, health practitioner, hospital admission, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, hospital discharge, human, Impact of Events Scale, intensive care unit, length of stay, major clinical study, male, Netherlands, outcome assessment, physical activity, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, prognosis, psychological aspect, quality of life, rehabilitation medicine, Short Form 36, Sickness Impact Profile, social behavior, walking","van der Schaaf, M., Beelen, A., Dongelmans, D. A., Vroom, M. B., Nollet, F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5642,Poor functional recovery after discharge from the intensive care unit; a challenge to improve outcome after critical illness,"Purpose: To develop adequate rehabilitation follow-up care for survivors of the intensive care unit (ICU), we investigated impairments in body functions, limitations in activities, and restrictions in participation after critical illness. Relevance: With increasing survival rates of ICU patients, the proportion of patients with subsequent problems in daily functioning has been growing. It has been recognized that the intensive support of these patients needs to be continued after discharge from the ICU. However, structured rehabilitation follow-up care is currently rare and the optimal structure, timing, and content have not been established. Participants: Consecutive series of patients who were ventilated for more than 48 hours in a mixed, closed-format, university-level ICU. Methods: Functional health status was assessed in two observational studies. In 255 patients daily functioning was assessed 12 months after discharge from the ICU using the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP68). In a follow-up study in 20 patients, impairments in body functions, limitations in activities, and restrictions in participation were evaluated using the ICF checklist 3 and 12 months after discharge. Symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder were evaluated with the Impact on Event Scale (IES). Analysis: Patient characteristics and outcome measures were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: During the first year after discharge from the ICU, the performance of daily activities improved, but the prevalence of limitations in activities remained high. After one year, 54% of the patients were limited in the performance of daily activities; 22% had mild, and 32% had severe limitations. Walking stairs, hills, and distances and social activities related to community life and recreation were most frequently limited (30-60% of the patients). Moreover, the prevalence of impairments (joint mobility 46%, muscle strength 50%, attention 73%, memory 41%, physical endurance 83%, post traumatic stress 19%), and restrictions in participation (employment 46%, recreation 50%) was high. Conclusions: The high prevalence and the severity of long lasting ICU related impairments in physical and mental functions, and the restrictions in activities, necessitates the development of appropriate rehabilitation interventions for patients who stayed in the ICU for at least 2 days. Multidisciplinary after-care should aim at the improvement of physical recovery and the reduction of symptoms of anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder. Implications: Physical therapy treatment need to be developed and evaluated as part of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme to help ICU patients to improve functional independence and return to work or to activities of daily living.","critical illness, rehabilitation, physiotherapy, intensive care unit, intensive care, human, patient, prevalence, follow up, posttraumatic stress disorder, recreation, survival rate, statistics, return to work, independence, checklist, survivor, Sickness Impact Profile, mental function, walking, observational study, endurance, memory, health status, muscle strength, joint mobility, community, employment, social behavior, aftercare, anxiety, university, daily life activity","Van Der Schaaf, M., Beelen, A., Nollet, F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5643,The first president's pathway into ESTSS: memories and ideas for future issue. Patients as partners,"This article addresses Wolter De Loos' pathway into ESTSS that ended on 6th January 2004. His footsteps are still printed in the field of psychotraumatology as he showed the field how a physician was trying to integrate his working field with that of psychiatry, with a great passion for his patients. Erica M. Van der Schrieck-De Loos outlines the perspectives of her father as funding president of the ESTSS by using his Opening Address of the Fourth ESTSS Conference in 1995. This address emphasized that the mixture of righteousness and offence in warfare is ubiquitious and everlasting. The perspective of the first president's pathway has been integrated with the current vision of the author to show that the patient can be a partner of the healthcare team. A suggestion for ESTSS main objective number (8), contained within the ESTSS mission statement, is to involve patients as partners of the traumatic stress care team into accelerating traumatic stress care across Europe and beyond.","ESTSS main objectives, Traumatic stress care team, patient involvement, psychotraumatology, quality and patient safety in healthcare","Van der Schrieck-De Loos, E. M.",2013.0,,10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21308,0,0,
5644,"The effects of disaster exposure and post-disaster critical incidents on intrusions, avoidance reactions and health problems among firefighters: A comparative study","Firefighters are at risk to be confronted with critical incidents and disasters. This study focused on the predictive value of these variables and their interaction effect for intrusions, avoidance reactions, and health problems among firefighters 18 months post-disaster (N = 639). Furthermore, the course of intrusions, avoidance reactions, and health problems in the period 2-3 weeks to 18 months post-disaster was assessed. Health problems were compared with those of non-affected firefighters (N = 132). Results showed that only disaster exposure and critical incidents accounted for a significant but small proportion of the variance (R2 &lt; .07) of intrusions, avoidance reactions and health problems among the affected firefighters. Health problems among affected firefighters did not decline in the period 2-3 weeks - 18 months post-disaster, in contrast to intrusions and avoidance reactions, Health problems of both groups were comparable at T2. Results suggest that resilience in firefighters is rather high.","Comparative, Critical incidents, Disaster, Firefighters, Health problems, Intrusions and avoidance reactions, Longitudinal, Resilience","Van Der Velden, P. G., Christiaanse, B., Kleber, R. J., Marcelissen, F. G. H., Dorresteijn, S. A. M., Drogendijk, A. N., Jan-Roskam, A., Grievink, L., Gersons, B. P. R., Olff, M., Meewisse, M. L.",2006.0,,10.1080/15434610600683742,0,0,
5645,Police officers: A high-risk group for the development of mental health disturbances? A cohort study,"Objectives: Policing is generally considered a highrisk profession for the development of mental health problems, but this assumption lacks empirical evidence. Research question of the present study is to what extent mental health disturbances, such as (very) severe symptoms of anxiety, depression and hostility are more prevalent among police officers than among other occupational groups. Design: Multicomparative cross-sectional study using the data of several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the Netherlands. Participants: Two samples of police officers (N=144 and 503), employees of banks (N=1113) and employees of banks who were robbed (N=144); employees of supermarkets (N=335), and a psychiatric hospital (N=219), employees of a governmental social welfare organisation (N=76), employees who followed a training based on rational-motive therapy to strengthen their assertiveness (N=710), soldiers before deployment (N=278) and before redeployment (N=236) and firefighters (N=123). The numbers refer to respondents with complete data. Primary outcomes: Prevalence of severe (subclinical level) and very severe symptoms (clinical level) were computed using the Dutch norm tables (80th percentile and 95th percentile, respectively) of the Symptom Check List Revised (SCL-90-R). All comparisons were controlled for age, gender and education. Results: Multivariate logistic regression and analyses showed that the prevalence of clinical and subclinical levels of symptoms of anxiety, depression and hostility among police officers were not significantly higher than among comparison groups. The same pattern was found for the other SCL-90-R subscales. Conclusions: We found no indications that self-reported mental health disturbances were more prevalent among police officers than among groups of employees that are not considered high-risk groups, such as employees of banks, supermarkets, psychiatric hospital and soldiers before deployment.",,"Van Der Velden, P. G., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., Portengen, M. A., Yzermans, J. C., Grievink, L.",2013.0,,10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001720,0,0,
5646,Persistent mental health disturbances during the 10 years after a disaster: Four-wave longitudinal comparative study,"Aim Although some studies have examined the long-term effects of disasters, very little is known about severe persistent symptoms following disasters. The aim of the present study was to examine persistent mental health problems and to what extent disaster exposure predicts long-term persistent disturbances. Methods Following a major disaster, a four-wave study was conducted (surveys 2-3 weeks, 18 months, 4 years and 10 years after the event) that examined severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology (Impact of Event Scale), anxiety and depression symptoms and sleeping problems (Symptom Check List-90-R), and use of physician-prescribed tranquilizers. Participants were affected adult Dutch native residents (n = 1083). At wave 2 and 3, a control group participated (n = 694). At wave 1, severity of disaster exposure was examined. Multiple imputation was used to target the problem of missing data across surveys due to non-response such as in the fourth wave (61%). Results In total, 6.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.1-8.2) developed persistent PTSD symptoms during the 10 years after the event. For anxiety, depression, sleeping problems these prevalences were 3.8% (95%CI: 2.7-5.0), 6.2% (95%CI: 4.7-7.6) and 4.8% (95%CI: 3.5-6.1) respectively. In total 1.3% (95%CI: 0.6-2.0) used tranquilizers at all waves. Approximately one out of 10 with severe symptoms 2-3 weeks after the event, developed persistent symptoms. Even in the long term, affected residents compared to controls had more often chronic anxiety symptoms and sleeping problems. High disaster exposure independently predicted persistent PTSD symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [adj. OR], 4.20; 95%CI: 2.02-8.74, P < 0.001), anxiety (adj. OR, 3.43; 95%CI: 1.28-9.20, P < 0.01), depression symptoms (adj. OR, 2.95; 95%CI: 1.26-6.93, P < 0.01), and sleeping problems (adj. OR, 3.74; 95%CI: 1.56-8.95, P < 0.001). Conclusion Post-disaster mental health care should (also) target persistent mental health disturbances in the long term, especially PTSD, anxiety, depression symptoms, and sleeping problems. High disaster exposure may be an early marker for risk of persistent symptoms. © 2013 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2013 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.","anxiety, depression, disaster, persistent symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder","Van Der Velden, P. G., Wong, A., Boshuizen, H. C., Grievink, L.",2013.0,,10.1111/pcn.12022,0,0,
5647,Resilience and post-traumatic stress disorder in the acute aftermath of rape: A comparative analysis of adolescents versus adults,"Background: Rape trauma contributes significantly to the mental burden of disease, affecting resilience and vulnerabilities at every developmental life stage. Appropriate resilience-promoting strategies could potentially buffer or protect trauma-exposed individuals from psychopathology. Aim: This study aimed to assess and compare (using validated measuring instruments) resilience, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other variables in the acute aftermath of rape, between adolescent and adult females and to assess associations with these variables. Method: We conducted a comparative analysis of resilience, PTSD, prior trauma, demographic variables and psychiatric morbidity in 41 adolescent and 47 adult female rape survivors six weeks post-rape. We assessed the relationship of resilience to PTSD, demographic variables and prior trauma and investigated if resilience levels predicted PTSD after adjusting for prior trauma. Results: We found no significant differences in resilience levels between the groups, but the adolescent PTSD rate (40%) was double that in adults (20%). In adults, a significant negative correlation was evident between resilience and PTSD symptoms scores. Conclusion: More knowledge of resilience versus stress susceptibility for PTSD throughout the lifespan is needed and can inform the development of more effective clinical assessment and resilience-promoting strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Rape, *Resilience (Psychological), *Survivors, *Trauma, Adolescent Development, Health Promotion, Life Span, Psychopathology, Exposure","van der Walt, Lydia, Suliman, Sharain, Martin, Lindi, Lammers, Kees, Seedat, Soraya",2014.0,,,0,0,
5648,Challenging anxiety: a focus on the specificity of respiratory symptoms,"Physiological symptoms are characteristic features of anxiety states. Presumably, specific psychophysiological profiles differentiate between anxiety disorders, which would offer potential for diagnostic purposes. Abundant evidence points to a causal relationship between panic disorder and instability of respiratory regulation. However, the specificity of most measures that indicate aberrant functioning of the respiratory system in PD can be questioned. Possibly, the traditional measures of respiratory functioning are too restricted. The underlying respiratory vulnerability in PD seems to constitute a subtle, unstable trait, which calls for more sensitive and sophisticated measures of respiratory variability and chaos. To increase the probability of finding parameters with diagnostic specificity, the application of disorder specific challenge paradigms is recommended.",,"Van Duinen, M. A., Niccolai, V., Griez, E. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5649,Mental health problems among adults in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand,"CONTEXT: On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake occurred off the northwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami that followed severely affected all 6 southwestern provinces of Thailand, where 5395 individuals died, 2991 were unaccounted for, and 8457 were injured. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression among individuals residing in areas affected by the tsunami in southern Thailand as part of a public health emergency response and rapid assessment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multistage, cluster, population-based mental health survey was conducted from February 15 to 22, 2005, of random samples of displaced (n = 371) and nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga province (n = 322) and nondisplaced persons in the provinces of Krabi and Phuket (n = 368). Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire on handheld computers. A surveillance follow-up survey of the displaced persons (n = 371) and nondisplaced persons (n = 322) in Phang Na was conducted in September 2005. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Medical Outcomes Study-36 Short-Form Health Survey SF-36 to assess self-perceived general health, bodily pain, and social and emotional functioning; the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to assess tsunami-specific traumatic events; and the Hopkins Checklist-25 to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: Participation rates for displaced and nondisplaced persons in the rapid assessment survey were 69% and 58%, respectively. Symptoms of PTSD were reported by 12% of displaced and 7% of nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga and 3% of nondisplaced persons in Krabi and Phuket. Anxiety symptoms were reported by 37% of displaced and 30% of nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga and 22% of nondisplaced persons in Krabi and Phuket. Symptoms of depression were reported by 30% of displaced and 21% of nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga and 10% of nondisplaced persons in Krabi and Phuket. In multivariate analysis, loss of livelihood was independently and significantly associated with symptoms of all 3 mental health outcomes (PTSD, anxiety, and depression). In the 9-month follow-up surveillance survey of 270 (73%) displaced and 250 (80%) nondisplaced participants in Phang Nga, prevalence rates of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression among displaced persons decreased to 7%, 24.8%, and 16.7%, respectively, and among nondisplaced persons, prevalence rates decreased to 2.3%, 25.9%, and 14.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among survivors of the tsunami in southern Thailand, elevated rates of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were reported 8 weeks after the disaster, with higher rates for anxiety and depression than PTSD symptoms. Nine months after the disaster, the rates of those reporting these symptoms decreased but were still elevated. This information is important for directing, strengthening, and evaluating posttsunami mental health needs and interventions.","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, *Disasters, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Questionnaires, Survival/*psychology, Thailand/epidemiology","van Griensven, F., Chakkraband, M. L., Thienkrua, W., Pengjuntr, W., Lopes Cardozo, B., Tantipiwatanaskul, P., Mock, P. A., Ekassawin, S., Varangrat, A., Gotway, C., Sabin, M., Tappero, J. W.",2006.0,Aug 2,10.1001/jama.296.5.537,0,0,
5650,Mental health problems among adults in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand,"Context: On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake occurred off the northwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami that followed severely affected all 6 southwestern provinces of Thailand, where 5395 individuals died, 2991 were unaccounted for, and 8457 were injured. Objective: To assess the prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression among individuals residing in areas affected by the tsunami in southern Thailand as part of a public health emergency response and rapid assessment. Design, Setting, and Participants: A multistage, cluster, population-based mental health survey was conducted from February 15 to 22, 2005, of random samples of displaced (n=371) and nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga province (n=322) and nondisplaced persons in the provinces of Krabi and Phuket (n=368). Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire on handheld computers. A surveillance follow-up survey of the displaced persons (n=371) and nondisplaced persons (n=322) in Phang Na was conducted in September 2005. Main Outcomes Measures: Medical Outcomes Study-36 Short-Form Health Survey SF-36 to assess self-perceived general health, bodily pain, and social and emotional functioning; the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to assess tsunami-specific traumatic events; and the Hopkins Checklist-25 to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results: Participation rates for displaced and nondisplaced persons in the rapid assessment survey were 69% and 58%, respectively. Symptoms of PTSD were reported by 12% of displaced and 7% of nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga and 3% of nondisplaced persons in Krabi and Phuket. Anxiety symptoms were reported by 37% of displaced and 30% of nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga and 22% of nondisplaced persons in Krabi and Phuket. Symptoms of depression were reported by 30% of displaced and 21% of nondisplaced persons in Phang Nga and 10% of nondisplaced persons in Krabi and Phuket. In multivariate analysis, loss of livelihood was independently and significantly associated with symptoms of all 3 mental health outcomes (PTSD, anxiety, and depression). In the 9-month follow-up surveillance survey of 270 (73%) displaced and 250 (80%) nondisplaced participants in Phang Nga, prevalence rates of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression among displaced persons decreased to 7%, 24.8%, and 16.7%, respectively, and among nondisplaced persons, prevalence rates decreased to 2.3%, 25.9%, and 14.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Among survivors of the tsunami in southern Thailand, elevated rates of symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression were reported 8 weeks after the disaster, with higher rates for anxiety and depression than PTSD symptoms. Nine months after the disaster, the rates of those reporting these symptoms decreased but were still elevated. This information is important for directing, strengthening, and evaluating posttsunami mental health needs and interventions. (copyright)2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","adolescent, adult, aged, anxiety disorder, article, controlled study, depression, emergency health service, emotion, female, follow up, health survey, human, information processing, injury, interview, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mental health, microcomputer, multivariate analysis, outcome assessment, pain, patient assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, priority journal, public health, questionnaire, social status, Thailand, tsunami","Van Griensven, F., Chakkraband, M. L. S., Thienkrua, W., Pengjuntr, W., Lopes Cardozo, B., Tantipiwatanaskul, P., Mock, P. A., Ekassawin, S., Varangrat, A., Gotway, C., Sabin, M., Tappero, J. W.",2006.0,,,0,0,5649
5651,"Chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia: A ""stress-adaptation"" model","Background: A symptom cluster consisting of 'medically-unexplained' chronic fatigue, effort intolerance and widespread pain is a complex and still poorly understood condition. Purpose: To demonstrate the theoretical and clinical value of a biopsychosocially-oriented 'stress-adaptation' model for this multi-symptom illness. Methods: Clinical observation and review of the relevant literature. Results: Symptoms and functional limitations of these patients may reflect a loss of normal physical, mental and emotional adaptability, primarily based on stress system dysregulation. Conclusions: The proposed stress-adaptation model may facilitate diagnosis, defy dualistic causal thinking, and offer tailor-made treatment options to help patients find a better balance in their lives. (copyright) 2013 Copyright IACFS/ME.","article, chronic fatigue syndrome, cognitive therapy, comorbidity, exercise, fibromyalgia, human, life stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychophysiology, quality of life, sleep pattern, sleep waking cycle","Van Houdenhove, B., Luyten, P., Kempke, S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5652,Coping with spinal cord injury: Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment,"To investigate the correlation of higher-order coping strategies of tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment with adjustment after rehabilitation in spinal cord injury. Design: Cross-sectional correlational study. Subjects/patients: All 397 eligible patients entered for spinal cord rehabilitation between 1999 and 2009 were contacted and 130 (33%) agreed to complete a self-report questionnaire. Methods: Partial correlations were computed between tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment and affective and cognitive psychological adjustment. Demographics, spinal cord injury related variables, social support and coping were used as control variables. Results: After controlling for relevant demographic, medical and social support indices, partial correlations between tenacious goal pursuit and indices of adaptation were not significant. Significant partial correlations were observed between flexible goal adjustment and each of the indices of adjustment (r = -0.33, -0.42, 0.51, -0.38, respectively, for depression, anxiety, acceptance, and helplessness) after controlling for all relevant variables in the model. Flexible goal adjustment explained significant additional proportions of variance for each of the adjustment indices (7%, 11%, 18%, and 7%, respectively). Conclusion: Flexible goal adjustment, but not tenacious goal pursuit, is associated with psychological adjustment in spinal cord injury. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of flexible goal adjustment. Interventions targeting flexible goal adjustment might be of benefit for the patient. © 2011 The Authors.","Adaptation, Coping, Psychological functioning, Spinal cord injury","Van Lankveld, W., Van Diemen, T., Van Nes, I.",2011.0,,10.2340/16501977-0870,0,0,
5653,Pharmacotherapy for disordered sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review,"Sleep disorders, such as insomnia and nightmares, are common problems in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), exert a strong negative influence on the quality of life and are a great challenge for clinical psychiatry. Several studies have reported on the efficacy of drugs for the treatment of PTSD-related sleep disorders. These studies have not been systematically reviewed. This is the first review on the effectiveness of sleep medication in PTSD. We performed a Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Library Indexed search, using the keywords: PTSD, pharmacotherapy, therapy, sleep, nightmares, insomnia and review. From this database, English-language, human subject, data driven papers published after 1980 were selected. Forty eight articles are discussed. Open-label and case studies suggest efficacy for some antidepressants, anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics. Only a few placebo-controlled studies have been published. They show promising results for the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, and the 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. In comparison to the incidence and impact of sleep complaints in PTSD, the pharmacotherapeutic armamentarium for PTSD-related sleep complaints remains poorly investigated. Some recent studies show promising results, especially for 1-adrenoceptor and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. However, randomized controlled trials with larger populations need to be conducted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Sleep Disorders, *Stress, Insomnia, Nightmares","van Liempt, Saskia, Vermetten, Eric, Geuze, Elbert, Westenberg, Herman G. M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5654,Health-Related Quality of Life After Burns: A Prospective Multicentre Cohort Study With 18 Months Follow-Up,"BACKGROUND:: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important parameter after medical treatments. Knowledge of (predictors of) diminished quality of life can help improve medical outcome. The aim of this study was to quantify health loss in patients with burns and to assess the contribution of injury extent, age, gender, and psychologic factors to HRQOL and speed of recovery. A multicenter prospective cohort design was used to address these aims. METHODS:: Data were obtained from 260 adults with burns. Patients completed the EQ-5D at 3 weeks, 3, 6, 9, and 18 months after burn and psychologic questionnaires during hospitalization. Patient's scores were compared with an age- and gender-weighted norm population. RESULTS:: Patients suffered from substantial health losses at short term, but after 18 months the majority reached a HRQOL comparable with the norm population with the exception of patients requiring two or more surgeries. The best predictor of long-term HRQOL and the speed of recovery was the number of surgeries, followed by psychologic problems. Both predicted baseline and trajectories of improvement. Symptoms of traumatic stress were most debilitating over time. CONCLUSIONS:: Both injury severity and psychologic problems play a pivotal role in reduced HRQOL and the speed of recovery. The number of surgeries seems to give a practically useful indication of the expected recovery speed that could aid in decision making and provides adequate information for patients in the aftermath of their initial surgical treatment. Screening for traumatic stress is recommended.",,"van Loey, N. E., van Beeck, E. F., Faber, B. W., van de Schoot, R., Bremer, M.",2011.0,Oct 24,10.1097/TA.0b013e3182199072,0,0,
5655,Health-related quality of life after burns: A prospective multicenter cohort study with 18 months follow-up,"BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important parameter after medical treatments. Knowledge of (predictors of) diminished quality of life can help improve medical outcome. The aim of this study was to quantify health loss in patients with burns and to assess the contribution of injury extent, age, gender, and psychologic factors to HRQOL and speed of recovery. A multicenter prospective cohort design was used to address these aims. METHODS: Data were obtained from 260 adults with burns. Patients completed the EQ-5D at 3 weeks, 3, 6, 9, and 18 months after burn and psychologic questionnaires during hospitalization. Patient's scores were compared with an age- and gender-weighted norm population. RESULTS: Patients suffered from substantial health losses at short term, but after 18 months the majority reached a HRQOL comparable with the norm population with the exception of patients requiring two or more surgeries. The best predictor of long-term HRQOL and the speed of recovery was the number of surgeries, followed by psychologic problems. Both predicted baseline and trajectories of improvement. Symptoms of traumatic stress were most debilitating over time. CONCLUSIONS: Both injury severity and psychologic problems play a pivotal role in reduced HRQOL and the speed of recovery. The number of surgeries seems to give a practically useful indication of the expected recovery speed that could aid in decision making and provides adequate information for patients in the aftermath of their initial surgical treatment. Screening for traumatic stress is recommended. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","Burns, Depression, Latent growth models, Post-traumatic stress, Quality of life","Van Loey, N. E., Van Beeck, E. F., Faber, B. W., Van De Schoot, R., Bremer, M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
5656,Posttraumatic stress symptoms after exposure to two fire disasters: Comparative study,"This study investigated traumatic stress symptoms in severely burned survivors of two fire disasters and two comparison groups of patients with ""non-disaster"" burn injuries, as well as risk factors associated with acute and chronic stress symptoms. Patients were admitted to one out of eight burn centers in the Netherlands or Belgium. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was administered to 61 and 33 survivors respectively of two fire disasters and 54 and 57 patients with ""non-disaster"" burn etiologies at 2 weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after the event. We used latent growth modeling (LGM) analyses to investigate the stress trajectories and predictors in the two disaster and two comparison groups. The results showed that initial traumatic stress reactions in disaster survivors with severe burns are more intense and prolonged during several months relative to survivors of ""non-disaster"" burn injuries. Excluding the industrial fire group, all participants' symptoms on average decreased over the two year period. Burn severity, peritraumatic anxiety and dissociation predicted the long-term negative outcomes only in the industrial fire group. In conclusion, fire disaster survivors appear to experience higher levels of traumatic stress symptoms on the short term, but the long-term outcome appears dependent on factors different from the first response. Likely, the younger age, and several beneficial post-disaster factors such as psychosocial aftercare and social support, along with swift judicial procedures, contributed to the positive outcome in one disaster cohort. © 2012 Van Loey et al.",,"van Loey, N. E., van de Schoot, R., Faber, A. W.",2012.0,,,1,1,
5657,Psychopathology and psychological problems in patients with burn scars: epidemiology and management,"Burn injury is often a devastating event with long-term physical and psychosocial effects. Burn scars after deep dermal injury are cosmetically disfiguring and force the scarred person to deal with an alteration in body appearance. In addition, the traumatic nature of the burn accident and the painful treatment may induce psychopathological responses. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which are prevalent in 13-23% and 13-45% of cases, respectively, have been the most common areas of research in burn patients. Risk factors related to depression are pre-burn depression and female gender in combination with facial disfigurement. Risk factors related to PTSD are pre-burn depression, type and severity of baseline symptoms, anxiety related to pain, and visibility of burn injury. Neuropsychological problems are also described, mostly associated with electrical injuries. Social problems include difficulties in sexual life and social interactions. Quality of life initially seems to be lower in burn patients compared with the general population. Problems in the mental area are more troublesome than physical problems. Over a period of many years, quality of life was reported to be rather good. Mediating variables such as low social support, emotion and avoidant coping styles, and personality traits such as neuroticism and low extraversion, negatively affect adjustment after burn injury. Few studies of psychological treatments in burn patients are available. From general trauma literature, it is concluded that cognitive (behavioral) and pharmacological (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) interventions have a positive effect on depression. With respect to PTSD, exposure therapy and eye movement reprocessing and desensitization are successful. Psychological debriefing aiming to prevent chronic post-trauma reactions has not, thus far, shown a positive effect in burn patients. Treatment of problems in the social area includes cognitive-behavioral therapy, social skills training, and community interventions. Sexual health promotion and counseling may decrease problems in sexual life.In conclusion, psychopathology and psychological problems are identified in a significant minority of burn patients. Symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders (of which PTSD is one) should be the subject of screening in the post-burn phase and treated if indicated. A profile of the patient at risk, based on pre-injury factors such as pre-morbid psychiatric disorder and personality characteristics, peri-traumatic factors and post-burn factors, is presented. Finally, objective characteristics of disfigurement appear to play a minor role, although other factors, such as proneness to shame, body image problems, and lack of self-esteem, may be of significance.","Burns/complications/*psychology, Cicatrix/etiology/*psychology, Depression/epidemiology/etiology/therapy, Humans, Prevalence, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Risk Factors, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/epidemiology/*etiology/therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*etiology/therapy","Van Loey, N. E., Van Son, M. J.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5658,Predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress symptoms following burn injury: Results of a longitudinal study,,,"Van Loey, N. E. E., Maas, C. J. M., Faber, A. W., Taal, L. A.",2003.0,,10.1023/A:1024465902416,0,0,
5659,Psychopathology and psychological problems in patients with burn scars: Epidemiology and management,"Burn injury is often a devastating event with long-term physical and psychosocial effects. Burn scars after deep dermal injury are cosmetically disfiguring and force the scarred person to deal with an alteration in body appearance. In addition, the traumatic nature of the burn accident and the painful treatment may induce psychopathological responses. Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which are prevalent in 13-23% and 13-45% of cases, respectively, have been the most common areas of research in burn patients. Risk factors related to depression are pre-burn depression and female gender in combination with facial disfigurement. Risk factors related to PTSD are pre-burn depression, type and severity of baseline symptoms, anxiety related to pain, and visibility of burn injury. Neuropsychological problems are also described, mostly associated with electrical injuries. Social problems include difficulties in sexual life and social interactions. Quality of life initially seems to be lower in burn patients compared with the general population. Problems in the mental area are more troublesome than physical problems. Over a period of many years, quality of life was reported to be rather good. Mediating variables such as low social support, emotion and avoidant coping styles, and personality traits such as neuroticism and low extraversion, negatively affect adjustment after burn injury. Few studies of psychological treatments in burn patients are available. From general trauma literature, it is concluded that cognitive (behavioral) and pharmacological (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) interventions have a positive effect on depression. With respect to PTSD, exposure therapy and eye movement reprocessing and desensitization are successful. Psychological debriefing aiming to prevent chronic post-trauma reactions has not, thus far, shown a positive effect in burn patients. Treatment of problems in the social area includes cognitive-behavioral therapy, social skills training, and community interventions. Sexual health promotion and counseling may decrease problems in sexual life. In conclusion, psychopathology and psychological problems are identified in a significant minority of burn patients. Symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders (of which PTSD is one) should be the subject of screening in the post-burn phase and treated if indicated. A profile of the patient at risk, based on pre-injury factors such as pre-morbid psychiatric disorder and personality characteristics, peri-traumatic factors and post-burn factors, is presented. Finally, objective characteristics of disfigurement appear to play a minor role, although other factors, such as proneness to shame, body image problems, and lack of self-esteem, may be of significance.","serotonin uptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressant agent, anxiety, behavior therapy, burn, burn scar, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, coping behavior, depression, human, mental disease, personality, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric treatment, psychological aspect, psychopathy, psychopharmacotherapy, psychosocial care, quality of life, review, risk factor, sexual dysfunction, social isolation, social problem, social support","Van Loey, N. E. E., Van Son, M. J. M.",2003.0,,,0,0,5657
5660,Predicting Treatment Outcome in PTSD: A Longitudinal Functional MRI Study on Trauma-Unrelated Emotional Processing,"In about 30-50% of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), symptoms persist after treatment. Although neurobiological research has advanced our understanding of PTSD, little is known about the neurobiology underlying persistence of PTSD. Two functional MRI scans were collected from 72 war veterans with and without PTSD over a 6-To 8-month interval, during which PTSD patients received trauma-focused therapy. All participants performed a trauma-unrelated emotional processing task in the scanner. Based on post-Treatment symptom severity, a distinction was made between remitted and persistent patients. Behavioral and imaging measures of trauma-unrelated emotional processing were compared between the three groups (remitted patients, N=21; persistent patients, N=22; and combat controls, N=25) with repeated-measures (pre-and post-Treatment) analyses. Second, logistic regression was used to predict treatment outcome. Before and after treatment, persistent patients showed a higher dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and insula response to negative pictures compared with remitted patients and combat controls. Before treatment, persistent patients showed increased amygdala activation in response to negative pictures compared with remitted patients. The remitted patients and combat controls did not differ on the behavioral or imaging measures. Finally, higher dACC, insula, and amygdala activation before treatment were significant predictors of symptom persistence. Our results highlight a pattern of brain activation that may predict poor response to PTSD treatment. These findings can contribute to the development of alternative or additional therapies. Further research is needed to elucidate the heterogeneity within PTSD and describe how differences in neural function are related to treatment outcome. Such approaches are critical for defining parameters to customize PTSD treatment and improve treatment response rates. © 2016 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.",,"Van Rooij, S. J. H., Kennis, M., Vink, M., Geuze, E.",2016.0,,10.1038/npp.2015.257,0,0,
5661,Neural correlates of non-trauma related emotional processing in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to be characterized by general heightened amygdala activation [1]. However, this general hypothesis is mainly based on specific studies presenting fear/traumarelated stimuli, hence, a thorough investigation of general emotional experience in PTSD is needed. Other regions associated with emotion regulation and PTSD are the hippocampus, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and subgenual ACC (sgACC) and therefore also regions of interest (ROIs) in this study. As it is important to differentiate PTSD-related alterations from consequences of stress/trauma exposure [2], PTSD patients were compared with stress/trauma-exposed controls and healthy controls. Methods: In this study, 29 male medication-naive veterans with PTSD, 28 male control veterans (combat controls; CC) and 25 non-military men (healthy controls; HC) were included. Participants underwent functional MRI while general neutral, negative and positive emotional pictures were presented. First, whole brain analyses were performed to investigate the brain areas activated by the task. Then, groups were compared on their response to negative or positive versus neutral pictures in the four ROIs. Furthermore, whole brain analyses were performed to examine group differences outside the ROIs. Psychophysiological interaction analyses were performed to investigate change in functional coupling for negative versus neutral pictures. Because of the high level of comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) in the PTSD group, PTSD patients with and without MDD were compared. Results: All groups showed activation of the emotion network, including increased bilateral amygdala activation to negative and positive pictures, but amygdala activation did not differ between groups. However, heightened dACC activation to negative pictures was observed in PTSD patients compared to the HC group. Deactivation of the medial superior frontal gyrus to negative pictures was only observed in the HC group and this was significantly different from the veteran groups (PTSD and CC). The PTSD group showed an increase in functional coupling between the amygdala and medial superior frontal gyrus, but group differences were not significant. When PTSD patients with and without MDD were compared, decreased subgenual ACC (sgACC) activation to all pictures was observed in PTSD patients with MDD. Conclusion: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that PTSD is characterized by general heightened amygdala activation. Instead, PTSD patients demonstrated increased dACC activation implicating an attentional bias to negative stimuli. Veterans did not show deactivation of the medial superior frontal gyrus during the presentation of negative stimuli. The medial superior frontal gyrus is involved in attention shift and executive control, and is deactivated during emotion processing. Our finding implies that veterans exert cognitive control when presented with negative stimuli. Furthermore, only the PTSD group showed an increase in functional connectivity of the medial superior frontal gyrus with the amygdala during negative pictures, suggesting increased cognitive control over the amygdala. Finally, decreased sgACC activation was related to MDD status within the PTSD group. The sgACC has often been implicated in MDD [3], but here a dissimilar neurobiological profile of MDD is observed within a PTSD sample. Future PTSD research should therefore consider the effects of comorbid MDD.","human, war, Europe, workshop, posttraumatic stress disorder, veteran, scientist, processing, injury, amygdaloid nucleus, patient, superior frontal gyrus, stimulus, male, executive function, brain, emotion, hypothesis, attentional bias, exposure, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, major depression, functional magnetic resonance imaging, army, emotionality, drug therapy, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging","Van Rooij, S. J. H., Rademaker, A. R., Kennis, M., Vink, M., Kahn, R. S., Geuze, E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5662,Culture and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A proposed conceptual framework,"It is widely accepted that the understanding of any psychological disorder needs to be contextualised within cultural parameters. The notion that current diagnostic taxonomies are not always universally applicable does not mean that all symptoms are not applicable. We present a framework that is aimed at being a starting point from which to delineate universal and culture specific elements of PTSD. The framework follows the possible influence of cultural factors on (a) the formation of an intrusive memory, (b) an understanding of how such a memory becomes pathological, and (c) how symptoms are expressed from the intrusive memory core of PTSD. While the framework presents certain elements (e.g. intrusive memory and core schemas) as centrally important, the focus is on a heuristic framework that allows for the study of the dynamic interaction between potentially universal and cultural factors and how this interaction may produce the symptom profile generally seen with PTSD. Tentative recommendations are made for a research agenda and are presented after a brief exploration of the strengths and weaknesses of such a framework. © Psychological Society of South Africa.","Cognitive schemas, Culture, Memory intrusion, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Schema adaptation, Trauma narratives","Van Rooyen, K., Nqweni, Z. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5663,Childhood trauma exposure in Iraq and Afghanistan war era veterans: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and adult functional social support,"Objective: This study examined the relationship among childhood trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and adult social support in a large sample of veterans who served in the military after 09/11/2001, with a specific focus on the potential role of the PTSD avoidance and numbing cluster as intervening in the association between childhood abuse and adult functional social support. Method: Participants were 1,301 veterans and active duty soldiers who have served in the military since 09/11/2001; a subsample of these participants (n= 482) completed an inventory of current functional social support. Analyses included linear regression and nonparametric bootstrapping procedures. Results: After controlling for combat exposure, exposure to childhood trauma was associated with PTSD symptoms in adulthood. Further, PTSD symptoms, and particularly PTSD avoidance/numbing cluster symptoms, intervened in the relationship between childhood trauma and adult functional social support. Conclusions: Findings support the association of childhood trauma (both abuse related and other, non-abuse related trauma) with PTSD symptoms in military personnel and veterans, even after accounting for combat exposure. Additionally, the avoidance and numbing symptom cluster of childhood trauma-based PTSD may be particularly salient in compromising one's subsequent ability to garner functional social support in adulthood. © 2012.","Avoidance/numbing, Child abuse, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Social support, US veterans","Van Voorhees, E. E., Dedert, E. A., Calhoun, P. S., Brancu, M., Runnals, J., Beckham, J. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5664,The association of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate with anxiety sensitivity and electronic diary negative affect among smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased smoking initiation, maintenance, and relapse. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) are neurosteroids that have been associated with mood measures as well as smoking status, and nicotine is associated with increased DHEA and DHEAS levels. Given the difficulties with mood experienced by smokers with PTSD, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the association between negative affect and anxiety sensitivity with DHEA and DHEAS levels. Ninety-six smokers with and without PTSD provided blood samples for neurosteroid analyses and completed self-report measures of anxiety sensitivity and electronic diary ratings of negative affect. As expected, PTSD smokers reported higher levels of anxiety sensitivity (F1,94 = 20.67, partial η = 0.18, P < 0.0001) and negative affect (F1,91 = 7.98, partial η = 0.08, P = 0.006). After accounting for age and sex, DHEAS was significantly inversely associated with both anxiety sensitivity (F3,92 = 6.97, partial η = 0.07, P = 0.01) and negative affect (F3,87 = 10.52, partial η = 0.11, P = 0.002) across groups. Effect sizes indicated that these effects are moderate to high. No significant interactions of diagnosis and DHEA(S) levels with mood measures were detected. Given that nicotine is known to elevate DHEA(S) levels, these results suggest that DHEAS may serve as a biomarker of the association between mood and nicotine among smokers. Implications for the results include (1) the use of DHEAS measurement across time and across quit attempts and (2) the potential for careful use of DHEA supplementation to facilitate abstinence during smoking cessation. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","DHEA, negative affect, posttraumatic stress disorder, smoking","Van Voorhees, E. E., Dennis, M. F., McClernon, F. J., Calhoun, P. S., Buse, N. A., Beckham, J. C.",2013.0,,10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182968962,0,0,
5665,Personality assessment inventory internalizing and externalizing structure in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations with aggression,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with aggressive behavior in veterans, and difficulty controlling aggressive urges has been identified as a primary postdeployment readjustment concern. Yet only a fraction of veterans with PTSD commit violent acts. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the higher-order factor structure of Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scales in a sample of U.S. military veterans seeking treatment for PTSD; and (2) to evaluate the incremental validity of higher-order latent factors of the PAI over PTSD symptom severity in modeling aggression. The study sample included male U.S. Vietnam (n=433) and Iraq/Afghanistan (n=165) veterans who were seeking treatment for PTSD at an outpatient Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic. Measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the PAI, and the Conflict Tactics Scale. The sample was randomly split into two equal subsamples (n's=299) to allow for cross-validation of statistically derived factors. Parallel analysis, variable clustering analysis, and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the factor structure, and regression was used to examine the association of factor scores with self-reports of aggression over the past year. Three factors were identified: internalizing, externalizing, and substance abuse. Externalizing explained unique variance in aggression beyond PTSD symptom severity and demographic factors, while internalizing and substance abuse did not. Service era was unrelated to reports of aggression. The constructs of internalizing versus externalizing dimensions of PTSD may have utility in identifying characteristics of combat veterans in the greatest need of treatment to help manage aggressive urges.","Aggression, Externalizing, Internalizing, PTSD, Veterans","Van Voorhees, E. E., Dennis, P. A., Elbogen, E. B., Clancy, C. P., Hertzberg, M. A., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S.",,,,0,0,
5666,Personality Assessment Inventory internalizing and externalizing structure in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: associations with aggression,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with aggressive behavior in veterans, and difficulty controlling aggressive urges has been identified as a primary postdeployment readjustment concern. Yet only a fraction of veterans with PTSD commit violent acts. The goals of this study were to (1) examine the higher-order factor structure of Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scales in a sample of U.S. military veterans seeking treatment for PTSD; and (2) to evaluate the incremental validity of higher-order latent factors of the PAI over PTSD symptom severity in modeling aggression. The study sample included male U.S. Vietnam (n = 433) and Iraq/Afghanistan (n = 165) veterans who were seeking treatment for PTSD at an outpatient Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic. Measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the PAI, and the Conflict Tactics Scale. The sample was randomly split into two equal subsamples (n's = 299) to allow for cross-validation of statistically derived factors. Parallel analysis, variable clustering analysis, and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the factor structure, and regression was used to examine the association of factor scores with self-reports of aggression over the past year. Three factors were identified: internalizing, externalizing, and substance abuse. Externalizing explained unique variance in aggression beyond PTSD symptom severity and demographic factors, while internalizing and substance abuse did not. Service era was unrelated to reports of aggression. The constructs of internalizing versus externalizing dimensions of PTSD may have utility in identifying characteristics of combat veterans in the greatest need of treatment to help manage aggressive urges.","Ptsd, aggression, externalizing, internalizing, veterans","Van Voorhees, E. E., Dennis, P. A., Elbogen, E. B., Clancy, C. P., Hertzberg, M. A., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S.",2014.0,Nov-Dec,10.1002/ab.21554,0,0,5665
5667,I'll be working my way back: A qualitative synthesis on the trauma experience of children,"Children who experience some kind of traumatic event, such as losing a sibling, witnessing war, or being the victim of abuse or an accident, all have the need to process this event. Few theories exist about the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, specifically in traumatized children. Therefore, a synthesis of qualitative research is conducted in which the available qualitative studies on the children's perspective on traumatic experiences are integrated. A total of 17 English-language peer-reviewed articles were selected and a thematic synthesis was carried out. The core themes in the findings pertain to three domains: the individual, the family, and the community. We found a qualitative synthesis beneficial for creating a complete picture of children dealing with trauma and for strengthening the emerging theory. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","children, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, qualitative synthesis, systematic review","Van Wesel, F., Boeije, H., Alisic, E., Drost, S.",2012.0,,10.1037/a0025766,0,0,
5668,Persistent reduction of default mode network connectivity after combat stress,"Background: Recent studies have demonstrated abnormal resting-state connectivity in many stress-related mental disorders. It is unknown whether altered network connectivity results from psychiatric symptomatology or whether it already precedes disease symptoms as a consequence of prior stress exposure. Here, we investigated the influence of combat stress on resting-state default mode network (DMN) connectivity using a prospective study. Methods: Twenty-three healthy soldiers participated in three scanning sessions before and on average 7 weeks and 1.5 years after their first deployment to Afghanistan, as well as sixteen matched control soldiers who were not deployed. Resting-state FMRI scans were analyzed using independent component analysis (ICA) implemented in FSL. Dual regression was used to define subject-specific expressions of the DMN, and between-subject comparisons including multiplecomparison correction on cluster-size statistics (p<0.05) were performed using permutation testing. Results: The soldiers in the combat group were exposed to typical war-zone stressors, but no significant changes in stress symptoms were observed. Groupby- session interaction analysis showed that combat stress reduced DMN connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Analysis of the long-term follow-up data showed that mPFC connectivity remained reduced after 1.5 years. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that severe stress leads to persistent alterations of default mode network connectivity, and suggest that network alterations may precede psychiatric symptoms in patients with psychiatric disorders.","default mode network, posttraumatic stress disorder, society, psychiatry, human, mental disease, soldier, independent component analysis, patient, Afghanistan, exposure, follow up, prefrontal cortex, war, statistics, prospective study, symptomatology","Van Wingen, G., Geuze, E., Beckmann, C., Denys, D., Vermetten, E., Fernandez, G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5669,Prevalence and Risk Factors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Older Adults,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has scarcely been researched in the elderly. There is no population-based information on prevalence and risk factors in older persons. Patients with PTSD are often not recognized or incorrectly diagnosed. As the disorder has great implications for the quality of life, a correct diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Increased knowledge on vulnerability factors for PTSD can facilitate diagnostic procedures and health management in the elderly. PTSD cases were found following a two-phase sampling procedure: a random selection of 1,721 subjects were screened and in 422 subjects a psychiatric diagnostic interview was administered. Prevalence of PTSD and subthreshold PTSD were calculated. Vulnerability factors regarding demographics, physical health, personality, social factors, recent distress and adverse events in early childhood were assessed. 6-month prevalence of PTSD and of subthreshold PTSD was 0.9 and 13.1%, respectively. The strongest vulnerability factors for both PTSD and subthreshold PTSD were neuroticism and adverse events in early childhood. This is the first population-based study on PTSD in older persons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, *Susceptibility (Disorders), Demographic Characteristics, Distress, Early Experience, Health, Personality","van Zelst, Willeke H., de Beurs, Edwin, Beekman, Aartjan T. F., Deeg, Dorly J. H., van Dyck, Richard",2003.0,,,0,0,
5670,Post traumatic stress disorder: Undiagnosed cases in a tertiary inpatient setting,"Objective: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, debilitating anxiety disorder characterized by emotional and physical symptoms that may occur after exposure to a severely traumatic event. Since it occurs commonly as a comorbid diagnosis with other mood- and anxiety disorders, we postulated that this disorder may be under- diagnosed in therapeutic wards where anxiety and mood disorders are treated. The study thus sought to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed PTSD in an inpatient population, and to compare the demographic details and comorbid diagnoses of subjects with and without PTSD. Method: The Clinician-administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS) was administered to 40 subjects who were inpatients in a therapeutic ward of a large psychiatric hospital and who had never had a diagnosis of PTSD before. Results:16 (40%) subjects met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. We did not find significant clinical differentiating factors between subjects with and without PTSD; however subjects with PTSD were more likely to use cannabis. Conclusions: PTSD remains undiagnosed in many patients admitted to therapeutic units. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Comorbidity, *Demographic Characteristics, *Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Trauma, Injuries, Patients","Van Zyl, M., Oosthuizen, P. P., Seedat, S.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5671,Neurological and psychiatric diseases and their unique cognitive profiles: Implications for nursing practice and research,"To successfully negotiate and interact with one's environment, optimal cognitive functioning is needed. Unfortunately, many neurological and psychiatric diseases impede certain cognitive abilities such as executive functioning or speed of processing; this can produce a poor fit between the patient and the cognitive demands of his or her environment. Such nondementia diseases include bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress syndrome, depression, and anxiety disorders, just to name a few. Each of these diseases negatively affects particular areas of the brain, resulting in distinct cognitive profiles (e.g., deficits in executive functioning but normal speed of processing as seen in schizophrenia). In fact, it is from these cognitive deficits in which such behavioral and emotional symptoms may manifest (e.g., delusions, paranoia). This article highlights the distinct cognitive profiles of such common neurological and psychiatric diseases. An understanding of such disease-specific cognitive profiles can assist nurses in providing care to patients by knowing what cognitive deficits are associated with each disease and how these cognitive deficits impact everyday functioning and social interactions. Implications for nursing practice and research are posited within the framework of cognitive reserve and neuroplasticity. © 2013 American Association of Neuroscience Nurses.","Cognition, Cognitive remediation, Cognitive reserve, Comorbidity, Executive functioning, Memory, Speed of processing","Vance, D. E., Dodson, J. E., Watkins, J., Kennedy, B. H., Keltner, N. L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5672,A reevaluation of the use of the MMPI in the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study attempts to validate previously developed, empirically based Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) decision rules (Keane, Malloy, & Fairbank, 1984) to aid in the diagnosis of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Four groups of 21 subjects each were identified: PTSD, psychotic, depressed, and chronic pain. A decision rule based on the standard clinical scales resulted in a correct classification rate (PTSD vs. non-PTSD) of 81% across the four-group sample. An empirically derived MMPI PTSD scale resulted in a correct classification rate of 77%. However, 43% of the PTSD subjects were incorrectly classified as non-PTSD by these rules. Independent, blind sorting of the 84 MMPI profiles by two doctoral-level clinical psychologists resulted in 'hit rates' similar to the MMPI decision rules. The present suggest that the previously derived, empirically based MMPI decision rules for PTSD do scarcely better than chance on correct classification of individuals with PTSD. We suggest that the differential diagnosis of PTSD is difficult because of the wide variety of symptoms in common with other diagnostic groups, and hence the variability of PTSD subjects on psychometric measures. We also suggest that the MMPI decision rules of Keane et al. (1984) may have utility in identifying subgroup(s) of combat-related PTSDs.",,"Vanderploeg, R. D., Sison Jr, G. F. P., Hickling, E. J.",1987.0,,,0,0,
5673,Posttraumatic stress disorders of children in out-of-home care,"Children in out-of-home care often develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to their high exposure to traumatic experiences. The aim of this study was to determine the global prevalence of trauma and of PTSD in the population of looked-after children by examining risk and protective factors as well. For this purpose a systematic literature review was undertaken to identify original studies from 2003 to 2014 in the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, PsyInfo, PubPsych, Psyndex, CSA, FIS and PILOT. The analysis showed a higher prevalence of trauma and PTSD in the population of children in out-of-home care compared to the general population. Whereas there were no gender effects on this prevalence, gender specific trauma profiles could be identified in the experience of physical and sexual abuse, and in life-threatening events as well. Although many risk factors for PTSD were examined, there was only one protective factor analyzed: the social support. The results emphasize the necessity to integrate the work of psychotherapists in stationary settings of child protective services. © Schattauer 2015","Children, Out-of-home care, PTSD, Risk factor","Vasileva, M., Fegert, J. M., Petermann, F.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5674,Psychological trauma in victims of drug facilitated sexual assault. UMJ management,"Many cases of Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA) are reported every year. These assaults occur under similar circumstances: parties out with large consumption of alcohol followed by unconsciousness and traces of sexual activity on waking up. The victims expect the tests carried out in the forensic department (UMJ) to bring evidence that they have been drugged and sexually assaulted. Objectives of the study: The aim of this study is to establish profiles of victims and perpetrators in order to gain better knowledge of the people concerned and to assess their mutual share of responsibility in the assaults. This study will provide health professionals with specialist knowledge of that type of post-traumatic disorder and help them adapt the way they care for the victims in order to avoid increasing the trauma and to facilitate healing. Materials & methods: This prospective research was conducted over one year in the UMJ of the HÔtel-Dieu in Paris. The data concentrates on victims of sexual assault with a suspicion of drug-facilitation referred to the UMJ by the police. The victims taken into account are over-18 and French speaking. Three types of documents have been used: a medical report after clinical examination including all results of forensic drug analyses, a psychiatric report conducted by a psychiatrist sometimes after the assault, a questionnaire filled in by the victims attending serological follow-up appointments and interviews with specially-trained police officers. Results: The bulk of the victims are single women under30 with no children. They are either students or young professionals. In most cases, forensic tests cannot establish evidence of sexual assault. When samples are collected within a few hours of the assault, toxicological tests establish excessive consumption of alcohol but cannot establish DFSA. Most victims are made to feel extremely anxious by this lack of evidence and tend to resort to alcohol to help them get over their feelings of shame and guilt. The perpetrators are males and are older than their victims. They come under two categories: the ""opportunistic"" assailant who waits for his victim to be incapable of resisting assault owing to excessive consumption of alcohol, the ""proactive"" assailant who looks out for vulnerable, intoxicated young women on the nightlife scene. Conclusions: What comes to the fore is that victims place themselves in a vulnerable position through alcohol intoxication and are then taken advantage of. They suffer from serious psychological trauma after being assaulted and their feeling of guilt is such that they sometimes refrain from asking for help. It is however obvious that although victims tend to make themselves vulnerable through excessive drinking, the responsibility for the assault remains totally that of the assailant. Compassionate care from UMJ staff and a fairer acknowledgement of the responsibility for the assault can kick-start the healing process. The victims are then given professional psychological and medical support. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.","Alcohol, Drug, Guilt, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychic trauma, Sexual assault","Vasseur, P.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.amp.2013.07.014,0,0,
5675,Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: Clinical and conceptual complexities,"This virtual special issue compiles eight papers on the topic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and/or post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The papers are for the first time grouped together with the goal of collectively addressing the issues confronting clinicians who assess and care for patients with history of mTBI and PTSD. This issue begins with papers that provide a better understanding of the range of factors that likely influence recovery from mTBI, next turns to papers that illustrate the neuropsychological features of PTSD, and concludes with papers that consider the co-morbidity of mTBI with PTSD. First paper in the virtual issue presents a review of the neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive symptoms, discussing diagnostic considerations and emphasizing in particular current knowledge about neuropathological substrates potentially underlying persistent symptoms. The final three papers address mTBI and PTSD concurrently. Two of these papers center on deployment-related mTBI and examine the specific question of whether blast related TBI-a particularly common source of deployment TBI-differs in its impact from non-blast-related deployment TBI. The body of work summarized here helps identify some of the problems experienced by patients with comorbid mTBI and PTSD and sets the stage expanding the knowledge of this complex comorbidity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neuropsychology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Clinical Neuroscience, *Morbidity","Vasterling, Jennifer J., Dikmen, Sureyya",2012.0,,,0,0,
5676,Neuropsychological outcomes of army personnel following deployment to the Iraq War,,,"Vasterling, J. J., Proctor, S. P., Amoroso, P., Kane, R., Heeren, T., White, R. F.",2006.0,,10.1001/jama.296.5.519,0,0,
5677,"PTSD symptom increases in Iraq-deployed soldiers: Comparison with nondeployed soldiers and associations with baseline symptoms, deployment experiences, and postdeployment stress",,,"Vasterling, J. J., Proctor, S. P., Friedman, M. J., Hoge, C. W., Heeren, T., King, L. A., King, D. W.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20487,0,0,
5678,Establishing a methodology to examine the effects of war-zone PTSD on the family: The family foundations study,"Military deployment may adversely affect not only returning veterans, but their families, as well. As a result, researchers have increasingly focused on identifying risk and protective factors for successful family adaptation to war-zone deployment, re-integration of the returning veteran, and the longer-term psychosocial consequences of deployment experienced by some veterans and families. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among returning veterans may pose particular challenges to military and military veteran families; however, questions remain regarding the impact of the course of veteran PTSD and other potential moderating factors on family adaptation to military deployment. The Family Foundations Study builds upon an established longitudinal cohort of Army soldiers (i.e. the Neurocognition Deployment Health Study) to help address remaining knowledge gaps. This report describes the conceptual framework and key gaps in knowledge that guided the study design, methodological challenges and special considerations in conducting military family research, and how these gaps, challenges, and special considerations are addressed by the study. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Family, Longitudinal, PTSD, Risk factors, War-zone veterans","Vasterling, J. J., Taft, C. T., Proctor, S. P., Macdonald, H. Z., Lawrence, A., Kalill, K., Kaiser, A. P., Lee, L. O., King, D. W., King, L. A., Fairbank, J. A.",2015.0,,10.1002/mpr.1464,0,0,
5679,Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience,"A significant proportion of military personnel deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) has been exposed to war-zone events potentially associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been significant controversy regarding healthcare policy for those service members and military veterans who returned from OEF/OIF deployments with both mild TBI and PTSD. There is currently little empirical evidence available to address these controversies. This review uses a cognitive neuroscience framework to address the potential impact of mild TBI on the development, course, and clinical management of PTSD. The field would benefit from research efforts that take into consideration the potential differential impact of mild TBI with versus without persistent cognitive deficits, longitudinal work examining the trajectory of PTSD symptoms when index trauma events involve TBI, randomized clinical trials designed to examine the impact of mild TBI on response to existing PTSD treatment interventions, and development and examination of potential treatment augmentation strategies.","Cognitive neuroscience, Mild traumatic brain injury, PTSD, War veterans","Vasterling, J. J., Verfaellie, M., Sullivan, K. D.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5680,Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive review,"The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have emerged as a major therapeutic advance in psychopharmacology. As a result, the discovery of these agents marks a milestone in neuropsychopharmacology and rational drug design, and has launched a new era in psychotropic drug development. Prior to the SSRIs, all psychotropic medications were the result of chance observation. In an attempt to develop a SSRI, researchers discovered a number of nontricyclic agents with amine-uptake inhibitory properties, acting on both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons with considerable differences in potency. A given drug may affect one or more sites over its clinically relevant dosing range and may produce multiple and different clinical effects. The enhanced safety profile includes a reduced likelihood of pharmacodynamically mediated adverse drug-drug interactions by avoiding affects on sites that are not essential to the intended outcome. SSRIs were developed for inhibition of the neuronal uptake pump for serotonin (5-HT), a property shared with the TCAs, but without affecting the other various neuroreceptors or fast sodium channels. The therapeutic mechanism of action of SSRIs involves alteration in the 5-HT system. The plethora of biological substrates, receptors and pathways for 5-HT are candidates to mediate not only the therapeutic actions of SSRIs, but also their side effects. A hypothesis to explain these immediate side effects is that 5-HT is increased at specific 5-HT receptor subtypes in discrete regions of the body where the relevant physiologic processes are regulated. Marked differences exist between the SSRIs with regard to effects on specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and thus the likelihood of clinically important pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Although no clear relationship exists between the clinical efficacy, plasma concentration of SSRIs, nor any threshold that defines toxic concentrations, but therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be useful in special populations, such as in elderly patients, poor metabolizers (PM) of sparteine (CYP2D6) or mephenytoin (CYP2C19), and patients with liver and kidney impairment. Several meta-analyses have reviewed the comparative efficacy of TCAs and SSRIs, and concluded that both TCAs and SSRIs have similar efficacy in the treatment of depression. SSRIs have demonstrated better efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). They have also been found to be effective in the treatment for social anxiety disorder both in reducing total levels of social anxiety and in improving overall clinical condition. The benefit of SSRIs in anorexia nervosa (AN) is apparently short-term unless medication is given in the context of nutritional or behavioral therapy. No single antidepressant can ever be recommended for every patient, but in a vast majority of patients, SSRIs should be considered as one of the first-line drugs in the treatment of depression. (copyright) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","alprazolam, amfebutamone, amitriptyline, antidepressant agent, benzodiazepine derivative, carbamazepine, citalopram, clomipramine, cytochrome P450 2D6, desipramine, doxepin, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, maprotiline, mirtazapine, moclobemide, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, neuroleptic agent, norfluoxetine, paroxetine, phenelzine, serotonin, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, venlafaxine, zimeldine, aging, anorexia, anticholinergic effect, anxiety disorder, behavior therapy, bleeding, cardiotoxicity, clinical feature, clinical trial, confusion, depression, dose response, drug absorption, drug blood level, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug indication, drug mechanism, drug monitoring, drug potency, drug safety, drug tolerability, eating disorder, enzyme activity, extrapyramidal symptom, gastrointestinal toxicity, human, impulse control disorder, insomnia, lactation, mental disease, meta analysis, motor dysfunction, nausea, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, pregnancy, premenstrual syndrome, psychopharmacology, review, schizophrenia, sedation, serotonin uptake, sexual dysfunction, side effect, social phobia, suicidal behavior, treatment outcome, tremor, vertigo, visual disorder, vomiting, weight reduction, withdrawal syndrome","Vaswani, M., Linda, F. K., Ramesh, S.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5681,Psychological and sleep quality differences between chronic daily headache and temporomandibular disorders patients,"The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic daily headache (CDH) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients present with different psychological and sleep quality characteristics. Sixty-seven patients diagnosed with CDH, according to classification criteria from Silberstein et al., were matched by age and sex with 67 patients who had a primary diagnosis of myofascial pain (MP) and 67 patients with a primary diagnosis of TMJ intracapsular pain (IC) according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. The CDH group was comprised of three mutually exclusive diagnostic groups: chronic migraine (n = 35); chronic tension-type headache (n = 26); 'other CDH' (n = 6). All patients completed a battery of psychological and sleep quality questionnaires. All CDH subgroups showed similar psychological and sleep quality profiles. Pain intensity and duration were controlled in the multivariate analyses (MANCOVA) by treating them as covariates. The CDH and MP groups revealed higher levels of psychological distress than the IC group on most psychological domains. The MP group also revealed numerically higher levels of psychological distress in most psychological domains than the CDH group, although these differences were generally not significant. We did not find significant differences between the three groups on post traumatic stress symptoms either. Sleep quality was significantly worse in the MP group than in the CDH and IC groups. These results are discussed in the context of multimodal patient evaluation and treatments that are often necessary for successful clinical management.","Chronic daily headache, Myofascial pain, Psychological factors, Sleep quality, Temporomandibular joint pain","Vazquez-Delgado, E., Schmidt, J. E., Carlson, C. R., DeLeeuw, R., Okeson, J. P.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5682,The association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment during ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo,"The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has suffered from a bloody conflict for more than a decade. More than 5,400,000 people died from war-related causes since 1998 and exposure to violence was wide-spread. This study investigated the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on perceived health and physical and social functioning, filling an important gap in the current literature. Data were collected from a sample of 93 adults living in Bunia, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Structured in-person interviews included the PTSD section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale. Additional questions were included to assess social resources. Study recruitment was balanced to achieve equal representation of both sexes and each quarter of town. Forty percent met symptom criteria for probable PTSD. Individuals with PTSD reported poor perceived general health and had high disability scores compared to those without PTSD. Of the three PTSD symptom clusters, hyperarousal was most strongly associated with disability. Individuals with PTSD were significantly more emotionally affected by their health problems than those without PTSD (85% versus 41%), had more difficulties in activities involving social contact (54% versus 16%) and in doing their daily work (54% versus 20%). The impact of war-related violence on mental health is severe in the DRC. Psychosocial interventions developed in conflict areas might be best targeted primarily to supporting social functioning and reducing hyperarousal. Implications for clinical treatment and future directions are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","DR Congo, Functional impairment, PTSD, Social resources, Violence, War","Veling, W., Hall, B. J., Joosse, P.",2013.0,,,0,1,
5683,Integrative assessment of brain and cognitive function in post-traumatic stress disorder,"The present study combined neuropsychological and electrophysiological measures to obtain a comprehensive profile of the everyday attentional and memory dysfunction reported in PTSD. The event-related potential (ERP) literature has consistently found abnormalities in late components (N2, P3) reflecting working memory (WM) function. However, the neuropsychological profile reported in the literature has considerable variation. The present study examined ERP activity in 33 PTSD participants and matched controls during a standard two-tone auditory oddball task. Neuropsychological assessment was carried out using a task battery assessing a wide range of cognitive functions. Consistent with previous work, the PTSD group showed delayed N2 latency and reduced P3 target amplitude, together with slower and less accurate target detection. Scalp topography provided evidence of widespread abnormality during WM function, but with strongest effects broadly over the left hemisphere. Neuropsychological testing found concomitant difficulties on factorial measures of verbal memory retention/access and sustained attention but enhanced performance on measures of immediate recall. This integrative pattern of effects reflects a specific impairment in the operation of working memory systems that guide ongoing, planned behavior and that facilitate the acquisition and retention of new memories. (copyright) Imperial College Press.","adult, article, auditory discrimination, auditory memory, behavior, brain function, clinical article, clinical examination, cognition, controlled study, correlation function, female, human, left hemisphere, male, memory consolidation, memory disorder, mental performance, mental task, nervous system electrophysiology, neuropsychological test, posttraumatic stress disorder, rating scale, recall, scoring system, topography, verbal memory, visual memory, working memory","Veltmeyer, M. D., Clark, C. R., McFarlane, A. C., Felmingham, K. L., Bryant, R. A., Gordon, E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5684,Integrative assessment of brain function in ptsd: Brain stability and working memory,"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by symptoms of hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusive trauma-related memories and deficits in everyday memory and attention. Separate studies in PTSD have found abnormalities in electroencephalogram EEG, in event-related potential (ERP) and behavioral measures of working memory and attention. The present study seeks to determine whether these abnormalities are related and the extent to which they share this relationship with clinical symptoms. EEG data were collected during an eyes-open paradigm and a one-back working memory task. Behavioral and clinical data (CAPS) were also collected. The PTSD group showed signs of altered cortical arousal as indexed by reduced alpha power and an increased theta/alpha ratio, and clinical and physiological measures of arousal were found to be related. The normal relationship between theta power and ERP indices of working memory was not affected in PTSD, with both sets of measures reduced in the disordered group. Medication appeared to underpin a number of abnormal parameters, including P3 amplitude to targets and the accuracy, though not speed, of target detection. The present study helps to overcome a limitation of earlier studies that assess such parameters independently in different groups of patients that vary in factors such as comorbidity, medication status, gender and symptom profile. The present study begins to shed light on the relationship between these measures and suggests that abnormalities in brain working memory may be linked to underlying abnormalities in brain stability. (copyright) Imperial College Press.","serotonin uptake inhibitor, adult, alpha rhythm, arousal, article, attention, behavior, brain function, clinical article, clinical feature, controlled study, correlation analysis, electroencephalogram, event related potential, eye movement, female, hemispheric dominance, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, task performance, theta rhythm, working memory","Veltmeyer, M. D., McFarlane, A. C., Bryant, R. A., Mayo, T., Gordon, E., Clark, C. R.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5685,Social vs. environmental stress models of depression from a behavioural and neurochemical approach,"Major depression is a mental disorder often preceded by exposure to chronic stress or stressful life events. Recently, animal models based on social conflict such as chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) are proposed to be more relevant to stress-induced human psychopathology compared to environmental models like the chronic mild stress (CMS). However, while CMS reproduces specifically core depressive symptoms such as anhedonia and helplessness, CSDS studies rely on the analysis of stress-induced social avoidance, addressing different neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we study comparatively the two models from a behavioural and neurochemical approach and their possible relevance to human depression. Mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to CMS or CSDS for six weeks and ten days. Anhedonia was periodically evaluated. A battery of test applied during the fourth week after the stress procedure included motor activity, memory, anxiety, social interaction and helplessness. Subsequently, we examined glutamate, GABA, 5-HT and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and brainstem. CMS induced a clear depressive-like profile including anhedonia, helplessness and memory impairment. CSDS induced anhedonia, hyperactivity, anxiety and social avoidance, signs also common to anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. While both models disrupted the excitatory inhibitory balance in the prefrontal cortex, CMS altered importantly this balance in the brainstem. Moreover, CSDS decreased dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and brainstem. We suggests that while depressive-like behaviours might be associated to altered aminoacid neurotransmission in cortical and brain stem areas, CSDS induced anxiety behaviours might be linked to specific alteration of dopaminergic pathways involved in rewarding processes. (copyright) 2012 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP.","4 aminobutyric acid, amino acid, dopamine, dopamine receptor, glutamic acid, serotonin, anhedonia, animal behavior, animal experiment, anxiety, anxiety disorder, aptitude test, article, brain cortex, brain stem, chronic mild stress, chronic social defeat stress, chronic stress, controlled study, depression, dopamine blood level, dopaminergic system, environmental stress, excitatory junction potential, helplessness, hippocampus, hyperactivity, male, memory, memory disorder, motor performance, mouse, neurochemistry, neurotransmission, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, priority journal, reward, serotonin blood level, social avoidance behavior, social interaction, social stress","Venzala, E., Garcia-Garcia, A. L., Elizalde, N., Tordera, R. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5686,Social vs. environmental stress models of depression from a behavioural and neurochemical approach,"Major depression is a mental disorder often preceded by exposure to chronic stress or stressful life events. Recently, animal models based on social conflict such as chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) are proposed to be more relevant to stress-induced human psychopathology compared to environmental models like the chronic mild stress (CMS). However, while CMS reproduces specifically core depressive symptoms such as anhedonia and helplessness, CSDS studies rely on the analysis of stress-induced social avoidance, addressing different neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we study comparatively the two models from a behavioural and neurochemical approach and their possible relevance to human depression. Mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to CMS or CSDS for six weeks and ten days. Anhedonia was periodically evaluated. A battery of test applied during the fourth week after the stress procedure included motor activity, memory, anxiety, social interaction and helplessness. Subsequently, we examined glutamate, GABA, 5-HT and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and brainstem. CMS induced a clear depressive-like profile including anhedonia, helplessness and memory impairment. CSDS induced anhedonia, hyperactivity, anxiety and social avoidance, signs also common to anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders. While both models disrupted the excitatory inhibitory balance in the prefrontal cortex, CMS altered importantly this balance in the brainstem. Moreover, CSDS decreased dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and brainstem. We suggests that while depressive-like behaviours might be associated to altered aminoacid neurotransmission in cortical and brain stem areas, CSDS induced anxiety behaviours might be linked to specific alteration of dopaminergic pathways involved in rewarding processes. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP.","Anxiety, Chronic mild stress, Chronic social defeat stress, Depression, Dopamine, Gaba, Glutamate, Serotonin, Social interaction","Venzala, E., García-García, A. L., Elizalde, N., Tordera, R. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,5685
5687,"In search of links between social capital, mental health and sociotherapy: A longitudinal study in Rwanda","To date, reviews show inconclusive results on the association between social capital and mental health. Evidence that social capital can intentionally be promoted is also scarce. Promotion of social capital may impact post-conflict recovery through both increased social cohesion and better mental health. However, studies on community interventions and social capital have mostly relied on cross-sectional study designs. We present a longitudinal study in Rwanda on the effect on social capital and mental health of sociotherapy, a community-based psychosocial group intervention consisting of fifteen weekly group sessions. We hypothesized that the intervention would impact social capital and, as a result of that, mental health.We used a quasi-experimental study design with measurement points pre- and post-intervention and at eight months follow-up (2007-2008). Considering sex and living situation, we selected 100 adults for our experimental group. We formed a control group of 100 respondents with similar symptom score distribution, age, and sex from a random community sample in the same region. Mental health was assessed by use of the Self Reporting Questionnaire, and social capital through a locally adapted version of the short Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool. It measures three elements of social capital: cognitive social capital, support, and civic participation. Latent growth models were used to examine whether effects of sociotherapy on mental health and social capital were related.Civic participation increased with 7% in the intervention group versus 2% in controls; mental health improved with 10% versus 5% (both: p < 0.001). Linear changes over time were not significantly correlated. Support and cognitive social capital did not show consistent changes.These findings hint at the possibility to foster social capital and simultaneously impact mental health. Further identification of pathways of influence may contribute to the designing of psychosocial interventions that effectively promote recovery in war-affected populations. Trial registration: Nederlands Trial Register 1120. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.","Latent growth modeling, Mental health, Post-conflict, Rwanda, Social capital, Sociotherapy","Verduin, F., Smid, G. E., Wind, T. R., Scholte, W. F.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.054,0,0,
5688,Effects of traumatic brain injury-associated neurocognitive alterations on posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) The high comorbidity of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in those serving in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) has focused renewed attention on the nature of the relationship between the two disorders. Much less explored is the question as to how biomechanical injury to the brain may impact adjustment to psychological trauma. This chapter examines the neurocognitive mechanisms by which mTBI may affect the development and course of PTSD. We make use of what is known about how sources of normal neurocognitive variance influence PTSD, on the assumption that the sequelae of mTBI represent another source of neurocognitive variance. To elucidate potential mechanisms of action, we draw on a cognitive model of PTSD that postulates that PTSD is maintained by (1) an autobiographical memory disturbance, whereby memory cues trigger the traumatic memory in such a way that it is experienced as reliving of the trauma; and (2) excessive negative appraisals that lead to exaggerated estimates of harm and negative outcome. We consider possible neurocognitive mechanisms in light of how mTBI may (1) alter the creation and correction of the traumatic memory and (2) influence the appraisal of the event and its consequences. In keeping with the theme of this volume, we limit our discussion to mTBI. We first review the empirical evidence that suggests that mTBI may affect the development of PTSD. To set the stage for a consideration of cognitive mechanisms that may be responsible for the association between mTBI and PTSD, we next review neurocognitive alterations commonly observed in mTBI. Subsequent sections address ways in which these neurocognitive factors may influence the development and course of PTSD,and may have implications for treatment. Our considerations are restricted to the possible impact of mTBI in adulthood, as it is unknown how disruption of ongoing neurodevelopment in children or adolescents who sustain mTBI influences subsequent maturation. Finally, although we acknowledge that other comorbidities, such as alcohol use or pain, may modulate the effects of mTBI on PTSD, consideration of these factors is beyond the scope of this chapter. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Neurocognition, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Comorbidity, Disease Course, Military Personnel","Verfaellie, Mieke, Amick, Melissa M., Vasterling, Jennifer J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5689,The impact of combat and atrocity exposure on the development of combat-related PTSD and its emotional sequelae of guilt and hostility in Vietnam veterans: An empirical study,"This study investigated the impact of combat and atrocity exposure on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its emotional sequelae of guilt and hostility in a sample of 81 Vietnam veterans. Utilizing self-report measures of combat exposure, atrocity exposure, PTSD, guilt, and hostility, several statistical procedures were conducted to address the data in the most comprehensive manner: a factor analysis of items on the war stressor measures assessed the integrity of these scales; chi-square tests of independence examined the possible interrelation between PTSD, guilt, and hostility; and multiple linear regression and discriminate function analyses examined the relation between the predictor variables (combat and atrocity) and dependent variables (PTSD, guilt, and hostility). In order to perform the chi-square and discriminant function analyses, the dependent variables were split into high and low categorical levels. Results indicated the following: (1) Factor analysis indicated that the combat and atrocity scales appeared to measure separate constructs, each loading on their respective factors. However, the scales remained moderately correlated and a content-analysis of items provided additional speculation into what other factors these scales may tap into; (2) Chi-square analysis showed a dependency between PTSD, guilt, and hostility such that among those veterans with high levels of PTSD, high levels of guilt and hostility were very likely to emerge. Thus, as PTSD increases in severity, associated symptoms of guilt and hostility appear to take on greater clinical significance; (3) Multiple linear regression analysis showed that combat and atrocity exposure predicted PTSD and guilt, but neither predictor variable showed a significant effect once the other was in the regression model, suggesting a shared effect in predicting PTSD and one in predicting guilt. None of the predictor variables showed a relation to hostility. These results were interpreted to suggest that combat-related PTSD and guilt result from war stressors, whereas hostility appears to represent a consequence of PTSD, or perhaps a consequence of both PTSD and guilt; (4) Discriminate function analysis indicated that the predictor variables discriminated veterans with high PTSD from veterans with low PTSD and veterans with low levels in all three outcome variables (low PTSD, low guilt, and low hostility). These results were interpreted to suggest that given sufficient levels of traumatic exposure to cause elevated levels of PTSD, guilt and hostility levels are likely to increase in conjunction with PTSD levels. All results are discussed within the context of previous studies investigating these relationships and within a conceptual background of psychological response to trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Guilt, *Hostility, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Vergolias, George Lambros",1998.0,,,0,0,
5690,PMTS and stress response sequences in parents of children with spina bifida,"Objective: To test the presence and progress of Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress (PMTS) symptoms in parents of children with spina bifida (SB). Methods: Parents of 23 newborns with SB were interviewed prospectively and parents of 58 school-aged children with SB were interviewed retrospectively. PMTS symptoms were assessed with 17 DSM-IV criteria for the clusters Intrusion, Avoidance, and Increased Arousal. Results: Within 3 months after the SB diagnosis, 75% of the parents met diagnostic criteria for symptoms of Intrusion and Increased Arousal, but not of Avoidance. In parents of school-aged children with SB, PMTS symptoms had declined in the first 4 years of the child's life and stabilized during the school years. Approximately 30% of the mothers and 20% of the fathers still met diagnostic criteria for Intrusion, Avoidance and Increased Arousal. In mothers of children with open SB, symptoms of Intrusion and Increased Arousal had decreased more slowly than in mothers of children with closed SB. Conclusions: An SB diagnosis initially provokes traumatic stress symptoms in three-quarters of the parents; however, in most of them, these symptoms diminish during the first 4 years of the child's life. In a minority of the parents, severe stress symptoms persist beyond middle childhood. Professional psychological help may need to be offered to this selective group of parents whose levels of stress do not decline after the child's preschool years. Longitudinal research is needed to further investigate and confirm the trends that were found in parents' psychological adjustment to SB. © 2008 European Paediatric Neurology Society.","Parents, PMTS, Psychological adjustment, Spina bifida, Traumatic stress","Vermaes, I. P. R., Gerris, J. R. M., Mullaart, R. A., Geerdink, N., Janssens, J. M. A. M.",2008.0,,,0,1,
5691,Mental health problems in juvenile justice populations,"Over the past years, research on the prevalence of mental health problems in juvenile justice populations has increased steadily, although the absolute number of studies still remains limited compared with similar work in adults. The positive effect of existing initiatives is an increased awareness of the problem among clinicians, scientists, and policy makers. For that reason, it is to be expected that more studies will be conducted and published in the near future and may help future policy making and clinical forensic work. Of course, much still needs to be done. First, diagnostic issues remain (eg, with regard to the development of reliable and valid instruments for forensic populations). When parents are unavailable as informants, diagnostic work may be intricate, particularly in diagnoses for which developmental information is needed. In other conditions (eg, psychosis and mania), also, current instruments may lack validity. Differentiating between different disorders may often prove complicated in this multiply disordered population. Second, although several studies have demonstrated different rates of psychiatric disorders for specific ethnic subgroups, diagnostic issues have not been investigated in this respect. Such issues may be relevant, because of the almost consistent finding of lower psychiatric pathology in African Americans compared with other groups [8] in contrast to the finding that African Americans may have the greatest level of needs and are most at risk for having underserved mental health needs [91]. Third, diagnostic studies have until now focused on the subgroup of incarcerated youth. Other subgroups within the field of juvenile justice, or specific delinquent subgroups (eg, sexual offenders) have not been investigated systematically. Because differences in mental health profiles may be expected, further investigation is warranted. Fourth, the role of less-prevalent disorders (ie, autism-related disorders) has remained underinvestigated, although current reports suggest this disorder is related to at least some forms of antisocial behavior. Finally, a number of therapeutic issues need attention. A crucial next step is the translation of current diagnostic findings to guidelines for prevention and intervention. As described previously, therapeutic guidelines have been developed for a number of psychiatric conditions that occur frequently in juvenile justice populations. Studies on the effectiveness of these programs in juvenile justice populations are scarce, however. Also, although several intervention programs (eg, multisystem therapy, functional family therapy) have been demonstrated to be effective in these populations, the influence of individual characteristics, such as mental health conditions, on outcome has remained poorly investigated. Overall, further studies are warranted. Because substantial continuity of psychiatric dysfunction from childhood to adulthood has been demonstrated, with CD being the childhood disorder in most cases [83], youth in juvenile justice should be given high priority. Identification and treatment of early disorders is a necessity and should be targeted at disrupting the path toward problem behaviors and psychiatric dysfunction in later life. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Vermeiren, R., Jespers, I., Moffitt, T.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5692,"Stress, trauma, and post-traumatic stress disorder","This paper provides a brief review of the developments in neurobiological research of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly into the link between the disorder and the central and peripheral stress-regulating processes. PTSD is an impairment of neuronal circuits and stress-regulating systems in the brain, where a critical note is played by limbic structures such as the hippocampus, the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex. In patients with PTSD the 'behaviour' of these neuronal circuits and systems is chronically disturbed. Characteristic symptoms are increased stress reactivity, reduction of declarative memory performance, high emotionality in response to trauma-related stimuli and over-representation of traumatic memory, all of which can be described as chronic dysregulated processes. Because of improvements in research designs and stratification of research populations, the specificity of research findings has improved and the developmental trajectories of specific PTSD parameters have been described more clearly. One of the most promising developments in the field of research designs is the current shift away from cross-sectional research designs to 'true prospective' research designs.","amygdaloid nucleus, behavioral science, cross-sectional study, emotion, hippocampus, human, injury, medical research, memory, population, posttraumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, review, stratification, stress, symptom","Vermetten, E.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5693,Prospective research in military cohorts: The course of stress-related biological parameters in response to exposure to a war zone,"Background: Development of PTSD symptoms is influenced by preexisting vulnerability factors. We prospectively determined trajectories of development of stress-related parameters and symptoms in response to deployment to a war zone. We focused on central, as well as peripheral, regulatory systems with a focus on amygdala function and activity of HPA-axis related parameters, in particular GR. Methods: 1. Large, epidemiological study in which functional biological parameters were used in association with predicting PTSD prior to and 1 and 6 months after military deployment. 2. fMRI was used to assess long-term divergent influences on amygdala regulation in a cross-sectional study prior to and 3 and 12 months after deployment. Results: 1. Before military deployment, GR number in PBMCs was significantly higher in the PTSD symptom group after deployment, relative to matched comparison subjects, and was maintained at 1 and 6 months after deployment. No group differences were observed in mRNA expression of GR subtypes and FKBP5. 2. Perceived threat leads to long-term divergent influences on amygdala regulation that may promote stress resilience in some and stress vulnerability in others. Amygdala reactivity appears to normalize after a period of severe stress, yet persistent changes in amygdala-dACC may continue to influence the response to subsequent stressors. Conclusions: These studies have enhanced our ability to understand biological concomitants of risk, and demonstrate which risk factors might also be state-related. Preexisting high GR number in PBMCs was a vulnerability factor for subsequent development of PTSD symptoms. Combat stress also had sustained consequences on neural responsivity, in which appraisal of threat has a key role on amygdala-centered neural network.","messenger RNA, psychopharmacology, college, war, army, exposure, amygdaloid nucleus, posttraumatic stress disorder, military deployment, cross-sectional study, risk, functional magnetic resonance imaging, risk factor","Vermetten, E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5694,PTSD in military cohorts; what have we learned?,"In this presentation an overview will be provided of the progress in one centennial after the Great War. In 2014 it will be 100 years after the start of WWI. Wars have changed, but the impact on the soldier probably not. The clinical presentation of PTSD (formerly shell shock) changed from non-verbal to a verbal presentation. Today the diagnosis of combat stress disorder or PTSD is based on self-assessment in structured clinical interviews. The accuracy is based on perception of memory overrepresentation, stress sensitisation, anxiety, emotional dysregulation and sleep problems. The biology of the disorder has lagged behind in diagnosis since it is not driving our diagnostic assessment. Yet the symptom manifestations are biologically based and are know manifestations of chronic allostasis in which it appears as if the 'resilience' has disappeared out of biological systems. Important to note that the last two decades studies have changed and moved beyond cross-sectional designs to longitudinal designs that enable identification of more causal relationships in parameters of interest. This type of research has also been applied in Dutch military cohort studies. We are looking into candidate biomarkers of responses to traumatic stress that allow us to differentiate between combat stress effects. In treatment domain several evidence-based treatments are available and effective including trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (tfCBT), eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), and narrative exposure therapy (NET). New approaches in therapy are using new technology as well as a combination of exposure and medication to facilitate reconsolidation. The combat-related PTSD clinical profile will be discussed as well as insights from a research perspective.","army, psychopharmacology, college, posttraumatic stress disorder, diagnosis, exposure, diseases, therapy, war, anxiety, memory, cohort analysis, evidence based practice, structured interview, self evaluation, human, biology, cross-sectional study, parameters, technology, allostasis, narrative, injury, cognitive therapy, eye movement, sleep, drug therapy, soldier","Vermetten, E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5695,True prospective studies in military cohorts ; cccentral and peripheral regulation of combat stress,"Objective: The course of central and peripheral regulation of severe stress can provide information on preexisting vulnerability factors as well as neuronal responsivity to severe stress. Prospective studies can be informative in understanding trajectories of resiliency as well as disease. Methods: We conducted a large epidemiological study in which functional stress-related biological parameters were used in association with predicting PTSD symptoms prior to and on two separate time points within the first year after deployment. We also looked at neural responsivity to salient stimuli with fMRI in similar time course. Results: Before military deployment, GR number in PBMCs was significantly higher in a group that, after deployment, developed PTSD symptoms relative to matched comparison subjects. This was maintained at 1 and 6 months after deployment. Also FKBP5 and GILZ mRNA expression contributed as a predictor for PTSD symptoms in the total cohort. Amygdala reactivity to salient stimuli was correlated to high threat perception during deployment, in comparison to a group that was not deployed during the same time period. This normalized in the first year after deployment. Yet, we observed persistent changes in amygdala-dACC connectivity. Conclusion: The results from this study have enhanced our ability to understand biological concomitants of vulnerability and resilience. Preexisting high GR number in PBMCs as well as FKBP5 and GILZ mRNA expression are vulnerability factors for subsequent development of PTSD symptoms. Central regulation of combat stress at the level of the amygdala appeared highly plastic and adaptive to environmental demands. We speculate that a normalization failure may underlie the pathophysiology of PTSD which is presumably related to preexisting vulnerabilities.","messenger RNA, plastic, human, prospective study, army, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopharmacology, amygdaloid nucleus, stimulus, parameters, military deployment, functional magnetic resonance imaging, pathophysiology","Vermetten, E., Van Zuiden, M., Geuze, E., Van Wingen, G., Rademaker, A., Kavelaars, A., Fernandez, G., Heijnen, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5696,Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches,"Researchers using latent class (LC) analysis often proceed using the following three steps: (1) an LC model is built for a set of response variables, (2) subjects are assigned to LCs based on their posterior class membership probabilities, and (3) the association between the assigned class membership and external variables is investigated using simple cross-tabulations or multinomial logistic regression analysis. Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (2004) demonstrated that such a three-step approach underestimates the associations between covariates and class membership. They proposed resolving this problem by means of a specific correction method that involves modifying the third step. In this article, I extend the correction method of Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars by showing that it involves maximizing a weighted log-likelihood function for clustered data. This conceptualization makes it possible to apply the method not only with categorical but also with continuous explanatory variables, to obtain correct tests using complex sampling variance estimation methods, and to implement it in standard software for logistic regression analysis. In addition, a new maximum likelihood (ML)-based correction method is proposed, which is more direct in the sense that it does not require analyzing weighted data. This new three-step ML method can be easily implemented in software for LC analysis. The reported simulation study shows that both correction methods perform very well in the sense that their parameter estimates and their SEs can be trusted, except for situations with very poorly separated classes. The main advantage of the ML method compared with the Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars approach is that it is much more efficient and almost as efficient as one-step ML estimation. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Political Methodology. All rights reserved.",,"Vermunt, J. K.",2010.0,,10.1093/pan/mpq025,0,0,
5697,Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Andrew,"The authors used an integrative conceptual model to examine the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 568 elementary school- age children 3 months after Hurricane Andrew. The model included 4 primary factors: Exposure to Traumatic Events, Child Characteristics, Access to Social Support, and Children's Coping. Overall, 62% of the variance in children's self-reported PTSD symptoms was accounted for by the 4 primary factors, and each factor improved overall prediction of symptoms when entered in the analyses in the order specified by the conceptual model. The findings suggest that the conceptual model may be helpful to organize research and intervention efforts in the wake of natural disasters.",,"Vernberg, E. M., Silverman, W. K., La Greca, A. M., Prinstein, M. J.",1996.0,,10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.237,0,0,
5698,Posttraumatic stress disorder: A developmental perspective,"(from the chapter) Numerous controversies remain over the cognitive, biological, and social mechanisms that underlie the symptoms defining posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is ongoing debate as to whether PTSD should remain classified as an anxiety disorder, or instead be considered a dissociative disorder or a component of a new stress response disorder category. In the authors' view, a key to progress is to propose and evaluate comprehensive conceptual models of the ways exposure to highly traumatic events in childhood and adolescence influences developmental processes. In this effort, the core symptoms of PTSD are important foci, but not the only important outcomes. The larger issue is to understand how traumatic exposure at various points in the developmental period affects developmental trajectories in multiple domains, including biological, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Adolescent Development, *Biopsychosocial Approach, *Childhood Development, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Vernberg, Eric M., Varela, R. Enrique",2001.0,,,0,0,
5699,Sense of Coherence as a Determinant of Psychological Well-Being Across Professional Groups of Aid Workers Exposed to War Trauma,"The present study aims to test whether sense of coherence (SOC) acts as a determinant of positive psychological functioning in aid workers directly exposed to warfare. Specifically, we performed multiple regression analyses to compare different groups of aid workers in terms of the effects of SOC and cumulative trauma on their psychological distress. Palestinian helpers, both professional and non-professional (N = 159) completed three self-reported measures: the General Health questionnaire, Sense of Coherence Scale, and Impact of Events Scale. The findings bear out the predictive power of SOC and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to mental health across different professional groups. In particular, volunteers without a specific professional profile, psychiatrists, medical doctors, and less markedly counselors seemed to protect their mental health through a SOC. Clinical implications and recommendations for training and supervision are discussed.","Ptsd, vicarious trauma, war","Veronese, G., Pepe, A.",2015.0,Jun 18,10.1177/0886260515590125,0,0,
5700,Longitudinal follow-up of the mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors,"Despite growing numbers of unaccompanied refugee minors (UMs) in Europe, and evidence that this group is at risk of developing mental health problems, there still remain important knowledge gaps regarding the development of UMs' mental health during their trajectories in the host country and, in particular, the possible influencing role of traumatic experiences and daily stressors therein. This study therefore followed 103 UMs from the moment they arrived in Belgium until 18 months later. Traumatic experiences (SLE), mental health symptoms (HSCL-37A, RATS) and daily stressors (DSSYR) were measured at arrival in Belgium, after 6 and 18 months. UMs reported generally high scores on anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Linear mixed model analysis showed no significant differences in mental health scores over time, pointing towards the possible long-term persistence of mental health problems in this population. The number of traumatic experiences and the number of daily stressors leaded to a significant higher symptom level of depression (daily stressors), anxiety and PTSD (traumatic experiences and daily stressors). European migration policies need to reduce the impact of daily stressors on UMs' mental health by ameliorating the reception and care facilities for this group. Moreover, regular mental health screenings are needed, in combination with, if needed, adapted psychosocial and therapeutic care. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.","Daily stressors, Longitudinal study, Mental health, Traumatic experiences, Unaccompanied refugee minors","Vervliet, M., Lammertyn, J., Broekaert, E., Derluyn, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5701,The mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors on arrival in the host country,"Despite increasing numbers of unaccompanied refugee minors (UM) in Europe and heightened concerns for this group, research on their mental health has seldom included the factor ""time since arrival."" As a result, our knowledge of the mental health statuses of UM at specific points in time and over periods in their resettlement trajectories in European host countries is limited. This study therefore examined the mental health of UM shortly after their arrival in Norway (n = 204) and Belgium (n = 103) through the use of self-report questionnaires (HSCL-37A, SLE, RATS, HTQ). High prevalence scores of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were found. In addition, particular associations were found with the number of traumatic events the UM reported. The results indicate that all UM have high support needs on arrival in the host country. Longitudinal studies following up patterns of continuity and change in their mental health during their trajectories in the host country are necessary. © 2014 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Belgium, Mental health, Norway, Unaccompanied refugee minors","Vervliet, M., Meyer Demott, M. A., Jakobsen, M., Broekaert, E., Heir, T., Derluyn, I.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5702,Cognitive Model of the Maintenance and Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Applied to Children and Adolescents,"The diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has recently been established as a useful construct in children and adolescents, and is also now held to be a helpful framework when describing symptoms in refugees or survivors of war. This article reviews existing models of PTSD and existing evidence for treatment efficacy in both adults and children, and leads on to discuss the application of the Ehlers and Clark (2000) cognitive model to work with children and adolescents. The difference between techniques such as exposure and cognitive restructuring is examined. Two vignettes illustrate the practical details of working with young refugees with PTSD, including both exposure and cognitive restructuring in different phases of therapy, the importance of a collaborative formulation, and the importance of parental support during treatment as well as cultural and language factors specific to refugees. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Refugees, *Survivors, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation, War","Vickers, Bea",2005.0,,,0,0,
5703,"Measuring resilience after spinal cord injury: Development, validation and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Resilience item bank and short form","Objective: To describe the development and psychometric properties of the Spinal Cord Injury - Quality of Life (SCI-QOL) Resilience item bank and short form. Design: Using a mixed-methods design, we developed and tested a resilience item bank through the use of focus groups with individuals with SCI and clinicians with expertise in SCI, cognitive interviews, and itemresponse theory based analytic approaches, including tests of model fit and differential item functioning (DIF). Setting: We tested a 32-item pool at several medical institutions across the United States, including the University of Michigan, Kessler Foundation, the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, the University of Washington, Craig Hospital and the James J. Peters/Bronx Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants: A total of 717 individuals with SCI completed the Resilience items. Results: A unidimensional model was observed (CFI = 0.968; RMSEA = 0.074) and measurement precision was good (theta range between -3.1 and 0.9). Ten items were flagged for DIF, however, after examination of effect sizes we found this to be negligible with little practical impact on score estimates. The final calibrated item bank resulted in 21 retained items. Conclusion: This study indicates that the SCI-QOL Resilience item bank represents a psychometrically robust measurement tool. Short form items are also suggested and computer adaptive tests are available. © The Academy of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals, Inc. 2015.","Patient outcomes assessment, Psychological resilience, Psychometrics, Quality of life, Spinal cord injuries","Victorson, D., Tulsky, D. S., Kisala, P. A., Kalpakjian, C. Z., Weiland, B., Choi, S. W.",2015.0,,10.1179/2045772315Y.0000000016,0,0,
5704,Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: A longitudinal study. Part II: The adrenergic response,"The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the association between the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the adrenergic response to the traumatic event, and additionally, to explore the link between PTSD and the initial norepinephrine:cortisol ratio. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of norepinephrine (NE) were measured in 155 survivors of traumatic events during their admission to a general hospital emergency room (ER) and at 10 d, 1 month and 5 months later. Symptoms of peri-traumatic dissociation, PTSD and depression were assessed in each follow-up session. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) conferred a diagnosis of PTSD at 5 months. Trauma survivors with (n = 31) and without (n = 124) PTSD had similar levels of plasma NE, urinary NE excretion, and NE:cortisol ratio in the ER. Plasma NE levels were lower in subjects with PTSD at 10 d, 1 month, and 5 months. There was a weak but significant positive correlation between plasma levels of NE in the ER and concurrent heart rate, and a negative correlation between NE in the ER and dissociation symptoms. Peripheral levels of NE, shortly after traumatic events, are poor risk indicators of subsequent PTSD among civilian trauma victims. Simplified biological models may not properly capture the complex aetiology of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Hormones, *Hydrocortisone, *Norepinephrine, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Stress","Videlock, Elizabeth J., Peleg, Tamar, Segman, Ronen, Yehuda, Rachel, Pitman, Roger K., Shalev, Arieh Y.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5705,Neural correlates of observation of disgusting images in subjects with first episode psychosis and post-traumatic stress disorder,"The aim of this study was to analyze neural responses to disgusting images in individuals with first episode psychosis and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although anhedonia is a common symptom in both disorders we expected that they would be associated with different neurophysiological abnormalities and patterns of activation. We recruited three groups of participants: 13 individuals with first episode psychosis, 10 individuals with PTSD who had survived the April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake and 25 healthy controls matched for age and education. All individuals participated in a functional imaging experiment in which they watched six alternating blocks of disgusting and scrambled images whilst undergoing scanning with a General Electric 1.5T whole-body scanner. We estimated individuals'’ beta-weights, extracting 22 clusters corresponding to 22 significant areas. Findings were consistent with other neuroimaging studies; the active areas (i.e. amygdala, insula, inferior and medial frontal gyrus) have consistently been associated with emotional experiences. Statistical analysis revealed important group differences in intensity and direction (positive or negative) of signal from baseline during disgusting condition. Although these results are preliminary they show that functional neuroimaging techniques may make a valuable contribution to differential diagnosis of first episode psychosis and PTSD.",,"Vidotto, G., Catalucci, A., Roncone, R., Pino, M. C., Mazza, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5706,"Circulating lymphocyte subsets, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and components of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Cross-sectional study","Aim: To determine peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets - T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, serum cortisol concentration, and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression in Croatian combat veterans diagnosed with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and to examine the relationship between the assessed parameters and the time passed since the traumatic experience. Methods: Well-characterized group of 38 PTSD patients was compared to a group of 24 healthy civilians. Simultaneous determination of lymphocyte subsets and the expression of intracellular glucocorticoid receptor was performed using three-color flow cytometry. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was measured by 51Cr-release assay and the serum cortisol concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: We found higher lymphocyte counts in PTSD patients than in healthy controls (2294.7 (plus or minus) 678.0/(mu)L vs 1817.2 (plus or minus) 637.0/(mu)L, P = 0.007) and a positive correlation between lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and the number of years that passed from the traumatic experience (rs = 0.43, P = 0.008). Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression positively correlated with serum cortisol concentration both in PTSD patients (r = 0.46, P = 0.006) and healthy controls (r = 0.46, P = 0.035). Conclusion: This study confirmed that the immune system was affected in the course of chronic PTSD. Our findings also indicated that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis profile in PTSD was associated with the duration of the disorder. Due to the lack of power, greater sample sizes are needed to confirm the results of this study.","chromium 51, glucocorticoid receptor, hydrocortisone, adult, article, chronic disease, clinical article, comparative study, controlled study, correlation analysis, Croatia, cross-sectional study, cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, helper cell, human, human cell, hydrocortisone blood level, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, intracellular space, lymphocyte count, lymphocyte subpopulation, male, natural killer cell, posttraumatic stress disorder, protein expression, radioimmunoassay, T lymphocyte subpopulation, veteran, war","Vidovic, A., Vilibic, M., Sabioncello, A., Gotovac, K., Rabatic, S., Folnegovic-Smalc, V., Dekaris, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5707,"Circulating lymphocyte subsets, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and components of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Cross-sectional study","Aim: To determine peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets - T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, serum cortisol concentration, and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression in Croatian combat veterans diagnosed with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); and to examine the relationship between the assessed parameters and the time passed since the traumatic experience. Methods: Well-characterized group of 38 PTSD patients was compared to a group of 24 healthy civilians. Simultaneous determination of lymphocyte subsets and the expression of intracellular glucocorticoid receptor was performed using three-color flow cytometry. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was measured by 51Cr-release assay and the serum cortisol concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: We found higher lymphocyte counts in PTSD patients than in healthy controls (2294.7 ± 678.0/μL vs 1817.2 ± 637.0/μL, P = 0.007) and a positive correlation between lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression and the number of years that passed from the traumatic experience (rs = 0.43, P = 0.008). Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor expression positively correlated with serum cortisol concentration both in PTSD patients (r = 0.46, P = 0.006) and healthy controls (r = 0.46, P = 0.035). Conclusion: This study confirmed that the immune system was affected in the course of chronic PTSD. Our findings also indicated that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis profile in PTSD was associated with the duration of the disorder. Due to the lack of power, greater sample sizes are needed to confirm the results of this study.",,"Vidović, A., Vilibić, M., Sabioncello, A., Gotovac, K., Rabatić, S., Folnegović-Šmalc, V., Dekaris, D.",2007.0,,,0,0,5706
5708,Non-termination of sickness behavior as precipitating factor for mental disorders,"Sickness behavior can be defined as a combination of coordinated behavioral and physiological changes that develop in response to any condition that elicits pro-inflammatory activity. It is an adaptational homeostasis initiated by the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines on central nervous system neurohormonal functioning. This paper introduces the concept of non-termination of sickness behavior as a potential threat to mental health. In view of the similarities between the behavioral symptoms, the neuroendocrine and the cytokine profiles of sickness behavior and that of a number of mental disorders it is hypothesized that the inappropriate continuation of sickness behavior, (i.e., non-termination), after recovery from the initial disease, could form the basis for mental disturbances. This would be particularly relevant in individuals with alterations in stress vulnerability (altered activation threshold and impaired negative feedback), which may occur due to the combination of genetic disposition and priming by early life experiences. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",,"Viljoen, M., Panzer, A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5709,Subtypes of disorder course in Vietnam veterans with war-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"Despite that war-related posttraumatic stress disorder is known to persist for years in many afflicted individuals, few studies have examined the changes in symptoms that occur over the disorder's course. A review of relevant publications found evidence for a variety of trajectories of symptom change including gradual diminution of symptoms over time, persistence of or increases in symptoms over time, and intermittent exacerbations of symptoms punctuated by temporary symptomatic abatements. Theoretical models also suggest the disorder may have a varied course. In this dissertation, the continuous course of war-related PTSD was examined retrospectively in 84 Vietnam veterans by analyzing graphs of symptom change over more than a decade. The goals of this study were to classify and describe different disorder course profiles; to investigate the relationship between course profile and other PTSD outcomes; and to examine the relationships between PTSD course profiles and pre-war, war-zone, and post-war risk factors for PTSD. Results: Three subtypes of PTSD course were identified and these were significantly associated with PTSD outcomes. No associations were found between pre-war risk factors and PTSD course profile. Course profile was significantly associated with one exposure variable- receipt of a purple heart-- and trends were identified with other, though not all, exposure variables. Course profile was also related to co-morbid psychiatric disorders beginning during or after the war, and self-reported use of mental health services. Lastly, course profile was found to moderate the relationship between combat severity and persistence of PTSD between one and two decades after military service. Implications and areas for further research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Disease Course, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Subtypes (Disorders), *War","Villafranca-West, S. Aoife",2011.0,,,0,0,
5710,The relationship between substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder in a methadone maintenance treatment program,"Introduction and Aims: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequently linked with substance abuse. The self-medication hypothesis suggests that some people may use illicit substances in an attempt to self-treat psychiatric symptoms. This study explores the relationship between substance abuse and PTSD symptom clusters in a methadone maintenance population. Design and Methods: Clients of a methadone maintenance program at a public Drug and Alcohol Service were invited to complete the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, a screening tool for PTSD. Information about their history of substance use was also collected. Results: Eighty clients (43 female, 37 male), aged 35 ± 8.0 years (mean ± SD), participated in the study, of which 52.7% screened positive for PTSD. Severity of marijuana use was significantly associated with a number of reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms and with overall severity of PTSD symptoms. Opiate, amphetamine, and benzodiazepine use did not appear to be related to PTSD symptoms. Discussion and Conclusions: In this sample, marijuana may be used to self-treat certain PTSD symptoms, supporting the self-medication hypothesis. Further research is required to confirm the association between a diagnosis of PTSD and substance use. Given the high prevalence of PTSD in the substance-using population, routine PTSD screening in the substance abuse treatment setting may be justified. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.",,"Villagonzalo, K. A., Dodd, S., Ng, F., Mihaly, S., Langbein, A., Berk, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5711,Prescription medications received and rates of physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic utilization in operation enduring freedom-operation iraqi freedom-operation new dawn (OEF-OIF-OND) veterans with distinct comorbidity clusters,"Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the most commonly prescribed medications and rates of Physical Medicine&Rehabilitation Utilization for OEF-OIF-OND veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq who have distinct clusters of comorbidities. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Department of Veterans Affairs, national outpatient data. Participants: OEF-OIF-OND veterans who received VA care in Fiscal Year 2010. Interventions: N/A. Main Outcome Measures: The most commonly prescribed medication for patients in comorbidity cluster groups and rates of outpatient PM&R clinic utilization for distinct comorbidity cluster groups in Fiscal Year 2010. Results: Among the 191,797 veterans evaluated, we found that antidepressant medications were the most commonly prescribed drug class for both the polytrauma clinical triad cluster (traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain; N=21,400) and the PTSD without depression cluster (N=31,787) prescribed at rates of 63.6% and 50.4% respectively. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication was the most commonly prescribed drug class in the low back pain + low depression + low substance abuse cluster (N=24,282), prescribed to 36.8% of patients in this group. Patients were seen in outpatient PM&R clinics at rates of 29.5% in polytrauma triad cluster, 14.9% in the PTSD alone cluster, and 21.5% in the low back pain + low depression + low substance abuse cluster. Conclusions: OEF-OIF-OND veterans are being seen in PM&R clinic at high rates in all clusters studied. Recognition that patients in the polytrauma triad cluster and PTSD cluster are being prescribed antidepressant medications at high rates will be useful for physiatrists to recognize in order to improve holistic patient care.","antidepressant agent, physical medicine, human, rehabilitation center, veteran, drug therapy, comorbidity, rehabilitation, prescription, patient, outpatient, multiple trauma, hospital, posttraumatic stress disorder, low back pain, substance abuse, cohort analysis, traumatic brain injury, Iraq, Afghanistan, patient care, chronic pain","Villalobos, P., Cabrera, J., Eapen, B., Johnson, E. J., Pugh, M. J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5712,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as predictors of suicide behavior among veterans with and without a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI),"Prior research has established that a history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of suicide behavior. Few studies have examined the role of specific PTSD symptom clusters and suicide attempts. The current study is among a handful of studies that have examined the association between the presence of PTSD symptom clusters and suicide attempts among Veterans with PTSD and/or TBI. The study utilized archival data from a sample of 137 Veterans receiving mental health treatment at the Denver Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Results from logistic regression analyses indicated that PTSD symptom clusters were not associated with an increased risk for suicide behavior among individuals with and without a history of TBI. Findings suggest that looking at the presence of PTSD symptoms is not sufficient to fully account for the risk of suicide behavior. Clinical and research implications on the need to examine the role of PTSD symptom severity and suicide behavior are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Suicide, *Symptoms, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Military Veterans","Villarreal, Edgar Javier",2013.0,,,0,0,
5713,World War ll-related post-traumatic stress disorder and breast cancer risk among Israeli women: A case-control study,"Background: Several studies have suggested that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to adverse health outcomes. There are limited data on PTSD and cancer, which has a long latency period. We investigated the association between World War I I (WWII)-related PTSD and subsequent breast cancer (BC) risk among Jewish WWII survivors and examined whether this association was modified by exposure to hunger during WWII. Methods: We compared 65 BC patients diagnosed in 2005 through 2010 to 200 population-based controls who were members of various organizations for Jewish WWII survivors in Israel. All participants were born in Europe, lived at least six months under Nazi rule during WWII, and immigrated to Israel after the war. We estimated PTSD using the PTSD Inventory and applied logistic regression models to estimate the association between WWII-related PTSD and BC, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: We observed a linear association between WWII-related PTSD and BC risk. This association remained significant following adjustment for potential confounders, including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, age during WWII, hunger exposure during WWII, and total number of traumatic life events (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.14-7.31). However, the level of hunger exposure during WWII modified this effect significantly. Conclusions: These findings suggest an independent association between WWII-related PTSD and subsequent BC risk in Jewish WWII survivors that is modified by hunger, a novel finding. Future research is needed to further explore these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Breast Neoplasms, *Human Females, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Risk Factors, Survivors","Vin-Raviv, Neomi, Dekel, Rachel, Barchana, Micha, Linn, Shai, Keinan-Boker, Lital",2014.0,,,0,0,
5714,Psychological Distress After Orthopedic Trauma: Prevalence in Patients and Implications for Rehabilitation,"Orthopedic trauma is an unforeseen life-changing event. Serious injuries include multiple fractures and amputation. Physical rehabilitation has traditionally focused on addressing functional deficits after traumatic injury, but important psychological factors also can dramatically affect acute and long-term recovery. This review presents the effects of orthopedic trauma on psychological distress, potential interventions for distress reduction after trauma, and implications for participation in rehabilitation. Survivors commonly experience post-traumatic stress syndrome, depression, and anxiety, all of which interfere with functional gains and quality of life. More than 50% of survivors have psychological distress that can last decades after the physical injury has been treated. Early identification of patients with distress can help care teams provide the resources and support to offset the distress. Several options that help trauma patients navigate their short-term recovery include holistic approaches, pastoral care, coping skills, mindfulness, peer visitation, and educational resources. The long-term physical and mental health of the trauma survivor can be enhanced by strategies that connect the survivor to a network of people with similar experiences or injuries, facilitate support groups, and social support networking (The Trauma Survivors Network). Rehabilitation specialists can help optimize patient outcomes and quality of life by participating in and advocating these strategies. © 2015 American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.",,"Vincent, H. K., Horodyski, M., Vincent, K. R., Brisbane, S. T., Sadasivan, K. K.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.007,0,0,
5715,Examination of the Relationship Between PTSD and Distress Tolerance in a Sample of Male Veterans With Comorbid Substance Use Disorders,"Distress tolerance (DT), the perceived or actual ability to tolerate negative emotional or physical states, is inversely related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in civilian, community samples. No studies to date have examined the relationship between DT and PTSD in clinical samples of veterans with a comorbid diagnosis of PTSD and a substance use disorder (SUD). Thus, the present study examined the relationship between DT and PTSD in a sample of predominately African American, male veterans (n = 75) diagnosed with comorbid PTSD and SUD (according to a structured clinical interview). Results of hierarchical linear regression models indicated that DT was inversely related to total PTSD symptom severity score, above and beyond depressive symptoms and SUD severity. Of the 4 symptom clusters, DT was inversely associated with intrusions and hyperarousal. These findings are discussed in light of previous work with civilian samples. Determining whether treatment incorporating DT skills would be useful for veterans undergoing PTSD treatment should be evaluated. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2016 APA, all rights reserved).","Distress tolerance, PTSD, Substance use disorder, Veterans","Vinci, C., Mota, N., Berenz, E., Connolly, K.",2016.0,,10.1037/mil0000100,0,0,
5716,Association of exposure to intimate-partner physical violence and potentially traumatic war-related events with mental health in Liberia,"Liberia's wars between 1989 and 2003 resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties and millions of victims. Gender-based violence was widespread during the conflict. Since the end of the war, however, little attention has been paid to ongoing violence against women, especially within the household. This research examines the relationships between intimate-partner physical violence, war experiences, and mental health nearly ten years after the end of the war. The study is based on a nationwide cross-sectional, multistage stratified cluster random survey of 4501 adults using structured interviews during a six-week period in November and December 2010. The main outcome measures are prevalence of intimate-partner physical violence, exposure to potentially traumatic war-related events, symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression. Among adult women, 37.7% (95%CI, 34.9-40.5; n = 852/2196) reported lifetime exposure to intimate-partner physical violence and 24.4% (95%CI, 22.1-26.9; n = 544/2196) reported incidence of intimate-partner physical violence over a one-year recall period. Among men, 23.2% (95%CI, 20.8-25.9, n = 475/2094) reported having severely beaten their spouse or partner over their lifetime; the incidence over the one-year recall was 12.2% (95%CI, 10.4-14.2, n = 259/2094). Among adult residents in Liberia, 10.6% (95%CI, 9.5-11.7, n = 546/4496) met the criteria for symptoms of depression, and 12.6% (95% CI, 11.5-13.9, n = 608/4496) met the criteria for symptoms of PTSD. Intimate-partner physical violence as a victim and as a perpetrator was significantly associated with exposure to potentially traumatic war-related events, especially among men. Among women, experiencing intimate-partner physical violence was associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression. Among men, perpetrating intimate-partner physical violence was associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression after adjusting for exposure to potentially traumatic war-related events. These findings suggest that intimate-partner physical violence may be a continued stressor in post-war societies that needs to be recognized and addressed as part of the reconstruction effort. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Conflict, Intimate-partner physical violence, Liberia, Mental health, Survey, Violence","Vinck, P., Pham, P. N.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5717,Exposure to war crimes and implications for peace building in northern Uganda,"Context: Since the late 1980s, the Lord's Resistance Army has waged war against the Ugandan People's Democratic Army and the people of northern Uganda. Ending the conflict and achieving peace have proven to be challenges. In this context, it is important to examine population-based data on exposure to war crimes to understand how survivors perceive mechanisms aimed at achieving a lasting peace. Objectives: To assess the level of exposure to war-related violence and the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in northern Uganda and to determine how these variables are associated with respondents' views about peace. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multistage, stratified, random cluster survey of 2585 adults aged 18 years or older conducted in villages and camps for internally displaced persons in 4 districts of northern Uganda in April and May 2005. Main Outcome Measures: Rates and patterns of exposure to trauma; symptom criteria for PTSD, assessed via the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version with a total severity score of 44; symptoms of depression, assessed via the Johns Hopkins Depression Symptom Checklist with a cutoff of 42; and opinions and attitudes about peace. Results: Among the respondents, 1774 of 2389 (74.3%) met PTSD symptom criteria and 1151 of 2585 (44.5%) met depression symptom criteria. Four patterns of exposure to trauma were distinguished: those with low exposure (group 1; 21.4%), witnesses to war-related violence (group 2; 17.8%), those threatened with death and/or physically injured (group 3; 16.4%), and those abducted (group 4; 44.3%). Respondents in groups 3 and 4, who experienced the most traumatic exposures, were more likely to have PTSD symptoms compared with group 1 (group 3 vs group 1: odds ratio [OR], 7.04 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.02-9.87]; group 4 vs group 1: OR, 6.07 [95% CI, 4.77-7.71]). Groups 3 and 4 were also more likely to meet depression symptom criteria (group 3 vs group 1: OR, 5.76 [95% CI, 4.34-7.65]; group 4 vs group 1: OR, 4.00 [95% CI, 3.16-5.06]). Respondents who met the PTSD symptom criteria were more likely to identify violence as a means to achieve peace (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.65). Respondents who met the depression symptom criteria were less likely to identify nonviolence as a means to achieve peace (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65-0.93). Conclusions: Our study found high prevalence rates for symptoms of PTSD and depression in a conflict zone. Respondents reporting symptoms of PTSD and depression were more likely to favor violent over nonviolent means to end the conflict. (copyright)2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","adult, article, controlled study, crime, data analysis, depression, female, health survey, human, major clinical study, male, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, rating scale, Uganda, violence","Vinck, P., Pham, P. N., Stover, E., Weinstein, H. M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5718,Challenges faced by former child soldiers in the aftermath of war in Uganda,"Purpose: Warfare takes a profound toll of all layers of society, creating multiple and multilevel challenges that impinge on the psychosocial well-being of affected individuals. This study aims to assess the scope and salience of challenges confronting former child soldiers and at identifying additional challenges they face compared to non-recruited young people in war-affected northern Uganda. Methods: The study was carried out with a stratified random sample of northern Ugandan adolescents (n = 1,008), of whom a third had formerly been recruited (n = 330). The mixed-method comparison design consisted of a constrained free listing task to determine the challenges; a free sorting task to categorize them into clusters; and statistical analysis of their prevalence among formerly recruited youth and of how they compare with those of nonrecruited youth. Results: Altogether, 237 challenges were identified and clustered into 15 categories, showing that formerly recruited participants mainly identified ""emotional"" and ""training and skills""-related challenges. Compared with nonrecruited counterparts, they reported significantly more ""emotional"" and fewer ""social and relational"" challenges, with the exception of stigmatization. Overall, there was similarity between the challenges reported by both groups. Conclusions: The challenges confronting formerly recruited youths reach well beyond the effects of direct war exposure and emerge mainly from multiple influence spheres surrounding them. These challenges are largely shared in common with nonrecruited youths. This multidimensional and collective character of challenges calls for comprehensive psychosocial interventions through which healing the psychological wounds of war is complemented by mending the war-affected surroundings at all levels and in all life areas. © 2013 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights reserved.","Challenges, Child soldiers, Free listing task, Northern Uganda, Psychosocial distress, Social ecological assessment, War-affected adolescents","Vindevogel, S., De Schryver, M., Broekaert, E., Derluyn, I.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5719,Post-traumatic stress disorder: A comment on the value of 'mixed trauma' treatment groups,"Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) results from exposure to a psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of usual human experience. It was first recgonized as a disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980 [1], and has since been listed in the revised (1987) Diagnostic Statistical Manual DSM-III-R (1987) [2] and DSM-IV (1994) [3] as a well-documented psychological disability. PTSD us seen as a pathological reaction to trauma(s) (e.g. combat, incest, rape, natural disasters, stalking and accidents) and could evoke distress (e.g. horror, helplessness, a threat to life) in almost anyone. Symptoms include insomnia, flashbacks, nightsweats, rage, violent outbursts, avoidance, withdrawal, intrusive thought, anxiety and dysphoria. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Distress, Natural Disasters, Pathology, Symptoms","Viola, Janet M., Ditzler, Thomas F., Batzer, Wayne Bemis",1996.0,,,0,0,
5720,Does CBCL identify post-traumatic stress disorder? Relationship between CBCL-PTSD subscale and traumatic event,"Objective.- Analyze a sample of patients in combined range for theCBCL-PTSD and determine prevalence of a traumatic event. Design.- Retrospective review of medical histories. Sample: 198 patients from 6 to 16 years. Results.- The mean of Total Problems (TP) registered was 71.6 (> percentile 97), with high scores in subscales of CBCL-PBD (Pediatric Bipolar Disorder) profile sub-scales, now known as CBCL-DP (Dysregulation Profile): Anxiety- Depression mean of 70.2 (> percentile 97), Attention Problems average of 68.3 (> percentile 93) and Aggressive Behavior Problems mean of 71.6 (> percentile 97). 22 patients (11.1%) registered a traumatic event according to DSM IV criteria for PTSD diagnostic. Conclusions.- CBCL-PTSD subscale for identification of patients who are PTSD carriers does not appear to be specific. It identifies a clinic subgroup with severe bipolar spectrum profile or dysregulation profile.","posttraumatic stress disorder, human, child psychiatry, occupation, child, patient, anxiety, prevalence, aggression, behavior disorder, hospital, diagnosis, medical history, bipolar disorder","Viola, L., Laxague, A., Kehyaian, V., Ruiz, R., Curone, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5721,Thyroid dysfunction in severe humor and behavior pathologies,"Objectives.- Analyze thyroid dysfunction presence in patients with severe humor and behavior alterations. Design: Retrospective review of medical histories. Sample.- We note that 299 patients from 6 to 16 years. Before the start of therapeutic approach, CBCL 6-18 was implemented and thyroid profile was performed (TSH and T4). The CBCL-PTSD subscale (Dysregulation Short Scale, Althoff 2010) is considered to distinguish two populations: a clinical sample with severe humor and behavior pathologies and a control clinical sample. Cut-off point for thyroid function alterations TSH≥3 mUI/L. Results.- In the clinical sample with severe pathologies 42.9% registered TSH≥3 mUI/L values before the start of pharmacological approach; 6.9% in the control clinical sample. Conclusions.- It has been evidenced a thyroid dysfunction correlation with serious psychiatric symptomatology. It enhances the importance of assessing thyroid pathology in a systematic way in this population.","thyrotropin, humor, pathology, child, human, child psychiatry, occupation, thyroid disease, patient, population, thyroid gland, symptomatology, thyroid function, medical history, posttraumatic stress disorder","Viola, L., Ruiz, R., Laxague, A., Kehyaian, V., Curone, G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5722,Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war,"This study examines affective and behavioral symptomatology in two groups of school-age children who were traumatized to different degrees during the war in Croatia (N = 1034). Six self-reported questionnaires were used to assess the following: number and type of war experiences, PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptoms, and psychosocial adaptation. Canonical discriminant analysis yielded a significant discriminant function that indicates moderate differentiation between the two groups of children according to the assessed symptoms. The results of a 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVAs (gender x age x level of traumatization) indicate that the children's reactions to war traumata varied in respect to all factors, as well as their interaction. The results indicate that gender differences are more prominent in older children. Older girls report more posttraumatic stress reactions, anxiety and depression, but at the same time seem better adapted than boys. Younger children, particularly those who survived more war even report more PTSD symptoms than older children.","adolescent, age, analysis of variance, article, child, Croatia, discriminant analysis, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, risk factor, sex difference, war","Vizek-Vidovic, V., Kuterovac-Jagodic, G., Arambasic, L.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5723,Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war,"This study examines affective and behavioral symptomatology in two groups of school-age children who were traumatized to different degrees during the war in Croatia (N = 1034). Six self-reported questionnaires were used to assess the following: number and type of war experiences, PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptoms, and psychosocial adaptation. Canonical discriminant analysis yielded a significant discriminant function that indicates moderate differentiation between the two groups of children according to the assessed symptoms. The results of a 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVAs (gender x age x level of traumatization) indicate that the children's reactions to war traumata varied in respect to all factors, as well as their interaction. The results indicate that gender differences are more prominent in older children. Older girls report more posttraumatic stress reactions, anxiety and depression, but at the same time seem better adapted than boys. Younger children, particularly those who survived more war even report more PTSD symptoms than older children.","adolescent, age, analysis of variance, article, child, Croatia, discriminant analysis, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, risk factor, sex difference, war","Vizek-Vidović, V., Kuterovac-Jagodić, G., Arambasić, L.",2000.0,,,0,0,5722
5724,Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war,"This study examines affective and behavioral symptomatology in two groups of school-age children who were traumatized to different degrees during the war in Croatia (N = 1034). Six self-reported questionnaires were used to assess the following: number and type of war experiences, PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptoms, and psychosocial adaptation. Canonical discriminant analysis yielded a significant discriminant function that indicates moderate differentiation between the two groups of children according to the assessed symptoms. The results of a 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVAs (gender × age × level of traumatization) indicate that the children's reactions to war traumata varied in respect to all factors, as well as their interaction. The results indicate that gender differences are more prominent in older children. Older girls report more posttraumatic stress reactions, anxiety and depression, but at the same time seem better adapted than boys. Younger children, particularly those who survived more war even report more PTSD symptoms than older children.","Children, Posttraumatic stress reactions, Related symptoms, War","Vizek-Vidović, V., Kuterovac-Jagodić, G., Arambašić, L.",2000.0,,,0,0,5722
5725,Risk and resiliency factors in posttraumatic stress disorder,"Background: Not everyone who experiences a trauma develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was to determine the risk and resiliency factors for this disorder in a sample of people exposed to trauma. Method: Twenty-five people who had developed PTSD following a trauma and 27 people who had not were asked to complete the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, they completed a questionnaire to provide information autobiographic and other information. Analysis: Five variables that discriminated significantly between the two groups using chi-square analysis or t-tests were entered into a logistic regression equation as predictors, namely, being female, perceiving a threat to one's life, having a history of sexual abuse, talking to someone about the event, and the ""intentionality"" of the trauma. Results: Only being female and perceiving a threat to one's life were significant predictors of PTSD. Taking base rates into account, 96.0% of participants with PTSD were correctly classified as having the disorder and 37.0% of participants without PTSD were correctly classified as not having the disorder, for an overall success rate of 65.4%. Conclusions: Because women are more likely than men to develop PTSD, more preventive measures should be directed towards them. The same is true for trauma victims (of both sexes) who feel that their life was in danger. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Risk Factors, *Threat, *Trauma","Voges, Marcia A., Romney, David M.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5726,"Predeployment, deployment, and postdeployment risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in female and male OEF/OIF veterans",,,"Vogt, D., Smith, B., Elwy, R., Martin, J., Schultz, M., Drainoni, M. L., Eisen, S.",2011.0,,10.1037/a0024457,0,0,
5727,Assessment of accurate self-knowledge,"Despite ongoing theoretical interest in the accuracy of self-knowledge and its implications for mental health, few researchers have yet to tackle this topic directly. This may be due, in part, to several factors that make assessing individual differences in accurate self-knowledge especially difficult. In this article, we present a method for the assessment of accurate self-knowledge that relies on information gathered from the self, knowledgeable others, and observations of behavior in the laboratory, and we provide psychometric support for this newly developed assessment procedure. Specifically, we present evidence for internal consistency reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity. Other researchers interested in studying the accuracy of self-knowledge might wish to adopt this procedure in their own research endeavors. Copyright (copyright) 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.","adolescent, adult, article, behavior, discriminant analysis, human, human experiment, mental health, normal human, personality, psychometry, reliability, self concept, self evaluation","Vogt, D. S., Colvin, C. R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5728,"Drug-induced hypo- and hyperprolactinemia: Mechanisms, clinical and therapeutic consequences","Introduction: The altered profiles of prolactin secretion in the anterior hypophysis, generated by pathological, pharmacological or toxicological causes, have special consequences on multiple functions in both genders. Areas covered: This selective review presents the main mechanisms controlling prolactin secretion, focusing on the interplay of various neurotransmitters or xenobiotics, but also on the role of psychic or posttraumatic stress. A detailed analysis of several pharmacotherapeutic groups with hyperprolactinemic effects emphasize on the relevance of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic mechanisms and the clinical significance of the long term administration. Expert opinion: Accurate monitoring and evaluation of the hyperprolactinemia induced by xenobiotics is strongly recommended. The typical antipsychotics and some of the atypical agents (amisulpride, risperidone, paliperidone), as well as some antidepressants, antihypertensives and prokinetics, are the most important groups inducing hyperprolactinemia. The hyperprolactinemic effects are correlated with their affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, their blood-brain barrier penetration and, implicitly, the requested dose for adequate occupancy of cerebral D2 receptors. Consequently, integration of available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data supports the idea of therapeutic switch to non-hyperprolactinemic agents (especially aripiprazole) or their association, for an optimal management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Possible alternative strategies for counteracting the xenobiotics-induced hyperprolactinemia are also mentioned. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd.","Anterior hypophysis, Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, Blood-brain barrier, Dopamine D2 receptors, Hyperprolactinemia, LogBB, Therapeutic switching","Voicu, V., Medvedovici, A., Ranetti, A. E., Rǎdulescu, F. Ş",2013.0,,,0,0,
5729,The typology of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder,"Psychopathological chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied In relation to clinical peculiarities of depression included In PTSD structure. One hundred and sixty-five patients, 124 men and 41 women, aged 25-48 years, were examined in general outpatient clinics. PTSD duration was from 6 to 24 months. A stress was caused by situations related to combat events (60,6%), close person's death (25,4%), assault with physical and moral violence (8,2%) and rape (5,8%). With regard to depression structure and dominating affect, 4 PTSD types - anxious (36,6%), dysphoric (26,1%), apathie (20%) and somatoform (17,7%), were distinguished. Also, their significance for the formation of patient's personality features is emphasized. A role of depression in syndrome formation In chronic PTSD Is suggested.",,"Voloshin, V. M.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5730,Cohort profile: The study of health in Pomerania,,"citric acid, DNA, edetic acid, accident, alcohol consumption, allergy, analysis, article, asthma, bioelectrical impedance analysis, blood pressure, blood sampling, body plethysmography, bone disease, bone stiffness, breath gas analysis, cardiopulmonary exercise test, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular function, carotid artery, cholecystography, chronic disease, chronic pancreatitis, claudication, clinical examination, cognition, cohort analysis, dental procedure, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diastolic blood pressure, echocardiography, echography, electrocardiogram, erythema, family history, gas analysis, genetic association, genotype, Germany, hand grip, health, health care quality, health care utilization, hepatography, human, immunization, incidence, infection, injury, interview, irritable colon, laboratory test, leisure, life expectancy, liver elastography, lung disease, medical examination, medical service, mental disease, mental health, metabolomics, Mini Mental State Examination, morbidity, mortality, mouth examination, neoplasm, neurologic examination, nose smear, nutrition, ophthalmoscopy, oral glucose tolerance test, outcome assessment, pain, pancreatography, parameters, physical activity, plasma, politics, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, preservation and storage, prevalence, priority journal, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, psychologic test, quality of life, questionnaire, reading, renal ultrasound, restless legs syndrome, retinal artery to vein ratio, rheumatic disease, risk factor, saliva, serum, sinusitis, skin cancer, skin disease, skin examination, sleep, sleep monitoring, sleep parameters, social control, socioeconomics, somatometric measure, standardization, Stroop word colour test, Study of Health in Pomerania, temporomandibular joint, throat culture, thyroid disease, thyroid gland, tobacco, urinalysis, vein disease, vision, whole body MRI, ""womens health"", word list recall, work environment, workload","Volzke, H., Alte, D., Schmidt, C. O., Radke, D., Lorbeer, R., Friedrich, N., Aumann, N., Lau, K., Piontek, M., Born, G., Havemann, C., Ittermann, T., Schipf, S., Haring, R., Baumeister, S. E., Wallaschofski, H., Nauck, M., Frick, S., Arnold, A., Junger, M., Mayerle, J., Kraft, M., Lerch, M. M., Dorr, M., Reffelmann, T., Empen, K., Felix, S. B., Obst, A., Koch, B., Glaser, S., Ewert, R., Fietze, I., Penzel, T., Doren, M., Rathmann, W., Haerting, J., Hannemann, M., Ropcke, J., Schminke, U., Jurgens, C., Tost, F., Rettig, R., Kors, J. A., Ungerer, S., Hegenscheid, K., Kuhn, J. P., Kuhn, J., Hosten, N., Puls, R., Henke, J., Gloger, O., Teumer, A., Homuth, G., Volker, U., Schwahn, C., Holtfreter, B., Polzer, I., Kohlmann, T., Grabe, H. J., Rosskopf, D., Kroemer, H. K., Kocher, T., Biffar, R., John, U., Hoffmann, W.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5731,Cohort profile: The study of health in Pomerania,,,"Völzke, H., Alte, D., Schmidt, C. O., Radke, D., Lorbeer, R., Friedrich, N., Aumann, N., Lau, K., Piontek, M., Born, G., Havemann, C., Ittermann, T., Schipf, S., Haring, R., Baumeister, S. E., Wallaschofski, H., Nauck, M., Frick, S., Arnold, A., Jünger, M., Mayerle, J., Kraft, M., Lerch, M. M., Dörr, M., Reffelmann, T., Empen, K., Felix, S. B., Obst, A., Koch, B., Gläser, S., Ewert, R., Fietze, I., Penzel, T., Dören, M., Rathmann, W., Haerting, J., Hannemann, M., Röpcke, J., Schminke, U., Jürgens, C., Tost, F., Rettig, R., Kors, J. A., Ungerer, S., Hegenscheid, K., Kühn, J. P., Kühn, J., Hosten, N., Puls, R., Henke, J., Gloger, O., Teumer, A., Homuth, G., Völker, U., Schwahn, C., Holtfreter, B., Polzer, I., Kohlmann, T., Grabe, H. J., Rosskopf, D., Kroemer, H. K., Kocher, T., Biffar, R., John, U., Hoffmann, W.",2011.0,,,0,0,5730
5732,Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase cardiovascular risk but the psychophysiological mechanisms involved are elusive. We hypothesized that proinflammatory activity is elevated in patients with PTSD as diagnosed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) interview. Plasma levels of proinflammatory C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1(beta), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-(alpha), and of anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in 14 otherwise healthy PTSD patients and in 14 age- and gender-matched healthy non-PTSD controls. Levels of TNF-(alpha) (p = 0.038; effect size Cohen's d = 0.58) and of IL-1(beta) (p = 0.075, d = 0.68) were higher in patients than in controls. CRP (d = 0.10), IL-6 (d = 0.18), IL-4 (d = 0.42), and IL-10 (d = 0.37) were not significantly different between groups. Controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, mood, and time since trauma revealed lower IL-4 in patients than in controls (p = 0.029) and rendered group differences in TNF-(alpha) and IL-1(beta) insignificant. In all subjects, TNF-(alpha) correlated with total (frequency and intensity) PTSD symptom cluster of re-experiencing (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), avoidance (r = 0.37, p = 0.050), and hyperarousal (r = 0.42, p = 0.026), and with PTSD total symptom score (r = 0.37, p = 0.054). Controlling for time since trauma attenuated these associations. The correlation between IL-1(beta) and total avoidance symptoms (r = 0.42, p = 0.028) became insignificant when controlling for anxiety and depression. IL-4 correlated with total hyperarousal symptoms (r = -0.38, p = 0.047), and after controlling for systolic blood pressure and smoking status, with PTSD total symptom score (r = -0.41, p = 0.035). PTSD patients showed a low-grade systemic proinflammatory state, which, moreover, was related to PTSD symptom levels suggesting one mechanism by which PTSD could contribute to atherosclerotic disease. (copyright) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","C reactive protein, interleukin 10, interleukin 1beta, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, adult, anxiety, arousal, article, atherosclerosis, avoidance behavior, cardiovascular risk, clinical article, clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale, controlled study, correlation analysis, depression, female, human, inflammation, interview, male, mood disorder, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, protein blood level, psychological rating scale, risk factor, scoring system, smoking, statistical significance, systolic blood pressure","von Kanel, R., Hepp, U., Kraemer, B., Traber, R., Keel, M., Mica, L., Schnyder, U.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5733,Evidence for low-grade systemic proinflammatory activity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase cardiovascular risk but the psychophysiological mechanisms involved are elusive. We hypothesized that proinflammatory activity is elevated in patients with PTSD as diagnosed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) interview. Plasma levels of proinflammatory C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and of anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in 14 otherwise healthy PTSD patients and in 14 age- and gender-matched healthy non-PTSD controls. Levels of TNF-α (p = 0.038; effect size Cohen's d = 0.58) and of IL-1β (p = 0.075, d = 0.68) were higher in patients than in controls. CRP (d = 0.10), IL-6 (d = 0.18), IL-4 (d = 0.42), and IL-10 (d = 0.37) were not significantly different between groups. Controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, mood, and time since trauma revealed lower IL-4 in patients than in controls (p = 0.029) and rendered group differences in TNF-α and IL-1β insignificant. In all subjects, TNF-α correlated with total (frequency and intensity) PTSD symptom cluster of re-experiencing (r = 0.49, p = 0.008), avoidance (r = 0.37, p = 0.050), and hyperarousal (r = 0.42, p = 0.026), and with PTSD total symptom score (r = 0.37, p = 0.054). Controlling for time since trauma attenuated these associations. The correlation between IL-1β and total avoidance symptoms (r = 0.42, p = 0.028) became insignificant when controlling for anxiety and depression. IL-4 correlated with total hyperarousal symptoms (r = -0.38, p = 0.047), and after controlling for systolic blood pressure and smoking status, with PTSD total symptom score (r = -0.41, p = 0.035). PTSD patients showed a low-grade systemic proinflammatory state, which, moreover, was related to PTSD symptom levels suggesting one mechanism by which PTSD could contribute to atherosclerotic disease. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Atherosclerosis, Cytokines, Inflammation, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Risk factor","von Känel, R., Hepp, U., Kraemer, B., Traber, R., Keel, M., Mica, L., Schnyder, U.",2007.0,,,0,0,5732
5734,Measures of endothelial dysfunction in plasma of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers an increased cardiovascular risk. In 14 otherwise healthy patients with PTSD and in 14 age- and gender-matched non-PTSD controls, we investigated whether the categorical diagnosis of PTSD and severity of PTSD symptom clusters (i.e. re-experiencing, avoidance, arousal, and overall score) would be associated with plasma concentrations of three markers of endothelial dysfunction [soluble tissue factor (sTF), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1]. Compared with controls, patients had significantly higher sTF; this difference became nonsignificant when controlling for psychological distress. VWF and sICAM-1 levels were not significantly different between patients and controls. In the entire sample virtually all PTSD symptom clusters correlated significantly and positively with sTF and VWF but not with sICAM-1. The correlation between symptoms of re-experiencing and sTF was significantly different between patients and controls. Controlling for symptoms of anxiety and depression (i.e. psychological distress) rendered most associations between PTSD symptom clusters and sTF nonsignificant, whereas controlling for age retained significance of associations with VWF. Posttraumatic stress showed a continuous relationship with sTF and VWF, with the former relationship being partly affected by psychological distress. This suggests one mechanism by which posttraumatic stress could contribute to atherosclerosis.","Adult, Age Factors, Atherosclerosis/blood/etiology/physiopathology, Biological Markers/blood, Cluster Analysis, Control Groups, Endothelium, Vascular/*physiopathology, Female, Humans, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/*blood/physiology, Life Change Events, Life Style, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*blood/diagnosis/physiopathology, Stress, Psychological/blood/physiopathology, Thromboplastin/*analysis/physiology, von Willebrand Factor/*analysis/physiology","von Kanel, R., Hepp, U., Traber, R., Kraemer, B., Mica, L., Keel, M., Mausbach, B. T., Schnyder, U.",2008.0,Apr 15,10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.003,0,0,
5735,Measures of endothelial dysfunction in plasma of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers an increased cardiovascular risk. In 14 otherwise healthy patients with PTSD and in 14 age- and gender-matched non-PTSD controls, we investigated whether the categorical diagnosis of PTSD and severity of PTSD symptom clusters (i.e. re-experiencing, avoidance, arousal, and overall score) would be associated with plasma concentrations of three markers of endothelial dysfunction [soluble tissue factor (sTF), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1]. Compared with controls, patients had significantly higher sTF; this difference became nonsignificant when controlling for psychological distress. VWF and sICAM-1 levels were not significantly different between patients and controls. In the entire sample virtually all PTSD symptom clusters correlated significantly and positively with sTF and VWF but not with sICAM-1. The correlation between symptoms of re-experiencing and sTF was significantly different between patients and controls. Controlling for symptoms of anxiety and depression (i.e. psychological distress) rendered most associations between PTSD symptom clusters and sTF nonsignificant, whereas controlling for age retained significance of associations with VWF. Posttraumatic stress showed a continuous relationship with sTF and VWF, with the former relationship being partly affected by psychological distress. This suggests one mechanism by which posttraumatic stress could contribute to atherosclerosis. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular diseases, Endothelium, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Risk factor, von Willebrand factor","von Känel, R., Hepp, U., Traber, R., Kraemer, B., Mica, L., Keel, M., Mausbach, B. T., Schnyder, U.",2008.0,,,0,0,5734
5736,The usefulness of group analysis in the conceptualization and treatment of 'personality disorders' and 'complex/post-traumatic stress disorder',"Personality disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. Some personality disorders also display features of (Complex) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Attachment disruptions in early childhood may result in physiological and psychological (trauma) difficulties. Attachment theory holds that humans are social beings and need relationships for survival. It explores the impact of early attachment experiences and subsequent interpersonal behaviour. This is in line with group analytic thinking, which holds that psychopathology is social and interactional in nature. This article discusses the application of group analysis for the above disorders. I shall examine dominant conceptualizations of 'personality pathology' and 'mental illness/disorder' and the implication for treatment. By incorporating neurobiological findings from trauma research, I shall propose 'severe attachment disruptions' as alternative and discuss implications for practice, illustrating the therapeutic usefulness of group analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Group Dynamics, *Group Psychotherapy, *Personality Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Attachment Behavior","Vosmer, Susanne",2012.0,,,0,0,
5737,Looking beyond the physical injury: posttraumatic stress disorder in children and parents after pediatric traffic in- jury,,,"Vries, de, P, A., Kassam-Adams, N., Cnaan, A., Slate, Sherman, E, Gallagher, R, P., Winston, F. K.",1999.0,1999,,0,0,
5738,"Sixteen-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index confirmatory factor analytic evidence, in- ternal consistency, and construct validity in a young adult sample from the Netherlands",,,"Vujanovic, A. A., Arrindell, W. A., Bernstein, A., Norton, P. J., Zvolensky, M. J.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
5739,An evaluation of the relation between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress within a trauma-exposed sample,"The present investigation examined the incremental associations between distress tolerance, or the perceived capacity to tolerate emotional distress, and global posttraumatic stress symptom severity as well as symptom cluster severity, beyond the variance accounted for by number of trauma exposure types and negative affectivity. The sample consisted of 140 adults (72 women; M age=25.9, SD=11.1) who endorsed exposure to traumatic life events, as defined by posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic criterion A (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Participants did not meet diagnostic criteria for current axis I psychopathology. Distress tolerance demonstrated significant incremental associations with global posttraumatic stress symptom severity (p&lt;.01) as well as re-experiencing (p&lt;.05), avoidance (p=.05), and hyperarousal (p&lt;.001) symptom cluster severity. Given the cross-sectional study design, causation cannot be inferred. Theoretical implications and future directions for better understanding associations between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress are discussed. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA).","Distress tolerance, Emotion regulation, Posttraumatic stress, PTSD, Trauma","Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Potter, C. M., Marshall, E. C., Zvolensky, M. J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5740,Smoking Status and Exercise in relation to PTSD Symptoms: A Test among Trauma-Exposed Adults,"The present investigation examined the interactive effect of cigarette smoking status (i.e., regular smoking versus non-smoking) and weekly exercise (i.e., weekly metabolic equivalent) in terms of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) symptom severity among a community sample of trauma-exposed adults. Participants included 86 trauma-exposed adults (58.1% female; Mage = 24.3). Approximately 59.7% of participants reported regular (>/= 10 cigarettes per day) daily smoking over the past year. The interactive effect of smoking status by weekly exercise was significantly associated with hyperarousal and avoidance symptom cluster severity (p </= .05). These effects were evident above and beyond number of trauma types and gender, as well as the respective main effects of smoking status and weekly exercise. Follow-up tests indicated support for the moderating role of exercise on the association between smoking and PTSD symptoms, such that the highest levels of PTSD symptoms were observed among regular smokers reporting low weekly exercise levels. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.","Ptsd, cigarette smoking, exercise, trauma","Vujanovic, A. A., Farris, S. G., Harte, C. B., Smits, J. A., Zvolensky, M. J.",2013.0,Jun 1,10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.12.001,0,0,
5741,Smoking status and exercise in relation to PTSD symptoms: A test among trauma-exposed adults,"The present investigation examined the interactive effect of cigarette smoking status (i.e., regular smoking vs. non-smoking) and weekly exercise (i.e., weekly metabolic equivalent) in terms of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) symptom severity among a community sample of trauma-exposed adults. Participants included 86 trauma-exposed adults (58.1% female; Mage = 24.3). Approximately 59.7% of participants reported regular (≥10 cigarettes per day) daily smoking over the past year. The interactive effect of smoking status by weekly exercise was significantly associated with hyperarousal and avoidance symptom cluster severity (p ≤ .05). These effects were evident above and beyond number of trauma types and gender, as well as the respective main effects of smoking status and weekly exercise. Follow-up tests indicated support for the moderating role of exercise on the association between smoking and PTSD symptoms, such that the highest levels of PTSD symptoms were observed among regular smokers reporting low weekly exercise levels. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2013.","Cigarette smoking, Exercise, PTSD, Trauma","Vujanovic, A. A., Farris, S. G., Harte, C. B., Smits, J. A. J., Zvolensky, M. J.",2013.0,,,0,0,5740
5742,Main and interactive effects of distress tolerance and negative affect intensity in relation to PTSD symptoms among trauma-exposed adults,"The present investigation evaluated the main and interactive effects of distress tolerance and negative affect intensity in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and symptom cluster severity. Participants were 190 trauma-exposed adults (52.6 % women; M age = 25.3 years, SD = 11.4) recruited from the community. Distress tolerance (i.e., perceived ability to withstand distressing emotional states) demonstrated significant incremental associations with global PTSD symptom severity as well as Re-Experiencing, Emotional Numbing, and Hyperarousal symptom cluster severity. Negative affect intensity (i.e., perceived intensity of negative emotional responses) demonstrated significant incremental associations with each of the PTSD symptom outcomes. Moreover, the incremental interactive effect of distress tolerance and negative affect intensity was significantly associated with PTSD symptom severity as well as PTSD - Emotional Numbing symptom cluster severity. These incremental effects were evident after accounting for the variance explained by anxiety sensitivity (i.e., fear of anxiety-related sensations). Post hoc probing analyses supported the moderating role of negative affect intensity in the association between distress tolerance and PTSD symptom severity, such that low levels of distress tolerance, in the context of elevated levels of negative affect intensity, were associated with the greatest levels of PTSD symptoms. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Affect intensity, Distress tolerance, PTSD, Trauma","Vujanovic, A. A., Hart, A. S., Potter, C. M., Berenz, E. C., Niles, B., Bernstein, A.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5743,Epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is linked to traumatic memory and post-traumatic stress disorder risk in genocide survivors,"Recent evidence suggests that altered expression and epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) are related to the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unknown. Because glucocorticoid receptor signaling is known to regulate emotional memory processes, particularly in men, epigenetic modifications of NR3C1 might affect the strength of traumatic memories. Here, we found that increased DNA methylation at the NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) binding site of the NR3C1 promoter was associated with less intrusive memory of the traumatic event and reduced PTSD risk in male, but not female survivors of the Rwandan genocide. NR3C1 methylation was not significantly related to hyperarousal or avoidance symptoms. We further investigated the relationship between NR3C1 methylation and memory functions in a neuroimaging study in healthy subjects. Increased NR3C1 methylation-which was associated with lower NR3C1 expression-was related to reduced picture recognition in male, but not female subjects. Furthermore, we found methylation-dependent differences in recognition memory-related brain activity in men. Together, these findings indicate that an epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter is linked to interindividual and gender-specific differences in memory functions and PTSD risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Genes, *Genocide, *Glucocorticoids, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Survivors","Vukojevic, Vanja, Kolassa, Iris- T., Fastenrath, Matthias, Gschwind, Leo, Spalek, Klara, Milnik, Annette, Heck, Angela, Vogler, Christian, Wilker, Sarah, Demougin, Philippe, Peter, Fabian, Atucha, Erika, Stetak, Attila, Roozendaal, Benno, Elbert, Thomas, Papassotiropoulos, Andreas, de Quervain, Dominique J. F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5744,Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among croatian veterans: The causal models of symptom clusters,"Objective: This study investigated the etiological roles of premilitary risk factors, military entry conditions, war zone experiences, dissociative reactions, and homecoming reception in the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters among Croatian veterans. Methods: 150 Croatian war veterans with the diagnosis of chronic combat-related PTSD, who sought treatment at the Department of Psychiatry Osijek, Croatia, and who provided complete data, were selected as the sample for this study from the treatment-seeking group of the ex-soldier populations (N = 192). Structural equation modeling was used to develop an etiological model of relationships of premilitary risk factors, military entry conditions, war zone experiences, dissociative reactions, and homecoming reception with current PTSD symptom clusters. Results: The causal models with satisfactory fit and parsimony were developed. The result analysis suggests that there is a different etiological effect of studied variables on PTSD symptom clusters in all three studied models. War zone experiences, peritraumatic dissociation and homecoming reception have a higher and primary etiological effect in relation to a lower and secondary etiological effect of premilitary risk factors and military entry conditions in all three studied models. The exception is sometimes a higher etiological effect of premilitary risk factors in the causal model for the avoidance symptom cluster and military entry conditions in the causal model for the arousal cluster. Conclusions: The results may support study hypothesis that all PTSD symptoms do not have the same etiology and that a different hierarchy of etiological influence exists among studied variables in all three contructed models of PTSD symptom clusters.","adult, army, article, Croatia, dissociative disorder, home, human, major clinical study, mathematical model, parsimony analysis, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatry, risk factor, soldier, war","Vuksic-Mihaljevic, Z., Bensic, M., Begic, D., Lauc, G., Hutinec, B., Candrlic, V., Todorovic, V.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5745,Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among croatian veterans: The causal models of symptom clusters,"Objective: This study investigated the etiological roles of premilitary risk factors, military entry conditions, war zone experiences, dissociative reactions, and homecoming reception in the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters among Croatian veterans. Methods: 150 Croatian war veterans with the diagnosis of chronic combat-related PTSD, who sought treatment at the Department of Psychiatry Osijek, Croatia, and who provided complete data, were selected as the sample for this study from the treatment-seeking group of the ex-soldier populations (N = 192). Structural equation modeling was used to develop an etiological model of relationships of premilitary risk factors, military entry conditions, war zone experiences, dissociative reactions, and homecoming reception with current PTSD symptom clusters. Results: The causal models with satisfactory fit and parsimony were developed. The result analysis suggests that there is a different etiological effect of studied variables on PTSD symptom clusters in all three studied models. War zone experiences, peritraumatic dissociation and homecoming reception have a higher and primary etiological effect in relation to a lower and secondary etiological effect of premilitary risk factors and military entry conditions in all three studied models. The exception is sometimes a higher etiological effect of premilitary risk factors in the causal model for the avoidance symptom cluster and military entry conditions in the causal model for the arousal cluster. Conclusions: The results may support study hypothesis that all PTSD symptoms do not have the same etiology and that a different hierarchy of etiological influence exists among studied variables in all three contructed models of PTSD symptom clusters.","Causal modeling, Croatian war veterans, PTSD symptom clusters, etiology","Vuksic-Mihaljevic, Ž, Benšić, M., Begić, D., Lauc, G., Hutinec, B., Čandrlić, V., Todorović, V.",2004.0,,,0,0,5744
5746,Low early morning plasma cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with co-morbid depression but not with enhanced glucocorticoid feedback inhibition,"Background: Co-morbid major depressive disorder (MDD) in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers a more severe clinical course and is associated with distinct biologic abnormalities. Although dysregulation in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis has been well established in PTSD, the impact of commonly co-occuring MDD has received scant attention. Methods: Overnight (7 p.m. to 7 a.m.) plasma cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) were measured at 30 min intervals in 9 participants with PTSD with MDD (PTSD+MDD), 9 with PTSD without MDD (PTSD-MDD) and 16 non-traumatized healthy controls. A low-dose dexamethasone suppression test was administered to evaluate feedback sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Linear mixed models with body mass index (BMI) and age as covariates and Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests assessed group differences. Results: Compared to healthy controls, subjects with PTSD+MDD, but not those subjects with PTSD-MDD, exhibited lower basal plasma cortisol levels between 1:30 a.m. and 3:30 a.m. and at 4:30 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. (effect size d = 0.75). Despite similar plasma ACTH levels between the three groups, the ACTH/cortisol ratio was higher in PTSD+MDD patients compared to controls. We obtained similar results when the patient and control groups were re-studied 1 week later, and when men and current smokers were excluded. Basal plasma DHEA-S levels, and cortisol and ACTH response to a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test were similar in all three groups. Conclusions: Lower early morning plasma cortisol levels and a high ACTH/cortisol ratio in subjects with PTSD and co-morbid MDD may not be due to enhanced peripheral sensitivity to glucocorticoids. A central abnormality in glucocorticoid regulation could explain HPA axis dysfunction in this subgroup. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Hydrocortisone, *Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Glucocorticoids, Hormones","Vythilingam, M., Gill, J. M., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Gold, P. W., Collin, C., Bonne, O., Plumb, K., Polignano, E., West, K., Charney, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5747,Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the syndrome with multiple faces,"We choose to discuss from the PTSD's point of view because this diagnostic reference is commonly used. In the case that this syndrome originates in war experiences, the presumed cause presents itself as an exceptional event overcoming the individual's resources. The notion of war traumatisation has been extended to other events such as catastrophes, physical attacks, rapes, child and wife battering, and sexual abuses. But the events which cause PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) are significantly more numerous. It can be seen that medical events such as giving birth, miscarriage, heart attack, cancer, or hospitalisation following resuscitation may give rise to PTSD. The clinician should have to carefully explore how the patient experienced the event or, how he aprehended the event itself and it's outcome, if he wants get the traumatic range of a life event. The consequences of an unrecognised PTSD are serious and affect both the individual and his immediate family and friends, contributing further to the aggravation of the problems. When a PTSD is diagnosed, it can allow the clinician to further a more global care which will help the patient to get a better recovery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Comorbidity, Epidemiology, Psychodiagnosis","Waddington, A., Ampelas, J. F., Mauriac, F., Bronchard, M., Zeltner, L., Mallat, V.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5748,Examination of the latent factor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in two independent trauma patient groups using confirmatory factor analysis,"Recent research on the factor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) provides support for two underlying factors: consumption and consequences. The current study sought to extend these findings to two independent and diverse trauma populations: traumatic injury patients and military veterans treated for posttraumatic stress disorder. The 2- and 3-factor solutions provided the best fit to the data, but there was a very high correlation between the second and third factors of the 3-factor solution. Parsimony suggests that the 2-factor solution is the preferred model. The 2-factor model has implications for alcohol screening using the AUDIT and supports the goal of screening to identify those with hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders. An algorithm is proposed to inform alcohol screening protocols in a range of health settings for trauma-exposed patient groups. © 2012.","Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Injury, Screening, Trauma, Veteran","Wade, D., Varker, T., ""ODonnell, M."", Forbes, D.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5749,Alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists use in treatment and prevention of psychiatric disorders: A review,,"alpha 1 adrenergic receptor, cocaine, corticotropin releasing factor, doxazosin, noradrenalin, prazosin, terazosin, alcohol use disorder, anxiety disorder, article, clinical trial (topic), cocaine dependence, dementia, drug use, human, mental disease, neurobiology, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial (topic), regulatory mechanism, secondary prevention, tobacco dependence","Wadhawan, A., Banga, A., Duan, Y., Mennesson, M., Wu, Z. H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5750,Coping with displacement from Hurricane Katrina: Predictors of one-year post-traumatic stress and depression symptom trajectories,"This study examined predictors of symptom trajectories of 93 adult survivors of Hurricane Katrina who were displaced and relocated to Colorado. Survivors were interviewed within six months of the hurricane and then again six months later. Four symptom trajectories were identified for clinical levels of depression and post-traumatic stress: resilient, recovered, delayed onset, and chronic. High levels of adaptive coping and coping efficacy characterized the resilient groups and low levels of both characterized the chronic groups. The recovered groups were characterized by low levels of adaptive coping coupled with high coping efficacy, and the delayed groups were characterized by high secondary control coping in the presence of low primary control coping, though some symptom-specific differences were found for these two groups. African American (67%) participants did not differ from European American (28%) participants in terms of membership in trajectory groups, though analyses revealed that displacement stress and positive religious coping were especially relevant predictors for African American participants. The results are interpreted in light of the Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 2001) and implications for treatment and preventive intervention are discussed. (copyright) 2009 Taylor & Francis.","adaptive behavior, adult, African American, age distribution, analysis of variance, article, Caucasian, chronic disease, depression, female, follow up, human, hurricane, life event, male, mental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction and forecasting, psychological aspect, religion, sex ratio, statistics, United States","Wadsworth, M. E., de Carlo Santiago, C., Einhorn, L.",2009.0,,,0,1,
5751,Coping with displacement from Hurricane Katrina: predictors of one-year post-traumatic stress and depression symptom trajectories,"This study examined predictors of symptom trajectories of 93 adult survivors of Hurricane Katrina who were displaced and relocated to Colorado. Survivors were interviewed within six months of the hurricane and then again six months later. Four symptom trajectories were identified for clinical levels of depression and post-traumatic stress: resilient, recovered, delayed onset, and chronic. High levels of adaptive coping and coping efficacy characterized the resilient groups and low levels of both characterized the chronic groups. The recovered groups were characterized by low levels of adaptive coping coupled with high coping efficacy, and the delayed groups were characterized by high secondary control coping in the presence of low primary control coping, though some symptom-specific differences were found for these two groups. African American (67%) participants did not differ from European American (28%) participants in terms of membership in trajectory groups, though analyses revealed that displacement stress and positive religious coping were especially relevant predictors for African American participants. The results are interpreted in light of the Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 2001) and implications for treatment and preventive intervention are discussed.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, African Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Age Distribution, Analysis of Variance, Chronic Disease, Colorado, *Cyclonic Storms, Depressive Disorder/etiology/*psychology, European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, *Life Change Events, Male, New Orleans, Predictive Value of Tests, Religion and Psychology, Sex Distribution, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology/*psychology, Stress, Psychological/complications/*psychology, United States","Wadsworth, M. E., Santiago, C. D., Einhorn, L.",2009.0,Jul,10.1080/10615800902855781,0,1,5750
5752,The role of dissociative symptoms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Tests of three proposed models,"Although dissociative symptoms have been found to be related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis and severity, correlations between measures of dissociative and PTSD symptoms are usually only moderate. Measures of dissociative and trauma symptoms completed by 191 male Vietnam theater veterans from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study were analyzed to describe dissociative symptomatology in PTSD and to examine three alternative models for the role of dissociation in PTSD. These three models specify that dissociation is: a cardinal feature of PTSD (with a strong inherent relationship); an associated feature (or subtype); or a latent feature (part of an existing PTSD symptom cluster). Inspection of the frequency distribution of dissociative symptoms within the PTSD group revealed that pathological levels of dissociative symptoms were associated only with the most severe levels of PTSD symptoms but that high levels of PTSD symptoms also occurred in this sample in the absence of pathological levels of dissociation. In addition, principal components analyses found that measures of PTSD and dissociative symptoms formed two separate clusters which together accounted for 36% of the variance in the item pool. These findings were interpreted as consistent with the associated feature model of dissociation in PTSD. Clinical and research implications were discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Dissociative Disorders, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Military Veterans","Waelde, Lynn Clare",1996.0,,,0,0,
5753,Comorbidity and labor force activity among people with psychiatric disorders,"Objective: Comorbidity among people with psychiatric disorders with respect to other health conditions is extensive yet is rarely explored in-depth in occupational studies. We investigated how other ICD-10 comorbidity impacted on the labor force activity of people with psychiatric disorders. Methods: A secondary analysis of data files was conducted provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) from a 2003 population survey (N = 36,088). The reference group was working age community residents without long-term health conditions. Results: Comorbidity with a broad range of ICD-10 health conditions can be characterized by both type and extent of comorbidity. Both dimensions are needed to explain impacts on labor force activity. Conclusions:: Health professionals, policymakers, and administrators can utilize these results to identify people with psychiatric disorders and comorbidity profiles most likely to need more intensive vocational services. Copyright © 2011 by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.",,"Waghorn, G., Chant, D., Jonsdottir, A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5754,Diabetes Among Refugee Populations: What Newly Arriving Refugees Can Learn From Resettled Cambodians,"A growing body of literature suggests that cardiometabolic disease generally and type 2 diabetes specifically are problems among refugee groups. This paper reviews rates of cardiometabolic disease and type 2 diabetes among refugees and highlights their unique risk factors including history of malnutrition, psychiatric disorders, psychiatric medications, lifestyle changes toward urbanization and industrialization, social isolation, and a poor profile on the social determinants of health. Promising interventions are presented for preventing and treating diabetes in these groups. Such interventions emphasize well-coordinated medical and mental health care delivered by cross-cultural and multidisciplinary teams including community health workers that are well integrated into the community. Finally, recommendations for service, policy, and research are made. The authors draw on local data and clinical experience of our collective work with Cambodian American refugees whose 30-year trajectory illustrates the consequences of ignoring diabetes and its risk factors in more recent, and soon to be arriving, refugee cohorts.","Cambodian, health auxiliary, health care delivery, heart disease, human, industrialization, learning, lifestyle modification, malnutrition, medical care, medical history, mental disease, mental health care, metabolic disorder, non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, policy, practice guideline, refugee, research, review, risk factor, social determinants of health, social isolation, transcultural care, urbanization","Wagner, J., Berthold, S. M., Buckley, T., Kong, S., Kuoch, T., Scully, M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5755,Characteristics of the first 1000 clients attending an anxiety clinic in South West Sydney,"This paper reports on the clinical and demographic characteristics of the first 1000 consecutive patients attending an anxiety disorders clinic at a district hospital in Sydney, Australia. Data from a large epidemiological study of the Australian population were used as a yardstick for broad comparison. Contrary to past research, a lower prevalence of comorbid anxiety and depression was found in the clinic, possibly because a portion of those patients were filtered out and referred elsewhere for treatment for depression. More female patients attended the clinic than the epidemiological study would predict. Greater numbers of patients with panic disorder, and fewer with posttraumatic stress disorder and social phobia were seen in the clinic than would be predicted by the epidemiological data. Although inferences are tentative because of the differing methods of diagnosis used, the findings indicate the value of comparing epidemiological and clinic profiles to identify those categories of anxiety patients that underutilise services.",,"Wagner, R., Silove, D., Joukhador, J., Manicavasagar, V., Marnane, C., Kirsten, L. T., Toskas, C.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5756,Spotlight on paroxetine in psychiatric disorders in adults,"Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activity. In 6- to 24-week well designed trials, oral paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day was significantly more effective than placebo, at least as effective as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and as effective as other SSRIs and other antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Relapse or recurrence over 1 year after the initial response was significantly lower with paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day than with placebo and similar to that with imipramine 50 to 275 mg/day. The efficacy of paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day was similar to that of TCAs and fluoxetine 20 to 60 mg/day in 6- to 12-week trials in patients aged (greater-than or equal to)60 years with major depression. Paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day improved depressive symptoms to an extent similar to that of TCAs in patients with comorbid illness, and was more effective than placebo in the treatment of dysthymia and minor depression. Paroxetine 20 to 60 mg/day was more effective than placebo after 8 to 12 weeks' treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Improvement was maintained or relapse was prevented for 24 weeks to 1 year in patients with OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or GAD. The efficacy of paroxetine was similar to that of other SSRIs in patients with OCD and panic disorder and similar to that of imipramine but greater than that of 2'chlordesmethyldiazepam in patients with GAD. Paroxetine is generally well tolerated in adults, elderly individuals and patients with comorbid illness, with a tolerability profile similar to that of other SSRIs. The most common adverse events with paroxetine were nausea, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, asthenia, headache, constipation, dizziness, sweating, tremor and decreased appetite. In conclusion, paroxetine, in common with other SSRIs, is generally better tolerated than TCAs and is a first-line treatment option for major depressive disorder, dysthymia or minor depression. Like other SSRIs, paroxetine is also an appropriate first-line therapy for OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD. Notably, paroxetine is the only SSRI currently approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder and GAD, which makes it the only drug of its class indicated for all five anxiety disorders in addition to major depressive disorder. Thus, given the high degree of psychiatric comorbidity of depression and anxiety, paroxetine is an important first-line option for the treatment of major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD.","amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, lofepramine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, tianeptine, trazodone, venlafaxine, anorexia, anxiety neurosis, asthenia, comorbidity, constipation, depression, drug absorption, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug mechanism, drug metabolism, drug safety, drug tolerability, dysthymia, headache, human, nausea, obsession, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, sexual dysfunction, social phobia, somnolence, tremor, vertigo","Wagstaff, A. J., Cheer, S. M., Matheson, A. J., Ormrod, D., Goa, K. L.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5757,Paroxetine: An update of its use in psychiatric disorders in adults,"Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), with antidepressant and anxiolytic activity. In 6- to 24-week well designed trials, oral paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day was significantly more effective than placebo, at least as effective as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and as effective as other SSRIs and other antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Relapse or recurrence over 1 year after the initial response was significantly lower with paroxetine 10 to 50 mg/day than with placebo and similar to that with imipramine 50 to 275 mg/day. The efficacy of paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day was similar to that of TCAs and fluoxetine 20 to 60 mg/day in 6- to 12-week trials in patients aged (greater-than or equal to)60 years with major depression. Paroxetine 10 to 40 mg/day improved depressive symptoms to an extent similar to that of TCAs in patients with comorbid illness, and was more effective than placebo in the treatment of dysthymia and minor depression. Paroxetine 20 to 60 mg/day was more effective than placebo after 8 to 12 weeks' treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Improvement was maintained or relapse was prevented for 24 weeks to 1 year in patients with OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or GAD. The efficacy of paroxetine was similar to that of other SSRIs in patients with OCD and panic disorder and similar to that of imipramine but greater than that of 2'chlordesmethyldiazepam in patients with GAD. Paroxetine is generally well tolerated in adults, elderly individuals and patients with comorbid illness, with a tolerability profile similar to that of other SSRIs. The most common adverse events with paroxetine were nausea, sexual dysfunction, somnolence, asthenia, headache, constipation, dizziness, sweating, tremor and decreased appetite. In conclusion, paroxetine, in common with other SSRIs, is generally better tolerated than TCAs and is a first-line treatment option for major depressive disorder, dysthymia or minor depression. Like other SSRIs, paroxetine is also an appropriate first-line therapy for OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD. Notably, paroxetine is the only SSRI currently approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder and GAD, which makes it the only drug of its class indicated for all five anxiety disorders in addition to major depressive disorder. Thus, given the high degree of psychiatric comorbidity of depression and anxiety, paroxetine is an important first-line option for the treatment of major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, GAD and PTSD.","amitriptyline, amobarbital, antiarrhythmic agent, clomipramine, delorazepam, desipramine, doxepin, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, haloperidol, imipramine, lithium, lofepramine, lorazepam, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, nefazodone, neuroleptic agent, nortriptyline, oxazepam, paroxetine, pindolol, serotonin uptake inhibitor, sertraline, tianeptine, trazodone, tricyclic antidepressant agent, unindexed drug, venlafaxine, adult, aged, anxiety neurosis, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, depression, volume of distribution, dose response, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug half life, drug induced disease, drug metabolism, drug tolerability, female, human, male, mental disease, meta analysis, multicenter study, obsession, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, randomized controlled trial, relapse, review, social phobia","Wagstaff, A. J., Cheer, S. M., Matheson, A. J., Ormrod, D., Goa, K. L.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5758,Mindful Awareness and Non-judging in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms,"The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess group differences between veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mindful awareness and mindful non-judging. The relationships between mindfulness and PTSD symptom clusters were also evaluated. Three age and gender-matched groups, (1) 15 combat veterans with PTSD, (2) 15 combat veterans without PTSD, and (3) 15 non-combat veterans without PTSD, completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and the Accept without Judgment Scale. PTSD status was determined with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and excluded disorders screened with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Mindfulness scale group differences were assessed with analysis of variance. Mindfulness and the PTSD symptom clusters relationships were assessed with hierarchical regression analysis. There were group differences on mindful non-judging (F(2,44) = 7.22, p =.002) but not mindful awareness (p >.05). Combat exposure accounted for significant variation in PTSD symptoms (hyper-arousal 47%; numbing-avoiding 32%; re-experiencing 23%). Mindfulness accounted for a significant percentage variance of PTSD symptoms (re-experiencing 32%; numbing-avoiding 19%, hyper-arousal 16%), beyond combat exposure effects, although only mindful non-judging was significant in the model. This study confirms in a clinical sample that mindful non-judging is associated with PTSD symptoms and could represent a meaningful focus for treatment. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Awareness, Combat veterans, Mindfulness, Non-judging, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Wahbeh, H., Lu, M., Oken, B.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5759,Skin conductance response during laboratory stress in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to assess skin conductance response (SCR) to a laboratory stressor in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to controls. The secondary objective was to evaluate the relationship between SCR and PTSD symptom clusters. METHOD: 15 combat/ PTSD, 15 combat/no PTSD, 15 no combat/no PTSD veterans had their SCR recording during aversive pictures from the International Affective Picture Scale. RESULTS: The groups had similar demographics and medical history (all p>.05). SCR was different between groups (F(2,42) = 4.34, p=.02). The combat/PTSD group had the highest response compared to both control groups. Numbing-avoiding was predictive of SCR (F(1,42)=12.72, p=.001), while re-experiencing and hyper-arousal were not (p's>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased SCR in the PTSD group validates previous studies. Numbing-avoiding PTSD cluster scores correlated with SCR values. These findings support current PTSD therapies that reduce avoidance behaviors.",,"Wahbeh, H., Oken, B.",2013.0,May 24,10.4172/2167-1222.1000167,0,0,
5760,Salivary Cortisol Lower in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Altered cortisol has been demonstrated to be lower in those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in most studies. This cross-sectional study evaluated salivary cortisol at waking and 30 minutes after, and at bedtime in 51 combat veterans with PTSD compared to 20 veterans without PTSD. It also examined the relationship of cortisol to PTSD symptoms using 2 classifications: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the more recent 4-factor classification proposed for DSM-5. The PTSD group had lower cortisol values than the control group, F(6, 69) = 3.35, p = .006. This significance did not change when adding age, body mass index, smoking, medications affecting cortisol, awakening time, sleep duration, season, depression, perceived stress, service era, combat exposure, and lifetime trauma to the model. Post hoc analyses revealed that the PTSD group had lower area-under-the-curve ground and waking, 30 min, and bedtime values; the cortisol awakening response and area-under-the-curve increase were not different between groups. The 4-factor avoidance PTSD symptom cluster was associated with cortisol, but not the other symptom clusters. This study supports the finding that cortisol is lower in people with PTSD. © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Wahbeh, H., Oken, B. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5761,Review of Post-traumatic stress disorder: the management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care,"Reviews the book, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care published by the 2005 Royal College of Psychiatrists and British Psychological Society (2005). The reviewer notes that the history of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is of a condition which has struggled to be accepted as legitimate. So it is very welcome that this National Clinical Practice Guideline on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has been developed by an expert group under the auspices of the National Collaborating Centre for mental health--a branch of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). The guide sets out in an accessible way the research evidence for different treatments, and consensus for good practice where research evidence is lacking. It also sets out very clear recommendations for practice and future research. In some ways, the most powerful part of these guidelines are the nine personal testimonies of people who have suffered from PTSD, and two accounts of relatives with PTSD. In the reviewer's opinion, traumas associated with physical illness are not well covered; however, the book is overall easy to read and well referenced, and can be highly recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Evidence Based Practice, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Guidelines","Wainwright, Tony",2005.0,,,0,0,1382
5762,Head injury as a PTSD predictor among oklahoma city bombing survivors,"Background: The aim of the Oklahoma City (OKC) bombing retrospective review was to investigate the relationship between physical injury, environmental contributors, and psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an event-based, matched design study focused on injury. Methods: The 182 selected participants were a random subset of the 1,092 direct survivors from the OKC bombing. Only 124 of these 182 cases had a full complement of medical/clinical data in the OKC database. These 124 cases were assessed to explore relationships among PTSD diagnoses, levels of blast exposure, and physical injuries. Associations among variables were statistically tested using contingency analysis and logistic regression. Results: Comparison of the PTSD cases to symptoms/diagnoses reported in the medical records reveals a statistically significant association between PTSD and head/brain injuries associated with head acceleration. PTSD was not highly correlated with other injuries. Although blast pressure and impulse were highly correlated with head injuries, the correlation with PTSD was not statistically significant. Thus, a correlation between blast pressure and PTSD may exist, but higher fidelity pressure calculations are required to elucidate this potential relationship. Conclusions: This study provides clear evidence that head injury is associated with subsequent PTSD, giving caregivers' information on what physical injuries may suggest the development of psychologic disorders to aid them in developing a profile for the identification of future survivors of terrorist attacks and Warfighters with brain injuries and potential PTSD. (copyright) 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","article, blast injury, brain concussion, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, head injury, human, injury severity, major clinical study, medical record review, posttraumatic stress disorder, prediction, prevalence, priority journal, statistical analysis, survivor, symptomatology, terrorism, United States","Walilko, T., North, C., Young, L. A., Lux, W. E., Warden, D. L., Jaffee, M. S., Moore, D. F.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5763,Posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury in current military populations: A critical analysis,"Background: The use of unconventional weaponry combined with decreased mortality rates and servicemembers being exposed to intense ground combat during multiple deployments has increased the risk of servicemembers living with the consequences of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and combat operational stress. Objective: The purpose of this article is to perform a critical analysis of the literature to identify current rates of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and TBI in military and veteran populations who have served in Iraq or Afghanistan and their combined effects on persistent postconcussive symptoms. Design: A search of the literature with military and veteran populations published after 2001 in Pubmed, OVID/Medline, Cochran Database, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycInfo was conducted using keywords. Results: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. The literature search yielded mixed results for rates of PTSD, TBI, and comorbid conditions. Conclusions: There is some evidence that comorbid PTSD and TBI result in greater reports of postconcussive symptomology than either condition alone. Limitations include lack of consistency of measurements, sampling biases, and lack of experimental design, and these warrant further exploration. Future research is needed to decrease variability in study findings and elucidate relationships between these disorders and their effects on persistent postconcussive symptomology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury","Wall, Pamela L.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5764,"Risk of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of the separate and combined effects of race, gender, and social context","Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 7.7 million U.S. adults. A central criterion of a PTSD diagnosis is an exposure to an external traumatic stressor. Yet, surprisingly little research has focused on the role of the larger social context that shapes these exposures. Most PTSD research focuses on the separate effects of individual-level risk factors like gender and race, while the effects of macro-level factors like poverty are primarily used as control variables in regression models. Little is known about how the larger structural environment, and factors like racial residential and economic segregation impact PTSD risk, or whether examining the combined effects of risk factors like race, gender, and poverty might shift our understanding. The primary aims of this dissertation were two-fold: First, a stratified analysis was conducted to provide a fundamental understanding of race differences in trauma exposure/PTSD risk by examining within-group effects of gender, race, and poverty status, both alone and in combination, and testing for between-group differences in these effects. Second, discrete-time analysis and life-tables were used to examine the relationship between PTSD risk and incarceration, an exposure chosen to capture the effects of the U.S. macro-level social context due to its differential impact on the Black population. Study results showed the expected gender differences in PTSD risk. However, considerable variation in the pattern of risk was observed when the effects of race and gender were considered together, finding that African American females experienced greater disorder risk, and that non-Hispanic White males experienced greater risk when poverty status was considered. Prison exposure was found to be a significant predictor of lifetime PTSD, after accounting for the effects and timing of a comprehensive list of traumatic exposures. Race differences in the effect of incarceration exposure on PTSD risk were not found. These dissertation findings have implications for future PTSD research. Notably, these findings suggest that a better accounting of social contextual factors and the combined effects of sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors can improve our understanding of the disorder and those who are at most risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Trauma, *Exposure, Human Sex Differences, Racism","Wallace, Lori R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5765,Clarifying heterogeneity of daytime and nighttime symptoms of posttraumatic stress in combat veterans with insomnia,"Daytime and nighttime symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common among combat veterans and military service members. However, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in how symptoms are expressed. Clarifying the heterogeneity of daytime and nighttime PTSD symptoms through exploratory clustering may generate hypotheses regarding ways to optimally match evidence-based treatments to PTSD symptom profiles. We used mixture modeling to reveal clusters based on 6 daytime and nighttime symptoms of 154 combat veterans with insomnia and varying levels of PTSD symptoms. Three clusters with increasing symptom severity were identified (n1 = 50, n2 = 70, n3 = 34). These results suggest that, among veterans with insomnia, PTSD symptoms tend to exist on a continuum of severity, rather than as a categorical PTSD diagnosis. Hypotheses regarding possible targeted treatment strategies for veterans within each identified cluster, as well as ways to generalize these methods to other groups within the military, are discussed. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Chronic insomnia, Clustering, Personalized medicine, PTSD, Sleep","Wallace, M. L., Iyengar, S., Bramoweth, A. D., Frank, E., Germain, A.",2015.0,,10.1037/mil0000077,0,0,
5766,Traumatic loss and major disasters: Strengthening family and community resilience,"This article presents the core principles and value of a family and community resilience-oriented approach to recovery from traumatic loss when catastrophic events occur. In contrast to individually based, symptom-focused approaches to trauma recovery, this multisystemic practice approach contextualizes the distress in the traumatic experience and taps strengths and resources in relational networks to foster healing and posttraumatic growth. The intertwining of trauma and traumatic losses is discussed. Key family and social processes in risk and resilience in traumatic loss situations are outlined. Case illustrations, model programs, and intervention guidelines are described in situations of community violence and major disasters to suggest ways to foster family and community resilience. 2007 © FPI, Inc.","Disaster Recovery, Family and Community Resilience, Traumatic Loss","Walsh, F.",2007.0,,10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00205.x,0,0,
5767,Longitudinal trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and binge drinking among adolescent girls: The role of sexual victimization,"Many studies have documented associations among sexual victimization (SV), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and alcohol use; however, few have examined these associations longitudinally among adolescents. The present study evaluated the effect of SV on the longitudinal trajectory of PTSD symptoms and binge drinking (BD) among adolescent girls, a population known to have high rates of SV and alcohol use. Participants (N = 1,808 at wave 1) completed interviews regarding PTSD symptoms, BD, and SV experiences over approximately 3 years. Multilevel modeling revealed decreases in PTSD symptoms over the course of the study; however, compared with nonvictims, adolescents who were sexually victimized reported greater PTSD symptoms at wave 1 and maintained higher levels of PTSD symptoms over the course of the study after controlling for age. SV reported during the study also predicted an acute increase in PTSD symptoms at that occasion. BD increased significantly over the course of the study; however, SV did not predict initial BD or increases over time. SV reported during the study was associated with acute increases in BD at that occasion, although this effect diminished when participants reporting substance-involved rape were excluded. SV was associated with immediate and long-lasting elevations in PTSD symptoms, but not with initial or lasting elevations in BD over time, suggesting that adolescent victims have yet to develop problematic patterns of alcohol use to cope with SV. However, SV was associated with acute increases in PTSD symptoms and BD, suggesting a need for BD interventions to reduce alcohol-related SV.","Adolescence, Alcohol use, Longitudinal, PTSD symptoms, Sexual victimization","Walsh, K., Danielson, C. K., McCauley, J., Hanson, R. F., Smith, D. W., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2012.0,,,0,1,
5768,Associations between the SS variant of 5-HTTLPR and PTSD among adults with histories of childhood emotional abuse: Results from two African American independent samples,"Background Prior studies have found that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) interacts with stressful life events to increase general risk for PTSD, but this association has not extended to African American samples. Further, little is known about the effects of this interaction on specific PTSD symptom clusters, despite indications that clusters may have different biological substrates. The current study examined the interaction between exposure to childhood emotional abuse and 5-HTTLPR genotype on risk for PTSD symptom severity and severity of specific PTSD symptom clusters in two African American samples. Methods Participants were 136 African American household residents from Detroit, MI and 546 African American patients recruited from waiting rooms in primary care clinics in Atlanta, GA. Participants reported emotional abuse exposure and PTSD symptom severity, and provided DNA for triallelic 5-HTTLPR genotyping. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine main effects and interactions. Results In both African American samples, 5-HTTLPR genotype modified the effect of emotional abuse on PTSD symptom severity. Participants with the low-expression SS genotype who were exposed to emotional abuse had significantly lower reexperiencing and arousal symptom severity scores. Limitations The DNHS genetic sample size was small, and abuse data were assessed retrospectively. Conclusions The SS variant of 5-HTTLPR appears to buffer against developing the reexperiencing and arousal symptoms of PTSD in two independent African American samples exposed to childhood emotional abuse. Findings also highlight the importance of considering emotional abuse experiences in patients with suspected PTSD. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.","Child abuse, Gene-environment interaction, PTSD","Walsh, K., Uddin, M., Soliven, R., Wildman, D. E., Bradley, B.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5769,Use of the hand test in the assessment of combat-related stress,"This study investigated the effectiveness of the Hand Test in discriminating the differential symptomatology of posttraumatic stress (PTS) in Vietnam combat veterans (VCVs). Participants were 108 VCV outpatients, 85 of whom met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 23 patients that were found to meet some, but not the minimum criteria, required for a diagnosis of PTSD by the DSM-IV. The latter group of patients was classified into a subclinical PTSD, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) group. Results showed higher levels of overall psychopathology, a vulnerable capacity for coping, and a tendency for feelings of inadequacy and inferiority in the PTSD group. The PTSD group also exhibited more limited interaction with the world around them than the PTSS group, which may be indicative of withdrawal, apathy, or a lack of concern with environmental activities and goals. These findings are discussed in relation to the assessment, understanding, and treatment of PTS symptomatology and PTSD.","Adult, Discriminant Analysis, Humans, Middle Aged, *Projective Techniques, Psychometrics/*methods, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis/psychology, United States, Veterans/*psychology, Vietnam, *War","Walter, C., Hilsenroth, M., Arsenault, L., Sloan, P., Harvill, L.",1998.0,Apr,10.1207/s15327752jpa7002_9,0,0,
5770,Resource loss and naturalistic reduction of PTSD among inner-city women,"Halting the process of psychosocial and material resource loss has been theorized as being associated with the reduction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examines how the limiting of resource loss is related to alleviation of PTSD symptoms among 102 inner-city women, who originally met diagnostic criteria for PTSD after experiencing interpersonal traumatic events such as child abuse, rape, and sexual assault. Participants whose PTSD symptoms improve and become nondiagnostic for PTSD are compared with those who remain diagnostic. The two groups are not significantly different at pretest. However, at the 6-month time point, those who become nondiagnostic for PTSD report less resources loss in three of four domains. This pattern suggests that as PTSD symptoms decrease, women's material and psychosocial resource loss diminishes, which in turn, may aid their recovery process. © 2009 Sage Publications.","PTSD, Resources, Symptom reduction","Walter, K. H., Hobfoll, S. E.",2009.0,,10.1177/0886260508317174,0,0,
5771,Psychiatric Comorbidity Effects on Compensatory Cognitive Training Outcomes for Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injuries,"Objective: To investigate the influence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, and PTSD and depression severity, on the postconcussive symptom trajectory over the course of a 1-year study period. Research Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing veterans who received supported employment combined with compensatory cognitive training to those who received supported employment only. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3- (postintervention), 6-, and 12-months. Participants were 50 Operation Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with a history of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were unemployed, seeking work, and who had neuropsychological impairment. Of all participants, 74% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. All participants received supported employment and half of the sample also received Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART), a 12-session, manualized compensatory cognitive training intervention. Results: Veterans with PTSD and greater depression severity endorsed significantly more severe postconcussive symptomatology at all assessment time points. However, the rate of CogSMART-associated improvement in postconcussive symptoms did not differ as a result of psychiatric symptomatology. Conclusion: Study results suggest that for veterans with a history of mild to moderate TBI, presence of comorbid PTSD or depressive symptoms should not preclude participation in cognitive rehabilitation interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2015 APA, all rights reserved).","Cognitive rehabilitation, Depression, Employment, PTSD, Veterans","Walter, K. H., Jak, A. J., Twamley, E. W.",2015.0,,10.1037/rep0000049,0,0,
5772,Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A comparison between outpatient and residential treatment,"Objective: Across the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System, outpatient and residential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment programs are available to veterans of all ages and both genders; however, no research to date has compared these treatment options. This study compared veterans who received outpatient (n = 514) to those who received residential treatment (n = 478) within a VA specialty clinic on demographic and pretreatment symptom variables. Further, the study examined pre- to posttreatment symptom trajectories across the treatment programs. Method: All 992 veterans met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and attended at least 1 session of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in either the outpatient or residential program. Bivariate analyses were utilized to investigate differences between samples on demographic variables and severity of pretreatment symptoms. Multilevel modeling (MLM) was used to investigate the change in symptomatology between the 2 samples from pre- to posttreatment. Results: Analyses indicated that the samples differed on all demographic and pretreatment symptom variables, with residential patients reporting higher scores on all assessment measures. MLM results demonstrated that symptom scores improved for all veterans across time, with outpatients consistently reporting fewer symptoms at both time points. The time by program interaction was significant for PTSD-related symptom trajectories, but not for the depression-related symptom trajectory. Conclusion: This is the 1st study to compare pretreatment characteristics and treatment outcome between veterans receiving outpatient and residential PTSD treatment. Findings may help clinicians select appropriate care for their patients by identifying relevant pretreatment characteristics and generally informing expectations of treatment outcome. © 2014 APA.","cognitive processing therapy, outpatient treatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, residential treatment, veterans","Walter, K. H., Varkovitzky, R. L., Owens, G. P., Lewis, J., Chard, K. M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5773,"Effects of telephone health mentoring in community-recruited chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on self-management capacity, quality of life and psychological morbidity: A randomised controlled trial","Objectives: To assess benefits of telephone-delivered health mentoring in community-based chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting: Tasmanian general practices: capital city (11), large rural (3), medium rural (1) and small rural (16). Participants: Patients were invited (1207) from general practitioner (GP) databases with COPD diagnosis and/or tiotropium prescription, response rate 49% (586), refused (176) and excluded (criteria: smoking history or previous study, 68). Spirometry testing (342) confirmed moderate or severe COPD in 182 (53%) patients. Randomisation: By random numbers code, block stratified on location, allocation by sequentially numbered, opaque and sealed envelopes. Intervention: Health mentor (HM) group received regular calls to manage illness issues and health behaviours from trained community health nurses using negotiated goal setting: problem solving, decision-making and action planning. Control: usual care (UC) group received GP care plus non-interventional brief phone calls. Outcomes: Measured at 0, 6 and 12 months, the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ, primary); Partners In Health (PIH) Scale for self-management capacity, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Satisfaction with life and hospital admissions (secondary). Results: 182 participants with COPD (age 68(plus or minus)8 years, 62% moderate COPD and 53% men) were randomised (HM=90 and UC=92). Mixed model regression analysis accounting for clustering, adjusting for age, gender, smoking status and airflow limitation assessed efficacy (regression coefficient, (beta), reported per 6-month visit). There was no difference in quality of life between groups, but self-management capacity increased in the HM group (PIH overall 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.29; knowledge domain 0.25, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.50). Anxiety decreased in both groups (HADS A 0.35; 95% CI -0.65 to -0.04) and coping capacity improved (PIH coping 0.15; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.26). Conclusions: Health mentoring improved self-management capacity but not quality of life compared to regular phone contact, which itself had positive effects where decline is generally expected.","tiotropium bromide, age distribution, aged, anxiety, article, Australia, chronic obstructive lung disease, clinical assessment, clinical decision making, cluster analysis, controlled study, coping behavior, depression, disease severity, epidemiology, female, general practice, general practitioner, health behavior, health education, hospital admission, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, human, knowledge, major clinical study, male, medical history, morbidity, nurse, patient satisfaction, prescription, problem solving, psychological well being, quality of life, randomized controlled trial, reference database, rural area, self care, sex difference, Short Form 36, smoking, spirometry, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, teleconsultation, treatment response","Walters, J., Cameron-Tucker, H., Wills, K., Schuz, N., Scott, J., Robinson, A., Nelson, M., Turner, P., Wood-Baker, R., Walters, E. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5774,"Effects of telephone health mentoring in community-recruited chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on self-management capacity, quality of life and psychological morbidity: A randomised controlled trial","Objectives: To assess benefits of telephone-delivered health mentoring in community-based chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting: Tasmanian general practices: capital city (11), large rural (3), medium rural (1) and small rural (16). Participants: Patients were invited (1207) from general practitioner (GP) databases with COPD diagnosis and/or tiotropium prescription, response rate 49% (586), refused (176) and excluded (criteria: smoking history or previous study, 68). Spirometry testing (342) confirmed moderate or severe COPD in 182 (53%) patients. Randomisation: By random numbers code, block stratified on location, allocation by sequentially numbered, opaque and sealed envelopes. Intervention: Health mentor (HM) group received regular calls to manage illness issues and health behaviours from trained community health nurses using negotiated goal setting: problem solving, decision-making and action planning. Control: usual care (UC) group received GP care plus non-interventional brief phone calls. Outcomes: Measured at 0, 6 and 12 months, the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ, primary); Partners In Health (PIH) Scale for self-management capacity, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) questionnaire, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Satisfaction with life and hospital admissions (secondary). Results: 182 participants with COPD (age 68±8 years, 62% moderate COPD and 53% men) were randomised (HM=90 and UC=92). Mixed model regression analysis accounting for clustering, adjusting for age, gender, smoking status and airflow limitation assessed efficacy (regression coefficient, β, reported per 6-month visit). There was no difference in quality of life between groups, but self-management capacity increased in the HM group (PIH overall 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.29; knowledge domain 0.25, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.50). Anxiety decreased in both groups (HADS A 0.35; 95% CI -0.65 to -0.04) and coping capacity improved (PIH coping 0.15; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.26). Conclusions: Health mentoring improved self-management capacity but not quality of life compared to regular phone contact, which itself had positive effects where decline is generally expected.",,"Walters, J., Cameron-Tucker, H., Wills, K., Schüz, N., Scott, J., Robinson, A., Nelson, M., Turner, P., Wood-Baker, R., Walters, E. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,5773
5775,Pressure pain threshold testing demonstrates predictive ability in people with acute whiplash,"STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether pressure pain threshold (PPT), tested at 2 standardized sites, could provide additional prognostic ability to predict short-term outcomes in people with acute whiplash, after controlling for age, sex, and baseline pain intensity. BACKGROUND: PPT may be a valuable assessment and prognostic indicator for people with whiplash-associated disorder. The extent to which PPT can predict short-term disability scores has yet to be explored in people with acute (of less than 30 days in duration) whiplash-associated disorder in a clinical setting. METHODS: Eligible patients were recruited from community-based physiotherapy clinics in Canada. Baseline measurements included PPT, as well as pain intensity, age, and sex. Neck-related disability was collected with the Neck Disability Index 1 to 3 months after PPT testing. Multiple linear regression models were constructed to evaluate the unique contribution of PPT in the prediction of follow-up disability scores. RESULTS: A total of 45 subjects provided complete data. A regression model that included sex, baseline pain intensity, and PPT at the distal tibialis anterior site was the most parsimonious model for predicting short-term Neck Disability Index scores 1 to 3 months after PPT testing, explaining 38.6% of the variance in outcome. None of the other variables significantly improved the predictive power of the model. CONCLUSION: Sex, pain intensity, and PPT measured at a site distal to the injury were the most parsimonious set of predictors of short-term neck-related disability score, and represented promising additions to assessment of traumatic neck pain. Neither age nor PPT at the local site was able to explain significant variance beyond those 3 predictors. Limitations to interpretation are addressed.","Cervical spine, Neck, PPT, WAD","Walton, D., Macdermid, J., Nielson, W., Teasell, R., Reese, H., Levesque, L.",2011.0,,10.2519/jospt.2011.3668,0,0,
5776,Exploring the clinical course of neck pain in physical therapy: A longitudinal study,"Objective To investigate the short-term trajectory of recovery from mechanical neck pain, and predictors of trajectory. Design Prospective, longitudinal cohort study with 5 repeated measurements over 4 weeks. Setting Community-based physical therapy clinics. Participants Convenience sample of community-dwelling adults (N=50) with uncomplicated mechanical neck disorders of any duration. Interventions Usual physical therapy care. Main Outcome Measures Neck Disability Index (NDI), numeric rating scale (NRS) of pain intensity. Results A total of 50 consecutive subjects provided 5 data points over 4 weeks. Exploratory modeling using latent class growth analysis revealed a linear trend in improvement, at a mean of 1.5 NDI points and 0.5 NRS points per week. Within the NDI trajectory, 3 latent classes were identified, each with a unique trend: worsening (14.5%), rapid improvement (19.6%), and slow improvement (65.8%). Within the NRS trajectory, 2 unique trends were identified: stable (48.0%) and improving (52.0%). Predictors of trajectory class suggest that it may be possible to predict the trajectory. Results are described in view of the sample size. Conclusions The mean trajectory of improvement in neck pain adequately fits a linear model and suggests slow but stable improvement over the short term. However, up to 3 different trajectories have been identified that suggest neck pain, and recovery thereof, is not homogenous. This may hold value for the design of clinical trials. © 2014 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.","Longitudinal studies, Neck, Physical therapists, Rehabilitation","Walton, D. M., Eilon-Avigdor, Y., Wonderham, M., Wilk, P.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.apmr.2013.09.004,0,0,
5777,Substance use trajectories among drug-using youth presenting to an urban ED,"Aims: A visit to an urban emergency department (ED) provides an opportunity for intervention for drug-using youth, which may be especially salient for those presenting with assault. This paper examined longitudinal substance use trajectories among drug-using youth presenting the ED. Methods: Assault-injured youth (ages 14-24) endorsing drug use (n = 350), and a proportionally sampled comparison group (n = 250) endorsing drug use, completed a baseline assessment (e.g., CTS-2, timeline follow back calendar) and follow-ups at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Trajectory analyses examined the number of days of substance use (i.e., binge drinking, marijuana, other illicit drugs, or prescription opioid, sedative, or stimulant misuse) over the 2- year follow-up. Subsequent analyses examined baseline markers of substance use trajectory groups. Results: Trajectory analyses identified 4 groups: Low Decreasing (31.8%; n = 191); Low Increasing (18.0%; n = 108); Moderate Decreasing (16.3%; n = 98); and Moderate Increasing (33.8%; n = 203). Mean days of substance use from baseline to 24 months was: 7.9-3.0 (Low Decreasing), 12.5-47.0 (Low Increasing), 20.9-8.1 (Moderate Decreasing), and 22.8-71.6 (Moderate Increasing). Males were less likely to be in the Low Decreasing group than the other groups. At baseline, as compared to the Low Decreasing group, other trajectory groups reported significantly more peer and dating aggression, gun carriage, antisocial personality disorder, negative peer influences, and community violence; substance use trajectory groups were not associated with age, race, reason for ED visit, peer or dating victimization, PTSD, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and peer positive influences. Conclusions: Data support the need for specialized interventions for drug-using youth presenting to an urban ED, particularly those involved with aggression and gun carriage, as these youth have more severe substance use trajectories.","opiate, sedative agent, illicit drug, central stimulant agent, marker, cannabis, juvenile, college, drug dependence, substance use, assault, drug use, aggression, binge drinking, prescription, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety, follow up, male, community, violence, depression, emergency ward, posttraumatic stress disorder","Walton, M. A., Goldstick, J. E., Epstein-Ngo, Q., Blow, F. C., Zimmerman, M., Booth, B. M., Cunningham, R. M.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5778,Identification of posttraumatic growth trajectories in the first year after breast cancer surgery,"Background: Empirical studies of the relationship between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and adjustment outcomes reveal a fairly inconclusive picture. We argue that the inconsistent findings are likely due to the heterogeneity of the PTG experience over time. In this regard, we predicted that individuals with different PTG trajectories vary in the level of adjustment and the correlational patterns between PTG and adjustment. Methods: Participants were 124 Taiwanese women who underwent surgery for breast cancer. Measures of PTG and adjustment variables, including positive affect, negative affect, mental and physical quality of life, anxiety, and depression, were assessed at 1 day and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. A group-based trajectory model was used to identify subpopulations of individuals who shared homogenous growth patterns. Then, we determined whether the trajectory predicted adjustment at 12 months after surgery. The correlations between PTG and adjustment outcomes were computed in each subpopulation across every time point. Results: The patients were categorized into the following four groups, which showed very different patterns of PTG change over the first year after breast cancer surgery: stable high (27.4%), high decreasing (39.4%), low increasing (16.9%), and low decreasing (16.9%). Differences in the level of adjustment at 12 months and the patterns of the correlations across time were found among these latent subgroups Conclusions: This study was the first longitudinal examination of PTG trajectories and their different levels of adjustment. The findings support our argument that identifying distinct PTG trajectories can better determine the nature of the relationship between PTG and adjustment.","Breast cancer, Group-based trajectory modeling, Oncology, Posttraumatic growth, Psychological adjustment, Trajectory","Wang, A. W. T., Chang, C. S., Chen, S. T., Chen, D. R., Hsu, W. Y.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5779,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and quality of life in patients with traffic-related injuries","Aims: This paper reports a study to investigate and follow-up relationships between post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients after traffic-related injuries. Background: Worldwide, traffic accidents kill 1.2 million people and injure 50 million people per year. Accidental injuries are fourth in the top five causes of death in Taiwan. For survivors, traffic accidents not only cause physical impairments, but also psychological trauma, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, all of which affect the quality of life. Methods An exploratory, correlational design was used, and participants were recruited consecutively. Data were collected at 1 and 6 weeks post-injury for 64 patients from two major medical centres in Taiwan. Instruments were the New Injury Severity Scale, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, Beck Depression Inventory, State Anxiety Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire. The data were collected in 2002. Results: Statistically significant improvements occurred in depression, anxiety and the quality of life between week 1 and week 6 (P < 0.05); high levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at week 1 (87.5%) and at week 6 (82.8%) showed no statistically significant improvement. There was a positive correlation between post-traumatic stress disorder and depression (r = 0.70, P < 0.001) and between post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety (r = 0.57, P < 0.001), and a negative correlation between post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life (r = -0.47, P < 0.001). Depression was the most important variable to predict post-traumatic stress disorder at week 6, with depression levels at week 6 being a more powerful predictor than those at week 1. Regression analysis revealed that depression (19%) at week 1, depression at week 6 (45%), anxiety (3.8%) at week 6 and post-traumatic stress disorder (5.8%) explained a statistically significant amount of the variance at week 6. Conclusions: The findings suggest that traffic accidents have an impact on people's psychosocial wellbeing. Healthcare professionals need to implement interventions to decrease post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety to increase the quality of life for patients following traffic injuries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Major Depression, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, Injuries","Wang, Ching-Hui, Tsay, Shiow-Luan, Bond, A. Elaine",2005.0,,,0,0,
5780,Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: A systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987-2011,"Aims: The goal of this paper was to systematically review evidence on (1) the potential magnitude of the psychopathological impacts of community-wide disasters on child and adolescent survivors, and (2) the long-term course or trajectory of disaster-induced psychopathology among children and adolescents. Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched from their respective inception through December 2011. All of the resulting epidemiological studies of child and adolescent survivors following community-wide disasters were examined. Results: Sixty cross-sectional studies and 25 longitudinal or long-term follow-up studies were identified. The estimated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among child and adolescent survivors varied greatly across the included studies, ranging from 1.0 to 95 % and 1.6 to 81 %, respectively, while the reported rates of diagnosable PTSD according to the DSM-IV criteria and diagnosable depression ranged from 1.0 to 60 % and 1.6 to 33 %, respectively. The long-term courses of psychopathology among youthful survivors were summarized. Methodological issues with those studies were discussed. Conclusions: The empirical findings summarized in this review highlight the importance of psychosocial intervention at early postdisaster stages for child and adolescent survivors. The methodological flaws revealed by this review indicate the need for continued attempts to better understand the epidemiology and trajectory of psychopathological problems among youthful survivors. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Adolescents, Children, Depression, Disaster, Psychopathology, PTSD","Wang, C. W., Chan, C. L. W., Ho, R. T. H.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5781,Identification of post traumatic stress disorder and risk factors in military first responders 6 months after Wen Chuan earthquake in China,"Background: Military personnel commonly serve as first responders to natural disasters. Our aim is to identify Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and determine risk in military responders to the Wen Chuan earthquake. Methods: Analyses were carried out on 1056 of the 1125 soldiers enrolled. In addition to social demographic characteristics, the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) and an Earthquake exposure screening scale were administered. Results: PTSD prevalence was 6.53% (69 cases). Logistic regression indicated that intensity of traumatic exposure (odds ratio 6.46, 95% CI 4.47-9.32, p < 0.001), not having received psychological counseling (odds ratio 3.28, 95% CI 1.31-8.20, p < 0.02) and regular drinking (odds ratio 2.42, 95% CI 1.04-5.62, p < 0.05) were significant predictors of PTSD. Being a single-child, not being raised by both parents and regular smoking also independently predicted PTSD if intensity of earthquake traumatic exposure was not included in the model. Limitations: The self-rated DTS was used to classify PTSD in this study and psychiatric co-morbidity outside of PTSD was not assessed in this sample. Conclusion: PTSD is a concern for Military disaster responders; to identify those with high risk of developing PTSD would be important and beneficial. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Military Veterans, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Risk Factors","Wang, Huanlin, Jin, Hua, Nunnink, Sarah E., Guo, Wei, Sun, Jian, Shi, Jianan, Zhao, Bin, Bi, Yinhau, Yan, Tongjun, Yu, Haiying, Wang, Guangjian, Gao, Zhiqing, Zhao, Hanqing, Ou, Yanghui, Song, Zixiagn, Chen, Fangbin, Lohr, James B., Baker, Dewleen G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5782,"Psychopathological, biological, and neuroimaging characterization of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of a severe coalmining disaster in China","On July 29, 2007, a severe coalmine-flooded disaster occurred in central China and 69 miners were trapped in an about 1400. m underground coal pit. Fortunately, all of them were rescued after 75. h of the ordeal. At 3 and 6. months after the disaster, psychopathological profiles, plasma levels of cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were evaluated in 48 survivors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and comorbid symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was performed at 6. months. The prevalence of PTSD was 35.4% (17/48) at 3. months and 31.3% (15/48) at 6. months post-disaster, with high rates of comorbid symptoms. Risk factors for PTSD included previous traumatic experience, less than 5. years of being a miner, in an extremely exhausted or sick during the disaster, poor interpersonal relationship and poor sleep quality experienced before the disaster. Mean plasma cortisol levels at 6. months, but not at 3. months, were significantly higher in PTSD-positive subjects than the negative, and positively correlated with the severity of several comorbid symptoms. Either whole or regional brain volumes of PTSD-positive subjects were not significantly different from PTSD-negative subjects, but PTSD subjects had significantly reduced fractional anisotropy values in the right posterior cingulum and bilateral hippocampal body compared to subjects without PTSD. These results suggest that traumatic exposure in severe coalmining disasters results in considerable psychological consequences, with highly prevalent PTSD and comorbid symptoms, which are associated with previous traumatic experience, shorter-length underground services, and poor interpersonal relationships and sleep quality experienced before the disaster. Baseline cortisol level may be a useful biological predictor for different phases of the development of PTSD. The aberrant connectivity of the hippocampus and the cingulum may represent an early pathological response to trauma exposure. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.","Coalmining disaster, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, Magnetic resonance imaging, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","Wang, H. H., Zhang, Z. J., Tan, Q. R., Yin, H., Chen, Y. C., Wang, H. N., Zhang, R. G., Wang, Z. Z., Guo, L., Tang, L. H., Li, L. J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5783,"Testing the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress responses in young Chinese adult earthquake survivors: Further evidence for ""dysphoric arousal"" as a unique PTSD construct","Background: This study investigated an alternative five-factor diagnostic model for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and tested external convergent and discriminant validity of the model in a young Chinese sample of earthquake survivors. Methods: A total of 938 participants (456 women, 482 men) aged 15-20 years were recruited from a vocational school originally located in Beichuan County Town which was almost completely destroyed by the ""Wenchuan Earthquake."" The participants were administrated with the PTSD Checklist and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 12 months after the earthquake. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five-factor intercorrelated model (intrusion, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal) fit the data significantly better than the four-factor numbing model proposed by King et al. (1998: Psychol Assess 10:90-96) and the four-factor dysphoria model proposed by Simms et al. (2002: J Abnorm Psychol 111:637-647). Further analyses indicated that four out of five PTSD factors yielded significantly different correlations with external measures of anxiety versus depression. Conclusions: The findings provide further empirical evidence in favor of the five-factor diagnostic model of PTSD, and carry implications for the upcoming DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Chinese Cultural Groups, Survivors","Wang, Li, Li, Zhongquan, Shi, Zhanbiao, Zhang, Jianxin, Zhang, Kan, Liu, Zhengkui, Elhai, Jon D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5784,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure in Chinese adolescents exposed to a deadly earthquake,"This present study examined the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a large sample of Chinese adolescents exposed to a deadly earthquake. A total of 2,800 middle school students aged 12 to 18 years participated in the study 6 months after the ""Wenchuan Earthquake"". Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a five-factor intercorrelated model composed of intrusion, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal, fit data significantly better than both the four-factor numbing model King et al. (Psychological Assessment 10:90-96, 1998) and the four-factor dysphoria model Simms et al. (Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111:637-647, 2002). Further examination of the external convergent and discriminant validity revealed that except for the dysphoric arousal factor, the remaining four PTSD factors yielded significantly different correlations with external measures of anxiety vs. depression. The findings add to the limited literature on the factor structure of PTSD in youths and on the five-factor PTSD model. In addition, they provide more detail into the latent psychopathological processes of PTSD, and inform the forthcoming DSM-5. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Psychology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Chinese Cultural Groups, Natural Disasters","Wang, Li, Long, Di, Li, Zhongquan, Armour, Cherie",2011.0,,,0,0,
5785,The factorial invariance across gender of three well-supported models: Further evidence for a five-factor model of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Three well-supported latent models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; i.e., Emotional Numbing, Dysphoria, and Dysphoric Arousal [DA] models) were examined using factorial invariance across gender. There is a notable lack of studies that have investigated the factorial invariance of the PTSD models across gender, and, to date, no study has assessed the factorial invariance of the DA model across gender. The current sample consisted of 571 children and adolescent earthquake survivors (297 male and 274 female participants) from China. The results indicated that the 17 symptoms of PTSD have equivalent factor loadings between the male and female participants. Furthermore, the female participants evidenced more severe manifestations of PTSD. Moreover, the newly proposed five-factor DA model provided superior fit to the data compared with the Emotional Numbing and Dysphoria models. The implication of these results is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Major Depression, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors","Wang, Mengcheng, Armour, Cherie, Li, Xiaomin, Dai, Xiaoyang, Zhu, Xiongzhao, Yao, Shuqiao",2013.0,,,0,0,
5786,Looking like the enemy: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of how race-related stressors in the military contribute to post traumatic stress disorder in Asian American and Pacific Islander Vietnam veterans,"Although significant evidence exists in the current literature about both the impact of race-related stressors on racial minority groups as well as the psychological impact of military-related stressors, there is very little research demonstrating the complexities of what a soldier may experience when a war is fought in a country where she/he resembles the enemy. This study explores how race-related stressors experienced in the military by Vietnam War veterans of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) ancestry contributed to the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related psychiatric disorders. This topic has been explored by researchers out of the VA Pacific Islands Health Care System, National Center for PTSD in 1994 and their findings suggest that race-related stressors is a significant predictor of PTSD symptoms for Vietnam veterans of AAPI ancestry. Almost two decades since that study was conducted, this dissertation will examine, through the use of focus groups, if certain phenomenological themes have remained constant over time and also if new ones emerge. The generated hypothesis is that there will be phenomenological themes that abide over time related to the extended biopsychosocial effects of race-related stressors, particularly in the context of war. The second hypothesis posits that new themes will also surface as a result of the different political, social, and cultural climate these veterans currently reside in nearly two decades later. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are also explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Military Veterans, *Phenomenology, Asians, Coping Behavior, Minority Groups, Pacific Islanders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, War","Wang, Michelle Yueming",2014.0,,,0,0,
5787,Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,"Background: Dramatic changes have occurred in mental health treatments during the past decade. Data on recent treatment patterns are needed to estimate the unmet need for services. Objective: To provide data on patterns and predictors of 12-month mental health treatment in the United States from the recently completed National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Design and Setting: Nationally representative faceto-face household survey using a fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, carried out between February 5, 2001, and April 7, 2003. Participants: A total of 9282 English-speaking respondents 18 years and older. Main Outcome Measures: Proportions of respondents with 12-month DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance disorders who received treatment in the 12 months before the interview in any of 4 service sectors (specialty mental health, general medical, human services, and complementary and alternative medicine). Number of visits and proportion of patients who received minimally adequate treatment were also assessed. Results: Of 12-month cases, 41.1% received some treatment in the past 12 months, including 12.3% treated by a psychiatrist, 16.0% treated by a nonpsychiatrist mental health specialist, 22.8% treated by a general medical provider, 8.1% treated by a human services provider, and 6.8% treated by a complementary and alternative medical provider (treatment could be received by >1 source). Overall, cases treated in the mental health specialty sector received more visits (median, 7.4) than those treated in the general medical sector (median, 1.7). More patients in specialty than general medical treatment also received treatment that exceeded a minimal threshold of adequacy (48.3% vs 12.7%). Unmet need for treatment is greatest in traditionally underserved groups, including elderly persons, racial-ethnic minorities, those with low incomes, those without insurance, and residents of rural areas. Conclusions: Most people with mental disorders in the United States remain either untreated or poorly treated. Interventions are needed to enhance treatment initiation and quality. ©2005 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",,"Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., Kessler, R. C.",2005.0,,10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.629,0,0,
5788,Latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in an adolescent sample one month after an earthquake,"Increasing empirical studies suggest that the tripartite posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) model described in the DSM-IV does not accurately account for the underlying PTSD factor structure, and several alternative models have been proposed. The present study investigated a newly refined, five-factor model of PTSD symptoms in a sample of Chinese adolescent survivors of an earthquake. A total of 1198 middle school students (653 females, 526 males) with a mean age of 14.4 years (SD = 1.1, range: 11-18) participated in this study one month after an earthquake. The novel five-factor model comprised of intrusion, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal demonstrated significantly better fit than two alternative four-factor models. Further analyses revealed differentiable relations between the PTSD factors and external measures of anxiety and depression. These findings provide empirical support for the robustness of five-factor model, and carry implications for further reorganization of PTSD criteria. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Development, *Anxiety, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Symptoms, Depression (Emotion), Personality Traits, Survivors","Wang, Richu, Wang, Li, Li, Zhongquan, Cao, Chengqi, Shi, Zhanbiao, Zhang, Jianxin",2013.0,,,0,0,
5789,Elevations of serum T3 levels and their association with symptoms in World War II veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Replication of findings in Vietnam combat veterans,"Objective: In previous serum thyroid studies, we reported an unusual thyroid profile, including elevated levels of total and free triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with no elevations in free T4 and thyrotropin (TSH) in Vietnam veterans with combat- related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to control subjects. In a subsample of Vietnam veterans, we found a significant positive correlation between total T3, free T3, and PTSD symptoms, specifically hyperarousal symptoms. In the present study, we explored the generalizability of our findings to World War II (WWII) veterans with PTSD. Method: Clinical symptoms were assessed in and serum thyroid measures were obtained from 12 WWII Veterans with PTSD and 18 WWII veterans without PTSD. Results: WWII veterans with combat-related PTSD showed elevations of serum total and free T3 with no elevations of free T4 and TSH compared to control subjects, replicating the results of our previous studies. A significant positive relationship between total and free T3 and PTSD symptoms, specifically hyperarousal symptoms, was also replicated in the total WWII group. Elevations of total T4 and TBG were not replicated in the WWII group with PTSD, which may indicate a shift with age in the free/bound dynamics of the thyroid alterations observed. Conclusions: This study supports the observation that the thyroid system is altered in chronic combat-related PTSD. The observed alterations of thyroid function along with PTSD symptoms appear to be chronic, detectable 50 years after the war.","corticotropin, liothyronine, thyroglobulin, thyrotropin, thyroxine, aged, arousal, article, controlled study, female, human, liothyronine blood level, male, mental disease, normal human, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, soldier, suicidal behavior, symptomatology, thyroid function, war","Wang, S., Mason, J.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5790,Relationships between hormonal profile and novelty seeking in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study examines relationships between hormonal levels and novelty seeking in a group of 27 Vietnam veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Novelty seeking in the veteran sample, measured by the Cloninger Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), was almost twice as high as previously published norms. A distinctive pattern of significant positive correlations was found between novelty seeking scores and serum total triiodothyronine (T3), free T3, the T3/free thyroxine (FT4) ratio, urinary norepinephrine and the norepinephrine/cortisol ratio, while a negative correlation was found between novelty seeking scores and urinary cortisol levels. The findings were confirmed by t test analyses of high vs low novelty seeking subgroups and do not appear to be related simply to the severity of PTSD. These preliminary findings indicate the need to include measures of characterological traits in psychoendocrine studies of PTSD and to investigate their possible usefulness in subtyping this disorder.","hydrocortisone, liothyronine, noradrenalin, thyroxine, adult, article, clinical article, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, sensation, war","Wang, S., Mason, J., Charney, D., Yehuda, R., Riney, S., Southwick, S.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5791,Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity following stroke: The role of alexithymia,"More research is needed to further our understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity following stroke, especially the trajectories of such symptoms over time. Previous studies suggest that exposure to a traumatic experience such as stroke is not sufficient to explain the etiology of PTSD. Alexithymia may be involved, but its relationships with PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity following stroke remains unclear. This study aims to address these knowledge gaps. While in hospital, stroke patients (n = 90) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD symptoms, psychiatric co-morbidity, alexithymia and physical disability. PTSD symptoms and psychiatric co-morbidity were re-assessed approximately 3. months post-stroke (n = 78). The severity of post-stroke PTSD did not change significantly over time, while psychiatric co-morbidity reduced significantly. Alexithymia, in particular difficulty in identifying feelings, was associated with severity of post-stroke PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity at baseline, but after adjusting for these, there was no significance 3. months post-stroke. We suggest that patients' difficulty in identifying feelings had a role to play in influencing relatively short-term rather than long-term PTSD and co-morbid psychiatric symptoms. Alternatively, PTSD could be interpreted as driving the alexithymic characteristics. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.","Alexithymia, Personality, Posttraumatic stress, Psychiatric co-morbidity, Stroke","Wang, X., Chung, M. C., Hyland, M. E., Bahkeit, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5792,Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder after an earthquake: Findings from a randomized community sample in northern China,"Studied the prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) and the risk factors after an earthquake in Hebei province, China. Human Ss: 84 male and 97 female Chinese adults (mean age: 39.88 yrs) (average education: 4.28 yrs) (Group A). 50 male and 56 female Chinese adults (mean age: 39.28) (average education: 3.99 yrs) (Group B). Ss were diagnosed with PTSD and ASD by using the DSM-IV and through clinical examinations 3 mo after the earthquake. The results of 12% of Ss with ASD, 11% of Ss with PTSD in Group A, and 1.8% of Ss with ASD and 8.5% of Ss with PTSD in Group B were reported. Ss' personal data, earthquake suffering and experienced stress, somatization, depression and anxiety, and quality of life were assessed with scales. Multi-regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze PTSD symptoms and associated factors. The data of quality of life and psychological symptomatic distress of 26 Ss with PTSD and 155 normal Ss were compared. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Epidemiology, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Prediction","Wang, Xiangdong, Zhao, Chengzhi, Naotaka, Shinfuku, Zhang, Fu, Fan, Qiliang, Lu, Qiuyun",1999.0,,,0,0,
5793,The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among patients with central system tumors in china: A cross-sectional study,"Abstract BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that can affect people following the experience of a traumatic event. Few studies have researched on PTSD symptoms of patients with central nervous system tumors. In this study, we aim to examine the association between social support and PTSD symptoms and to explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy in this relationship among patients with central nervous system tumors in China. MethodsQuestionnaires consisting of the Post-traumatic Stress Checklist- Civilian Version, the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, as well as demographic and clinical factors were used to collect information of patients with central nervous system tumors in Liaoning Province, China. A total of 222 patients (effective response rate of 66.1%) became our subjects. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the association between social support and PTSD symptoms and the mediating effect of self-efficacy. ResultsAfter adjusting for demographic characteristics and tumor type, social support was negatively associated with the total score of PTSD symptoms (beta = -0.342, P < 0.01). Social support explained 8.8% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Self-efficacy was found to partially mediate the relationship between social support and PTSD symptoms. ConclusionsSelf-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between social support and PTSD symptoms. Interventions focusing on both social support and self-efficacy might be more useful than interventions only targeting either of them. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Wang, Yang, Bao, Yijun, Liu, Li, Ramos, Aaron, Wang, Yunjie, Wang, Lie",2015.0,,,0,1,
5794,Militærmedicinske erfaringer fra krigen mod terror,,,"Warburg, F., Nissen, L. R.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5795,The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (Sf-36): I. conceptual framework and item selection,,,"Ware, J. E., Jr., Sherbourne, C. D.",1992.0,,,0,0,
5796,Identification of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms,"Background: Patients receiving critical care are experiencing post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS) as a result of life-saving interventions received in the intensive care unit (ICU). PTSS is associated with poor patient outcomes and decreased quality of life compared to post-ICU patients without PTSS. Personal and clinical characteristics that place patients at higher risk for PTSS are still being examined. It is also unknown to what extent patients are being screened for ICU-induced PTSS. Objectives: This body of work aims to examine the risk factors associated with ICU-related PTSS and describe the screening experiences of patients who recently received care in an ICU. The work will be presented in three manuscripts. Methods: A single-center, descriptive, correlational design was used. Personal and clinical characteristics were obtained from medical records on a sample of 41 patients recently transferred out of the ICU. Two to 4 weeks after hospital discharge, patients completed the PTSS-14 and a Screening Experience Questionnaire via telephone. Screening experiences and the feasibility of the PTSS-14 in this population was described and associations between the personal and clinical characteristics and PTSS-14 scores were examined. Results: The first manuscript titled ""ICU-related PTSD; The Importance of Nurse Involvement"" is under review at Critical Care Nurse. The purpose of this manuscript is to examine current literature addressing risk factors, negative health outcomes, and nursing roles in identifying patients at risk for PTSS. The second manuscript titled ""A Concept Analysis of ICU-related PTSD"" is under review at Journal of Advanced Nursing . The purpose of this manuscript is to report a concept analysis of ICU-related PTSD. Manuscript three is titled ""Identification of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Post-ICU Patients"" and is being submitted to American Journal of Critical Care. The purpose of this manuscript is to report the study's results. It was found that the majority of patients were not screened, and none received education about the risk of PTSS after ICU care. The PTSS-14 was found to be an acceptable and feasible way to identify at risk patients and higher PTSS-14 scores were correlated with depression, moderate levels of sedation, number of days sedated, and delirium. Further research is needed to address strategies in implementing early screening for PTSS, and to determine if early identification and referral of at-risk patients can reduce the incidence of PTSD in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Intensive Care, *Major Depression, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, At Risk Populations, Stress, Symptoms","Warlan, Heather",2015.0,,,0,0,
5797,Evaluating the behavioral and neuropsychological differences of children with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder utilizing a Teacher Rating Scale,"This study was designed to investigate differences in the constructs of behavior and functioning in two groups of children. The premise of the research was that children who had been diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) would display more behavioral difficulties in an educational environment than children in a comparison group. The intent of this project was to quantify those differences into a behavioral rating scale that would differentiate children who had been diagnosed with PTSD from children who had not been traumatized. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Teacher Rating Scale (PTSD-TRS) was developed by utilizing a panel of practicing professionals. This scale was then administered to a total of 50 children along with the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Teacher Rating Scale (BASC-TRS). The children comprised a clinical group of 25 participants who had been diagnosed with PTSD and a comparison group of 25 participants who had not been diagnosed with PTSD. The groups were matched along the variables of gender, ethnicity, and parental level of education. Following data collection, the results were analyzed using t tests, a Factor Analysis and a Discriminant Analysis to determine if any of the measures had statistically significant differences. Statistically significant differences were found between the total scores of the clinical group and the comparison group on the PTSD-TRS. This indicated that the instrument could be used to differentiate children who have been diagnosed with PTSD from children who have not been diagnosed with PTSD. Statistically significant scores were found on the BASC-TRS subscales and composite scores and suggested that the children in the clinical group had an overall increased level of maladaptive behavior. Results of this study indicated that the PTSD-TRS may be a useful screening tool to identify students who are suffering from PTSD. If children are identified early, it may be possible to provide interventions in an efficient and effective manner. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Behavioral Assessment, *Neuropsychological Assessment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *School Environment, Stress, Teachers","Warnygora, Nicole R.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5798,Post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors two years after the 2010 Mount Merapi volcano eruption: A survey study,"The Mount Merapi volcanic eruption in October 2010 was one of Indonesia's largest and most recent natural disasters. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to measure the psychosocial impact of the eruption on survivors in two locations in Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia. The Impact of Event Scale Revised was used to assess participants' symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder responses and demographic characteristics were compared in both locations by conducting bivariate analysis using Mann-Whitney and t tests. The relative contributions of demographic variables and psychosocial impact were examined using multiple linear regression analyses. Two years after the eruption, survivors from the area closest to the eruption had significantly higher Impact of Event Scale Revised scores than those in the comparison area. In particular, females, adults between the ages of 18 and 59, and people who owned their own home experienced the highest levels of psychosocial impact. Nurses and other health professionals need to be aware of the impact of natural disasters on survivors and develop interventions to help people adjust to the psychosocial impact of these events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychosocial Factors, *Survivors","Warsini, Sri, Buettner, Petra, Mills, Jane, West, Caryn, Usher, Kim",2015.0,,,0,0,
5799,The association of posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life during the first year after acute coronary syndrome,,"Acute coronary syndrome, Cardiovascular disease, Myocardial infarction, Outcomes, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Quality of life","Wasson, L. T., Shaffer, J., Alcántara, C., Schwartz, J. E., Edmondson, D.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.290,0,0,
5800,Retrospective surveillance of metabolic parameters affecting reproductive performance of Japanese black breeding cows,"This retrospective study was conducted to confirm the relationship between pre- and postpartum metabolic parameters and postpartum reproductive performance and to clarify seasonal characteristics of the metabolic parameters by using our metabolic profile test (MPT) database of Japanese Black breeding herds. In evaluation 1, MPT databases of blood samples from multiparous cows collected prepartum and postpartum were divided into two groups according to calving interval, and each MPT parameter was compared. In evaluation 2, the same MPT databases used in evaluation 1 were divided into two groups according to the sampling period. Significant differences were found in the prepartal total protein and postpartal γ-glutamyltransferase in evaluation 1. In evaluation 2, significant differences were found in the prepartal and postpartal total protein, albumin/globulin ratio, and glucose. Clear seasonal differences in MPT results emphasized the usefulness of the MPT in breeding cattle herds fed home-pasture roughage and suggest that unsatisfactory reproductive performance during hot periods reflects inadequate nutritional content of the diet and possible reduced feed intake due to heat stress. © 2014 The Korean Society of Veterinary Science.","Japanese black cattle, Metabolic parameters, Reproductive performance, Retrospective surveillance","Watanabe, U., Takagi, M., Yamato, O., Otoi, T., Okamoto, K.",2014.0,,10.4142/jvs.2014.15.2.283,0,0,
5801,A factor analysis of the DSM-III post-traumatic stress disorder criteria,"Analyzed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III)-based posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom ratings made on 131 male Vietnam-veteran PTSD patients (mean age 35.8 yrs). Five factors termed Intrusive Thoughts and Their Effects, Increased Arousal, Impoverished Relationships, Guilt, and Cognitive Interference emerged. The factor structure supported the R. S. Laufer et al (1985) conceptualization of PTSD more than it supported M. J. Horowitz's (1976), DSM-III, or DSM-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) systems. Suggestions were generated for future editions of the diagnostic manual. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)","*Factor Structure, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnostic Typologies","Watson, Charles G., Kucala, Teresa, Juba, Mark P., Manifold, Victor, Anderson, Patricia E. D., Anderson, Douglas",1991.0,,,0,0,
5802,"Further validation of the IDAS: evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity","The authors explicated the validity of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS; D. Watson et al., 2007) in 2 samples (306 college students and 605 psychiatric patients). The IDAS scales showed strong convergent validity in relation to parallel interview-based scores on the Clinician Rating version of the IDAS; the mean convergent correlations were .51 and .62 in the student and patient samples, respectively. With the exception of the Well-Being Scale, the scales also consistently demonstrated significant discriminant validity. Furthermore, the scales displayed substantial criterion validity in relation to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) mood and anxiety disorder diagnoses in the patient sample. The authors identified particularly clear and strong associations between (a) major depression and the IDAS General Depression, Dysphoria and Well-Being scales, (b) panic disorder and IDAS Panic, (c) posttraumatic stress disorder and IDAS Traumatic Intrusions, and (d) social phobia and IDAS Social Anxiety. Finally, in logistic regression analyses, the IDAS scales showed significant incremental validity in predicting several DSM-IV diagnoses when compared against the Beck Depression Inventory-II (A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown, 1996) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (A. T. Beck & R. A. Steer, 1990).","Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology, Depressive Disorder, Major/*diagnosis/*psychology, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reproducibility of Results","Watson, D., ""OHara, M. W."", Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Koffel, E., Naragon, K., Stuart, S.",2008.0,Sep,10.1037/a0012570,0,0,
5803,Postdisaster Psychological Intervention Since 9/11,"A wealth of research and experience after 9/11 has led to the development of evidence-based and evidence-informed guidelines and strategies to support the design and implementation of public mental health programs after terrorism and disaster. This article reviews advances that have been made in a variety of areas, including development of improved metrics and methodologies for conducting needs assessment, screening, surveillance, and program evaluation; clarification of risk and resilience factors as these relate to varying outcome trajectories for survivors and inform interventions; development and implementation of evidence-based and evidence-informed early, midterm, and late interventions for children, adults, and families; adaptation of interventions for cultural, ethnic, and minority groups; improvement in strategies to expand access to postdisaster mental health services; and enhancement of training methods and platforms for workforce development among psychologists, paraprofessionals, and other disaster responders. Continuing improvement of psychologists' national capacity to respond to catastrophic events will require more systematic research to strengthen the evidence base for postdisaster screening and interventions and effective methods and platforms for training. Policy decisions are clearly needed that enhance federal funding to increase availability and access to services, especially for longer term care. Traumatic bereavement represents a critical area for future research, as much needs to be done to clarify issues related to reactions and adaptation to a traumatic death. © 2011 American Psychological Association.","Crisis intervention, Disaster intervention, Disaster mental health, Prevention, Terrorism","Watson, P. J., Brymer, M. J., Bonanno, G. A.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5804,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms mediate the relationship between traumatic experiences and drinking behavior among women attending alcohol-serving venues in a South African township,"Objective: South Africa has high rates of traumatic experiences and alcohol abuse or dependence, especially among women. Traumatic experiences often result in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and PTSD has been associated with hazardous drinking. This article examines the relationship between traumatic events and hazardous drinking among women who patronized alcohol-serving venues in South Africa and examines PTSD as a mediator of this relationship. Method: A total of 560 women were recruited from a Cape Town township. They completed a computerized assessment that included alcohol consumption, history of traumatic events, and PTSD symptoms. Mediation analysis examined whether PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between the number of traumatic event categories experienced (range: 0-7) and drinking behavior. Results: The mean Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score in the sample was 12.15 (range: 0-34, SD = 7.3), with 70.9% reaching criteria for hazardous drinking (AUDIT > 8). The mean PTSD score was 36.32 (range: 17-85, SD = 16.3), with 20.9% meeting symptom criteria for PTSD (PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version > 50). Endorsement of traumatic experiences was high, including adult emotional (51.8%), physical (49.6%), and sexual (26.3%) abuse; childhood physical (35.0%) and sexual (25.9%) abuse; and other types of trauma (83%). All categories of traumatic experiences, except the ""other"" category, were associated with hazardous drinking. PTSD symptoms mediated 46% of the relationship between the number of traumatic categories experienced and drinking behavior. Conclusions: Women reported high rates of hazardous drinking and high levels of PTSD symptoms, and most had some history of traumatic events. There was a strong relationship between traumatic exposure and drinking levels, which was largely mediated by PTSD symptoms. Substance use interventions should address histories of trauma in this population, where alcohol may be used in part to cope with past traumas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Alcohol Abuse, *Drinking Behavior, *Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Life Experiences","Watt, Melissa H., Ranby, Krista W., Meade, Christina S., Sikkema, Kathleen J., MacFarlane, Jessica C., Skinner, Donald, Pieterse, Desiree, Kalichman, Seth C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5805,Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important mental health issue in terms of the number of people affected and the morbidity and functional impairment associated with the disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of all treatments for PTSD. Data Sources: PubMed, MEDLINE, PILOTS, and PsycINFO databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials of any treatment for PTSD in adults published between January 1, 1980, and April 1, 2012, and written in the English language. The following search terms were used: post-traumatic stress disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, combat disorders, and stress disorders, post-traumatic. Study Selection: Articles selected were those in which all subjects were adults with a diagnosis of PTSD based on DSM criteria and a valid PTSD symptom measure was reported. Other study characteristics were systematically collected. The sample consisted of 137 treatment comparisons drawn from 112 studies. Results: Effective psychotherapies included cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (g = 1.63, 1.08, and 1.01, respectively). Effective pharmacotherapies included paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, risperidone, topiramate, and venlafaxine (g = 0.74, 0.41, 0.43, 0.41, 1.20, and 0.48, respectively). For both psychotherapy and medication, studies with more women had larger effects and studies with more veterans had smaller effects. Psychotherapy studies with wait-list controls had larger effects than studies with active control comparisons. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients and providers have a variety of options for choosing an effective treatment for PTSD. Substantial differences in study design and study participant characteristics make identification of a single best treatment difficult. Not all medications or psychotherapies are effective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Exposure Therapy, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychotherapy, *Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation","Watts, Bradley V., Schnurr, Paula P., Mayo, Lorna, Young-Xu, Yinong, Weeks, William B., Friedman, Matthew J.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5806,"The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility",,,"Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., Keane, T.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5807,The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C),,,"Weathers, F. W., Huska, J. A., Keane, T. M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
5808,"PCL-S for DSM-IV, National Center for PTSD-Behavioral Science Division",,,"Weathers, F. W., Huska, J. A., Keane, T. M.",1991.0,,,0,0,
5809,Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research,,,"Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., Davidson, J. R. T.",2001.0,,10.1002/da.1029,0,0,
5810,"The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility",,,"Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., Keane, T. M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5811,The PTSD checklist (PCL). (Available from the National Center for PTSD. VA Medical Center. 215 North Main St. White River Junction. VT 05009-0001,,,"Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Huska, J. A., Keane, T. M.",1994.0,,,0,0,
5812,Genetic polymorphisms influence recovery from traumatic brain injury,"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern in both civilian and military populations. Recently, genetics studies have begun to identify individual differences in polymorphisms that could affect recovery and outcome of cognitive and social processes following TBI. This review considers the potential for polymorphisms to influence six specific cognitive and social functions, which represent the most prominent domains of impairment following TBI: working memory, executive function, decision making, inhibition and impulsivity, aggression, and social and emotional function. Examining the influence of polymorphisms on TBI outcome has the potential to contribute to an understanding of variations in TBI outcome, aid in the triaging and treatment of TBI patients, and ultimately lead to targeted interventions based on genetic profiles. © The Author(s) 2012.","cognition, genetics, polymorphisms, social cognition, traumatic brain injury","Weaver, S. M., Chau, A., Portelli, J. N., Grafman, J.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5813,"Smoking patterns, symptoms of PTSD and depression: Preliminary findings from a sample of severely battered women","Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that significantly impacts the physical and emotional well-being of women. In addition to the health risk associated with violence exposure, female victims of IPV are at increased risk of engaging in damaging health behaviors, including cigarette smoking. The present study examined patterns of cigarette smoking, using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and explored its association with sociodemographic factors, characteristics of physical, psychological, and sexual forms of IPV, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression within 62 female victims of severe battering. Fifty-eight percent of the total sample reported that they were current smokers. Within the group of current smokers, women who evidenced greater symptoms of nicotine-related physical dependence (NRPD) were more likely to be unemployed, have less education, experience more recent violence, more severe IPV-related sexual coercion, more IPV-related dominance/isolation, and more severe symptoms of PTSD and depression. In addition, greater symptoms of NRPD were significantly and positively associated with PTSD clusters of reexperiencing and arousal. Implications for these preliminary findings were discussed and directions for future research were detailed. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Depression, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Severely battered women, Smoking patterns","Weaver, T. L., Etzel, J. C.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5814,Replication and extension of a risk profile for Amerasian youth,"The relationship between number of risk factors and symptoms of anxiety and depression was examined in a cohort of Vietnamese Amerasians, replicating a study done with a previous cohort. One hundred forty seven subjects awaiting U.S. placement completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, the Vietnamese Depression Scale, and a questionnaire which included items found to be risk factors for psychological distress among Amerasians. Number of risk factors was linearly related to symptoms of both depression and anxiety. Results are consistent with previous findings of the relationship between risk factors and symptoms of psychological distress. The profile may be helpful in anticipating which refugees may be at risk for future psychological distress, and thus be useful in preventively allocating scarce treatment resources.","adolescent, adult, anxiety, article, depression, ethnic group, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental stress, questionnaire, risk factor, Viet Nam","Webb, J. A., McKelvey, R. S., Strobel, R.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5815,Abnormal frontal and parietal activity during working memory updating in post-traumatic stress disorder,"This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the timing and scalp topography of working memory in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study was designed to investigate ERPs associated with a specific working memory updating process. ERPs were recorded from 10 patients and 10 controls during two visual tasks where (a) targets were a specific word or (b) targets were consecutive matching words. In the first task, nontarget words are not retained in working memory. In the second task, as in delay-match-to-sample tasks, a non-target word defines a new target identity, so these words are retained in working memory. This working memory updating process was related to large positive ERPs over frontal and parietal areas at 400-800 ms, which were smaller in PTSD. Estimation of cortical source activity indicated abnormal patterns of frontal and parietal activity in PTSD, which were also observed in regional cerebral blood flow [Clark, C.R., McFarlane, A.C., Morris, P., Weber, D.L., Sonkkilla, C., Shaw, M., Marcina, J., Tochon-Danguy, H., Egan, G., 2003. Cerebral function in posttraumatic stress disorder during verbal working memory updating: a positron emission tomography study. Biological Psychiatry 53, 474-481]. Frontal and parietal cortex are known to be involved in distributed networks for working memory processes, interacting with medial temporal areas during episodic memory processes. Abnormal function in these brain networks helps to explain everyday concentration and memory difficulties in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Frontal Lobe, *Neurophysiology, *Parietal Lobe, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Short Term Memory, Evoked Potentials","Weber, Darren L., Clark, C. Richard, McFarlane, Alexander C., Moores, Kathryn A., Morris, Philip, Egan, Gary F.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5816,Effects of stress and MDMA on hippocampal gene expression,"MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a substituted amphetamine and popular drug of abuse. Its mood-enhancing short-term effects may prompt its consumption under stress. Clinical studies indicate that MDMA treatment may mitigate the symptoms of stress disorders such as posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). On the other hand, repeated administration of MDMA results in persistent deficits in markers of serotonergic (5-HT) nerve terminals that have been viewed as indicative of 5-HT neurotoxicity. Exposure to chronic stress has been shown to augment MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity. Here, we examine the transcriptional responses in the hippocampus to MDMA treatment of control rats and rats exposed to chronic stress. MDMA altered the expression of genes that regulate unfolded protein binding, protein folding, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity, and neuropeptide signaling. In stressed rats, the gene expression profile in response to MDMA was altered to affect sensory processing and responses to tissue damage in nerve sheaths. Subsequent treatment with MDMA also markedly altered the genetic responses to stress such that the stress-induced downregulation of genes related to the circadian rhythm was reversed. The data support the view that MDMA-induced transcriptional responses accompany the persistent effects of this drug on neuronal structure/function. In addition, MDMA treatment alters the stress-induced transcriptional signature. © 2014 Georg F. Weber et al.",,"Weber, G. F., Johnson, B. N., Yamamoto, B. K., Gudelsky, G. A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5817,Gray matter correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder-a voxel-based morphometry study,"Background: Current neurocurcuitry models for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) posit functional and structural abnormalities within a network consisting of hippocampus, amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. Indeed, there is consistent empirical evidence for functional abnormalities within these regions. However, the data on structural abnormalities in this network are less clear, with very few studies investigating gray matter correlates of PTSD severity. Methods: 15 individuals aged 22 to 58 (mean age 35.6, SD 12.7) meeting DSM-IV criteria for PTSD underwent the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) followed by structural magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla. Voxelbased morphometric random effects multiple regression whole-brain analyses probed whether PTSD symptom severity predicted gray matter volume (p<.001, uncorrected, cluster threshold k (greater-than or equal to) 30). Results: Greater gray matter volume of the right amygdala-hippocampal complex was predicted by greater PTSD severity (468 voxels, T = 6.82, MNI coordinates: x = 34, y = -1, z = -26) and avoidance/numbing (350 voxels, T = 6.64, MNI coordinates: x = 36, y = -3, z = -24). In addition, greater hyper-arousal predicted smaller gray matter volume in the left superior medial frontal gyrus (57 voxels, T = 5.26, MNI coordinates: x = 2, y = 39, z = 40). Conclusions: Our data support the current neurocircuitry models of PTSD, but more importantly suggest that remodeling is not necessarily unidirectional towards gray matter atrophy. Rather, our data suggest that structural remodeling in PTSD might vary with the symptom burden in the three PTSD symptom clusters re-experiencing, avoidance/ numbing, and hyper-arousal.","posttraumatic stress disorder, morphometrics, gray matter, hippocampus, voxel based morphometry, society, psychiatry, amygdaloid nucleus, arousal, model, multiple regression, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, prefrontal cortex, brain, atrophy, middle frontal gyrus","Weber, M., Killgore, W. D. S., Rosso, I. M., Britton, J. C., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., Rauch, S. L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5818,Resilience and trajectories of posttraumatic stress among youth exposed to disaster,"Objective: Multiple trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms are hypothesized following disaster in a number of theoretical perspectives. Increasingly, those with rapidly declining, transient, or stable low symptoms are defined as resilient. This article examines trajectories to understand acute reactions to disaster, and explores the need to define resilience as more than just symptom trajectories. Methods: An urban school-based sample of youth exposed to both hurricanes Katrina and Gustav (n=141; grades 4 through 8) were assessed for PTS symptoms at 12 months and 6 months pre-Gustav (Times 1 and 2); and then again at 1 month post-Gustav (Time 3). Results: Data indicated that there were significant decreases in mean PTS symptoms post-Gustav, but individual trajectories were identified consistent with theory. Whereas an ostensibly resilient group was identified (stable low symptoms), results suggest that the group was heterogeneous in terms of disaster experiences, and that those with low symptoms but relatively high Katrina disaster exposure had a unique coping style. Conclusions: Results provide prospective data to support theories of multiple trauma exposure trajectories, and highlight the importance of empirically identifying resilient youth in terms of both functioning and level of risk exposure in disaster samples. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.",,"Weems, C. F., Graham, R. A.",2014.0,,,0,1,
5819,Post-traumatic stress and age variation in amygdala volumes among youth exposed to trauma,"Theoretically, normal developmental variation in amygdala volumes may be altered under conditions of severe stress. The purpose of this article was to examine whether posttraumatic stress moderates the association between age and amygdala volumes in youth exposed to traumatic events who are experiencing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Volumetric imaging was conducted on two groups of youth aged 9-17 years: 28 with exposure to trauma and PTSD symptoms (boys = 15, girls = 13) and 26 matched (age, IQ) comparison youth (Controls; boys = 12, girls = 14). There was a significant group by age interaction in predicting right amygdala volumes. A positive association between age and right amygdala volumes was observed, but only in PTSD youth. These associations with age remained when controlling for IQ, total brain volumes and sex. Moreover, older youth with PTSD symptoms had relatively larger right amygdala volumes than controls. Findings provide evidence that severe stress may influence age-related variation in amygdala volumes. Results further highlight the importance of utilizing age as an interactive variable in pediatric neuroimaging research, in so far as age may act as an important moderator of group differences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Age Differences, *Amygdala, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Neuroimaging, Stress","Weems, Carl F., Klabunde, Megan, Russell, Justin D., Reiss, Allan L., Carrion, Victor G.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5820,Child and adolescent mental health research in the context of Hurricane Katrina: An ecological needs-based perspective and introduction to the special section,,,"Weems, C. F., Overstreet, S.",2008.0,,10.1080/15374410802148251,0,0,
5821,Predisaster trait anxiety and negative affect predict posttraumatic stress in youths after Hurricane Katrina,"On the basis of theory and previous research, it was hypothesized that predisaster child trait anxiety would predict disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, even after controlling for the number of hurricane exposure events. Results support this hypothesis and further indicate that predisaster negative affect predicted disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. Also, Katrina-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were predicted by the number of hurricane exposure events and sex (being female). Predisaster generalized anxiety disorder symptoms predicted postdisaster generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, and predisaster trait anxiety predicted postdisaster depressive symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for developing interventions to mitigate the impact of disasters in youths. © 2007 APA, all rights reserved.","Children, Disasters, Generalized anxiety disorder, Hurricane Katrina, Negative affect, Posttraumatic stress, Trait anxiety","Weems, C. F., Pina, A. A., Costa, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F.",2007.0,,10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.154,0,0,
5822,A prospective test of the association between hyperarousal and emotional numbing in youth with a history of traumatic stress,"Investigated the hypothesis that emotional numbing may develop as a result of hyperarousal using a prospective design. Forty-two children between the ages of 7 and 14 with a history of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA; Nader et al., 1996) and were reassessed 1 year later. Results indicated that hyperarousal symptoms were concurrently positively correlated with emotional numbing at both time points. Moreover, Time 1 hyperarousal symptoms were associated with emotional numbing at Time 2 and predicted Time 2 emotional numbing even when controlling for each of the other symptom clusters of PTSD at Time 1 as well as other concurrent (i.e., Time 2) PTSD symptoms. Results are discussed in terms of the implications of the findings for enhancing the understanding of PTSD symptoms in youth.",,"Weems, C. F., Saltzman, K. M., Reiss, A. L., Carrion, V. G.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5823,Test Anxiety Prevention and Intervention Programs in Schools: Program Development and Rationale,,,"Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F., Romano, D. M., Perry, A. M., Triplett, V.",2010.0,,10.1007/s12310-010-9032-7,0,0,
5824,"Post traumatic stress, context, and the lingering effects of the Hurricane Katrina disaster among ethnic minority youth","This study examined the stability of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a predominantly ethnic minority sample of youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Youth (n∈=∈191 grades 4th thru 8th) were screened for exposure to traumatic experiences and PTSD symptoms at 24 months (Time 1) and then again at 30 months (Time 2) post-disaster. PTSD symptoms did not significantly decline over time and were higher than rates reported at earlier time points for more ethnically diverse samples. Younger age, female sex, and continued disrepair to the child's home predicted stable elevated PTSD symptoms. Findings are consistent with predictions from contextual theories of disaster exposure and with epidemiological data from adult samples suggesting that the incidence of PTSD post Katrina is showing an atypical pattern of remittance. Theoretical, applied, and policy implications are discussed. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Context, Disaster, Ethnic minority, Post traumatic stress disorder, Stability, Trauma","Weems, C. F., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F., Marino, R. C., Romano, D. M., Scott, B. G., Perry, A. M., Triplett, V.",2010.0,,10.1007/s10802-009-9352-y,0,0,
5825,Latent class analysis of co-morbidity in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in England 2007: Implications for DSM-5 and ICD-11,"Background Psychiatric co-morbidity is complex and ubiquitous. Our aim was to describe the extent, nature and patterning of psychiatric co-morbidity within a representative sample of the adult population of England, using latent class analysis.Method Data were used from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a two-phase national household survey undertaken in 2007 comprising 7325 participants aged 16 years and older living in private households in England. The presence of 15 common mental health and behavioural problems was ascertained using standardized clinical and validated self-report measures, including three anxiety disorders, depressive episode, mixed anxiety depressive disorder, psychosis, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit disorder, alcohol and drug dependencies, problem gambling and attempted suicide.Results A four-class model provided the most parsimonious and informative explanation of the data. Most participants (81.6%) were assigned to a non-symptomatic or 'Unaffected' class. The remainder were classified into three qualitatively different symptomatic classes: 'Co-thymia' (12.4%), 'Highly Co-morbid' (5.0%) and 'Addictions' (1.0%). Classes differed in mean numbers of conditions and impairments in social functioning, and these dimensions were correlated.Conclusions Our findings confirm that mental disorders typically co-occur and are concentrated in a relatively small number of individuals. Conditions associated with the highest levels of disability, mortality and cost-psychosis, suicidality and personality disorders-are often co-morbid with more common conditions. This needs to be recognized when planning services and when considering aetiology. © Cambridge University Press 2011.","classification, Co-morbidity, latent class analysis","Weich, S., McBride, O., Hussey, D., Exeter, D., Brugha, T., McManus, S.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5826,Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Mediate the Relation Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury,"Prior research consistently has shown a strong relation between childhood abuse and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), yet it is unclear why this relation exists. The authors examined 2 specific posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters as potential mechanisms through which childhood abuse may be related to NSSI. Participants were 86 adolescents (78% female, 22% male; 73% Caucasian, 27% other races/ethnicities; mean age = 17.03 years, range = 12-19 years) who completed measures of childhood abuse, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) PTSD symptoms, and NSSI. Analyses revealed a significant relation between childhood sexual abuse in particular and the presence and frequency of NSSI. Moreover, data supported a theoretical model in which PTSD reexperiencing and avoidance/numbing symptoms independently mediate this relation. Future research must test the temporal relation between childhood sexual abuse, PTSD symptoms, and NSSI and identify additional pathways to engagement in NSSI. © 2008 American Psychological Association.","child abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, self-harm, self-injury, trauma","Weierich, M. R., Nock, M. K.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5827,The lived phenomenon of sleep in persons with combat related post-traumatic stress disorder,"Adaptive and survival driven sleep behaviors learned while serving in a combat zone are paradoxically maladaptive sleep behaviors in the context of civilian life. Insomnia and nightmares are intrinsic sleep disorders associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), yet they are rarely evaluated and treated as warranting discrete non-pharmacological therapy or intervention. While research has identified the correlation between sleep disorders and PTSD, this empirical study expands our understanding of the lived phenomenon of sleep for men and women after deployment. The present research is a hermeneutic phenomenological study which analyzes narrative data from a post deployed military sample of five men and three women who have had or currently have symptoms of combat related Post-Traumatic Stress (PTS) or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). An age range of thirty four to sixty one years old and deployments in theaters of war from Vietnam to Operation Iraqi Freedom are represented in the sample population. Narrative data are interpreted in storied form and findings are presented as a Sleep Matrix, depicting four primary domains of experience contributing to the lived phenomenon of sleep. These domains are (1) Dream, (2) Somatic Experience, (3) The Somnias and (4) Interpreted Relationship. The Hermeneutical Phenomenological approach and methodology is best suited to interpreting the subjective nature of the lived experience of sleep and dream. The subjects provided thick i description in the telling of their story, contributing to substantive data analysis and robust findings. The study expands an empirical understanding of the lived phenomenon of sleep dream and combat related trauma, contributing to existing research and informing the practice in the fields of sleep medicine, psychology and rehabilitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Combat Experience, *Narratives, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sleep","Wein, Anne Boyd",2009.0,,,0,0,
5828,Adolescent survivors of “ethnic cleansing”: Observations on the first year in america,"Objective: To describe the psychiatric assessments and trauma testimonies of 12 Bosnian adolescents newly resettled in America. Method: Twelve Bosnian adolescents who experienced the massive psychic trauma of “ethnic cleansing"" were assessed during the first year after their resettlement in the United States. Assessments consisted of systematic, trauma-focused, clinical interviews that included standard assessment scales of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, as well as the opportunity to give testimony about their experiences. Results: PTSD was diagnosed in 25% of subjects and depressive disorders in 17%. Reexperiencing cluster symptoms were present in 50%, avoidance cluster symptoms in 31 %, and hyperarousal cluster symptoms in 29%. Conclusions: The relatively low rate of PTSD in this sample (in comparison with adult survivors of “ethnic cleansing” and with Cambodian adolescent survivors) may be attributable to normal prior development, time-limited adversity, lack of physical or sexual traumas, rejoining nuclear families, or insufficient time for the development of delayed-onset PTSD. It may also be a reflection of the resiliency of adolescence. © 1995 by the American Academy of Child and Adolesccnt Psychiatry.","Adolescents, Genocide, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Trauma","Weine, S., Becker, D. F., Mc Glashan, T. H., Vojvoda, D., Hartman, S., Robbins, J. P.",1995.0,,,0,0,
5829,Adolescent survivors of 'Ethnic cleansing' observations on the first year in America,"Objective: To describe the psychiatric assessments and trauma testimonies of 12 Bosnian adolescents newly resettled in America. Method: Twelve Bosnian adolescents who experienced the massive psychic trauma of 'ethnic cleansing' were assessed during the first year after their resettlement in the United States. Assessments consisted of systematic, trauma-focused, clinical interviews that included standard assessment scales of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, as well as the opportunity to give testimony about their experiences. Results: PTSD was diagnosed in 25% of subjects and depressive disorders in 17%. Reexperiencing cluster symptoms were present in 50%, avoidance cluster symptoms in 31%, and hyperarousal cluster symptoms in 29%. Conclusions: The relatively low rate of PTSD in this sample (in comparison with adult survivors of 'ethnic cleansing' and with Cambodian adolescent survivors) may be attributable to normal prior development, time- limited adversity, lack of physical or sexual traumas, rejoining nuclear families, or insufficient time for the development of delayed-onset PTSD. It may also be a reflection of the resiliency of adolescence.","adolescent, adult, article, avoidance behavior, child, clinical article, depression, displacement behavior, ethnic group, experience, family life, female, human, identity, male, migration, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, refugee, social adaptation, United States, Yugoslavia","Weine, S., Becker, D. F., McGlashan, T. H., Vojvoda, D., Hartman, S., Robbins, J. P.",1995.0,,,0,0,5828
5830,Testimony psychotherapy in Bosnian refugees: A pilot study,"Objective: The authors sought to describe the use of the testimony method of psychotherapy in a group of traumatized adult refugees from genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Method: The subjects were 20 Bosnian refugees in Chicago who gave written informed consent to participate in a case series study of testimony psychotherapy. All subjects received testimony psychotherapy, averaging six sessions, approximately 90 minutes, weekly or biweekly. Subjects received standardized instruments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, traumatic events, global functioning, and prior psychiatric history. The instruments were administered before treatment, at the conclusion of the treatment, and at the 2- and 6-month follow-ups. Results: The posttreatment assessments demonstrated significant decreases in the rate of PTSD diagnosis, PTSD symptom severity, and the severity of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptom clusters. Depressive symptoms demonstrated a significant decrease, and there was a significant increase in scores on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Two-month and 6-month follow-up assessments demonstrated further significant decreases in all symptoms and an increase in scores on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. Conclusions: This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that testimony psychotherapy may lead to improvements in PTSD and depressive symptoms, as well as to improvement of functioning, in survivors of state-sponsored violence.",,"Weine, S. M., Kulenovic, A. D., Pavkovic, I., Gibbons, R.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5831,Profiling the trauma related symptoms of Bosnian refugees who have not sought mental health services,"The objective of this study was to profile trauma related psychiatric symptoms in a group of refugees not seeking mental health services and to consider the services implications. The study involved research assessments of two groups of Bosnian refugees: those who have not presented for mental health services and those who have. A total of 28 of 41 nonpresenters (70%) met symptom criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. All service presenters (N = 29) met symptom criteria for PTSD diagnosis. The group that did not present for services reported substantial but lower trauma exposure, PTSD symptom severity, and depression symptom severity. They had significant differences on all subscales of the MOS SF-36, indicating better health status. We concluded that those who do not seek services have substantial symptom levels, but their self-concept appears to be less oriented toward illness and help seeking. Innovative access, engagement, and preventive interventions are needed to address those who have symptoms but do not readily seek help for trauma mental health services.","article, Bosnia and Herzegovina, clinical article, depression, disease course, disease severity, health status, human, mental health service, posttraumatic stress disorder, refugee, scoring system, symptomatology, treatment outcome","Weine, S. M., Razzano, L., Brkic, N., Ramic, A., Miller, K., Smajkic, A., Bijedic, Z., Boskailo, E., Mermelstein, R., Pavkovic, I.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5832,PTSD symptoms in Bosnian refugees 1 year after resettlement in the United States,"Objective: The authors' goal was to describe the characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on resettlements in the United States and at 1-year follow-up among Bosnian refugees as well as possible factors affecting the PTSD symptom profile among these refugees. Method: They used standardized instruments to assess 34 Bosnian refugees for PTSD at resettlement in the United States and 1 year later. Results: Fifteen of the refugees were diagnosed with PTSD at 1-year follow-up, compared with 25 at initial assessment. The average PTSD severity score at follow-up was 12.5, compared with 20.6 at initial assessment. At 1-year follow-up, 25 of the refugees experienced a decrease in severity of PTSD symptoms, one remained the same, and eight experienced an increase in severity. Older refugees were significantly more likely to have PTSD than younger refugees, and older refugees had more severe symptoms. Conclusions: The level of PTSD diagnosis and symptoms in Bosnian refugees remained substantial 1 year after their resettlement in the United States, although there were notable overall decreases. Older refugees appeared to be at greater risk.","adolescent, adult, article, clinical article, disease severity, female, human, immigrant, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatric diagnosis, refugee, symptomatology, United States","Weine, S. M., Vojvoda, D., Becker, D. F., McGlashan, T. H., Hodzic, E., Laub, D., Hyman, L., Sawyer, M., Lazrove, S.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5833,"Effects of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on Alzheimer's disease in veterans, using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","Both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common problems resulting from military service, and both have been associated with increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia resulting from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or other causes. This study aims to use imaging techniques and biomarker analysis to determine whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) and/or PTSD resulting from combat or other traumas increase the risk for AD and decrease cognitive reserve in Veteran subjects, after accounting for age. Using military and Department of Veterans Affairs records, 65 Vietnam War veterans with a history of moderate or severe TBI with or without PTSD, 65 with ongoing PTSD without TBI, and 65 control subjects are being enrolled in this study at 19 sites. The study aims to select subject groups that are comparable in age, gender, ethnicity, and education. Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia are being excluded. However, a new study just beginning, and similar in size, will study subjects with TBI, subjects with PTSD, and control subjects with MCI. Baseline measurements of cognition, function, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers; magnetic resonance images (structural, diffusion tensor, and resting state blood-level oxygen dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging); and amyloid positron emission tomographic (PET) images with florbetapir are being obtained. One-year follow-up measurements will be collected for most of the baseline procedures, with the exception of the lumbar puncture, the PET imaging, and apolipoprotein E genotyping. To date, 19 subjects with TBI only, 46 with PTSD only, and 15 with TBI and PTSD have been recruited and referred to 13 clinics to undergo the study protocol. It is expected that cohorts will be fully recruited by October 2014. This study is a first step toward the design and statistical powering of an AD prevention trial using at-risk veterans as subjects, and provides the basis for a larger, more comprehensive study of dementia risk factors in veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","""*Alzheimers Disease"", *Cognitive Impairment, *Military Veterans, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Risk Factors, Apolipoprotein E","Weiner, Michael W., Veitch, Dallas P., Hayes, Jacqueline, Neylan, Thomas, Grafman, Jordan, Aisen, Paul S., Petersen, Ronald C., Jack, Clifford, Jagust, William, Trojanowski, John Q., Shaw, Leslie M., Saykin, Andrew J., Green, Robert C., Harvey, Danielle, Toga, Arthur W., Friedl, Karl E., Pacifico, Anthony, Sheline, Yvette, Yaffe, Kristine, Mohlenoff, Brian",2014.0,,,0,0,
5834,Post-ICU consequences of patient wakefulness and sedative exposure during mechanical ventilation,"Objective: To determine the relationship between measures of critical illness (sedative/analgesic administration, wakefulness and organ dysfunction), intensive care unit (ICU) recall and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Design: Prospective, observational study with post-ICU follow-up. Setting: Medical and surgical ICUs at a teaching hospital. Patients: Two hundred seventy-seven subjects requiring > 36 h of mechanical ventilation were enrolled; 149 completed follow-up interviews 2 months later and 80 at 6 months. Interventions: None. Results: ICU recall was greater for events occurring at the end of critical illness; however, 18% of subjects had amnesia for the entire ICU course. Factual ICU recall was weakly associated with increased wakefulness during mechanical ventilation (r2 = 0.03-0.11, p< 0.05). Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence was 17% at 2 months and 15% at 6 months. The avoidance-numbing cluster had the highest specificity (91%) for a formal diagnosis and the re-experiencing cluster had the lowest (69%). Recall of a delirious memory during critical illness was associated with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms, but there was no association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and factual recall of ICU events. Neither ICU recall nor posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with the intensity of sedative administration during mechanical ventilation. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were lowest in patients either the most awake during mechanical ventilation or the least awake. Conclusion: Wakefulness during mechanical ventilation has a greater influence on post-ICU recall and posttraumatic stress symptoms than sedative drug exposure or severity of illness. It is difficult to predict the future psychological consequences of an individual patient's critical illness. (copyright) 2007 Springer-Verlag.","analgesic agent, fentanyl, haloperidol, hydromorphone, lorazepam, midazolam, morphine, propofol, sedative agent, acute respiratory failure, adult, aged, amnesia, arousal, article, artificial ventilation, critical illness, delirium, female, human, intensive care unit, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, recall, sedation, wakefulness","Weinert, C. R., Sprenkle, M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5835,"Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in a high-risk sample: Continuity, discontinuity, and their correlates","This study explores the stability of attachment security and representations from infancy to early adulthood in a sample chosen originally for poverty and high risk for poor developmental outcomes. Participants for this study were 57 young adults who are part of an ongoing prospective study of development and adaptation in a high-risk sample. Attachment was assessed during infancy by using the Ainsworth Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Wittig) and at age 19 by using the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main). Possible correlates of continuity and discontinuity in attachment were drawn from assessments of the participants and their mothers over the course of the study. Results provided no evidence for significant continuity between infant and adult attachment in this sample, with many participants transitioning to insecurity. The evidence, however, indicated that there might be lawful discontinuity. Analyses of correlates of continuity and discontinuity in attachment classification from infancy to adulthood indicated that the continuous and discontinuous groups were differentiated on the basis of child maltreatment, maternal depression, and family functioning in early adolescence. These results provide evidence that although attachment has been found to be stable over time in other samples, attachment representations are vulnerable to difficult and chaotic life experiences.",,"Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5836,"Early versus delayed imaginal exposure for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder following accidental injury. (occupational injury, trauma)","The symptomology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been acknowledged and documented for more than one hundred years but formal recognition of PTSD did not occur until 1980 (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The social and financial consequences of PTSD are far reaching and support the need for accessible, effective and timely treatment. Work-related injuries represent a special subset of those experiencing PTSD. Annually, 16 million persons experience upper extremity injuries, many of whom are likely to develop PTSD (Krieger, Kelsey, Harris & Pastides, 1981). Current research suggests that cognitive behavioral exposure-based therapies are the most effective to date for the treatment of PTSD. This study expanded the growing empirical data regarding prognostic factors for persons diagnosed with PTSD following upper extremity injuries by exploring the impact of early versus delayed imaginal exposure on amelioration of PTSD symptomology. The subjects were 60 participants who naturalistically fell into the early (30-60 days) and the delayed (greater then 120 days) treatment groups. These participants were referred to the Medical College of Wisconsin for treatment of PTSD resulting from traumatic injuries. All participants were assessed for PTSD symptomology using nine measures at onset of treatment, end of treatment and at 6-month follow up evaluations. A licensed psychologist using imaginal exposure treated all participants. Doubly multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant within-subject effects across all dependent variables at the three measurement points ( p <.001). There were no significant differences between groups in either reduction in PTSD symptomology or return to work status. Additionally, univariate F tests supported the efficacy of imaginal exposure for the reduction of PTSD symptomology across time (p <.001). The number of treatment sessions between the early versus delayed treatment group was significant (p <.001) using a West of independence. This indicated that the early treatment group required fewer treatment sessions than did the delayed treatment group. The significant findings of this research were discussed. Implications of these findings for the treatment of PTSD and suggestions for future research were outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Exposure Therapy, *Injuries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment Outcomes","Weis, Jo M.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5837,A study of behavioural responses to an industrial disaster,"Based upon 7 response variables we categorized the impact behaviour of 123 industrial employees who had been exposed to a disastrous factory explosion and had survived without suffering severe injuries. The subjects were personally examined and the data controlled by cross-interviews shortly after the disaster. In the analysis the subjects were divided into a high stress (n = 64) and a medium stress exposure group (n = 59) based upon their closeness to the explosion centre. The 7 variables were cognitive function, inadequate behaviour, help received, leadership, cooperative activity, absolute and relative rescue efforts. While about 50% of the total number reported some disturbance in their cognitive control, and 34% of the high stress exposure group experienced a near total loss of cognitive control, severe inadequate behaviour did not occur. Modelling and corrective social interactions may have played an important role in this. Still, 20% of the high stress exposure group had some behavioural response that increased the risk to their life or that of others. The 7 scores were added to an index and cut-off points established to separate 3 different groups of behavioural responses: 29% of the high stress group displayed Maladaptive Disaster Behaviour; inhibited behaviour and uncrontolled flight behaviour dominated in this group. Adaptive Disaster Behaviour was rated in 34% and Optimal Disaster Behaviour in 37%. The following background variables correlated strongly to Optimal Disaster Behaviour: high level of disaster training/experience, male sex, age above 40, maritime occupational background, above average intellectual ability, a life history without mental health problems. A discriminant analysis with 8 variables predicted correctly whether the response would be Optimal or less than that in 84% of the 121 subjects tested in the analysis. A high level of disaster training/experience yielded an overall correct prediction rate of 63.6%, and a sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 85.9% and positive predictive power of 70.7% in the predicting Optimal Disaster Behaviour.",,"Weisaeth, L.",1989.0,,,0,0,
5838,The Impact of Event Scale-Revised,,,"Weiss, D. S.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5839,Frequency and severity approaches to indexing exposure to trauma: The Critical Incident History Questionnaire for police officers,,,"Weiss, D. S., Brunet, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Liberman, A., Pole, N., Fagan, J. A., Marmar, C. R.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20576,0,0,
5840,The impact of event scale-revised,,,"Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R.",1997.0,,,0,0,5838
5841,The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam theater veterans,,,"Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Hough, R. L., Kulka, R. A.",1992.0,,10.1007/BF00977234,0,0,
5842,Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors among substance-dependent inpatients,"Despite findings that the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) is associated with heightened risk for a variety of risky behaviors, few studies have examined behaviors linked to heightened risk for HIV infection and transmission in particular, or explored the unique associations between specific PTSD symptom clusters and these HIV-risk behaviors. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the associations between PTSD symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors (i.e., risky sexual behavior [RSB] and injection drug use [INJ]) within an ethnically diverse sample of 85 SUD patients in residential SUD treatment. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires assessing PTSD symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors, including RSB and INJ. Results demonstrated significant positive associations between PTSD symptom severity and RSB; however, no significant relationship between PTSD symptom severity and INJ was found. Furthermore, the severity of hyperarousal symptoms in particular was found to significantly predict RSB above and beyond age and all other PTSD symptom clusters. Results of this study suggest that PTSD symptoms (and, more specifically, the hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD) may heighten the risk for some forms of HIV-risk behaviors (RSB) but not others (INJ). Results highlight the importance of identifying and targeting hyperarousal symptoms in the treatment of SUD patients experiencing symptoms of PTSD in order to reduce HIV infection or transmission risk. © Taylor and Francis.","HIV-risk behavior, HIV/AIDS, injection drug use, posttraumatic stress disorder, risky sexual behavior, substance dependence","Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Borne, M. E. R., Gratz, K. L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5843,"Dementia, trauma and transcultural nursing - The complex nursing requirements for the care of the Jewish elderly in Germany","Complex nursing requirements are typical for the care of the Jewish elderly in Germany. As an example, the old age home care-center of the Jewish community in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is need to show typical needs and care-profiles. Survivors of the holocaust who have survived persecution either in Europe or emigration are living in the center. A few years ago, elderly people who immigrated from the former Soviet Union and arrived in Germany only at age, began living in the center. Because the inhabitants of the center come from 18 different countries, the structure of the residents is multiethnic and therefore more atypical for Germany. The daycare for people suffering from dementia is offered in two languages, which is also a new experience for Germany. The multiethnical and plurilingual orientation of the care center convinced the German Ministry of Health to promote new care-concepts as a model, which are based on these mentioned structures. The author also presents some ideas in order to experience the feeling of being a foreigner, which can be need as a basis for the development of an institutional culture.","Dementia and trauma, Jewish geriatric nursing, Post-traumatic stress breakdowns, Survivor, Transcultural nursing","Weitzel-Polzer, E.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5844,The contribution of childhood emotional abuse to teen dating violence among child protective services-involved youth,"Objective: For child protective services (CPS) youth who may have experienced more than one form of maltreatment, the unique contribution of emotional abuse may be over-looked when other forms are more salient and more clearly outside of accepted social norms for parenting. This study considers the unique predictive value of childhood emotional abuse for understanding adolescent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and dating violence. Further, PTSD symptomatology is assessed as an explanatory bridge in the emotional abuse-teen dating violence link. Methods: A random sample of 402 youth from the active caseload of a large urban CPS catchment area participated as part of a larger longitudinal study on adolescent health behaviors. Mid-adolescent youth across types of CPS status were targeted. CPS youth reported on lifetime maltreatment experiences, PTSD symptomatology, and past year dating experiences, using published scales. Results: Over 85% of CPS youth had begun dating. For dating youth, some level of dating violence was common: over half of females (63-67%) and nearly half of males (44-49%). Taking into account other forms of maltreatment, emotional abuse emerged as a significant predictor of both PTSD symptomatology and dating violence among males and females. PTSD symptomatology was a significant mediator of the male emotional abuse-perpetration and the female emotional/physical abuse-victimization links, indicating a gendered patterning to findings. Conclusions: These results indicate that: (1) CPS youth are a high priority group for dating violence and PTSD-linked intervention; and (2) CPS youth continue to experience the unique negative impact of childhood emotional abuse in their adolescent adjustment. All CPS children should be evaluated for emotional abuse incurred, and appropriate intervention attention be given as to how it specifically impacts on the child's approach to relating to themselves and to others. Practice implications: The present study directs practice implications in regards to: (1) the problem of teen dating violence, (2) the salience of childhood emotional abuse; and (3) the importance of targeting PTSD symptomatolgy among CPS youth. A substantial number of CPS youth report early engagement in violent romantic relationships and require support towards attaining the non-coercive relationship experiences of their non-CPS-involved age mates. The topic of dating, healthy dating relationships, and dating violence may need to be part of the regular casework, with a view towards supporting youths' conceptualization of and skill set for healthy, close relationships. Further, this knowledge needs to be translated to foster parents and group home staff. With regard to the impact of childhood emotional abuse, CPS workers need to be sensitive to its potential for long-term, unique impact impairing relationship development. Emotional abuse is (a) unique among genders (i.e., for females, it clusters with physical abuse) and (b) uniquely predictive of PTSD symptoms and dating violence. Finally, as is consistent with theory and biopsychosocial evidence, PTSD symptomatology is a key causal candidate for understanding maltreatment-related impairment. Attention to targeting PTSD symptoms may be preventative for dating violence; attention to targeting emotional abuse experiences may be preventative for PTSD symptoms. CPS youth are an important population to involve in research, as their inclusion adds to the evidence-base to achieve evidence-informed practice and policy within child welfare. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Adolescence, Child maltreatment, Dating violence, Emotional abuse","Wekerle, C., Leung, E., Wall, A. M., MacMillan, H., Boyle, M., Trocme, N., Waechter, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5845,Frequent binge drinking five to six years after exposure to 9/11: Findings from the World Trade Center Health Registry,"Background: Exposure to 9/11 may have considerable long-term impact on health behaviors, including increased alcohol consumption. We examined the association between frequent binge drinking, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and number of 9/11-specific experiences among World Trade Center Health Registry (Registry) enrollees five-to-six years after 9/11. Methods: Participants included 41,284 lower Manhattan residents, workers, passers-by, and rescue/recovery workers aged 18 or older without a pre-9/11 PTSD diagnosis who completed Wave 1 (2003-2004) and Wave 2 (2006-2007) interviews. Frequent binge drinking was defined as consuming five or more drinks on five or more occasions in the prior 30 days at Wave 2. Probable PTSD was defined as scoring 44 or greater on the PTSD Checklist. 9/11 exposure was measured as the sum of 12 experiences and grouped as none/low (0-1), medium (2-3), high (4-5) and very high (6+). Results: Frequent binge drinking was significantly associated with increasing 9/11 exposure and PTSD. Those with very high and high exposures had a higher prevalence of frequent binge drinking (13.7% and 9.8%, respectively) than those with medium and low exposures (7.5% and 4.4%, respectively). Upon stratification, very high and high exposures were associated with frequent binge drinking in both the PTSD and no PTSD subgroups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that 9/11 exposure had an impact on frequent binge drinking five-to-six years later among Registry enrollees. Understanding the effects of traumatic exposure on alcohol use is important to identify risk factors for post-disaster alcohol misuse, inform policy, and improve post-disaster psychological and alcohol screening and counseling. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","9/11, Frequent binge drinking, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, September 11, 2001, World Trade Center","Welch, A. E., Caramanica, K., Maslow, C. B., Cone, J. E., Farfel, M. R., Keyes, K. M., Stellman, S. D., Hasin, D. S.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.013,0,0,
5846,"The café fire on New Year's Eve in Volendam, the Netherlands: Description of events",,,"Welling, L., Van Harten, S. M., Patka, P., Bierens, J. J. L. M., Boers, M., Luitse, J. S. K., Mackie, D. P., Trouwborst, A., Gouma, D. J., Kreis, R. W.",2005.0,,10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.009,0,0,
5847,A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30,,,"Wells, A., Cartwright-Hatton, S.",2004.0,2004,,0,0,
5848,"Prior health care utilization as a potential determinant of enrollment in a 21-year prospective study, the Millennium Cohort Study",,,"Wells, T. S., Jacobson, I. G., Smith, T. C., Spooner, C. N., Smith, B., Reed, R. J., Amoroso, P. J., Ryan, M. A. K.",2008.0,,10.1007/s10654-007-9216-0,0,0,
5849,A prospective study of depression following combat deployment in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,"We investigated relations between deployment and new-onset depression among US service members recently deployed to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Methods. We included 40219 Millennium Cohort Study participants who completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires and met inclusion criteria. Participants were identified with depression if they met the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire criteria for depression at follow-up, but not at baseline. Results. Deployed men and women with combat exposures had the highest onset of depression, followed by those not deployed and those deployed without combat exposures. Combat-deployed men and women were at increased risk for new-onset depression compared with nondeployed men and women (men: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.13, 1.54; women: AOR=2.13; 95% Cl=1.70, 2.65). Conversely, deployment without combat exposures led to decreased risk for new-onset depression compared with those who did not deploy {men: AOR=0.66; 95% Cl=0.53, 0.83; women: AOR=0.65; 95% Cl=0.47,0.89). Conclusions. Deployment with combat exposures is a risk factor for new-onset depression among US service members. Post-deployment screening may be beneficial for US service members exposed to combat.",,"Wells, T. S., Leardmann, C. A., Fortuna, S. O., Smith, B., Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Boyko, E. J., Blazer, D.",2010.0,,10.2105/AJPH.2008.155432,0,0,
5850,Self-reported adverse health events following smallpox vaccination in a large prospective study of US military service members,,,"Wells, T. S., LeardMann, C. A., Smith, T. C., Smith, B., Jacobson, I. G., Reed, R. J., Ryan, M. A. K.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5851,"Children and war: Risk, resilience, and recovery","This article reviews and reflects on studies that have explored the effects of war on children around the world. Most are cross-sectional and based on self-reports. They describe a range of mental health problems, related to dose effects and to the negative impact of being a victim or witness of violent acts, threats to and loss of loved ones, prolonged parental absence, and forced displacement. The more recent the exposure to war, and the older the child, the higher was the likelihood of reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Especially vulnerable to long-term emotional distress were child soldiers, children who were raped, and children who had been forcibly displaced. In adulthood, war-traumatized children displayed significantly increased risks for a wide range of medical conditions, especially cardiovascular diseases. Among protective factors that moderated the impact of war-related adversities in children were a strong bond between the primary caregiver and the child, the social support of teachers and peers, and a shared sense of values. Among the few documented intervention studies for children of war, school-based interventions, implemented by teachers or locally trained paraprofessionals, proved to be a feasible and low-cost alternative to individual or group therapy. More longitudinal research with multiple informants is needed to document the trajectories of risk and resilience in war-affected children, to assess their long-term development and mental health, and to identify effective treatment approaches. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.",,"Werner, E. E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5852,Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth,,,"Werner, E. E., Smith, R. S.",1982.0,,,0,0,
5853,Retrieval and emotional processing of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: Peripheral and central correlates,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to be characterized by dysfunctional memory processes, i.e., the automatic re-experiencing of the traumatic event and the inability to consciously recall facts about the traumatic event, as well as altered emotional processing of trauma-relevant cues. The present study examined the cerebral mechanisms underlying the cued recall of trauma-specific memories and the emotional processing of the presented cues in 16 PTSD patients, 15 trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD and 16 healthy controls. Subjects received questions about their specific trauma as well as other disastrous and neutral events while the electroencephalogram and heart rate were measured. The PTSD patients showed no impairment in trauma-specific declarative memory compared to non-PTSD subjects but had some deficits in general declarative memory as assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Compared to healthy control subjects, PTSD patients displayed increased P300 and late positive complex amplitudes to trauma-specific questions, indicating enhanced emotional processing of these cues. In line with their behavioral performance, both trauma-exposed groups showed decreased terminal contingent negative variation amplitudes to trauma-specific questions over frontal electrodes reflecting altered memory retrieval. Within-group comparisons revealed that only the PTSD group but not the other groups showed a differentiation between trauma-specific and neutral questions with respect to the LPC, tCNV and P300. Concordantly with previous studies, PTSD patients showed elevated resting heart rate compared to the healthy controls. These findings are discussed in the context of current models of the role of declarative memory in the development and maintenance of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cued Recall, *Emotional Trauma, *Human Information Storage, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Wessa, Michele, Jatzko, Alexander, Flor, Herta",2006.0,,,0,0,
5854,Altered cortisol awakening response in posttraumatic stress disorder,"An altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is assumed to be characteristic for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), although there is inconsistent empirical evidence. Only few studies examined the awakening cortisol response and a daytime profile in PTSD. Salivary cortisol levels were measured at seven intervals from awakening until 8 PM in trauma-exposed subjects with (N=29) and without PTSD (N=19) and in 15 non-exposed controls. While the three groups did not differ with respect to their first cortisol level immediately after awakening, the expected cortisol increase to awakening 15-60 min later was significantly lower in PTSD patients compared to non-PTSD subjects and healthy controls. This effect remained stable when trauma-exposed subjects with comorbid major depression were excluded from the analysis. A significant negative correlation between the overall cortisol secretion (AUCG) and overall PTSD symptomatology and hyperarousal symptoms was found. The findings are discussed in light of the hypothesis of a counterregulation of hyperarousal symptoms and chronic stress in PTSD. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","hydrocortisone, adult, aged, area under the curve, arousal, article, comorbidity, controlled study, correlation analysis, female, human, hydrocortisone release, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, saliva level","Wessa, M., Rohleder, N., Kirschbaum, C., Flor, H.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5855,The Preeminence of Early Life Trauma as a Risk Factor for Worsened Long-Term Health Outcomes in Women,"Early life trauma (ELT) comprises an array of disturbingly common distressing experiences between conception and the beginning of adulthood with numerous and significant potential long-term, even transgenerational, health consequences of great public health concern, including depression, cardiovascular disease, and other psychiatric and medical disorders, and neurobiological, psychological, and behavioral effects which are sufficiently robust to confound many types of biomedical research. The impact of ELT on a woman’s health trajectory appears to vary with the specific characteristics of the ELT (e.g., type, number of different types, severity, and timing), the individual (e.g., age, genetics, epigenetics, personality, and cognitive factors), and the individual’s environment (e.g., level of social support and ongoing stressors) and to be mediated to a significant extent by persistent changes in a number of biological systems, dysregulation of those governing the stress response chief among them. Growing knowledge of the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms by which ELT confers diathesis to various poor health outcomes and the unique treatment–response profiles of women with ELT will lead to much needed improvements in prevention, diagnostic, and therapeutic efforts, including more effective psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy approaches, hopefully making strides toward improvements in the lives of women everywhere and ending countless cycles of intergenerational trauma-associated pathology. This article attempts to broadly summarize the current state of knowledge about the long-term sequelae of ELT for women’s health. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Abuse, Depression, PTSD, Risk factor, Stress, Trauma, Women","Westfall, N. C., Nemeroff, C. B.",2015.0,,10.1007/s11920-015-0625-6,0,0,
5856,Expressive Flexibility,"Previous research has examined the consequences of either expressing or suppressing emotion using between-subjects designs. However, emotion theorists have argued that adaptation depends not so much on one regulatory process but rather on the ability to flexibly regulate emotion in accord with situational demands. To test this idea, Bonanno, Papa, Lalande, Westphal, and Coifman (2004) developed a within-subjects experimental paradigm to measure expressive flexibility (EF) and showed that EF predicted better self-reported adjustment over a 2-year period. The current investigation extends this research by (1) demonstrating the stability of EF across a 3-year period, (2) replicating the association between EF and positive adjustment using a more objective measure of adjustment (obtained from participants' close friends rather than based on self-report), and (3) by showing that the positive relation between EF and adjustment was particularly salient in the context of high levels of cumulative life stress when EF was measured under conditions of immediate threat (presence of a subliminal threat prime). © 2010 American Psychological Association.","emotion regulation, expression, flexibility, resilience, stress, suppression","Westphal, M., Seivert, N. H., Bonanno, G. A.",2010.0,,10.1037/a0018420,0,0,
5857,MMPI-2 Profiles of Motivated Fakers Given Specific Symptom Information: A Comparison to Matched Patients,"Two groups of normal adults were given specific symptom information on posttraumatic stress disorder and paranoid schizophrenia, respectively, and instructed to simulate these disorders on the MMPI-2. Monetary prizes were offered for successful faking. To determine whether symptom information helped Ss produce responses that closely resembled patients' profiles, scores from fakers were compared with scores from patients with these disorders, using a 2 × 2 (Disorder × Response Style) analysis of variance. Results showed significant differences for response style, with fakers in both groups producing lower scores on K and higher scores on F, Fb, F-K, Ds, as well as on all 10 clinical scales, than patients. The findings suggest that having specific information about the symptoms of a psychological disorder does not enable fakers to avoid detection and/or produce profiles equivalent to those produced by patients with the disorder.",,"Wetter, M. W., Baer, R. A., Berry, D. T. R., Robison, L. H., Sumpter, J.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5858,Examining comorbidity and posttraumatic stress disorder in a Vietnam veteran population using the MMPI-2,"Examined the discriminant validity of the MMPI-2 in assessing comorbidity in a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Vietnam veteran population. The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R (SCID) was used to diagnose veterans and to classify them into four groups: PTSD Only, PTSD with mood disorders, PTSD with other anxiety disorders, and PTSD with mood and anxiety disorders. All groups had clinical elevations on scales F, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 0, PK, and PS, with peak elevations on scales 8, 7, and 2. The PTSD Only group's MMPI-2 scores were not significantly lower than other groups' scores. The PTSD+Mood/Anxiety group was significantly more elevated on scales 2 and 7 than the PTSD Only and PTSD+Anxiety group but did not otherwise show significantly higher scale elevations than others groups. No significant differences existed between groups on scales F, L, K, PK, and PS. Implications of these results for PTSD and the current diagnostic system are explored.","Anxiety Disorders/complications/*diagnosis, Combat Disorders/complications/*diagnosis, Comorbidity, Discriminant Analysis, Georgia/ethnology, Humans, MMPI/*standards, Male, Middle Aged, Mood Disorders/complications/*diagnosis, Reproducibility of Results, *Veterans, Vietnam","Weyermann, A. G., Norris, F. H., Hyer, L. A.",1996.0,Apr,,0,0,
5859,Chronicity of psychological strain in occupational settings and the accuracy of the General Health Questionnaire,,,"Whaley, C. J., Morrison, D. L., Payne, R. L., Fritschi, L., Wall, T. D.",2005.0,2005,,0,0,
5860,Cognitive-behavioral theory and preparation for professionals at risk for trauma exposure,,,"Whealin, J. M., Ruzek, J. I., Southwick, S.",2008.0,,10.1177/1524838008315869,0,0,
5861,Sex differences in the experience of unwanted sexual attention and behaviors during childhood,"Girls receive considerable amounts of unwanted sexual attention (UWSA) and behaviors (UWSB). Less is known about boys' unwanted sexual experiences. The primary goal of this study was to obtain a descriptive profile of the types and perpetrators of childhood UWSA/B. Secondary goals were to examine sex differences in emotional reactions to UWSA/B and influence of perpetrator. As many as100 male and 100 female undergraduates completed the Exposure to Sexual Attention Scale and the Emotional Reaction Checklist. Results indicated that the majority of participants experienced UWSA/B during childhood, with females reporting higher rates of UWSB than males. Sex differences were also observed regarding types of perpetrators and emotional reactions. Findings are discussed as they relate to the sociocultural norms in which children are reared. Copyright (copyright) by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","article, child behavior, child sexual abuse, childhood, emotion, female, health survey, human, male, rating scale, sex difference, sexual behavior, sexual harassment, test retest reliability","Whealin, J. M., Zinzow, H. M., Salstrom, S. A., Jackson, J. L.",2007.0,,,0,0,
5862,Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury as compared with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV,,,"Whelan-Goodinson, R., Ponsford, J., Schönberger, M.",2009.0,,10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.007,0,0,
5863,Discriminant validity of the TSC-40 in an outpatient setting,"This study examines the discriminant validity of the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-40) in a clinical sample. The TSC-40 was developed as a research instrument for assessing the impact of a history of sexual victimization. Previous validity studies used nonclinical samples of women (Elliott & Briere, 1992; Gold, Milan, Myall, & Johnson, 1994). In the present study, the TSC-40 was administered to 103 men and 79 women requesting services at two outpatient clinics. Information about sexual victimization was collected from the client during intake and from the therapist after the client had received 6 months of therapy. A history of CSA was associated both with high symptom levels across symptom dimensions, and, specifically, with elevation on the trauma subscale of the TSC-40. The findings support the view that, in a clinical setting, CSA is associated both with generalized distress and with PTSD symptoms.","Adult, Ambulatory Care, Child, Child Abuse/psychology, Child Abuse, Sexual/*psychology, Discriminant Analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/psychology, Personality Development, Personality Inventory/*statistics & numerical data, Psychometrics, Psychotherapy, Reproducibility of Results","Whiffen, V. E., Benazon, N. R., Bradshaw, C.",1997.0,Jan,,0,0,
5864,Post-traumatic stress avoidance is attenuated by corticosterone and associated with brain levels of steroid receptor Co-activator-1 in rats,"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifests in a subset of individuals exposed to a traumatic stressor and is often accompanied by dysregulation of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. Individuals with PTSD exhibit blunted HPA activity immediately after the traumatic event. Our laboratory has established a rodent model of stress that mimics the avoidance symptom cluster of PTSD. Animals are classified as 'Avoiders' or 'Non-Avoiders' post-stress based on avoidance of a predator-odor paired context. While the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is essential for appropriate initiation and termination of the stress response, the limbic system can also influence the HPA axis. Limbic forebrain structures such as the central amygdala (CeA) and ventral hippocampus (VH) regulate HPA responses to emotional stress. Like the PVN, the CeA and VH are rich in glucocorticoid receptors (GR). The purpose of these studies was to 1) examine whether Avoider rats exhibited HPA hypofunction at the time of stress, 2) determine whether the HPA hypofunction is the result of inability to mount an HPA response or enhanced negative feedback, and 3) measure the expression of GR elements in the brains of Avoider rats because altered corticosterone levels may affect HPA feedback processes. We hypothesized that corticosterone levels are blunted in Avoider rats post-stress and administration of corticosterone prior to stress would increase HPA activity at the moment of the stressor and decrease the magnitude and incidence of avoidance of a predator odor-paired chamber. Furthermore, we hypothesized that predator odor stress would alter expression and/or phosphorylation of GR machinery such as FK506 binding protein (BP) 51 and steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)-1 in a brain region-specific manner in Avoiders relative to Non-Avoiders and unstressed Controls. Methods: To test these hypotheses, male Wistar rats (300g) underwent a place conditioning procedure to assess avoidance of an odor-paired chamber. Rats were exposed to a neutral environment one day or to predator odor (bobcat urine) the next day paired with two distinct environments. Rats were indexed for avoidance of the predator odor-paired 24 hours post-stress and classified as 'Avoiders' or 'Non-Avoiders'. In experiment 1 (n=15), a blood sample was obtained at baseline, at the end of neutral conditioning and at the end of predator odor exposure to examine circulating adrenocorticosterone hormone (ACTH) levels. In experiment 2 (n=16), rats received a subcutaneous injection of either vehicle (normal saline) or corticosterone (25 mg/kg) one hour prior to predator odor exposure. In experiment 3 (n=24), rats were sacrificed at 48 hours post-stress for Western blot analysis of total GR, phosphorylated GR (pGR), FKBP51, and SRC-1 levels in the PVN, CeA, and VH. Results: Rats that exhibit persistent (46 weeks) avoidance of a predator odor-paired context exhibit significantly attenuated corticosterone levels immediately following traumatic stress and low corticosterone at the time of stress was highly predictive of later avoidance suggesting that HPA dysregulation may play a role in the subsequent emergence of PTSD symptoms. A lower percentage (25%) of rats pre-treated with corticosterone prior to stress were classified as Avoiders, relative to saline-treated rats (75% Avoiders). In the PVN, there were no differences in GR, pGR, or FKBP51 protein levels. There was also a trend (p=0.06) toward a decrease in SRC-1 in Avoiders when compared to Non-Avoiders. PVN SRC-1 was strongly and negatively correlated with avoidance in all stressed rats. In the CeA, there were no differences in GR or pGR protein levels. There was a significant decrease in FKBP51 and SRC-1 protein content in Avoiders relative to Non-Avoiders. CeA SRC-1 content was trended to negatively correlated with avoidance in all stressed rats (r2 = 0.22; p = 0.06). In the VH, there were no differences in GR, pGR, or FKBP51 protein across groups post-stress. There was a significant increase in SRC-1 protein in Avoiders wh n compared to Control rats (p = 0.004) and Non-Avoiders (p = 0.02). VH SRC-1 content was strongly and positively correlated with avoidance in all stressed rats (r2 = 0.54; p = 0.002). Conclusions: These data suggest that low corticosterone levels in Avoiders post-stress reflect blunted HPA response to stress, although this does not preclude the possibility that negative feedback is also altered in Avoider rats. SRC-1, a protein involved in HPA negative feedback and corticotropin releasing factor gene transcription was decreased in the PVN of Avoider rats. Changes in SRC-1, in particular, in the brain regions examined were highly predictive of avoidance behavior, identifying a potential link between abnormal HPA responses to stress and subsequent stressrelated behavioral pathology. Corticosterone administration prior to stress decreased the magnitude and incidence of avoidance of a predator odor-paired chamber suggesting that the blunted HPA stress response in Avoider rats results from failure to mount and HPA response. One potential mechanism for this blunted HPA stress response is altered balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to parvocellular neurons in the PVN, a focus of ongoing studies.","corticosterone, steroid receptor, protein, steroid receptor coactivator 1, sodium chloride, fk 506 binding protein, corticotropin releasing factor, glucocorticoid receptor, nitrogen 15, posttraumatic stress disorder, brain level, psychopharmacology, college, American, rat, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, odor, predator, stress, negative feedback, environment, conditioning, exposure, brain region, machine, phosphorylation, Western blotting, genetic transcription, pathology, subcutaneous drug administration, feedback system, brain, urine, rodent model, Lynx rufus, procedures, emotional stress, laboratory, blood sampling, Wistar rat, ventral hippocampus, male, hypothesis, central nucleus (amygdala), protein content, forebrain, limbic system, avoidance behavior, nerve cell, adrenal gland, hormone determination","Whitaker, A., Edwards, S., Gilpin, N.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5865,Post-traumatic stress avoidance is attenuated by corticosterone and associated with brain levels of steroid receptor co-activator-1 in rats,"Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) avoid trauma-related stimuli and exhibit blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation at the time of stress. Our rodent model of stress mimics the avoidance symptom cluster of PTSD. Rats are classified as ""Avoiders"" or ""Non-Avoiders"" post-stress based on the avoidance of a predator-odor paired context. Previously, we found Avoiders exhibit an attenuated HPA stress response to predator odor. We hypothesized that corticosterone administration before stress would reduce the magnitude and incidence of stress-paired context avoidance. Furthermore, we also predicted that Avoiders would exhibit altered expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling machinery elements, including steroid receptor co-activator (SRC)-1. Male Wistar rats (n = 16) were pretreated with corticosterone (25 mg/kg) or saline and exposed to predator-odor stress paired with a context and tested for avoidance 24 h later. A second group of corticosterone-naive rats (n = 24) were stressed (or not), indexed for avoidance 24 h later, and killed 48 h post-odor exposure to measure phosphorylated GR, FKBP51 and SRC-1 levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), central amygdala (CeA) and ventral hippocampus (VH), all brain sites that highly express GRs and regulate HPA function. Corticosterone pretreatment reduced the magnitude and incidence of avoidance. In Avoiders, predator-odor exposure led to lower SRC-1 expression in the PVN and CeA, and higher SRC-1 expression in the VH. SRC-1 expression in PVN, CeA and VH was predicted by prior avoidance behavior. Hence, a blunted HPA stress response may contribute to stress-induced neuroadaptations in central SRC-1 levels and behavioral dysfunction in Avoider rats.","Central amygdala, glucocorticoid receptor, paraventricular nucleus, post-traumatic stress disorder, predator odor, ventral hippocampus","Whitaker, A. M., Farooq, M. A., Edwards, S., Gilpin, N. W.",2016.0,Jan,10.3109/10253890.2015.1094689,0,0,5864
5866,Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder and recent neurobiological insights,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by the intrusive re-experiencing of past trauma, avoidant behavior, enhanced fear, and hyperarousal following a traumatic event in vulnerable populations. Preclinical animal models do not replicate the human condition in its entirety, but seek to mimic symptoms or endophenotypes associated with PTSD. Although many models of traumatic stress exist, few adequately capture the complex nature of the disorder and the observed individual variability in susceptibility of humans to PTSD. In addition, various types of stressors may produce different molecular neuroadaptations that likely contribute to the various behavioral disruptions produced by each model, although certain consistent neurobiological themes related to PTSD have emerged. For example, animal models report traumatic stress-induced and trauma reminder-induced alterations in neuronal activity in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, in agreement with the human PTSD literature. Models have also provided a conceptual framework for the often-observed combination of PTSD and comorbid conditions such as alcohol use disorder. Future studies will continue to refine preclinical PTSD models in hope of capitalizing on their potential to deliver new and more efficacious treatments for PTSD and associated psychiatric disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Neurobiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alcoholism, Comorbidity, Susceptibility (Disorders)","Whitaker, Annie M., Gilpin, Nicholas W., Edwards, Scott",2014.0,,,0,0,
5867,Borderline personality disorder and Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders among women experiencing homelessness in three US cities,"PURPOSE: In this study, we report prevalence rates of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders among randomly selected women who were experiencing episodes of homelessness in three US cities. METHODS: The sample consists of 156 women, 79 from Omaha, NE, 39 from Pittsburgh, PA, and 38 from Portland, OR. It included 140 women from shelters and 16 women from meal locations. Latent class analysis was used to evaluate BPD symptoms. RESULTS: A large majority of the women (84.6 %) met criteria for at least one lifetime psychiatric disorder, about three-fourths (73.1 %) met criteria for a psychiatric disorder in the past year, and 39.7 % met past month criteria for a psychiatric disorder. Approximately three-fourths of the sample (73.7 %) met lifetime criteria for at least two disorders, about half (53.9 %) met criteria for at least three lifetime disorders, and approximately one-third (39.1 %) met criteria for four or more disorders. Latent class analyses indicated that 16.7 % of the women could be categorized as low self-harm BPD and 19.9 % high self-harm BPD. CONCLUSIONS: In shelters and in treatment settings, these women will present with complex histories of multiple serious psychiatric disorders. They are highly likely to manifest symptoms of BPD, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse disorders in addition to other psychiatric symptoms which will add to clinical complications.","Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder/diagnosis/*epidemiology, Comorbidity, Female, Homeless Persons/*statistics & numerical data, Humans, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology, Middle Aged, Nebraska/epidemiology, Oregon/epidemiology, Pennsylvania/epidemiology, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior/epidemiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology, Young Adult","Whitbeck, L. B., Armenta, B. E., Welch-Lazoritz, M. L.",2015.0,Aug,10.1007/s00127-015-1026-1,0,0,
5868,Considering Resilience in the Rehabilitation of People With Traumatic Disabilities,,,"White, B., Driver, S., Warren, A. M.",2008.0,,10.1037/0090-5550.53.1.9,0,0,
5869,A novel use for testosterone to treat central sensitization of chronic pain in fibromyalgia patients,"Fibromyalgia is a diffuse chronic pain condition that occurs predominantly in women and may be under-reported in men. Symptoms include a loss of feeling of well-being and generalized widespread flu-like muscle aches and pain that fail to resolve due to central sensitization of nociceptive neurons. It has commonalities with a myriad of other chronic pain conditions which include PTSD, ""Gulf War Syndrome"", and various stress-induced conditions caused, for example, by viral infection, emotional or physical stress, trauma, combat, accident or surgery. It is not understood why some individuals are susceptible to this condition and others are not. White et al., elsewhere in this issue, present a clinical feasibility study designed to test the hypothesis that 1) low or deficient testosterone serum levels are linked to a high risk for an inflamed nociceptive nervous system and resultant chronic pain states, and 2) a testosterone transdermal gel applied once a day by fibromyalgia patients can be an effective therapeutic against chronic pain. Here, a short profile of fibromyalgia is provided along with a brief summary of best practices currently recommended by clinical specialists. The link between testosterone and pain is then discussed, with an overview of scientific studies that lay the foundation for testosterone as a possible important additional therapeutic that has the potential to be safely administered and effective but also avoid the adverse effects of other therapeutics. Finally, novel mechanisms by which testosterone therapy is likely to down-modulate pain signaling are proposed.","Central sensitization, Chronic pain, Fibromyalgia, Inflamed nociceptive nervous system, Nociception, Stress, Testosterone","White, H. D., Robinson, T. D.",2015.0,Aug,10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.020,0,0,
5870,Risk of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic events in a community sample,"Aims: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is typically associated with high-risk population groups, but the risk of PTSD that is associated with trauma experienced in the community, and effect of changes in diagnostic criteria in DSM-5 on prevalence in the general population, is unknown. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of population-based data from 4558 adults aged 25-83 years resident in Caerphilly county borough, Wales, UK. Exposure to different traumatic events was assessed using categorisation of free-text descriptions of trauma. PTSD caseness was determined using items assessing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) and DSM-5 A criteria and the Traumatic Screening Questionnaire. Results: Of the 4558 participants, 1971 (47.0%) reported a traumatic event. The most common DSM-IV A1 qualifying trauma was life-threatening illnesses and injuries (13.6%). The highest risk of PTSD was associated with assaultive violence [34.1%]. The prevalence of PTSD using DSM-IV A criteria was 14.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.8, 15.9%). Using DSM-5 A criteria reduced the prevalence to 8.0 (95% CI = 6.9, 9.4%), primarily due to exclusion of DSM-IV A1 qualifying events, such as life-threatening illnesses. Conclusions: Nearly one-half of a general community sample had experienced a traumatic event and of these around one in seven was a DSM-IV case of PTSD. Although the majority of research has concentrated on combat, rape and assaultive violence, life threatening illness is a more common cause of PTSD in the community. Removal of this traumatic event in DSM-5 could reduce the number of cases of PTSD by around 6.0%. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*At Risk Populations, *Communities, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Epidemiology","White, J., Pearce, J., Morrison, S., Dunstan, F., Bisson, J. I., Fone, D. L.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5871,"Postnatal depression and post-traumatic stress after childbirth: Prevalence, course and co-occurrence","Research relating to the postnatal mental health of women has tended to focus on postnatal depression. There have been increasing calls to consider the issue of post-partum anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study sought to provide further evidence regarding the prevalence and longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress symptoms resulting from traumatic birth experiences. The study also investigated the extent to which symptoms of trauma and depression occur together in the postnatal period. Four hundred women were recruited from the maternity ward of a public hospital in South West Sydney. Symptoms of birth trauma and postnatal depression were assessed via questionnaires given at birth, 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months post-partum. The prevalence of having a PTSD profile at 6 weeks post-partum was 2%. A further 10.5% of women reported experiencing significant distress related to childbirth and several symptoms of post-traumatic stress without meeting full diagnostic criteria. The prevalence of a PTSD profile remained relatively stable across the first 12 months post-partum, with estimates being 2.6% at 6 months and 2.4% at 12 months. The co-morbidity between post-traumatic stress and postnatal depression was high at all three time points. The study highlights the potentially chronic nature of PTSD after childbirth and the importance of viewing post-partum emotional distress in a broader context than simply postnatal depression. (copyright) 2006 Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology.","adolescent, adult, Australia, childbirth, comorbidity, controlled study, disease course, distress syndrome, emotional stress, female, human, major clinical study, perinatal period, personal experience, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, puerperal depression, questionnaire, review, self report","White, T., Matthey, S., Boyd, K., Barnett, B.",2006.0,,,0,0,
5872,Internal verification and corroboration of traumatic memories of child sexual abuse,"Based on clinical experience and review of the clinical and legal research literature, the author proposes that a cluster of several of six clinical findings is a potential indicator of internal corroboration that trauma occurred, especially that of child sexual abuse. These six clinical findings include: the presence of a high risk disorder or illness; post-traumatic stress disorder; age regression, flashbacks, abreactions or other re-experiencing of the trauma; repetitions, repetition compulsions or re-enactments; characteristics of the memories themselves; and other patterns, dynamics, and connections. The author welcomes the experience and feedback of clinicians who assist survivors of trauma, especially that of child sexual abuse.","child abuse, compulsion, defense mechanism, experience, human, medical literature, memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, review, sexual abuse","Whitfield, C. L.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5873,Helium Inhalation in Adolescents: Characteristics of Users and Prevalence of Use,"Although helium-related fatalities and concerns about potentially harmful effects of helium use have increased in recent years, virtually nothing is known about the epidemiology of helium inhalation in adolescents. This exploratory investigation examined the prevalence and correlates of helium inhalation in a large sample of at-risk youth. Study participants were 723 Missouri adolescents (M age = 15.5, SD = 1.2) in residential treatment for delinquent behavior. More than one-in-nine (N = 81, 11.5%) adolescents had inhaled helium with the intention of getting high, and one-third (N = 27, 34.2%) of helium users reported they actually did get high when they inhaled helium. Helium users were significantly more likely to be Caucasian, to live in rural/small town areas, and to have histories of mental illness, auditory hallucinations, and alcohol and marijuana use than nonusers. Helium users also reported significantly more current psychiatric distress, suicidality, traumatic life experiences, and antisocial attitudes, traits, and behaviors than nonusers. Helium inhalation was prevalent in this sample and many such users reported getting high while using helium. Helium users had psychosocial profiles similar to those of volatile solvent users, suggesting that they may be at substantial risk for a variety of adverse health outcomes. © 2012 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.","inhalant abuse, juvenile delinquency, substance abuse","Whitt, A., Garland, E. L., Howard, M. O.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5874,"A community responds to collective trauma: An ecological analysis of the James Byrd murder in Jasper, Texas","The brutal murder of James Byrd Jr. in June 1998 unleashed a storm of media, interest groups, high profile individuals and criticism on the Southeast Texas community of Jasper. The crime and subsequent response-from within the community as well as across the world-engulfed the entire town in a collective trauma. Using natural disaster literature/theory and employing an ecological approach, Jasper, Texas was investigated via an interrupted time series analysis to identify how the community changed as compared to a control community (Center, Texas) on crime, economic, health, educational, and social capital measures collected at multiple pre- and post-crime time points between 1995 and 2003. Differences-in-differences (DD) analysis revealed significant post-event changes in Jasper, as well as a surprising degree of resilience and lack of negative consequences. Interviews with residents conducted between March 2005 and 2007 identified how the community responded to the crisis and augmented quantitative findings with qualitative, field-informed interpretation. Interviews suggest the intervention of external organizations exacerbated the severity of the events. However, using strengths of specific local social institutions-including faith based, law enforcement, media, business sector and civic government organizations-the community effectively responded to the initial threat and to the potential negative ramifications of external entities. (copyright) 2009 The Author(s).","adult, article, consumer, crime, demography, educational status, female, homicide, human, legal aspect, male, mass medium, mental health service, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, psychological aspect, residential care, social environment, socioeconomics, statistics, United States, utilization review","Wicke, T., Silver, R. C.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5875,MMPI-2 patterns in electrical injury: A controlled investigation,"The psychological consequences of electrical injury (EI) are many. Depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and somatic preoccupation are often concomitant with this type of injury (Kelley, Pliskin, Meyer, and Lee, 1994). The present study utilized the MMPI-2 as a tool for characterizing profiles of psychological distress in EI. We examined MMPI-2 profiles in 79 EI patients and their relationship to both injury parameters (i.e., time since injury, LOC, voltage), and extra-diagnostic factors, such as litigation status. EI patient profiles were also compared to individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and chronic pain sufferers (CP). Results indicated that in EI, clinical elevations (T(greater-than or equal to)65) were found on the Hs and Hy scales, and approached clinical levels on the D scale. The injury parameter of time since injury was predictive of a distinctive profile, with individuals in the post acute phase experiencing more distress. Compared to other clinical groups, MMPI-2 scores on the Hs and Hy scales were significantly higher within the EI cohort as compared with their CP peers, with higher scores on the Pd scale for CP than EI. No statistically significant differences emerged between the EI and TBI groups. However, TBI patients showed significant elevations on Hy and D compared to CP, and EI patients endorsed more somatic symptoms than CP patients. Implications of these findings and future directions will be discussed. (copyright) 2006 Psychology Press.","adult, article, brain injury, chronic pain, cohort analysis, controlled study, distress syndrome, electric injury, female, human, law suit, major clinical study, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, rating scale, statistical significance, symptom","Wicklund, A. H., Ammar, A., Weitlauf, J. C., Heilbronner, R. L., Fink, J., Lee, R. C., Kelley, K., Pliskin, N. H.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5876,Assessing the longitudinal course of depression and economic integration of south-east Asian refugees: An application of latent growth curve analysis,"This paper has both methodological and substantive application for mental-health researchers. Methodologically, it presents the latent growth curve (LGC) technique within a structural equation modelling (SEM) framework as a powerful tool to analyse change in depressive symptoms and potential correlates of such changes. The rationale for LGC analysis and subsequent elaboration of this statistical approach are presented. The limitations of traditional analytical methods are also addressed. Substantively, the paper considers socio-contextual factors as correlates of change in symptoms, and examines the dynamic systematic relationship with the degree of economic integration of south-east Asian immigrants in Canada over time. Using the LGC technique, this study also investigated how the longitudinal course of subclinical depression places individuals at risk for developing full-blown major depression. The LGC results provided strong evidence for the reciprocal influence between economic integration and subclinical depression of immigrants. The initial level of economic integration negatively influenced the rate of change in subclinical depression whereas the initial level of subclinical depression negatively influenced the rate of change in economic integration. Both initial level and the rate of change in subclinical depression placed individuals at risk for full-blown major depression. However, traditional auto-regressive models were not capable of revealing these dynamic associations. Thus, an investigation of within-individual change in symptoms and potential correlates of such changes is necessary to understand the process that results in full-blown mental disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Acculturation, *Economics, *Major Depression, *Psychiatric Symptoms, *Structural Equation Modeling, Asians, Refugees","Wickrama, K. A. S., Beiser, Morton, Kaspar, Violet",2002.0,,,0,1,
5877,Associations between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and alcohol and other drug problems: Implications for social work practice,"This study examines the associations between alcohol and other drug problems (AOD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 499 women recruited from outpatient treatment programmes for AOD problems and the general community in western New York. The women were divided into three groups: no-AOD, past-AOD, and current-AOD. The current-AOD group was further subdivided into groups based on alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine misuse. Group comparisons on PTSD symptoms revealed that the current-AOD group experienced more PTSD symptoms than the no-AOD and past-AOD groups. The alcohol and cocaine misuse groups experienced more PTSD symptoms overall and for each symptom cluster than the no-AOD and past-AOD groups, but did not differ from each other or the marijuana group on PTSD symptoms. These findings suggest that individuals who have AOD problems should be assessed for PTSD symptoms and provided with trauma-specific interventions when warranted. Trauma-informed care may benefit those in AOD treatment. Individuals who have PTSD symptoms should be assessed for AOD problems as well. © 2011 British Association of Social Workers.","Alcohol and other drug problems, Ptsd, Social work practice","Wiechelt, S. A., Miller, B. A., Smyth, N. J., Maguin, E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5878,Altered toll-like receptor signaling in individuals with type 1 bipolar disorder,"Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with immune imbalance, characterized with chronic low-grade inflammation profile. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pivotal receptors in microbial recognition, initiating innate immune responses and providing a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Given the importance of TLR in coordinating inflammatory immune responses, the main objective of this study is to immunophenotype circulating monocytes for TLR expression (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6) and signaling. Thirteen euthymic participants with type 1 BD and 15 healthy controls (HC) took part in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, differentiated into monocytes and stimulated in vitro with specific TLR agonists (flagelin, LPS, LTA, BLP and PGN) to assess inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70). TLRs and cytokines were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry. Increased percentages of TLR1+ and TLR2+ monocytes were observed in BD (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005 respectively). In contrast, reduced expression of TLR5 in monocytes from patients was also observed (p = 0.034). Following stimulation with specific TLR agonists, BD patients had higher percentages of TLR1 + and TLR2 + monocytes (p = 0.018 and p = 0.023 respectively), as well as TLR6 (p = 0.010) as compared with HC. Increased levels of IL-8, IL12-p70 and TNF-a (p = 0.0001; p = 0.006 and p = 0.0001, respectively) were observed following stimulation with specific TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 ligands, further indicating increased signaling via those receptors in BD patients. Our data indicates altered signaling via TLR1 and TLR2 in BD patients, which was corroborated by increased levels of cytokines when stimulated with specific agonists. Given the importance of TLR2/1 in triggering immune responses, our data suggests an important role for innate immunity in development/maintenance of the immune imbalance observed in BD.","toll like receptor, cytokine, interleukin 8, receptor, interleukin 6, interleukin 12p70, interleukin 10, ligand, bipolar disorder, inflammation, human, monocyte, patient, agonist, innate immunity, stimulation, immune response, in vitro study, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, adaptive immunity","Wieck, A., Do Prado, C. H., Petersen, L., Porto, B. N., Grassi-Oliveira, R., Bauer, M. E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5879,Differential neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute psychosocial stress in women with type 1 bipolar disorder,"Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with immune imbalance, including lymphocyte activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immune activation is part of stress response, and psychosocial stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated the neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute psychosocial stress challenge in BD. Thirteen euthymic participants with type 1 BD and 15 healthy controls underwent the Trier Social Stress Test protocol (TSST). Blood samples were collected before and after TSST. Lymphocytes were isolated and stimulated in vitro to assess lymphocyte activation profile, lymphocyte sensitivity to dexamethasone, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-(kappa)B) signaling by flow cytometry. Heart rate and salivary cortisol levels were monitored across the task. BD participants exhibited blunted stress responses as shown by reduced heart rate and salivary cortisol levels in comparison to healthy controls. BD was also associated with reduction in the percentage of regulatory T cells, but with expansion of activated T cells. When compared to controls, patients showed increased lymphocyte MAPK p-ERK and p-NF-(kappa)B signaling after the stress challenge, but exhibited a relative lymphocyte resistance to dexamethasone. In conclusion, stress-related neuroendocrine responses are blunted, associated with increased immune activation and lower sensitivity to glucocorticoids in BD. An inability in reducing NF-(kappa)B and MAPK signaling following TSST could be underlying the immune imbalance observed in BD. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier Inc.","dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein, mitogen activated protein kinase, acute stress, adult, article, bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder 1, clinical article, controlled study, cross-sectional study, disease association, endocrine function, female, flow cytometry, heart rate, human, human cell, immune response, in vitro study, intracellular signaling, mental stress, nervous system function, priority journal, regulatory T lymphocyte, saliva analysis, saliva level, T lymphocyte, T lymphocyte activation","Wieck, A., Grassi-Oliveira, R., do Prado, C. H., Rizzo, L. B., de Oliveira, A. S., Kommers-Molina, J., Viola, T. W., Teixeira, A. L., Bauer, M. E.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5880,Toll-like receptor expression and function in type I bipolar disorder,"Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with immune imbalance and low-grade inflammation. The underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure but may involve changes in cell signaling. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed by immune cells. Specific binding of TLRs to pathogen- or danger-associated signals leads to inflammatory responses. Here, we analyzed the frequencies of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5 and TLR-6 in monocytes, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and activated T cells from type I BD euthymic patients and healthy controls (HCs). Monocytes were stimulated in vitro with specific TLR agonists (flagellin, LPS, LTA, BLP and PGN) and immunophenotyped. Cytokines (IL-8, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha and IL-12p70) were assessed with cytometric bead arrays. At baseline, increased percentages of TLR-1+ and TLR-2+ monocytes and reduced expression of TLR-5 were observed in BD. Following stimulation, the percentage of TLR-1+, TLR-2+, and TLR-6+ monocytes was higher in BD subjects than in HCs. Increased levels of IL-8, IL-12p70 and TNF were observed following stimulation with TLR-1, TLR-2 and TLR-6 agonists, suggesting increased signaling via these receptors in BD. In contrast to HCs, BD patients exhibited no changes in TLR-5 expression following stimulation. The percentage of TLR-2+ Treg cells as well as activated T cells expressing both TLR-2 and TLR-5 increased in BD patients. Given the importance of TLRs in triggering immune responses, our data indicate a role for these receptors in the low-grade inflammatory profile documented in BD.","Bipolar disorder, Inflammation, Innate immunity, Monocytes, Regulatory T cells, Toll-like receptors","Wieck, A., Grassi-Oliveira, R., do Prado, C. H., Viola, T. W., Petersen, L. E., Porto, B., Teixeira, A. L., Bauer, M. E.",2016.0,Jan 18,10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.011,0,0,
5881,Brief Symptom Inventory symptom profiles of outpatients with borderline intellectual functioning and major depressive disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder: Comparison with patients from regular mental health care and patients with Mild Intellectual Disabilities,"Introduction: In most countries, people with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) are not considered a separate group in mental health care. There is little to no research on the impact of BIF on the presentation, nature and severity of mental health problems. The aim of the present exploratory study was to compare, in a naturalistic setting of patients referred to secondary care, symptom profiles of patients with BIF diagnosed with either major depressive disorder (MDD) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to patients from regular mental health care (RMHC) and patients with Mild ID diagnosed with the same disorders. Methods: We used a cohort of adolescent and adult outpatients (aged 16-88) with or without BIF diagnosed with a primary diagnosis MDD or PTSD. Primary outcome was the nature and severity of psychopathological symptoms assessed at baseline using the Brief Symptom Inventory. All outcomes were adjusted for gender and age. Results: Results showed that BIF patients with a primary diagnosis MDD reported less severe symptoms on BSI Total and the subscales Depression, Obsession-Compulsion and Psychoticism than patients from regular mental health care (RMHC). There were no statistically significant differences in reported symptom severity on BSI Total and the different BSI subscales between BIF patients with PTSD and either patients from RMHC or patients with Mild ID. Patients Mild ID, did report significantly less severe symptoms on the subscale Depression and on the subscale Psychoticism than patients from RMHC. Discussion: Since there were no other published studies into symptom profiles in patients with BIF compared to either patients with higher or lower levels of cognitive functioning, the study was mainly exploratory in nature, providing direction for future research. Results indicate that symptom profiles did not widely differ, but that there might be some characteristics unique to patients BIF separating them as a group from both patients from RMHC and patients with Mild ID. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.","Borderline intellectual functioning, Brief Symptom Inventory, Major depressive disorder, Mild Intellectual Disability, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Wieland, J., Zitman, F. G.",2016.0,,10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.007,0,0,
5882,The impact of motor vehicle injury on distress: Moderators and trajectories over time,"Research reveals that motor vehicle injuries (MVIs) can result in severe and debilitating psychological distress. Yet, not every person who has sustained a MVI suffers psychologically. It appears that risk of distress varies by demographic and psychosocial characteristics. The present study aimed to explore the trajectories of post-MVI distress and the effect of pre-MVI psychological functioning on post-MVI distress. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to explore the longitudinal dataset from the Canadian National Population Health Survey. Participants were assessed up to nine years post-MVI. Post-MVI distress increased over time. Men experienced greater overall distress than women and a greater increase in distress over time. Pre-MVI distress predicted post-MVI distress. This relationship was strongest for those with greater pre-MVI alcohol consumption. At low levels of pre-MVI distress, greater pre-MVI alcohol consumption was related to lower post-MVI distress, but at high levels of pre-MVI distress, greater pre-MVI alcohol consumption predicted increased post-MVI distress. Those with partners experienced less distress than the unpartnered. This study supports the general findings of other post-MVI and post-trauma studies, although the current study's main and interaction effects reveal more complex and nuanced relationships among variables in their prediction of post-MVI psychological distress. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Alcohol, Distress, Motor vehicle injury","Wiesenthal, N., Vingilis, E.",2013.0,,10.1016/j.trf.2013.08.004,0,0,
5883,Assessing Covariates of Adolescent Delinquency Trajectories: A Latent Growth Mixture Modeling Approach,"Using data from a community sample of 1218 boys and girls (mean age at the first wave was 15.5 years), this longitudinal study examined several covariates--adjustment problems, poor academic achievement, negative life events, and unsupportive family environments--of distinctive trajectories of juvenile delinquency. Latent growth mixture modeling analysis revealed 6 trajectory groups: rare offenders, moderate late peakers, high late peakers, decreasers, moderate-level chronics, and high-level chronics. Several factors discriminated between more normative groups and high-level chronic offenders, including poor academic achievement, unsupportive family environments, life events, and substance use, whereas almost no differences were found between groups with more serious offending trajectories. Overall, there was more specificity in correlates of distinctive offending trajectories than expected by general theories of crime (e.g., Gottfredson, M. R., and Hirschi, T., 1990, A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Academic Achievement, *Adjustment Disorders, *Home Environment, *Juvenile Delinquency, *Life Experiences","Wiesner, Margit, Windle, Michael",2004.0,,,0,0,
5884,Posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth: A cross sectional study,"The prevalence of having a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) profile after childbirth and women's cognitive appraisal of the childbirth were studied cross sectionally in an unselected sample of all women who had given birth over a 1-year period in Linkoping, Sweden. The PTSD profile was assessed by means of Traumatic Event Scale (TES), which is based on diagnostic criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. The women's cognitive appraisal of the childbirth was measured by means of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ). Twenty-eight women (1.7%) of 1640 met criteria for a PTSD profile related to the recent delivery. A PTSD profile was related to a history of having received psychiatric/psychological counseling, a negative cognitive appraisal of the past delivery, nulliparity, and rating the contact with delivery staff in negative terms.","adult, article, childbirth, clinical article, counseling, delivery, female, human, nullipara, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, staff, Sweden","Wijma, K., Soderquist, J., Wijma, B.",1997.0,,,0,0,
5885,Posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth: A cross sectional study,"The prevalence of having a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) profile after childbirth and women's cognitive appraisal of the childbirth were studied cross sectionally in an unselected sample of all women who had given birth over a 1-year period in Linkoping, Sweden. The PTSD profile was assessed by means of Traumatic Event Scale (TES), which is based on diagnostic criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition. The women's cognitive appraisal of the childbirth was measured by means of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ). Twenty-eight women (1.7%) of 1640 met criteria for a PTSD profile related to the recent delivery. A PTSD profile was related to a history of having received psychiatric/psychological counseling, a negative cognitive appraisal of the past delivery, nulliparity, and rating the contact with delivery staff in negative terms.",,"Wijma, K., Söderquist, J., Wijma, B.",1997.0,,,0,0,5884
5886,Psychological distress and the impact of social support on fathers and mothers of pediatric cancer patients: Long-term prospective results,,,"Wijnberg-Williams, B. J., Kamps, W. A., Klip, E. C., Hoekstra-Weebers, J. E. H. M.",2006.0,2006,,0,0,
5887,Persistence of posttraumatic stress symptoms 12 and 36 months after acute coronary syndrome,,,"Wikman, A., Bhattacharyya, M., Perkins-Porras, L., Steptoe, A.",2008.0,2008,,0,0,
5888,Symptom experience during acute coronary syndrome and the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms,"There is growing evidence for the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms as a consequence of acute cardiac events. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients experience a range of acute cardiac symptoms, and these may cluster together in specific patterns. The objectives of this study were to establish distinct symptom clusters in ACS patients, and to investigate whether the experience of different types of symptom clusters are associated with posttraumatic symptom intensity at six months. ACS patients were interviewed in hospital within 48 h of admission, 294 patients provided information on symptoms before hospitalisation, and cluster analysis was used to identify patterns. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed in 156 patients at six months. Three symptom clusters were identified; pain symptoms, diffuse symptoms and symptoms of dyspnea. In multiple regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors, the pain symptoms cluster ((beta) = .153, P = .044) emerged as a significant predictor of posttraumatic symptom severity at six months. A marginally significant association was observed between symptoms of dyspnea and reduced intrusive symptoms at six months ((beta) = -.156, P = .061). Findings suggest acute ACS symptoms occur in distinct clusters, which may have distinctive effects on intensity of subsequent posttraumatic symptoms. Since posttraumatic stress is associated with adverse outcomes, identifying patients at risk based on their symptom experience during ACS may be useful in targeting interventions.","acute coronary syndrome, aged, article, female, follow up, hospitalization, human, male, middle aged, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, risk","Wikman, A., Messerli-Burgy, N., Molloy, G. J., Randall, G., Perkins-Porras, L., Steptoe, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5889,Symptom experience during acute coronary syndrome and the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms,"There is growing evidence for the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms as a consequence of acute cardiac events. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients experience a range of acute cardiac symptoms, and these may cluster together in specific patterns. The objectives of this study were to establish distinct symptom clusters in ACS patients, and to investigate whether the experience of different types of symptom clusters are associated with posttraumatic symptom intensity at six months. ACS patients were interviewed in hospital within 48 h of admission, 294 patients provided information on symptoms before hospitalisation, and cluster analysis was used to identify patterns. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed in 156 patients at six months. Three symptom clusters were identified; pain symptoms, diffuse symptoms and symptoms of dyspnea. In multiple regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors, the pain symptoms cluster (β = .153, P = .044) emerged as a significant predictor of posttraumatic symptom severity at six months. A marginally significant association was observed between symptoms of dyspnea and reduced intrusive symptoms at six months (β = -.156, P = .061). Findings suggest acute ACS symptoms occur in distinct clusters, which may have distinctive effects on intensity of subsequent posttraumatic symptoms. Since posttraumatic stress is associated with adverse outcomes, identifying patients at risk based on their symptom experience during ACS may be useful in targeting interventions. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Acute coronary syndrome, Cardiac symptoms, Cluster analysis, Posttraumatic stress symptoms","Wikman, A., Messerli-Bürgy, N., Molloy, G. J., Randall, G., Perkins-Porras, L., Steptoe, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,5888
5890,Behavioral problems and service utilization in children with chronic illnesses referred for trauma-related mental health services,"Objective: Given its prevalence and impact on health and well-being, children's exposure to traumatic experiences is of growing importance to pediatricians and other medical providers. Little is known, however, about the traumatic experiences profiles, trauma-related sequelae, and service use patterns of youth with chronic or recurrent medical problems/disabilities. This study aimed to fill this research gap. Method: Participants were children less than 18 years of age who were referred for assessment and/or treatment services at one of the 56 National Child Traumatic Stress Network centers from 2004 to 2010 across the United States and had experienced at least one of 13 types of traumatic experience(s) (n = 9885; mean = 11 years, SD = 4.3; 52.3% girls). Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine associations among types of trauma, emotional and behavioral problems, and rates of service utilization adjusting for treatment center-level random effects, demographic characteristics, and the total number of types of trauma exposures. Results: Among children seeking treatment for traumatic stress, those with comorbid medical problems/disabilities had different demographic characteristics, different types of trauma exposure, and more service utilization in multiple sectors before trauma treatment entry than those without comorbid medical problems/disabilities. Those without comorbid medical problems/disabilities had higher levels of some types of traumatic exposures, associated symptoms, and higher levels of behavioral problems at home, school, or day care. Those with medical disorders/disabilities were at 30% to 40% higher odds of meeting clinical criteria for hyperarousal and re-experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, used more medical and mental health services for trauma, and had more emotional and behavioral concerns. Conclusion: Given that pediatricians are more likely to see children with medical disabilities and concerns than those without, there is an opportunity to ask directly about traumatic exposures and associated symptoms and provide support and interventions to promote resilience. Integrating trauma screening and mental health services into medical care could be especially beneficial for children with chronic medical conditions. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","Child traumatic stress, Children with disabilities, National child traumatic stress network, Post-traumatic, Stress disorders, Traumatic childhood experiences","Wilcox, H. C., Rains, M., Belcher, H., Kassam-Adams, N., Kazak, A., Lee, R., Briggs, E. C., Bethel, T., Trunzo, C. P., Wissow, L.",2016.0,,10.1097/DBP.0000000000000236,0,1,
5891,Social relationships and PTSD symptomatology in combat veterans,"The primary purpose of this study is to determine if recent combat veterans discriminate between different sources of social support, and then preliminarily investigate the relationship of social support source on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. Participants included 83 married male combat veterans. Principal-axis factor analysis with equamax rotation observed four distinct latent factors for each source of support examined. ANOVAs were performed to determine the relationship of each source of support from the distinct latent factors on the level of PTSD. Results indicate that the level of PTSD is related to support received from a significant other, F(1, 81) = 30.36, p < .001, family, F(1, 81) = 8.10, p = .006, and military peers, F(1, 81) = 6.70, p = .011, but not friends, F(1, 81) = 1.79, p = .18. In general, higher levels of support from each category were associated with lower levels of PTSD in combat veterans. The results suggest that combat veterans distinguish between specific sources of social support, which may have a protective effect on the level of PTSD. © 2010 American Psychological Association.","buffering effect, combat veteran, factor analysis, PTSD, source of social support","Wilcox, S.",2010.0,,,0,1,
5892,Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and permanent physical injury,"(from the chapter) A high percentage of people who suffer trauma survive with permanent physical injury. Fifteen per cent of motor vehicle accidents in the UK result in permanent serious injury (Department for Transport, 2008) and 53% of physical assaults involving knife crime result in permanent injury (Davenport & Davis, 2008). Examples of injury include severe scarring, loss of limbs, paralysis, loss of sight, nerve damage, and chronic pain. Physical injury is a robust risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (e.g., Blanchard et al., 1995; Koren, Norman, Cohen, Berman, & Ehud, 2005) and appears to result in more severe PTSD than when there is no injury following trauma (e.g., Mayou, Tyndel, & Bryant, 1997). The injury is a constant reminder of what happened, inducing flashbacks, intrusive memories and ongoing upset more frequently than when reminders are external to one's body and less frequently encountered. Whereas patients with PTSD without injury are more likely to discover that the trauma is an event in the past without enduring implications, this is not the case for those with physical injury. For these patients, the physical injury often means that the trauma has had and continues to have lasting implications. Further, individuals with permanent injury have the additional challenge of adjusting to their disability and the associated problems this may incur, such as depression, job loss, and reduced quality of life. Cognitive therapy (CT) for PTSD has three main goals: to reduce re-experiencing symptoms, modify negative appraisals, and to change strategies that maintain the patient's sense of threat (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Ehlers, Clark, Hackmann, McManus, & Fennell, 2005). The treatment is adapted in those cases in which physical injury has occurred so that it may focus on helping clients to establish and claim their current lives, rather than 're-claim' all aspects of their previous lives. Early in treatment, the cognitive therapist will help sufferers to re-think their life's goals to fit with their change in abilities. The cognitive therapist will likely address negative appraisals of how the patient views their appearance and their life, with extensive focus on discovering what has and what has not changed. In so doing, the therapist may draw on CT for depression to address negative appraisals about how one perceives their life, grief work to address loss of functioning, and CT for social phobia to help the sufferer to see themselves in a realistic fashion as opposed to in a distorted way. This chapter presents the cognitive therapy of Maryanne, a young woman who suffered septic shock that resulted in the loss of her legs. Unlike many patients who suffer PTSD and physical injury, Maryanne's treatment drew on all, rather than some, of the suggested components above for PTSD and physical injury. There were many elements that made Maryanne's case complex, factors thought to predict chronic PTSD: the duration of her trauma was lengthy (6 months), her trauma memory was disorganized due to loss of consciousness and pain medication at the time of the trauma, she was involved in ongoing litigation, and she also suffered comorbid agoraphobia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Therapy, *Comorbidity, *Emotional Trauma, *Injuries, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Agoraphobia, Amputation","Wild, Jennifer",2009.0,,,0,0,
5893,A new vulnerable population? The health of female partners of men recently released from prison,"Background: Despite a growing literature on the consequences of having a romantic partner incarcerated on women's risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections, little research considers the broader health profile of the female partners of ever-imprisoned men. Methods: We use data from the Relate Project (n=332), a unique cross-sectional survey of recently released men and their female partners (2009-2011), to demonstrate that the female partners of recently released men suffer from a variety of health risks and conditions. We also examine the health conditions of females by their own incarceration history. Findings: We find that these women engage in poor health behaviors including smoking, drug use, and excessive alcohol consumption and have high levels of health conditions including asthma, hypertension, anxiety, and depression. The vulnerability of women who had themselves been incarcerated in jails or prisons was especially acute. The number of risky background characteristics such as dropping out of high school (45%) and spending time in foster care or a group home (36%) were staggeringly high for ever-imprisoned women, as were their rates of anxiety (50%), depression (59%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (45%). Conclusions: Results reveal that the health of the female partners of recently released men is at least as poor as that of their male partners, suggesting a degree of vulnerability that has yet to be considered in the medical or public health literature and a population that desperately needs medical attention with the full rollout of the Affordable Care Act in 2014. © 2013 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health.",,"Wildeman, C., Lee, H., Comfort, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5894,The somatic symptom paradox in DSM-IV anxiety disorders: Suggestions for a clinical focus in psychophysiology,"Although DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorders include physiological symptoms, these symptoms are evaluated exclusively by verbal report. The current review explores the background for this paradox and tries to demonstrate on theoretical and empirical grounds how it could be resolved, providing new insights about the role of psychophysiological measures in the clinic. The three-systems approach to evaluating anxiety argues that somatic measures as well as verbal and behavioral ones are indispensable. However, the low concordance between these domains of measurement impugns their reliability and validity. We argue that concordance can be improved by examining the relationship of variables less global than anxiety and by restriction to specific anxiety disorders. For example, recent evidence from our and other laboratories indicate a prominent role of self-reported and physiologically measured breathing irregularities in panic disorder. Nonetheless, even within a diagnosis, anxiety patients vary radically in which somatic variables are deviant. Thus, in clinical practice, individual profiles of psychological and physiological anxiety responses may be essential to indicate distinct therapeutic approaches and ways of tracking improvement. Laboratory provocations specific to certain anxiety disorders and advances in ambulatory monitoring vastly expand the scope of self-report and physiological measurement and will likely contribute to a refined assessment of anxiety disorders. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","Ambulatory monitoring, Anxiety disorders, Panic disorder, Psychophysiology, Respiration, Review","Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T.",2001.0,,,0,0,
5895,"Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion), posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in U.S. soldiers involved in combat deployments: Association with postdeployment symptoms","Objectives: Several studies have examined the relationship between concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and postdeployment symptoms. These studies indicate that the multiple factors involved in postdeployment symptoms are not accounted for in the screening processes of the Department of Defense/Veteran's Affairs months after concussion injuries. This study examined the associations of single and multiple deployment-related mTBIs on postdeployment health. Methods: A total of 1502 U.S. Army soldiers were administered anonymous surveys 4 to 6 months after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan assessing history of deployment-related concussions, current PTSD, depression, and presence of postdeployment physical and neurocognitive symptoms. Results: Of these soldiers, 17% reported an mTBI during their previous deployment. Of these, 59% reported having more than one. After adjustment for PTSD, depression, and other factors, loss of consciousness was significantly associated with three postconcussive symptoms, including headaches (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-2.3). However, these symptoms were more strongly associated with PTSD and depression than with a history of mTBI. Multiple mTBIs with loss of consciousness increased the risk of headache (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.4-6.8) compared with a single occurrence, although depression (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 2.6-6.8) remained as strong a predictor. Conclusions: These data indicate that current screening tools for mTBI being used by the Department of Defense/Veteran's Affairs do not optimally distinguish persistent postdeployment symptoms attributed to mTBI from other causes such as PTSD and depression. Accumulating evidence strongly supports the need for multidisciplinary collaborative care models of treatment in primary care to collectively address the full spectrum of postwar physical and neurocognitive health concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Brain Concussion, *Major Depression, *Military Deployment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Military Personnel, Symptoms","Wilk, Joshua E., Herrell, Richard K., Wynn, Gary H., Riviere, Lyndon A., Hoge, Charles W.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5896,Distinctive trajectory groups of mental health functioning among assertive community treatment clients: An application of growth mixture modelling analysis,"Objective: Assertive community treatment (ACT) studies that have used conventional, statistical growth modelling methods have not examined different trajectories of outcomes or covariates that could influence different trajectories, even though heterogeneity in outcomes has been established in other research on severe mental illness. The purpose of our study was to examine the general trend in mental health functioning of ACT clients over a 2-year follow-up time period, to discover groups of ACT clients with distinctive longitudinal trajectories of mental health functioning, and to examine if some of the key sociodemographic and illness-related factors influence group membership. Method: A 2-year, prospective, within-subjects study of 216 ACT clients within southern Ontario, collected functional outcome data at baseline and 12 and 24 months using the Colorado Client Assessment Record. Baseline covariates included sex, primary diagnosis, number of comorbidities, hospitalization history, and duration of illness. Growth mixture modelling (GMM) was used to examine trajectories. Results: Clinical staff assessments of ACT clients showed a statistically significant improvement in functioning and 84% achieved successful community tenure. GMM analysis identified 2 classes of ACT clients: class 1 (79.63% of clients) experienced lower and stable overall functioning, and class 2 (20.37%) showed a better baseline functioning score and improvement in the overall functioning over time. Class membership was predicted by the number of comorbidities and diagnosis. Conclusions: Our study suggests general stability in overall functioning for the sampled ACT clients over 2 years, but significant heterogeneity in trajectories of functioning.","Assertive community treatment, Colorado client assessment record, Growth mixture modelling, Mental health functioning, Ontario, Serious mental illness","Wilk, P., Vingilis, E., Bishop, J. E. H., He, W., Braun, J., Forchuk, C., Seeley, J., Mitchell, B.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5897,The role of memory-related gene WWC1 (KIBRA) in lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from two independent samples from African conflict regions,"Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results from the formation of a strong memory for the sensory-perceptual and affective representations of traumatic experiences, which is detached from the corresponding autobiographical context information. Because WWC1, the gene encoding protein KIBRA, is associated with long-term memory performance, we hypothesized that common WWC1 alleles influence the risk for a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD. Methods: Traumatic load and diagnosis of current and lifetime PTSD were assessed in two independent African samples of survivors from conflict zones who had faced severe trauma (n 1/4 392, Rwanda, and n = 399, Northern Uganda, respectively). Array-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed. The influence of WWC1 tagging SNPs and traumatic load on lifetime PTSD was estimated by means of logistic regression models with correction for multiple comparisons in the Rwandan sample. Replication analysis was performed in the independent Ugandan sample. Results: An association of two neighboring SNPs in almost complete linkage disequilibrium, rs10038727 and rs4576167, with lifetime PTSD was discovered in the Rwandan sample. Although each traumatic event added to the probability of lifetime PTSD in a dose-dependent manner in both genotype groups, carriers of the minor allele of both SNPs displayed a diminished risk (p = .007, odds ratio = .29 [95% confidence interval = .15-.54]). This effect was confirmed in the independent Ugandan sample. Conclusions: This study reveals an association between two WWC1 SNPs and the likelihood of PTSD development, indicating that this memory-related gene might be involved in processes that occur in response to traumatic stress and influence the strengthening of fear memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Genes, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Wilker, Sarah, Kolassa, Stephan, Vogler, Christian, Lingenfelder, Birke, Elbert, Thomas, Papassotiropoulos, Andreas, de Quervain, Dominique J. F., Kolassa, Iris-Tatjana",2013.0,,,0,0,
5898,The role of PTSD in depression and substance dependence treatment outcomes,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occurs with both depression and alcohol/substance use disorder (SUD). This study examines the impact of PTSD diagnosis on treatment outcomes for cooccurring depression and SUD for two behavioral interventions: Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (ICBT) and Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy (TSF). 178 predominantly male (91%) veterans (age range: 25-65 years) meeting DSM-IV criteria for alcohol, cannabis, and/or stimulant dependence, and for major depressive disorder with current symptoms were included. At intake, 38.2 % met lifetime diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Diagnoses of depression, substance dependence, and/or PTSD were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. 18 month outcomes of depression symptoms, and percent days abstinent (PDA) from alcohol/drugs were assessed quarterly with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Timeline Follow Back (TLFB), respectively. Using linear mixed effects models, we created trajectories for primary outcomes (PDA and HDRS) for 18 months following intake. Predictors in the model were time, treatment type, PTSD diagnosis, and covariates for intake depression and early treatment response PDA (first 90 days of intervention). PTSD was included in the model with time and type of treatment in two and three-way interactions. Results indicated that M = 91% days abstinent) than those without PTSD in the TSF group (M = 76%) and those with PTSD in either group (ICBT M = 77%; TSF M = 75%). Depressed, substance dependent participants with PTSD had higher levels of depression across all time points and poorer post treatment abstinence trajectories at eighteen month follow-up. It is important for providers to assess for PTSD when treating individuals with comorbid depression and SUD. Future research is needed to investigate how behavioral treatment can be tailored for those with concomitant PTSD, depression, and SUD.","alcohol, cannabis, central stimulant agent, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, society, substance abuse, United States, treatment outcome, diagnosis, model, abstinence, follow up, cognitive therapy, therapy, veteran, major depression, lifespan, interview, Hamilton scale, treatment response, male","Wilkins, K. C., Norman, S. B., Tate, S. R., Cummins, K., Brown, S. A.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5899,Examining the relationship between race-related stressors and post-traumatic stress disorder among African American male Vietnam veterans,"It is estimated that 1,700,000 Vietnam War veterans have experienced ""clinically serious stress reaction symptoms"" (National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, 2005). Of this figure, all ethnic minorities (except for Japanese) reported the greatest life time prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to Whites (Kulka, Schlenger, Fairbank, Hough, Jordan, Marmar, & Weiss, 1990). The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) found that African American Vietnam War veterans had greater exposure to war stressors and had more predisposing factors than Whites (Kulka et al., 1990). The Race-Related Stressor Scale (RRSS) is the only instrument that exists to measure race-related stressors that contribute uniquely and substantially to PTSD symptoms and generalized psychiatric distress in an ethnic minority Vietnam Veteran sample. A previous study found that race-related stressors account for a significant proportion of the variance in PTSD symptoms of Asian American Vietnam Veterans (Loo, Fairbank, Scurfield, Ruch, King, Adams, & Chemtob, 2001). Although African American Vietnam War veterans are one of the most frequently studied samples, no instrument exists to measure race-related exposure accounting for their PTSD symptoms. There are two purposes of this study: Primary is to adapt and validate the RRSS using an African American Vietnam Veteran sample, and secondary is to examine the amount of variability the adapted RRSS accounts for in PTSD and generalized psychiatric distress symptoms. This new measure will be called the Vietnam Racial Stressor Scale for African American Vietnam Veterans (VRSS). The construct validity of the adapted RRSS will be examined by investigating the relationship between the VRSS, PTSD, and general psychiatric distress symptoms, controlling for military rank and exposure to combat. The temporal stability of the VRSS will be assessed using Cronbach's Alpha method. Results of the temporal stability of the VRSS will be compared to Loo et al., (2001) RRSS temporal stability for Asian American Vietnam War veterans. A general discussion of the temporal stability comparisons between the RRSS and its adaptations will suggest the generalizability of the RRSS with other Vietnam War veteran ethnic groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Blacks, *Human Males, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *War, Military Veterans, Stress","Williams, David Zamon",2008.0,,,0,0,
5900,A comparison of multidimensional health profiles across three trauma-exposed diagnostic groups,"Posttraumatic stress disorder has been associated with adverse health outcomes. The extent to which the health effects of PTSD differ from other diagnoses has not been explored empirically. The current study investigated the Multidimensional Health Profile (including both Psychosocial and Health factors), across three diagnostic groups and one group of well-adjusted participants (N=92) in a contrastedgroups design. Participants were all trauma-exposed and were assessed using structured clinical interviews. The PTSD and depression groups tended to differ from the social phobia and well-adjusted groups. Both the PTSD and depression groups demonstrated elevated profiles on variables assessing psychological distress, negative social exchange, and hypochondriasis. Results are consistent with prior research suggesting PTSD is associated with worse psychological and health functioning relative to trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD, although these health outcomes seem to differ little between those with PTSD and those with depression. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.","College students, Health functioning, Mutidimensional health profile, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Trauma","Williams, J. L., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Fields, J. A., Weathers, F. W., Flood, A. M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5901,Deployment risk factors and postdeployment health profiles associated with traumatic brain injury in heavy drinking Veterans,"Along with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is considered one of the ""signature wounds"" of combat operations in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]), but the role of mTBI in the clinical profiles of Veterans with other comorbid forms of postdeployment psychopathology is poorly understood. The current study explored the deployment risk and postdeployment health profiles of heavy drinking OIF and OEF Veterans as a function of mTBI. Sixty-nine heavy-drinking OIF/OEF Veterans were recruited through a Veterans' Affairs Medical Center and completed questionnaires and structured interviews assessing war-zone experiences, postdeployment drinking patterns, and PTSD symptoms. Veterans with positive mTBI screens and confirmed mTBI diagnoses endorsed higher rates of combat experiences, including direct and indirect killing, and met criteria for PTSD at a higher rate than Veterans without a history of mTBI. Both PTSD and combat experiences independently predicted screening positive for mTBI, whereas only combat experiences predicted receiving a confirmed mTBI diagnosis. mTBI was not associated with any dimension of alcohol use. These results support a growing body of literature linking mTBI with PTSD. © Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S. All rights reserved.",,"Williams, J. L., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Murphy, J. G., Crouse, E. M.",2012.0,,,0,1,
5902,Factor structure of the PTSD checklist in a sample of OEF/OIF veterans presenting to primary care: Specific and nonspecific aspects of dysphoria,"Although DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include three primary symptom clusters, recent evidence from confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the latent structure of PTSD is better represented by four factors, which will likely be reflected in the upcoming DSM-5. Given this likely transition from three to four clusters, the present study sought to examine specific and non-specific aspects of dysphoria in the factor structure of PTSD symptoms in a sample of OEF/OIF combat veterans presenting to a Veterans Affairs primary care clinic. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PCL-M (Weathers et al. 1993). Results from confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a dysphoria factor involving a number of non-specific distress symptoms may be an important part of the PTSD symptom profile. After controlling for variance due to general psychological distress, we further found that factor loadings on the dysphoria factor were attenuated but continued to significantly load onto the factor, suggesting that dysphoria may be a specific part of the PTSD symptom constellation. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.","Confirmatory factor analysis, Dysphoria, OEF/OIF veterans, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Williams, J. L., Monahan, C. J., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5903,Varenicline for tobacco dependence: Panacea or plight?,"Introduction: This review examines the postmarketing experience with varenicline, including case reports, newer clinical trials and secondary analyses of large clinical datasets. Areas covered: Varenicline has been shown to be an effective treatment in a broad range of tobacco users with medical, behavioral and diverse demographic characteristics. Recent studies finding excellent safety and efficacy in groups of smokers with diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly encouraging and call for increased use of this medication for smoking cessation. Despite case reports of serious neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients taking varenicline, including changes in behavior and mood, causality has not been established. Recent analyses of large datasets from clinical trials have not demonstrated that varenicline is associated with more depression or suicidality than other treatments for smoking cessation. Expert opinion: Now that additional clinical trials in specific populations and observational studies on treatment-seeking smokers outside of clinical trials have been published, we can be confident that varenicline remains the most efficacious monotherapy for smoking cessation and that its side-effect profile remains good. The risk-to-benefit ratio of receiving varenicline to quit smoking must include the increased chances of quitting smoking and avoiding the sizeable risks of smoked-caused disease and death that remain if tobacco addiction is not properly treated. © 2011 Informa UK, Ltd.","Pharmacotherapy, Smoking, Smoking cessation, Tobacco, Varenicline","Williams, J. M., Steinberg, M. B., Steinberg, M. L., Gandhi, K. K., Ulpe, R., Foulds, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5904,The looming maladaptive style predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms: Further support for a cognitive model of vulnerability to anxiety,"Looming vulnerability pertains to a distinct cognitive phenomenology characterized by mental representations of dynamically intensifying danger and rapidly rising risk as one projects the self into an anticipated future [J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 79 (2000) 837]. While looming appraisals can be experienced as state elicitation, some individuals are hypothesized to develop an enduring cognitive pattern of cross-situational looming appraisals, the looming maladaptive style (LMS), which functions as a cognitive vulnerability to anxiety. In the present study, we examined the extent to which the LMS predicts common variance in numerous anxiety disorder symptoms, independent of the potentially confounding effects of current depressive symptoms. Specifically, we hypothesized that controlling for depressive symptoms, LMS would predict shared variance in a latent factor comprised of indicators of five anxiety disorder symptoms: obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobic fears. Measures of these anxiety disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and looming vulnerability were administered to unselected college student population. Structural equations modeling analyses provided support for our hypothesis that LMS predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms and suggest that this cognitive style may be an overarching dimension of vulnerability to anxiety. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Anxiety, Anxiety disorders, Cognitive styles, Depression, Vulnerability","Williams, N. L., Shahar, G., Riskind, J. H., Joiner Jr, T. E.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5905,The looming maladaptive style predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms: further support for a cognitive model of vulnerability to anxiety,"Looming vulnerability pertains to a distinct cognitive phenomenology characterized by mental representations of dynamically intensifying danger and rapidly rising risk as one projects the self into an anticipated future [J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 79 (2000) 837]. While looming appraisals can be experienced as state elicitation, some individuals are hypothesized to develop an enduring cognitive pattern of cross-situational looming appraisals, the looming maladaptive style (LMS), which functions as a cognitive vulnerability to anxiety. In the present study, we examined the extent to which the LMS predicts common variance in numerous anxiety disorder symptoms, independent of the potentially confounding effects of current depressive symptoms. Specifically, we hypothesized that controlling for depressive symptoms, LMS would predict shared variance in a latent factor comprised of indicators of five anxiety disorder symptoms: obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobic fears. Measures of these anxiety disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and looming vulnerability were administered to unselected college student population. Structural equations modeling analyses provided support for our hypothesis that LMS predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms and suggest that this cognitive style may be an overarching dimension of vulnerability to anxiety.","*Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, *Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/etiology/psychology, *Cognition, Depression/diagnosis/psychology, Discriminant Analysis, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis/psychology, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors, Self-Assessment, Severity of Illness Index","Williams, N. L., Shahar, G., Riskind, J. H., Joiner, T. E., Jr.",2005.0,,10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.01.003,0,0,5904
5906,Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after severe traumatic brain injury in a representative community sample,"In this study, the authors investigated the prevalence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community sample of 66 survivors of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). A representative sample of 66 survivors of TBI were selected on the basis of having suffered significant disturbance in consciousness following their trauma event in the form of coma and/or post-traumatic amnesia. Neuropsychological testing confirmed that participants had suffered cognitive deficits consistent with severe brain injury. Participants (50 males and 16 females, aged 17-70 yrs) were administered the Impact of Events inventory for symptoms of PTSD. The authors found a prevalence rate of 18% for moderate-to-severe PTSD symptoms. It is concluded that PTSD symptoms are common following severe TBI. Further research is needed to establish protective and predictive factors for PTSD in TBI groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Ability, *Neuropsychological Assessment, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Survivors","Williams, W. H., Evans, J. J., Wilson, B. A., Needham, P.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5907,Are effort measures sensitive to cognitive impairment?,"The basic premise of symptom validity tests (SVTs) is that appropriate effort can be assessed because the designs of SVT measures are thought to be insensitive to all but the most extreme forms of impairment of memory. In patients with mild traumatic brain injury in particular, it is thought that failure on effort measures consistently reflects poor effort or even conscious exaggeration of symptoms. This study examines the issue of SVT failure as a reflection of cognitive impairment and/or neuropsychiatric impairment by presenting cases of three patients who were given full neuropsychological batteries but in each case failed the Word Memory Test (WMT), a verbal recognition SVT measure. One patient who failed the WMT was probably in the early stages of dementia. The WMT fit the ""Genuine Memory Impaired Profile"". Two mild traumatic brain injury patients failed the WMT but their patterns of performance suggested that cognitive deficits influenced WMT performance. In determining the validity of neuropsychological test data in the individual case, it is recommended that the examiner consider whether cognitive impairment could affect performance on effort measures and the recommended cut score. Also, it is recommended that examiners use multiple indicators of effort.","adult, article, brain injury, case report, cognitive defect, dementia, disability, female, human, laboratory diagnosis, male, malingering, middle aged, motivation, neuropsychological test, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, reproducibility, soldier, United States, validation study","Willis, P. F., Farrer, T. J., Bigler, E. D.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5908,"From concepts, theory, and evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effects to methodological approaches: A primer",,,"Willke, R. J., Zheng, Z., Subedi, P., Althin, R., Mullins, C. D.",2012.0,,10.1186/1471-2288-12-185,0,0,
5909,Exploring the lived-experience of limerence: A journey toward authenticity,"Limerence is an acute onset, unexpected, obsessive attachment to one person, the Limerent Object, which is rarely reported in scientific literature. Presented here is an interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore the lived-experience of six international Limerent respondents. The condition's unique and common journey is conceptualised in a Limerence Trajectory, which is characterized by generally sequential yet overlapping super-ordinate themes. The themes primarily regard experiences of ruminative thinking, free floating anxiety and depression temporarily fixated and the disintegration of the self. These themes are further linked to an inclination to reintegrate unresolved past life(s) experiences and to progress to a state of greater authenticity (i.e., being truer to one's inner self). A paradigm shift is identified in the realization that both a real and idealized Limerent Object are involved which may relate to attachment anxieties. Symptomology relating to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, addiction, separation anxiety and depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, disassociated states and maladaptive fantasy are discussed. The study authors and respondents collective aim is to promote awareness, research and resources for Limerent Experiencers and those who seek to support them. © 2015: Lynn Willmott, Evie Bentley, and Nova Southeastern University.","Anxiety, Attachment, Depression, Limerence, Obsession","Willmott, L., Bentley, E.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5910,"Inflammation and oxidative stress are elevated in the brain, blood, and adrenal glands during the progression of post-traumatic stress disorder in a predator exposure animal model","This study sought to analyze specific pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the progression of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by utilizing an animal model. To examine PTSD pathophysiology, we measured damaging reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines to determine if oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, adrenal glands, and systemic circulation were upregulated in response to constant stress. Pre-clinical PTSD was induced in naive, male Sprague-Dawley rats via a predator exposure/psychosocial stress regimen. PTSD group rats were secured in Plexiglas cylinders and placed in a cage with a cat for one hour on days 1 and 11 of a 31-day stress regimen. In addition, PTSD group rats were subjected to psychosocial stress whereby their cage cohort was changed daily. This model has been shown to cause heightened anxiety, exaggerated startle response, impaired cognition, and increased cardiovascular reactivity, all of which are common symptoms seen in humans with PTSD. At the conclusion of the predator exposure/psychosocial stress regimen, the rats were euthanized and their brains were dissected to remove the hippocampus, amygdala, and pre-frontal cortex (PFC), the three areas commonly associated with PTSD development. The adrenal glands and whole blood were also collected to assess systemic oxidative stress. Analysis of the whole blood, adrenal glands, and brain regions revealed oxidative stress increased during PTSD progression. In addition, examination of pro-inflammatory cytokine (PIC) mRNA and protein demonstrated neurological inflammatory molecules were significantly upregulated in the PTSD group vs. controls. These results indicate oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, adrenal glands, and systemic circulation may play a critical role in the development and further exacerbation of PTSD. Thus, PTSD may not be solely a neurological pathology but may progress as a systemic condition involving multiple organ systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adrenal Glands, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Oxidative Stress, *Reactive Oxygen Species, Animal Models","Wilson, C. Brad, McLaughlin, Leslie D., Nair, Anand, Ebenezer, Philip J., Dange, Rahul, Francis, Joseph",2013.0,,,0,0,
5911,Does prior psychological health influence recall of military experiences? A prospective study,"In a prospective study, we evaluated pre- and postdeployment psychological health on recall of risk factors to assess recall bias. Measures of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), PTSD Checklist (PCL), and symptom clusters from the PCL were obtained from 681 UK military personnel along with information on traumatic and protective risk factors. Postdeployment psychological health was more important in explaining recall of traumatic experiences than predeployment psychological health. Predeployment intrusive cluster scores were highly associated with traumatic exposures. Postdeployment, but not predeployment GHQ showed small effects for most risk factors. With the exception of intrusive thoughts, there is insufficient evidence to suggest predeployment psychological status would he useful in correcting for recall hias in subsequent cross-sectional studies. (copyright) 2008 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","article, avoidance behavior, clinical effectiveness, cluster analysis, controlled study, distress syndrome, evidence based practice, female, General Health Questionnaire, human, male, military deployment, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, psychologic assessment, psychological well being, recall bias, risk factor, scoring system, soldier, United Kingdom","Wilson, J., Jones, M., Hull, L., Hotopf, M., Wessely, S., Rona, R. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5912,Theoretical perspectives of traumatic stress and debriefings,"The purpose of this article was to attempt to identify and examine the core set of elements or factors which are germane to understanding the process and effects of traumatic stress and psychological debriefings. Before these factors are addressed, relevant questions regarding the nature, level of care, and implementation of debriefings are raised. A person-environment interactional model is used to explain the typologies of traumatic events and stressor dimensions. Factors considered fundamental to crisis response, goals common to debriefings, and the need to recognize the diversity of traumatic events are then reviewed.","article, crisis intervention, human, methodology, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological theory","Wilson, J. P.",1999.0,,,0,0,
5913,Posttraumatic shame and guilt,"Posttraumatic shame and guilt are important dimensions of posttraumatic syndromes, including simple and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The concepts of posttraumatic shame and guilt have received little theoretical or empirical investigation in the field of traumatology. It is proposed that there are acute and prolonged states of posttraumatic shame and guilt that can be compared in their consequences across eight psychosocial dimensions: (a) self-attribution processes, (b) emotional states and capacity for affect regulation, (c) appraisal and interpretation of actions, (d) the impact of states of shame and guilt on personal identity, (e) suicidality, (f) defensive patterns, (g) proneness to psychopathology and PTSD, and (h) the dimensions of the self-structure adversely affected by states of posttraumatic shame and guilt. The experience of posttraumatic states of shame and guilt are associated with compounded affective processesin PTSD, depression, and substance use disorders. © 2006 Sage Publications.","Compound affective reactions, Guilt, Posttraumatic states, PTSD, Shame, Suicidality","Wilson, J. P., Droždek, B., Turkovic, S.",2006.0,,10.1177/1524838005285914,0,0,
5914,Toward an MMPI trauma profile,"This paper presents findings of a common MMPI profile configuration for a small forensic sample (n=16) of persons traumatized by life-threatening civilian events or as a consequence of combat in the Vietnam War. All subjects were involved in lawsuits in which the issue of compensation, medical benefits, or criminal disposition and sentencing were important concerns. A review of the existing empirical studies using this full MMPI scale as well as the MMPI post-traumatic subscale are discussed. In comparing the civilian and veteran samples on the MMPI clinical, validity, and subscales a number of statistically significant differences were found by analyses of variance and mean comparison tests of the data. While the profile configuration of both groups were similar (elevations on F, 8 and 2 scales), the Vietnam Veteran sample had significantly higher elevations. It was concluded that identifying an MMPI trauma profile and its variations may aid in the diagnosis and assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder. © 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","MMPI, post-traumatic stress disorder","Wilson, J. P., Walker, A. J.",1990.0,,,0,0,
5915,The traumatic stress response in child maltreatment and resultant neuropsychological effects,"Child maltreatment is a pervasive problem in our society that has long-term detrimental consequences to the development of the affected child such as future brain growth and functioning. In this paper, we surveyed empirical evidence on the neuropsychological effects of child maltreatment, with a special emphasis on emotional, behavioral, and cognitive process-response difficulties experienced by maltreated children. The alteration of the biochemical stress response system in the brain that changes an individual's ability to respond efficiently and efficaciously to future stressors is conceptualized as the traumatic stress response. Vulnerable brain regions include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the amygdala, the hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex and are linked to children's compromised ability to process both emotionally-laden and neutral stimuli in the future. It is suggested that information must be garnered from varied literatures to conceptualize a research framework for the traumatic stress response in maltreated children. This research framework suggests an altered developmental trajectory of information processing and emotional dysregulation, though much debate still exists surrounding the correlational nature of empirical studies, the potential of resiliency following childhood trauma, and the extent to which early interventions may facilitate recovery. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.","Child abuse, Emotional trauma, Neuropsychology","Wilson, K. R., Hansen, D. J., Li, M.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5916,A systematic review of probable posttraumatic stress disorder in first responders following man-made mass violence,"The current study was a systematic review examining probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in first responders following man-made mass violence. A systematic literature search yielded 20 studies that fit the inclusion criteria. The prevalence rates of probable PTSD across all 20 studies ranged from 1.3% to 22.0%. Fifteen of the 20 articles focused on first responders following the September 11th terrorist attacks and many of the studies used the same participant recruitment pools. Overall, the results of the systematic review described here suggest that our understanding of PTSD in first responders following man-made mass violence is based on a very small set of articles that have focused on a few particular events. This paper is meant to serve as a call for additional research and to encourage more breadth in the specific incidents that are examined. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Emergency services, Psychopathology, Rescue workers, Terrorism, Trauma","Wilson, L. C.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.015,0,0,
5917,"Neuropsychological, psychological, and injury variables associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in individuals who suffered an electrical injury","Electrical injury (EI) represents a major form of trauma that can greatly impact the individual cognitively, physically, and emotionally. EI can lead to a variety of cognitive impairments affecting attention, processing speed, motor skills, and memory. Furthermore, EI can lead to a variety of physical impairments from burns to cardiac injury. In addition to other psychiatric disorders, individuals who suffer an EI can eventually develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study examined a clinical sample of 143 individuals (86.0% male, 85.3% Caucasian, 44.1% diagnosed with PTSD) who have experienced an EI to determine the factors associated with the development of PTSD after EI. By using a clinical sample, this study offered greater generalizability compared to previous research on EI which primarily used electricians. Also, this study applied a unique statistical approach that allows for the creation of subgroups within the context of the model. Classification tree analysis via Optimal Data Analysis determined the demographic and injury parameters, psychological, and neuropsychological factors associated with the development of PTSD in individuals post-EI. The strongest predictor of PTSD for the sample in this study was depressive symptoms. Mood symptoms may be utilized in clinical settings to determine individuals more likely to develop PTSD post-EI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Cognitive Impairment, *Electrical Injuries, Emotional Intelligence, Motor Processes, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Wingo, Jana",2014.0,,,0,0,
5918,Cutaneous vascular responses to hypercapnia during whole-body heating,"Introduction: Hypercapnia may be encountered in lung disease as well as during situations involving rebreathing of previously expired air (e.g., occupational diving). Inhibitory effects of elevated arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure on the central nervous system may result in impaired thermoregulation. This study tested the hypothesis that in heat-stressed subjects, cutaneous vascular responsiveness [expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC)] would be reduced during hypercapnic exposure. Methods: Four men and three women (mean ± SD; age: 35 ± 7 yr) rested supine while wearing a tube-lined suit perfused with 34°C water (normothermia). Following normothermic data collection, 50°C water was perfused through the suit to increase internal temFerature approximately 1°C (whole-body heating). In both thermal conditions, a normoxic-hypercapnic (5% CO2, 21% O2, balance N2) gas mixture was inspired while forearm skin blood flux (laser-Doppler flowmetry) was measured continuously and was used for calculation of CVC (skin blood flux/mean arterial pressure). Results: End-tidal CO2 increased similarly throughout hypercapnic exposure during both normothermic and whole-body heating conditions (7.9 ± 2.4 and 8.3 ± 1.9 mmHg, respectively). However, CVC was not different between normocapnia and hypercapnia under either thermal condition (normothermia: 0.42 ± 0.24 vs. 0.39 ± 0.21 flux units/mmHg for normocapnia and hypercapria, respectively; heat stress: 1.89 ± 0.67 vs. 1.92 ± 0.63 flux units/mmHg for normocapnia and hypercapnia, respectively). Discussion: Based on these findings, mild hypercapnia is unlikely to impair heat dissipation by reducing cutaneous vasodilation. Copyright © by the Aerospace Medical Association.","Carbon dioxide, Heat stress, Skin blood flow, Thermoregulation","Wingo, J. E., Low, D. A., Keller, D. M., Crandall, C. G.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5919,Long-term outcome of trauma in adults: The psychological impact of a fatal bus accident,"The psychological impact of trauma on 36 parents and spouses was examined 1 year (1989), 3 years (1991), and 5 years (1993) after a fatal school bus accident in Western Norway in 1988. The course and outcome of posttraumatic symptoms (Impact of Event Scale [IES]) and symptoms of general psychological distress (SCL-90) were examined in relation to type of trauma (loss vs. no loss) and prior exposure to trauma. A large proportion of the sample reported high levels of symptoms on SCL-90 and IES (Intrusion). No associations were observed between type of trauma and any of the symptom measures. Prior exposure to trauma did not affect the scores on IES but was associated with a sustained vulnerability for general psychological distress (SCL-90). Different trajectories of the symptoms indicate that two psychological processes may be involved in long-term adjustment to trauma.","accident, adjustment, adult, article, clinical article, female, human, male, motor vehicle, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, psychotherapy, traffic accident, treatment outcome","Winje, D.",1996.0,,,0,0,
5920,Identification of resilient individuals and those at risk for performance deficits under stress,"Human task performance is affected by exposure to physiological and psychological stress. The ability to measure the physiological response to stressors and correlate that to task performance could be used to identify resilient individuals or those at risk for stress-related performance decrements. Accomplishing this prior to performance under severe stress or the development of clinical stress disorders could facilitate focused preparation such as tailoring training to individual needs. Here we measure the effects of stress on physiological response and performance through behavior, physiological sensors, and subjective ratings, and identify which individuals are at risk for stress-related performance decrements. Participants performed military-relevant training tasks under stress in a virtual environment, with autonomic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) reactivity analyzed. Self-reported stress, as well as physiological indices of stress, increased in the group pre-exposed to socioevaluative stress. Stress response was effectively captured via electrodermal and cardiovascular measures of heart rate and skin conductance level. A resilience classification algorithm was developed based upon physiological reactivity, which correlated with baseline unstressed physiological and self-reported stress values. Outliers were identified in the experimental group that had a significant mismatch between self-reported stress and salivary cortisol. Baseline stress measurements were predictive of individual resilience to stress, including the impact stress had on physiological reactivity and performance. Such an approach may have utility in identifying individuals at risk for problems performing under severe stress. Continuing work has focused on adapting this method for military personnel, and assessing the utility of various coping and decision-making strategies on performance and physiological stress. © 2015 Winslow, Carroll, Martin, Surpris and Chadderdon.","Autonomic reactivity, Behavior, Resilience, Simulation, Stress","Winslow, B. D., Carroll, M. B., Martin, J. W., Surpris, G., Chadderdon, G. L.",2015.0,,10.3389/fnins.2015.00328,0,0,
5921,A Practical Measure of Workplace Resilience: Developing the Resilience at Work Scale,"OBJECTIVE: To develop an effective measure of resilience at work for use in individual work-related performance and emotional distress contexts. METHODS: Two separate cross-sectional studies investigated: (1) exploratory factor analysis of 45 items putatively underpinning workplace resilience among 397 participants and (2) confirmatory factor analysis of resilience measure derived from Study 1 demonstrating a credible model of interaction, with performance outcome variables among 194 participants. RESULTS: A 20-item scale explaining 67% of variance, measuring seven aspects of workplace resilience, which are teachable and capable of conscious development, was achieved. A credible model of relationships with work engagement, sleep, stress recovery, and physical health was demonstrated in the expected directions. CONCLUSION: The new scale shows considerable promise as a reliable instrument for use in the area of employee support and development. Copyright © 2013 by American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.",,"Winwood, P. C., Colon, R., McEwen, K.",2013.0,,10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182a2a60a,0,0,
5922,Mechanisms of Change in Written Exposure Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,"Although the effectiveness of exposure therapy for PTSD is recognized, treatment mechanisms are not well understood. Emotional processing theory (EPT) posits that fear reduction within and between sessions creates new learning, but evidence is limited by self-report assessments and inclusion of treatment components other than exposure. We examined trajectories of physiological arousal and their relation to PTSD treatment outcome in a randomized controlled trial of written exposure treatment, a protocol focused on exposure to trauma memories. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to model reduction in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale score as a predictor of initial activation and within- and between-session change in physiological arousal. Treatment gains were significantly associated with initial physiological activation, but not with within- or between-session changes in physiological arousal. Treatment gains were associated with larger between-session reductions in self-reported arousal. These findings highlight the importance of multimethod arousal assessment and add to a growing literature suggesting refinements of EPT.","Ptsd, emotional processing theory, exposure, psychophysiology, written exposure treatment","Wisco, B. E., Baker, A. S., Sloan, D. M.",2016.0,Jan,10.1016/j.beth.2015.09.005,0,0,
5923,Attentional interference by threat and post-traumatic stress disorder: The role of thought control strategies,"Attentional interference by threat is associated with PTSD, but the mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear. Attentional interference might be related to increased use of maladaptive thought control strategies, such as suppressing unwanted thoughts (thought suppression) or replacing threatening thoughts with everyday concerns (worry), which increase PTSD risk. Conversely, attentional interference might be associated with reduced use of adaptive strategies, such as talking about threatening thoughts (social control), which decrease PTSD risk. This study tested if thought control strategies mediate the relationship between attentional interference and PTSD. Sixty-one male Vietnam-era veterans completed measures of PTSD symptoms and thought control strategies. Participants also completed a Visual Search Task measuring attentional interference, which required participants to identify a target letter string among a group of threat or neutral words. Attentional interference by threat was related to PTSD symptoms, and mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of attentional interference through thought suppression and worry. Attentional interference was related to re-experiencing and avoidance, but not hyperarousal, symptom clusters. Thought suppression was a unique mediator for re-experiencing, whereas thought suppression and worry both mediated the relationship with avoidance. These results offer evidence for maladaptive thought control strategies as a mechanism linking attentional biases for threat to PTSD. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.","Attention, Information processing bias, PTSD, Thought control, Thought suppression","Wisco, B. E., Pineles, S. L., Shipherd, J. C., Marx, B. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5924,Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI clinical scales: A review of the literature,"A review of the literature resulted in 21 published studies that reported mean MMPI profile patterns for PTSD patients. Of these, six (29%) reported that the mean 8-2 profile pattern significantly differentiated PTSD patients from non-PTSD patients. The majority of studies found additional PTSD profile patterns reflecting nearly all of the MMPI clinical scales. The data indicate some common group profile patterns for inpatient veterans, prisoner's of war, and inpatient veteran substance abusers. The results also support the hypothesis that there is a continuum from inpatient to outpatient and veteran to civilian populations that corresponds with both symptom and stressor severity. It is concluded that although there is some typicality in similar populations, clinicians should expect heterogeneous MMPI profiles from PTSD patients representing a diversity of clinical symptoms and styles.","clinical article, disease severity, human, male, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, posttraumatic stress disorder, prisoner, review, soldier, substance abuse, war","Wise, E. A.",1996.0,,,0,0,
5925,Persistence of multiple illnesses in World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers: A cohort study,"More than 50 000 people participated in the rescue and recovery work that followed the Sept 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC). Multiple health problems in these workers were reported in the early years after the disaster. We report incidence and prevalence rates of physical and mental health disorders during the 9 years since the attacks, examine their associations with occupational exposures, and quantify physical and mental health comorbidities. In this longitudinal study of a large cohort of WTC rescue and recovery workers, we gathered data from 27 449 participants in the WTC Screening, Monitoring, and Treatment Program. The study population included police officers, firefighters, construction workers, and municipal workers. We used the Kaplan-Meier procedure to estimate cumulative and annual incidence of physical disorders (asthma, sinusitis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease), mental health disorders (depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], and panic disorder), and spirometric abnormalities. Incidence rates were assessed also by level of exposure (days worked at the WTC site and exposure to the dust cloud). 9-year cumulative incidence of asthma was 27·6 (number at risk: 7027), sinusitis 42·3 (5870), and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 39·3 (5650). In police officers, cumulative incidence of depression was 7·0 (number at risk: 3648), PTSD 9·3 (3761), and panic disorder 8·4 (3780). In other rescue and recovery workers, cumulative incidence of depression was 27·5 (number at risk: 4200), PTSD 31·9 (4342), and panic disorder 21·2 (4953). 9-year cumulative incidence for spirometric abnormalities was 41·8 (number at risk: 5769); three-quarters of these abnormalities were low forced vital capacity. Incidence of most disorders was highest in workers with greatest WTC exposure. Extensive comorbidity was reported within and between physical and mental health disorders. 9 years after the 9/11 WTC attacks, rescue and recovery workers continue to have a substantial burden of physical and mental health problems. These findings emphasise the need for continued monitoring and treatment of the WTC rescue and recovery population. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.",,"Wisnivesky, J. P., Teitelbaum, S. L., Todd, A. C., Boffetta, P., Crane, M., Crowley, L., De La Hoz, R. E., Dellenbaugh, C., Harrison, D., Herbert, R., Kim, H., Jeon, Y., Kaplan, J., Katz, C., Levin, S., Luft, B., Markowitz, S., Moline, J. M., Ozbay, F., Pietrzak, R. H., Shapiro, M., Sharma, V., Skloot, G., Southwick, S., Stevenson, L. A., Udasin, I., Wallenstein, S., Landrigan, P. J.",2011.0,,10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61180-X,0,0,
5926,A role for cannabinoid CB1 receptors in mood and anxiety disorders,"Mood and anxiety disorders, the most prevalent of the psychiatric disorders, cause immeasurable suffering worldwide. Despite impressive advances in pharmacological therapies, improvements in efficacy and side-effect profiles are needed. The present literature review examines the role that the endocannabinoid system may play in these disorders and the potential value of targeting this system in the search for novel and improved medications. Cannabis and its major psychoactive component (-)-trans-Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol, have profound effects on mood and can modulate anxiety and mood states. Cannabinoid receptors and other protein targets in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate endocannabinoid function have been described. The discovery of selective modulators of some of these sites that increase or decrease endocannabinoid neurotransmission, primarily through the most prominent of the cannabinoid receptors in the CNS, the CB1 receptors, combined with transgenic mouse technology, has enabled detailed investigations into the role of these CNS sites in the regulation of mood and anxiety states. Although data point to the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in anxiety states, the pharmacological evidence seems contradictory: both anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like effects have been reported with both endocannabinoid neurotransmission enhancers and blockers. Due to advances in the development of selective compounds directed at the CB1 receptors, significant progress has been made on this target Recent biochemical and behavioural findings have demonstrated that blockade of CB1 receptors engenders antidepressant-like neurochemical changes (increases in extracellular levels of monoamines in cortical but not subcortical brain regions) and behavioural effects consistent with antidepressant/antistress activity in rodents. © 2005 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.","Anxiety, Cannabinoids, CB1 receptors, Depression, Rimonabant","Witkin, J. M., Tzavara, E. T., Nomikos, G. G.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5927,"Prevalence, incidence and determinants of PTSD and other mental disorders: Design and methods of the PID-PTSD+3 study","Investigation of the prevalence, incidence, and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and other mental disorders associated with military deployment in international missions poses several methodological and procedural challenges. This paper describes the design and sampling strategies, instruments, and experimental procedures applied in a study programme aimed to examine military deployment-related mental health and disorders (prevalence and trajectories) and to identify vulnerability and risk factors (e.g. age, gender, type of mission, rank, and duration of deployment and a wide range of neurobiological, psychological, social, and behavioural factors). The study comprised two components. The first component, a cross-sectional study, included 1483 deployed and 889 non-deployed German soldiers (response rate, 93%) who served during the 2009 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission. A standardized diagnostic instrument (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI) coupled with established questionnaires was administered to detect and diagnose PTSD and a broad spectrum of mental disorders and mental health problems. The second component, a prospective-longitudinal study, included 621 soldiers examined before (2011) and after return (2012) from the ISAF mission. In addition to the CIDI and questionnaires, several experimental behavioural tests and biological markers were implemented to probe for incident mental disorders, mental health problems and risk factors. Our methods are expected to provide greater precision than previous studies for estimating the risk for incident deployment-related and non-deployment-related disorders and their risk factors. We expect the findings to advance our understanding of a wide spectrum of adverse mental health outcomes beyond PTSD. (copyright) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","hydrocortisone, adolescent, adult, age, algorithm, article, attention, chemistry, cognition, cross-sectional study, episodic memory, female, hair, human, incidence, longitudinal study, male, medical research, mental disease, mental health, metabolism, middle aged, neuropsychological test, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, psychological rating scale, questionnaire, risk factor, soldier, war","Wittchen, H. U., Schonfeld, S., Thurau, C., Trautmann, S., Galle, M., Mark, K., Hauffa, R., Zimmermann, P., Schaefer, J., Steudte, S., Siegert, J., Hofler, M., Kirschbaum, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5928,"Prevalence, incidence and determinants of PTSD and other mental disorders: Design and methods of the PID-PTSD+ 3 study","Investigation of the prevalence, incidence, and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and other mental disorders associated with military deployment in international missions poses several methodological and procedural challenges. This paper describes the design and sampling strategies, instruments, and experimental procedures applied in a study programme aimed to examine military deployment-related mental health and disorders (prevalence and trajectories) and to identify vulnerability and risk factors (e.g. age, gender, type of mission, rank, and duration of deployment and a wide range of neurobiological, psychological, social, and behavioural factors). The study comprised two components. The first component, a cross-sectional study, included 1483 deployed and 889 non-deployed German soldiers (response rate, 93%) who served during the 2009 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission. A standardized diagnostic instrument (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI) coupled with established questionnaires was administered to detect and diagnose PTSD and a broad spectrum of mental disorders and mental health problems. The second component, a prospective-longitudinal study, included 621 soldiers examined before (2011) and after return (2012) from the ISAF mission. In addition to the CIDI and questionnaires, several experimental behavioural tests and biological markers were implemented to probe for incident mental disorders, mental health problems and risk factors. Our methods are expected to provide greater precision than previous studies for estimating the risk for incident deployment-related and non-deployment-related disorders and their risk factors. We expect the findings to advance our understanding of a wide spectrum of adverse mental health outcomes beyond PTSD. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Combat, Comorbidity, Incidence, Prevalence, PTSD, Risk factors, Trauma mental disorders","Wittchen, H. U., Schönfeld, S., Thurau, C., Trautmann, S., Galle, M., Mark, K., Hauffa, R., Zimmermann, P., Schaefer, J., Steudte, S., Siegert, J., Höfler, M., Kirschbaum, C.",2012.0,,,0,0,5927
5929,Item order effects in the evaluation of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure,"Factor analytic research has demonstrated consistently that the 3-factor DSM-IV model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom structure provides a poorer fit than alternative 4-and 5-factor models. In the current study we examined whether order of item presentation accounts for these findings. In a large sample (N = 1,311) of trauma-exposed undergraduates we conducted a series of confirmatory factor analyses using the PTSD Checklist and Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, which present symptom items in the same order as DSM-IV, and the Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress, which presents items in a different order. Across all 3 measures the 3-factor DSM-IV model provided a relatively worse fit and the 5-factor dysphoric arousal model provided a relatively better fit compared with other tested models. We also examined the distinctiveness of 2 pairs of symptom clusters that appear in the dysphoric arousal model-avoidance versus numbing and dysphoric arousal versus anxious arousal-by comparing their patterns of associations with external correlates. Avoidance and numbing demonstrated differential associations with external correlates, as did dysphoric arousal and anxious arousal. Taken together, results indicate that order effects are unlikely to account for differences in relative fit between leading models of PTSD symptom structure. We discuss the need for future research in this area, especially studies designed to evaluate order effects more directly. © 2015 American Psychological Association.","Confirmatory factor analysis, PTSD symptom structure","Witte, T. K., Domino, J. L., Weathers, F. W.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5930,Psychological distress of rescue workers eight and one-half years after professional involvement in the Amsterdam air disaster,,,"Witteveen, A. B., Bramsen, I., Twisk, J. W. R., Huizink, A. C., Slottje, P., Smid, T., Ploeg, Van Der, M, H.",2007.0,2007,,0,0,
5931,Comorbidity in posttraumatic stress disorder: A structural equation modelling approach,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Existing theories consider comorbidity as a consequence of PTSD (model 1), PTSD and comorbidity as a consequence of shared factors of vulnerability (model 2), and comorbidity as a consequence of trauma-type specific mechanisms (model 3). Method: To compare the explanatory value of these models, we assessed PTSD (model 1), sense of coherence (model 2) and satisfaction with health (model 3) and symptoms of anxiety and depression as indicators of comorbidity 5 days (t1) and 6 months (t2) postaccident in 225 injured accident survivors. Structural equation models representing models 1 to 3 were tested separately and combined. Results: Combined, models 1 and 3 explained 82% of the variance of comorbid symptoms at t2. Posttraumatic stress disorder and satisfaction with health (t2) exerted strong influences on comorbid symptoms. Conclusion: Comorbidity besides PTSD is best described by an integration of competing explanatory models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Mental Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Structural Equation Modeling, Susceptibility (Disorders), Trauma","Wittmann, Lutz, Moergeli, Hanspeter, Martin-Soelch, Chantal, Znoj, Hansjoerg, Schnyder, Ulrich",2008.0,,,0,0,
5932,Re-establishment of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice is caused by monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain,"Background Persistent anxiety-like symptoms may have an inflammatory-related pathophysiology. Our previous work using repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice showed that recruitment of peripheral myeloid cells to the brain is required for the development of anxiety. Here, we aimed to determine if 1) RSD promotes prolonged anxiety through redistribution of myeloid cells and 2) prior exposure to RSD sensitizes the neuroimmune axis to secondary subthreshold stress. Methods Mice were subjected to RSD and several immune and behavioral parameters were determined.5, 8, or 24 days later. In follow-up studies, control and RSD mice were subjected to subthreshold stress at 24 days. Results Repeated social defeat-induced macrophage recruitment to the brain corresponded with development and maintenance of anxiety-like behavior 8 days after RSD, but neither remained at 24 days. Nonetheless, social avoidance and an elevated neuroinflammatory profile were maintained at 24 days. Subthreshold social defeat in RSD-sensitized mice increased peripheral macrophage trafficking to the brain that promoted re-establishment of anxiety. Moreover, subthreshold social defeat increased social avoidance in RSD-sensitized mice compared with naïve mice. Stress-induced monocyte trafficking was linked to redistribution of myeloid progenitor cells in the spleen. Splenectomy before subthreshold stress attenuated macrophage recruitment to the brain and prevented anxiety-like behavior in RSD-sensitized mice. Conclusions These data indicate that monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain contributes re-establishment of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice. These findings show that neuroinflammatory mechanisms promote mood disturbances following stress-sensitization and outline novel neuroimmune interactions that underlie recurring anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","Anxiety, microglia, monocytes, neuroinflammation, PTSD, stress","Wohleb, E. S., McKim, D. B., Shea, D. T., Powell, N. D., Tarr, A. J., Sheridan, J. F., Godbout, J. P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5933,Identifying crime victims who are at high risk for post traumatic stress disorder: Developing a practical referral instrument,"Objective: To construct a practical instrument for the identification and referral of crime victims who are at high risk for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Crime victims filing a complaint at a police station were asked to fill out a questionnaire probing risk factors for PTSD (n=126). One and 3 months later, these victims filled out a self-report version of the PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS-SR). Results: The combination of four items predicted persistent PTSD with a sensitivity of 1.00 and a specificity of 0.62. The items were: being victims of a violent crime, knowing the perpetrator, experiencing the results of the crime as worse than was expected, and blaming oneself for the event. Only 25% of PTSD cases received emotional support from a victim assistance organization. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that early detection of high-risk victims and their referral to treatment is both necessary and possible. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Crime Victims, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Victimization","Wohlfarth, T., Winkel, F. W., van den Brink, W.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5934,The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity in the axis ii domain,"Factor analytic work demonstrates that adult psychiatric comorbidity (i.e., the co-occurrence of two or more disorders) is explained by latent variables termed internalizing and externalizing. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) evidences a particularly diverse pattern of comorbidities across these spectra and across Axes I and II of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), however, no study has examined if these dimensions might account for PTSD-Axis II comorbidity and no study has broadly examined the applicability of this model to personality disorders (PDs). This study addressed this gap in the literature by evaluating an internalizing/externalizing model of PTSD-Axis II disorder comorbidity. Participants were 245 veterans and non-veterans with PTSD who completed self-report measures of PTSD (PTSD Checklist), trauma history (Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire), personality (Brief Form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire), and PD (Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality; SNAP). Following a series of preliminary analyses, a modified bifactor confirmatory factor analysis was fit to 35 SNAP parcels, created from the 10 DSM-IV SNAP PD scales. A model testing series provided evidence of a hierarchical structure in which nine lower-order common factors, indexing pathology ranging from aggression to dependency, accounted for covariance across subsets of SNAP parcels; the correlations among these factors were due to higher-order Internalizing and Externalizing PD common factors. Further, a general factor, reflecting boundary disturbances, accounted for additional covariance of nearly all the indicators, consistent with theory regarding the centrality of self-other relationship disturbances across Axis II. Structural equation modeling revealed that trait negative emotionality predicted both internalizing and externalizing, while low positive emotionality was specific to the former and low constraint specific to the latter; demographic and trauma-related covariates were also differentially associated with the factors. This work suggests continuity in the underlying structure of psychopathology across Axis I and II and raises questions regarding the organization of the Axis II disorders in DSM-IV. It also provides empirical evidence of a common disturbance in how individuals with PD features relate to others, a disturbance that may reflect the maladaptive poles of core, normal-range, and biological drives for affiliation and agency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Comorbidity, *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Wolf, Erika Jane",2010.0,,,0,0,
5935,The dissociative subtype of PTSD: A replication and extension,"Background The nature of the relationship between dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has clinical and nosological importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence for a dissociative subtype of PTSD in two independent samples and to examine the pattern of personality disorder (PD) comorbidity associated with the dissociative subtype of PTSD. Methods Latent profile analyses were conducted on PTSD and dissociation items reflecting derealization and depersonalization in two samples of archived data: Study 1 included 360 male Vietnam War Veterans with combat-related PTSD; Study 2 included 284 female Veterans and active duty service personnel with PTSD and a high base rate of exposure to sexual trauma. Results The latent profile analysis yielded evidence for a three-class solution in both samples: the model was defined by moderate and high PTSD classes and a class marked by high PTSD severity coupled with high levels of dissociation. Approximately 15% of the male sample and 30% of the female sample were classified into the dissociative class. Women (but not men) in the dissociative group exhibited higher levels of comorbid avoidant and borderline PD diagnoses. Conclusions Results provide support for a dissociative subtype of PTSD and also suggest that dissociation may play a role in the frequent co-occurrence of PTSD and borderline PD among women. These results are pertinent to the on-going revisions to the DSM and suggest that consideration should be given to incorporating a dissociative subtype into the revised PTSD criteria. Depression and Anxiety 00:1-10, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","dissociation, multivariate analysis, PTSD, taxonomy, Veterans","Wolf, E. J., Lunney, C. A., Miller, M. W., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Schnurr, P. P.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5936,The influence of the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder on treatment efficacy in female veterans and active duty service members,"OBJECTIVE: A dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was recently added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and is thought to be associated with poor PTSD treatment response. METHOD: We used latent growth curve modeling to examine data from a randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure and present-centered therapy for PTSD in a sample of 284 female veterans and active duty service members with PTSD to test the association between the dissociative subtype and treatment response. RESULTS: Individuals with the dissociative subtype (defined using latent profile analysis) had a flatter slope (p = .008) compared with those with high PTSD symptoms and no dissociation, such that the former group showed, on average, a 9.75 (95% confidence interval [-16.94, -2.57]) lesser decrease in PTSD severity scores on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (Blake et al., 1995) over the course of the trial. However, this effect was small in magnitude. Dissociative symptoms decreased markedly among those with the subtype, though neither treatment explicitly addressed such symptoms. There were no differences as a function of treatment type. CONCLUSIONS: Results raise doubt about the common clinical perception that exposure therapy is not effective or appropriate for individuals who have PTSD and dissociation, and provide empirical support for the use of exposure treatment for individuals with the dissociative subtype of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record",,"Wolf, E. J., Lunney, C. A., Schnurr, P. P.",2016.0,Jan,10.1037/ccp0000036,0,0,
5937,Personality-based latent classes of posttraumatic psychopathology: personality disorders and the internalizing/externalizing model,"Prior research using the Brief Form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ-BF; Patrick, Curtin, & Tellegen, 2002) has shown evidence of 3 temperament-based subtypes--termed internalizing, externalizing, and simple PTSD--among individuals with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Miller, Greif, & Smith, 2003). This study sought to replicate and extend research in this area by conducting a latent profile analysis of higher order temperament scales from the MPQ-BF using a new sample of 208 veterans with symptoms of PTSD. Results suggest that a 3-class solution reflecting internalizing, externalizing, and simple subtypes of posttraumatic psychopathology provided the best fit to the data. The externalizing subtype was characterized by features of antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders on the International Personality Disorder Examination (Loranger, 1999) as well as low levels of constraint and high levels of negative emotionality on the MPQ-BF. In contrast, individuals in the internalizing class exhibited features of schizoid and avoidant personality disorders, low levels of positive emotionality, and high levels of negative emotionality. The simple subtype was defined by low levels of comorbid personality disorder features and relatively normal personality profiles. Findings support the reliability of this typology and support the relevance of the internalizing and externalizing model to the structure of personality disorders. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved.",,"Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Harrington, K. M., Reardon, A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5938,ICD-11 Complex PTSD in US National and Veteran Samples: Prevalence and Structural Associations with PTSD,"The eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is under development and current proposals include major changes to trauma-related psychiatric diagnoses, including a heavily restricted definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the addition of complex PTSD (CPTSD). We aimed to test the postulates of CPTSD in samples of 2695 community participants and 323 trauma-exposed military veterans. CPTSD prevalence estimates were 0.6% and 13% in the community and veteran samples, respectively; one-quarter to one-half of those with PTSD met criteria for CPTSD. There were no differences in trauma exposure across diagnoses. A factor mixture model with two latent dimensional variables and four latent classes provided the best fit in both samples: classes differed by their level of symptom severity but did not differ as a function of the proposed PTSD versus CPTSD diagnoses. These findings should raise concerns about the distinctions between CPTSD and PTSD proposed for ICD-11.","Icd, complex posttraumatic stress disorder, factor mixture model, taxonomy","Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., Friedman, M. J.",2015.0,Mar,10.1177/2167702614545480,0,0,
5939,A latent class analysis of dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for a dissociative subtype,"Context: The nature of the relationship of dissociation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is controversial and of considerable clinical and nosologic importance. Objectives: To examine evidence for a dissociative subtype of PTSD and to examine its association with different types of trauma. Design: A latent profile analysis of cross-sectional data from structured clinical interviews indexing DSM-IV symptoms of current PTSD and dissociation. Settings: The VA Boston Healthcare System and the New Mexico VA Health Care System. Participants: A total of 492 veterans and their intimate partners, all of whom had a history of trauma. Participants reported exposure to a variety of traumatic events, including combat, childhood physical and sexual abuse, partner abuse, motor vehicle accidents, and natural disasters, with most participants reporting exposure to multiple types of traumatic events. Forty-two percent of the sample met the criteria for a current diagnosis of PTSD. Main Outcome Measures: Item-level scores on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Results: A latent profile analysis suggested a 3-class solution: a low PTSD severity subgroup, a high PTSD severity subgroup characterized by elevations across the 17 core symptoms of the disorder, and a small but distinctly dissociative subgroup that composed 12% of individuals with a current diagnosis of PTSD. The latter group was characterized by severe PTSD symptoms combined with marked elevations on items assessing flashbacks, derealization, and depersonalization. Individuals in this subgroup also endorsed greater exposure to childhood and adult sexual trauma compared with the other 2 groups, suggesting a possible etiologic link with the experience of repeated sexual trauma. Conclusions: These results support the subtype hypothesis of the association between PTSD and dissociation and suggest that dissociation is a highly salient facet of posttraumatic psychopathology in a subset of individuals with the disorder.",,"Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Reardon, A. F., Ryabchenko, K. A., Castillo, D., Freund, R.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5940,Combat exposure severity as a moderator of genetic and environmental liability to post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Twin studies of veterans and adults suggest that approximately 30-46% of the variance in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is attributable to genetic factors. The remaining variance is attributable to the non-shared environment, which, by definition, includes combat exposure. This study used a gene by measured environment twin design to determine whether the effects of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the etiology of PTSD are dependent on the level of combat exposure. Method: The sample was drawn from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry (VETR) and included 620 male-male twin pairs who served in the US Military in South East Asia during the Vietnam War era. Analyses were based on data from a clinical diagnostic interview of lifetime PTSD symptoms and a self-report measure of combat exposure. Results: Biometric modeling revealed that the effects of genetic and non-shared environment factors on PTSD varied as a function of level of combat exposure such that the association between these factors and PTSD was stronger at higher levels of combat exposure. Conclusions: Combat exposure may act as a catalyst that augments the impact of hereditary and environmental contributions to PTSD. Individuals with the greatest exposure to combat trauma were at increased risk for PTSD as a function of both genetic and environmental factors. Additional work is needed to determine the biological and environmental mechanisms driving these associations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Combat Experience, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Environment, Genetics, Susceptibility (Disorders), Twins","Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Koenen, K. C., Miller, M. W.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5941,The Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale: Initial Evaluation in a National Sample of Trauma-Exposed Veterans,"The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual includes a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, but no existing measures specifically assess it. This article describes the initial evaluation of a 15-item self-report measure of the subtype called the Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (DSPS) in an online survey of 697 trauma-exposed military veterans representative of the U.S. veteran population. Exploratory factor analyses of the lifetime DSPS items supported the intended structure of the measure consisting of three factors reflecting derealization/depersonalization, loss of awareness, and psychogenic amnesia. Consistent with prior research, latent profile analyses assigned 8.3% of the sample to a highly dissociative class distinguished by pronounced symptoms of derealization and depersonalization. Overall, results provide initial psychometric support for the lifetime DSPS scales; additional research in clinical and community samples is needed to further validate the measure.","Ptsd, dissociative subtype, latent profile analysis, psychometric","Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Sadeh, N., Hein, C., Fuhrman, I., Pietrzak, R. H., Miller, M. W.",2015.0,Nov 23,10.1177/1073191115615212,0,0,
5942,Prolonged Exposure Therapy With Veterans and Active Duty Personnel Diagnosed With PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury,"The present study used archival clinical data to analyze the delivery and effectiveness of prolonged exposure (PE) and ancillary services for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans (N = 69) with histories of mild to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data from standard clinical assessments of veterans and active duty personnel treated in both inpatient and outpatient programs at 2 Department of Veteran Affairs medical centers were examined. Symptoms were assessed with self-report measures of PTSD (PTSD Checklist) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) before and throughout therapy. Mixed linear models were utilized to determine the slope of reported symptoms throughout treatment, and the effects associated with fixed factors such as site, treatment setting (residential vs. outpatient), and TBI severity were examined. Results demonstrated significant decreases in PTSD, B = -3.00, 95% CI [-3.22, -2.78]; t(210) = -13.5; p < .001, and in depressive symptoms, B = -1.46, 95% CI [-1.64, -1.28]; t(192) = -8.32; p < .001. The effects of PE treatment did not differ by clinical setting and participants with moderate to severe injuries reported more rapid gains than those with a history of mild TBI. The results provide evidence that PE may well be effective for veterans with PTSD and TBI.",,"Wolf, G. K., Kretzmer, T., Crawford, E., Thors, C., Wagner, H. R., Strom, T. Q., Eftekhari, A., Klenk, M., Hayward, L., Vanderploeg, R. D.",2015.0,Aug,10.1002/jts.22029,0,0,
5943,No morning cortisol response in patients with severe global amnesia,"Activity of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is characterized by a pronounced circadian rhythm. An acute increase in cortisol levels occurs after awakening in the morning with continuously declining levels over the course of the remaining day. The morning cortisol increase probably reflects an activational response of the HPA axis aimed at preparing the body for the day. Some studies found patterns of enhanced or blunted waking cortisol responses observed under chronic stress, burnout, or post traumatic stress disorder.The present study wanted to characterize the morning cortisol response and the circadian cortisol day profile in a sample of six male patients with severe amnesia due to hypoxia, herpes simplex encephalitis or closed head injury. Age and gender matched relatives or friends served as controls. Cortisol was measured from saliva samples collected at home on two consecutive days. The patients were woken up in the morning by their partners or caregivers. The morning cortisol increase typically observed in healthy subjects and also observed in the control group was absent in the amnesic patients. In contrast, a normal circadian day profile was found in the amnesic patients, with a pronounced circadian cortisol decrease. Further studies are needed to understand the neurological or psychological mechanisms leading to a missing morning cortisol response in amnesic patients. (copyright) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","hydrocortisone, adult, amnesia, article, circadian rhythm, clinical article, controlled study, disease severity, head injury, herpes simplex encephalitis, hormone response, human, hydrocortisone release, hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system, hypoxia, male, priority journal, saliva analysis, saliva level","Wolf, O. T., Fujiwara, E., Luwinski, G., Kirschbaum, C., Markowitsch, H. J.",2005.0,,,0,0,
5944,On the horizon: Research priorities in burns for the next decade,"This review demonstrates that many advances have been made in burn care that have made dramatic differences in mortality, clinical outcomes, and quality of life in burn survivors; however, much work remains. In reality, the current standard of care is insufficient and we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. We must strive for the following goals: no deaths due to burn, no scarring, and no pain. These particular goals have only begun to be confronted. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.","Burn care, Inflammation, Pain, Scarring","Wolf, S. E., Tompkins, R. G., Herndon, D. N.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.suc.2014.05.012,0,0,
5945,Reassessing War Stress: Exposure and the Persian Gulf War,,,"Wolfe, J., Brown, P. J., Kelley, J. M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
5946,Trauma-related psychophysiological reactivity in women exposed to war-zone stress,"Women are at particular risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but surprisingly little is known about their objective manifestations of the disorder's hallmark symptoms. Although research suggests that people with PTSD exhibit physiological reactivity to the presentation of trauma-related cues, the majority of studies to date have focused on men. We assessed the physiological reactions of three groups of trauma-exposed female Vietnam veterans (those with current PTSD, lifetime PTSD, or no PTSD) to war-related stimuli. Responses of women with current PTSD differed significantly from those without PTSD on skin conductance and systolic blood pressure, and mean levels of reactivity for women with lifetime PTSD fell between the other two groups. Although symptom severity was correlated with physiologic reactivity overall, results suggested differential relationships at the symptom cluster level. Study results replicate earlier findings with men and extend knowledge of autonomic reactivity to an important group of female survivors. (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","adult, article, clinical article, controlled study, disease severity, female, human, injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychometry, psychophysiology, skin conductance, soldier, symptomatology, systolic blood pressure, Viet Nam","Wolfe, J., Chrestman, K. R., Ouimette, P. C., Kaloupek, D., Harley, R. M., Bucsela, M.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5947,Risk factors for multisymptom illness in US Army veterans of the Gulf War,"This research study examined the prevalence of symptoms and identified risk factors for reported symptoms among a group of Army Gulf War (GW) veterans. A survey was mailed to all members of the Ft. Devens cohort in 1997, representing the third assessment of a group that consisted of 2949 US Army soldiers deployed to the Gulf, and was studied initially in 1991. A total of 1290 subjects responded to the mailed survey; aggressive follow-up methods to address non-response bias were employed. Subjects were classified as having multisymptom illness if they reported symptoms from at least two of three symptom categories (fatigue, mood-cognition, musculoskeletal). Sixty percent of the respondents met criteria for multisymptom illness. Female gender, lower levels of education, psychological symptoms, self-reported use of a medical clinic in the Gulf, ingestion of anti-nerve gas pills (pyridostigmine bromide), anthrax vaccination, tent heaters, exposure to oil fire smoke, and chemical odors were significantly related to multisymptom illness in logistic regression analyses. Analyses in which subjects were stratified by level of psychological symptoms revealed different sets of GW-service environmental exposures and suggest that subgroups of GW veterans may have different sets of risk factors.","Adult, Age Distribution, Chronic Disease, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Odds Ratio, Persian Gulf Syndrome/*diagnosis/*epidemiology, Prevalence, Probability, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Distribution, Sickness Impact Profile, United States/epidemiology, Veterans/*statistics & numerical data","Wolfe, J., Proctor, S. P., Erickson, D. J., Hu, H.",2002.0,Mar,,0,0,
5948,Trauma exposure and mental health characteristics of incarcerated females self-referred to specialty PTSD treatment,"Objectives: This study examined the traumatic and stressful event exposure history and psychiatric health characteristics of soon-to-be released female inmates who self-referred to specialty post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment. Methods: The final sample (N=209) included female prison inmates aged 18 or older who were assessed for trauma exposure and axis I disorders with standardized clinical instruments. Results: The rate of serious mental disorders was high. Presence of psychiatric disorders was significantly associated with a history of traumatic event exposure and full or subthreshold PTSD, and high rates of overall traumatic event exposure (88%) and childhood sexual or physical trauma (74%). Descriptive profiles of specific lifetime traumatic and stressful events were associated with psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Findings suggest strong behavioral effects associated with lifetime traumatic and stressful event histories and indicate major psychiatric health care needs among female prison inmates that are likely unmet by existing services.",,"Wolff, N., Frueh, C., Shi, J., Gerardi, D., Fabrikant, N., Schumann, B. E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5949,The mother-child dyad facing trauma: A developmental outlook,"The effects of trauma in children are amply documented. This paper investigated the relationship between children's age and posttraumatic clusters of symptoms 30 months after the end of the Gulf War and the mother's reaction to the trauma 6 and 30 months after the war. Fifty-one children aged 6 to 8 years (3 to 5 years during the war) and their mothers were interviewed. Results showed no age differences in the various posttraumatic symptoms of the children. Correlations between the children's posttraumatic symptoms and both the general and the specific posttraumatic symptoms of their mothers were positive and significant in the 6-year-olds, positive and nonsignificant in the 7-year-olds, and nonsignificant and mostly negative in the 8- year-olds. These findings may reflect the developmental changes that render the older child more autonomous and the younger child rigidly attached to the mother after a traumatic event.",,"Wolmer, L., Laor, N., Gershon, A., Mayes, L. C., Cohen, D. J.",2000.0,,,0,0,
5950,Trial of an electronic decision support system to facilitate shared decision making in community mental health,"Objectives: Involvement of community mental health consumers in mental health decision making has been consistently associated with improvements in health outcomes. Electronic decision support systems (EDSSs) that support both consumer and provider decision making may be a sustainable way to improve dyadic communication in a field with approximately 50% workforce turnover per year. This study examined the feasibility of such a system and investigated proximal outcomes of the system's performance. Methods: A cluster randomized design was used to evaluate an EDSS at three urban community mental health sites. Case managers (N=20) were randomly assigned to the EDSS-supported planning group or to the usual care planning group. Consumers (N=80) were assigned to the same group as their case managers. User satisfaction with the care planning process was assessed for consumers and case managers (possible scores range from 1 to 5, with higher summary scores indicating more satisfaction). Recall of the care plan was assessed for consumers. Linear regression with adjustment for grouping by worker was used to assess satisfaction scores. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to examine knowledge of the care plan. Results: Compared with case managers in the control group, those in the intervention group were significantly more satisfied with the care planning process (mean±SD score=4.0±.5 versus 3.3±.5; adjusted p=.01). Compared with consumers in the control group, those in the intervention group had significantly greater recall of their care plans three days after the planning session (mean proportion of plan goals recalled=75%±28% versus 57%±32%; p=.02). There were no differences between the clients in the intervention and control groups regarding satisfaction. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that clients can build their own care plans and negotiate and revise them with their case managers using an EDSS.",,"Woltmann, E. M., Wilkniss, S. M., Teachout, A., McHugo, G. J., Drake, R. E.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5951,Health-related quality of life after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: profile and clinical factors,"BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life has recently been suggested as a supplement to the traditional neurological outcome measures from the patient's perspective according to the World Health Organization model and may capture the effects of other factors such as posttraumatic stress disorder and neuroendocrine dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To explore the profile and clinical factors of quality of life after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using the data we obtained from the recently completed Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (IMASH) trial. METHODS: This study was registered at www.strokecenter.org/trials and www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00124150). Data from a patient cohort obtained with the Short Form-36 questionnaire completed at 6 months were used for analysis. RESULTS: Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage demonstrated a decrease in quality of life according to the Short Form-36 at 6 months. The physical and mental health scores correlated with the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and had the potential to avoid the ceiling effect. Multiple regression analyses showed that the physical component scores were related to age, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade, and chronic hydrocephalus and that the mental component scores were not related to the traditional prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Subarachnoid hemorrhage caused a decrease in quality of life. Chronic hydrocephalus is related to a decrease in physical health quality of life.","Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use, Female, *Glasgow Outcome Scale, Humans, Magnesium Sulfate/therapeutic use, Male, Middle Aged, *Quality of Life, Questionnaires, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/*complications/drug therapy, Young Adult","Wong, G. K., Poon, W. S., Boet, R., Chan, M. T., Gin, T., Ng, S. C., Zee, B. C.",2011.0,Jun,10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820cd40d,0,0,
5952,Health-related quality of life after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Profile and clinical factors,"Background: Health-related quality of life has recently been suggested as a supplement to the traditional neurological outcome measures from the patient's perspective according to the World Health Organization model and may capture the effects of other factors such as posttraumatic stress disorder and neuroendocrine dysfunction. Objective: To explore the profile and clinical factors of quality of life after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using the data we obtained from the recently completed Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (IMASH) trial. Methods: This study was registered at www.strokecenter.org/trials and www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00124150). Data from a patient cohort obtained with the Short Form-36 questionnaire completed at 6 months were used for analysis. Results: Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage demonstrated a decrease in quality of life according to the Short Form-36 at 6 months. The physical and mental health scores correlated with the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and had the potential to avoid the ceiling effect. Multiple regression analyses showed that the physical component scores were related to age, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade, and chronic hydrocephalus and that the mental component scores were not related to the traditional prognostic factors. Conclusion: Subarachnoid hemorrhage caused a decrease in quality of life. Chronic hydrocephalus is related to a decrease in physical health quality of life. Copyright © 2011 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.","Aneurysm, Hydrocephalus, Outcome, Quality of life, Subarachnoid hemorrhage","Wong, G. K. C., Poon, W. S., Boet, R., Chan, M. T. V., Gin, T., Ng, S. C. P., Zee, B. C. Y.",2011.0,,,0,0,5951
5953,A Meta-Analtyic Review of Studies on the Mental Health of Chinese Victims with History of Childhood Physical Abuse,"Background: Childhood physical abuse (CPA) is an international phenomenon. Rapid social changes in Chinese societies over the recent decades have raised public concern and research into CPA. The relationship between CPA and psychiatric conditions is well established in western countries. However, the questions of whether this link exists in the Chinese context and, if exists, how strong the association is remain uncertain. Objectives: To examine the impact of CPA on mental health in the Chinese context, we performed a meta-analytic review of relevant studies published up to April 2013. Methods: Literature search strategies included a comprehensive online search of three English databases and one Chinese database. Studies were included if all participants were Chinese; the study used an observational design to study the link between CPA and mental health; participantsnull mental well-being was assessed with objective measures and/or diagnostic interviews. We extracted data on publication details and methodological characteristics including the participantsnull mental health outcomes and then conducted a meta-analytic examination of the data. Results: Total 24 effect size measures from 22 studies were included in this review. All studies were retrospective: 5 studies on antisocial personality disorder (APD; 4 on its tendency and 1 on its diagnosis), 5 on borderline personality disorder (BPD; 4 on its tendency and 1 on its diagnosis), 6 on depression (5 on its symptom and 1 on its diagnosis), 2 on anxious symptoms, 2 on cluster-B personality disorders, 2 on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 1 on conduct disorder (CD) and 1 on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Our results revealed significant association between CPA and mental health (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.87-2.49). According to Cohennulls calculations, this corresponds to a small-to-medium effect. Specifically, CPA in the Chinese context was associated with APD, BPD, cluster-B personality disorders, conduct disorder, depression, anxious symptoms, and PTSD. Methodological factors and sample characteristics appear to affect the findings of the included studies. We found stronger CPA-mental health association in studies with high-risk sample (criminals) than those with low-risk sample (students). Moreover, the statistical significance of the association appears to partly depend on the use of standardized assessment tool. Conclusions: This meta-analytic review is the first to examine the impact of CPA on Chinese mental health. Our findings replicate the western evidence that childhood abuse in the form of severe physical discipline can contribute to later adverse mental health and highlight the need for more effective policies and interventions to address the hidden costs of CPA for Chinese societies.","pamidronic acid, human, Hong Kong, victim, pediatric nurse, childhood, society, physical abuse, mental health, diagnosis, data base, personality disorder, organization, conduct disorder, risk, posttraumatic stress disorder, statistical significance, non profit organization, interview, obsessive compulsive disorder, wellbeing, borderline state, antisocial personality disorder, effect size, examination, social change, abuse, policy, student, offender","Wong, R. S., Ling, S. L., Ho, K. W., Ip, P.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5954,A prospective study on the association between caregiver psychological symptomatology and symptom clusters of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder,"This study investigated the influence of caregiver psychological symptoms on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in traumatized children. One-hundred eleven children and caretakers were assessed in this study. Children (N = 59) with a history of exposure to interpersonal violence were evaluated for reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA). The 52 primary caregivers were evaluated using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) on 9 domains of psychological symptomatology: anxiety, depression, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, paranoid ideation, phobic anxiety, psychoticism, and somatization. At 14-month follow-up, 45 of the children were re-evaluated with the CAPS-CA. Caregiver psychological symptoms in the domains of anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and paranoid ideation were associated with less improvement in total pediatric PTSD symptoms. Analysis of PTSD symptoms by cluster showed that greater caregiver symptomatology in the domains of anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, and obsessive-compulsive disorder were associated with less improvement in the hyperarousal symptom cluster. These results suggest caregiver symptomatology may be specifically associated with hyperarousal symptoms in pediatric trauma. Copyright © 2013 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Wong, S. S., Kletter, H., Wong, Y., Carrion, V. G.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5955,Violence exposure and PTSD among delinquent girls,"This study focuses on the unique trauma histories of incarcerated girls. In particular, this study draws upon data obtained from 100 incarcerated adolescent girls, highlighting areas of similarity to and difference from incarcerated boys, including: overall levels of traumatic violence exposure, exposure to unique forms of traumatic violence, psychological symptomatology, and hypothesized trajectories of involvement in serious delinquent activity. In addition, a case example is presented to illustrate our hypotheses about the trajectories of adolescent girls' involvement in serious delinquent behavior, as well as the prominent role of early trauma histories and repeat victimization in these trajectories. (copyright) 2002 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","adolescent, child behavior, exposure, female, human, juvenile delinquency, major clinical study, posttraumatic stress disorder, prison, review, sexual abuse, symptomatology, victim, violence","Wood, J., Foy, D. W., Goguen, C. A., Pynoos, R., James, C. B.",2002.0,,,0,0,
5956,MACI Scores of African American Males in a Forensic Setting: Are We Measuring What We Think We Are Measuring?,"In this study, confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine scores on the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) in adolescent, African American males in a forensic setting (N = 496; Mage= 15.96, SDage= 1.32). Results from the study do not support the model proposed by Millon and suggest the MACI may not yield valid or reliable scores in forensic populations of adolescent, African American males. Because MACI scores could be misleading in African American males, the authors argue that the MACI and other trait-scales not validated in this group be used with extreme cautionnullespecially in settings where African Americans are disproportionately represented.","adolescent, adult, African American, article, concurrent validity, construct validity, discriminant analysis, factor saturation, factorial analysis, human, intellectual impairment, internal consistency, male, Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory, named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales, statistical parameters, structural validity, test retest reliability, validity","Woodland, M. H., Andretta, J. R., Moore, J. A., Bennett, M. T., Worrell, F. C., Barnes, M. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5957,When a soldier returns home from Iraq and/or Afghanistan with post-traumatic stress disorder: The lived experience of the spouse,"This study takes a broad look at the effects of a soldier's post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology on the dependent spouse, including anger, emotional distancing, and sleep disturbances a discussed by the participants. Domestic violence in the relationship was suggested to be one of the major factors in the participant's decision-making process. This study can be used as a first step in the development of programs aimed at maintaining family unity as well as increasing the safety of family members. This study is designed to investigate feelings, experiences, and major decisions military dependent spouses make when their Army soldier returns from Iraq and/or Afganistan with PTSD. This study uses qualitative methodology to obtain rich descriptions of the feelings and experiences of military dependants due to the soldier's PTSD symptomology. This study is meant to give other researchers a foundation upon which to create treatment methods that will benefit the Army community. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Countries, *Life Experiences, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Spouses, Emotional Trauma, Sleep","Woods, Janelle N.",2010.0,,,0,0,
5958,Physical health and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in women experiencing intimate partner violence,"This correlational-predictive study addresses the associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) and physical health and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including: 1) detailed physical health symptoms reported and health care sought by women in intimate abusive relationships, 2) relationships between physical health symptoms, IPV, and PTSD, and 3) unique predictors of physical health symptoms. An ethnically diverse sample of 157 abused women was recruited from crisis shelters and the community. The women averaged almost 34 years of age and had been in the abusive relationship for slightly more than 5 years. The women experienced physical health symptoms falling into 4 groups: neuromuscular, stress, sleep, and gynecologic symptoms. Women experiencing more severe IPV reported more physical health and PTSD symptomatology. PTSD avoidance and threats of violence or risk of homicide uniquely predicted physical health. More than 75% of the women had sought treatment from a health care professional in the previous 9 months. Implications for practice are discussed.","Adolescent, Adult, *Battered Women/psychology, Child, Cluster Analysis, Disease/*etiology, Female, Genital Diseases, Female/etiology, Health Status, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuromuscular Diseases/etiology, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sleep Disorders/etiology, *Spouse Abuse/psychology, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*etiology, Stress, Psychological/etiology, Young Adult","Woods, S. J., Hall, R. J., Campbell, J. C., Angott, D. M.",2008.0,Nov-Dec,10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.07.004,0,1,
5959,"Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters, and physical health symptoms in postabused women","The purpose of this retrospective, descriptive-correlational research was to examine the relationships between violent and nonviolent trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its symptom clusters of avoidance, intrusive/re-experiencing, and hyperarousal, and self-reported physical health symptoms in 50 postabused women. Results indicated: (1) PTSD hyperarousal and avoidance symptom clusters were positively associated with physical health symptoms, and (2) childhood physical abuse accounted for a significant and unique portion of the variance in physical health symptoms. The results highlight the need for health care practitioners in all settings to assess for a history of trauma in a woman's life.","Adult, Battered Women/*psychology, Cluster Analysis, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychophysiologic Disorders/*epidemiology/etiology, Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*epidemiology/psychology","Woods, S. J., Wineman, N. M.",2004.0,Feb,,0,0,
5960,The Effectiveness of the Personality Assessment Inventory With Feigned PTSD: An Initial Investigation of Resnick’s Model of Malingering,"Malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) poses a formidable clinical challenge because of the apparent ease in feigning PTSD. As an additional confound, some patients with genuine PTSD produce elevated profiles on feigning indicators that are difficult to distinguish from feigned PTSD. The current study utilized 109 inpatients from a trauma unit to examine whether the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress can effectively differentiate between genuine and feigned PTSD. As a primary focus, Resnick’s model of malingered PTSD was evaluated with its three subtypes: pure malingering, partial malingering, and false imputation. They were tested on their ability to (a) effectively simulate PTSD and (b) avoid being classified as feigning. The partial malingering group proved to be the best feigning group in achieving these two goals. Overall, the Personality Assessment Inventory Malingering Index and Negative Distortion Scale were the most effective at identifying feigning. © The Author(s) 2014.","DAPS, feigning, malingering, PAI, Personality Assessment Inventory, PTSD","Wooley, C. N., Rogers, R.",2015.0,,10.1177/1073191114552076,0,0,
5961,The relationship between gender and hippocampal volume in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis,"Objective: Epidemiologic studies show a higher point prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women than in men, and gender may moderate hippocampal volume deficits in PTSD according to a recent meta-analysis. It was unknown whether these meta-analytic findings were susceptible to publication bias or could have been due to the small number of studies identified in each disjoint cluster analysis. Inclusion of studies in which non-PTSD subjects were recruited into the PTSD group may have confounded the findings, and it is unclear which sex moderated the hippocampal volume deficits. Our objective was to use random-effects meta-regression to assess gender effect on hippocampal volume in PTSD. Data Selection: Using the terms posttraumatic stress disorder, gender, MRI, hippocampus, trauma, and abuse, we searched electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles up to April 2009 containing data for hippocampal volume and gender composition in PTSD adults compared with healthy controls. We identified 24 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data Synthesis: We calculated differences in hippocampal mean volumes across groups with effect sizes (g) and used the percentage of men with PTSD as a continuous moderating variable. Compared with controls, we found a smaller right (g = -.60, p = .001) and left (g = - .58, p = .001) hippocampus in PTSD, but gender did not moderate any effect sizes (right: Z = -.32, p = .75; left: Z = .19, p = .85). Conclusions: The lack of gender moderation on hippocampal volume suggests that hippocampal volume deficits in PTSD are independent of gender.","phosphorus 32, posttraumatic stress disorder, gender, neuropsychology, meta analysis, adult, effect size, hippocampus, injury, abuse, data synthesis, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, data base, sex ratio, cluster analysis, epidemiology, prevalence, female, publishing","Woon, F. M., Hedges, D. W.",2009.0,,,0,0,
5962,A Bioecological Model of Deployment Risk and Resilience,"A deployment risk and resilience model is proposed to describe military service and deployment-related factors influencing post-deployment reintegration and post-deployment behavioral health. Adapted from the resiliency model, it is a multiphasic framework consistent with biopsychosocial and strengths-based perspectives by focusing on vulnerability, risk, and resilience resulting from military service, deployment experiences, and feedback loops that occur over the life course. The article is divided into three broad sections that discuss (1) theoretical underpinnings of the model, (2) key components of the model, and (3) future directions for military social work practice. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.","behavioral health, Deployment risk and resilience model, military deployments, military social work, post-deployment reintegration trajectories, resiliency theory","Wooten, N. R.",2013.0,,10.1080/10911359.2013.795049,0,0,
5963,Military social work: Opportunities and challenges for social work education,"Military social work is a specialized field of practice spanning the micro-macro continuum and requiring advanced social work knowledge and skills. The complex behavioral health problems and service needs of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans highlight the need for highly trained social work professionals who can provide militarily relevant and culturally responsive evidence-informed services. Responding to the military behavioral health workforce and service needs of recently returned veterans presents both opportunities and challenges for military social work education. This article discusses the rationale for a military social work specialization, the need for military social work education, and opportunities and challenges for social work education. An integrated model of intellectual capital is proposed to guide strategic planning for future military social work education. Copyright © 2015 Council on Social Work Education.",,"Wooten, N. R.",2015.0,,10.1080/10437797.2015.1001274,0,0,
5964,Guest editorial - Introduction to the special issue,,,"Wooten, N. R., Smith-Osborne, A., Hassan, A.",2015.0,,10.1080/10437797.2015.1001269,0,0,
5965,When range of motion is not enough: Towards an evidence-based approach to medico-legal reporting in whiplash injury,Whiplash injury medico-legal reporting has traditionally been focused upon identifying restrictions in range of motion and identifying the presence of tender areas in the cervical spine in an effort both to diagnose the condition and to offer a prognosis. There have been considerable advances in this field over the last decade however that calls into question such a diminutive approach. This paper reviews the contemporary evidence base for the medico-legal assessment of whiplash injury and identifies a body of literature that strongly implicates a Claimant's physiological and psychological stress response as a key medico-legal marker in predicting prognosis following whiplash injury. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.,"Medico-legal, Prognosis, Whiplash","Worsfold, C.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.jflm.2014.04.013,0,0,
5966,Determinants of resource needs and utilization among refugees over time,"PURPOSE: This study examined refugees' resource needs and utilization over time, investigated the relationships between pre-displacement/socio-demographic variables and resource needs and utilization, and explored the role of resource needs and utilization on psychiatric symptom trajectories. METHODS: Iraqi refugees to the United States (N = 298) were assessed upon arrival and at 1-year intervals for 2 years for socio-demographic variables and pre-displacement trauma experiences, their need for and utilization of 14 different resources, and PTSD and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Although refugees reported reduction of some needs over time (e.g., need for cash assistance declined from 99 to 71 %), other needs remained high (e.g., 99 % of refugees reported a need for health care at the 2-year interview). Generally, the lowest needs were reported after 2 years, and the highest utilization occurred during the first year post-arrival. Pre-displacement trauma exposure predicted high health care needs but not high health care utilization. Both high need for and use of health care predicted increasing PTSD and depressive symptoms. Specifically, increased use of psychological care across the three measurement waves predicted more PTSD and depression symptoms at the 2-year interview. CONCLUSIONS: Differences emerged between need for and actual use of resources, especially for highly trauma-exposed refugees. Resettlement agencies and assistance programs should consider the complex relationships between resource needs, resource utilization, and mental health during the early resettlement period.","Depression, Ptsd, Refugees, Resource need, Resource utilization","Wright, A. M., Aldhalimi, A., Lumley, M. A., Jamil, H., Pole, N., Arnetz, J. E., Arnetz, B. B.",2015.0,Sep 14,10.1007/s00127-015-1121-3,0,0,
5967,The evaluation of Franco-Quebec victims of child sexual abuse and their mothers: The implementation of a standard assessment protocol,"Objective: There were two aims: first, to evaluate the feasibility of applying a standard assessment protocol to Franco-Quebec victims of child sexual abuse and nonoffending mothers; and second, to compare results from an initial sample with available data from English-speaking samples. Method: A standard individual case study design was used for victims and mothers, and the satisfaction of the nine participating youth workers was assessed. Four self-report instruments for victims and five for mothers were chosen on the bases of workers priorities, sensitivity to the impact of CSA, and the availability of published norms on English-speaking samples. Results are reported on 48 confirmed victims and 40 nonoffending mothers. Results: The protocol was favorably received by the CPS workers, supervisors and all mothers and victims. Percentages of clinically distressed victims varied from highs of 68% on the externalization difficulties of the Child Behavior Checklist and 67% for 2- to 6-year-olds on the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory, to lows of 10% on hostility symptoms and 13% on the Dissociation Scale of the Trauma Symptom Check for Children. The rate of symptom-free children was lower (19%) and that of revictimization higher (30%) than most published estimates (Kendall-Tackett, Williams, and Finkelhor, 1993). Most mothers reported elevated emotional distress (depression, 59%) and symptoms of post-traumatic stress (intrusiveness, 67%). Although 87% of mothers believed the allegations, only 45% offered adequate emotional support. Conclusion: The implementation phase of this research was successful, given the positive reactions of workers and clients. Results on standard instruments from this French-speaking sample were similar to profiles of English-speaking victims and their mothers but finn conclusions on appropriate norms will require larger samples, cross cultural contrasts, and the evaluation of additional variables.","Assessment, Children, Francophone, Sexual abuse","Wright, J., Friedrich, W. N., Cyr, M., Theriault, C., Perron, A., Lussier, Y., Sabourin, S.",1998.0,,,0,0,
5968,Functional impairment as a variable in adjustment post-combat,"This study examined how functional impairment relates to postcombat adjustment over time, controlling for the influence of combat exposure. Analyses used sequential random coefficient models to examine 2 hypotheses: a) combat exposure and functional impairment predict the change in posttraumatic stress, depression, and anger/ aggression symptoms during the first year postcombat; and b) combat exposure and functional impairment at reintegration predict symptom scores at 1 year postdeployment. A Brigade Combat Team completed surveys at reintegration, 4 months, and 12 months after a 1-year deployment to Iraq. Soldiers reporting high functional impairment at reintegration had higher symptoms at both follow-up periods, and functional impairment was a significant predictor of symptoms at the last time point, even after accounting for the influence of combat exposure. There was also an interaction effect, such that functional impairment exacerbated the impact of combat exposure on posttraumatic stress and anger/aggression symptoms at 12 months postdeployment. © 2014 American Psychological Association.","Anger/aggression, Depression, Functional impairment, Postcombat recovery, Posttraumatic stress disorder","Wright, K. M., Cabrera, O. A., Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D.",2013.0,,10.1037/mil0000018,0,0,
5969,Community needs among service members after return from combat deployment,"To build on research concerning the development of postdeployment community-based programs, we surveyed active duty soldiers from two Brigade Combat Teams (N = 693; N = 1,385) after return from a combat deployment. The Brigade Combat Teams were located on different installations in rural areas representing 2 large military communities. The survey included an assessment about a range of community services (social events, cultural integration opportunities, family, chaplain, and mental health services, etc.). We also examined whether ratings of services varied as a function of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, deployment experiences, organizational leadership and support, and attitudinal variables related to mental health. Differences in ratings between the 2 communities suggest the measure detected perceptions of community needs that are idiosyncratic to the particular community, and may be useful for informing program planning and service needs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",,"Wright, K. M., Foran, H. M., Wood, M. D.",2014.0,,10.1002/jcop.21598,0,0,
5970,Prazosin for military combat-related PTSD nightmares: A critical review,"Military combat is a common trauma experience associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-related nightmares are a hallmark symptom of PTSD. They can be resistant to label-pharmacological PTSD treatment, and they are associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate prazosin therapy for combat-related PTSD nightmares. Consistent with available literature for all-causes PTSD nightmares, prazosin is an effective off-label option for combat-related PTSD nightmares. Future trials may further instruct use in specific combat-exposure profiles. © 2014 by the American Psychiatric Association.",,"Writer, B. W., Meyer, E. G., Schillerstrom, J. E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5971,The relationship between response inhibition and posttraumatic stress symptom clusters in adolescent earthquake survivors: an event-related potential study,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients experience impaired response inhibition. Little is known about the relationship between response inhibition abnormalities and distinct PTSD symptom clusters. This study investigated the relationship between response inhibition processing and a five-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in adolescents. The event-related potentials of 54 unmedicated adolescent earthquake survivors (age 15-18 years) were recorded as they completed a Go/NoGo task. The PTSD Checklist-Specific Stressor Version (PCL-S) was used to assess PTSD symptoms. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the five symptom-cluster model and response inhibition processing. The results revealed that the avoidance symptom cluster score, but not the numbing or other clusters' scores, was positively associated with NoGo-P3 latency. These results suggest that a specific PTSD symptom cluster--avoidance--has a distinct association with the slowed speed of the late step of response inhibition processing, i.e., decision or success of response inhibition in adolescent earthquake survivors.","Adolescent, *Earthquakes, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*physiopathology, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, *Survivors","Wu, J., Yuan, Y., Cao, C., Zhang, K., Wang, L., Zhang, L.",2015.0,,10.1038/srep08844,0,0,
5972,Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Chinese survivors of road traffic accidents,"Objectives: To examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Chinese version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Participants and Methods: A total of 481 survivors of road traffic accidents completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and General Health Questionnaire 1 week after a road traffic accident. Their responses were studied to investigate the factor structure and validity of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. To examine the diagnostic utility of the Checklist, an independent sample of 45 road traffic accident survivors completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and the Clinician-administered Post-traumatic Disorder Scale 1 month after their road traffic accidents. Results: A hierarchical 4-factor model was identified as providing the best account of the data for the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. The diagnostic efficiency of the mixed scoring criteria, using a minimum symptom score of 4 with either a total score of 44 or 50, was confirmed as a means of screening for post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist was found to have satisfactory reliability and validity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Factor Analysis, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Survivors, Stress, Test Reliability, Test Validity","Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K., Yiu, V. F.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5973,Posttraumatic stress after a motor vehicle accident: a six-month follow-up study utilizing latent growth modeling,"Features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for 596 survivors of motor vehicle accidents were examined by self-report measures at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the motor vehicle accident (MVA). Latent growth modeling was utilized to study the trend and predictors of the level of distress. Results indicated that 5-20% of the participants reported to have a significant level of posttraumatic stress in one, two, or three of the PTSD symptom clusters within the period studied. Survivors with significant acute stress 1 week after the MVA had a higher risk for developing chronic posttraumatic stress. Although the severity of intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms decreased over time, the severity of avoidance symptoms remained unchanged. Factors predicting the course of PTSD after an MVA are identified.","Accidents, Traffic/*psychology, *Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hong Kong/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Multivariate Analysis, Regression Analysis, Risk, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/psychology","Wu, K. K., Cheung, M. W.",2006.0,Dec,10.1002/jts.20178,0,1,
5974,Posttraumatic stress after a motor vehicle accident: A six-month follow-up study utilizing latent growth modeling,"Features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for 596 survivors of motor vehicle accidents were examined by self-report measures at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the motor vehicle accident (MVA). Latent growth modeling was utilized to study the trend and predictors of the level of distress. Results indicated that 5-20% of the participants reported to have a significant level of posttraumatic stress in one, two, or three of the PTSD symptom clusters within the period studied. Survivors with significant acute stress 1 week after the MVA had a higher risk for developing chronic posttraumatic stress. Although the severity of intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms decreased over time, the severity of avoidance symptoms remained unchanged. Factors predicting the course of PTSD after an MVA are identified. (copyright) 2006 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","acute stress, adult, avoidance behavior, conference paper, controlled study, disease severity, female, follow up, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, questionnaire, risk factor, self report, survivor, symptomatology, traffic accident","Wu, K. K., Cheung, M. W. L.",2006.0,,,0,1,5973
5975,"Erratum for ""Posttraumatic stress after a motor vehicle accident: A six-month follow-up study utilizing latent growth modeling""","Reports an error in ""Posttraumatic stress after a motor vehicle accident: A six-month follow-up study utilizing latent growth modeling"" by Kitty K. Wu and Mike W. L. Cheung (Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2006[Dec], Vol 19[6], 923-936). Mike W. L. Chueng's affiliation was incorrectly listed in the print version. The correct affiliation is: Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-00025-016.) Features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for 596 survivors of motor vehicle accidents were examined by self-report measures at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the motor vehicle accident (MVA). Latent growth modeling was utilized to study the trend and predictors of the level of distress. Results indicated that 5-20% of the participants reported to have a significant level of posttraumatic stress in one, two, or three of the PTSD symptom clusters within the period studied. Survivors with significant acute stress 1 week after the MVA had a higher risk for developing chronic posttraumatic stress. Although the severity of intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms decreased over time, the severity of avoidance symptoms remained unchanged. Factors predicting the course of PTSD after an MVA are identified. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors","Wu, Kitty K., Cheung, Mike W. L.",2007.0,,,0,1,
5976,Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak,"Aims: The aim of this study was to examine alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, and the relationship between types of exposure to the SARS outbreak and subsequent alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. Methods: A survey was conducted among 549 randomly selected hospital employees in Beijing, China, concerning the psychological impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak. Subjects were assessed on sociodemographic factors and types of exposure to the outbreak, and on symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS), alcohol abuse/dependence and depression. Results: Current alcohol abuse/dependence symptom counts 3 years after the outbreak were positively associated with having been quarantined, or worked in high-risk locations such as SARS wards, during the outbreak. However, having had family members or friends contract, SARS was not related to alcohol abuse/dependence symptom count. Symptoms of PTS and of depression, and having used drinking as a coping method, were also significantly associated with increased alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. The relationship between outbreak exposure and alcohol abuse/ dependence symptom count remained significant even when sociodemographic and other factors were controlled for. When the intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal PTS symptom clusters were entered into the model, hyperarousal was found to be significantly associated with alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms. Conclusions: Exposure to an outbreak of a severe infectious disease can, like other disaster exposures, lead not only to PTSD but also to other psychiatric conditions, such as alcohol abuse/dependence. The findings will help policy makers and health professionals to better prepare for potential outbreaks of diseases such as SARS or avian flu.",,"Wu, P., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Fan, B., Fuller, C. J., Guan, Z., Yao, Z., Kong, J., Lu, J., Litvak, I. J.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5977,Sleep quality among low-income young women in southeast Texas predicts changes in perceived stress through Hurricane Ike,"Study Objectives: To document the time course of perceived stress among women through the period of a natural disaster, to determine the effect of sleep quality on this time course, and to identify risk factors that predict higher levels of perceived stress. Design: Longitudinal study from 2006.2012. Setting: Community-based family planning clinics in southeast Texas. Participants: There were 296 women aged 18.31 y who experienced Hurricane Ike, September 2008. Measurements and Results: Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered every 2 mo from 6 mo before to 12 mo after Hurricane Ike. Sleep quality was assessed 1 mo after Hurricane Ike using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Good sleep was defined as a PSQI summary score < 5, and poor sleep as a score . 5. Hurricane Ike stressors (e.g., property damage, subjective stressors) and pre-Ike lifetime major life events and emotional health (e.g., emotional dysregulation, self-control) were also assessed. Results: Over the entire period of 18 mo (6 mo before and 12 mo after the hurricane), perceived stress was significantly higher among poor sleepers compared to good sleepers, and only good sleepers showed a significant decrease in perceived stress after Hurricane Ike. In addition, a higher level of perceived stress was positively associated with greater Ike damage among poor sleepers, whereas this correlation was not observed among good sleepers. In the final multivariate longitudinal model, Ike-related subjective stressors as well as baseline major life events and emotional dysregulation among poor sleepers predicted higher levels of perceived stress over time; among good sleepers, additional factors such as lower levels of self-control and having a history of a psychiatric disorder also predicted higher levels of perceived stress. Conclusions: Sleep quality after Hurricane Ike, an intense natural disaster producing substantial damage, impacted changes in perceived stress over time. Our findings suggest the possibility that providing victims of disasters with effective interventions to improve sleep quality could help to reduce their perceived stress over time.","Natural disaster, Sleep quality, Stress, Women","Wu, Z. H., Stevens, R. G., Tennen, H., North, C. S., Grady, J. J., Holzer, C.",2015.0,,10.5665/sleep.4826,0,0,
5978,Resting-state fMRI studies in epilepsy,"Epilepsy is a disease characterized by abnormal spontaneous activity in the brain. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) is a powerful technique for exploring this activity. With good spatial and temporal resolution, RS-fMRI is a promising approach for accurate localization of the focus of seizure activity. Although simultaneous electroencephalogram-fMRI has been performed with patients in the resting state, most studies focused on activation. This mini-review focuses on RS-fMRI alone, including its computational methods and its application to epilepsy. © Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.","Epilepsy, Localization, Network, Resting-state fMRI","Wurina, Zang, Y. F., Zhao, S. G.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5979,The application of latent class analysis and latent transition analysis to large scale disaster data: Modeling PTSD in a population of disaster workers,"Sophisticated statistical methodologies are needed in order to analyze large, population-based datasets, such as screening projects, following disasters. Currently, the most common methodology applied to disaster research uses marginal or population-averaged models. However, mixture models with latent variables have versatile applications that may provide additional insight into the psychiatric outcomes following disasters and capture population heterogeneity that is usually overlooked. Thus, this dissertation conducts a novel application of these methodologies to a longitudinal database following a disaster. In the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11th, the Weill Cornell Screening Project conducted annual psychological screenings with over 3,000 non-rescue, World Trade Center (WTC) disaster workers from 2002-2008. This dissertation applies two types of categorical mixture models to this dataset: latent class analysis (LCA) and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis (LTA). Both models are particularly well suited for the analysis of psychiatric screening data, because they allow individuals to be grouped into classes based on their symptomatology. Furthermore, these methods permit the course of symptoms to be examined over time by modeling individuals' developmental trajectories. The goal of this dissertation was to assess the utility and feasibility of applying LCA and LTA in large scale disaster research, specifically within a study of the longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress symptoms in WTC disaster workers. The LCA model successfully captured the heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptoms in this population. Additionally, the LTA model yielded unique information regarding patterns of symptom changes over time. The multiple-group analysis provided information about racial and ethnic differences in PTSD presentation and longitudinal course. The application of LCA and LTA methodologies in this dissertation yielded practical findings in the field of psychiatric and disaster research. These findings have the potential to inform criteria selection for diagnostic manuals and offer insight into the mechanisms involved in the maintenance and remission of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Challenges associated with the analysis of complex longitudinal data from large screening databases and future directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Screening, *Simulation, *Rescue Workers, Disasters","Wyka, Katarzyna",2013.0,,,0,1,
5980,Magnitude of life events and seriousness of illness,,,"Wyler, A. R., Masuda, M., Holmes, T. H.",1971.0,,,0,0,
5981,Prenatal excess glucocorticoid exposure and adult affective disorders: A role for serotonergic and catecholamine pathways,"Fetal glucocorticoid exposure is a key mechanism proposed to underlie prenatal 'programming' of adult affective behaviours such as depression and anxiety. Indeed, the glucocorticoid metabolising enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which is highly expressed in the placenta and the developing fetus, acts as a protective barrier from the high maternal glucocorticoids which may alter developmental trajectories. The programmed changes resulting from maternal stress or bypass or from the inhibition of 11β-HSD2 are frequently associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hence, circulating glucocorticoid levels are increased either basally or in response to stress accompanied by CNS region-specific modulations in the expression of both corticosteroid receptors (mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors). Furthermore, early-life glucocorticoid exposure also affects serotonergic and catecholamine pathways within the brain, with changes in both associated neurotransmitters and receptors. Indeed, global removal of 11β-HSD2, an enzyme that inactivates glucocorticoids, increases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in mice; however, in this case the phenotype is not accompanied by overt perturbation in the HPA axis but, intriguingly, alterations in serotonergic and catecholamine pathways are maintained in this programming model. This review addresses one of the potential adverse effects of glucocorticoid overexposure in utero, i.e. increased incidence of affective behaviours, and the mechanisms underlying these behaviours including alteration of the HPA axis and serotonergic and catecholamine pathways. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG.","11β-HSD2, Anxiety, Depression, Developmental programming, Dopamine, Glucocorticoid, Serotonin","Wyrwoll, C. S., Holmes, M. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
5982,Single-prolonged stress induces apoptosis by activating cytochrome C/Caspase-9 pathway in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"The purpose of this study was to provide a novel insight into the mechanism of how amygdala might participate in PTSD by investigating the changes of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), caspase-9, and caspase-3 in the amygdala of single-prolonged stress (SPS) rats. A total of 80 healthy, male Wistar rats were selected for this study. The models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were created by SPS, which is an established animal model for PTSD. The change of COX was detected by light microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in the basolateral amygdala was examined by immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). SPS exposure resulted in a significant change of COX in the SPS model groups compared with the normal control group. Evaluation by enzymohistochemistry indicated translocation of COX from mitochondria to cytoplasm. The expression of both caspase-9 and caspase-3 significantly increased 1 day after SPS stimulation, then gradually increased and peaked at SPS 7d. This findings suggest changes of COX, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in the amygdala of SPS rats, which may play important roles in the pathogenesis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Amygdala, *Apoptosis, *Cytochrome Oxidase, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, Animal Models, Oxidases, Rats","Xiao, Bing, Yu, Bo, Wang, Hai-tao, Han, Fang, Shi, Yu-xiu",2011.0,,,0,0,
5983,[Applying suppression subtractive hybridization technique to investigate gene differential expression profiles in rats liver during the course of heat stress],"To explore the molecular mechanism of heat stress by isolating differentially expressed genes occurred during the course of heat stress and filtrating functional gene segments concerned with heat stress with Suppression Subtractive Hybridization technique. There were 2 groups in the experiment: heat stress group and normal temperature control group. mRNAs were isolated from the liver tissue individually and then transcripted into cDNAs. After cut with endonuclease and ligation with adaptors, SSH was carried out with cDNAs of heat stress group as tester while cDNAs of control group as driver. Products were cloned into T/A vector to form recombined plasmids to transfect competence cells for filtration and appraisal. mRNAs were abundant and of high quality, cDNAs were reverse-transcripted and then cut into segments about 500 bp successfully. Ligation efficiency was satisfied. The subtractive hybridization library was constructed successfully after effective hybridization and 180 segments were primarily isolated from it. Construction of heat stress differentially expressed genes subtractive library has established the foundation of filtrating heat stress concerned genes, it is of active significance for exploring functional genes that controlled heat stress.",,"Xiao, J., Zou, F., Cai, S. X.",2003.0,,,0,0,
5984,Dynamic changes of adenosine triphosphate enzyme activity in encephalon tissue of rat with posttraumatic stress disorder psycho and behaviour abnormity,"Aim: To discuss the pathophysiology basis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD-like) psycho and behaviour abnormity in attempt to provide a new method in treatments. Methods: Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: hippocampus under-threshold electric stimulation group(SE, n = 32), hippocampus electrode-burying control group (CE, n = 32) and normal control group(NC, n = 8). Hippocampus were continuously stimulated by constant monopulse electricity, with 25 Hz frequency, 1 ms wave length, 10 s cluster length, 7 min cluster interval and 100 (mu)A strength under eclampsia threshold. The enzymatic activity changes of Na+-K+ - adenosine triphosphate enzyme(ATPase) and Ca2+ -ATPase in hippocampal homogenate of the experimental animals and mitochondria were detected in quantitation. Results: The enzymatic activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase in hippocampus mitochondria decreased obviously (0.56 (plus or minus) 0.15) mmol/ (kg (middle dot) s) (F = 4.348, P < 0.01) in under-threshold electric stimulation group after 12 hours of electric stimulations as well as(0.61 (plus or minus) 0.17) mmol/(kg (middle dot) s) (P < 0.05) after 48 hours, which were significantly lower than NC group (0.84 (plus or minus) 0.22) mmol/(kg (middle dot) s) the enzymatic activity of Ca2+ -ATPase in hippocampus mitochondria also decreased obviously into (0.53 (plus or minus) 0.14) mmol/(kg (middle dot) s) (F = 4.999, P < 0.05) after 24 hours of electric stimulations as well as (0.60 (plus or minus) 0.16) mmol/(kg (middle dot) s) after 72 hours, which were significantly lower than NC group (0.83 (plus or minus) 0.22) mmol/(kg (middle dot) s). Conclusion: Functional damages of the hippocampus, especially the Na-K-pump and Ca2+ -pump in hippocampal mitochondria may have an important significance in the occurrence and development of long-term PTSD-like psycho and behaviour abnormity in experimental animals.","adenosine triphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase (calcium), adenosine triphosphatase (potassium sodium), animal experiment, animal model, animal tissue, article, behavior disorder, brain homogenate, brain injury, brain mitochondrion, brain tissue, controlled study, eclampsia, electrode, electrostimulation, enzyme activity, hippocampus, male, nonhuman, pathophysiology, posttraumatic stress disorder, quantitative analysis, randomization, rat","Xiao, K.",2004.0,,,0,0,
5985,Interactive effect of stressful life events and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype on posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in 2 independent populations,"Context: The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been found to moderate several categories of emotional response after stressful life events. Previous studies generally focused on its effect on depressive symptoms; little is known about its moderation of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: To examine the effects of childhood adversity, adult traumatic events, 5-HTTLPR genotypes, and gene x environment interactions on the etiology of PTSD. Design: A cross-sectional study in which participants in several studies investigating the genetics of substance dependence were also screened for lifetime PTSD. The triallelic system of 5-HTTLPR was genotyped. Logistic regression modeling was used in the analyses. Setting: General community. Participants: Five hundred eighty-two European American and 670 African American individuals who reported experiences of childhood adversity, adult traumatic events, or both. Main Outcome Measure: Diagnosis of PTSD, defined by DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and assessed through the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism interview. Results: Childhood adversity and adult traumatic events both predicted PTSD. Although the 5-HTTLPR genotype alone did not predict the onset of PTSD, it interacted with adult traumatic events and childhood adversity to increase the risk for PTSD, especially for those with high rates of both types of trauma exposure (European American: odds ratio [OR], 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-5.45; P=.002; African American: OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.04- 3.40; P=.04; pooled: OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.50-3.56; P<.001). Conclusions: Participants who had both childhood adversity and adult traumatic events were more likely to develop lifetime PTSD compared with those who experienced either type of adverse event. The risk was increased in individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the S' (S) allele compared with the L' (L) homozygotes. Our study provides additional direct evidence that PTSD is influenced by the interactive effect of environmental and genetic factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Experiences (Events), *Genotypes, *Neurotransmission, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Responses, Etiology, Polymorphism, Serotonin, Stress","Xie, Pingxing, Kranzler, Henry R., Poling, James, Stein, Murray B., Anton, Raymond F., Brady, Kathleen, Weiss, Roger D., Farrer, Lindsay, Gelernter, Joel",2009.0,,,0,0,
5986,[Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood],"This study presents the prevalence of symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 500 schoolchildren (6-13 years old) in Sao Goncalo, Rio de Janeiro. It also investigates the association between PTSD, violence and other adverse events in the lives of these children. The multi-stage cluster sampling strategy involved three selection stages. Parents were interviewed about their children's behavior. The instrument used to screen symptoms of PTSD was the Child Behavior Checklist-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CBCL-PTSD). Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) were applied to evaluate family violence and other scales to investigate the socioeconomic profile, familiar relationship, characteristics and adverse events in the lives of the children. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical model with a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of clinical symptoms of PTSD was of 6.5%. The multivariate analysis suggested an explanation model of PTSD characterized by 18 variables, such as the child's characteristics; specific life events; family violence; and other family factors. The results reveal that it is necessary to work with the child in particularly difficult moments of his/her life in order to prevent or minimize the impact of adverse events on their mental and social functioning.","Child, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*etiology, *Violence","Ximenes, L. F., de Oliveira Rde, V., de Assis, S. G.",2009.0,Mar-Apr,,0,0,
5987,Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood,"This study presents the prevalence of symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 500 schoolchildren (6-13 years old) in Sao Goncalo, Rio de Janeiro. It also investigates the association between PTSD, violence and other adverse events in the lives of these children. The multi-stage cluster sampling strategy involved three selection stages. Parents were interviewed about their children's behavior. The instrument used to screen symptoms of PTSD was the Child Behavior Checklist-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CBCL-PTSD). Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) were applied to evaluate family violence and other scales to investigate the socioeconomic profile, familiar relationship, characteristics and adverse events in the lives of the children. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical model with a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of clinical symptoms of PTSD was of 6.5%. The multivariate analysis suggested an explanation model of PTSD characterized by 18 variables, such as the child's characteristics; specific life events; family violence; and other family factors. The results reveal that it is necessary to work with the child in particularly difficult moments of his/her life in order to prevent or minimize the impact of adverse events on their mental and social functioning.","article, child, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, prevalence, violence","Ximenes, L. F., de Oliveira, R. V., de Assis, S. G.",2009.0,,,0,0,5986
5988,Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood,"This study presents the prevalence of symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in 500 schoolchildren (6-13 years old) in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro. It also investigates the association between PTSD, violence and other adverse events in the lives of these children. The multi-stage cluster sampling strategy involved three selection stages. Parents were interviewed about their children's behavior. The instrument used to screen symptoms of PTSD was the Child Behavior Checklist-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CBCL-PTSD). Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) were applied to evaluate family violence and other scales to investigate the socioeconomic profile, familiar relationship, characteristics and adverse events in the lives of the children. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical model with a significance level of 5%. The prevalence of clinical symptoms of PTSD was of 6.5%. The multivariate analysis suggested an explanation model of PTSD characterized by 18 variables, such as the child's characteristics; specific life events; family violence; and other family factors. The results reveal that it is necessary to work with the child in particularly difficult moments of his/her life in order to prevent or minimize the impact of adverse events on their mental and social functioning.","Children, Life events, PTSD, Violence","Ximenes, L. F., de Oliveira, R. V. C., de Assis, S. G.",2009.0,,,0,0,5986
5989,Low frequency stimulation (quenching) affects amygdala kindling-induced gene expression in rat brain,"Amygdala kindling is the progressive development of seizures to a previously subconvulsant stimulus given in a repeated and intermittent fashion and a model of the longitudinal progression of recurrent neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as epilepsy and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Kindling-induced immediate early gene (IEG) expression is thought to play an important role in linking the transient kindling stimulation to the permanent and hyper-excitable state. Other studies showed that quenching [low level direct current (DC) and/or low frequency electrical stimulation (1 Hz) for 15 min] can produce long-lasting suppressive effects on both kindled seizures and kindling development. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying quenching, we examined the expression of c-fos, c-jun and BDNF mRNA in rat brain immediately after kindling and quenching using in situ hybridization techniques. Four groups of rats matched for their initial after-discharge threshold, received a single day treatment as follows: 1) kindling (K)(100 Hz for 0.5 sec) followed by sham quenching; 2) kindling followed by quenching (1 Hz for 15 min)(K+Q); 3) sham kindling followed by quenching (Q); and 4) sham kindling followed by sham quenching. Groups 1 and 2 had comparable after discharge activity during the experiment, and were sacrificed 15 minutes after treatment. Coronal sections of 15 μM were prepared for in situ hybridization. Kindling enhanced IEG expression in rat brain whereas quenching did not. The K+Q and the K groups showed a similar IEG expression profile except that K group showed greater upregulation of c-jun mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal CA1-3 region. Because c-jun is involved in neuronal cell death in adult brain, the increased c-jun expression suggests enhanced neuronal apoptosis in the K+Q group. Further study should determine if quenching blocks kindlinginduced seizure development by selective degeneration of kindling-activated neurons and/or pathological pathways.","messenger RNA, brain derived neurotrophic factor, amygdaloid nucleus, kindling, gene expression, rat, brain, brain depth stimulation, stimulation, seizure, nerve cell, in situ hybridization, direct current, apoptosis, cell death, immediate early gene, posttraumatic stress disorder, upregulation, epilepsy, mental disease, dentate gyrus, oncogene c fos, model, adult, degeneration, stimulus, electrostimulation","Xing, G., Weiss, S., Post, R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5990,1H NMR based metabolomics approach to study the toxic effects of herbicide butachlor on goldfish (Carassius auratus),"Butachlor, one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture, has been reported with high ecotoxicity to aquatic plants and animals. In this study, a 1H NMR based metabolomics approach combined with histopathological examination and biochemical assays was applied to comprehensively investigate the toxic effects of butachlor on four important organs (gill, brain, liver and kidney) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for the first time. After 10 days' butachlor exposure at two dosages of 3.2 and 0.64μmol/L, fish tissues (gill, brain, liver and kidney) and serum were collected. Histopathological inspection revealed severe impairment of gill filaments and obvious cellular edema in livers and kidneys. The increase of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in gill and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level in four tissues reflected the disturbance of antioxidative system in the intoxicated goldfish. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and creatinine (CRE) level were increased in butachlor exposure groups, suggesting liver and kidney injuries induced by butachlor. Orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) of NMR profiles disclosed metabolic changes that were related to the toxic effects of butachlor including oxidative stress, disorder of energy metabolism and amino acids metabolism, and disturbance of neurotransmitter balance in butachlor exposed goldfish. This integrated metabolomics approach provided a molecular basis underlying the toxicity of butachlor and demonstrated that metabolomics was a powerful and highly effective approach to elucidate the toxicity and underlying mechanisms of herbicides and pesticides, applicable for their risk assessment.","Butachlor, Goldfish, Metabolomics, NMR, OSC-PLS-DA, Toxicity","Xu, H. D., Wang, J. S., Li, M. H., Liu, Y., Chen, T., Jia, A. Q.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5991,A comparison of the acute stress reactions between the han and tibetan ethnic groups in responding to devastating earthquakes,"Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there were differences in the acute stress reaction (ASR) between the Tibetan and the Han ethnic groups after experiencing devastating earthquakes. Methods: One hundred twelve Han survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake and 112 Tibetan survivors of the Yushu earthquake were rated using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C) according to their trauma experiences, ages, genders, severity levels of injuries, and medical services received. Results: Injured Tibetans had lower scores across symptom clusters of avoidance, numbing, and the total score of PCL-C as compared to Hans. Among Tibetans, severe ASR was associated with a higher education level and earthquake experience, whereas only earthquake experience was associated with severe ASR among injured Hans. Conclusion: Cultural factors may play significant roles in the acute stress reaction of survivors with different cultural backgrounds following an earthquake. © 2011, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.","acute stress reaction, cross-culture, earthquake, Tibetan","Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Chan, J., Li, N., Yang, Y., Li, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
5992,Related factors to post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder in community residents after a sudden mass incident,"Objective:To explore the related factors to post-traumatic stress disorder (POST) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in community residents after a sudden mass incident Methods: Two months after the sudden mass incident, 931 residents aged 15 years and older in Urumqi were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders/Patients (SCID-l/P) and diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria to understand the detection rate of PTSD and MDD. Their stress symptoms, personality and coping style were assessed with the 7-items Screening Scale for PTSD, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ) respectively. Results: The detection rates were 13. 5% for PTSD and 8. 7% for MDD. All subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the diagnosis, including disease-free group (n = 705), PTSD group (n = 72), MDD group (n =28) and PTSD comorbid with MDD group (n = 53). The EPQ neuroticism scores were lower in the disease-free group than in the other diree groups [(5.8 +/- 4.8) vs. (10.6 + 5.1), (10.9 +/- 4.9),(14.0 +/- 5.2), P < 0.05], lower in the PTSD and MDD groups than in the comorbid group (P < 0.01). The CSQ scores of retreat, fantasy, remorse and rationalization factors were lower in the disease-free group than in the other three groups. The score of remorse was higher in the comorbid group than in the other three groups. The scores of calling for help were higher in the disease-free group and MDD group than in the comorbid group. Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that those with older age, higher degree of exposure, higher scores of neuroticism were more likely to have symptoms of PTSD (OR = 1.03 - 3.95) and MDD (OR = 1.04 - 4.33). Conclusions: PTSD and MDD are the two commonl mental disorders in people after a sudden mass incident. The related factors to MDD after trauma may be similar to FTSD, including older age, and higher levels of exposure, neuroticism, lying and guilt. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Coping Behavior, *Major Depression, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Communities","Xu, Xiang-Dong, Lv, Shu-Yun, Zhang, Li, Li, Yue- E., Chen, Liang, Maimaitirexiati, Tu-Er-Xun, Ma, Rui-Chen, Gulinaer, A. Bu-Du-Ke-Li-Mu, Xia, Xiao-Long, Mierzi, Ai-He-Mai-Ti, Tuerhong, Ku-Er-Ban, Xiaokaiti, Su-Li-Tang, Yilihamujiang, Ke-Li-Mu- A. Ji, Mailikaimu, A. Bu-Du-Ke-Li-Mu",2014.0,,,0,0,
5993,A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a complex and chronic disorder caused by exposure to a traumatic event, is a common psychological result of current military operations. It causes substantial distress and interferes with personal and social functioning. Consequently, identifying the risk factors that make military personnel and veterans more likely to experience PTSD is of academic, clinical, and social importance. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) were used to search for observational studies (cross-sectional, retrospective, and cohort studies) about PTSD after deployment to combat areas. The literature search, study selection, and data extraction were conducted by two of the authors independently. Thirty-two articles were included in this study. Summary estimates were obtained using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias tests were performed. The prevalence of combat-related PTSD ranged from 1.09%to 34.84%. A total of 18 significant predictors of PTSD among military personnel and veterans were found. Risk factors stemming from before the trauma include female gender, ethnic minority status, low education, non-officer ranks, army service, combat specialization, high numbers of deployments, longer cumulative length of deployments, more adverse life events, prior trauma exposure, and prior psychological problems. Various aspects of the trauma period also constituted risk factors. These include increased combat exposure, discharging a weapon, witnessing someone being wounded or killed, severe trauma, and deployment-related stressors. Lastly, lack of post-deployment support during the post-trauma period also increased the risk of PTSD. The current analysis provides evidence of risk factors for combat-related PTSD in military personnel and veterans. More research is needed to determine how these variables interact and how to best protect against susceptibility to PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, Meta Analysis, Trauma","Xue, Chen, Ge, Yang, Tang, Bihan, Liu, Yuan, Kang, Peng, Wang, Meng, Zhang, Lulu",2015.0,,,0,0,
5994,"Differentiating army suicide attempters from psychologically treated and untreated soldiers: A demographic, psychological and stress-reaction characterization","Background Suicide is the leading cause of death in most armies during peace-time. The recent dramatic rise in suicides in the US Army further focuses attention on the causes of suicidal behavior in the military. Methods This study investigated demographic characteristics, psychological profile and stress-related risk factors associated with suicide attempts in Israelis aged 18-21 years, who served in the Army in 2009. Soldiers who attempted suicide (N=60) were compared to soldiers treated by a mental health professional, but reported no suicidal behavior (N=58), and to controls (N=50). Results Suicide attempters had lower socioeconomic status and less cognitive ability compared with treated soldiers and untreated control soldiers. Only 25% of the suicide attempters had received mental healthcare prior to the attempt. The majority of the attempts were non-lethal (86.2%), and only 5.2% used firearms. Attempters had more previous suicide attempts (37.9%) and deliberate selfharm incidents (19.3%), compared to almost no such behaviors in the other two groups. Following the suicide attempt, 77% were diagnosed with moderate to severe mental disorders, 44.8% personality disorders and 8.6% mood disorders. Attempters reported higher levels of general stress compared to their peers in the other two groups. Being away from home and obeying authority were especially more stressful in attempters. Conclusions Young soldiers are less prone to seek mental health assistance, despite suffering from higher levels of stress. Screening is required to detect soldiers at risk for suicidal behavior and preventive intervention will require active outreach. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Adolescents, Attempt, Israel, Military, Soldiers, Suicide","Yacobi, A., Fruchter, E., Mann, J. J., Shelef, L.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5995,Clinical profile of older veterans with remote TBI,"Background: History of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent in older veterans. TBI is associated with cognitive impairment and psychiatric comorbidities, but the long-term consequences are not well-characterized. Our objective was to describe the neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric profile of older veterans with TBI history. Methods: Participants were 146 independently living residents from the Armed Forces Retirement Home, Washington, DC, and the Veterans Home of California-Yountville. TBI diagnosis, defined as head injury resulting in medical care or hospitalization, was determined by the Ohio State University TBI Questionnaire. 75 participants with TBI history and 71 non-TBI controls self-reported psychiatric history, completed depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scales, and received a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. We calculated composite z-scores for three cognitive domains (learning/memory, language, and processing speed/executive functioning). Regression analyses (adjusting for age, gender, race, education, diabetes, and site) were used to compare outcomes between TBI and control participants. Results: Veterans were, on average, 78 years old, had completed 14 years of education, and were mostly male. Within the TBI group, 72% reported loss of consciousness (LOC), and of those, 32% had LOC>30 minutes. Mean interval from first TBI to study visit was 51 years. Veterans with TBI were less likely to be minority (p=0.01), but did not differ from the control group on age, gender, education, or years in military (all p>0.05). In adjusted analyses, TBI participants were more likely to have a history of substance abuse, and higher current depression and PTSD scores (all p<0.05). Modified Mini-Mental State Examination scores were slightly higher in controls than TBI (28.2 vs. 27.5; p<0.05). Learning/memory and language composite scores did not differ between the groups (learning/memory z-scores, control:- 0.01, TBI:0.02; language z-scores, control:0.05, TBI:-0.02), but processing speed/executive functioning composite score was significantly lower in participants with TBI (control:0.12, TBI:- 0.15; p<0.01). This association persisted after additionally adjusting for psychiatric comorbidities (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that older veterans with a distant TBI history have a unique neuropsychiatric profile with high rates of behavioral symptoms and deficits in executive functioning. The clinical course and underlying pathology of these individuals warrants further study.","human, veteran, United States, language, army, processing, gender, education, posttraumatic stress disorder, regression analysis, retirement, traumatic brain injury, questionnaire, male, hospitalization, cognitive defect, university, control group, medical care, head injury, diagnosis, diabetes education, consciousness, substance abuse, Mini Mental State Examination, behavior, manager, disease course, pathology","Yaffe, K., Peltz, C., Gardner, R. C., Kenney, K., Kramer, J., Diaz-Arrastia, R.",2015.0,,,0,0,
5996,Psychiatric symptoms of noradrenergic dysfunction: A pathophysiological view,"What psychiatric symptoms are caused by central noradrenergic dysfunction? The hypothesis considered in this review is that noradrenergic dysfunction causes the abnormalities in arousal level observed in functional psychoses. In this review, the psychiatric symptoms of noradrenergic dysfunction were inferred pathophysiologically from the neuroscience literature. This inference was examined based on the literature on the biology of psychiatric disorders and psychotropics. Additionally, hypotheses were generated as to the cause of the noradrenergic dysfunction. The central noradrenaline system, like the peripheral system, mediates the alarm reaction during stress. Overactivity of the system increases the arousal level and amplifies the emotional reaction to stress, which could manifest as a cluster of symptoms, such as insomnia, anxiety, irritability, emotional instability and exaggerated fear or aggressiveness (hyperarousal symptoms). Underactivity of the system lowers the arousal level and attenuates the alarm reaction, which could result in hypersomnia and insensitivity to stress (hypoarousal symptoms). Clinical data support the hypothesis that, in functional psychoses, the noradrenergic dysfunction is in fact associated with the arousal symptoms described above. The anti-noradrenergic action of anxiolytics and antipsychotics can explain their sedative effects on the hyperarousal symptoms of these disorders. The results of animal experiments suggest that excessive stress can be a cause of long-term noradrenergic dysfunction. © 2013 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2013 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.","hyperarousal symptoms, locus coeruleus, noradrenaline, pathophysiology, stress","Yamamoto, K. I., Shinba, T., Yoshii, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
5997,Neural network architecture and neural network properties of post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: Previous neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on abnormality of a few brain regions, but have not paid much attention on the connectivity across the whole neural network of the brain. Thus the present study studied the neural network architecture and properties in combat-exposed veterans with and without PTSD. Methods: US veterans of OIF/OEF were recruited with exclusion of other psychiatric disorders, and PTSD was diagnosed with Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). One hundred and one male veterans, with forty nine having PTSD (PTSD+) and fifty two not (PTSD-), were included in this cohort, with the two groups matched on age gender and ethnicity. Resting state FMRI and anatomical MRI were acquired and analyzed according to a published protocol (Yan et al, 2011, J. Neurosci. Methods, 199 (1), 108-118). Results: Compared to the PTSD- group, the PTSD+ group tends to have weaker functional connectivity across the neural network, significantly decreased cluster coefficients, lower global and local efficiency, and weaker and less distinguishable hubs (Figure 1). Conclusions: The neural network study approach in the present study is helpful in overcoming the limitation of traditional approaches which nullmiss the forest for the treesnull and provides important information about the global network properties. Results suggest that PTSD patients have a noisier and less effective neural network compared to trauma-exposed controls. (Figure Presented).","posttraumatic stress disorder, architecture, society, psychiatry, human, veteran, gender, neuroimaging, mental disease, brain region, ethnicity, injury, patient, tree, forest, brain, male, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging","Yan, X.",2013.0,,,0,0,
5998,Antipsychotic medication utilization trends among Texas veterans: 1997-2002,"BACKGROUND: An antipsychotic utilization pattern has evolved substantially over the past 20 years or so due to the introduction of the second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and the increasing understanding of their adverse effect profile. OBJECTIVE: To understand antipsychotic utilization trends (including monotherapy, antipsychotic switching, and combination therapy) and to investigate factors associated with antipsychotic index medication selection (SGAs vs first-generation antipsychotics [FGAs]) among Texas veterans. METHODS: Data were taken from the Veterans Administration North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS) and South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS) from January 1996 to December 2003. Adults with continuous enrollment (1 y before and after the index date) who had newly initiated antipsychotic therapy were included. Prescriptions were followed for up to 12 months. Descriptive analyses examined utilization trends: logistic regression evaluated factors associated with antipsychotic index medication selection. RESULTS: A total of 8096 patients were included in the study (VANTHCS n = 4477; STVHCS n = 3619), with the majority being male (93.6%) and white (62.6%) and nearly half aged 55 years or older (44.1%). Between 1997 and 2002, antipsychotic prescriptions changed from primarily FGAs (1997: 71.7%; 1999: 25.2%; 2002: 5.7%) to SGAs. Over the 6-year time frame, risperidone (31.0%) and olanzapine (30.7%) were most commonly prescribed. The overall combination therapy slightly increased over time (4.3%), switching to another antipsychotic remained stable (14.2%), and antipsychotic monotherapy remained dominant (81.5%). Hispanic and black patients were less likely than white patients to be initiated on SGAs. Patients who were older, had hypertension, and were in STVHCS were less likely to start on SGAs. Patients with dyslipidemia. bipolar disorder, and treatment in recent years were more likely to start on SGAs. CONCLUSIONS: SGAs have replaced FGAs as first-line medications for patients with mental disorders. Race, age, physical comorbidities (ie, dyslipidemia, hypertension), and treatment initiation year were important factors in index medication selection.","neuroleptic agent, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, adult, aged, article, bipolar disorder, combination chemotherapy, comorbidity, depression, drug choice, drug substitution, drug utilization, dyslipidemia, female, human, hypertension, logistic regression analysis, major clinical study, male, monotherapy, posttraumatic stress disorder, prescription, priority journal, schizophrenia, substance abuse, trend study, unspecified side effect","Yang, M., Barner, J. C., Lawson, K. A., Rascati, K. L., Wilson, J. P., Crismon, M. L., Worchel, J., Mascarenas, C. A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
5999,Bias in longitudinal data analysis with missing data using typical linear mixed-effects modelling and pattern-mixture approach: An analytical illustration,"We analytically derive the fixed-effects estimates in unconditional linear growth curve models by typical linear mixed-effects modelling (TLME) and by a pattern-mixture (PM) approach with random-slope-dependent two-missing-pattern missing not at random (MNAR) longitudinal data. Results showed that when the missingness mechanism is random-slope-dependent MNAR, TLME estimates of both the mean intercept and mean slope are biased because of incorrect weights used in the estimation. More specifically, the estimate of the mean slope is biased towards the mean slope for completers, whereas the estimate of the mean intercept is biased towards the opposite direction as compared to the estimate of the mean slope. We also discuss why the PM approach can provide unbiased fixed-effects estimates for random-coefficients-dependent MNAR data but does not work well for missing at random or outcome-dependent MNAR data. A small simulation study was conducted to illustrate the results and to compare results from TLME and PM. Results from an empirical data analysis showed that the conceptual finding can be generalized to other real conditions even when some assumptions for the analytical derivation cannot be met. Implications from the analytical and empirical results were discussed and sensitivity analysis was suggested for longitudinal data analysis with missing data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)",,"Yang, Manshu, Wang, Lijuan, Maxwell, Scott E.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6000,Variation in mouse basolateral amygdala volume is associated with differences in stress reactivity and fear learning,"A wealth of research identifies the amygdala as a key brain region mediating negative affect, and implicates amygdala dysfunction in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Although there is a strong genetic component to anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) there remains debate about whether abnormalities in amygdala function predispose to these disorders. In the present study, groups of C57BL/6 x DBA/2 (B x D) recombinant inbred strains of mice were selected for differences in volume of the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). Strains with relatively small, medium, or large BLA volumes were compared for Pavlovian fear learning and memory, anxiety-related behaviors, depression-related behavior, and glucocorticoid responses to stress. Strains with relatively small BLA exhibited stronger conditioned fear responses to both auditory tone and contextual stimuli, as compared to groups with larger BLA. The small BLA group also showed significantly greater corticosterone responses to stress than the larger BLA groups. BLA volume did not predict clear differences in measures of anxiety-like behavior or depression-related behavior, other than greater locomotor inhibition to novelty in strains with smaller BLA. Neither striatal, hippocampal nor cerebellar volumes correlated significantly with any behavioral measure. The present data demonstrate a phenotype of enhanced fear conditioning and exaggerated glucocorticoid responses to stress associated with small BLA volume. This profile is reminiscent of the increased fear processing and stress reactivity that is associated with amygdala excitability and reduced amygdala volume in humans carrying loss of function polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A genes. Our study provides a unique example of how natural variation in amygdala volume associates with specific fear- and stress-related phenotypes in rodents, and further supports the role of amygdala dysfunction in anxiety disorders such as PTSD. (copyright) 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.","amine oxidase (flavin containing) isoenzyme A, corticosterone, glucocorticoid, serotonin transporter, amygdaloid nucleus, animal experiment, anxiety, article, basolateral amygdala, brain size, correlation analysis, depression, fear, genetic polymorphism, memory, mouse, nonhuman, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, stress","Yang, R. J., Mozhui, K., Karlsson, R. M., Cameron, H. A., Williams, R. W., Holmes, A.",2008.0,,,0,0,
6001,Psychiatric morbidity and posttraumatic symptoms among earthquake victims in primary care clinics,"Three months after the devastating Chi-Chi earthquake (magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale) struck the central area of Taiwan, 663 victims were screened for psychiatric morbidity at a local general hospital in a community mental health program. The rate of psychiatric morbidity as defined by the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire as greater than 4, was 24.5%. Posttraumatic symptoms were still prevalent. The rate of posttraumatic stress disorder was 11.3%, and the rate of partial PTSD was 32.0%. Variables associated with the presence of psychiatric morbidity and posttraumatic symptoms included female gender, old age, financial loss, obsessive trait, and nervous trait. A disproportionate use of mental health services (18%) was found, suggesting an urgent need to deliver mental health care to disaster victims at local medical settings. In addition, health care professionals who work with the earthquake victims need to be promptly and efficiently trained in mental health crisis intervention. © 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Earthquakes, Medical setting, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychiatric morbidity","Yang, Y. K., Yeh, T. L., Chen, C. C., Lee, C. K., Lee, I. H., Lee, L. C., Jeffries, K. J.",2003.0,,10.1016/S0163-8343(03)00022-7,0,0,
6002,Civilian social worker's guide to the treatment of war-induced post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as defined in DSM IV-TR, is the most common psychiatric problem associated with the stress experienced by soldiers in combat. Diagnosis of PTSD requires exposure to a traumatic event that involves experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted by death or serious injury to self or others; a response of intense fear, helplessness, or horror; and the development of a set of symptoms that persists for at least a month and cause significant impairment of functioning (APA [American Psychiatric Association], 2000).This chapter will explore the etiology of PTSD, present several approaches to care for those with war related PTSD, and provide direction for clinicians on assessment and evaluation. Throughout the chapter, a case study will be used to illustrate critical concepts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Etiology, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Social Workers, *Treatment, Clinicians, Combat Experience, Fear, Helplessness, Military Veterans, Psychiatric Evaluation, Psychological Assessment, Stress, Trauma, War","Yarvis, Jeffrey S., Beder, Joan",2012.0,,,0,0,
6003,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Memory and Learning Performance in Children and Adolescents,"Background: Despite the wealth of information in adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature, few studies have explored the memory and learning performance of trauma-exposed youth. This study examined if memory deficits are associated with PTSD or with trauma exposure in the absence of PTSD. Methods: Youth exposed to traumatic incidents underwent clinical interviews to diagnose PTSD and exclude major comorbid disorders. Youth with conditions that could impede performance on a memory scale (e.g., limited intellectual functioning, current substance abuse, psychopharmacological treatment) were excluded. Three groups of participants were identified (PTSD positives [n = 29], traumatized PTSD negatives [n = 62], and nontraumatized control subjects [n = 40]). Participants completed the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML). Results: Youth with PTSD evidenced significantly lower scores on the WRAML General Memory, Verbal Memory, and Learning indices compared with nontraumatized control subjects. With the exception of Verbal Memory, youth with and without PTSD performed comparably on all other indices. Nonsignificant differences were noted on the Visual Memory Index. Conclusions: General memory and verbal memory impairments as evidenced in adult populations were observed among this sample of youth. Given the developmental trajectory of memory capabilities, the implications of such early trauma exposure and memory deficits are considered. © 2007 Society of Biological Psychiatry.","Adolescents, children, memory, PTSD, trauma, WRAML","Yasik, A. E., Saigh, P. A., Oberfield, R. A., Halamandaris, P. V.",2007.0,,,0,0,
6004,Posttraumatic stress disorder after traumatic brain injury and interpersonal relationships: Contributions from object-relations perspectives,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified in survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI), sustained from road traffic accidents, assaults, or industrial accidents. This article reviews the small literature on this population, which is predominantly characterized by integrations of cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive behavior therapy. While these perspectives have been applied to identify etiological processes and treatment options, one insufficiently specified domain in this literature is the role of interpersonal relationships. This includes interpersonal etiological mechanisms and social outcomes, but also therapeutic process for PTSD after TBI. In response, object-relations psychoanalytic concepts of symbolizing (Segal, 1957) and containing-contained (Bion, 1962) mechanisms are applied. These concepts are used to consider the aforementioned factors while permitting close conceptual links to neurological and cognitive vulnerabilities for this clinical group. This article finishes with a therapeutic application of these concepts, from the perspective of a neurorehabilitation team. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Object Relations, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Traumatic Brain Injury, *Interpersonal Relationships","Yeates, Giles",2009.0,,,0,0,
6005,"A biopsychosocial deconstruction of ""personality change"" following acquired brain injury",,,"Yeates, G. N., Gracey, F., McGrath, J. C.",2008.0,,10.1080/09602010802151532,0,0,
6006,A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial To Study the Efficacy of Topiramate in a Civilian Sample of PTSD,"Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: We conducted a 12-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing topiramate to placebo. Men and women aged 18-62 years with diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-IV were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the violence program of Federal University of São Paulo Hospital (Prove-UNIFESP), São Paulo City, between April 2006 and December 2009. Subjects were assessed for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Scale (CAPS), Clinical Global Impression, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). After 1-week period of washout, 35 patients were randomized to either group. The primary outcome measure was the CAPS total score changes from baseline to the endpoint. Results: 82.35% of patients in the topiramate group exhibited improvements in PTSD symptoms. The efficacy analysis demonstrated that patients in the topiramate group exhibited significant improvements in reexperiencing symptoms: flashbacks, intrusive memories, and nightmares of the trauma (CAPS-B; P= 0.04) and in avoidance/numbing symptoms associated with the trauma, social isolation, and emotional numbing (CAPS-C; P= 0.0001). Furthermore, the experimental group demonstrated a significant difference in decrease in CAPS total score (topiramate -57.78; placebo -32.41; P= 0.0076). Mean topiramate dose was 102.94 mg/d. Topiramate was generally well tolerated. Conclusion: Topiramate was effective in improving reexperiencing and avoidance/numbing symptom clusters in patients with PTSD. This study supports the use of anticonvulsants for the improvement of symptoms of PTSD. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Clinician-administered PTSD scale, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Randomized controlled clinical trial, Topiramate","Yeh, M. S. L., Mari, J. J., Costa, M. C. P., Andreoli, S. B., Bressan, R. A., Mello, M. F.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6007,Managing anger and aggression in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder,"Posttraumatic stress disorder was categorized as a clinical entity in 1980 in response to assertions by trauma survivors (particularly Vietnam veterans) and their clinicians that existing diagnostic categories failed to adequately describe their symptoms. The diagnostic features of the current DSM-IV diagnosis have been expanded, and the concept of the disorder is still evolving. Posttraumatic stress disorder rarely occurs in 'pure' form, and individuals suffering from the disorder commonly meet criteria for Axis I and Axis II disorders. Research is now emerging that supports the prevalence of aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder. Treatment approaches vary, but pharmacotherapy aimed at targeting individual symptoms or clusters can promote mood stabilization. This article discusses the evolving concept of posttraumatic stress disorder as a clinical entity, the association of anger and aggression with the disorder, and the psychopharmacologic approaches to treatment.",,"Yehuda, R.",1999.0,,,0,0,
6008,Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the cover) In the 1980s, the psychiatric community first officially recognized posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a diagnosis to describe the disorder that can occur following exposure to extremely traumatic events. Since that time, it has been observed that some patients who have been exposed to trauma do not develop PTSD or only have symptoms immediately following the event, whereas others show signs of chronic PTSD. Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder assembles almost 20 experts to examine the latest research for this topic. This book discusses strategies for assessing risk and compiles findings from several studies for identifying risk factors related to demographic, environmental, genetic, and biological factors. Complete with a summary of the latest findings that advance our knowledge of the effects of trauma, this resource is useful in identifying and treating individuals much earlier following a traumatic experience as well as in helping prevent vulnerable individuals from being exposed to traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*At Risk Populations, *Etiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders)","Yehuda, Rachel",1999.0,,,0,0,
6009,Biological factors associated with susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder,"Because only a proportion of persons exposed to traumatic events develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it has become important to elucidate the factors that increase the risk for the development of PTSD following trauma exposure as well as the factors the might serve to protect individuals from developing this condition. Putative risk factors for PTSD may describe the index traumatic event or characteristics of persons who experience those events. Recent data have implicated biological and familial risk factors for PTSD. For example, recent studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of PTSD in the adult children of Holocaust survivors, even though these children, as a group, do not report a greater exposure to life-threatening events. These studies are reviewed. It is difficult to know to what extent the increased vulnerability to PTSD in family members of trauma survivors is related to biological or genetic phenomena, as opposed to experimental ones, because of the large degree of shared environment in families. In particular, at-risk family members, such as children, may be more vulnerable to PTSD as a result of witnessing the extreme suffering of a parent with chronic PTSD rather than because of inherited genes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Biology, *Family Background, *Genetics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Susceptibility (Disorders), At Risk Populations, Transgenerational Patterns","Yehuda, Rachel",1999.0,,,0,0,
6010,Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) The current status of glucocorticoid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will be described in this chapter. Emphasis will be placed on data that suggest that at least some glucocorticoid-related observations in PTSD reflect pretraumatic glucocorticoid status. Recent observations have provided some evidence that pretraumatic glucocorticoid alterations may arise from genetic, epigenetic, and possibly other environmental influences that serve to increase the likelihood of developing PTSD following trauma exposure, as well as modulate attendant biological alterations associated with its pathophysiology. Current studies in the field of PTSD employ glucocorticoid challenge strategies to delineate effects of exogenously administered glucocorticoids on neuroendocrine, cognitive, and brain function. Results of these studies have provided an important rationale for using glucocorticoid strategies in the treatment of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Glucocorticoids, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Brain, Drug Therapy, Emotional Trauma, Stress","Yehuda, Rachel",2009.0,,,0,0,
6011,Criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder,"Discusses how animal models of stress have the potential to provide information about the course and etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is important to differentiate between factors that are essential to the induction of PTSD-like symptoms and those that influence their manifestations. Five criteria are suggested that must be fulfilled by animal models of stress for them to be useful to understanding the induction of PTSD. Two potential animal models of stress (i.e., inescapable shock-learned helplessness and time-dependent sensitization) are evaluated to illustrate how to more successfully pair animal models of stress with the specific clinical syndrome of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Animal Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress","Yehuda, Rachel, Antelman, Seymour M.",1993.0,,,0,0,
6012,Cortisol augmentation of a psychological treatment for warfighters with posttraumatic stress disorder: Randomized trial showing improved treatment retention and outcome,"Background: Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans has established efficacy, but is ineffective for a substantial number of patients. PE is also associated with high dropout rates. We hypothesized that hydrocortisone augmentation would enhance symptom improvement and reduce drop-out rates by diminishing the distressing effects of traumatic memories retrieved during imaginal exposure. We also hypothesized that in responders, hydrocortisone augmentation would be more effective in reversing glucocorticoid indices associated with PTSD than placebo augmentation. Method: Twenty-four veterans were randomized to receive either 30 mg oral hydrocortisone or placebo prior to PE sessions 3-10 in a double-blind protocol. Glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity was assessed in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the in vitro lysozyme inhibition test and was determined before and after treatment. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed using latent growth curve modeling of treatment effects on change in PTSD severity over time. Veterans who no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD at post-treatment were designated as responders. Results: Veterans randomized to hydrocortisone or placebo augmentation did not differ significantly in clinical severity or glucocorticoid sensitivity at pre-treatment. Hydrocortisone augmentation was associated with greater reduction in total PTSD symptoms compared to placebo, a finding that was explained by significantly greater patient retention in the hydrocortisone augmentation condition. A significant treatment condition by responder status interaction for glucocorticoid sensitivity indicated that responders to hydrocortisone augmentation had the highest pre-treatment glucocorticoid sensitivity (lowest lysozyme IC50-DEX) that diminished over the course of treatment. There was a significant association between decline in glucocorticoid responsiveness and improvement in PTSD symptoms among hydrocortisone recipients. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that hydrocortisone augmentation of PE may result in greater retention in treatment and thereby promote PTSD symptom improvement. Further, the results suggest that particularly elevated glucocorticoid responsiveness at pre-treatment may identify veterans likely to respond to PE combined with an intervention that targets glucocorticoid sensitivity. Confirmation of these findings will suggest that pharmacologic interventions that target PTSD-associated glucocorticoid dysregulation may be particularly helpful in promoting a positive clinical response to PTSD psychotherapy.","hydrocortisone, glucocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid, placebo, lysozyme, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, treatment outcome, human, veteran, long term exposure, patient, intention to treat analysis, army, peripheral blood mononuclear cell, therapy, cardiac resynchronization therapy device, in vitro study, pilot study, recipient, receptor sensitivity, model, growth curve, exposure, diagnosis, memory","Yehuda, R., Bierer, L. M., Pratchett, L. C., Lehrner, A., Koch, E. C., Van Manen, J. A., Flory, J. D., Makotkine, I., Hildebrandt, T.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6013,Cortisol augmentation of a psychological treatment for warfighters with posttraumatic stress disorder: Randomized trial showing improved treatment retention and outcome,"BACKGROUND: Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans has established efficacy, but is ineffective for a substantial number of patients. PE is also associated with high dropout rates. We hypothesized that hydrocortisone augmentation would enhance symptom improvement and reduce drop-out rates by diminishing the distressing effects of traumatic memories retrieved during imaginal exposure. We also hypothesized that in responders, hydrocortisone augmentation would be more effective in reversing glucocorticoid indices associated with PTSD than placebo augmentation. METHOD: Twenty-four veterans were randomized to receive either 30mg oral hydrocortisone or placebo prior to PE sessions 3-10 in a double-blind protocol. Glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity was assessed in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the in vitro lysozyme inhibition test and was determined before and after treatment. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed using latent growth curve modeling of treatment effects on change in PTSD severity over time. Veterans who no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD at post-treatment were designated as responders. RESULTS: Veterans randomized to hydrocortisone or placebo augmentation did not differ significantly in clinical severity or glucocorticoid sensitivity at pre-treatment. Hydrocortisone augmentation was associated with greater reduction in total PTSD symptoms compared to placebo, a finding that was explained by significantly greater patient retention in the hydrocortisone augmentation condition. A significant treatment condition by responder status interaction for glucocorticoid sensitivity indicated that responders to hydrocortisone augmentation had the highest pre-treatment glucocorticoid sensitivity (lowest lysozyme IC50-DEX) that diminished over the course of treatment. There was a significant association between decline in glucocorticoid responsiveness and improvement in PTSD symptoms among hydrocortisone recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study suggest that hydrocortisone augmentation of PE may result in greater retention in treatment and thereby promote PTSD symptom improvement. Further, the results suggest that particularly elevated glucocorticoid responsiveness at pre-treatment may identify veterans likely to respond to PE combined with an intervention that targets glucocorticoid sensitivity. Confirmation of these findings will suggest that pharmacologic interventions that target PTSD-associated glucocorticoid dysregulation may be particularly helpful in promoting a positive clinical response to PTSD psychotherapy.","Glucocorticoid receptor, Hydrocortisone, Ptsd, Pharmacological augmentation strategies, Prolonged exposure, Psychotherapy, Treatment outcome, Veterans","Yehuda, R., Bierer, L. M., Pratchett, L. C., Lehrner, A., Koch, E. C., Van Manen, J. A., Flory, J. D., Makotkine, I., Hildebrandt, T.",2015.0,Jan,10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.004,0,0,6012
6014,"Cortisol metabolic predictors of response to psychotherapy for symptoms of PTSD in survivors of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001","Background: A proportion of subjects with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are unresponsive to specialized psychotherapy, but a biological basis for this has not been described. To observe whether differences in cortisol or its metabolites predict or correlate with response to therapy for PTSD symptoms, cortisol and its metabolites were measured from urine samples at pre-treatment, at the conclusion of psychotherapy, and at 3-month follow-up. Methods: 28 survivors of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001 seeking psychological treatment for PTSD symptoms received four sessions of either exposure therapy or supportive counseling, followed by up to 10 sessions of prolonged exposure in a specialized PTSD treatment program at a private hospital serving the New York City metropolitan area. 24-h mean integrated cortisol excretion was assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA); urinary free cortisol and metabolites cortisone, 5α-tetrahydrocortisol (5α-THF), 5β-tetrahydrocortisol, and tetrahydrocortisone were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and indices of enzyme activity for 5α- and 5β-reductase and for the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were derived from the metabolite and glucocorticoid measures. Results: 5α-Reductase activity was significantly lower at pre-treatment among non-responders, whereas there were no significant pre-treatment differences between responders and non-responders in any other hormone or metabolite level. In repeated measures analyses across the three time points, 5α-reductase activity, as well as 5α-THF and total glucocorticoids, significantly differed between responders and non-responders. For urinary cortisol measured by RIA, there was a significant group × time interaction indicating that, although not different at pre-treatment, urinary cortisol levels declined over time in the non-responder group, such that by follow-up, lowered cortisol significantly distinguished non-responders from responders. Indices of 5α-reductase activity, including 5α-THF and total glucocorticoids, were significantly negatively correlated with avoidance symptom severity at pre-treatment. At follow-up, indices of 5α-reductase activity were significantly negatively correlated with severity of all three PTSD symptom clusters and with total PTSD severity scores. Conclusion: Lower 5α-reductase activity is associated with avoidance severity and predicts non-responsiveness to psychological treatment for PTSD symptomatology. Relatively diminished 5α-reductase activity may mark a state of primary vulnerability, perhaps via attenuated peripheral catabolism of cortisol resulting in the suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness. Lower cortisol levels appear later in the progression to chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD.","5α-Reductase, 5α-Tetrahydrocortisol (5α-THF), Biological markers, Cortisol, Cortisol metabolites, Glucocorticoid metabolism, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Psychotherapy","Yehuda, R., Bierer, L. M., Sarapas, C., Makotkine, I., Andrew, R., Seckl, J. R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
6015,Influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in Holocaust survivor offspring,"Objective: Differential effects of maternal and paternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been observed in adult offspring of Holocaust survivors in both glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and vulnerability to psychiatric disorder. The authors examined the relative influences of maternal and paternal PTSD on DNA methylation of the exon 1+F promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR1+F) gene (NR3C1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its relationship to glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity in Holocaust offspring. Method: Adult offspring with at least one Holocaust survivor parent (N=80) and demographically similar participants without parental Holocaust exposure or parental PTSD (N=15) completed clinical interviews, self-report measures, and biological procedures. Blood samples were collected for analysis of GR1F+ promoter methylation and of cortisol levels in response to lowdose dexamethasone,and twoway analysis of covariance was performed using maternal and paternal PTSD as main effects. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to permit visualization of maternal compared with paternal PTSD effects on clinical variables and GR1+F promoter methylation. Results: A significant interaction demonstrated that in the absence of maternal PTSD, offspring with paternal PTSD showed higher GR1F+ promoter methylation, whereas offspring with both maternal and paternal PTSD showed lower methylation. Lower GR1+F promoter methylation was significantly associated with greater postdexamethasone cortisol suppression. The clustering analysis revealed that maternal and paternal PTSD effects were differentially associated with clinical indicators and GR1F+ promoter methylation. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate alterations of GR1F+ promoter methylation in relation to parental PTSD and neuroendocrine outcomes. The moderation of paternal PTSD effects by maternal PTSD suggests different mechanisms for the intergenerational transmission of traumarelated vulnerabilities.",,"Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Bader, H. N., Makotkine, I., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., Meaney, M. J.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6016,Psychoneuroendocrine assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: current progress and new directions,1. Studies in our laboratory have used the psychoendocrine strategy to explore differences in basal hormone levels between patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other groups. This approach has allowed us to explore the relationship between hormone levels and specific psychological and biological processes which appear to develop following exposure to extreme trauma. 2. The concurrent assessment of several hormonal systems provides an opportunity to explore differences in hormonal patterns in various psychiatric disorders. PTSD appears to be characterized by a specific profile of hormonal changes that is distinct from that of other diagnostic groups and normal controls. These findings raise the possibility that the psychoendocrine approach may be useful in further exploring the pathophysiology and diagnosis of PTSD. 3. This paper reviews psychoendocrine changes in PTSD and describes updated multivariate methods that further elucidate psychological and neurochemical correlates of hormonal alterations in this disorder.,"Hormones/physiology, Humans, Neurosecretory Systems/*physiology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*physiopathology/psychology","Yehuda, R., Giller, E. L., Jr., Mason, J. W.",1993.0,Jul,,0,0,
6017,Psychoneuroendocrine assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Current progress and new directions,1. Studies in our laboratory have used the psychoendocrine strategy to explore differences in basal hormone levels between patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other groups. This approach has allowed us to explore the relationship between hormone levels and specific psychological and biological processes which appear to develop following exposure to extreme trauma. 2. The concurrent assessment of several hormonal systems provides an opportunity to explore differences in hormonal patterns in various psychiatric disorders. PTSD appears to be characterized by a specific profile of hormonal changes that is distinct from that of other diagnostic groups and normal controls. These findings raise the possibility that the psychoendocrine approach may be useful in further exploring the pathophysiology and diagnosis of PTSD. 3. This paper reviews psychoendocrine changes in PTSD and describes updated multivariate methods that further elucidate pychological and neurochemical correlates of hormonal alterations in this disorder.,"adrenalin, adrenergic receptor, glucocorticoid, noradrenalin, catecholamine metabolism, human, posttraumatic stress disorder, review","Yehuda, R., Giller Jr, E. L., Mason, J. W.",1993.0,,,0,0,6016
6018,Hippocampal volume in aging combat veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder: Relation to risk and resilience factors,"Objective: To examine whether there are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related differences in hippocampal volume in middle-aged and elderly veterans and to examine the relationship of neuroendocrine activity, memory performance, and measures of risk and resilience for PTSD to hippocampal volume in this cohort. Methods: Seventeen veterans with chronic PTSD and 16 veterans without chronic PTSD received an MRI scan followed by neuroendocrine assessment (24-h urinary cortisol excretion and the lysozyme IC50-DEX, a measure of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) responsiveness), and cognitive testing. Results: Veterans with PTSD did not differ from those without PTSD in hippocampal volume, but they did show significantly lower urinary cortisol levels, and poorer memory performance on the Wechsler Logical Memory test and Digit Span test. Smaller left hippocampal volumes were observed in veterans who developed PTSD in response to their first reported traumatic exposure, compared to veterans who had first experienced a traumatic event to which they did not develop PTSD, prior to experiencing a subsequent event that led to PTSD. In contrast, the two neuroendocrine measures were associated with risk factors related to early trauma exposure. Conclusion: Although hippocampal volume was not found to differ between subjects with and without PTSD, smaller hippocampal volumes in PTSD may be associated with specific risk and resilience factors. These may be distinct from vulnerability markers associated with increased responsiveness to glucocorticoids and/or other neuroendocrine measures that have been observed in combat-related PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Aging, *Hippocampus, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Resilience (Psychological), *Risk Factors, Memory, Military Veterans","Yehuda, Rachel, Golier, Julia A., Tischler, Lisa, Harvey, Philip D., Newmark, Randall, Yang, Ren Kui, Buchsbaum, Monte S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
6019,Conflict between current knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder and its original conceptual basis,,,"Yehuda, R., McFarlane, A. C.",1995.0,,,0,0,
6020,Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder,"(from the introduction) This volume summarizes the major findings and themes in the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One of the major points highlighted in this volume concerns the biological or pathophysiological differences between PTSD, stress, and other psychiatric disorders. The 1st section of this volume deals with the epidemiological and phenomenological studies that objectified the important clinical observations on the prevalence of trauma and its manifestations. The 2nd section represents the core of the psychobiological studies of chronic PTSD in adults. The 3rd section introduces an important framework that is becoming increasingly recognized in trauma studies-the developmental perspective. The 4th section deals with the biology of normal and traumatic memories in both animals and humans. The 5th section provides theoretical models to explain the way that traumatic experiences might be potentiated to pathological states. The 6th section provides an analysis of the influences of biological studies on the treatment of PTSD., (from the book) This volume is a result of a conference entitled Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences and held on September 7-10, 1996 in New York, New York. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychobiology, Biology, Memory Disorders, Neural Development, Neurobiology, Treatment","Yehuda, Rachel, McFarlane, Alexander C.",1997.0,,,0,0,
6021,Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event,,,"Yehuda, R., McFarlane, A. C., Shalev, A. Y.",1998.0,,10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00276-5,0,0,
6022,"Ten-year follow-up study of PTSD diagnosis, symptom severity and psychosocial indices in aging holocaust survivors","Objective: We performed a longitudinal study of holocaust survivors with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by assessing symptoms and other measures at two intervals, approximately 10 years apart. Method: The original cohort consisted of 63 community-dwelling subjects, of whom 40 were available for follow-up. Results: There was a general diminution in PTSD symptom severity over time. However, in 10% of the subjects (n = 4), new instances of delayed onset PTSD developed between time 1 and time 2. Self-report ratings at both assessments revealed a worsening of trauma-related symptoms over time in persons without PTSD at time 1, but an improvement in those with PTSD at time 1. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a nuanced characterization of PTSD trajectory over time is more reflective of PTSD symptomatology than simple diagnostic status at one time. The possibility of delayed onset trajectory complicates any simplistic overall trajectory summarizing the longitudinal course of PTSD. Copyright © 2008 The Authors.","Holocaust survivors, Longitudinal course, Morale, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Traumatic loss","Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Labinsky, E., Bell, A., Morris, A., Zemelman, S., Grossman, R. A.",2009.0,,,0,1,
6023,Individual differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profiles in holocaust survivors in concentration camps or in hiding,"Symptom patterns were compared between Holocaust survivors in concentration camp (n = 70) and those who were in 'hiding' (n = 30) during the war. The impact of age at the time of the trauma, gender, and cumulative lifetime stress, and the effect of each of these variables controlling for the others, on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were also evaluated. A significant negative relationship between age at the time of the trauma and symptoms of psychogenic amnesia, hypervigilence and emotional detachment, and a positive correlation between age and intrusive thoughts, were observed. Cumulative lifetime stress was positively associated with symptoms of avoidance. The study provides the first empirical data regarding the factors that potentially explain individual differences in PTSD symptom patterns in Holocaust survivors.","age difference, gender differences, holocaust survivors, lifetime trauma, phenomenology, PTSD","Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Siever, L. J., Binder-Brynes, K., Elkin, A.",1997.0,,,0,0,
6024,Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans,"In the present study, we replicated and extended our previous findings of increased 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations were measured in 22 male patients with PTSD (14 inpatients and eight outpatients) and in 16 nonpsychiatric normal males. The PTSD inpatients showed significantly higher excretion of all three catecholamines compared with both outpatients with PTSD and normal controls. Dopamine and norepinephrine, but not epinephrine, levels were significantly correlated with severity of PTSD symptoms in the PTSD group as a whole. In particular, these catecholamines seemed related to intrusive symptoms. None of the catecholamines were correlated with severity of depression. The findings support the hypothesis of an enhanced sympathetic nervous system activation in PTSD, and suggest that increased sympathetic arousal may be closely linked to severity of certain PTSD symptom clusters.",,"Yehuda, R., Southwick, S., Giller, E. L., Ma, X., Mason, J. W.",1992.0,,,0,0,
6025,Etiology and biology of post-traumatic stress disorder: Implications for treatment,"The biology of PTSD does not conform to the traditional model of the stress response and is distinct from that observed in other psychiatric disorders. In addition, the biologic alterations in PTSD can evolve over time. It is not clear which changes occur following trauma exposure and which occur in response to the development of PTSD. Some biologic alterations may also reflect vulnerability for PTSD and the development of subsequent comorbid psychiatric conditions. There is also evidence that there may be biologic subgroups within PTSD that may have significant treatment implications. The pharmacologic literature in PTSD is relatively small but is growing quickly as the field develops. The older studies in male veterans were important in demonstrating that medications can be quite effective in treating circumscribed symptoms of PTSD and lead to overall global improvement. The newer studies involving nonveteran populations of all trauma types are better designed with large sample sizes studying the SSRIs and the treatment of PTSD. One of the conclusions that can be drawn is that of the medications that have been tried to treat PTSD to date, the SSRIs seem to be the most promising, reducing all three symptom clusters. The medications that appear to work best on intrusive symptoms but not on the other clusters are the MAOIs and TCAs. Hyperarousal symptoms also appear to respond to mood stabilizers and adrenergic agents, but these medications appear to have little effectiveness on the other symptom clusters. The fact that different medications target different core symptoms of PTSD has been interpreted as reflecting the complex pathophysiology of this disorder. It may be that medications with specific effects in some neurotransmitter systems may have particular effects on those symptoms that are primarily mediated by those systems. Indeed, some classes of medications may be more effective in treating certain subgroups of PTSD and not others. Although more controlled studies need to be undertaken with other classes of medications that are currently being used in other disorders, studies involving agents of novel biologic action, specifically developed based on the biologic profile of PTSD, should also be pursued. Future studies must also address the interaction of psychopharmacology and psychosocial treatments. Other questions concern the appropriate duration for pharmacotherapy, the effects of discontinuing medications on PTSD symptoms, and relapse prevention.",,"Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M.",2001.0,,,0,0,
6026,Effect of sertraline on glucocorticoid sensitivity of mononuclear leukocytes in post-traumatic stress disorder,"This study examined the effects of sertraline (SER) on glucocorticoid sensitivity in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from eight subjects with current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nine comparison subjects. In all, 60 ml of blood was withdrawn by venipuncture at 0800, and MNL were isolated from blood and divided into two portions: the first contained live cells incubated with a series of concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX); the second contained cells incubated with similar concentrations of DEX+2 M SER. Group difference in the concentrations of DEX required to inhibit lysozyme activity by 50% were evaluated under conditions of DEX-only and DEX+SER using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A significant Group Condition interaction reflected that SER altered the lysozyme IC50-DEX in the direction of decreasing sensitivity to glucocorticoids in PTSD while having no uniform effect in cells from comparison subjects. The data provide support for the idea that glucocorticoid receptors might be more responsive to antidepressants in PTSD than in persons without PTSD. Insofar as increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids has been linked with PTSD, the actions of SER on the lysozyme IC50-DEX suggest that this medication may target a biologic alteration associated with PTSD pathophysiology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Drug Sensitivity, *Glucocorticoids, *Leucocytes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Sertraline, Drug Therapy","Yehuda, Rachel, Yang, Ren-Kui, Golier, Julia A., Grossman, Robert A., Bierer, Linda M., Tischler, Lisa",2006.0,,,0,0,
6027,Bushfire impact on youth,"The authors examined the association between disaster-related traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 155 youth, aged 8-18 years, from the Lower Eyre Peninsula of South Australia who were affected by January 2005 bushfires. Youth completed measures of PTSD symptoms and disaster experiences 11-5 months postdisaster. Many youth (27%) reported moderate to severe levels of PTSD symptoms; younger children reported greater PTSD symptom severity than older youth. Perceived personal life threat and ongoing loss/disruption were related to greater PTSD symptomatology. Following disasters, it may be helpful to identify young children and youth who perceived that their life was threatened and experienced more ongoing life disruption, as these youth may be at higher risk for persistent PTSD symptoms. © 2010 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Yelland, C., Robinson, P., Lock, C., Greca, A. M. L., Kokegei, B., Ridgway, V., Lai, B.",2010.0,,10.1002/jts.20521,0,0,
6028,The effect of posttraumatic stress disorder psychoeducation on the nature and severity of traumatic stress symptoms in a burundian sample,"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980 as a syndrome associated with the experience of a traumatic event (ARA, 1980). In recent years, the diagnosis of PTSD has been increasingly applied to diverse cultural settings, even as the validity of the construct sparks controversy and debate. Argument continues over whether the symptoms of PTSD are more driven by universal biological response or cultural factors. A review of the literature that documents recent efforts to identify and treat posttraumatic stress symptoms in diverse populations is provided. Given evidence for the suggestive and iatrogenic effects of some PTSD treatment methods and other interventions, as well as the theoretical support for the presence of social influences germane to cross-cultural research and treatment, it was proposed that PTSD-specific psychoeducation in pre-industrialized settings might diminish otherwise beneficial treatment effects. The present project drew on an indigent, rural Burundian sample and used an experimental design to examine the influence of PTSD psychoeducation on the nature and severity of traumatic stress symptoms reported. Participants were randomized to three conditions: A reconciliation workshop with psychoeducation, a reconciliation workshop without psychoeducation, and a waitlist control. Results showed that participants in the psychoeducation condition experienced a diminished reduction of PTSD symptoms relative to other conditions. There was no differential effect by condition on more general symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatization symptoms. Secondary hypotheses predicting relationships at baseline between prior exposure to trauma models developed in industrialized societies and the nature and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms were not supported. The findings are discussed in terms of how they might inform intervention development for traumatic stress in non-industrialized cultural settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Symptoms, Syndromes","Yeomans, Peter Douglass",2008.0,,,0,0,
6029,The impact of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth on young adult cancer survivors,"This dissertation examines the interrelationships between Post-Traumatic Stress (PTS) and Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG), the consequences of their coexistence in some survivors, and the buffering roles of PTG on distress in young adult cancer survivors. Specifically, three independent papers comprising the dissertation aim (1) to test curvilinear relationships between PTS and PTG; (2) to classify latent profiles of the survivors based on their PTS and PTG levels and investigate the characteristics of the survivor profiles; and (3) to test the moderating effect of PTG on the negative relationship between PTS and psychological distress. Participants were recruited from four medical centers that treat pediatric oncology patients in Southern California and Michigan. Inclusion criteria included current age 18-39; age at diagnosis 0-21 years; and disease-free status. Volunteer participants answered the mailed survey questionnaires. Of the 618 participants who responded and met the eligibility criteria, 593 survivors who had both PTG and PTS scores were used for this dissertation. In the first paper, the overall relationships between PTG and PTS were not statistically significant. The two phenomena seemed to coexist, but independently from each other. In the second paper using latent profile analyses, three clusters of survivors were found based on PTS and PTG levels: ""Thrivers"" who grew the most with their traumatic distress at medium level; ""Sufferers"" who suffered the highest level of distress with the level of growth at medium; and ""Recoverers"" at the lowest levels in both PTS and PTG. There was no difference among the clusters in demographic variables such as gender, employment, income, education, and current age. Thrivers comprised the most recent survivors with the highest level of social support and the greatest mental health, whereas Sufferers had the worst physical health. In the third paper, PTG was found to buffer the negative impact of PTS on psychological distress and the moderating effect was greater as the PTG level increased. x The study findings provide important empirical evidence to the complex experiences of cancer survivorship in young adulthood. The positive roles of PTG should continue to be examined to explore its mechanism and to develop growth-oriented programs and services for survivors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Coping Behavior, *Distress, *Neoplasms, *Survivors, Oncology","Yi, Jaehee",2012.0,,,0,0,
6030,Postcancer experiences of childhood cancer survivors: How is posttraumatic stress related to posttraumatic growth?,"Understanding posttraumatic growth (PTG) and the factors associated with PTG among cancer survivors is important to improve their quality of life. This study examined PTG among 225 Korean adolescents and young adults between 15 years and 39 years of age who survived childhood cancer (58.5% males and 41.5% females). We explored the relationships between PTG and several sociodemographic and medical variables, and whether the relationships between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were linear or curvilinear. The Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) were used to assess PTSD symptoms and PTG, respectively. In addition to the effects of sociodemographic and medical variables, there were linear effects of PDS on PTGI (R2 change = .03, p = .008). No evidence of a curvilinear relationship between PDS and PTGI was found. Higher PDS scores were associated with lower PTGI scores ( = -.18). Older age ( = .41) and shorter time since diagnosis ( = -.42) were associated with greater PTGI. Understanding the factors that were associated with PTG among Korean adolescent and young adult survivors of cancer adds to the knowledge on PTG and may help develop services to promote PTG in this group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Life Experiences, *Neoplasms, *Pediatrics, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Posttraumatic Growth, Childhood Development, Survivors","Yi, Jaehee, Kim, Min Ah",2014.0,,,0,0,
6031,The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and suicide ideation among child survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake,"The association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and suicide ideation was examined in a sample of 2,298 child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Results indicated that intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal symptom clusters, and PTSD total score were significantly associated with suicide ideation. Except for intrusion, other measures of PTSD remained as statistically significant correlates of suicide ideation even after controlling for age, gender, direct exposure, indirect exposure, and depression. Furthermore, results showed that PTSD symptoms had an indirect influence on suicide ideation that was mediated by depression. The findings suggest that avoidance and hyperarousal symptom clusters of PTSD may be two important indicators of suicide ideation among child survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Implications of the results for intervention and prevention of suicide behavior are discussed. © 2014 The American Association of Suicidology.",,"Ying, L., Chen, C., Lin, C., Greenberger, E., Wu, X., Jiang, L.",2015.0,,10.1111/sltb.12118,0,0,
6032,Chronic neurobehavioral effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder,"Chronic neurobehavioral effects of acute sarin poisoning were evaluated in 9 male and 9 female patients who were exposed to sarin poisoning in the Tokyo subway incident in Japan. The investigators used nine neurobehavioral tests, as well as a posttraumatic stress disorder checklist, 6-8 mo after the poisoning occurred. Serum cholinesterase activity in patients on the day of poisoning (i.e., March 20, 1995) ranged from 13 to 131 IU/I (mean = 72.1 IU/I). The results of analysis covariance, in which age, education level, alcohol consumption, and smoking status (covariates) were controlled in 18 sarin cases and in 18 controls, showed that the score on the digit symbol (psychomotor performance) test was significantly lower in the sarin cases than in controls. Nonetheless, the scores for the General Health Questionnaires, fatigue of Profile of Mood States, and posttraumatic stress disorder checklist were significantly higher in the sarin cases than controls. The investigators added posttraumatic stress disorder to the covariates, and only the score on the digit symbol test was significantly lower in sarin cases. In addition, the results of stepwise multiple regression analysis in 18 sarin cases revealed that scores for the General Health Questionnaires, fatigue of Profile of Mood States (i.e., fatigue, tension-anxiety, depression, and anger-hostility) - together with the paired- associate learning test - were associated significantly with posttraumatic stress disorder. The association did not remain significant for the digit symbol test score. Perhaps a chronic effect on psychomotor performance was caused directly by acute sarin poisoning; on the other hand, the effects on psychiatric symptoms (General Health Questionnaire) and fatigue (Profile of Mood States) appeared to result from posttraumatic stress disorder induced by exposure to sarin.","cholinesterase inhibitor, neurotoxin, organophosphate, sarin, adult, article, chemical warfare, controlled study, environmental exposure, female, human, Japan, major clinical study, male, mental disease, mood, motorized transport, neurotoxicity, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychometry, traffic accident","Yokoyama, K., Araki, S., Murata, K., Nishikitani, M., Okumura, T., Ishimatsu, S., Takasu, N., White, R. F.",1998.0,,,0,0,
6033,Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children After the 1999 Marmara Earthquake in Turkey,"Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in different age groups of children after the 1999 Marmara earthquake in Turkey. Method: The study included thirty-five patients, two to sixteen years old, who presented to the child and adolescent psychiatry department with symptoms of PTSD after the earthquake. An Earthquake Information Form and a Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Checklist were filled out with clinical interviews of cases and their relatives. Different age groups were compared with each other. Results: There are age-related differences in the perception of trauma or response to trauma of children and adolescents. Conclusion: Developmental factors are important in the perception of and response to trauma in children and adolescents. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria are not sensitive enough to make the diagnosis of PTSD in preschoolers. New sensitive development criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD in children are needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Adolescent Attitudes, *Child Attitudes, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms","Yorbik, Ozgur, Akbiyik, Derya Iren, Kirmizigul, Pinar, Sohmen, Teoman",2004.0,,,0,0,
6034,Review of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Malady or Myth?,"Reviews the book ""Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Malady or Myth?,"" by Chris R. Brewin (see record 2003-07155-000). Memory is the key to posttraumatic disorders (PTSDs) inner logic: it is the engine that drives the disorder's characteristic syndrome and it differentiates PTSD features from those disorders, notably depression and generalized anxiety, with which it is easily confused and often cooccurs. The book is also focused on traumatic memory. The author believes that traumatic memories are based on everyday mechanisms that are responding in an unusual way owing to the physiological effects of high levels of sustained arousal on the different brain structures involved in memory. The unusual features of traumatic memory are explained by dual representational systems: a verbally accessible memory (VAM) system, where trauma memory is integrated with other autobiographical memories and can be retrieved on demand, and a non-verbal, situationally accessible memory (SAM) system, whose memories are triggered involuntarily by traumatic reminders in either the external environment or intrusive thoughts. Potential readers for this book may presume that repressed memory and its signature clinical manifestation, the recovered memory syndrome, are no longer credible features of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Experimentation, *Memory, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Treatment, Anxiety, Repressed Memory, Survivors","Young, Allan",2005.0,,,0,0,
6035,Salivary cortisol and posttraumatic stress disorder in a low-income community sample of women,"Background Studies of male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder have demonstrated a profile of low cortisol. Studies with women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on childhood sexual abuse and holocaust survivors, both of whom experienced trauma during development, which could be different than adult trauma exposure. Methods Using an epidemiologic sample of low-income women from an urban area in Michigan, we conducted structured psychiatric interviews and saliva cortisol collection on a subsample of women with exposure to trauma but never PTSD (n = 72), recent PTSD (n = 29), and past PTSD (n = 70). Saliva cortisol was collected at awakening, 30 minutes later, at bedtime, and during a clinic visit. Results Recent trauma exposure but not past trauma exposure led to an increase in saliva cortisol. Neither recent PTSD nor past PTSD resulted in any saliva cortisol changes compared with the trauma exposed, never PTSD group. Recent major depression (past 12 months) demonstrated a weak effect (p = .08) on bedtime saliva cortisol. Conclusions While recent trauma exposure can increase saliva cortisol, neither recent nor past PTSD affected saliva cortisol in our community sample of women. Our data do not support saliva cortisol changes associated with PTSD.","hydrocortisone, adult, article, child development, child sexual abuse, controlled study, crime, data analysis, economic aspect, female, human, interview, laboratory test, lowest income group, major clinical study, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychiatry, psychotrauma, saliva analysis, saliva level, sampling, United States, urban area, victim","Young, E. A., Tolman, R., Witkowski, K., Kaplan, G.",2004.0,,,0,0,
6036,"Trends in Psychological/Psychiatric Injury and Law: Continuing Education, Practice Comments, Recommendations","This literature review of the major topics in the field of psychological/psychiatric injury and law is aimed at developing commentary for practice in the area. The field is a fast-developing one, with over ten major topics that it needs to integrate. In particular, the present review focuses current work on: law (evidence, tort); forensic psychology; assessment and testing; psychological injuries (posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, other); the APA DSM-5 draft (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; American Psychiatric Association 2010); malingering; causality; multicultural considerations; disability; the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment (Rondinelli et al. 2008); models; and treatment. At the end of each section of the article, practice comments introduce critical issues in applying the research to psychological work in the area. Whether undertaking tort evaluations, disability, and treatment plan assessments or treating individuals with psychological injuries, the professional needs state-of-the-art information in all the areas listed in order to remain scientifically informed, comprehensive, and impartial. The article concludes with recommendations for an integrated field in psychological/psychiatric injury and law, study in the field, research in its major areas, best practice policies, for example in assessment and treatment, and model building. © 2010 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.","Court, Literature review, Practice recommendations, Psychological injury","Young, G.",2010.0,,10.1007/s12207-010-9092-x,0,0,
6037,"Erratum to: Trends in Psychological/Psychiatric Injury and Law: Continuing Education, Practice Comments, Recommendations (Psychol. Inj. and Law, (2010), 3, (323-355), DOI 10.1007/s12207-010-9092-x)","This literature review of the major topics in the field of psychological/psychiatric injury and law is aimed at developing practice in the area. The field is a fast-developing one, with over ten major topics that it needs to integrate. In particular, the present review focuses on current work on: law (evidence, tort); forensic psychology; assessment and testing; psychological injuries (posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, other); the APA DSM-5 draft (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; American Psychiatric Association 2010); malingering; causality; multicultural considerations; disability; the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment (Rondinelli et al. 2008); models; and treatment. At the end of each section of the article, practice comments introduce critical issues in applying the research to psychological work in the area. Whether undertaking tort evaluations, disability, and treatment plan assessments or treating individuals with psychological injuries, the professional needs state-of-the-art information in all the areas listed in order to remain scientifically informed, comprehensive, and impartial. The article concludes with recommendations for an integrated field in psychological/psychiatric injury and law, study in the field, research in its major areas, best practice policies, for example in assessment and treatment, and model building. © 2011 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC.","Court, Literature review, Practice recommendations, Psychological injury","Young, G.",2011.0,,10.1007/s12207-011-9101-8,0,0,
6038,"PTSD, Endophenotypes, the RDoC, and the DSM-5","The search for endophenotypes that stand between genetics and disease has been applied to the diagnostic entity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Advances are being made in understanding the pathway to disorder in PTSD in terms of brain regions, neuronal networks, stress-related systems (e.g., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis), and their underlying genetic and neurogenetic bases. The latter are affected by gene-environmental interactions and epigenetic effects, and the environment and context reciprocally interrelate with them, as well. Therefore, a primary focus on (neuro)pathophysiological intermediates in the disease pathway, as appears emphasized in the research domain criteria (RDoC) approach to etiology of psychiatric disorder, and to which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) subscribes, might detract from a more inclusive biopsychosocial approach that would be more applicable in the case of PTSD. The paper undertakes a comprehensive review of the recent literature in the areas of endophenotypes, neurogenetics, epigenetics, neural networks, HPA axis, neuronal networks, pathways, the PTSD five-factor model, allostasis, and the RDoC criteria for psychiatric diagnosis, and then returns to the topic of endophenotypes. Neuronal networks constitute one integrating area that could help in arriving at an appropriate model of PTSD endophenotype. Pathway analysis provides a rich field for discerning individual differences in PTSD development, more so than the static approach of using DSM-5 symptom criteria. A model of endophenotypes is presented, which considers these factors in relation to PTSD. The paper concludes with implications for the DSM-5, for practice and for court, especially that it would be premature to seek individual biomarkers of PTSD given the current state of knowledge, even if it is burgeoning. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","DSM-5, Endophenotypes, Epigenetics, Neurogenetics, PTSD, RDoC","Young, G.",2014.0,,10.1007/s12207-014-9187-x,0,0,
6039,Dimensions and Dissociation in PTSD in the DSM-5: Towards Eight Core Symptoms,"The article reviews the literature on the dimensional (factor) structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as presented in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The DSM-5 PTSD diagnostic category contains 20 symptoms split into four factors. Also, the article considers the literature on the dissociative subtype, which is found in a minority of PTSD cases. The literature shows that the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) over the years has moved from a three-dimensional structure in prior DSMs to one with four dimensions in the DSM-5. However, the research reviewed queries whether the DSM-5’s four dimensions are consistent with the empirical literature; in this regard, models with five and six dimensions were the first to suggest alternatives. Moreover, in the literature, the DSM-5 symptoms appear to group into as many as seven dimensions, which are as follows: re-experiencing, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behavior, anxious arousal, and dysphoric arousal (Armour et al., Journal of Psychiatric Research 61: 106–113, 2015; Wang et al., Journal of Anxiety Disorders 31: 90–97, 2015). In particular, the two DSM-5 dimensions of negative alterations in cognitions and mood and alterations in arousal and reactivity appear to be subdivided into five dimensions. Generally, the 20 PTSD symptoms and their suggested factors that are found in the literature could prove unwieldy to clinicians. Moreover, they allow for much heterogeneity in symptom expression among PTSD cases. In response, the article presents a model of PTSD based on the seven-factor dimensional structure emerging in the literature, as well as another factor associated with the dissociation subtype, but with one core or primary symptom specified for each of the dimensions. The article considers forensic implications of the newer models on PTSD’s dimensional structure. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Clusters, Core symptoms, Dimensions, Dissociation, DSM-5, PTSD","Young, G.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12207-015-9231-5,0,0,
6040,One Quintillion Ways to Have PTSD Comorbidity: Recommendations for the Disordered DSM-5,"Galatzer-Levy and Bryant (Perspect Psychol Sci 8:651-662, 2013) have calculated the number of ways that Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms can be combined as over 600,000. They concluded that the amount is astounding and the category is rendered amorphous. PTSD often occurs in the context of polytrauma or comorbidity. The epidemiological literature indicates that the most common comorbid conditions in cases of PTSD include major depressive disorder (MDD), chronic pain, neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury (e.g., mild), and alcohol use disorder, with premorbid personality disorder possible, as well (which we consider as exacerbated due to the traumatic incident at issue, as in borderline personality disorder). We calculated the possible symptom combinations for each of these disorders and then in comorbid combination with PTSD (e.g., PTSD with MDD, but also when all six conditions are present). The number of symptom combinations in full polytrauma involving all six conditions listed is truly astounding, over one quintillion. Also, we reviewed the range of PTSD comorbidities, which adds to the symptom heterogeneity in cases. We make recommendations to prioritize symptoms in disorders as primary (e.g., unique, marker), secondary (e.g., core essential), and tertiary (e.g., common, cross-diagnostic). The latter tertiary type of symptoms in a disorder, if any, should be kept apart in its own criterion. This approach might help make the next version of the DSM more clinically useful both to clinicians and to court. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Combinations, Comorbidity, DSM-5, Forensics, PTSD","Young, G., Lareau, C., Pierre, B.",2014.0,,10.1007/s12207-014-9186-y,0,0,
6041,PTSD-SUD Comorbidities in the Context of Psychological Injury and Law,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) are both common psychological problems and they are frequently comorbid. However, there is little longitudinal research that can disentangle their temporal relationship towards determining the mechanisms in their comorbidity. Furthermore, the extant research does not consider possible confounds to diagnosis that are relevant to the area of psychological injury and law, such as exclusion of cases of malingering after appropriate assessment and testing. This paper reviews the literature on the question of comorbidity of PTSD and SUD towards establishing preliminary conclusions that could serve directions for needed research in the area, and with potential application to individual assessment and court purposes. There are four major models in how PTSD and SUD relate—self-medication, high risk, susceptibility, and shared vulnerability. Overall, the self-medication model is supported, but not exclusively. Recent research is examining the different models in these regards with respect to individual differences, including in negative emotionality/constraint, emotional/dysregulation, and patterns in PTSD’s different clusters. Further research is required from a forensic perspective that uses the appropriate populations, rules out malingering in the cases studied, and controls other confounds applicable to the forensic context. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Alcohol, Comorbidity, Law, Psychological injury, PTSD, Substance use disorder","Young, G., Wang, J. X.",2015.0,,10.1007/s12207-015-9229-z,0,0,
6042,"Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of transplant recipients: Incidence, severity, and related factors",,,"Young, G. S., Mintzer, L. L., Seacord, D., Castaneda, M., Mesrkhani, V., Stuber, M. L.",2003.0,2003,,0,0,
6043,"Trauma, attempted suicide, and morning cortisol in a community sample of adolescents","Individuals exposed to trauma or who have attempted suicide may show abnormal cortisol profiles; those exposed to significant trauma show reduced, while those who attempt suicide show increased cortisol output, although the evidence is inconsistent. This study explores the associations between morning cortisol, trauma, and suicide attempts or ideation among young people. In a community-based sample of 501 15-year-olds, using data from a DSM-IV-compatible interview on suicidal-behavior/ideation, trauma, and morning cortisol, we found no association between these factors and morning cortisol. A significant gender interaction was found for those threatened with a weapon-men showing a negative and women a positive association, suggesting that any cortisol/trauma association may be partially explained by coexisting behavioral problems and gender. © 2010 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Young, R.",2010.0,,,0,0,
6044,Patterns of Resource Utilization and Mental Health Symptoms Among Women Exposed to Multiple Types of Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis,"Although the value of resources aimed to support women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) is clear, few studies have investigated how exposure to multiple types of victimization influences women's resource utilization. We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to a sample of 412 women who used IPV in their current relationships to test whether women's resource utilization is associated with different patterns of victimization, including current IPV victimization, past IPV victimization, and childhood victimization. Three classes of women were identified: the Low Cumulative IPV class (n = 121) included women with a low prevalence of past IPV victimization and low severity of current IPV victimization; The High Past/ Low Current IPV class (n = 258) included women with a high prevalence of past IPV victimization but low severity of current IPV victimization; and the High Cumulative IPV class (n = 33) included women with a high prevalence of past IPV victimization and severe current IPV victimization. Multiple types of childhood victimization were highly prevalent among women in all three classes. Women in the High Cumulative IPV class used a greater variety of resources, experienced a greater number of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms, drug problems, and used more severe IPV aggression compared to women in other classes. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of resource utilization among women in relationships characterized by bidirectional IPV and underscore the potential clinical utility of adapting services to meet the specific needs of women with unique profiles of victimization. © The Author(s) 2013.","childhood abuse and neglect, help-seeking, intimate partner violence, resource utilization, trauma, treatment, women","Young-Wolff, K. C., Hellmuth, J., Jaquier, V., Swan, S. C., Connell, C., Sullivan, T. P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6045,Lasting consequences of traumatic events on behavioral and skeletal parameters in a mouse model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),"Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that not only affects mental health, but may also affect bone health. However, there have been no studies to examine the direct relationship between PTSD and bone. Methodology/Principal Findings: We employed electric shocks in mice to simulate traumatic events that cause PTSD. We also injected the anxiogenic drug FG-7142 prior to electric shocks. Electric shocks created lasting conditioned fear memory in all mice. In young mice, electric shocks elicited not only behavioral response but also skeletal response, and injection of FG-7142 appeared to increase both types of response. For example in behavioral response within the first week, mice shocked alone froze an average of 6.2 sec in 10 sec tests, and mice injected with FG-7142 froze 7.6 sec, both significantly different (P < 0.05) from control mice, which only froze 1.3 sec. In skeletal response at week 2, shocks alone reduced 6% bone mineral content (BMC) in total body (P = 0.06), while shocks with FG-7142 injection reduced not only 11% BMC (P < 0.05) but also 6% bone mineral density (BMD) (P < 0.05). In addition, FG-7142 injection also caused significant reductions of BMC in specific bones such as femur, lumbar vertebra, and tibia at week 3. Strong negative correlations (R2 = -0.56, P < 0.05) and regression (y = 0.2527-0.0037 * x, P < 0.01) between freezing behavior and total body BMC in young mice indicated that increased contextual PTSD-like behavior was associated with reduced bone mass acquisition. Conclusions/Significance: This is the first study to document evidence that traumatic events induce lasting consequences on both behavior and skeletal growth, and electric shocks coupled with injection of anxiogenic FG-7142 in young mice can be used as a model to study the effect of PTSD-like symptoms on bone development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Bones, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Trauma, Mice","Yu, Hongrun, Watt, Heather, Kesavan, Chandrasekhar, Johnson, Patrick J., Wergedal, Jon E., Mohan, Subburaman",2012.0,,,0,0,
6046,Protective factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a prospective study of police officers,"Although police officers are frequently exposed to potentially traumatic incidents, only a minority will develop chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Identifying and understanding protective factors could inform the development of preventive interventions; however, few studies have examined this. In the present prospective study, 233 police officers were assessed during academy training and again following 2 years of police service. Caucasian race, less previous trauma exposure, and less critical incident exposure during police service as well as greater sense of self-worth, beliefs of greater benevolence of the world, greater social support and better social adjustment, all assessed during academy training, were associated with lower PTSD symptoms after 2 years of service. Positive personality attributes assessed during training with the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory were not associated with lower PTSD symptoms. In a hierarchical linear regression model, only Caucasian race, lower critical incident exposure during police service, greater assumptions of benevolence of the world and better social adjustment during training remained predictive of lower PTSD symptoms after 2 years of police service. These results suggest that positive world assumptions and better social functioning during training may protect police officers from critical incident related PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Trauma, *Police Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Yuan, Chengmei, Wang, Zhen, Inslicht, Sabra S., McCaslin, Shannon E., Metzler, Thomas J., Henn-Haase, Clare, Apfel, Brigitte A., Tong, Huiqi, Neylan, Thomas C., Fang, Yiru, Marmar, Charles R.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6047,Prevalence and predictors of stress disorders following two earthquakes,,,"Yuan, K. C., Ruoyao, Z., Zhenyu, S., Xudong, Z., Jianzhong, Y., Edwards, J. G.",,,,0,0,
6048,Transforming research and clinical knowledge in traumatic brain injury: Multicenter implementation of the TBI common data elements,"PURPOSE: NINDS, NIDRR, DVBIC, and DCOE have jointly supported an effort to develop consensus-based common data elements for traumatic brain injury and psychological health (TBI-CDE, www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/TBI.aspx). The goal of the TRACK-TBI study is to evaluate the feasibility and utility of the TBICDEs and to extensively phenotype a cohort of TBI patients across the injury spectrum from concussion to coma. METHODS: Phase I focused on developing infrastructure, establishing collaborations and pilot testing of data collection and outcome measures. For the three acute care centers, patients were enrolled that presented to the emergency department within 24 hours of head injury and required CT. For the rehabilitation center, referrals from acute hospitals were enrolled. Patients were consented to participate in components: clinical profile; blood draws for measurement of proteomic and genomic markers; 3T MRI within 2 weeks; three-month Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E); and six-month TBICDE Core outcome assessments. SUMMARY: A web-enabled database, imaging repository, and biospecimen bank was developed using the TBI-CDE recommendations. A total of 605 patients were enrolled. Of these subjects, 88% had a GCS 13-15, 5% had a GCS 9-12, and 7% had a GCS of 8 or less. Three-month GOS-E's were obtained for 78% of the patients. Comprehensive 6-month outcome measures, including PTSD assessment, are ongoing until September 2011. TBI-CDE outcome measures could not be applied to non-English speakers and children. Blood specimens were collected from 450 patients. Initial CTs for 605 patients and 235 patients with 3T MRI studies were transferred to an imaging repository. CONCLUSION: Phase I of the TRACK-TBI study was completed within an accelerated timeframe of 10 months. We demonstrate that it is feasible to develop the infrastructure, collaboration, and tools needed to implement TBI-CDEs for multicenter clinical research across the spectrum of TBI. Analyses of neuroimaging, genomic, proteomic, and outcome data are underway.","marker, traumatic brain injury, nervous system injury, human, patient, blood, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, imaging, data base, child, clinical research, neuroimaging, consensus, health, phenotype, injury, concussion, coma, information processing, emergency care, emergency ward, head injury, rehabilitation center, hospital, Glasgow outcome scale, outcome assessment, posttraumatic stress disorder","Yue, J., Puccio, A., Schnyer, D., ""Dams-OConnor, K."", Yuh, E., Mukherjee, P., Okonkwo, D., Valadka, A., Gordon, W., Maas, A., Manley, G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6049,A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms,"Converging lines of evidence have called into question the validity of conceptualizations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and suggested alternative structural models of PTSD symptomatology. We conducted a meta-analysis of 40 PTSD studies (N = 14,827 participants across studies) that used a DSM-based measure to assess PTSD severity. We aggregated correlation matrices across studies and then applied confirmatory factor analysis to the aggregated matrices to test the fit of competing models of PTSD symptomatology that have gained support in the literature. Results indicated that both prominent 4-factor models of PTSD symptomatology yielded good model fit across subsamples of studies; however, the model comprising Intrusions, Avoidance, Hyperarousal, and Dysphoria factors appeared to fit better across studies. Results also indicated that the best fitting models were not moderated by measure or sample type. Results are discussed in the context of structural models of PTSD and implications for the diagnostic nosology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Symptoms, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Factor Analysis, Statistical Correlation, Structural Equation Modeling","Yufik, Tom, Simms, Leonard J.",2010.0,,,0,0,
6050,Post-traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents,"(from the chapter) Children and adolescents surviving a life-threatening disaster show a wide range of symptoms which tend to cluster around signs of re-experiencing the traumatic event, trying to avoid dealing with the emotions that this gives rise to, and a range of signs of increased physiological arousal. There may be considerable co-morbidity with depression, generalized anxiety or pathological grief reactions. Topics include: manifestations of stress reactions in children and adolescents; effects on younger children (risk and protective factors age, gender, ability and attainment, family factors, prevalence, single vs repeated or chronic stressors, objective factors, subjective factors, single vs multiple traumas, disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified); developmental issues (case examples); assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children; treatment of PTSD (critical incident stress debriefing, group treatments, individual treatment, contingency planning). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Human Development, *Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress Reactions, *Treatment","Yule, William, Perrin, Sean, Smith, Patrick",1999.0,,,0,0,4267
6051,Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Examines the role of traumatic events in the development of anxiety disorders in children, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), differentiating between single acute events and chronic and/or repeated ones. The relationships is placed between traumatic event and stress reaction within a developmental psychopathological context by looking at risk and protective factors in the etiology and maintenance of stress reactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Anxiety Disorders, *Emotional Trauma, *Experiences (Events), *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Yule, William, Perrin, Sean, Smith, Patrick",2001.0,,,0,0,
6052,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) This chapter discusses posttraumatic stress disorder in young people. Both ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnostic systems now acknowledge that major stressors can cause serious morbidity and that children may suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The past 15 years have seen a great increase in studies of the effects of major stresses, as encountered in disasters, war and other life-threatening experiences. However, the question for child psychiatry remains whether severe acute stresses, as opposed to chronic ones linked to social adversity, carry a substantial increased risk of psychiatric sequelae. If so, what sort of stressors carry such increased risk? What are the most common psychological sequelae? Do these vary according to stressor, according to developmental level? What is the role of the family in moderating the reactions? Are there other known risk and protective factors? Indeed, is PTSD a truly separate disorder or is it merely a variant of other well-recognized disorders such as anxiety, phobias and depression? Finally, what is currently known about intervention? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychodiagnosis, *Treatment, Developmental Psychology, Emotional Trauma, Protective Factors, Psychiatric Symptoms, Risk Factors, Stress","Yule, William, Smith, Patrick",2008.0,,,0,0,42
6053,Post-traumatic stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was first recognized as a coherent diagnostic classification in 1980 (APA, 1980) when the puzzling symptoms presented by veterans of the Vietnam War were properly described. Three groups of symptoms or reactions were identified as occurring together: distressing intrusive images and memories; emotional numbing and avoidance of traumatic reminders; and increased physiological arousal. Initially it was asserted that children would not develop PTSD but that view had been based on an absence of information gathered from children themselves. By the end of the 1980s, studies by Pynoos in USA and Yule in UK had firmly demonstrated that children and adolescents can and do develop PTSD after significant life-threatening experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Symptoms","Yule, William, Smith, Patrick, Perrin, Sean, Clark, David M.",2013.0,,,0,0,42
6054,Association between traumatic brain injury and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in active-duty Marines,"Importance: Whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been difficult to determine because of the prevalence of comorbid conditions, overlapping symptoms, and cross-sectional samples. Objective: To examine the extent to which self-reported predeployment and deployment-related TBI confers increased risk of PTSD when accounting for combat intensity and predeployment mental health symptoms. Designs, Setting and Participants: As part of the prospective, longitudinal Marine Resiliency Study (June 2008 to May 2012), structured clinical interviews and self-report assessments were administered approximately 1 month before a 7-month deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan and again 3 to 6 months after deployment. The study was conducted at training areas on a Marine Corps base in southern California or at Veterans Affairs San Diego Medical Center. Participants for the final analytic sample were 1648 active-duty Marine and Navy servicemen who completed predeployment and postdeployment assessments. Reasons for exclusions were nondeployment (n = 34), missing data (n = 181), and rank of noncommissioned and commissioned officers (n = 66). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the total score on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) 3 months after deployment. Results: At the predeployment assessment, 56.8% of the participants reported prior TBI; at postdeployment assessment, 19.8% reported sustaining TBI between predeployment and postdeployment assessments (ie, deployment-related TBI). Approximately 87.2% of deployment-related TBIs were mild; 250 of 287 participants (87.1%) who reported posttraumatic amnesia reported less than 24 hours of posttraumatic amnesia (37 reported > 24 hours), and 111 of 117 of those who lost consciousness (94.9%) reported less than 30 minutes of unconsciousness. Predeployment CAPS score and combat intensity score raised predicted 3-month postdeployment CAPS scores by factors of 1.02 (P < .001; 95% CI, 1.02-1.02) and 1.02 (P < .001; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02) per unit increase, respectively. Deployment-related mild TBI raised predicted CAPS scores by a factor of 1.23 (P < .001; 95% CI, 1.11-1.36), and moderate/severe TBI raised predicted scores by a factor of 1.71 (P < .001; 95%CI, 1.37-2.12). Probability of PTSD was highest for participants with severe predeployment symptoms, high combat intensity, and deployment-related TBI. Traumatic brain injury doubled or nearly doubled the PTSD rates for participants with less severe predeployment PTSD symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance: Even when accounting for predeployment symptoms, prior TBI, and combat intensity, TBI during the most recent deployment is the strongest predictor of postdeployment PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Navy Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Traumatic Brain Injury, Combat Experience, Military Deployment, Military Duty Status","Yurgil, Kate A., Barkauskas, Donald A., Vasterling, Jennifer J., Nievergelt, Caroline M., Larson, Gerald E., Schork, Nicholas J., Litz, Brett T., Nash, William P., Baker, Dewleen G.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6055,PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors after a fire disaster that broke out in a paediatric hospital: A crosssectional study,"Background: Several studies have shown a higher risk of psychological problems in health care workers exposed to serious occupational stressors. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and possible risk factors in a sample of 32 workers who were at the same time rescuers and victims of a fire that broke out in the neonatal intensive care unit of a large paediatric hospital.Methods: Immediately and six months after the event, the subjects underwent a study protocol aimed at the diagnostic assessment of PTSD, investigated via the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Results: Out of the 30 subjects examined (two were missing), six showed the diagnostic criteria for a current PTSD. Risk factors for PTSD onset were a prior psychiatric disorder, the level of involvement in the fire disaster and the presence of phobias in the days immediately after the event. Gender and level of education approached statistical significance. Conclusions: The high prevalence of PTSD found in this sample was due to the fact that the risk of death or serious injury involved infants.","Fire disaster, Health care workers, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Zaffina, S., Camisa, V., Monducci, E., Vinci, M. R., Vicari, S., Bergamaschi, A.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6056,Anxiety sensitivity and aspects of alexithymia are independently and uniquely associated with posttraumatic distress,"Using a sample of adult survivors of physical trauma requiring hospitalization (N=677), we examined the relationship of aspects of alexithymia and anxiety sensitivity to symptoms of posttraumatic distress (PTD). At the bivariate level, both aspects of alexithymia and anxiety sensitivity were positively associated with acute PTD symptomatology, but anxiety sensitivity was more strongly related to PTD symptoms. At the multivariate level, both anxiety sensitivity and aspects of alexithymia made unique and independent contributions to both total PTD symptoms and the majority of PTD symptom clusters. At the facet level, anxiety sensitivity-physical concerns and anxiety sensitivity-psychological concerns, and the alexithymic dimension of difficulty identifying feelings, were uniquely associated with acute PTD symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of potential clinical implications. (copyright) 2009 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","acute disease, adult, aged, alexithymia, anxiety, article, cluster analysis, disease association, emotionality, female, hospitalization, human, injury, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychological aspect, symptom","Zahradnik, M., Stewart, S. H., Marshall, G. N., Schell, T. L., Jaycox, L. H.",2009.0,,,0,0,
6057,Resilience Moderates the Relationship Between Exposure to Violence and Posttraumatic Reexperiencing in Mi'kmaq Youth,"This study is part of a school-based collaborative research project with a Nova Scotian Mi'kmaq community that hopes to shed light on the relationship between exposure to violence and mental health in First Nations youth. This particular study sought to examine how the multifaceted construct of resilience might act as a protective factor, buffering some students from the negative mental health consequences of exposure to violence. The present paper focuses on whether the construct of resilience, measured by the Child and Youth Resiliency Measure (CYRM; Ungar et al. 2008), has a moderating impact on the relationship between exposure to violence (emotional, physical, and sexual), measured by the Childhood Experience of Violence Questionnaire (CEVQ; Walsh, MacMillan, Trocmé, Jamieson, & Boyle, in press), and posttraumatic stress symptoms, measured by the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS, Foa et al. 2001). Results showed that the positive relationship between exposure to violence-measured as emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence-and the reexperiencing symptom cluster of PTSD was moderated by resilience, such that exposure to violence was only predictive of reexperiencing at lower levels of resilience. These findings not only help provide further cross-cultural validation for the CYRM as a measure, but provide support for an ecological conceptualization of resilience. © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009.","Adolescents, Exposure to violence, ""Mikmaq"", Posttraumatic stress disorder, Resilience","Zahradnik, M., Stewart, S. H., ""OConnor, R. M."", Stevens, D., Ungar, M., Wekerle, C.",2010.0,,,0,0,
6058,Posttraumatic stress hyperarousal symptoms mediate the relationship between childhood exposure to violence and subsequent alcohol misuse in Mi'kmaq youth,"This study was part of a school-based collaborative research project with a Canadian Mi'kmaq community that examined the potential role of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom clusters in mediating the relationship between childhood exposure to violence (EV) and alcohol misuse in a sample of Mi'kmaq adolescents (N = 166). The study employed a cross-sectional design and used several well-validated self-report questionnaires. Path analytic results showed that when each PTS symptom cluster was independently investigated for mediating effects while controlling for depressive symptoms, age, and gender, only the PTS hyperarousal symptom cluster fully mediated the EV-alcohol misuse relationship. Results are discussed within the context of previous theory and research on the topic of PTS as a mediator between EV and alcohol misuse. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Zahradnik, M., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, S. B., Stevens, D., Wekerle, C.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6059,"Economics of Disaster Risk, Social Vulnerability, and Mental Health Resilience","We investigate the relationship between exposure to Hurricanes Katrina and/or Rita and mental health resilience by vulnerability status, with particular focus on the mental health outcomes of single mothers versus the general public. We advance a measurable notion of mental health resilience to disaster events. We also calculate the economic costs of poor mental health days added by natural disaster exposure. Negative binomial analyses show that hurricane exposure increases the expected count of poor mental health days for all persons by 18.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.44-31.14%), and by 71.88% (95% CI, 39.48-211.82%) for single females with children. Monthly time-series show that single mothers have lower event resilience, experiencing higher added mental stress. Results also show that the count of poor mental health days is sensitive to hurricane intensity, increasing by a factor of 1.06 (95% CI, 1.02-1.10) for every billion (U.S.$) dollars of damage added for all exposed persons, and by a factor of 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03-1.14) for single mothers. We estimate that single mothers, as a group, suffered over $130 million in productivity loss from added postdisaster stress and disability. Results illustrate the measurability of mental health resilience as a two-dimensional concept of resistance capacity and recovery time. Overall, we show that natural disasters regressively tax disadvantaged population strata. © 2011 Society for Risk Analysis.","Mental health resilience, Natural disaster risk, Single mothers, Social vulnerability","Zahran, S., Peek, L., Snodgrass, J. G., Weiler, S., Hempel, L.",2011.0,,10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01580.x,0,0,
6060,Traumatic birth and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review,"Objective: The objective of this review was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of traumatic birth and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder Methods: A literature search was carried out on the PubMed and BIREME databases using the search strings ""traumatic birth"", ""traumatic delivery"", ""postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder"", ""childbirth""and ""stress disorder"". The search encompassed articles on prevalence and risk factors of traumatic delivery and childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder published between 1994 and 2009. Results: Three qualitative and four quantitative studies on traumatic delivery revealed a rate ranging from 21.4% to 34%. Traumatic delivery is defined when, during labor or delivery, the mother presents intense fear of her own death or that other child, besides feelings of impotence, helplessness and horror. Traumatic deliver is associated with painful delivery, emergency obstetric procedures and inadequate care from the health team. With regard to post partum PTSD, one qualitative and twelve quantitative studies were found, reporting a prevalence of 1.3% to 5.9%. Women who presented dissociation symptoms or negative emotions during delivery, or a history of traumatic events, depression in pregnacy, poor social support and a perception of a staff less suportive proved more vulnerable to post partum PTSD. Conclusion: Although not well understood, traumatic delivery a relatively common event which negatively impacts women's lives and may be a precursor to post partum PTSD. Health teams charged with caring for women during the peripartum period should be aware of this condition to allow identification and prevention of cases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Birth Trauma, *Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors","Zambaldi, Carla Fonseca, Cantilino, Amaury, Sougey, Everton Botelho",2009.0,,,0,0,
6061,Bio-socio-demographic factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of postpartum Brazilian women,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among women. In the postpartum period, the prevalence is between 1% and 6%. The present study investigated PTSD in a sample of 400 Brazilian women between 2 and 26 weeks postpartum using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and found a frequency of 5.3%. The factors associated with the occurrence of PTSD were low purchasing power, a history of psychiatric disorders, clinical disease, and the infant having experienced some complication (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Demographic Characteristics, *Human Females, *Postnatal Period, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Zambaldi, Carla Fonseca, Cantilino, Amaury, Sougey, Everton Botelho",2011.0,,,0,0,
6062,Family history study of the familial coaggregation of borderline personality disorder with axis I and nonborderline dramatic cluster axis II disorders,"The purpose of this study was to assess the familial coaggregation of borderline personality disorder (BPD) with a full array of axis I disorders and four axis II disorders (antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and sadistic personality disorder) in the first-degree relatives of borderline probands and axis II comparison subjects. Four hundred and forty-five inpatients were interviewed about familial psychopathology using the Revised Family History Questionnaire - a semistructured interview of demonstrated reliability. Of these 445 subjects, 341 met both DIB-R and DSM-III-R criteria for BPD and 104 met DSM-III-R criteria for another type of personality disorder (and neither criteria set for BPD). The psychopathology of 1,580 first-degree relatives of borderline probands and 472 relatives of axis II comparison subjects was assessed. Using structural models for familial coaggregation, it was found that BPD coaggregates with major depression, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I disorder, alcohol abuse/dependence, drug abuse/dependence, panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder, and all four axis II disorders studied. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that common familial factors, particularly in the areas of affective disturbance and impulsivity, contribute to borderline personality disorder. (copyright) 2009 The Guilford Press.","adolescent, adult, alcohol abuse, alcoholism, anxiety disorder, article, bipolar I disorder, borderline state, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, drug abuse, drug dependence, dysthymia, eating disorder, familial disease, family history, female, generalized anxiety disorder, histrionic personality disorder, human, interview, major clinical study, major depression, male, mental disease, mood disorder, narcissism, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic, personality disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychogenic pain, psychopathy, psychosis, questionnaire, relative, sadistic personality disorder, social phobia, somatoform disorder","Zanarini, M. C., Barison, L. K., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., Hudson, J. I.",2009.0,,,0,0,
6063,A new instrument to assess social functioning in mental health settings,"This article present a new social functioning self-report instrument in French language the ""Questionnaire de Fonctionnement Social"" (QFS), initially developed in order to assess social functioning in patients involved in group psychotherapy programs conducted in a specialist mental health setting. The psychometric analysis globally support the validity of the QFS and suggest that it performs similarly to other standardized measure of social functioning. Brief, easy to complete and score, the QFS seems to be an appropriate instrument for use not only in research protocols but also in clinical psychiatric settings. Within the often costly exercise of routine measurement, this short questionnaire should help identifying social dysfunctions otherwise not always recognized, making informed clinical decision and monitoring therapeutic responses. The QFS, while promising, needs further validation by study of its use namely in other settings (e.g. community mental health setting,...), with other patient groups (for instance, suffering from other mental disorders or chronic medical illnesses) and, more generally, with other non-clinical populations (e.g. pensioners, prisoners, refugees,...).","adult, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, community, conference paper, daily life activity, discriminant analysis, family, female, financial management, frequency analysis, group therapy, health care management, household, human, devices, leisure, male, medical decision making, mental disease, mental health center, mixed anxiety and depression, monitoring, personality disorder, psychologic assessment, psychometry, psychosis, questionnaire, reliability, research, satisfaction, self report, sensitivity analysis, social disability, social interaction, treatment outcome, validation process","Zanello, A., Weber Rouget, B., Gex-Fabry, M., Maercker, A., Guimon, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
6064,"Epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: Current evidence, challenges, and future directions","Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related psychiatric disorder that is thought to emerge from complex interactions among traumatic events and multiple genetic factors. Epigenetic regulation lies at the heart of these interactions and mediates the lasting effects of the environment on gene regulation. An increasing body of evidence in human subjects with PTSD supports a role for epigenetic regulation of distinct genes and pathways in the pathogenesis of PTSD. The role of epigenetic regulation is further supported by studies examining fear conditioning in rodent models. Although this line of research offers an exciting outlook for future epigenetic research in PTSD, important limitations include the tissue specificity of epigenetic modifications, the phenomenologic definition of the disorder, and the challenge of translating molecular evidence across species. These limitations call for studies that combine data from postmortem human brain tissue and animal models, assess longitudinal epigenetic changes in living subjects, and examine dimensional phenotypes in addition to diagnoses. Moreover, examining the environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors that promote resilience to trauma may lead to important advances in the field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Stress, *Epigenetics, Animal Models","Zannas, Anthony S., Provencal, Nadine, Binder, Elisabeth B.",2015.0,,,0,0,
6065,A randomized stepped care intervention trial targeting posttraumatic stress disorder for surgically hospitalized injury survivors,"Objective:: To test the effectiveness of a stepped care intervention model targeting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after injury. Background:: Few investigations have evaluated interventions for injured patients with PTSD and related impairments that can be feasibly implemented in trauma surgical settings. METHODS:: The investigation was a pragmatic effectiveness trial in which 207 acutely injured hospitalized trauma survivors were screened for high PTSD symptom levels and then randomized to a stepped combined care management, psychopharmacology, and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy intervention (n = 104) or usual care control (n = 103) conditions. The symptoms of PTSD and functional limitations were reassessed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the index injury admission. RESULTS:: Regression analyses demonstrated that over the course of the year after injury, intervention patients had significantly reduced PTSD symptoms when compared with controls [group by time effect, CAPS (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale): F(2, 185) = 5.50, P < 0.01; PCL-C (PTSD Checklist Civilian Version): F(4, 185) = 5.45, P < 0.001]. Clinically and statistically significant PTSD treatment effects were observed at the 6-, 9-, and 12-month postinjury assessments. Over the course of the year after injury, intervention patients also demonstrated significant improvements in physical function [MOS SF-36 PCS (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Physical Component Summary) main effect: F(1, 172) = 9.87, P < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS:: Stepped care interventions can reduce PTSD symptoms and improve functioning over the course of the year after surgical injury hospitalization. Orchestrated investigative and policy efforts could systematically introduce and evaluate screening and intervention procedures for PTSD at US trauma centers. (Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00270959) © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","injury, physical function, PTSD, stepped care, surgical hospitalization, traumatic brain injury","Zatzick, D., Jurkovich, G., Rivara, F. P., Russo, J., Wagner, A., Wang, J., Dunn, C., Lord, S. P., Petrie, M., ""OConnor, S. S."", Katon, W.",2013.0,,10.1097/SLA.0b013e31826bc313,0,0,
6066,Technology-Enhanced Stepped Collaborative Care Targeting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbidity After Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its comorbidities are endemic among injured trauma survivors. Previous collaborative care trials targeting PTSD after injury have been effective, but they have required intensive clinical resources. The present pragmatic clinical trial randomized acutely injured trauma survivors who screened positive on an automated electronic medical record PTSD assessment to collaborative care intervention (n = 60) and usual care control (n = 61) conditions. The stepped measurement-based intervention included care management, psychopharmacology, and psychotherapy elements. Embedded within the intervention were a series of information technology (IT) components. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the PTSD Checklist at baseline prerandomization and again, 1-, 3-, and 6-months postinjury. IT utilization was also assessed. The technology-assisted intervention required a median of 2.25 hours (interquartile range = 1.57 hours) per patient. The intervention was associated with modest symptom reductions, but beyond the margin of statistical significance in the unadjusted model: F(2, 204) = 2.95, p =055. The covariate adjusted regression was significant: F(2, 204) = 3.06, p =049. The PTSD intervention effect was greatest at the 3-month (Cohen's effect size d = 0.35, F(1, 204) = 4.11, p =044) and 6-month (d = 0.38, F(1, 204) = 4.10, p =044) time points. IT-enhanced collaborative care was associated with modest PTSD symptom reductions and reduced delivery × the intervention model could potentially facilitate efficient PTSD treatment after injury. © 2015 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Zatzick, D., ""OConnor, S. S."", Russo, J., Wang, J., Bush, N., Love, J., Peterson, R., Ingraham, L., Darnell, D., Whiteside, L., Van Eaton, E.",2015.0,,10.1002/jts.22041,0,0,
6067,Post-traumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in female Vietnam veterans,"Assessed whether current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with impaired daily functioning and quality of life in a nationally representative sample of 432 female Vietnam veterans by performing a secondary analysis of data collected in the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (R. A. Kulka et at, 1990). A subsample of 87 Ss were diagnosed with PTSD. Logistic models were used to determine the association between PTSD and outcome while adjusting for demographic characteristics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Results show PTSD was associated with significantly elevated odds of poorer functioning in 5 of the 6 outcome domains; only the association between perpetration of violence in the past year and PTSD did not achieve statistical significance. After adjusting for demographics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities, PTSD remained associated with significantly elevated odds of bed days, poorer physical health, and unemployment. The significantly increased odds of impaired functioning and diminished quality of life suggest that PTSD may be the core problem of the set of problems afflicting female Vietnam veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Activities of Daily Living, *Human Females, *Military Veterans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, Combat Experience","Zatzick, Douglas, Weiss, Daniel S., Marmar, Charles R., Metzler, Thomas J., Wells, Kenneth, Golding, Jacqueline M., Stewart, Anita, Schlenger, William E., Browner, Warren S.",1997.0,,,0,0,
6068,An epidemiologic approach to the development of early trauma focused intervention,"Early, trauma-focused intervention development has emphasized unidirectional trajectories that begin with basic research and efficacy trials followed later by effectiveness and dissemination studies. In this article, the authors present methods derived from social and clinical epidemiology that constitute foundational research in the development of early trauma-focused intervention. They also describe how population-based practice research may serve to feed back and inform what has been conceptualized as earlier stages of intervention devehpment such as efficacy trials. Examples of relevant epidemiologic research methods are presented to illustrate these points. The authors posit that the continued application of population-based methods may produce treatments that can be feasibly applied to the unique patient, provider, organizational, and community contexts relevant to early interventions for survivors of trauma. (copyright) 2007 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.","analgesic agent, beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent, corticosteroid, narcotic analgesic agent, psychotropic agent, behavior therapy, clinical practice, comorbidity, conference paper, coping behavior, epidemiological data, evidence based practice, health program, human, human relation, intervention study, mental health, patient care, population research, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychotherapy, risk factor, social adaptation","Zatzick, D. F., Galea, S.",2007.0,,,0,0,
6069,"Posttraumatic stress, problem drinking, and functional outcomes after injury","Hypothesis: Patients undergoing trauma surgery for injury who have subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or problem drinking will demonstrate significant impairments in functional outcomes compared with patients without these disorders. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Level I academic trauma center. Participants: One hundred one randomly selected survivors of intentional and unintentional injuries were interviewed while hospitalized and again 1 year later. The investigation achieved a 73% 1-year follow-up rate. Main Outcome Measures: Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed with the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and problem drinking was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Functional status was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Results: One year after injury, 30% of patients (n=22) met symptomatic criteria for PTSD and 25% (n=18) had Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores indicative of problem drinking. Patients with PTSD demonstrated significant adverse outcomes in 7 of the 8 domains of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey compared with patients without PTSD. In multivariate models that adjusted for injury severity, chronic medical conditions, age, sex, preinjury physical function, and alcohol use, PTSD remained the strongest predictor of an adverse outcome. Patients with problem drinking did not demonstrate clinically or statistically significant functional impairment compared with patients without problem drinking. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder persisted in 30% of patients 1 year after traumatic injury and was independently associated with a broad profile of functional impairment. The development of treatment intervention protocols for trauma patients with PTSD is warranted.","adolescent, adult, aged, alcoholism, article, female, follow up, functional assessment, human, injury, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, quality of life, social support","Zatzick, D. F., Jurkovich, G. J., Gentilello, L., Wisner, D., Rivara, F. P.",2002.0,,,0,0,
6070,Posttraumatic concerns: a patient-centered approach to outcome assessment after traumatic physical injury,"BACKGROUND: Approximately 2.5 million Americans are admitted to the hospital after traumatic physical injury each year. Few investigations have elicited patients' perspectives regarding posttraumatic outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To identify and categorize physically injured trauma survivors' posttraumatic concerns. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal investigation; trauma survivors were interviewed during the post-injury hospitalization and again 1, 4, and 12 months after the trauma. SUBJECTS: Ninety-seven, randomly selected, English speaking, hospitalized survivors of motor vehicle-crashes or assaults. MEASURES: At the end of each interview patients were asked, ""Of all the things that have happened to you since you were injured, what concerns you the most?"" Using an iterative process and working by consensus, investigators categorized patient concerns in content domains. Concern domains were then compared with established measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and limitations in physical functioning. RESULTS: Seven categories of posttraumatic concerns were identified. During the course of the year, 73% of patients expressed physical health concerns, 58% psychological concerns, 53% work and finance concerns, 40% social concerns, 10% legal concerns, 10% medical concerns, and 20% uncodable concerns. Rater agreement on concern categorization was substantial (kappa = 0.72). The mean number of concerns expressed per patient gradually decreased over time (1 month mean = 1.51; 12 month mean = 1.26) and resembled the trajectories of PTSD symptoms and functional limitations. CONCLUSIONS: The concerns of physically injured trauma survivors are readily elicited and followed up during the course of the year after injury. Open-ended inquiry regarding posttraumatic concerns may complement standardized outcome assessments by identifying and contextualizing the outcomes of greatest importance to patients.","adult, aged, article, chi square distribution, female, human, injury, injury scale, interview, life event, longitudinal study, male, middle aged, outcome assessment, patient care, posttraumatic stress disorder, prospective study, psychological aspect, survivor","Zatzick, D. F., Kang, S. M., Hinton, W. L., Kelly, R. H., Hilty, D. M., Franz, C. E., Le, L., Kravitz, R. L.",2001.0,,,0,0,
6071,Predicting posttraumatic distress in hospitalized trauma survivors with acute injuries,,,"Zatzick, D. F., Kang, S. M., Müller, H. G., Russo, J. E., Rivara, F. P., Katon, W., Jurkovich, G. J., Roy-Byrne, P.",2002.0,,10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.941,0,0,
6072,Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans,,,"Zatzick, D. F., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Browner, W. S., Metzler, T. J., Golding, J. M., Stewart, A., Schlenger, W. E., Wells, K. B.",1997.0,,,0,0,
6073,"Multisite investigation of traumatic brain injuries, posttraumatic stress disorder, and self-reported health and cognitive impairments",,,"Zatzick, D. F., Rivara, F. P., Jurkovich, G. J., Hoge, C. W., Wang, J., Fan, M. Y., Russo, J., Trusz, S. G., Nathens, A., Mackenzie, E. J.",2010.0,,10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.158,0,0,
6074,A nationwide US study of post-traumatic stress after hospitalization for physical injury,,,"Zatzick, D. F., Rivara, F. P., Nathens, A. B., Jurkovich, G. J., Wang, J., Fan, M. Y., Russo, J., Salkever, D. S., Mackenzie, E. J.",2007.0,,10.1017/S0033291707000943,0,0,
6075,Developing and implementing randomized effectiveness trials in general medical settings,"This article discusses the development of two mental health services research programs: one targeting depression treatment in primary care and the other early intervention for posttraumatic stress disorders in acute care. Both programs have used the randomized effectiveness trial to assess the delivery of empirically supported psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic interventions in these general medical settings. This article explores the fellowship training, clinical experiences, and conceptual frameworks that have informed the progression of the two research programs. Specific modifications to the traditional randomized clinical trial design employed in the effectiveness trials are discussed. This article concludes with reflection on intervention development trajectories and interdisciplinary team compositions that may facilitate the development of mental health interventions that both derive from the best scientific evidence and can be feasibly delivered in real-world treatment settings. (copyright) 2006 American Psychological Association. Published by Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved.","antidepressant agent, neuroleptic agent, behavior therapy, clinical practice, clinical research, clinical trial, cognitive therapy, depression, epidemiological data, feasibility study, health care delivery, health care policy, health care quality, human, major depression, mania, mental health care, mental health service, posttraumatic stress disorder, primary medical care, psychosis, psychotherapy, review","Zatzick, D. F., Simon, G. E., Wagner, A. W.",2006.0,,,0,0,
6076,Post-traumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in female Vietnam veterans,"Objective: This investigation assessed whether current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with impaired functioning in a nationally representative sample of female Vietnam veterans. Methods: Logistic models were used to determine the association between PTSD and outcome while adjusting for demographic characteristics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Results: PTSD was associated with significantly elevated odds of poorer functioning in five of the six outcome domains; only the association between perpetration of violence in the past year and PTSD did not achieve statistical significance. Alter adjusting for demographics and medical and psychiatric co-morbidities, PTSD remained associated with significantly elevated odds of bed days, poorer physical health, and currently not working. Conclusions: Among female Vietnam veterans PTSD is associated with a broad profile of functional impairment. The significantly increased odds of impaired functioning and diminished quality of life suggest that PTSD may be the core problem of the set of problems afflicting female Vietnam veterans.","article, comorbidity, employment, female, health status, human, major clinical study, military medicine, posttraumatic stress disorder, quality of life, soldier, Viet Nam, violence, wellbeing","Zatzick, D. F., Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R., Metzler, T. J., Wells, K., Golding, J. M., Stewart, A., Schlenger, W. E., Browner, W. S.",1997.0,,,0,0,6067
6077,"Factors influencing the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among flood victims: The role of trauma characteristics, long-lasting material flood consequences and emotional reactivity","The aim of the study was the analysis of factors influencing the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the group of 267 flood survivors (158 females and 109 males) of age from 14 to 75 years. Diagnosis of PTSD was obtained by Mississippi PTSD Scale on the basis of assessment in the early (3 months after the flood) and late phase (27 months after the flood). The following factors influencing PTSD were taken into account: the demographic variables (gender and age), temperamental emotional reactivity, trauma characteristics and long-lasting material flood consequences. The results showed that age of the victim, trauma characteristics and emotional reactivity are predictors of PTSD in early phase, but age, emotional reactivity and long-lasting flood consequences are predictors of PTSD in late phase (even when the diagnosis of PTSD in early phase were controlled in the model). The results suggest that personality traits as well as trauma descriptors should be taken into account in the analysis of factors influencing PTSD. In the discussion the importance of the longitudinal studies on trauma survivors was also underlined and both: quantitative (focused on PTSD symptoms intensity) as well as qualitative approaches (diagnosis of PTSD and its different forms), what leads to the complementary overview of the factors influencing PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Emotional Responses, *Emotional Trauma, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Zawadzki, Bogdan",2006.0,,,0,0,
6078,Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by the Structured Clinical Interview SCID-I,"Objectives: Valid and reliable diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder is important for clinical practice, scientific research and forensic settings. The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Polish version of SCID-I F Module for the diagnosis of PTSD. Methods: Five hundred twenty six motor vehicle accident survivors participated in the study. Clinical diagnosis was based on SCID-I-PTSD interview. Participants filled out a set of self-report inventories concerning PTSD symptoms (PDS), depression (BDI-II), anxiety (STAI) and posttraumatic cognitions (PTCI). Results: The interview assessment showed high reliability and both convergent and discriminative validity. SCID-I-PTSD interview proved to be more specific than PDS inventory. Interview items show good psychometric properties (except an item C3) and no differential item functioning for sex. Latent structure analysis of PTSD symptoms were nonconclusive. Conclusions: A part of Module F of the SCID-I, a structured clinical interview for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder is a valid and reliable psychometric tool useful for the diagnosis of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnosis, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychometrics, *Test Reliability, *Test Validity","Zawadzki, Bogdan, Popiel, Agnieszka, Cyniak-Cieciura, Maria, Jakubowska, Barbara, Praglowska, Ewa",2015.0,,,0,0,
6079,The structure of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder according to DSM-5 and assessed by PDS-5-Preliminary results,"Background: The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has been studied and discussed since the introduction of PTSD as a diagnostic entity in the DSM-III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III) in 1980. Many studies supported a four-factor or a five-factor models, both inconsistent with DSM-IV. It is unclear whether current DSM-5 criteria appropriately reflect the empirical structure of PTSD symptoms. Participants and Procedure: In this study the structure of PTSD symptoms was examined by confirmatory factor analysis conducted on the data obtained from 388 individuals (150 males and 239 females aged 18-83) who experienced a traumatic event and completed the PDS-5 (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale-5), a self-report scale according to the DSM-5 criteria. Results: Fitting of different models based on DSM-IV, DSM-5 and other the most common four- and five-factor conceptualizations of PTSD symptoms structure was examined. The data analyses demonstrated the best fit of the six-factor model based on the conceptualization of Elhai et al. (2011) with the additional factor of negative cognitions and mood. Conclusions: The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria do not reflect the empirical PTSD symptom structure. The data suggest also that it is reasonable to separate the core PTSD symptoms from broad PTSD symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, *Personality Traits, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Evaluation, *Psychiatric Symptoms, College Students","Zawadzki, Bogdan, Popiel, Agnieszka, Foa, Edna B., Jakubowska, Barbara, Cyniak-Cieciura, Maria, Praglowska, Ewa",2015.0,,,0,0,
6080,PTSD Inventory - clinical version (PTSD-C): The development of a questionnaire aimed at assessing post-traumatic stress disorder,"The aim of the study is to present the development and psychometric properties of the clinical version of the PTSD Inventory (PTSD-C). The inventory serves for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder defined by symptoms according to the DSM-IV manual. Data on which statistical analyses were performed refer to two samples of flood victims (N=396 and N=281) aged from 13 to 85 years and a group of coal miners (aged from 23 to 54 years) who experienced a mining accident. The PTSD-C is based on a two parameter model of the Item Response Theory (IRT) - item's difficulty and discriminative power. Items selected for this version refer to all criteria of PTSD symptoms and to five levels of item's difficulty. PTSD-C contains 40 items. Validity of the inventory is based on objective measures of trauma that allow for assessing PTSD on the basis of two cut-off scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Measurement, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Assessment, *Psychometrics, *Test Validity","Zawadzki, Bogdan, Strelau, Jan, Bieniek, Agata, Sobolewski, Adam, Oniszczenko, Wlodzimierz",2002.0,,,0,0,
6081,Clustering asian and north african countries according to trend of colon and rectum cancer mortality rates: An application of growth mixture models,"Background: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death with half a million deaths per year. Incidence and mortality rates have demonstrated notable changes in Asian and African countries during the last few decades. In this study, we first aimed to determine the trend of colorectal cancer mortality rate in each Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) region, and then re-classify them to find more homogenous classes. Materials and Methods: Our study population consisted of 52 countries of Asia and North Africa in six IHME pre-defined regions for both genders and age-standardized groups from 1990 to 2010.We first applied simple growth models for pre-defined IHME regions to estimate the intercepts and slopes of mortality rate trends. Then, we clustered the 52 described countries using the latent growth mixture modeling approach for classifying them based on their colorectal mortality rates over time. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that males and people in high income Asia pacific and East Asia countries were at greater risk of death from colon and rectum cancer. In addition, South Asia region had the lowest rates of mortality due to this cancer. Simple growth modeling showed that majority of IHME regions had decreasing trend in mortality rate of colorectal cancer. However, re-classification these countries based on their mortality trend using the latent growth mixture model resulted in more homogeneous classes according to colorectal mortality trend. Conclusions: In general, our statistical analyses showed that most Asian and North African countries had upward trend in their colorectal cancer mortality. We therefore urge the health policy makers in these countries to evaluate the causes of growing mortality and study the interventional programs of successful countries in managing the consequences of this cancer.","Asia and North Africa, Colorectal cancer, Growth mixture model, Mortality rate","Zayeri, F., Sheidaei, A., Mansouri, A.",2015.0,,10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.9.4115,0,0,
6082,Mobilizing victim services: The role of reporting to the police,"Victim assistance programs have grown dramatically in response to the victim's rights movement and concern over difficulty navigating victim services. Evidence, however, indicates that very few victims seek assistance. The present study examined factors associated with victim service use including reporting to the police, the victim's demographic characteristics, the victim's injury, offender's use of a weapon, the victim's relationship to the offender, and the victim's mental and physical distress. Data came from a subset of the National Crime Victimization Survey 2008-2011 (N = 4,746), a stratified multistage cluster sample survey of persons age 12 years and older in the United States. Logistic regression models indicated that fewer than 10% of victims of violent crime sought help from victim services. Reporting to the police increased the odds of seeking services by 3 times. In addition, the odds of victims attacked by an intimate partner seeking services were 4.5 times greater than victims attacked by strangers. Findings suggest that additional exploratory work is needed in uncovering the mechanism of police involvement in linking victims to services. Specifically, do police understand what services are available to victims and why are police more likely to inform some types of victims about services more than others? © 2014 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Zaykowski, H.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6083,The role of comorbid psychiatric conditions in health status in epilepsy,"Comorbid psychiatric conditions are highly prevalent in patients with epilepsy, yet the long-term implications across multiple mental health conditions are poorly understood. We examined the association between psychiatric diagnoses and self-reported health status in veterans with epilepsy. ANCOVA models were used to derive adjusted SF-36V scores for individuals with epilepsy alone (N = 7379) or with additional psychiatric conditions (N = 6320): depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Compared with patients with epilepsy alone, scores of veterans with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses averaged 21% lower across all domains. Role Limitation scales exhibited the greatest decrement across domains. A PTSD diagnosis consistently corresponded to lower scores, followed by depression. Schizophrenia contributed the least detriment to perceived health status. Comorbid psychiatric conditions impart significant emotional and physical burdens, requiring timely recognition and treatment of these disorders. Patients with epilepsy are uniquely at risk for high physical-psychiatric comorbidity profiles, with concomitant losses in perceived health status.","Comorbid psychiatric conditions, Epilepsy, Health status, Veterans","Zeber, J. E., Copeland, L. A., Amuan, M., Cramer, J. A., Pugh, M. J. V.",2007.0,,,0,0,
6084,Postburn constitutional changes in T-cell reactivity occur in CD8+ rather than in CD4+ cells,"Background: Impairment of T-helper cell function and polarization toward T-helper 2-type cytokine synthesis have been postulated to represent a major cause for posttraumatic immunodeficiency. With a recently developed technology for intracellular cytokine measurement, a new diagnostic tool has become available to discriminate, within hours, a shift of functionality in T-cell subsets via their individual cytokine profiles. Thus, it was the objective of this study to obtain further insight into the constitutional, phenotype-dependent changes of T-helper 1 (TH1) and T-helper 2 (TH2), respectively, signature lymphokine synthesis under traumatic stress. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 patients with major burn injury on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 after injury and from 15 healthy individuals were separated and incubated (5 hours) for cytokine production induced with the accessory cell-independent stimulus of ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate. After fixation and permeabilization, cell samples were immunofluorescently stained for cell surface antigens (CD4 and CD8) as well as for intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 synthesis. Results were correlated with corresponding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements of the culture supernatants. Results: Phenotypic assessment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a continuously diminished percentage of CD8+ cells during the immediate posttraumatic course compared with controls, whereas the number of CD4+ cells was found to be within the range of the control group. The production of IL-4, the index cytokine of TH2 cells, was excessively up-regulated (from 437.8 ± 137.0 pg/mL on day 1 to 1,33.6 ± 532.7 pg/mL on day 7 burns vs. 82.3 ± 15.8 pg/mL controls), whereas the release of IFN-γ, the index cytokine of TH1 cells, however, was only slightly increased. The predominant cellular source of IL-4 after burn trauma has been shown to be the CD8+ cell with a nearly fivefold elevated production on day 5 (7.2 ± 2.6%) versus 1.5 ± 0.4% in controls. Although CD8+ cells are also capable of enhancing their IFN-γ synthesis under stress by about 60%, the CD4+ IFN-γ release remained largely unchanged. Conclusion: Our data corroborate that major burn trauma will induce a significant shift of cytokine response toward the TH2 direction and demonstrate that the CD8+ rather than the CD4+ phenotype is the crucial cell for the polarization toward a TH2-driven immune response.","Burn injury, Flow cytometry, Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin-4, Intracellular cytokines, TH1/TH2 shift, Trauma","Zedler, S., Faist, E., Ostermeier, B., Donnersmarck, G. H. V., Schildberg, F. W.",1997.0,,,0,0,
6085,Gender group differences in coping with chronic terror: The Israeli scene,"Gender group differences in terror-stress, cognitive appraisals, ways of coping with terror, and stress reactions were explored in a sample of Israeli adults following prolonged exposure to political violence. Data were gathered at the height of the Al-Aqsa Intifada uprising (May/July 2002) from a sample of 707 adult participants (60% women and 40% men) residing in Haifa and northern Israel. Israeli women reported that they were more distressed by political violence than the men did, and they also appraised the crisis situation as more threatening and less manageable. Women reported using more problem-focused as well as emotion-focused coping than men did; both men and women used a mixture of coping strategies. Compared to men, women reported that they experienced more somatic symptoms and more frequent posttraumatic stress symptoms than men did. Negative affectivity was found to mediate gender differences in appraisals, coping, and outcomes. Overall, the nexus of relations among key variables was found to be highly similar for men and women. These data suggest that women may be more reactive to chronic political violence situations than men are. The data are discussed and explicated in the context of stress and coping theory and prior research on political violence and community disasters. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","Coping, Disasters, Gender, Political violence, Terror, Traumatic stress","Zeidner, M.",2006.0,,,0,0,
6086,Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with poor health behaviors: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study,"Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results in substantial disability, including increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Poor health behaviors are major risk factors for initial and recurrent CVD events. Therefore, this study investigated whether PTSD is associated with poor health behaviors in patients with CVD. Method: Cross-sectional study of 1,022 men and women with CVD. PTSD was assessed with the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. Physical activity, medication adherence and smoking history were determined by self-report questionnaires. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of PTSD with health behaviors. Results: Of the 1,022 participants, 95 (9%) had PTSD. PTSD was associated with significantly higher rates of physical inactivity in terms of overall exercise (OR 1.6, 95% CI [1.0-2.6]; p = .049), light exercise (OR 1.7, 95% CI [1.0-2.9]; p = .045), and self-rated level of exercise compared to others of their age and sex (OR 1.8, 95% CI [1.0-3.0]; p = .047). Participants with PTSD were more likely to report medication nonadherence, including forgetting medications (OR 1.8, 95% CI [1.0-3.3]; p = .04) or skipping medications (OR 1.7, 95% CI [1.1-2.9]; p = .03). Participants with PTSD also reported a greater smoking history ( 6.4 pack years, 95% CI [1.8-10.9]; p = .006), which remained significant after adjustment for depression and income. Conclusions: Among patients with heart disease, those with PTSD were more likely to report physical inactivity, medication nonadherence and smoking. The majority of these associations were explained by adjustment for comorbid depression and lower income. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Health Behavior, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Tobacco Smoking, *Treatment Compliance, Cardiovascular Disorders, Disabilities, Physical Activity, Risk Factors","Zen, Angelica L., Whooley, Mary A., Zhao, Shoujun, Cohen, Beth E.",2012.0,,,0,0,
6087,The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and paternal parenting of adult children among ex-prisoners of war: A longitudinal study,"The aversive impact of combat and combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on parenting of young children has been examined in a few studies. Nevertheless, the toll of war captivity on parenting and the long-term relations between posttraumatic symptoms and paternal parenting of adult children remains unknown. This longitudinal study examined paternal parenting of adult children among war veterans, some of whom were held in captivity. Furthermore, we examined the mediating role of PTSD symptoms in the association between captivity and parenting. The sample included two groups of male Israeli veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War: ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and comparable veterans who had not been held captive. Both groups were assessed via self-report measures of PTSD at three time points: Time 1 (18 after the war), Time 2 (30 after the war), and Time 3 (35 after the war) years after the war. Results shows that ex-POWs reported lower levels of positive parenting compared to comparison group veterans at Time 3. Furthermore, PTSD symptoms at Time 1, Time 2, and Time 3 mediated the association between captivity experience and parenting at Time 3. In addition, it was found that increases in the levels of PTSD symptom clusters over time were associated with lower levels of positive parenting at Time 3. © 2012 American Psychological Association.","Captivity, Ex-POWs, Parenting, Posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, War","Zerach, G., Greene, T., Ein-Dor, T., Solomon, Z.",2012.0,,,0,1,
6088,The role of fathers' psychopathology in the intergenerational transmission of captivity trauma: A twenty three-year longitudinal study,"BACKGROUND: The aversive impact of combat and parents' combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on young children has been examined in a few studies. However, the long-term toll of war captivity on the secondary traumatization (ST) of adult offspring remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal associations between former prisoners of war (ex-POWs), PTSD, depressive symptoms and their adult offsprings ST. METHOD: A sample of 134 Israeli father-child dyads (80 ex-POWs dyads and a comparison group of 44 veterans'dyads) completed self-report measures. The fathers participated in three waves of measurements following the Yom Kippur War (T1: 1991, T2: 2003, and T3: 2008), while the offspring took part in T4 (2013). RESULTS: Offspring of ex-POWs with PTSD at T3 reported more ST symptoms than offspring of ex-POWs without PTSD and controls. Ex-POWs' PTSD hyper-arousal symptom cluster at T3 was positively related to offsprings ST avoidance symptom cluster. Offspring of ex-POWs with chronic and delayed PTSD trajectories reported more ST symptoms than offspring of ex-POWS and controls with resilient trajectories. Ex-POWs' PTSD and depression symptoms at T1, T2 and T3 mediated the link between war captivity (groups) and offsprings ST in T4. LIMITATIONS: The use of self-report measures that did not cover the entire span of 40 years since the war, might may bias the results. CONCLUSIONS: The intergenerational transmission of captivity related trauma following the Yom Kippur War was exemplified. ST symptoms among ex-POWs' adult offspring are closely related to their father' PTSD and related depressive symptom comorbidity.","Captivity, Depression, Ptsd, Secondary traumatization","Zerach, G., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Aloni, R., Solomon, Z.",2016.0,Jan 15,10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.072,0,0,
6089,Trajectories of suicidal ideation and posttraumatic stress symptoms among former prisoners of war: A 17-year longitudinal study,"War captivity is one of the most severe human-inflicted traumatic experiences with wide and substantial long-term negative effects. However, only one retrospective study examined suicidal ideation (SI) among ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs). This study aimed to prospectively assess SI among ex-POWs and its associations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms over a 17-year period. Two groups of male Israeli veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War were examined: ex-POWs and comparable veterans who were not taken captive. Both groups were assessed via self-report measures of SI and PTSD symptoms at three time points: T1 18 (1991), T2 30 (2003), and T3 35 (2008) years after the war. Latent growth curve modeling (LGM) results showed that ex-POWs reported higher levels of SI at T2 and T3 and a pattern of increase in SI levels trajectory over time, compared to control veterans. Furthermore, among ex-POWs, PTSD symptoms at T1 contributed to the increase in rate of change in SI overtime. In addition, PTSD symptoms affected SI at the same measurement, above and beyond above the trajectories of SI. Clinical implications of these findings for the relations between captivity trauma and suicidality are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.","Captivity, LGM, Prisoners of war, PTSD, Suicidal ideation","Zerach, G., Levi-Belz, Y., Solomon, Z.",2014.0,,,0,1,
6090,"The relations between violence exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, secondary traumatization, vicarious post traumatic growth and illness attribution among psychiatric nurses","This study examined posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD), secondary traumatization (ST) and vicarious posttraumatic growth (VG) among Israeli psychiatric nurses (PN) who were compared to community nurses (CN). Furthermore, we examined the contribution of PN perceptions of the etiology of their patients' mental illness to their PTSD, ST and VG. Results show that PN reported higher levels of both PTSD and ST symptoms, but lower levels of VG, as compare to CN. While ST symptoms were positively related to VG among CN, PTSD and ST symptoms were negatively associated among PN. Finally, exposure to patients' violence, PTSD or ST symptoms, and illness attribution dimensions of 'powerful others', predicted nurses' VG. PN are an at-risk population for work-related stress residues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Attribution, *Health Personnel Attitudes, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychiatric Nurses, *Exposure to Violence, At Risk Populations, Extrapyramidal Symptoms","Zerach, Gad, Shalev, Tal Ben-Itzchak",2015.0,,,0,0,
6091,The relations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and disorder of extreme stress (not otherwise specified) symptoms following war captivity,"Objective: War captivity is a recognized pathogenic agent for both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and disorder of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS) symptoms, also known as Complex PTSD. However, the relationship between the two disorders remains unclear. While some scholars assume that the two diagnoses are overlapping and share the same predictors, others believe that the two diagnoses are relatively independent and differ in phenomenology and functional impairment. This study aims to assess both PTSD and DESNOS symptoms and their inter-relations among ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and matched controls, 35 years after the end of the war. Method: The sample included two groups of male Israeli veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War: ex-POWs (n = 176) and comparable veterans who had not been held captive (n = 118). PTSD and DESNOS symptoms, battlefield and captivity stressors, and ways of coping in captivity were assessed using self-report questionnaires in 2008. Results: Ex-POWs reported a higher number of PTSD symptoms and higher rates of PTSD symptoms that fill criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD than controls. Furthermore, ex-POWs reported a higher number of DESNOS symptom clusters and higher rates of DESNOS symptoms that fill criteria for the diagnosis of DESNOS. Moreover, we found positive relationships between PTSD symptom clusters and DESNOS symptom clusters. Finally, weight loss and mental suffering in captivity, loss of emotional control and total number of DESNOS symptoms predicted total number of PTSD symptoms. However, only the total number of PTSD symptoms predicted the total number of DESNOS symptoms. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the heavy and extensive toll of war captivity, three decades after the ex-POWs' release from captivity. Importantly, approaching the publication of DSM-5, this study depicts both the high number of DESNOS symptom clusters alongside PTSD symptoms and highlights the complex relationship between the two diagnostic entities. Thus, DESNOS characteristics might be viewed as associated features of PTSD but also that the symptoms of PTSD are the core foundations of DESNOS.",,"Zerach, G., Solomon, Z.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6092,Family cohesion and posttraumatic intrusion and avoidance among war veterans: A 20-year longitudinal study,"Background: The bi-directional relationships between combat-induced posttraumatic symptoms and family relations are yet to be understood. The present study assesses the longitudinal interrelationship of posttraumatic intrusion and avoidance and family cohesion among 208 Israeli combat veterans from the 1982 Lebanon War. Methods: Two groups of veterans were assessed with self-report questionnaires 1, 3 and 20 years after the war: a combat stress reaction (CSR) group and a matched non-CSR control group. Results: Latent Trajectories Modeling showed that veterans of the CSR group reported higher intrusion and avoidance than non-CSR veterans at all three points of time. With time, there was a decline in these symptoms in both groups, but the decline was more salient among the CSR group. The latter also reported lower levels of family cohesion. Furthermore, an incline in family cohesion levels was found in both groups over the years. Most importantly, Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling among CSR and non-CSR veterans revealed that CSR veterans' posttraumatic symptoms in 1983 predicted lower family cohesion in 1985, and lower family cohesion, in turn, predicted posttraumatic symptoms in 2002. Conclusions: The findings suggest that psychological breakdown on the battlefield is a marker for future family cohesion difficulties. Our results lend further support for the bi-directional mutual effects of posttraumatic symptoms and family cohesion over time. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.","CSR, Family cohesion, Longitudinal study, Posttraumatic symptoms, War","Zerach, G., Solomon, Z., Horesh, D., Ein-Dor, T.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6093,A cross-sectional study on the current prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults orphaned by Tangshan earthquake in 1976,"Objectives: To investigate the current prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in people orphaned by Tangshan earthquake in 1976. Methods: Two hundreds and sixty adults orphaned by the earthquake were interviewed to determine whether they were suffering from PTSD according to Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorder, the third Revised Edition (CCMD-3), All the subjects were divided into two groups, PTSD group and normal group. The assessed variables included subjective traumatic experiences during the earthquake, post-traumatic reactions, and current mental health status. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors of PTSD. Results: 32 (12.00%) cases were diagnosed as PTSD among 260 orphans. In comparison with orphans without PTSD, orphans with PTSD had significantly higher SAS (47.8 +/- 14.5/40.3 +/- 10.3), SDS (53.0 +/- 12.0/45.2 +/- 11.7) and SCL-90 total score (156.6 +/- 65.5/127.9 +/- 41.0), P < 0.05. In a stepwise logistic regression model, six risk factors were significantly correlated with the development of PTSD including age at the time of the earthquake (OR = 4.5), EPQ-N score (OR = 0.2), EPQ-E score (OR = 5.5), strong posttraumatic spiritual pain (OR = 3.5), recurrent nightmare (OR = 5.4), and negative coping style (OR = 3.9). Conclusion: 30 years later the prevalence of PTSD in those orphaned survivors is still high and PTSD were significantly correlated with adolescence, severity of traumatic events, stressful reaction post earthquake, personality characteristics as well as negative coping style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Mental Health, *Natural Disasters, *Orphans, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Coping Behavior, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Survivors","Zhang, Ben, Zhang, Feng-Ge, Wang, Li-Ping",2008.0,,,0,0,
6094,Posttraumatic stress disorder and somatic symptoms among child and adolescent survivors following the Lushan earthquake in China: A six-month longitudinal study,"To explore somatic conditions in a sample of 2299 child and adolescent survivors of an earthquake and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Methods: The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-13 scale, a short version of PHQ-15 scale that omits two items involving sexual pain/problems and menstrual problems, and a project-developed questionnaire were administered to participants three and six months after the earthquake. Results: Among child and adolescent survivors, the prevalence rates of probable PTSD were 37.4 and 24.2% three and six months, respectively, after the earthquake. The most common somatic symptoms were trouble sleeping (58.4 and 48.4%), feeling tired or having low energy (52.0 and 46.1%), and stomach pain (45.8 and 45.4%) after three and six months, respectively. Several specific somatic symptoms evaluated three months after the earthquake including trouble sleeping, headache, and shortness of breath were predictors of the overall PTSD symptoms evaluated six months after the earthquake. Additionally, the symptom of hyperarousal evaluated after three months could predict the overall somatic symptoms evaluated after six months. Conclusions: PTSD and somatic symptoms were common after the earthquake, and a longitudinal association between PTSD and somatic symptoms was detected among child and adolescent survivors. These findings have implications in China and possibly elsewhere. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.","Child, Earthquake, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Predictors, Somatic","Zhang, J., Zhu, S., Du, C., Zhang, Y.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.06.001,0,0,
6095,Comparing exposure metrics for classifying 'dangerous heat' in heat wave and health warning systems,"Heat waves have been linked to excess mortality and morbidity, and are projected to increase in frequency and intensity with a warming climate. This study compares exposure metrics to trigger heat wave and health warning systems (HHWS), and introduces a novel multi-level hybrid clustering method to identify potential dangerously hot days. Two-level and three-level hybrid clustering analysis as well as common indices used to trigger HHWS, including spatial synoptic classification (SSC), and the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of minimum and relative minimum temperature (using a 10. day reference period), were calculated using a summertime weather dataset in Detroit from 1976 to 2006. The days classified as 'hot' with hybrid clustering analysis, SSC, minimum and relative minimum temperature methods differed by method type. SSC tended to include the days with, on average, 2.5. °C lower daily minimum temperature and 5.3. °C lower dew point than days identified by other methods. These metrics were evaluated by comparing their performance in predicting excess daily mortality. The 99th percentile of minimum temperature was generally the most predictive, followed by the three-level hybrid clustering method, the 95th percentile of minimum temperature, SSC and others. Our proposed clustering framework has more flexibility and requires less substantial meteorological prior information than the synoptic classification methods. Comparison of these metrics in predicting excess daily mortality suggests that metrics thought to better characterize physiological heat stress by considering several weather conditions simultaneously may not be the same metrics that are better at predicting heat-related mortality, which has significant implications in HHWSs. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Air mass, Heat health warning system, Heat wave, Model-based clustering, Temperature","Zhang, K., Rood, R. B., Michailidis, G., Oswald, E. M., Schwartz, J. D., Zanobetti, A., Ebi, K. L., ""ONeill, M. S.""",2012.0,,,0,0,
6096,The injury profile after the 2008 earthquakes in China,"The 8.0 magnitude earthquake that struck China on May 12, 2008, was the deadliest earthquake in 30 years. Most hospitals were destroyed and limited facilities were available for medical service in the earthquake regions. Over the first 5 days, three general hospitals and one children's hospital admitted 1770 injured individuals. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on 1770 injured subjects in three general hospitals (n = 1723) and one children's hospital (n = 47) in the quake-area during the first 5 days after the event. The diagnosis for the injuries was based on the final hospital diagnosis made by the physicians and classified by two-independent researchers using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD-10 (WHO ICD-10 Code.1993). To ensure the accuracy of the information, any questionable data was reviewed by phone with hospital staff. Results: In three general hospitals, 848 patients (48%) were male and 922 (52%) were female. Nine percent (n = 84) of females and 8.8% (n = 75) of males were over the age of 75. Four (0.4%) females and 5 (0.5%) males were less than 1-year old. The most common injuries were the injuries of the knee, lower leg, ankle and foot (36%), followed by head injuries (18%). In the children's hospital, 31 (65%) of the patients were males and 16 (35%) were females. 40% of the subjects were 10-14, while 21% were less than 1-year old. The most frequently seen injuries were also of the knee, lower leg, ankle or foot (19%), and of the abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis, and hip and thigh (15%). Conclusions: We gathered information from resources in Chinese, which at the time contained more records on this event than any documents in English. The age of the patients ranged from 7 days to 84 years old. Subjects over age 75 and children between 10 and 14 were the largest population in their respective hospitals, indicating that these groups required the greatest medical resources. The injury profile presented here serves as a reference not only for present injury intervention but also for future earthquake disaster response.","abdominal injury, adolescent, adult, aged, ankle injury, article, child, China, disease classification, earthquake, female, foot injury, hip injury, hospital admission, human, infant, knee injury, leg injury, major clinical study, male, multiple trauma, pelvis injury, preschool child, priority journal, school child, spine injury","Zhang, L., Li, H., Carlton, J. R., Ursano, R.",2009.0,,,0,0,
6097,Mitochondria-focused gene expression profile reveals common pathways and CPT1B dysregulation in both rodent stress model and human subjects with PTSD,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma-related mental disorder, is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. However, the biologic approach to identifying the mitochondria-focused genes underlying the pathogenesis of PTSD is still in its infancy. Previous research, using a human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarray (hMitChip3) found dysregulated mitochondria-focused genes present in postmortem brains of PTSD patients, indicating that those genes might be PTSD-related biomarkers. To further test this idea, this research examines profiles of mitochondria-focused gene expression in the stressed-rodent model (inescapable tail shock in rats), which shows characteristics of PTSD-like behaviors and also in the blood of subjects with PTSD. This study found that 34 mitochondria-focused genes being upregulated in stressed-rat amygdala. Ten common pathways, including fatty acid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) pathways were dysregulated in the amygdala of the stressed rats. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B), an enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism and PPAR pathways, was significantly over-expressed in the amygdala (P < 0.007) and in the blood (P < 0.01) of stressed rats compared with non-stressed controls. In human subjects with (n = 28) or without PTSD (n = 31), significant over-expression of CPT1B in PTSD was also observed in the two common dysregulated pathways: fatty acid metabolism (P = 0.0027, false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.043) and PPAR (P = 0.006, FDR = 0.08). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validated the microarray findings and the CPT1B result. These findings indicate that blood can be used as a specimen in the search for PTSD biomarkers in fatty acid metabolism and PPAR pathways, and, in addition, that CPT1B may contribute to the pathology of PTSD.",,"Zhang, L., Li, H., Hu, X., Benedek, D. M., Fullerton, C. S., Forsten, R. D., Naifeh, J. A., Li, X., Wu, H., Benevides, K. N., Le, T., Smerin, S., Russell, D. W., Ursano, R. J.",2015.0,,10.1038/tp.2015.65,0,0,
6098,Course-dependent response of brain functional alterations in men with acute and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A follow-up functional magnetic imaging study,"Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the neurofunctional alterations in both acute and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from the same stress experience. Methods: Brain responses to emotional trauma-related and neutral pictures with a symptom provocation task were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-four PTSD patients resulting from a mining accident and 14 controls exposed to the same accident without PTSD two months post-trauma were recruited. In the follow-up study 20 PTSD patients and 14 controls were also recruited after 24 months post-trauma. Correlations were conducted in PTSD between altered fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals of areas extracted as regions of interest and three Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) subscores respectively. Results: In response to picture stimulus (traumatic negative pictures versus neutral pictures), the acute PTSD group showed greater activation in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyri, left precuneus, right fusiform and left parahippocampal gyrus than the chronic PTSD group (P<0.001, cluster size>20 voxels). In the acute PTSD group, BOLD signals of either posterior cingulate gyrus correlated positively with CAPS intrusion subscores. There was also no significant correlation between BOLD signals of five regions mentioned above in the chronic PTSD group and three CAPS subscores. Discussion: These findings suggested that brain circuits affected in acute PTSD may be more extended than chronic PTSD. The reason may due to the formation of traumatic memory in the acute phase of PTSD. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.","Brain, Cingulate gyrus, Follow-up study, Magnetic resonance imaging, Post-traumatic stress disorder","Zhang, L., Zheng, H., Li, L., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Hou, C., Li, Z., Zhou, J., He, Z., Liu, J., Yin, Y., Jiang, T., Shan, B., Zhang, Z.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6099,Identification of gene markers based on well validated and subcategorized stressed animals for potential clinical applications in PTSD,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder that can develop in response to traumatic experiences. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology of PTSD are poorly understood, and this lack of knowledge hampers our ability to find superior therapeutic approaches to the treatment of this disorder. There are two main reasons for our lack of study in this area: here is no sufficiently validated animal model and lack of large-scale studies for the search of underlying molecular mechanisms. Thus, to promote research on PTSD (especially its molecular mechanisms) and to set molecular basis for searching novel medications of this disorder, large-scale, genome-wide interrogation of a significant amount of genes based upon a well validated animal model is demanded. We hypothesize that a significant number of genes are involved in PTSD. It is only with a large number of these genes identified in specific samples of PTSD-related population, and then it is possible for a sufficient understanding of the pathology at the molecular level of a PTSD, as well as for enhancing the PTSD's therapeutic and preventative strategies. Two prerequisites are needed for testing this hypothesis: (1) relative pure samples from a well validated animal model; and (2) genome-wide screening of PTSD molecular targets. For the animal model, we suggest to use the predator-exposure paradigm, in which rats are exposed to a predator, this model has previously been evaluated behaviorally well emulated the clinical symptoms of PTSD. For a better stringency, three criteria can be used to further validate this animal model: analogous (similarity of behavior), predictive (predictability of drug response) and biological mechanism (e.g., electrophysiological and pathological change in amygdala). For large-scale molecular target screening, the new microarray technology, which can profile expression of tens of thousands genes simultaneously, is the method of choice. The validity and practicability of this hypothesis and the strategy for its testing have been supported by our preliminary laboratory data. (copyright) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","amygdaloid nucleus, behavior, electrophysiology, gene, gene identification, genetic screening, human, marker gene, nonhuman, pathology, posttraumatic stress disorder, predator, priority journal, review, stress","Zhang, L., Zhou, R., Xing, G., Hough, C. J., Li, X., Li, H.",2005.0,,,0,0,
6100,Identification of gene markers based on well validated and subcategorized stressed animals for potential clinical applications in PTSD,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder that can develop in response to traumatic experiences. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology of PTSD are poorly understood, and this lack of knowledge hampers our ability to find superior therapeutic approaches to the treatment of this disorder. There are two main reasons for our lack of study in this area: here is no sufficiently validated animal model and lack of large-scale studies for the search of underlying molecular mechanisms. Thus, to promote research on PTSD (especially its molecular mechanisms) and to set molecular basis for searching novel medications of this disorder, large-scale, genome-wide interrogation of a significant amount of genes based upon a well validated animal model is demanded. We hypothesize that a significant number of genes are involved in PTSD. It is only with a large number of these genes identified in specific samples of PTSD-related population, and then it is possible for a sufficient understanding of the pathology at the molecular level of a PTSD, as well as for enhancing the PTSD's therapeutic and preventative strategies. Two prerequisites are needed for testing this hypothesis: (1) relative pure samples from a well validated animal model; and (2) genome-wide screening of PTSD molecular targets. For the animal model, we suggest to use the predator-exposure paradigm, in which rats are exposed to a predator, this model has previously been evaluated behaviorally well emulated the clinical symptoms of PTSD. For a better stringency, three criteria can be used to further validate this animal model: analogous (similarity of behavior), predictive (predictability of drug response) and biological mechanism (e.g., electrophysiological and pathological change in amygdala). For large-scale molecular target screening, the new microarray technology, which can profile expression of tens of thousands genes simultaneously, is the method of choice. The validity and practicability of this hypothesis and the strategy for its testing have been supported by our preliminary laboratory data.","Animals, *Genetic Markers, *Models, Animal, Rats, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*genetics","Zhang, L., Zhou, R., Xing, G., Hough, C. J., Li, X., Li, H.",2006.0,,10.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.034,0,0,6099
6101,"Anxiolytic-like effects of YL-IPA08, a potent ligand for the translocator protein (18 kDa) in animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder","Recently, the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), previously called peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and both the starting point and an important rate-limiting step in neurosteroidogenesis, has received increased attention in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because it affects the production of neurosteroids, reinforcing the hypothesis that selective TSPO ligands could potentially be used as anti-PTSD drugs. As expected, we showed that chronic treatment with YL-IPA08 [N-ethyl-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-(3,4-ichlorophenyl)-7-methylimidazo [1,2-a] pyridine-3-acetamide hydrochloride], a potent and selective TSPO ligand synthesized by our institute, caused significant suppression of enhanced anxiety and contextual fear induced in the inescapable electric foot-shock-induced mouse model of PTSD and the time-dependent sensitization (TDS) procedure. These effects were completely blocked by the TSPO antagonist PK11195. Furthermore, YL-IPA08 could increase the level of allopregnanolone in the prefrontal cortex and serum of post-TDS rats, and these effects were antagonized by PK11195. In summary, the findings from the current study showed that YL-IPA08, a potent and selective TSPO ligand, had a clear anti-PTSD-like effect, which might be partially mediated by binding to TSPO and the subsequent synthesis of allopregnanolone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Animal Models, *Benzodiazepines, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Proteins, *Ligand, Mice, Pathophysiology, Rats","Zhang, Li-Ming, Qiu, Zhi-Kun, Zhao, Nan, Chen, Hong-Xia, Liu, Yan-Qin, Xu, Jiang-Ping, Zhang, You-Zhi, Yang, Ri-Fang, Li, Yun-Feng",2014.0,,,0,0,
6102,"Antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-PTSD effects of YL-IPA08, a potent ligand for the translocator protein (18 kDa)","Aim: The translacator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), previously called peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is the key element of the mitochondrial import machinery supplying the substrate cholesterol to the first steroidogenic enzyme (P450scc) which transforms cholesterol into pregnenolone, the precursor of all neurosteroids. TSPO have been demonstrated to play an important role in stress-response and stress-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression, by means of affecting the production of neurosteroids. In the present study, we performed detailed investigation of the pharmacological characteristics of N-ethyl-N-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2-(3,4-ichlorophenyl)-7-methylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridine-3-acetamide hydrochloride (YL-IPA08), a novel TSPO ligand synthesized by our institute, in vivo and in vitro. Methods: First, we determined the binding profile of YL-IPA08, ie, its affinity for rat TSPO and CBR. Then, in order to clarify the compound mechanism at the cellular level, the concentrations of neurosteroids were evaluated in the conditioned medium from YL-IPA08-treated astrocytes. Furthermore, we investigated the antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-PTSD effects of YL-IPA08 in various mouse and rat models. To confirm the role of TSPO in the behavioral action of YL-IPA08, we evaluated the effects of TSPO inhibitors on the behavioral effects of YL-IPA08. Finally, we investigated its potential to cause the side effects normally associated with conventional benzodiazepines. Results: YL-IPA08 showed high affinity for TSPO in the crude mitochondrial fraction prepared from rat cerebellum (IC50=0.23(plus or minus)0.04 nmol/L), but only negligible affinity for the central benzodiazepine receptor. We also found the concentrations of pregnenolone and progesterone were increased in the conditioned medium from YL-IPA08-treated astrocytes. Moreover, YL-IPA08 produced antidepressant anxiolytic-like and anti-PTSD effects in series of mouse and rat models on behaviors. In addition, the antidepressant-like behavior of YL-IPA08 was totally blocked by TSPO antagonist PK11195 (a TSPO antagonist) in tail suspension test and the anxiolytic effect was also blocked by PK11195, but not by flumazenil (a CBR antagonist) in elevate plus maze test. Furthermore, compared with the CBR agonist diazepam, YL-IPA08 had no myorelaxant effects, did not affect the motor coordination, memory or hexobarbitone-induced sleep in mice. Conclusion: Overall these results indicate that YL-IPA08 is a more selective and potent TSPO ligand which exerts antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-PTSD effects that are mediated by TSPO, but does not has the side effects normally associated with conventional benzodiazepines, suggesting that TSPO ligands may represent a therapeutic target for the promising novel drugs of stress-response and stress-related disorders.","carrier protein, anxiolytic agent, antidepressant agent, protein, ligand, n sec butyl 1 (2 chlorophenyl) n methyl 3 isoquinolinecarboxamide, benzodiazepine derivative, pregnenolone, benzodiazepine receptor, cholesterol, hexobarbital, muscle relaxant agent, diazepam, acetamide, flumazenil, pyridine, progesterone, enzyme, cholesterol monooxygenase (side chain cleaving), posttraumatic stress disorder, Asia, rat, mouse, side effect, stress, rat model, astrocyte, diseases, cerebellum, machine, sleep, precursor, memory, agonist, in vitro study, maze test, motor coordination, tail suspension test, anxiety","Zhang, L. M., Zhao, N., Qiu, Z. K., Guo, W. Z., Jin, Z. L., Zhou, W., Chen, H. X., Zhang, Y. Z., Li, Y. F.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6103,The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents three months after an 80 magnitude earthquake in southwest China,"Aims and objectives: The aims of the study were to describe the post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescent survivors three months after Wenchuan 512 Earthquake and to explore its contributing or preventing factors. Background: Adolescents are more vulnerable to be affected by natural disasters because of their special growth stage. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms are common responses in adolescents after disasters, and its occurrence is related to some psychosocial factors. Design: The study used a cross-sectional design in a large sample. Methods: A total of 1976 subjects aged 12-20 were evaluated at three months after the earthquake by using the Post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist-Civilian Version. The Internality, Powerful others and Chance scale and the Coping Styles Scale were also administered to the subjects at the same time. Results: The mean total score of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Chinese Version was 3364 (SD 1115; range of score 17-85). The boys with a higher level of initial exposure to the earthquake had lower symptoms scores than girls with a lower level of initial exposure. Chance locus of control and power other locus of control were the powerful risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, while the protective factors included withdrawing skill, internality locus of control, junior high grade and social supports. Conclusions: Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms are prevalent psychiatric reactions in adolescents after earthquakes. Locus of control and coping strategy could play an important role in its occurrence and severity besides demographic factors, exposure characteristics and social support factors. Relevance to clinical practice: This study reveals that adolescents are the vulnerable group for suffering psychological stress responses to catastrophic events. Healthcare professionals, especially school nurses, should pay more attention to adolescents after trauma. Prompt and effective intervention should be carried out to mitigate the impact of initial exposure and reduce the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Symptoms, Coping Behavior, Risk Factors","Zhang, Weiqing, Jiang, Xiaolian, Ho, Kit-wan, Wu, Dongmei",2011.0,,,0,0,
6104,Risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors after the 512 wenchuan earthquake in China,,,"Zhang, Y., Ho, S. M. Y.",2011.0,,10.1371/journal.pone.0022371,0,0,
6105,Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Background: A large number of previous neuroimaging studies have explored the functional alterations of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, abnormalities in the functional architecture of resting-state networks in PTSD were rarely elucidated. Methods: This study used independent component analysis to explore the resting-state intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity differences between 20 PTSD patients and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs). Results: Selective alterations of intranetwork and internetwork intrinsic functional connectivities were found in the PTSD patients. Compared with HCs, the PTSD patients exhibited significantly decreased network connectivity within the anterior default mode network, posterior default mode network (pDMN), salience network (SN), sensory-motor network, and auditory network. Furthermore, the PTSD patients exhibited increased internetwork connectivity between SN and pDMN. Limitations: This study lacked recruitment of trauma-exposed HCs, which limits our ability to determine whether the alterations are caused by PTSD or trauma exposure. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the PTSD patients exhibited abnormal functional connectivity at the brain network level. Notably, the enhanced internetwork connectivity between SN and pDMN in the PTSD patients may be associated with hyperarousal and heightened anxiety in PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Biological Neural Networks, *Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Anxiety","Zhang, Youxue, Liu, Feng, Chen, Heng, Li, Meiling, Duan, Xujun, Xie, Bing, Chen, Huafu",2015.0,,,0,0,
6106,Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China,"Background The Wenchuan earthquake was a catastrophic earthquake in China. The aim of this study is to explore longitudinally the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake, and to identify independent predictors of PTSD. Method PTSD and depression symptoms among adolescents at 6, 12 and 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake were investigated using the PTSD Checklist Civilian Version and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Subjects in this study included 548 high school student survivors in a local boarding high school. Results The rates of PTSD symptoms were 9.7%, 1.3% and 1.6% at the 6-, 12-and 18-month follow-ups, respectively. BDI scores were found to be the best predictor of severity of PTSD at 6, 12 and 18 months. Gender was another variable contributing significantly to PTSD at 6 and 12 months after the earthquake. In the 12-month follow-up, home damage was found to be a predictor of severity of PTSD symptoms. Being a child with siblings was found to be a predictor of severity of PTSD symptoms at 12 and 18 months after the earthquake. Conclusions PTSD symptoms changed gradually at various stages after the earthquake. Depression symptoms were predictive of PTSD symptoms in the 18-month follow-up study. Other predictors of PTSD symptoms included female gender and being a child with siblings. The results of this study may be helpful for further mental health interventions for adolescents after earthquakes. © 2011 Cambridge University Press.","Adolescents, China, depression, earthquakes, post-traumatic stress disorder","Zhang, Z., Ran, M. S., Li, Y. H., Ou, G. J., Gong, R. R., Li, R. H., Fan, M., Jiang, Z., Fang, D. Z.",2012.0,,10.1017/S0033291711002844,0,0,
6107,"Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression among the elderly: A survey of the hard-hit areas a year after the Wenchuan earthquake","Few studies to date have examined psychological sequelae of natural disasters among the elderly in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates of probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression in the elderly survivors a year after the Wenchuan earthquake as well as to analyse related risk factors. The community-based sample of the study consisted of 284 elderly survivors (>60 years). PTSD was assessed by the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version, and anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist. In total, the estimated prevalence rates of probable PTSD, anxiety and depression were 26.3%, 42.9% and 35.2%, respectively. Nearly a fifth of the elderly participants reported symptoms that meet the criteria for all three of these mental disorders. Results indicated that some factors associated with earthquake-exposure intensity, which included loss of livelihood, bereavement, injury and initial fear during the earthquake, were among the significant risk factors for these mental disorders. Women had a higher risk of suffering from probable anxiety as compared to men. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study were also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Anxiety, *Geriatrics, *Major Depression, *Natural Disasters, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Zhang, Zhen, Shi, Zhanbiao, Wang, Li, Liu, Mingxin",2012.0,,,0,0,
6108,Prevalence and correlated factors of posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents 17 months after earthquake,"Examined the prevalence and related factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents 17 mo after an earthquake. Ss were 192 middle school students (aged 14-18 yrs) (8th-9th graders) (107 males and 84 females, 1 sex not indicated) who experienced an earthquake in Dahe village, Zhangbei county, Hebei province, China. Ss were assessed with a demographic information questionnaire, a traumatic event exposure questionnaire, the SCL-90, and a PTSD diagnostic scale which was based on the WHO's Computer International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)-PTSD module. Multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted for studying PTSD-related factors. The results show that 18 Ss (9.4% (18/192)) met diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV); and that the prevalence of PTSD in females (15.5%, (13/84)) was higher than that in male (4.7% (5/107)). The results reveal the most frequently occurring symptom: acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (74.5%), the least frequently occurring symptom: restricted range of affect (10.4%), and the related factors of PTSD: level of sadness, degree of fear of loss of life, severity of injury, and gender (female). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Emotional Trauma, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Disasters, Emotional Responses","Zhao, Chengzhi, Li, Junfu, Wang, Mingshan, Fan, Qiliang, Zhang, Fu, Zhang, Huabiao, Wang, Xiangdong",2001.0,,,0,0,
6109,The association between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the quality of life among Wenchuan earthquake survivors: The role of social support as a moderator,"Objective: To examine the role of the three types of social support as possible moderating factors between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its relationship to two domains of the quality of life (QOL). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done in a local area near the epicenter of the severe earthquake in Wenchuan. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the standard Chinese 12-item Short Form (SF-12v2), and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to interview a total of 2,080 earthquake survivors in the one-year follow-up period. Multiple regressions were performed to evaluate the moderating role of social support on the relationship between PTSD and QOL. Results: Among survivors one-year after the Wenchuan earthquake, being a woman (p < 0.01), having a lower level of education (p < 0.01), having a lower level of income (p < 0.01), having a worse housing status (p < 0.05) and having a higher level of exposure (p < 0.05) were risk factors for a poorer QOL (DELTAR2 = 0.063). PTSD symptoms negatively influenced the QOL (DELTAR2 = 0.145), while social support positively influenced the QOL (DELTAR2 = 0.016). However, the interaction between social support and PTSD weakened the negative effect of PTSD on the QOL (DELTAR2 = 0.012). Subjective support and support availability moderated the association between PTSD and the QOL (DELTAR2 = 0.010). Conclusion: Subjective support and support availability are more useful strategies to improve the QOL of the earthquake survivors with PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Quality of Life, *Social Support, *Survivors, Natural Disasters, Symptoms","Zhao, Changyi, Wu, Zhibin, Xu, Jiuping",2013.0,,,0,0,
6110,[Application of the Children's Impact of Event Scale (Chinese Version) on a rapid assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder among children from the Wenchuan earthquake area],"To explore the reliability and validity of the Children's Impact of Event Scale (Chinese version, CRIES-13) and to determine the value and the optimal cutoff point of the score of CRIES-13 in screening posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), so as to provide evidence for PTSD prevention and identify children at risk in Wenchuan earthquake areas. A total of 253 children experienced the Wenchuan earthquake were tested through Stratified random cluster sampling. The authors examined CRIES-13's internal consistency, discriminative validity and predictive value of the cut-off. PTSD was assessed with the DSM-IV criteria. Area under the curve while sensitivity, specificity and Youden index were computed based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Optimal cutoff point was determined by the maximum of Youden index. 20.9% of the subjects were found to have met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD 7 months after the Wenchuan earthquake accident. The Cronbach's coefficient of CRIES-13 was 0.903 and the mean inter-item correlation coefficients ranged from 0.283 to 0.689, the correlation coefficient of the three factors with the total scale scores ranged from 0.836 to 0.868 while the correlation coefficient among the three factors ranged from 0.568 to 0.718, PTSD cases indicated much higher scores than non-PTSD cases, the Youden index reached maximum value when the total score approached 18 in CRIES-13 with sensitivity and specificity as 81.1% and 76.5% respectively. Consistency check showed that there were no significant differences between the results of CRIES-13 score >/= 32 and clinical diagnosis (Kappa = 0.529) from the screening program. CRIES-13 appeared to be a reliable and valid measure for assessing the posttraumatic stress symptoms among children after the earthquake accident in the Wenchuan area. The CRIES-13 seemed to be a useful self-rating diagnostic instrument for survivors with PTSD symptoms as a clinical concern by using a 18 cut-off in total score. Consistency check showed that there was no significant difference between the screening result of CRIES-13 score >/= 32 and clinical diagnosis.","adolescent, article, child, China, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disaster, earthquake, female, human, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, predictive value, psychological rating scale, student, validation study","Zhao, G. F., Zhang, Q., Pang, Y., Ren, Z. J., Peng, D., Jiang, G. G., Liu, S. M., Chen, Y., Geng, T., Zhang, S. S., Yang, Y. C., Deng, H.",2009.0,,,0,0,
6111,Dysregulation in microRNA expression is associated with alterations in immune functions in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder,"While the immunological dysfunction in combat Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been well documented, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The current study evaluated the role of microRNA (miR) in immunological dysfunction associated with PTSD. The presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and various lymphocyte subsets in blood collected from PTSD patients were analyzed. Our studies demonstrated that the numbers of both PBMC and various lymphocyte subsets increased significantly in PTSD patients. When T cells were further analyzed, the percentage of Th1 cells and Th17 cells increased, regulatory T cells(Tregs) decreased, while Th2 cells remained unaltered in PTSD patients. These data correlated with increased plasma levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 while IL-4 showed no significant change. The increase in PBMC counts, Th1 and Th17 cells seen in PTSD patients correlated with the clinical scores. High-throughput analysis of PBMCs for 1163 miRs showed that the expression of a significant number of miRs was altered in PTSD patients. Pathway analysis of dysregulated miRs seen in PTSD patients revealed relationship between selected miRNAs and genes that showed direct/indirect role in immunological signaling pathways consistent with the immunological changes seen in these patients. Of interest was the down-regulation of miR-125a in PTSD, which specifically targeted IFN-γ production. Together, the current study demonstrates for the first time that PTSD was associated with significant alterations in miRNAs, which may promote pro-inflammatory cytokine profile. Such epigenetic events may provide useful tools to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis, and facilitate therapy of PTSD.",,"Zhou, J., Nagarkatti, P., Zhong, Y., Ginsberg, J. P., Singh, N. P., Zhang, J., Nagarkatti, M.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6112,Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among adult survivors six months after the Wenchuan earthquake,"Purpose: Exposure to earthquake has been associated with psychological distress, in particular, the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of PTSD, explore the associated risk factors among adult survivors 6 months after the Wenchuan earthquake in China, and compare the findings in our study to other studies about the Wenchuan earthquake and other earthquakes that occurred in the past. Methods: Multistage stratified random sampling methods were conducted in three severely affected areas in the Wenchuan earthquake. In this study, 14,798 individuals were identified with simple random selection methods at the sampling sites, 14,207 individuals were screened with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-12), and 3692 individuals were administered a Chinese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV axis I disorders (SCID-I/P) by 180 psychiatrists. Result: The prevalence of PTSD was 15.57%. The risk factors for PTSD included old age, female gender, living alone, buried in the earthquake, injured in the earthquake, operated on after the earthquake, witnessing someone get injured in the earthquake, witnessing someone get buried in the earthquake, witnessing someone die in the earthquake (P < 0.05, 95% CI). Conclusion: PTSD is common after a major disaster. Risk factors help people to identify the potential victims after disasters in time. Post-disaster mental health recovery interventions include early identification, sustained psychosocial support, governmental programs that provide social and economic support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Epidemiology, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Psychological Stress, *Risk Factors, *Survivors, Intervention, Natural Disasters, Recovery (Disorders)","Zhou, Xiaobo, Kang, Lin, Sun, Xueli, Song, Hui, Mao, Wenjun, Huang, Xuanyin, Zhang, Yinghui, Li, Jing",2013.0,,,0,0,
6113,Risk factors of severity of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors with physical disabilities one year after the Wenchuan earthquake,"On May 12, 2008, a devastating earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale struck Wenchuan County and surrounding areas in China. This study aimed to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of the earthquake, and to evaluate factors of severity of PTSD symptoms among survivors with physical disabilities. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey and recruited 817 survivors with physical disabilities in three stricken areas. Assessment measures included the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Our study showed that 27.42% of the survivors with physical disabilities had PTSD symptoms one year after the Wenchuan earthquake. In the regression model, geographic location, female, suffering from paralysis following the earthquake, and going into a coma in the earthquake were associated with severe PTSD symptoms. Our findings suggest that a substantial proportion of physically disabled survivors of a big earthquake may have severe PTSD symptoms. The associated factors of PTSD identified in our study could inform the implementation of preventive programs for this population and give hint on the way to cope with this kind of disaster in the future. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Chinese Cultural Groups, *Natural Disasters, *Physical Disorders, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Survivors","Zhou, Xiaobo, Song, Hui, Hu, Min, Li, Xiaolin, Cai, Ying, Huang, Guoping, Li, Jun, Kang, Lin, Li, Jing",2015.0,,,0,0,
6114,Longitudinal relationships between posttraumatic stress symptoms and sleep problems in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China,"Purpose: To examine the longitudinal relationships between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and sleep problems among adolescent survivors in the Wenchuan earthquake, China. Methods: 350 adolescent survivors were randomly selected from several primary and secondary schools in the counties of Wenchuan and Maoxian, the two areas most severely affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. Participants completed Revised Child PTSD Symptom Scale and Sleep Problems Subscale of Self-generated Child Behavior Problems Questionnaire at one year (T1), one-and-a-half years (T2), two years (T3) after the earthquake, respectively. Results: There was a bidirectional relationship between intrusive symptom clusters of PTSD and sleep problems from T1 to T2, and this relationship became non-significant from T2 to T3. There was a one-way predictive relationship of avoidance symptom clusters of PTSD onto sleep problems from T1 to T3. The hyperarousal symptom clusters of PTSD had effects on sleep problems from T1 to T2 but not from T2 to T3, while sleep problems have no significant effect on hyperarousal symptom clusters of PTSD from T1 to T3. In addition, the relationships between three symptom clusters of PTSD and sleep problems weakened with time change. Conclusions: From 1 year to 1.5 years after the earthquake, all the three symptom clusters of PTSD could be important predictive factors for the development and maintenance of sleep problems, while sleep problems could only be risk factors for the intrusive symptom clusters of PTSD. From 1.5 years to 2 years, only the avoidance symptom clusters of PTSD were risk factors for sleep problems, and sleep problems had no significant effects on any symptom clusters of PTSD. Overall, the relationship between PTSD and sleep problems weakened with time change. © 2014 Zhou et al.",,"Zhou, X., Wu, X., An, Y., Fu, F.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6115,"Longitudinal linkages between posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A three-wave, cross-lagged study","The aim of this study is to examine the longitudinal relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescent survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. The participants in our study included 245 adolescent survivors who were randomly selected from several primary and secondary schools in the counties of Wenchuan, which are the areas most severely affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. Participants completed the Revised Child PTSD Symptom Scale and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) at 3.5 years after the earthquake (T1), 4.5 years after the earthquake (T2), and 5.5 years after the earthquake (T3). The results found that PTSD reported in T1 and T2 predicted subsequent PTG reported at T2 and T3 and that PTG did not predict PTSD from T1 to T3. In addition, the cross-sectional correlation between PTSD and PTG weakened from T1 to T3. These results indicate that PTSD and PTG can coexist in individuals after a traumatic experience, and they further suggest that the reduction in PTSD does not indicate the appearance of PTG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Survivors, *Trauma, Natural Disasters, Stress","Zhou, Xiao, Wu, Xinchun, Chen, Jieling",2015.0,,,0,0,
6116,The effect of paternal heat stress on protein profiles of pre-implantation embryos in the mouse,"The study was undertaken to compare the protein profiles of [ 35S]-methionine-labelled control-sired embryos with heat-sired embryos at 7, 14 or 21 days after mature fertile B6CBF F1 male mice were kept at 36 ± 0.3 °C and 62 ± 2.7% relative humidity for 24 h. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiographs were used to examine the protein profiles between the two-cell embryos and the blastocysts. The results obtained demonstrate that paternal heat stress 7 or 14 days earlier did not apparently affect protein patterns of two-cell embryos, four-cell to eight-cell embryos, morulae or blastocysts. However, 21 days earlier, there were changes in protein patterns of two-cell embryos and abnormal embryos, but not the morulae. To further support and extend these results, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and phosphorimaging were employed and the results obtained show that paternal heat stress 21 days before mating affected protein profiles of two-cell embryos and morulae in the mouse. Together, these findings have indicated that paternal heat stress affects most but not all protein patterns of pre-implantation embryos, which strongly supports our previous results demonstrating that paternal heat stress significantly reduced the developmental proportion of pre-implantation embryos in the mouse. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Mouse, Pre-implantation embryos, Protein profile","Zhu, B., Maddocks, S.",2005.0,,,0,0,
6117,Heterogeneous depression responses to chronic pain onset among middle-aged adults: A prospective study,"Studies on depression response to chronic pain are limited by lack of clarification of different forms of response patterns and cross-sectional measures. The current study examined heterogeneous long-term patterns of depression response to chronic pain onset prospectively using the mixture modeling technique. Depression symptoms prior to and following pain onset over a course of six years were charted in a nationally representative middle-aged sample. Four distinct depression symptom trajectories emerged. The resilience (72.0%) trajectory describes a pattern of no/minimal depression symptoms prior to and following pain onset. The post-pain depression trajectory (11.4%) describes a pattern of low depression at baseline and increasing symptoms following pain onset. The chronic depression (6.8%) trajectory is characterized by persistently high depression symptoms irrespective of pain onset. The prior depression improved (9.8%) trajectory describes a pattern of high depression at baseline and gradually declining symptoms following pain onset. Self-rated health at both baseline and following pain onset predicted the resilience trajectory. Baseline self-rated health distinguished the post-pain depression and chronic depression trajectories. Individuals in the prior depression improved trajectory were older and had more chronic illnesses at baseline but fewer illnesses following pain onset, compared to those in the resilience or post-pain depression trajectory. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","Depression trajectories, Functional impairment, Pain-depression comorbidity, Population study, Self-rated health","Zhu, Z., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A.",2014.0,,10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.004,0,0,
6118,The hospital anxiety and depression scale,,,"Zigmond, A. S., Snaith, R. P.",1983.0,,,0,0,
6119,The multidimensional scale of perceived social support,,,"Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., Farley, G. K.",1988.0,,,0,0,
6120,The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in borderline personality disorder: A review,"Background: borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by high exposure, reactivity, and vulnerability to stress. Given these abnormalities in stress reactivity in BPD, there is a question of whether the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functions normally in BPD, since the activation of the HPA axis normally occurs to coordinate both behavioral and physiologic responses to stress. Several studies have investigated the functioning of the HPA axis in BPD and have shown varied results. This review seeks to summarize and interpret the findings of this growing literature. Methods: Pubmed search for English language articles on borderline personality disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Results: findings are mixed but suggest that important variables relevant to between-group differences include comorbid depression, comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative symptoms, and history of childhood abuse. Discussion: comorbid diagnoses and clinical features such as trauma history and symptom severity may have variable, interacting influences on the psychoneuroendocrine profile in BPD. Also explored here are the implications of these findings for developing possible models of HPA-axis dysfunction in BPD, for identifying potential targets for treatment, and for improving the methodology of future studies. (copyright) 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College.","corticotropin releasing factor, borderline state, child abuse, clinical assessment, comorbidity, depression, dissociative disorder, human, hypothalamus hypophysis system, limbic system, Medline, mental stress, negative feedback, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, review, signal transduction","Zimmerman, D. J., Choi-Kain, L. W.",2009.0,,,0,0,
6121,Why isn't bupropion the most frequently prescribed antidepressant?,"Objective: Reviews of antidepressant medication efficacy suggest that all antidepressants are equally effective. Bupropion is less likely than other antidepressants to cause weight gain and sexual dysfunction, the 2 side effects that are of greatest concern to patients and that have the greatest impact on long-term compliance. If bupropion is as effective as other antidepressants, and it does not cause the side effects that are the most frequent causes of long-term noncompliance, then why isn't it the most frequently prescribed antidepressant medication? To understand psychiatrists' decision making at the time an antidepressant is chosen, we conducted the Rhode Island Factors Associated With Antidepressant Choice Survey (FAACS). Method: For 1137 DSM-IV-diagnosed depressed patients initiated on an antidepressant, the treating psychiatrist completed a 43-item questionnaire listing factors that might have influenced the choice of medication. The questionnaire was filled out immediately after the antidepressant was prescribed to treat a depressive disorder. This study was conducted from August 2001 to February 2002. Results: Because the reasons for choosing a medication to augment an existing regimen might be different from those used in monotherapy, augmentation trials were excluded from the analysis, leaving a sample of 965 patients. Bupropion was rarely prescribed when the presence of comorbid anxiety disorders or symptoms reflecting central nervous system activation influenced antidepressant selection. When the desire to avoid side effects, especially sexual dysfunction and weight gain, were the basis of selection, then bupropion was significantly more often prescribed than other antidepressants (p < .001). Conclusions: Although there is little evidence that patient factors predict differential medication response, psychiatrists are strongly inclined to base antidepressant selection on clinical profiles and avoid prescribing bupropion for depressed patients with high anxiety. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between psychiatrists' prescribing habits and the results of empirical study are discussed.",,"Zimmerman, M., Posternak, M. A., Attiullah, N., Friedman, M., Boland, R. J., Baymiller, S., Berlowitz, S. L., Rahman, S., Uy, K. K., Singer, S., Chelminski, I.",2005.0,,,0,0,
6122,Clinical characteristics of depressed outpatients previously overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder,"The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in depressed patients requires the ascertainment of prior episodes of mania and hypomania. Several research reports and commentaries have suggested that bipolar disorder is underrecognized and that many patients with nonbipolar major depressive disorder have, in fact, bipolar disorder. In a previous article from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we reported the opposite phenomenon-that bipolar disorder is often overdiagnosed in psychiatric outpatients. An important question that has not been previously examined is whether there is a particular clinical or demographic profile associated with bipolar disorder overdiagnosis among depressed patients. Forty psychiatric outpatients with current major depressive disorder reported having been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder, which was not confirmed when interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (SCID). Psychiatric diagnoses, clinical and demographic variables were compared in these 40 patients and 233 depressed patients who were not diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Patients were interviewed by a highly trained diagnostic rater who administered the SCID for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality for DSM-IV Axis II disorders, and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for clinical features of depression. The depressed patients who were overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder were diagnosed with a significantly higher number of Axis I disorders and were more likely to be diagnosed with specific phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and drug abuse/dependence. The patients overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder were also significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a current personality disorder and were more chronically ill with greater psychosocial impairment. Thus, the results suggest that depressed outpatients who had previously been overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder were more chronically and severely ill than depressed outpatients who had not been overdiagnosed. (copyright) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","adult, anxiety disorder, article, bipolar disorder, clinical article, controlled study, depression, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease severity, female, human, male, mental disease, mental patient, outpatient, personality disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, structured interview","Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., Young, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
6123,Psychiatric diagnoses in patients previously overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder,"Objective: In a previous article from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we reported that bipolar disorder is often overdiagnosed in psychiatric outpatients. An important question not examined in that article was what diagnoses were given to the patients who had been overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder. In the present report from the MIDAS project, we examined whether there was a particular diagnostic profile associated with bipolar disorder overdiagnosis. Method: Eighty-two psychiatric outpatients reported having been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder that was not confirmed when they were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Psychiatric diagnoses were compared in these 82 patients and in 528 patients who were not previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Patients were interviewed by a highly trained diagnostic rater who administered a modified version of the SCID for DSM-IV Axis I disorders and the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality for DSM-IV Axis II disorders. This study was conducted from May 2001 to March 2005. Results: The most frequent lifetime diagnosis in the 82 patients previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder was major depressive disorder (82.9%, n = 68). The patients overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder compared to patients who were not diagnosed with bipolar disorder (24.4% vs 6.1%; P < .001). A previous diagnosis of bipolar disorder was also associated with significantly higher lifetime rates of major depressive disorder (P < .01), posttraumatic stress disorder (P < .05), impulse control disorders (P < .05), and eating disorders (P < .05), although only the association with impulse control disorders remained significant after controlling for the presence of borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: Psychiatric outpatients overdiagnosed with bipolar disorder were characterized by more Axis I and Axis II diagnostic comorbidity in general, and borderline personality disorder in particular. (copyright) Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.","adult, alcoholism, article, bipolar disorder, borderline state, comorbidity, controlled study, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, drug dependence, dysthymia, eating disorder, female, generalized anxiety disorder, human, impulse control disorder, interview, major clinical study, major depression, male, obsessive compulsive disorder, outpatient, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, social phobia, somatoform disorder","Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., Young, D.",2010.0,,,0,0,
6124,Long-term course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in German soldiers: Effects of inpatient eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy and specific trauma characteristics in patients with non-combat-related PTSD,"Objective: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated a patient population of 89 German soldiers who received inpatient treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder at the German Armed Forces Hospital in Hamburg from 1998 to 2003. Methods: Patients were nonrandomly assigned to a treatment group who received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and a comparison group with general hospital treatment and relaxation training. Follow-up information was obtained 29 months post-treatment. Trauma-related symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS-10) as parameters of improvement. Results: The Impact of Event Scale showed that inpatient trauma therapy with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing significantly improved the course of post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, the Impact of Event Scale indicated a significantly poorer long-term outcome for patients who had been confronted with death during their traumatic experience. Other factors tested were of no significant influence. Conclusions: These results may influence further treatment strategies for traumatized German soldiers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Disease Course, *Emotional Trauma, *Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy, *Military Personnel, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","Zimmermann, Peter, Biesold, Karl Heinz, Barre, Klaus, Lanczik, Mario",2007.0,,,0,0,
6125,Psychogenic disorders in German soldiers during World War I and II. A comparison from a psychotraumatologic perspective,"In the First and Second World War German soldiers frequently suffered from psychogenic disorders. By comparison a change in the prevalences can be noted: in the First World War dissociative disorders dominated the clinical impression (""shell shock""), in the Second World War they could rarely be seen but were replaced by somatoform and psychosomatic diseases. The discussion about numerous reasons for this development has not been completed yet and is still not free from political attitudes. To achieve a more scientific point of view, the perspective of psychotraumatology might be helpful. According to psychotraumatic research, dissociative and somatoform disorders can emerge in a close relation to a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The choice of symptoms depends on personality traits of the victim, but also on specific factors that characterise the situation in which the trauma appears. The mixture of pathogenetic and protective influences includes e.g. the possibility of flight- or fight reactions, feelings of trauma-associated guilt and group cohesion in the military unit. These factors can be useful to help explain the change of symptoms between both wars. In addition the analysis of situative conditions in former wars can give hints to actual planning and prophylaxis strategies in modern military psychiatry, that has to adjust to very different military operation fields.","army, article, Germany, guilt, human, pathogenesis, posttraumatic stress disorder, prophylaxis, psychiatry, psychogenesis, psychosomatic disorder, psychotrauma, soldier, somatoform disorder, symptom","Zimmermann, P., Hahne, H. H., Biesold, K. H., Lanczik, M.",2005.0,,,0,0,
6126,[Psychogenic Disorders in German soldiers during World War I and II],"In the First and Second World War German soldiers frequently suffered from psychogenic disorders. By comparison a change in the prevalences can be noted: in the First World War dissociative disorders dominated the clinical impression (""shell shock""), in the Second World War they could rarely be seen but were replaced by somatoform and psychosomatic diseases. The discussion about numerous reasons for this development has not been completed yet and is still not free from political attitudes. To achieve a more scientific point of view, the perspective of psychotraumatology might be helpful. According to psychotraumatic research, dissociative and somatoform disorders can emerge in a close relation to a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The choice of symptoms depends on personality traits of the victim, but also on specific factors that characterise the situation in which the trauma appears. The mixture of pathogenetic and protective influences includes e. g. the possibility of flight- or fight reactions, feelings of trauma-associated guilt and group cohesion in the military unit. These factors can be useful to help explain the change of symptoms between both wars. In addition the analysis of situational conditions in former wars can give hints to actual planning and prophylaxis strategies in modern military psychiatry, that has to adjust to very different military operation fields.","Culture, Germany, History, 20th Century, Humans, Mental Disorders/etiology/history/*psychology, Somatoform Disorders/history/*psychology, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/history/*psychology, *War","Zimmermann, P., Hahne, H. H., Biesold, K. H., Lanczik, M.",2005.0,Feb,10.1055/s-2004-830026,0,0,
6127,First steps towards the validation of the relations to others French scale (ERA: Echelle de relations avec les autres),"The aim of the paper is to describe the process of constructing and validating a new scale (called ERA) assessing relations to others. The ERA scale is designed to be all at once time-saving (only 16 items) and widely informative (covering 4 major domains of relations to others: Openness to others - relational distance - personal and relational insight - pleasure through and within the relationship), and can be administered to clinical and non clinical populations. The ERA scale has a good internal coherence, a good external validity, an excellent discriminant validity and a good test-retest reliability. The study of sensitivity to change is still in progress.","adult, anxiety disorder, conference paper, controlled study, discriminant analysis, factorial analysis, frequency analysis, group therapy, human, human relation, male, mood disorder, outpatient, personality disorder, psychosis, questionnaire, reliability, satisfaction, self concept, statistical analysis, validation process","Zinetti Bertschy, A., Fredenrich-Muhlebach, A., Rosner, M., Guimon, J., Maercker, A.",2004.0,,,0,0,
6128,Examining posttraumatic stress symptoms in a national sample of homicide survivors: Prevalence and comparison to other violence victims,"The present study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among friends and family members of homicide victims (homicide survivors). Out of a national sample of 1,753 young adults who completed follow-up interviews after participating in the National Survey of Adolescents, 268 homicide survivors and 653 victims of other interpersonal violence were selected for the study. Participants completed structured telephone interviews that covered the loss of a family member or close friend to homicide, violence exposure, and PTSD symptomatology. Findings indicated that 39% of homicide survivors met criteria for all 3 symptom clusters and 30% of homicide survivors met criteria for 2 PTSD clusters (functional impairment was not assessed). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that homicide survivors were more likely than victims of other violence to meet criteria for all 3 PTSD symptom clusters (OR = 1.91, p < .05) and 2 symptom clusters (OR = 1.77, p < .05) when demographic characteristics and number of violent events were included in the model. These findings highlight the high prevalence of subthreshold PTSD symptoms among homicide survivors. Results suggest that homicide survivors are at elevated risk for PTSD symptoms in comparison to victims of other interpersonal violence. © 2011 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.",,"Zinzow, H. M., Rheingold, A. A., Byczkiewicz, M., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6129,Is comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder related to greater pathology and impairment?,"Objective: The authors examined whether patients with comorbid borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a more severe clinical profile than patients with either disorder without the other. Method: Outpatients with borderline personality disorder without PTSD (N=101), PTSD without borderline personality disorder (N=121), comorbid borderline personality disorder and PTSD (N=48), and major depression without PTSD or borderline personality disorder (N=469) were assessed with structured interviews for psychiatric disorders and for degree of impairment. Results: Outpatients with diagnoses of comorbid borderline personality disorder and PTSD were not significantly different from outpatients with borderline personality disorder without PTSD, PTSD without borderline personality disorder, or major depression without PTSD or borderline personality disorder in severity of PTSD-related symptoms, borderline-related traits, or impairment. Conclusions: The additional diagnosis of PTSD or borderline personality disorder does little to augment the pathology or dysfunction of patients who have either disorder without the other.","adult, article, borderline state, comorbidity, controlled study, depression, disease severity, female, human, major clinical study, male, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, social adaptation","Zlotnick, C., Franklin, C. L., Zimmerman, M.",2002.0,,,0,0,
6130,"Does ""subthreshold"" posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance?",,,"Zlotnick, C., Franklin, C. L., Zimmerman, M.",2002.0,,10.1053/comp.2002.35900,0,0,
6131,"Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and co-morbid disorders in Chile","Background: In this study we examined the prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), types of trauma most often associated with PTSD, the co-morbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, which disorders preceded PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD and trauma exposure in a representative sample of Chileans. Method: The DSM-III-R PTSD and antisocial personality disorder modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and modules for a range of DSM-III-R diagnoses from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were administered to a representative sample of 2390 persons aged 15 to over 64 years in three cities in Chile. Results: The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was 4.4% (2.5% for men and 6.2% for women). Among persons exposed to trauma, rape was most strongly associated with PTSD. Onset of PTSD significantly increased the risk of developing each of the 10 other tested disorders. Among those exposed to trauma, women were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, after controlling for assaultive violence. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of investigating the prevalence of PTSD, patterns of co-morbidity of PTSD, and gender differences in PTSD in non-English-speaking countries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Comorbidity, *Diagnosis, *Human Sex Differences, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Epidemiology","Zlotnick, Caron, Johnson, Jennifer, Kohn, Robert, Vicente, Benjamin, Rioseco, Pedro, Saldivia, Sandra",2006.0,,,0,0,
6132,Chronicity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Predictors of the Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Primary Care Patients,,,"Zlotnick, C., Rodriguez, B. F., Weisberg, R. B., Bruce, S. E., Spencer, M. A., Culpepper, L., Keller, M. B.",2004.0,,10.1097/01.nmd.0000110287.16635.8e,0,0,
6133,Gender differences in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in a general psychiatric practice,"Objective: This report examined gender differences in the clinical manifestations of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in treatment-seeking patients. Method: Outpatients with PTSD (N=138) were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Results: Compared with male patients, female patients experienced more reexperiencing symptoms and were more likely to meet criteria for current PTSD and to report sexual trauma as their index trauma. Men with PTSD were more likely than women with PTSD to meet criteria for a substance use disorder and for antisocial personality disorder. No gender differences were found in the frequency of other types of comorbid disorders, the number of comorbid disorders, or the presence of PTSD as a primary disorder. Conclusions: Overall, male and female patients with current PTSD present with fairly comparable clinical profiles.",,"Zlotnick, C., Zimmerman, M., Wolfsdorf, B. A., Mattia, J. I.",2001.0,,,0,0,
6134,The locomotor and behavioral patterns following both a singleinjection and double-injection rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage,"Background and Goals of Study: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been described in humans to be associated with depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Yet, possibly due to the lack of experimental studies, little is known of the mechanism for post-SAH emotional and behavioral disturbances. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of animal models for post-SAH behavioral abnormalities. This study describes the neuro-behavioral profile of rats following both a single-injection and double-injection model of SAH. Materials and Methods: SAH was induced in 48 rats by 0.3 ml injection of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magnum (single-injection model). Post-SAH vasospasm was induced in 24 of these rats by a second injection of blood into the cisterna magnum after 24 hours (double-injection model). 0.3 ml of saline was injected into the cisterna magnum of 24 additional rats (sham group). Neurological performance was measured at 24, 48 hours, 1, 2 and 3 weeks following SAH. 3 weeks after SAH, four behavioral tests were performed for the duration of 6 consequent days: open field test, sucrose preference test, elevated plus maze test and swimming test. Results and Discussion: There was impaired neurological performance by 24 hours following SAH (P< 0.0001). For the open field test, the double-injection model was associated with less total travel distance (P< 0.005), reduced mean velocity (P< 0.005), and less travel distance and time spent in the central part of the field (P< 0.05). Sucrose preference was impaired after SAH (P< 0.01). For the plus maze test, the single-injection model was associated with less open arm entries (P< 0.005), decreased time spent in open arms (P< 0.0005), decreased closed arm entries (P< 0.01), and decreased platform entries (P< 0.005). There was decreased time spent on the platform in rats after SAH (P< 0.005). There was more immobility time during the swimming test in both the single-injection (P< 0.005) and double-injection (P< 0.05) groups compared to the control group. Conclusions: The main finding of this study was that both, the single and double injection rat models of SAH, were associated with considerable behavioral disturbances including locomotor abnormalities, increased anxiety and depressive behavior.","sodium chloride, sucrose, rat, rat model, subarachnoid hemorrhage, anesthesiology, injection, model, arm, anxiety, open field test, travel, swimming, behavior disorder, elevated plus maze test, sucrose preference test, experimental study, posttraumatic stress disorder, blood, control group, immobility, vasospasm, arterial blood, maze test, velocity, animal model, human","Zlotnik, A., Kutz, R., Gruenbaum, B. F., Evgeny, B., Boyko, M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6135,Psychosocial profile of a sample of Egyptian children with rheumatic heart disease,"Objectives Early-onset physical morbidity is likely to affect the emotional balance and behavioral adaptation of children and adolescents. Few published studies have investigated psychological morbidity in children with rheumatic heart diseases (RHD). Our work aims to explore the psychiatric symptoms in addition to total competence and quality of life in a sample of Egyptian children with RHD in comparison with those with no RHD and with healthy controls. Participants and methods Children (age 6-18 years) with RHD (n=24), those with congenital or other heart diseases (non-RHD) (n=23), and healthy control children (n=28) were recruited. The Arabic version of the Child Behavior Checklist was completed by parents. Results After adjustment for different socioeconomic statuses, all children with heart diseases were found to show more internalizing problems and post-traumatic stress compared with healthy children. Non-RHD children showed more generalized and social anxiety, whereas those with RHD showed higher levels of obsessive-compulsive problems. Conclusion Children with heart diseases suffer from high internalizing psychological stress. More effort needs to be made for the early identification and management of psychological morbidity in children with RHD, especially for anxiety and obsessive compulsive symptoms. © 2015 Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University.","behavioral, children, heart, psychiatric, rheumatic","Zoair, A. M., Elgohary, T. M., Seleem, M. A., Elamrosy, D. M., Amer, S. F., Saada, S. A.",2015.0,,10.1097/01.XME.0000461678.30239.4f,0,0,
6136,The Evolving Construct of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): DSM-5 Criteria Changes and Legal Implications,"In the DSM-5, the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has undergone multiple, albeit minor, changes. These changes include shifting PTSD placement from within the anxiety disorders into a new category of traumatic and stressor-related disorders, alterations in the definition of a traumatic event, shifting of the symptom cluster structure from three to four clusters, the addition of new symptoms including persistent negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world, persistent distorted blame of self or others, persistent negative trauma-related emotions, and risky or reckless behaviors, and the addition of a dissociative specifier. The evidence or lack thereof behind each of these changes is briefly reviewed. These changes, although not likely to change overall prevalence, have the potential to increase the heterogeneity of individuals receiving a PTSD diagnosis both by altering what qualifies as a traumatic event and by adding symptoms commonly occurring in other disorders such as depression, borderline personality disorder, and dissociative disorders. Legal implications of these changes include continued confusion regarding what constitutes a traumatic stressor, difficulties with differential diagnosis, increased ease in malingering, and improper linking of symptoms to causes of behavior. These PTSD changes are discussed within the broader context of DSM reliability and validity concerns. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.","Diagnosis, DSM-5, Legal, PTSD","Zoellner, L. A., Bedard-Gilligan, M. A., Jun, J. J., Marks, L. H., Garcia, N. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6137,Psychological models of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder,"(from the chapter) Under its original formulation, the distinguishing characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not the clusters of symptom criteria, but the traumatic event itself. Throughout the theories discussed in this chapter, a common theme is the role of extreme fear, helplessness, or horror and accompanying stress hormone release at the time of the traumatic event. In this chapter, we will first review early learning theories of PTSD. In this section, we will highlight the roles of classical and operant conditioning, as these forms of conditioning are the basis for many of the contemporary theories of PTSD and still shape a preponderance of thought on the nature of the disorder. Yet, as will be pointed out, these conditioning models fail to account for some of the complexities seen in PTSD. In the next section, we will review alternative conceptualizations, including new learning theory models, information-processing models, and emotional processing models that form the basis for more contemporary thought. Finally, we will conclude with a brief discussion of challenges in the conceptualization of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)","*Acute Stress Disorder, *Conditioning, *Emotional Trauma, *Models, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Fear, Helplessness, Hormones, Learning Theory, Symptoms","Zoellner, Lori A., Eftekhari, Afsoon, Bedard-Gilligan, Michele",2009.0,,,0,0,
6138,PTSD severity and health perceptions in female victims of sexual assault,"In women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), poor physical health may be related to their PTSD symptoms through an underlying negative affect or distress that accompanies the disorder, through the PTSD symptoms in general, or specifically through the chronic hyperarousal present in the disorder. The current study examined the relative contribution of these factors to reported physical symptoms in female victims of sexual assault. Seventy-six women with chronic PTSD were assessed, using measures of stressful life events, psychological difficulties, and perceived health. Negative life events, anger, depression, and PTSD severity were all related to self-reported physical symptoms; however, PTSD severity predicted self-reported physical symptoms beyond these other variables. Contrary to our hypothesis, the reexperiencing cluster of PTSD, and not the hyperarousal cluster, was related to self-reported physical symptoms.","adult, article, clinical feature, controlled study, demography, disease severity, education, female, health, human, life event, major clinical study, male, Netherlands, perception, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychologic assessment, quality of life, self report, sexual crime, socioeconomics","Zoellner, L. A., Goodwin, M. L., Foa, E. B.",2000.0,,,0,0,
6139,Post-traumatic growth as outcome of a cognitive-behavioural therapy trial for motor vehicle accident survivors with PTSD,"Objectives: Treatment effects on post-traumatic growth (PTG) and its subdomains were investigated together with predictors of the Janus-face model of PTG. Design: Effects were investigated within a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural theropy (CBT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Forty motor vehicle accident survivors were randomly assigned to a treatment or waiting condition. PTG was measured by the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory and complemented by its possible predictors (optimism, openness). Results: The CBT treatment proved to be highly effective in terms of PTSD symptom reduction. In contrast to previous findings, however, there was no treatment effect on PTG in general. The CBT group showed, however, increases in PTG subdomains 'new possiblities' and 'personal strength'. Conclusions: The results of this study caution researchers to naively expect PTG as a uniformly positive outcome to evaluate treatment effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Cognitive Behavior Therapy, *Motor Traffic Accidents, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Therapeutic Processes, *Treatment Outcomes, Openness to Experience, Optimism, Survivors, Symptoms","Zoellner, Tanja, Rabe, Sirko, Karl, Anke, Maercker, Andreas",2011.0,,,0,0,
6140,Double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of sertraline in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,"The efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of civilian posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been established by two large placebo-controlled trials. The purpose of the current pilot study was to obtain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of sertraline in military veterans suffering from PTSD. Outpatient Israeli military veterans with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD were randomized to 10 weeks of double-blind treatment with sertraline (50-200 mg/day; N = 23, 83% male, mean age = 41 years) or placebo (N = 19, 95% male, mean age = 38 years). Efficacy was evaluated by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-2) and by Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S) and -Improvement (CGI-I) ratings. Consensus responder criteria consisted of a 30% or greater reduction in the CAPS-2 total severity score and a CGI-I rating of ""much"" or ""very much"" improved. The baseline CAPS-2 total severity score was 94.3 (plus or minus) 12.9 for sertraline patients, which is notably higher than that reported for most studies of civilian PTSD. On an intent-to-treat endpoint analysis, sertraline showed a numeric but not statistically significant advantage compared with placebo on the CAPS-2 total severity and symptom cluster scores. In the study completer analysis, the mean CGI-I score was 2.4 (plus or minus) 0.3 for sertraline and 3.4 (plus or minus) 0.3 for placebo (t = 2.55, df = 30, p = 0.016), CGI-I responder rates were 53% for sertraline and 20% for placebo (X2 = 3.62, df = 1, p = 0.057), and combined CGI-I and CAPS-2 responder rates ((greater-than or equal to)30% reduction in baseline CAPS-2 score) were 41% for sertraline and 20% for placebo (X2 = 1.39, df = 1, p = 0.238). Sertraline treatment was well tolerated, with a 13% discontinuation rate as a result of adverse events. This pilot study suggests that sertraline may be an effective treatment in patients with predominantly combat-induced PTSD, although the effect size seems to be somewhat smaller than what has been reported in civilian PTSD studies. Adequately powered studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess whether continued treatment maintains or further improves response.","placebo, sertraline, adult, army, article, clinical article, clinical trial, controlled clinical trial, controlled study, disease severity, double blind procedure, drug efficacy, drug tolerability, drug withdrawal, female, human, Israel, male, pilot study, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, randomized controlled trial, rating scale, side effect, single blind procedure, soldier, symptomatology","Zohar, J., Amital, D., Miodownik, C., Kotler, M., Bleich, A., Lane, R. M., Austin, C.",2002.0,,,0,0,
6141,Mortality rates between treated post-traumatic stress disorder Israeli male veterans compared to non-diagnosed veterans,"The literature suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased mortality. However, to date, mortality rates amongst veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder have not been reported for Israeli veterans, who bear a different profile than veterans from other countries. This study aims to evaluate age-adjusted mortality rates amongst Israeli Defense Forces veterans with and without PTSD diagnosis. The study was carried out in a paired sample design with 2457 male veterans with treated PTSD and 2457 matched male veterans without a PTSD diagnosis. Data on PTSD and non-PTSD veterans was collected from the Rehabilitation Division of the Israeli Ministry of Defense (MOD) and the Israeli Defense Forces' (IDF) special unit for treatment of combat stress reaction. Mortality data were collected from the Ministry of the Interior (MOI) computerized database. Comparison of mortality rates between PTSD and non-PTSD veterans was done using paired observations survival analysis by applying a proportional hazards regression model. Overall no statistically significant difference in mortality rates was found between veterans with treated PTSD and veterans without PTSD. These findings hold even when excluding veterans who died in battle and including non-PTSD veterans who died before their matched PTSD veteran was diagnosed. However, among pairs with similar military jobs PTSD group had significantly less mortality. The results of this large national cohort suggest that treated PTSD is not associated with increased mortality. We submit that the lack of this association represents the ""net"" pathophysiology of PTSD due to the unique characteristics of the sample. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP.","Mortality, PTSD, Veterans","Zohar, J., Fostick, L.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6142,New insights into secondary prevention in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unique amongst psychiatric disorders in two ways. Firstly, there is usually a very clear point of onset- the traumatic event The second unique feature of PTSD is that it is characterized by a failure of the normal response to resolve. Given these two characteristics, PTSD appears a good candidate for secondary prevention, ie, interventions immediately after the trauma. Evidence available starting from current concepts and contemporary research of potential secondary prevention interventions are presented. Common practices in the aftermath of trauma such as debriefing and benzodiazepines need to be carefully considered, taking into account their potential harm to the spontaneous recovery process, and the trajectory of PTSD, and not only judging them according to their immediate (comforting) effects. A discussion of the balance required between aiding recovery but not interfering with the potent natural resolution of symptoms (that is expected in most cases), along with potential avenues of future research, are presented. Results of a small pilot study with a single intervention of hydrocortisone immediately after trauma appear to be promising, and clearly indicate the need for further studies.","Animal model, Cortisol, HPA axis, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prevention, Spontaneous recovery","Zohar, J., Juven-Wetzler, A., Sonnino, R., Cwikel-Hamzany, S., Balaban, E., Cohen, H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6143,High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: Interplay between clinical and animal studies,"High-dose corticosteroids have been reported to reduce symptoms of acute stress and post-traumatic stress in polytrauma patients and in animal studies. The underlying mechanism of action remains largely unclear. These issues were addressed in parallel in the clinical and preclinical studies below. In this preliminary study, 25 patients with acute stress symptoms were administered a single intravenous bolus of high-dose hydrocortisone (100-140. mg) or placebo within 6. h of a traumatic event in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Early single high-dose hydrocortisone intervention attenuated the core symptoms of both the acute stress and of subsequent PTSD in patients. High-dose hydrocortisone treatment given in the first few hours after a traumatic experience was associated with significant favorable changes in the trajectory of exposure to trauma, as expressed by the reduced risk of the development of PTSD post-trauma. In parallel, a comparative study of morphological arborization in dentate gyrus and its modulating molecules was performed in stress-exposed animals treated with high-dose hydrocortisone. Steroid-treated stressed animals displayed significantly increased dendritic growth and spine density, with increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and obtunded postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) levels. The animal study provided insights into the potential mechanism of this intervention, as it identified relevant morphological and biochemical associations to the clinical observations. Thus, evidence from clinical and animal studies suggests that there is a ""window of opportunity"" in the early aftermath of trauma to help those who are vulnerable to the development of chronic PTSD. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP.","Animal model, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Dendritic arborization, Hydrocortisone, Postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), Posttraumatic stress disorder, Secondary prevention","Zohar, J., Yahalom, H., Kozlovsky, N., Cwikel-Hamzany, S., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Yehuda, R., Cohen, H.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6144,Acute episodes of predator exposure in conjunction with chronic social instability as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder,"People who are exposed to horrific, life-threatening experiences are at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some of the symptoms of PTSD include persistent anxiety, exaggerated startle, cognitive impairments and increased sensitivity to yohimbine, an 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. We have taken into account the conditions known to induce PTSD, as well as factors responsible for long-term maintenance of the disorder, to develop an animal model of PTSD. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a total of 31 days of psychosocial stress, composed of acute and chronic components. The acute component was a 1-h stress session (immobilization during cat exposure), which occurred on Days 1 and 11. The chronic component was that on all 31 days the rats were given unstable housing conditions. We found that psychosocially stressed rats had reduced growth rate, reduced thymus weight, increased adrenal gland weight, increased anxiety, an exaggerated startle response, cognitive impairments, greater cardiovascular and corticosterone reactivity to an acute stressor and heightened responsivity to yohimbine. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of acute inescapable episodes of predator exposure administered in conjunction with daily social instability as an animal model of PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)","*Emotional Instability, *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, *Risk Factors, *Stress, Animal Models, Life Experiences, Rats","Zoladz, Phillip R., Conrad, Cheryl D., Fleshner, Monika, Diamond, David M.",2008.0,,,0,0,
6145,Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature,"Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated startle response, reduced basal cortisol levels and cognitive impairments. We have reviewed primary research in this area, noting that factors involved in the susceptibility and expression of PTSD symptoms are more complex and heterogeneous than is commonly stated, with extensive findings which are inconsistent with the stereotypic behavioral and biological profile of the PTSD patient. A thorough assessment of the literature indicates that interactions among myriad susceptibility factors, including social support, early life stress, sex, age, peri- and post-traumatic dissociation, cognitive appraisal of trauma, neuroendocrine abnormalities and gene polymorphisms, in conjunction with the inconsistent expression of the disorder across studies, confounds attempts to characterize PTSD as a monolithic disorder. Overall, our assessment of the literature addresses the great challenge in developing a behavioral and biomarker-based diagnosis of PTSD. © 2013.","Amygdala, Autonomic nervous system, Biomarkers, Cognition, Dissociation, Glucocorticoids, Hippocampus, Parasympathetic nervous system, Prefrontal cortex, Sex, Startle, Stress, Sympathetic nervous system, Traumatic stress","Zoladz, P. R., Diamond, D. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6146,"Differential effectiveness of tianeptine, clonidine and amitriptyline in blocking traumatic memory expression, anxiety and hypertension in an animal model of PTSD","Individuals exposed to life-threatening trauma are at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating condition that involves persistent anxiety, intrusive memories and several physiological disturbances. Current pharmacotherapies for PTSD manage only a subset of these symptoms and typically have adverse side effects which limit their overall effectiveness. We evaluated the effectiveness of three different pharmacological agents to ameliorate a broad range of PTSD-like symptoms in our established predator-based animal model of PTSD. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 1-h cat exposures on two occasions that were separated by 10. days, in conjunction with chronic social instability. Beginning 24. h after the first cat exposure, rats received daily injections of amitriptyline, clonidine, tianeptine or vehicle. Three weeks after the second cat exposure, all rats underwent a battery of behavioral and physiological tests. The vehicle-treated, psychosocially stressed rats demonstrated a robust fear memory for the two cat exposures, as well as increased anxiety expressed on the elevated plus maze, an exaggerated startle response, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, reduced growth rate and increased adrenal gland weight, relative to the vehicle-treated, non-stressed (control) rats. Neither amitriptyline nor clonidine was effective at blocking the entire cluster of stress-induced sequelae, and each agent produced adverse side effects in control subjects. Only the antidepressant tianeptine completely blocked the effects of psychosocial stress on all of the physiological and behavioral measures that were examined. These findings illustrate the differential effectiveness of these three treatments to block components of PTSD-like symptoms in rats, and in particular, reveal the profile of tianeptine as the most effective of all three agents. © 2013.","Animal model, Cardiovascular activity, Corticosterone, Psychophysiology, PTSD, Stress","Zoladz, P. R., Fleshner, M., Diamond, D. M.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6147,Nursing home disaster planning and response: A policy perspective,"Nursing home residents are among the most vulnerable members of a community threatened by disaster. In the past, insufficient planning has resulted in preventable morbidity and mortality for nursing home residents during disasters. State and federal policies have evolved over the past decade to improve oversight of nursing home disaster planning. However, continued political advocacy is critically necessary to promote the safety of nursing home residents during potential emergencies and, especially, naturally occurring disasters. Opportunities exist to improve nursing home disaster response, including better preparation and training and dedicated resources for data management and oversight. © SLACK Incorporated.",,"Zork, F.",2014.0,,10.3928/00989134-20141111-02,0,0,
6148,Dissociative symptomatology in posttraumatic stress disorder and disorders of extreme stress,"The present study was designed to assess differences in dissociative symptoms in adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) vs. PTSD plus Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). This study was done for two reasons: (1) to better understand the clinical profile of DESNOS clients in order to inform more effective treatment, and (2) to further empirical research on the validity of the DESNOS construct. To assess severity of dissociative symptoms, the authors administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) to 155 participants with PTSD. Using the Structured Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress (SIDES), participants were divided into two groups: those who also met criteria for DESNOS and those who did not. DES means are provided for the two groups. Participants with PTSD plus DESNOS scored higher than participants with only PTSD on the measure of dissociative symptomatology, particularly on the DES scales that tap absorption/ fantasy and depersonalization/derealization. The two groups did not differ on the amnesia subscale of the DES. Findings support the construct validity of the DESNOS concept and further delineate the clinical profiles of community-based PTSD with and without DESNOS, thus contributing to the knowledge base on the assessment of complex adaptations to trauma. (copyright) 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.","adaptive behavior, adult, aged, amnesia, article, clinical feature, construct validity, controlled study, depersonalization, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease severity, dissociative disorder, empirical research, fantasy, female, human, major clinical study, male, mental stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, priority journal, psychological rating scale, scoring system, structured interview, symptomatology, validation process","Zucker, M., Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., van der Kolk, B. A.",2006.0,,,0,0,
6149,PTSD symptom clusters are differentially associated with components of the acquired capability for suicide,"Previous research has established the link between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidal behavior. In the current study, constructs proposed to explain this relationship were examined, applying the framework of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS). Relationships between acquired capability for suicide (ACS; i.e., fearlessness about death [FAD] and pain tolerance) and specific PTSD symptom clusters were explored. In a sample of 334 trauma-exposed undergraduates, anxious arousal and FAD were negatively associated, and numbing and pain tolerance were positively associated. Results establish a foundation for investigating the role of ACS in understanding observed relationships between suicidal behavior and PTSD symptoms.",,"Zuromski, K. L., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., Weathers, F., Blevins, C.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6150,Exploration of a factor mixture-based taxonic-dimensional model of anxiety sensitivity and transdiagnostic psychopathology vulnerability among trauma-exposed adults,"The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between a factor mixture-based taxonic-dimensional model of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and posttraumatic stress, panic, generalized anxiety, depression, psychiatric multimorbidity, and quality of life among a young adult sample exposed to traumatic stress (N = 103, n females = 66, M age = 23.68 years, SD age = 9.55). Findings showed support for the conceptual and operational utility of the AS taxonic-dimensional model with respect to concurrent transdiagnostic vulnerability among trauma-exposed adults. Specifically, relative to the low-AS group, the high-AS group demonstrated elevated levels of panic, depressive, and posttraumatic stress symptom severity as well as greater psychiatric multimorbidity and poorer quality of life. Furthermore, past-month MDD, GAD, PTSD, and panic attacks occurred nearly exclusively among the high-AS group. Continuous AS physical and psychological concerns scores were found to be significantly related to levels of panic and posttraumatic stress symptom severity, psychiatric multimorbidity as well as panic attack status only among the high-AS group and not among the low-AS group. Findings are discussed with respect to their implications for the conceptual and operational utility of the FMM-based taxonic-dimensional model of AS, related vulnerability for psychopathology in the context of trauma, and the clinical implications of these findings for assessment and intervention. © 2012 Copyright Swedish Association for Behaviour Therapy.","Anxiety sensitivity, Transdiagnostic risk, Traumatic stress","Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., Berenz, E. C.",2012.0,,,0,0,
6151,World Trade Center disaster and sensitization to subsequent life stress: A longitudinal study of disaster responders,"Purpose: The current study examined the role of World Trade Center (WTC) disaster exposure (hours spent working on the site, dust cloud exposure, and losing friend/loved one) in exacerbating the effects of post-disaster life stress on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and overall functioning among WTC responders. Method: Participants were 18,896 responders (8466 police officers and 10,430 non-traditional responders) participating in the WTC Health Program who completed an initial examination between July, 2002 and April, 2010 and were reassessed an average of two years later. Results:Among police responders, there was a significant interaction, such that the effect of post-disaster life stress on later PTSD symptoms and overall functioning was stronger among police responders who had greater WTC disaster exposure (β'. s= .029 and .054, respectively, for PTSD symptoms and overall functioning). This moderating effect was absent in non-traditional responders. Across both groups, post-disaster life stress also consistently was related to the dependent variables in a more robust manner than WTC exposure. Discussion: The present findings suggest that WTC exposure may compound post-disaster life stress, thereby resulting in a more chronic course of PTSD symptoms and reduced functioning among police responders. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.","Disaster, Functioning, Posttraumatic stress, Responder, Stress exposure, Trauma","Zvolensky, M. J., Farris, S. G., Kotov, R., Schechter, C. B., Bromet, E., Gonzalez, A., Vujanovic, A., Pietrzak, R. H., Crane, M., Kaplan, J., Moline, J., Southwick, S. M., Feder, A., Udasin, I., Reissman, D. B., Luft, B. J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.017,0,0,
6152,Posttraumatic stress symptoms and smoking among World Trade Center disaster responders: A longitudinal investigation,"Purpose The current longitudinal study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity in relation to smoking abstinence and reduction over time among responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. Method Participants were 763 police and 1881 non-traditional (e.g., construction workers) WTC responders who reported being smokers at an initial examination obtained between July 2002 and July 2011 at the WTC Health Program (WTC-HP). WTC responders were reassessed, on average, 2.5 years later. Results For police WTC responders, higher levels of WTC-related PTSD symptoms at the initial visit were associated with a decreased likelihood of smoking abstinence (OR = 0.98, p =.002) and with decreased smoking reduction (β = -.06, p =.012) at the follow-up visit. WTC-related PTSD symptom severity was not related to likelihood of smoking abstinence or change in number of cigarettes smoked among non-traditional responders. Post hoc analyses suggested that for police, hyperarousal PTSD symptoms were predictive of decreased abstinence likelihood at the follow-up visit (OR = 0.56, p =.006). Discussion The present findings suggest that PTSD symptoms may be differentially related to smoking behavior among police and non-traditional WTC responders in a naturalistic, longitudinal investigation. Future work may benefit from exploring further which aspects of PTSD (as compared to each other and to common variance) explain smoking maintenance. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",,"Zvolensky, M. J., Farris, S. G., Kotov, R., Schechter, C. B., Bromet, E., Gonzalez, A., Vujanovic, A., Pietrzak, R. H., Crane, M., Kaplan, J., Moline, J., Southwick, S. M., Feder, A., Udasin, I., Reissman, D. B., Luft, B. J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.006,0,0,
6153,"Post-disaster stressful life events and WTC-related posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and overall functioning among responders to the World Trade Center disaster","Background: The current study examined contributions of post-disaster stressful life events in relation to the maintenance of WTC-related posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and overall functioning among rescue, recovery, and clean-up workers who responded to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks. Methods: Participants were 18,896 WTC responders, including 8466 police officers and 10,430 non-traditional responders (85.8% male, 86.4% Caucasian; Mage=39.5, SD=8.8) participating in the WTC Health Program who completed an initial examination between July, 2002 and April, 2010 and who were reassessed, on average, 2.5 years later. Results: Path analyses were conducted to evaluate contributions of life events to the maintenance of WTC-related posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and overall functioning. These analyses were stratified by police and non-traditional responder groups and adjusted for age, sex, time from 9/11 to initial visit, WTC exposures (three WTC contextual exposures: co-worker, friend, or a relative died in the disaster; co-worker, friend, or a relative injured in the disaster; and responder was exposed to the dust cloud on 9/11), and interval from initial to first follow-up visit. In both groups, WTC-related posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and overall functioning were stable over the follow-up period. WTC exposures were related to these three outcomes at the initial assessment. WTC-related posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and overall functioning, at the initial assessment each predicted the occurrence of post-disaster stressful life events, as measured by Disaster Supplement of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Post-disaster stressful life events, in turn, were associated with subsequent mental health, indicating partial mediation of the stability of observed mental health. Conclusions: The present findings suggest a dynamic interplay between exposure, post-disaster stressful life events, and WTC-related posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and overall functioning among WTC disaster responders. © 2014.","Depression, Disaster, Stress exposure, Stress generation, Trauma","Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Schechter, C. B., Gonzalez, A., Vujanovic, A., Pietrzak, R. H., Crane, M., Kaplan, J., Moline, J., Southwick, S. M., Feder, A., Udasin, I., Reissman, D. B., Luft, B. J.",2015.0,,10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.010,0,0,
6154,Psychophysiology in the Study of Psychological Trauma: Where are we Now and Where Do We Need to Be?,"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major public health concern, which has been seeing increased recent attention partly due to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Historically, research attempting to understand the etiology and treatment of PTSD has made frequent use of psychophysiological measures of arousal as they provide a number of advantages in providing objective, non-selfreport outcomes that are closely related to proposed neurobiological mechanisms and provide opportunity for cross-species translation. Further, the ongoing shift in classification of psychiatric illness based on symptom clusters to specific biological, physiological, and behavioral constructs, as outlined in the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria project (RDoC), promises that psychophysiological research will continue to play a prominent role in research on trauma-related illnesses. This review focuses on the current state of the knowledge regarding psychophysiological measures and PTSD with a focus on physiological markers associated with current PTSD symptoms, as well as markers of constructs thought to be relevant to PTSD symptomatology (safety signal learning, fear extinction), and psychophysiological markers of risk for developing PTSD following trauma. Future directions and issues for the psychophysiological study of trauma including traumatic brain injury (TBI), treatment outcome studies, and new wearable physiological monitoring technologies are also discussed. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.","Electrodermal response, Heart rate variability, Psychophysiology, PTSD, Startle, TBI","Acheson, D. T., Geyer, M. A., Geyer, M. A., Risbrough, V. B., Risbrough, V. B.",2014.0,,10.1007/7854_2014_346,0,0,
6155,Resilience to loss and potential trauma,"Initial research on loss and potentially traumatic events (PTEs) has been dominated by either a psychopathological approach emphasizing individual dysfunction or an event approach emphasizing average differences between exposed and nonexposed groups. We consider the limitations of these approaches and review more recent research that has focused on the heterogeneity of outcomes following aversive events. Using both traditional analytic tools and sophisticated latent trajectory modeling, this research has identified a set of prototypical outcome patterns. Typically, the most common outcome following PTEs is a stable trajectory of healthy functioning or resilience. We review research showing that resilience is not the result of a few dominant factors, but rather that there are multiple independent predictors of resilient outcomes. Finally, we critically evaluate the question of whether resilience-building interventions can actually make people more resilient, and we close with suggestions for future research on resilience. Copyright © 2011 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","complicated grief, prevention, PTSD, risk homeostasis","Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., Mancini, A. D.",2011.0,,,0,1,
6156,"Loss, trauma, and resilience in adulthood","The first wave of research on loss and potentially traumatic events (PTEs) was dominated by either a psychopathological approach emphasizing individual dysfunction or an event approach emphasizing average differences between exposed and nonexposed groups. We consider the strengths and limitations of these approaches and then review more recent research that has focused on the heterogeneity of outcomes following aversive events. Using both traditional analytic tools and sophisticated latent trajectory modeling, this research has identifi ed a set of prototypical outcome patterns. Typically, the most common outcome following PTEs is a stable trajectory of healthy functioning or resilience. We review research showing that resilience is not the result of a few dominant factors, but rather that there are multiple independent predictors of resilient outcomes, and then review some of the possible factors that might inform resilient outcomes in older populations. Finally, we close by critically evaluating recent efforts to inculcate resilience and suggest possible ways such efforts might best move forward. Most of us at some point in our lives will suffer the death of loved ones. As we age, losses of signifi cant others occur with greater frequency. Other more traumatic events are also common. Population-based studies have consistently documented that over the course of a normal life span, most people are exposed to at least one and often several events severe enough to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria for a psychological trauma (e.g., an event that threatens or causes serious personal harm or injury). Although such events are distressing for most people, it is now abundantly clear that not everyone reacts the same way. Indeed, the marked variability in adaptation to such events suggests that the commonly used term ""traumatic"" is a misnomer. Rather, these events are more appropriately referred to as ""potentially traumatic events"" or PTEs (Bonanno, 2004). Prospective and longitudinal studies on the course of reactions to PTEs have consistently documented a relatively fi nite and predictable set of prototypical patterns of individual variation. In this article, we review these prototypical patternsbut focus most of our attention on recent studies that have documented a trajectory of stable, healthy adjustment or resilience (Bonanno, 2004). We next consider predictors of the resilient outcome trajectory, explore possible factors of particular relevance to aging populations, and suggest avenues for future research. © 2012 Springer Publishing Company.",,"Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., Mancini, A. D.",2012.0,,,0,1,
6157,Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder,"Retrospective and prospective studies consistently show that individuals exposed to human-generated traumatic events carry a higher risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) than those exposed to other kinds of events. These studies also consistently identify perceptions of social support both before and after a traumatic event as an important factor in the determining vulnerability to the development of PTSD. We review the literature on interpersonal traumas, social support and risk for PTSD and integrate findings with recent advances in developmental psychopathology, attachment theory and social neuroscience. We propose and gather evidence for what we term the social ecology of PTSD, a conceptual framework for understanding how both PTSD risk and recovery are highly dependent on social phenomena. We explore clinical implications of this conceptual framework. Copyright © 2008 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Anxiety disorders, Attachment, PTSD, Social neuroscience, Social support","Charuvastra, A., Cloitre, M.",2008.0,,10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650,0,0,
6158,"The ""cut-off behavioral criteria"" method: Modeling clinical diagnostic criteria in animal studies of ptsd","Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is clinically defined by exposure to a significantly threatening and/or horrifying event and the presence of a certain number of symptoms from each of three symptom clusters at least one month after the event. The procedures involved in defining clinical diagnostic criteria for mental disorders are lengthy and quit stringent. The APA and WHO (responsible for the DSM and ICD, respectively) periodically review the diagnostic criteria, a process which engenders heated discussion in the literature, with the aim of refining and improving their clinical, epidemiological, and research validity.Animal behavioral studies, however, have generally tended to overlook this aspect and have commonly regarded the entire group of animals subjected to certain study conditions as homogeneous. The method to be described below was developed in an attempt to model diagnostic criteria in terms of individual patterns of response using behavioral measures and determining cut-off scores to distinguish between extremes of response or nonresponse, leaving a sizeable proportion of subjects in a middle group, outside each set of cut-off criteria. This chapter will discuss the concept of the model and its background, provide detailed protocols for each of its components, and present a selection of studies employing and examining the model, alongside the underlying translational rationale of each. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.","Acoustic startle, Anxiety, Elevated plus maze, Fear, Mouse, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Predator odor, Predator-scent stress paradigm, Stress","Cohen, H., Matar, M. A., Zohar, J.",2011.0,,,0,0,
6159,Maternal obesity in pregnancy: Consequences for brain function in the offspring,"It is perhaps not surprising that an inhospitable intrauterine environment can result in neurodevelopmental disorders, given the enormous changes in brain development that occur during gestation. Here we discuss: (1) Obesity is a state of low-grade inflammation and is thus a candidate for having an unfavorable impact on brain function in the offspring. (2) Maternal obesity has recently been associated with offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. A recent study found differences in amniotic fluid mRNA for 20 genes in fetuses of obese versus lean women, and several of these genes impact on brain sculpting. (3) The balance between excitable and inhibitory neural function can be disturbed as a consequence of maternal obesity and can lead to hyperexcitability-linked cognitive decline later in life. (4) While most studies of brain development and function have focused on neurons, inflammation and oxidative stress have major effects on microglia and astrocytes, key cells in the sculpting of synapses, neural plasticity, and the formation of neural networks. (5) Animal models are, of necessity, widely used and the temporal trajectory of neurodevelopment to accommodate the requirements of the different species has recently been modeled. While detailed studies are essential for understanding mechanism, it is critical to test the outcomes of manipulating the system on behavior. In this regard considerable care is required to ensure that the most appropriate behavioral test and animal model are used. Thus, there is considerable scope for consolidating our understanding of the effects of maternal obesity on brain function in the offspring. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016.","Astrocytes, Excitatory/inhibitory balance, Fetal origins of neurodevelopmental disorders, Hippocampal hyperexcitability, Inflammation, Maternal obesity, Microglia","Coleman, H. A., Parkington, H. C.",2016.0,,10.1007/978-1-4939-3014-2_10,0,0,
6160,A clinical approach to the pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents,"Overt aggression in its various forms is the most prevalent symptom presenting to pediatric mental health providers, regardless of setting. It is a behavior with a heterogeneous etiology and requires a comprehensive approach to evaluation and treatment. Evaluation of the aggressive child must assess medical, neurologic, psychiatric, psychosocial, familial, and/or educational contributions to behavioral dyscontrol. Multimodal treatment is generally required. At present, there is no single medication to recommend for the treatment of aggressive behavior. Multiple medications have clinically been used in a nonspecific fashion to target excessive childhood aggression. Although successful for some, this approach increases risk for ineffective interventions accompanied by side effects. Until a scientific understanding of the developmental neurobiology of aggression leads to more specific treatment, this review suggests the use of a diagnostic-based approach to the pharmacology of aggression. Descriptive diagnostic techniques should be used to define the presence of any primary or comorbid psychiatric disorder that presents with aggression as an associated symptom. Treating aggression in the context of these psychiatric syndromes appears to be the most direct approach. Aggression occurring in the context of a medication-responsive psychiatric diagnosis appears most sensitive to pharmacologic intervention. Presently, evidence for efficacy is strongest for aggression in the context of ADHD, psychotic disorder, adolescent-onset bipolar disorder, and ictal aggression. It remains less clear that medication can help aggression when it occurs independently of a pharmacologically treatable comorbid psychiatric disorder. Aggression may respond to a target symptom approach where discrete behavioral symptoms that contribute to aggression, such as irritability, explosiveness, fear, or impulsivity, may be modified by medication intervention. When treatment is approached in this fashion, it is standard practice to use the least toxic and safest intervention first. Behavioral treatment based on contingency management principles could be initially recommended. Medication trials should first use medications that have demonstrated empiric efficacy in reducing aggression and that have a favorable safety profile. Neuroleptics to treat aggression in nonpsychotic psychiatrically referred youth should be kept to a minimum, secondary to their significant adverse risk profile. Alternative medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake-inhibiting antidepressants, buspirone, lithium, anticonvulsants, opiate blocking agents, propranolol, nadolol, and clonidine, deserve more clinical research in pediatric aggression. These medications may offer effective and less toxic alternatives in the pharmacologic treatment of inappropriate excessive childhood aggression.",,"Connor, D. F., Steingard, R. J.",1996.0,,,0,0,117
6161,Neurobiology of memory and dissociation in trauma survivors,"This symposium examines the neurobiology of memory and dissociation in traumatized individuals. Several paradigms are presented that investigate the specific nature of differences in ""remembering"" in relation to neuroendocrine profiles among those with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These lines of research may help to clarify the paradox of distortion or absence of some memories and enhancement of others in PTSD. © 2004 New York Academy of Sciences.","Amnesia, Cortisol, Dissociation, Memory, Neurobiology, PTSD, Trauma","Delahanty, D., Glover, D., Golier, J.",2004.0,,,0,0,
6162,Chemistry and pharmacology of GABAB receptor ligands,"This chapter presents new clinical applications of the prototypic GABAB receptor agonist baclofen for the treatment of addiction by drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, morphine, and heroin, a novel baclofen prodrug Arbaclofen placarbil, the GABAB receptor agonist AZD3355 (Lesogabaran) currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and four positive allosteric modulators of GABAB receptors (CGP7930, GS39783, NVP-BHF177, and BHFF), which have less propensity for the development of tolerance due to receptor desensitization than classical GABAB receptor agonists. All four compounds showed anxiolytic affects. In the presence of positive allosteric modulators the ""classical"" GABAB receptor antagonists CGP35348 and 2-hydroxy-saclofen showed properties of partial GABAB receptor agonists. Seven micromolar affinity GABAB receptor antagonists, phaclofen; 2-hydroxy-saclofen; CGP's 35348, 36742, 46381, 51176; and SCH50911, are discussed. CGP36742 (SGS742) showed statistically significant improvements of working memory and attention in a Phase 2 clinical trial in mild, but not in moderate Alzheimer patients. Eight nanomolar affinity GABAB receptor antagonists are presented (CGP's 52432, 54626, 55845, 56433, 56999, 61334, 62349, and 63360) that were used by pharmacologists for numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations. CGP's 36742, 51176, 55845, and 56433 showed antidepressant effects. Several compounds are also available as radioligands, such as [3H]CGP27492, [3H]CGP54626, [3H]CGP5699, and [3H]CGP62349. Three novel fluorescent and three GABAB receptor antagonists with very high specific radioactivity (&gt;2,000Ci/mmol) are presented. [125I]CGP64213 and the photoaffinity ligand [125I]CGP71872 allowed the identification of GABAB1a and GABAB1b receptors in the expression cloning work. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","Agonists, Antagonists, GABAB receptors, Partial agonists, Positive allosteric modulators, Radioligands","Froestl, W.",2010.0,,,0,0,118
6163,Mental health consequences of disasters,"We present in this review the current state of disaster mental health research. In particular, we provide an overview of research on the presentation, burden, correlates, and treatment of mental disorders following disasters. We also describe challenges to studying the mental health consequences of disasters and discuss the limitations in current methodologies. Finally, we offer directions for future disaster mental health research. ©2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Post-disaster, Posttraumatic, Psychopathology","Goldmann, E., Galea, S.",2014.0,,10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435,0,0,
6164,"Trauma, genes, and the neurobiology of personality disorders","A model for personality dysfunction posits an interaction between inherited susceptibility and environmental factors such as childhood trauma. Core biological vulnerabilities in personality include dimensions of affective instability, impulsive aggression, and cognition/perceptual domains. For the dimension of impulsive aggression, often seen in borderline personality disorder (BPD), the underlying neurobiology involves deficits in central serotonin function and alterations in specific brain regions in the cingulate and the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. The role of trauma in the development of personality disorder and especially for BPD remains unclear. Although recent studies suggest that BPD is not a trauma-spectrum disorder and that it is biologically distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder, high rates of childhood abuse and neglect do exist for individuals with personality dysfunction. Personality symptom clusters seem to be unrelated to specific abuses, but they may relate to more enduring aspects of interpersonal and family environments in childhood. Whereas twin and family studies indicate a partially heritable basis for impulsive aggression, studies of serotonin-related genes to date suggest only modest contributions to behavior. Gene-environment interactions involving childhood maltreatment are demonstrated in recent studies on antisocial behaviors and aggressive rhesus monkeys and highlight the need for further research in this important area. © 2004 New York Academy of Sciences.","Genes, Impulsive aggression, Neurobiology, Personality disorder, Trauma","Goodman, M., New, A., Siever, L.",2004.0,,,0,0,
6165,Posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological sequelae among World Trade Center clean up and recovery workers,,,"Gross, R., Neria, Y., Tao, X., Massa, J., Ashwell, L., Davis, K., Geyh, A.",2006.0,,10.1196/annals.1364.051,0,1,
6166,Heat acclimation and cross-tolerance against novel stressors: genomic-physiological linkage,"Heat acclimation (AC) is a ""within lifetime"" reversible phenotypic adaptation, enhancing thermotolerance and heat endurance via a transition to ""efficient"" cellular performance when acclimatory homeostasis is reached. An inseparable outcome of AC is the development of cross-tolerance (C-T) against novel stressors. This chapter focuses on central plasticity and the molecular-physiological linkage of acclimatory and C-T responses. A drop in temperature thresholds (T-Tsh) for activation of heat-dissipation mechanisms and an elevated T-Tsh for thermal injury development imply autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cytoprotective network involvement in these processes. During acclimation, the changes in T-Tsh for heat dissipation are biphasic. Initially T-Tsh drops, signifying the early autonomic response, and is associated with perturbed peripheral effector cellular performance. Pre-acclimation values return when acclimatory homeostasis is achieved. The changes in the ANS suggest that acclimatory plasticity involves molecular and cellular changes. These changes are manifested by the activation of central peripheral molecular networks and post-translational modifications. Sympathetic induction of elevated HSP 72 reservoirs, with faster heat shock response, is only one example of this. The global genomic response, detected using gene-chips and cluster analyses imply upregulation of genes encoding ion channels, pumps, and transporters (markers for neuronal excitability) in the hypothalamus at the onset of AC and down regulation of metabotrophic genes upon long term AC. Peripherally, the transcriptional program indicates a two-tier defense strategy. The immediate transient response is associated with the maintenance of DNA and cellular integrity. The sustained response correlates with long-lasting cytoprotective-signaling networks. C-T is recorded against cerebral hypoxia, hyperoxia, and traumatic brain injury. Using the highly developed ischemic/reperfused heart model as a baseline, it is evident that C-T stems via protective shared pathways developed with AC. These comprise constitutive elevation of HIF 1α and associated target pathways, HSPs, anti-apoptosis, and antioxidative pathways. Collectively the master regulators of AC and C-T are still enigmatic; however, cutting-edge investigative techniques, using a broad molecular approach, challenge current ideas, and the data accumulated will pinpoint novel pathways and provide new perspectives. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","autonomic acclimation plasticity, brain stem evoked response (ABR), cross-tolerance, cytoprotection, global genomic response, heat acclimation, heat acclimation-hypohydration interference, heat acclimation-oxygen deprivation cross tolerance (or heat acclimation-hypoxia cross tolerance), HIF-1, HSP 72 (heat shock protein 72 kDa), hypothalamic rennin-angiotensin system (Hypothalamic RAS), hypoxia, iNOS, ischemia/reperfusion, oxygen toxicity, traumatic brain injury","Horowitz, M.",2007.0,,,0,0,
6167,Heat acclimation and heat stress have different effects on cholinergic muscarinic receptors,"In this brief report we have proved that membranal changes take place upon short-term heat acclimation. These changes may switch on a cascade of transient acclimatory compensatory responses as well as long-term processes. The changes observed in the MR profile are heat acclimation specific, and differ from those observed upon heat stress. These bring about functional changes in the signal transduction pathway for water secretion in the submaxillary salivary gland. A recovery period from heat stress, similar to STHA, leads to MR upregulation and decreased binding affinity. This response, however, is more pronounced than that observed upon STHA. The functional importance of the phenomenon is unclear. However, it could designate a novel component of the heat shock response.",,"Kaspler, P., Horowitz, M.",1997.0,,,0,0,
6168,Mild traumatic brain injury,"Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common but accurate diagnosis and defining criteria for mild TBI and its clinical consequences have been problematic. Mild TBI causes transient neurophysiologic brain dysfunction, sometimes with structural axonal and neuronal damage. Biomarkers, such as newer imaging technologies and protein markers, are promising indicators of brain injury but are not ready for clinical use. Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria regarding depth and duration of impaired consciousness and amnesia. These criteria are particularly difficult to confirm at the least severe end of the mild TBI continuum, especially when relying on subjective, retrospective accounts. The postconcussive syndrome is a controversial concept because of varying criteria, inconsistent symptom clusters and the evidence that similar symptom profiles occur with other disorders, and even in a proportion of healthy individuals. The clinical consequences of mild TBI can be conceptualized as two multidimensional disorders: (1) a constellation of acute symptoms that might be termed early phase post-traumatic disorder (e.g., headache, dizziness, imbalance, fatigue, sleep disruption, impaired cognition), that typically resolve in days to weeks and are largely related to brain trauma and concomitant injuries; (2) a later set of symptoms, a late phase post-traumatic disorder, evolving out of the early phase in a minority of patients, with a more prolonged (months to years), sometimes worsening set of somatic, emotional, and cognitive symptoms. The later phase disorder is highly influenced by a variety of psychosocial factors and has little specificity for brain injury, although a history of multiple concussions seems to increase the risk of more severe and longer duration symptoms. Effective early phase management may prevent or limit the later phase disorder and should include education about symptoms and expectations for recovery, as well as recommendations for activity modifications. Later phase treatment should be informed by thoughtful differential diagnosis and the multiplicity of premorbid and comorbid conditions that may influence symptoms. Treatment should incorporate a hierarchical, sequential approach to symptom management, prioritizing problems with significant functional impact and effective, available interventions (e.g., headache, depression, anxiety, insomnia, vertigo). © 2015 Elsevier B.V..","Anxiety, Concussion, Depression, Dizziness, Fatigue, Headache, Imbalance, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Persistent post-concussive syndrome, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Postconcussive syndrome","Katz, D. I., Cohen, S. I., Alexander, M. P.",2015.0,,10.1016/B978-0-444-52892-6.00009-X,0,0,
6169,"Posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome",,,"Keane, T. M., Marshall, A. D., Taft, C. T.",2006.0,,10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305,0,0,
6170,Nonlinear developmental trajectory of fear learning and memory,"The transition into and out of adolescence is a unique developmental period during which neuronal circuits are particularly susceptible to modification by experience. Adolescence is associated with an increased incidence of anxiety disorders in humans, and an estimated 75% of adults with fear-related disorders met diagnostic criteria as children and adolescents. Conserved neural circuitry of rodents and humans has facilitated neurodevelopmental studies of behavioral and molecular processes associated with fear learning and memory that lie at the heart of many anxiety disorders. Here, we review the nonlinear developmental aspects of fear learning and memory during a transition period into and out of adolescence and provide a discussion of the molecular mechanisms that may underlie these alterations in behavior. We provide a model that may help to inform novel treatment strategies for children and adolescents with fear-related disorders. © 2013 New York Academy of Sciences.","Adolescence, Anxiety, Extinction, Fear, Memory, Retrieval","King, E. C., Pattwell, S. S., Sun, A., Glatt, C. E., Lee, F. S.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6171,Longitudinal assessment of dissociation in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD and nonexposed aged Jewish adults,"The trajectory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-related symptoms in relation to aging is not well understood. We previously observed higher levels of dissociation as measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) among older Holocaust survivors with, compared to those without, PTSD, though scores on the DES in Holocaust survivors were markedly lower than those that had been reported for younger cohorts. We undertook a longitudinal evaluation of dissociation in Holocaust survivors. Twenty-six Holocaust survivors with current PTSD, 30 Holocaust survivors without current PTSD, and 19 nonexposed were evaluated at the initial evaluation and subsequently 8.11 years later. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the DES scores from these times demonstrated a significant main effect for time and a significant group by time interaction, reflecting a marked decline in Holocaust survivors, particularly those with PTSD. Controlling for age obliterated the effect of time, but not the group by time interaction. A similar pattern was shown with The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores. Different symptoms related to PTSD show different trajectories of change with age, with dissociation appearing to be less prominent with age. © 2006 New York Academy of Sciences.","Aging, Dissociation, Holocaust, Longitudinal, PTSD","Labinsky, E., Blair, W., Yehuda, R.",2006.0,,,0,0,119
6172,Neurobehavioral mechanisms of traumatic stress in post-traumatic stress disorder,"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that develops following trauma exposure. It is characterized by four symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alteration in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Several risk factors have been associated with PTSD, including trauma type and severity, gender and sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, cognitive reserve, pretrauma psychopathology, familial psychiatric history, and genetics. Great strides have been made in understanding the neurobiology of PTSD through animal models and human imaging studies. Most of the animal models have face validity, but they have limitations in the generalization to the human model of PTSD. Newer animal models, such as the ‘‘CBC’’ model, have better validity for PTSD, which takes into account the different components of its diagnostic criteria. To date, fear conditioning and fear extinction animal models have provided support for the hypothesis that PTSD is a dysregulation of the processes related to fear regulation and, especially, fear extinction. More research is needed to further understand these processes as they relate not only to PTSD but also to resilience. Further, this research could be instrumental in the development of novel effective treatments for PTSD. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.","Animal models, Conditioned learning, Fear extinction, Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD","Lapiz-Bluhm, M. D., Peterson, A. L.",2014.0,,10.1007/7854_2014_307,0,0,
6173,Chapter 3.5 Atypical antipsychotic drugs and stress,"Both preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that atypical antipsychotics may modulate the stress response in a manner that is distinct from conventional agents. For example, atypical antipsychotics have anxiolytic-like actions in a number of animal models. The mechanisms underlying these anxiolytic effects are not clear, but it is possible that antipsychotic-induced alterations in GABAergic neurosteroids play a role. Atypical antipsychotics also demonstrate unique effects in prefrontal cortex stress paradigms focusing on dopamine alterations. Data that mild stress also increases extracellular GABA levels in prefrontal cortex but not striatum, with no concurrent effects on glycine levels is presented. Neurosteroids may be relevant to these prefrontal cortex investigations. The authors review the emerging stress-modulatory profile of atypical antipsychotics and discuss potential ramifications of these findings for the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds. In addition to their well-established roles in the treatment of schizophrenia core symptoms, atypical antipsychotics also have utility in the treatment of depression- and anxiety-spectrum symptoms that frequently accompany the illness. Atypical antipsychotics also appear to have efficacy in the treatment of stress-sensitive anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), underscoring the possibility that these agents may have stress-modulatory actions that are clinically therapeutic. As the knowledge of the stress-modulatory actions of atypical antipsychotics evolves, it may be possible to target these properties in the development of novel agents in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","ACTH, adrenocorticotropin hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF, HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale, obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, PANSS, PFC, positive and negative symptom scale, post-traumatic stress disorder, prefrontal cortex, PTSD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SSRI","Marx, C. E., Grobin, A. C., Deutch, A. Y., Lieberman, J. A.",2005.0,,,0,0,
6174,Effects of psychological and biomechanical trauma on brain and behavior,"The current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in a large cohort of military personnel exposed to combat-related psychological trauma as well as biomechanical trauma, including proximity to blast events. Historically, the long-term effects of both types of trauma have been viewed as having different neural substrates, with some controversy over the proper attribution of such symptoms evident after each of the major conflicts of the last century. Recently, great effort has been directed toward distinguishing which neuropsychiatric sequelae are due to which type of trauma. Of interest, however, is that the chronic effects of exposure to either process are associated with a significant overlap in clinical symptoms. Furthermore, similar brain regions are vulnerable to the effects of either psychological or biomechanical trauma, raising the possibility that shared mechanisms may underlie the clinically observed overlap in symptom profile. This paper reviews the literature on the neural substrate of biomechanical and psychological injury and discusses the implications for evaluation and treatment of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of these processes. © 2010 Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.","Behavior, Biomechanical trauma, Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Psychological trauma, Traumatic brain injury (TBI)","McAllister, T. W., Stein, M. B.",2010.0,,,0,0,120
6175,Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,,,"McNally, R. J.",2003.0,,10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145112,0,0,
6176,Post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury,"Disentangling the effects of ""organic"" neurologic damage and psychological distress after a traumatic brain injury poses a significant challenge to researchers and clinicians. Establishing a link between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been particularly contentious, reflecting difficulties in establishing a unique diagnosis for conditions with overlapping and sometimes contradictory symptom profiles. However, each disorder is linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes, underscoring the need to better understand how neurologic and psychiatric risk factors interact following trauma. Here, we present data showing that individuals with a TBI are more likely to develop PTSD, and that individuals with PTSD are more likely to develop persistent cognitive sequelae related to TBI. Further, we describe neurobiological models of PTSD, highlighting how patterns of neurologic damage typical in TBI may promote or protect against the development of PTSD in brain-injured populations. These data highlight the unique course of PTSD following a TBI and have important diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment implications for individuals with a dual diagnosis. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.","Amygdala, Anxiety, Post-concussive syndrome, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Prefrontal cortex, Traumatic brain injury","Motzkin, J. C., Koenigs, M. R.",2015.0,,10.1016/B978-0-444-63521-1.00039-X,0,0,
6177,Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research,"Group-based trajectory models are increasingly being applied in clinical research to map the developmental course of symptoms and assess heterogeneity in response to clinical interventions. In this review, we provide a nontechnical overview of group-based trajectory and growth mixture modeling alongside a sampling of how these models have been applied in clinical research. We discuss the challenges associated with the application of both types of group-based models and propose a set of preliminary guidelines for applied researchers to follow when reporting model results. Future directions in group-based modeling applications are discussed, including the use of trajectory models to facilitate causal inference when random assignment to treatment condition is not possible. Copyright © 2010 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Causal inference, Dual trajectory models, Growth mixture modeling, Longitudinal data","Nagin, D. S., Odgers, C. L.",2010.0,,10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413,0,0,
6178,Differential effects of subtypes of trauma symptoms on couples' Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity and recovery in response to interpersonal stress,"This article examined the relation of five subtypes of trauma symptoms to hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) functioning as assessed with salivary cortisol before, during, and after an experimentally induced interpersonal conflict task in 194 heterosexual young adult couples. Trauma history and symptoms were assessed through structured clinical interviews and standardized self-report measures. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the effects of trauma symptoms on trajectories of cortisol reactivity to and recovery from the interpersonal stress. Trauma-related anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and dissociation significantly predicted cortisol reactivity and recovery. Trauma-related anxiety, sleep disturbances, and sexual problems significantly predicted partners' cortisol reactivity to interpersonal stress. © 2006 New York Academy of Sciences.","Cortisol, Couples, HPA, PTSD, Stress, Trauma","Powers, S. I., Gunlicks, M., Laurent, H., Balaban, S., Bent, E., Sayer, A.",2006.0,,,0,0,121
6179,Children's environmental health in the twenty-first century: Challenges and solutions,"In the twenty-first century, the global burden of disease trends are the result of complex interaction among rapid industrialization and urbanization, unsustainable use of natural resources, and population growth. In addition, global environmental changes due to climate change, ozone depletion, desertification/deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and increased used of some biotechnologies are having an important impact on human health. Many other factors also play an important role in the population's health response to global environmental threats, including poverty, malnutrition, poor sanitation, and infectious diseases. Worldwide, the burden of environmental disease is much higher for children than adults, especially in young children under 5 years of age. Quantification of the burden of diseases attributable to environment shows that environmental risk factors can contribute to more than one-third of the disease burden in children, a fraction of disease that could be prevented. Children are often exposed to multiple environmental threats combined with other behavioral, social, and economic risk factors. Many of the environmental health risk factors are shared among children's home, school, and community. Therefore, an integrated approach should be considered in order to create healthy environments for children. The promotion of safe environments for children has to involve decision makers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), families, and various sectors including health, education, housing, environment, agriculture, industry, transport, and energy. Multiple initiatives have been proposed from collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information on children's health and the potential environmental threats to research, monitoring, risk assessment, and policies to improve the environmental conditions and ultimately children's growth and development. © 2008 New York Academy of Sciences.","Children, Environmental threats, Exposure, Health effects, Susceptibility","Pronczuk, J., Surdu, S.",2008.0,,10.1196/annals.1454.045,0,0,
6180,"Acute post-rape plasma cortisol, alcohol use, and PTSD symptom profile among recent rape victims",,,"Resnick, H. S., Yehuda, R., Acierno, R.",1997.0,,,0,0,122
6181,Traumatic brain injury and its neuropsychiatric sequelae in war veterans,"The postSeptember 11, 2001 wars in and around Afghanistan and Iraq have increased awareness of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly blast-induced mild TBI. This article provides an overview of TBI and its neuropsychiatric sequelae in U.S. war veterans who participated in the current operations in and around Afghanistan and Iraq, with particular emphasis on blast-related mild TBI. Psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder, pain, and sensory impairments are prevalent in war veterans with TBI. Research is needed to more definitively characterize the epidemiology of TBI-related functional difficulties, the effects of blasts compared with other mechanisms of injury, recovery trajectories, and treatment outcomes in this population. © 2012 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.","Polytrauma, Posttraumatic, Stress disorders, Wounds and injuries","Sayer, N. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,123
6182,Interactive stories for health interventions,"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in exploring virtual environments and computer aided interactive stories as tools in developing health promotion and disease prevention interventions. Applications have been developed to address a range of health related conditions, including stress [1], risky behaviors [2] and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) [3]. Compared to conventional intervention techniques, which usually require face-toface interactions with clinicians, computer aided interactive stories have several advantages. They are less expensive to the user. The user can access the materials at any time and from his/her convenient locations. The privacy provided by computer aided interventions can help engage the user more efficiently. People who are suffering from mental health conditions often do not actively seek treatment because of the perceived stigma. Interacting with a computer program can make them feel less embarrassed and more in control. Moreover, story itself is a powerful tool to teach and change people's behaviors. The support of interactivity makes interactive stories even more powerful by allowing the user to experience and learn in context. Further, the story, and intervention messages, can be tailored based on user profiles and the user's patterns of interaction within the intervention. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.",,"Si, M., Marsella, S., Miller, L.",2010.0,,,0,0,
6183,Virtual natural environments for restoration and rehabilitation in healthcare,"For over two decades, research and clinical projects have exploited Virtual Reality technologies in the treatment of numerous human conditions, from desensitisation régimes combating phobias to the use of distraction and exposure therapies for burns victims and those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorders. In contrast to previous “high-tech” interface and combat-oriented approaches to using VR in the psychological rehabilitation process, the present chapter advocates the use of virtual restorative environments (VREs)—the recreation of locations and scenes that, by virtue of their natural beauty and peacefulness, can significantly help to reduce the body’s reactivity to stress and restore cognitive or attentional capacities. The chapter also argues that VREs, suitably enhanced with more interactive and dynamic features, could offer significant benefits to patients in physical rehabilitation programmes. This is especially the case for amputees, for example, who, whilst awaiting the fitting of prosthetic limbs, could undertake competitive and motivational “virtual exercises”, thereby avoiding muscle atrophy and related reductions in residual limb capabilities. The report concludes that the exploitation of simulation technologies in psychological therapies is worthy of continued investigation, especially in the pursuit of enhancing patients’ recovery profiles following surgical procedures, from intensive care to the hospital recovery ward. VREs possess a range of important qualities, not least significant of which is real-time interaction and ease-of-editing, supporting the cost-effective generation of engaging and distributable scenarios that can be tailored relatively easily to meet the needs of individual patients. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.",,"Stone, R., Small, C., Knight, J., Qian, C., Shingari, V.",2014.0,,10.1007/978-3-642-54816-1_24,0,0,
6184,Amygdala modulation of memory-related processes in the hippocampus: potential relevance to PTSD,"A key assumption in the study of stress-induced cognitive and neurobiological modifications is that alterations in hippocampal functioning after stress are due to an excessive activity exerted by the amygdala on the hippocampus. Research so far focused on stress-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and memory but an exposure to stress may simultaneously also result in strong emotional memories. In fact, under normal conditions emotionally charged events are better remembered compared with neutral ones. Results indicate that under these conditions there is an increase in activity within the amygdala that may lead to memory of a different quality. Studying the way emotionality activates the amygdala and the functional impact of this activation we found that the amygdala modulates memory-related processes in other brain areas, such as the hippocampus. However, this modulation is complex, involving both enhancing and suppressing effects, depending on the way the amygdala is activated and the hippocampal subregion examined. The current review summarizes our findings and attempts to put them in context with the impact of an exposure to a traumatic experience, in which there is a mixture of a strong memory of some aspects of the experience but impaired memory of other aspects of that experience. Toward that end, we have recently developed an animal model for the induction of predisposition to stress-related disorders, focusing on the consequences of exposure to stressors during juvenility on the ability to cope with stress in adulthood. Exposing juvenile-stressed rats to an additional stressful challenge in adulthood revealed their impairment to cope with stress and resulted in significant elevation of the amygdala. Interestingly, and similar to our electrophysiological findings, differential effects were observed between the impact of the emotional challenge on CA1 and dentate gyrus subregions of the hippocampus. Taken together, the results indicate that long-term alterations within the amygdala contribute to stress-related mnemonic symptoms and suggest that elucidating further these intra-amygdala alterations and their effects on modulating other brain regions is likely to be beneficial for the development of novel approaches to treat stress-related disorders. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","amygdala, animal-model, anxiety, hippocampus, juvenile-stress, LTP, PTSD, stress","Tsoory, M. M., Vouimba, R. M., Akirav, I., Kavushansky, A., Avital, A., Richter-Levin, G.",2007.0,,,0,0,124
6185,Biological and clinical framework for posttraumatic stress disorder,"Three decades of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research have placed it well on the map. PTSD is a young disorder that started being properly understood only from 1980 with incorporation in DSM-III, in which it was acknowledged that exposure to traumatic events can lead to long-term psychopathology. This chapter reviews the history and nosology of the disorder, epidemiology, and etiology, as well as the clinical features. It lists the diagnostic assessments and provides an overview of the biological framework of the disorder by addressing brain, neurohormonal, and transmitter alterations.Exposure to traumatic events is commonplace. The majority of exposed subjects are resilient, as this is still the rule rather than the exception. The reported prevalence of PTSD is twice as common in females compared to males. The A criterion in PTSD expressed the traumatic event, after which the symptom clusters are based on intrusions, avoidance, and irritability. Gene-environmental studies are needed, with a focus on specific, distinct endophenotypes and influences from environmental factors (e.g., traumatic early-life experiences, with abuse or neglect, as well as exposure to disasters or combat). PTSD is often accompanied by comorbid disorders, such as depression and other anxiety disorders, as well as drug and alcohol abuse and dependence. The disorder is heterogeneous, sometimes with complex features that focus on emotional dysregulation, attachment, and dissociation. Several validated trauma assessments are available that allow quantification of trauma symptomatology.The biological framework is based on the concepts of stress sensitization and fear conditioning as well as failure of inhibition. After the decade of the hippocampus we have seen a shift to the decade of the amygdala in the new millennium. Given the specific role of the prefrontal cortex in (neuro)psychological functions in patients with PTSD (i.e., attention and cognitive interference), interest in the role of the prefrontal cortex will increase significantly. Increased multidisciplinary involvement, with inclusion of genetics, endocrinology, immunology, (neuro)psychology, and psychopathology, is essential to find consistency between biological, emotional, and cognitive dysfunction in PTSD.A variety of effective psychological and pharmacological interventions can be used to treat PTSD. The mechanisms of exposure therapy and cognitive therapy in influencing neurobiological markers need to be further investigated. The same goes for emerging therapies such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, virtual reality exposure, internet therapy, and neurofeedback.There are no specific drugs for PTSD, except for the treatment of irritability and depressive features with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Other options, such as specific serotonergic agents, e.g., 5-HT 1A antagonists, norepinephrine blockers, corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor antagonists, prazosin and α 1-adrenergic blocker with nightmares, and use of beta-blockers early after trauma exposure, are investigated. New treatment options such as d-cycloserine and cortisol seem to offer opportunities to influence memory consolidation of traumatic experiences in timed relation to exposure.For health economy it is important to be aware that there is an economic burden associated with PTSD, and treatments require the use of scarce resources. They will ultimately provide tools to ascertain the relative efficiency of different treatment options and plan the availability of these for the affected population. This can be seen as the biggest challenge for the future evolution of the disorder. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.",,"Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A.",2012.0,,,0,0,
6186,Dividing traffic sub-areas based on a parallel K-means algorithm,"In order to alleviate the traffic congestion and reduce the complexity of traffic control and management, it is necessary to exploit traffic sub-areas division which should be effective in planing traffic. Some researchers applied the K-Means algorithm to divide traffic sub-areas on the taxi trajectories. However, the traditional K-Means algorithms faced difficulties in processing large-scale Global Position System(GPS) trajectories of taxicabs with the restrictions of memory, I/O, computing performance. This paper proposes a Parallel Traffic Sub-Areas Division(PTSD) method which consists of two stages, on the basis of the Parallel K-Means(PKM) algorithm. During the first stage, we develop a process to cluster traffic sub-areas based on the PKM algorithm. Then, the second stage, we identify boundary of traffic sub-areas on the base of cluster result. According to this method, we divide traffic sub-areas of Beijing on the real-word (GPS) trajectories of taxicabs. The experiment and discussion show that the method is effective in dividing traffic sub-areas.","GPS trajectories, K-means, MapReduce, Traffic sub-areas","Wang, B., Tao, L., Gao, C., Xia, D., Rong, Z., Wang, W., Zhang, Z.",2014.0,,,0,0,
6187,Quantifying resilience to enhance individualized training,"Resilience is the human ability to adapt in the face of tragedy, trauma, adversity, hardship, and ongoing life stressors. To date, experimental reports on this subject have focused on long-term trajectories (weeks to months) of resilience, with little or no focus on whether significant changes to resilience could be achieved by short-term interventions. Currently, an individual's resilience is defined either by self-report or by behavioral changes such as the development of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or suicide. We propose that the quantification of an individual's physiological and behavioral response to stress under controlled conditions is an indication of the individual's level of resilience. To address such real-time resilience, we propose the first in a series of studies to evaluate real-time human resilience by exposing participants to controlled stressors while assessing the stress response. Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis and sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system via monitoring of the pupil constriction, heart and respiration rate, muscle tonicity, salivary cortisol, and electrodermal activity will be assessed. Stress exposure will consist of virtual stressors presented using Virtual Battlespace 2 software-based scenarios, such as noise exposure, time pressure, and emotion-induction tasks, as well as external stressors such as socio-evaluative stress via the Trier social stress task, while evaluating decision-making and performance. The relationship between performance and the physiological stress response will be quantified, including the creation of a series of stress-performance trajectories based upon individual differences. Such an analysis is similar to probing for resilience in material testing, in which a load is applied to a candidate material, and the resulting forces and observable changes in dimension are quantified and reported via stress-strain curves. Ongoing studies will examine how this resilience measure may be integrated into a closed-loop training system to provide appropriate coping strategies to optimize resilience training. Such training programs, which take into account individual perceptions of stressors and physiological responses, are expected to be effective in helping trainees develop resiliency during high-stress operations. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.","Adaptation, Autonomic Nervous System, Resilience, Stress, Training","Winslow, B., Carroll, M., Jones, D., Hannigan, F., Hale, K., Stanney, K., Squire, P.",2013.0,,,0,0,
6188,A discriminant analysis of variables related to post-traumatic stress disorder among a group of Vietnam veterans,,,"Frye, James S.",1981.0,,,0,1,
6189,Developmental trajectories of pain/disability and PTSD symptoms following whiplash injury,,,"Sterling, M., Hendrikz, J., Kenardy, J.",2010.0,,,0,1,